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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41597 ***
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 41597-h.htm or 41597-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41597/41597-h/41597-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41597/41597-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      http://archive.org/details/cu31924028786627
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: S. J. Quinn]
+
+THE HISTORY OF THE CITY OF FREDERICKSBURG
+VIRGINIA
+
+Prepared and printed by authority of the
+Common Council thereof,
+under the direction of its Committee on
+Publication, consisting of the following
+Councilmen: H. B. Lane, Wm. E.
+Bradley and S. W. Somerville
+
+S. J. QUINN, Historian
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1908
+The Hermitage Press, Inc.
+Richmond, Va.
+
+Copyright, 1908,
+On all original matter herein,
+By
+H. B. Lane, Chairman of History Committee,
+for the City of Fredericksburg, Va.
+
+
+
+
+Dedication
+
+
+TO THE MEMORY OF THOSE WHO BRAVED THE DANGERS OF LAND AND WATER IN 1608,
+AND DISCOVERED THE SPOT UPON WHICH THE CITY OF FREDERICKSBURG, VIRGINIA,
+NOW STANDS, AND TO THOSE WHO WROUGHT SO HEROICALLY AND SUCCESSFULLY IN THE
+SETTLEMENT AND PROSPERITY OF THE SAID CITY TO THE PRESENT TIME, 1908, A
+PERIOD OF THREE HUNDRED YEARS, THESE PAGES ARE RESPECTFULLY AND
+AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED BY THE PRESENT COMMON COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF
+FREDERICKSBURG
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+_To Messrs. H. B. Lane, Wm. E. Bradley and Prof. S. W. Somerville,
+Committee on History of the Common Council_:
+
+GENTLEMEN--When I was requested by your predecessors to write a history of
+Fredericksburg, I regarded it as quite an honor, and in the discharge of
+the duty I have found great pleasure. Not that the material needed was
+ready at hand and the task was easy, but because I found so many of the
+best of our citizens eager to assist in getting the material together,
+that had been laid away for ages, and placing it at my disposal. Moreover,
+their kind words very much encouraged me, and I wish I could here record
+their names, but as it might not be proper, I take much pleasure in
+extending to them my grateful thanks.
+
+The records concerning the town reach back only to the close of the
+Revolutionary war. If Major Lawrence Smith, who constructed the fort and
+governed the settlers by military law or "as a county court might do,"
+ever kept any records of his acts, we have been unable to find them, and
+the same is true of the Trustees who had the management of the town from
+the time it was "laid out by law," until it was chartered by the
+Legislature of Virginia. Therefore, much that is found in the following
+pages in reference to "the olden time," came from families who had
+preserved it in various forms for many generations.
+
+In presenting this history it is not claimed that all is said about
+Fredericksburg that could have been said or that incidents have not been
+related as others have heard them, but it is believed that all important
+events have been referred to and incidents given as they have been related
+to us by those well informed and who were regarded as authority on such
+matters. Nor is there any claim made for originality. The book is intended
+to be a history of Fredericksburg, and "history is a narration of facts
+and events which may be given chronologically or topically," therefore we
+have written in the main what others have spoken and have disregarded
+chronology and even the arrangement of subjects. But it is believed that
+the arrangement herein is probably best adapted to impress the reader with
+the splendid history of the town and the magnificent achievements of her
+sons and those men of fame who sprang from her immediate vicinity.
+
+It is believed this book will be welcomed by all citizens and their
+friends, whether those friends be former residents or descendants of such,
+or those veteran soldiers on either side of the late Civil Contest who
+performed such gallant deeds upon our hills and within our valleys. No
+soldier of either army--the Army of the Potomac or the Army of Northern
+Virginia--can ever forget Fredericksburg. It was in the four great battles
+fought in and around Fredericksburg that he won imperishable glory as an
+American soldier, that name which to-day is written on the highest
+pinnacle of military fame.
+
+No living citizen, or the descendant of such noble sires, wheresoever
+dispersed, can ever forget the town or lineage from which he sprang. None
+such can ever fail to appreciate those citizens, who, in the most trying
+times, and under the most adverse circumstances, were conspicuous for
+their love and loyalty, suffering and sacrifice, daring and doing for home
+and country.
+
+Let their deeds and sacrifices be preserved for imitation of future
+generations, which is one of the objects of this book.
+
+  Very respectfully,
+    S. J. QUINN.
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                                   Facing Page
+
+  Baptist Church                           132
+
+  Butterfield Monument                     288
+
+  Capt. S. J. Quinn               _Frontispiece_
+
+  Catholic Church                          272
+
+  Chancellorsville Tavern                   82
+
+  Charity School                           232
+
+  Christian Church                         240
+
+  Church of God                            304
+
+  City Hall                                192
+
+  Com. M. F. Maury                         320
+
+  Confederate Cemetery                     122
+
+  Confederate Monument                     264
+
+  Court House                               22
+
+  Eagle Hotel                              182
+
+  Entrance to Confederate Cemetery         222
+
+  Entrance to National Cemetery            256
+
+  Exchange Hotel                           172
+
+  Federal Hill                              32
+
+  Fire Department                          232
+
+  First Mayor's Residence                  182
+
+  Forsythe's Birthplace                    102
+
+  Fredericksburg College                   172
+
+  Fredericksburg from Marye's Heights       12
+
+  Fredericksburg from Stafford Heights      12
+
+  Free Bridge                               22
+
+  Free Lance--Star Office                  248
+
+  Hon. Montgomery Slaughter                 72
+
+  Jackson Monument                         202
+
+  Kenmore                                  212
+
+  Marye Mansion                            328
+
+  Mary Washington House                     32
+
+  Mary Washington Monument                  52
+
+  Masonic Lodge                            222
+
+  Meditation Rock                          152
+
+  Mercer Monument                           92
+
+  Methodist Church                         162
+
+  M. W. M. Lodge                           142
+
+  Old Planters' Hotel                      296
+
+  Opera House                              296
+
+  Postoffice                               280
+
+  Power Dam                                152
+
+  Presbyterian Church                      162
+
+  Presbyterian Memorial Chapel              62
+
+  Public School                            288
+
+  Remarkable Tombstone                     264
+
+  R., F. & P. R. R. Bridge                 312
+
+  Rising Sun Tavern                         52
+
+  Section Stone Wall                       112
+
+  Sentry Box                               102
+
+  Shiloh Church, N. S.                     304
+
+  Shiloh Church, O. S.                     272
+
+  Stevens House                            192
+
+  St. George's Church                       62
+
+  Stone House                               92
+
+  Sunken Road                               82
+
+  Superintendent's Lodge                   256
+
+  Trinity Church                           240
+
+  Trustees' Office                         112
+
+  Union House                              212
+
+  View on Princess Anne St.                 42
+
+  Wallace Library                          142
+
+  Water Power Office                       328
+
+  Wm. Paul's Gravestone                    280
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+  CHAPTER I
+    Captain John Smith Explores the Rappahannock River--The
+    Flight of Pocahontas--Major Lawrence Smith's Fort--Governor
+    Spotswood's Miners at Germanna,                                     11
+
+  CHAPTER II
+    The Knights of the Golden Horse Shoe--Governor Spotswood's
+    Expedition over the Blue Ridge Mountains,                           27
+
+  CHAPTER III
+    Fredericksburg Incorporated by the House of Burgesses--Col.
+    Byrd Walks about Town--A Church Building Erected--Rev.
+    Patrick Henry Rector--Augustine Washington a Town Trustee--
+    Stock Fairs Inaugurated--Limits of the Town Extended,               37
+
+  CHAPTER IV
+    Encouraging Home Industries--Further Extension of the
+    Town--Tobacco Inspectors Appointed--Modes of Punishing
+    Criminals--Prosperity--Military Ardor--Under the United
+    States Government--A New Order of Things,                           46
+
+  CHAPTER V
+    Lease of the Market-House Lots--The First Serious Fire--
+    Fredericksburg an Important Center--An Act Concerning
+    Elections--Half of the Town Destroyed by Fire--
+    Fredericksburg an Important Postal Point--How the Mails
+    were Carried--A Congressional Investigation--Amendatory
+    Acts of 1821--The Great Fire of 1822--The Trade of the
+    Town--Contagious Diseases--The Town in 1841--Acts of
+    Extension, 1851, 1852, 1858, 1861,                                  57
+
+  CHAPTER VI
+    The War Clouds Gather--Fredericksburg in the Southern
+    Confederacy--Troops Raised and Equipped--Town Surrendered
+    to Federal Authorities--Citizens Arrested and Held as
+    Hostages--Thrilling Evacuating Scenes--Citizens Flee from
+    their Homes--Bombardment of the Town,                               71
+
+  CHAPTER VII
+    The Great Battle--The Town Sacked by Soldiers--The Federals
+    Recross the River--A Great Revival of Religion--The Battle
+    of Chancellorsville--Gen. Sedgwick Captures the Town--The
+    Wilderness Campaign--Many Noncombatant Citizens Arrested
+    and Imprisoned--A Statement by the Council--The Citizens
+    and Federal Soldiers Released,                                      90
+
+  CHAPTER VIII
+    The Armies Transferred to Richmond and Petersburg--Gen. Lee
+    Surrenders his Army--Citizens Return Home--Action of the
+    City Council--Fredericksburg Again Under the Old Flag--The
+    Assassination of President Lincoln Denounced--
+    Reconstruction Commenced--An Election Set Aside by the
+    Military--All Civil Offices Set Aside and Strangers
+    Appointed--The Financial Condition of the Town--The Town
+    Again in the Hands of its Citizens--Splendid Financial
+    Showing,                                                           107
+
+  CHAPTER IX
+    The Courts of Fredericksburg--The Freedman's Bureau--Court
+    Orders and Incidents--First Night Watch Appointed--
+    Ministers Qualify to Perform Marriage Ceremony--First
+    Notary Public--Fixing the Value of Bank Notes--Prison
+    Bounds for Debtors--Church Buildings,                              123
+
+  CHAPTER X
+    Public Buildings--Court House--The Jail--Town Hall--Fire
+    Department--School Buildings--Wallace Library--Normal
+    School--Government Building,                                       136
+
+  CHAPTER XI
+    Ancient and Historical Buildings--Mary Washington
+    Monument--General Mercer's Statue--Mary Washington's Will,         148
+
+  CHAPTER XII
+    Hotels of the Town, old and new--Agricultural Fairs and
+    Toll Bridges--Care of the Dependent Poor--City Water
+    Works--City Gas Works--Electric Light--Telephone Company--
+    Fire Department,                                                   164
+
+  CHAPTER XIII
+    Volunteer Militia--The Confederate Cemetery--The National
+    Cemetery--The Confederate Veterans--The Sons of Confederate
+    Veterans--The Schools, Private and Public,                         182
+
+  CHAPTER XIV
+    The Churches of Fredericksburg,                                    202
+
+  CHAPTER XV
+    Charitable and Benevolent Societies--Mary Washington
+    Hospital--Newspapers and Periodicals--Political
+    Excitement--Strong Resolutions Against the Administration--
+    An Address Approving the President's Foreign Policy--The
+    Names of Those who Signed the Address,                             217
+
+  CHAPTER XVI
+    Distinguished Men Buried in Fredericksburg--A Remarkable
+    Grave Stone--Three Heroic Fredericksburgers, Wellford,
+    Herndon, Willis--The Old Liberty Bell Passes Through Town--
+    Great Demonstration in its Honor--What a Chinaman Thought
+    of it,                                                             235
+
+  CHAPTER XVII
+    Visits of Heroes--Gala Days--The Army of the Society of the
+    Potomac Enters the Town,                                           251
+
+  CHAPTER XVIII
+    The Society of the Army of the Potomac Continued--Welcome
+    Address--Laying a Corner Stone,                                    263
+
+  CHAPTER XIX
+    Doctor Walker's Expedition--Bacon's Rebellion, so-called--
+    The Fredericksburg Declaration--The Great Orator--
+    Resolutions of Separation--The Virginia Bill of Rights,            280
+
+  CHAPTER XX
+    Declaration of Separation--The Declaration of
+    Independence--Washington Commander-in-Chief of the Armies--
+    John Paul Jones Raises the First Flag--First to Throw the
+    Stars and Stripes to the Breeze--Fredericksburg Furnishes
+    the Head of the Army and Navy--The Constitution of the
+    United States,                                                     292
+
+  CHAPTER XXI
+    The First Proclamation for Public Thanksgiving--
+    Pennsylvania Whiskey Rebellion--John Marshall and the
+    Supreme Court--Religious Liberty--The Monroe Doctrine--
+    Seven Presidents--Clarke Saves the Great Northwest--The
+    Vast Western Territory Explored--The Louisiana Purchase--
+    The Florida Purchase--Texas Acquired--The War with Mexico
+    and its Rich Results--The Oceans Sounded, Measured and
+    Mapped--The Ladies' Memorial Association--The Mary
+    Washington Monument--General Mercer's Statue,                      306
+
+  CHAPTER XXII
+    Fredericksburg at Present--The Health of the City--Its
+    Financial Solidity--Its Commercial Prosperity--Its Lines of
+    Transportation--Its Water Power--Its Official Calendar--
+    List of Mayors,                                                    322
+
+  Official Calendar--September 1, 1908                                 333
+
+  Mayors of Fredericksburg in Their Chronological Order                336
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE City of Fredericksburg, Virginia, FROM ITS Settlement to
+the Present Time
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+    _Capt. John Smith Explores the Rappahannock River--The Flight of
+    Pocahontas--Maj. Smith's Fort--Gov. Spotswood's Miners at Germanna._
+
+
+In what year the white man first set his foot upon the present site of
+Fredericksburg is not certainly known. The mind of man, of the present
+generation, does not run back to that time, and if the first white visitor
+to the place thought it of sufficient importance to make a note of it that
+note was not preserved; or, if it was, it is unknown to the present
+inhabitants of the town, unless that visitor was Captain John Smith.
+
+It is stated that after John Smith was captured by the Indians, while on
+his trip exploring the Chickahominy, his captors marched him through the
+country, amid great rejoicing, visiting the Indian towns on the Pamunkey,
+Mattapony, Piankitank, Rappahannock and Potomac rivers, but it is not
+stated that he was taken as high up the Rappahannock as the falls. This
+trip through the country, however, while it was attended with hideous
+yells, cheers and all sorts of mournful noises by the excited throng, gave
+John Smith some idea of the rich and fertile valleys, the beautiful rivers
+that flowed from the mountains, and a desire to explore them if he should
+be fortunate enough to get back to the English settlement alive.
+
+For soon after his release, in writing of the discoveries, having already
+explored the Chesapeake bay, he says:[1] "There is but one entrance by sea
+into this country, and that is at the mouth of a very goodly bay, the
+wideness whereof is near eighteen or twenty miles. The cape on the south
+is called Cape Henry, in honor of our most noble Prince. The show of the
+land there is a white hilly sand like unto the Downes, and along the
+shores great plenty of pines and firs. The north cape is called Cape
+Charles, in honor of the worthy Duke of York.
+
+"Within is a country that may have the prerogative over the most pleasant
+places of Europe, Asia, Africa or America and for large and pleasant
+navigable rivers, heaven and earth never agreed better to frame a place
+for man's habitation, being of our constitutions, were it fully manured
+and inhabited by industrious people. Here are mountains, hills, plains,
+valleys, rivers and brooks, all running most pleasantly to a fair bay,
+compassed, but for the mouth, with fruitful and delightsome land. In the
+bay and rivers are many isles, both great and small, some woody, some
+plain, most of them low and not inhabited. This bay lies north and south,
+in which the water flows near two hundred miles and has a channel for one
+hundred and forty miles of depth betwixt seven and fifteen fathoms,
+holding in breadth, for the most part, ten or fifteen miles. From the head
+of the bay at the north, the land is mountainous, and so in a manner from
+thence by a southwest line. So that the more southward, the further off
+from the bay are those mountains, from which fall certain brooks, which
+after come to five principal navigable rivers. These run from the
+northwest into the southeast, and so into the west side of the bay, where
+the fall of every river is within twenty or fifteen miles one of another."
+
+Early in the year of 1608, his life having been saved by Pocahontas, John
+Smith made a number of trips, exploring the rivers of this section of
+Virginia, entered the mouth of the Rappahannock and, but for an accident
+that befell him, might have continued his trip to the falls.
+
+They found fish in abundance in all the streams and, "near the mouth
+of the Rappahannock, Smith plunged his sword into a singular fish like a
+'thornback,' with a long tail and from it a poisoned sting. In taking it
+off it drove the sting into his wrist, producing a torturing pain, and in
+a few hours the whole hand, arm and shoulder had swollen so fearfully that
+death seemed inevitable. He pointed out a place for his grave, and his
+men, with heavy hearts, prepared it. But Dr. Russell applied the probe and
+used an oil with such success that Smith was soon well and ate a part of
+the same fish for supper."[2]
+
+[Illustration: View of Fredericksburg from Marye's Mansion, showing ground
+charged over by Federals in battle 1862. Confederate line at fence. (See
+page 91)]
+
+[Illustration: View of Fredericksburg from Stafford Heights, where Federal
+guns were located in 1862, showing the old Scott bridge. (See page 171)]
+
+Some writers contend that it was while on this trip that Smith came up the
+Rappahannock to the falls and had a battle with the Indians, but this is a
+mistake. This trip was commenced on the 20th of June, 1608, and it was
+directly after entering the mouth of the river that he saw so many fish in
+the clear stream and caught one on the point of his sword; for Russell,
+the physician, who accompanied him, says after Smith was thought to have
+been fatally poisoned, "having neither surgeon or surgery, but that
+preservative oil, we presently set sail for Jamestown. Passing the mouth
+of the Piankatank and Pamunkey rivers, the next day we safely arrived at
+Kecaughtan."[3] If Smith had been very far up the Rappahannock he could
+not have passed the mouth of these two rivers the next day.
+
+The voyage that Smith made, during which he explored the Rappahannock
+river to the falls, was commenced on the 24th of July, more than a month
+after he entered the mouth of the river and was stung by the fish which
+turned him back. As this trip up the river is of great interest, being the
+first made by white men, it is here given in full as narrated by Anthony
+Bagnall, Powell and Todkill, Smith's companions, who wrote it down at the
+time. They say:
+
+"In the discovery of this river, that some called Rappahannock, we were
+kindly entertained by the people of Moraughtacund. Here we encountered our
+old friend Mosco, a lusty savage of Wighconisco, upon the river Patawomeck
+[Potomac]. We supposed him some Frenchman's son because he had a thick,
+black, bushy, beard, and the savages seldom have any at all, of which he
+was not a little proud to see so many of his countrymen. Wood and water he
+would fetch us, guide us any whether; nay, cause divers of his countrymen
+help us tow against wind or tide from place to place till we came to
+Patawomeck.
+
+"The next morning we went up the river, [Rappahannock] and our friend
+Mosco followed us along the shore, and at last desired to go with us in
+our boat. But, as we passed by Pisacack, Matchopeak and Mecuppom, three
+towns situated upon high white cliffs; the other side all a low plain
+marsh, and the river there but narrow, thirty or forty of the Rapahanocks
+had so accommodated themselves with branches, as we took them for little
+bushes growing among the sedge, till seeing their arrows strike the
+targets and drop in the river; whereat Mosco fell flat in the boat on his
+face, crying, the Rapahanocks, which presently we espide to be the bushes,
+which, at our first volley fell down in the sedge: when we were near half
+a mile from them, they showed themselves dancing and singing very merrily.
+
+"The kings of Pessassack, Nandtaughtacund and Cultatawoman, used us
+kindly, and all their people neglected not anything to Mosco to bring us
+to them.
+
+"Betwixt Secobeck and Massawteck is a small isle or two which cause the
+river to be broader than ordinary; there it pleased God to take one of our
+company called Master Fetherstone [Richard Fetherstone, Gent.], that all
+the time he had been in this country, had behaved himself honestly,
+valiantly and industriously; where in a little bay, called Fetherstone's
+bay, we buried him with a volly of shot: the rest, not withstanding their
+ill diet and bad lodging crowded in so small a barge, in so many dangers,
+never resting, but always tossed to and again, had all well recovered
+their healths.
+
+"The next day we sailed so high as our boat would float; there setting up
+crosses and graving our names in the trees. Our sentinel saw an arrow fall
+by him, though we had ranged up and down more than an hour, in digging in
+the earth, looking of stones, herbs and springs, not seeing where a savage
+could well hide himself.
+
+"Upon the alarm, by that we had recovered our arms there was about an
+hundred nimble Indians skipping from tree to tree, letting fly their
+arrows so fast as they could; the trees here served us as baricades as
+well as they. But Mosco did us more service than we expected; for having
+shot away his quiver of arrows he ran to the boat for more. The arrows of
+Mosco at the first made them pause upon the matter, thinking by his bruit
+and skipping, there were many savages. About half an hour this continued,
+then they all vanished as suddenly as they approached. Mosco followed them
+so far as he could see us, till they were out of sight. As we returned
+there lay a savage as dead, shot in the knee; but taking him up we found
+he had life: which Mosco seeing, never was dog more furious against a
+bear, than Mosco was to beat out his brains. So we had him to our boat
+where our Chirurgian [A. Bagnall], who went with us to cure our Captain's
+hurt of the stingray, so dressed this savage that within an hour after he
+looked somewhat cheerfully and did eat and speak. In the mean time we
+contented Mosco in helping him to gather up their arrows, which were an
+armful; whereof he gloried not a little.
+
+"Then we desired Mosco to know what he was and what countries were beyond
+the mountains; the poor savage mildly answered, he and all with him were
+of Hassininga, where there are three kings more, like unto them, namely
+the King of Stegora, the King of Tauxsintania and the King of Shakahonea,
+that were come to Mohaskahod, which is only a hunting town, and the bounds
+betwixt the Kingdom of the Mannahocks and the Nandtaughtacunds, but hard
+by where we were.
+
+"We demanded why they came in that manner to betray us, that came to them
+in peace and to seek their loves; he answered, they heard we were a people
+come from under the world, to take their world from them.
+
+"We asked him how many worlds he did know; he replied, he knew no more but
+that which was under the sky that covered him, which were the Powhatans,
+with the Monacans and the Massawomeks that were higher up in the
+mountains.
+
+"Then we asked him what was beyond the mountains, he answered the sun;
+but of anything else he knew nothing because the woods were not burnt. [A
+foot note says 'they cannot travel but where the woods are burnt.']
+
+"These and many such questions were demanded concerning the Massawomecks,
+the Monacans, their own country and where were the kings of Stegora,
+Tauxsintania and the rest. The Monacans, he said, were their neighbors and
+friends, and did dwell as they in the hilly countries by small rivers,
+living upon roots and fruits, but chiefly by hunting. The Massawomeks did
+well upon a great water, and had many boats, and so many men that they
+made war with all the world. For their kings, they were gone every one a
+several way with their men on hunting. But those with him came thither a
+fishing till they saw us, notwithstanding they would be all together at
+night at Mahaskahod.
+
+"For his relation we gave him many toys, with persuations to go with us:
+and he as earnestly desired us to stay the coming of those kings that for
+his good usage should be friends with us, for he was brother to
+Hassininga. But Mosco advised us presently to be gone, for they were all
+naught; yet we told him we would not till it was night. All things we made
+ready to entertain what came, and Mosco was as diligent in trimming his
+arrows.
+
+"The night being come we all embarked, for the river was so narrow, had it
+been light the land on the one side was so high they might have done us
+exceeding much mischief. All this while the King of Hassininga was seeking
+the rest, and had consultation a good time what to do. But by their spies
+seeing we were gone, it was not long before we heard their arrows dropping
+on every side the boat; we caused our savages to call unto them, but such
+a yelling and hallowing they made that they heard nothing, but now and
+then [we shot off] a piece, aiming so near as we could where we heard the
+most voices. Moor than twelve miles they followed us in this manner; then
+the day appearing, we found ourselves in a broad bay out of danger of
+their shot, where we came to an anchor, and fell to breakfast. Not so much
+as speaking to them till the sun was risen.
+
+"Being well refreshed, we untied our targets that covered us as a deck,
+and all showed ourselves with those shields on our arms, and swords in our
+hands, and also our prisoner Amoroleck. A long discourse there was betwixt
+his countrymen and him, how good we were, how well we used him, how we had
+a Patawomek with us [who] loved us as his life that would have slain him
+had we not preserved him, and that he should have his liberty would they
+be his friends; and to do us any hurt it was impossible.
+
+"Upon this they all hung their bows and quivers upon the trees, and one
+came swimming aboard us with a bow tied on his head, and another with a
+quiver of arrows, which they delivered our Captain as a present: the
+Captain having used them so kindly as he could told them the other three
+Kings should do the like, and then the great King of our world should be
+their friend; whose men we were. It was no sooner demanded than performed,
+so upon a low moorish point of land we went to the shore, where those four
+Kings came and received Amoroleck: nothing they had but bows, arrows,
+tobacco-bags and pipes: when we desired, none refused to give us,
+wondering at everything we had, and heard we had done: Our pistols they
+took for pipes, which they much desired, but we did content them with
+other commodities. And so we left four or five hundred of our merry
+Mannahocks singing, dancing and making merry and set sale for
+Moraughtacund.
+
+"In our returns we visited all our friends, that rejoiced much at our
+victory against the Mannahocks, who many times had wars also with them,
+but now they were friends; and desired we should be friends with the
+Rapahanocks. Our Captain told them, they had twice assaulted him that came
+only in love to do them good, and, therefore, now he would burn all their
+houses, destroy their corn, and forever hold them his enemies till they
+made him satisfaction. They desired to know what that should be. He told
+them they should present him the King's bow and arrows, and not offer to
+come armed where he was; that they should be friends with the
+Moraughtacunds, his friends, and give him their King's son in pledge to
+perform it: and then all King James and his men should be their friends.
+Upon this they presently sent to the Rapahanocks to meet him at the place
+where they first fought where would be the Kings of Nantantacund and
+Pissassac: which according to their promise were there so soon as we;
+where Rapahanock presented his bow and arrows, and confirmed all we
+desired, except his son, having no more but him he could not live without
+him, but instead of his son he would give him the three women
+Moraughtacund had stolen. This was accepted: and so in three or four
+canoes so many as could went with us to Moraughtacund, where Mosco made
+them such relations, and gave to his friends so many bows and arrows, that
+they no less loved him than admired us. The three women were brought our
+Captain, to each he gave a chain of beads: and then causing Moraughtacund,
+Mosco and Rapahanock stand before him, bid Rapahanock take her he loved
+best, and Moraughtacund choose next, and to Mosco he gave the third. Upon
+this away went their canoes over the water, to fetch their venison, and
+all the provision they could; and they that wanted boats swam over the
+river. The dark [darkness] commanded us then to rest.
+
+"The next day there was of men, women and children, as we conjectured, six
+or seven hundred, dancing and singing; and not a bow nor arrow seen
+amongst them. Mosco changed his name to Uttasantasough, which we interpret
+stranger, for so they call us. All promising ever to be our friends and to
+plant corn purposely for us; and we to provide hatchets, beads and copper
+for them, we departed; giving them a volley of shot, and they us as loud
+shouts and cries as their strengths could utter."
+
+This account of Capt. Smith's exploration of the Rappahannock river, and
+the country bordering on the stream is highly interesting for three
+reasons. It shows beyond dispute, we think, that Capt. Smith and his
+little band were the first white men to tread the soil where is now
+located the city of Fredericksburg. It gives us a complete history of the
+voyage, so that we may become his travelling companions as he ascends the
+river, encounters the Indians, prospects for gold and other rich deposits
+in the earth about the falls; also as he descends the river and calls the
+Indian kings together, makes friends of them, settles differences between
+them and their tribes and sails out of the river loaded with provisions,
+carrying with him their promise that they will raise more for him in the
+future. It gives us the names of many of the tribes of Indians, on the
+Rappahannock, their kings, towns and other places, so that we may look at
+his map of Virginia and locate many of them. It informs us that Richard
+Fetherstone, who accompanied Smith, was taken sick and died while he was
+here and was buried in the vicinity of Fredericksburg, he being the first
+white man to find sepulture in this part of Virginia.
+
+The locations of the following places, found on Smith's map of Virginia,
+and mentioned in this work, will be of interest to many, and especially to
+those who are familiar with the country. They seem to be located as
+follows: Secobeck was just west of the city's almshouse: Massauteck was
+located just back of Chatham; Fetherstone's bay is in Stafford, opposite
+the upper end of Hunter's Island; Accoqueck was near R. Innis Taylor's
+residence; Sockbeck was in the neighborhood of J. Bowie Gray's;
+Anasheroans were about Moss Neck; King Nandtaughtacund lived near Port
+Royal; King Cultatawoman was located in Stafford, just below Snowdon; King
+Pissassack was located in Westmoreland county, near Leedstown; King
+Tapahanock lived in the upper part of Lancaster county; Mahakahod was
+about the line of Stafford and Culpeper counties; Hassininga was about
+Indian Town in Orange county; Stegara was in the upper part of Orange, on
+the Rapid Ann river; and Tauxuntania was located near the foot of the Blue
+Ridge mountains.
+
+The several towns at and near the falls of the river made it a general
+rendezvous of all tribes for this part of Virginia. It was a favorite
+place at which to meet for hunting, fishing and other sports, as was the
+case when Smith reached here. It is more than probable that the beautiful
+and fascinating Pocahontas, who saved the life of John Smith and who
+captivated the bold and fearless Rolfe, spent some time at this point, in
+her journeyings, resting here and feasting her youthful eyes upon the
+magnificent scenery of the Rappahannock falls, and engaging in the sports
+and pastimes of her distinguished father's subjects.
+
+We are told[4] that in 1611 she was entrusted by her father, Powhatan, to
+Chief Japazaws, who carried her to his home on the Potomac river, where
+she lived some time in retirement--that is, away from the stirring scenes
+around Jamestown. It is not, therefore, unreasonable to suppose that much
+of the time she was with Japazaws was spent at this point, the favorite
+gathering place of all the tribes at the different seasons of the year.
+
+Why Pocahontas left her home for the protection of Japazaws is not
+positively known. Howe thinks Powhatan was preparing for a great war with
+the new settlers and wanted to get his daughter away from danger and the
+exposure and discomfort that would result from such a conflict. Stith
+gives no reason, "except it was to withdraw herself from being a witness
+to the frequent butcheries of the English, whose folly and rashness, after
+Smith's departure, put it out of her power to save them."
+
+In the year 1612 Capt. Argall took a trip up the Potomac in search of corn
+and other supplies for the English settlers, fell in with the old chief
+and purchased the young princess from him, the price agreed upon being a
+copper kettle, which was readily given. This prize Argall took to
+Jamestown, where he hoped to receive a considerable sum from Powhatan for
+her redemption, but the old King became very angry and refused to pay
+anything, but declared he preferred to fight for her. The young princess
+afterwards married Capt. John Rolfe.
+
+At what time the first settlement was made at Fredericksburg is unknown,
+but it must have been at a very early date. It is more than likely that it
+was one of the many plantations that dotted the banks of our principal
+rivers in the early settlement of the country, for, in 1622, John Smith
+proposed to the London Company "to protect all their planters from the
+James to the Potomac"[5] which territory must have included one or more
+plantations on the Rappahannock river, because it lies immediately between
+the James and Potomac rivers and is the largest stream between those two
+rivers. And if there was a plantation on the Rappahannock it was, no
+doubt, in the neighborhood of Fredericksburg. John Smith had visited the
+place twelve years before and had found it "beautiful and inviting" and
+an excellent place for a settlement, and possibly he recommended and
+procured the location of a plantation in this vicinity.
+
+But, whether or not this supposition be true, we know that the
+Rappahannock falls some years afterwards became a point of considerable
+interest and steps were taken to fortify and defend it; and for that
+purpose a fort was ordered to be built here in 1676 to protect settlers
+from the incursions of the Indians, who continued troublesome, which was
+garrisoned by quite a number of men. "At a grand assemblie held at James
+cittie, between the 20th of September, 1674, and the 17th of March, 1675,"
+it was ordered that "One hundred and eleven men out of Gloucester be
+garrisoned at one ffort or place of defence, at or near the ffalls of
+Rappahannock River, of which ffort Major Lawrence Smith to be Captain or
+Chiefe Commander," and that the fort be furnished with "ffour hundred and
+eighty pounds of powder and ffourteen hundred and fforty three pounds of
+Shott."[6]
+
+This fort, it seems, was not constructed that year, but in 1679, Major
+Lawrence Smith, upon his own suggestion, was authorized to settle or
+"seate down at or near said fort by the last day of March, 1681," which we
+are informed he did, and to have in readiness, on all occasions at the
+beating of a drum, fifty able men, well armed, with sufficient ammunition,
+and two hundred more within the space of a mile along the river, prepared
+always to march twenty miles in any direction from the fort; and it was
+stipulated that should they be obliged to go more than twenty miles
+distance, they were to be paid for their time thus employed at the rate
+paid to other "soulders." He was also empowered "to execute Martiall
+discipline" among the fifty "souldiers so put in arms," both in times of
+war and peace, and with "two others of said privileged place," he was to
+hear and determine all cases, civil and criminal, that should arise in
+said limits, as a county court might do, and to make by-laws for the same.
+These military settlers were privileged from arrest for any debts except
+those due the King and those contracted among themselves, and were free
+from taxes and levies except from those laid within their own limits.
+
+This fort was not named by the act authorizing its construction, and if
+any was given it after its completion, it does not appear in the histories
+or records at our disposal. It is quite likely it had some designation, if
+nothing more than the Rappahannock fort--Smith's fort on the
+Rappahannock--and it may have been known by one or the other until the
+place was laid out for a town and received its present name. Or it may
+have been known as "The Lease Land," the designation it had when it was
+incorporated forty-six years afterwards.
+
+It has been suggested, and believed by some few to be true, that this fort
+was built at Germanna, about eighteen miles above the Rappahannock falls,
+but this claim cannot be maintained. It is known that all of these
+plantations and military stations were located on navigable rivers and
+were reached and communicated with mostly, if not exclusively, by sail
+vessels, and it is not reasonable to suppose that this fort was located
+eighteen miles above tidewater, where it could not be reached by such
+vessels. In addition to this objection, it may be added that the "gallant
+cavalier, Governor Spotswood, at the head of the chivalry of Virginia,"
+never made his dash above the falls to the "blue ridge of mountains" until
+the year 1720[7] [1716 is the correct date], nearly fifty years after the
+construction of the fort at or near the falls.
+
+Besides this, Governor Spotswood did not come to Virginia as Governor
+until the year 1710. After coming to this country he became possessed of
+lands on the Rappahannock, at the mouth of Massaponax run, and from there
+up the ridge, west of Fredericksburg, to the Rapidan river at Germanna. We
+do not know when he became possessed of these lands, but it is known that
+he built a wharf near the mouth of Massaponax run and opened the ridge
+road from there to Germanna, now called Mine Road, over which he hauled
+his iron ore for shipment. And so it was said, and it was true, that he
+could go from his wharf on the Rappahannock to Germanna on the Rapidan on
+his own lands without crossing a stream.
+
+Germanna was settled in April, 1714, thirty-eight years after this fort
+was built and thirty-four years before Governor Spotswood came to
+Virginia. It was settled by twelve German families, who had been induced
+by Governor Spotswood to come over from Germany to develop the iron and
+silver mines he desired opened on his land, recently acquired by him,
+several miles above the falls. These were the first iron mines opened and
+operated in this new country, and being the first worker in iron gave him
+the honorable appellation of the "Tubal Cain of America."
+
+[Illustration: The Free Bridge over the Rappahannock River to Stafford
+Heights. (See page 171)]
+
+[Illustration: The City Court House and Clerk's Office. (See page 142)]
+
+It has been a tradition held by some that the Germans, who settled
+Germanna, came to this country as paupers, and when they landed at
+Tappahannock, where their vessel anchored, they were unable to pay their
+passage and were virtually sold to Governor Spotswood for a term of years,
+he to pay the passage money and furnish the land upon which they were to
+settle. It is further said that he induced them to settle on the river,
+above Fredericksburg, where they built small huts, called the place
+Germanna and opened the mines which proved so remunerative to the
+Governor.
+
+Much of this statement, however, is denied by the descendants of these
+pioneers, who resent the charge of pauperism and show that these first
+settlers were men of education, were skilled miners, and that they came to
+this country under contract with Governor Spotswood, bringing with them
+letters of commendation from gentlemen of influence and official position.
+
+From a paper prepared, and left to posterity, by Rev. James Kemper, a
+grandson of the emigrant, John Kemper,[8] we are able to cull some
+interesting facts connected with these people, who became neighbors and
+friends of the early settlers of Fredericksburg, and many of whose
+descendants are now among us.
+
+These Germans "did not 'happen' to come to Virginia, but came upon the
+invitation of the Baron de Graffureid, who was a friend to Governor
+Spotswood, and for the express purpose of developing the iron ore deposits
+discovered by the latter upon his lands in the present county of
+Spotsylvania. These people came from the town of Müsen, which was then in
+the old province of Nassau Siegen, Westphalia, Germany. At Müsen there is
+an iron mine which has been worked since the early part of the fourteenth
+century, and is operated to this day. They were skilled workers in iron
+and steel from the Müsen mines and built the old furnace in Spotsylvania
+county."
+
+These pioneers remained at Germanna until about 1720, when, owing to some
+difference with Governor Spotswood, they removed to what is now Fauquier
+county, then Stafford, later Prince William, and in 1759 the portion they
+settled became Fauquier. They settled about nine miles south of Warrenton
+on a small stream called Licking Run and named the place Germantown--thus
+keeping up the German identity,--which is one mile north of Madison
+station on the Southern railroad.
+
+Rev. James Kemper, in the paper referred to, says the first year they were
+in Germantown they "packed all of their provisions from Fredericksburg on
+their heads and raised their first crop with their hoes, in both of which
+the women bore a part." This shows that the village, afterwards called
+Fredericksburg, was the trading place of the country above the falls at
+that period.
+
+The names of the twelve men who, with their families, settled Germanna,
+are John Kemper, John Huffman, Jacob Holtzclaw, Tillman Weaver, John
+Fishback, Harman Fishback, Harman Utterback, John Joseph Martin, Peter
+Hitt, Jacob Coons, ---- Wayman and ---- Hanback. The Rev. Henry Hagen was
+their minister.
+
+These people were picked men for a special purpose, to do that which no
+one then in Virginia could do--manufacture iron. Their descendants are
+scattered all over this country and have filled high positions in the Army
+and Navy, as well as in State and Church. They did two things worthy of
+note: They laid the foundation of the German Reformed Church in the United
+States,[9] and also the iron and steel industry, which now requires
+billions of dollars to carry on successfully, and both of these were done
+at Germanna, in Spotsylvania county, Virginia.
+
+It has also been contended that the fort, built near the falls of the
+Rappahannock river, was constructed on the north side of the river and
+that the place where Falmouth now stands was the center of the military
+district.[10] This assertion is not substantiated by any record we have
+seen, and we are not prepared, in the absence of proof, to accept it.
+
+There are two reasons which may be given which, we think, will show that
+the site of Falmouth would have been an improper and unsafe location for
+the fort, both of which would have suggested themselves to the
+constructors of the fort. One is, that the place is on the bend of the
+river and is surrounded by high hills, now known as Stafford Heights. From
+the crest of these hills the fort could have been attacked by the enemy
+and captured by any small force. And if it had not been captured the
+elevation would have given the Indians great advantage over the garrison,
+making their arrows very effective. To have placed the fort on either one
+of the high hills would have thrown the garrison too far from the river to
+protect their sail vessels, and in case they had been compelled to give up
+the fort they could not have reached their vessels in the river, which, in
+the past, had proved a safer refuge than the poorly constructed forts of
+that day.
+
+The other reason is, that to have constructed the fort on the north side
+of the river would have placed the almost impassable Rappahannock between
+the garrison and their remote friends on the south side, from whom alone
+they could look for relief in case they had been besieged, or if they had
+been compelled to retreat.
+
+For these reasons, if for no other, we are satisfied that the fort was not
+located on the north side of the river, but on the south side and in the
+vicinity of where Fredericksburg now stands.
+
+But this author, in speaking of the fort, says "not one stone or brick of
+the fort is left on another, but the terraces on the long hill back of the
+riverside houses still bear traces of ancient work." But this does not
+prove the contention.
+
+It should be remembered that forts were not constructed in those times of
+stones and bricks, nor even of earthen walls, as they have since been,
+but of wooden poles or logs, and very temporary at that. John Fontaine
+gives a minute description of the fort built by the Germans at Germanna in
+the year 1714, which will help us to understand what a fort was in those
+days.
+
+"We walked about the town, which is palisaded with stakes stuck in the
+ground, and laid close the one to the other, and of substance to bear out
+a mussket-shot. There are but nine families, and they have nine houses,
+built all in a line; and before every house, about twenty feet distant
+from it, they have small sheds built for their hogs and hens, so that the
+hog-sties and houses make a street. The place that is poled in is a
+pentagon, very regularly laid out; and in the very center there is a
+block-house, made with five sides, which answer to the five sides of the
+great enclosure; there are loop holes through it, from which you may see
+all the inside of the enclosure. This was intended for a retreat for the
+people, in case they were not able to defend the palisadoes, if attacked
+by the Indians."[11] Col. Byrd, in 1732, called this a fort.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE KNIGHTS OF THE GOLDEN HORSE SHOE.
+
+    _Governor Spotswood and Others Start on an Expedition over the Blue
+    Ridge Mountains--They Pass Through what is now Fredericksburg--They
+    Join Others at Germanna, where they make Extensive Preparations--The
+    Country Rough and the Woods Dense--Bears, Deer, Turkeys, Squirrels and
+    Snakes Plentiful--The Summit of the Mountain Reached--The Sublime
+    Scene--The Health of the King Drank and the Country Taken Possession
+    of in His Name--The Shenandoah River, &c._
+
+
+Two years after the settlement of Germanna Governor Spotswood visited the
+place, in company with gentlemen and others who were to accompany him in
+his famous expedition over the Blue Ridge mountains, which has been the
+theme of the writers of song and story, and upon which has recently been
+founded a secret benevolent order. So much has been written about this
+expedition, in this country and in Europe, into which so much romance has
+been woven, and yet so little is known about it by the general public, at
+the expense of length and tediousness to the reader of the narrative, we
+propose to give John Fontaine's[12] diary, written daily as they
+progressed on the journey, from the time he left Williamsburg with the
+Governor, until he returned to that city, that we may be thoroughly
+informed of all the particulars. The expedition was made in August and
+September, 1716, and the following is John Fontaine's diary:
+
+Williamsburg, 20th August, 1716.--In the morning got my horses ready, and
+what baggage was necessary, and I waited on the Governor who was in
+readiness for an expedition over the Appalachian mountains. We breakfasted
+and about ten got on horseback, and, at four came to the Brickhouse, upon
+York River, where we crossed the ferry and at six came to Mr. Austin
+Moore's house[13] on Mattapony River, in King William County; here we lay
+all night and were well entertained.
+
+21st.--Fair weather. At ten we set out from Mr. Moore's, and crossed the
+river of Mattapony, and continued on the road, and were on horseback till
+nine of the clock at night, before we came to Mr. Robert Beverley's house
+where we were well entertained, and remained this night.
+
+22nd.--At nine in the morning we set out from Mr. Beverley's. The Governor
+left his chaise here, and mounted his horse. The weather fair, we
+continued on our journey until we came to Mr. Woodford's where we lay, and
+were well entertained. This house lies on Rappahannock River ten miles
+below the falls.
+
+23rd.--Here we remained all this day, and diverted ourselves and rested
+our horses.
+
+24th.--In the morning, at seven, we mounted our horses and came to Austin
+Smith's house[14] about ten, where we dined, and remained till about one
+of the clock, when we set out, and about nine of the clock we came to the
+German-town, where we rested that night--bad beds and indifferent
+entertainment.
+
+German-town, 25th.--After dinner we went to see the mines, but I could not
+observe that there was any good mine. The Germans pretend that it is a
+silver mine; we took some of the ore and endeavored to run it, but could
+get nothing out of it, and I am of opinion it will not come to anything,
+no, not as much as lead. Many of the gentlemen of the county are concerned
+in this work. We returned and to our hard beds.
+
+26th.--At seven we got up, and several gentlemen of the country, that
+were to meet the Governor at this place for the expedition, arrived here,
+as also two companies of Rangers, consisting each of six men, and an
+officer. Four Meherrin Indians also came.[15] In the morning I diverted
+myself with other gentlemen shooting at a mark. At twelve we dined, and
+after dinner we mounted our horses and crossed the Rappahannoc River that
+runs by this place, and went to find out some convenient place for our
+horses to feed in, and to view the land hereabouts. Our guide left us, and
+we went so far in the woods that we did not know the way back again; and
+so we hallowed and fired our guns. Half an hour after sunset the guide
+came to us, and we went to cross the river by a ford higher up. The
+descent to the river being steep, and the night dark, we were obliged to
+dismount and lead our horses down to the river side, which was very
+troublesome. The bank being very steep, the greatest part of our company
+went into the water to mount their horses, where they were up to the
+crotch in the water. After we had forded the river and came to the other
+side, where the bank was steep also, in going up, the horse of one of our
+company slipped and fell back into the river on the top of his rider, but
+he received no other damage than being heartily wet, which made sport for
+the rest. A hornet stung one of the gentlemen in the face which swelled
+prodigiously. About ten we came to the town, where we supped, and to bed.
+
+27th.--We got our tents in order, and our horses shod. About twelve I was
+taken with a violent headache and pains in all my bones, so that I was
+obliged to lie down, and was very bad that day.
+
+28th.--About one in the morning I was taken with a violent fever, which
+abated about six at night, and I began to take the bark, and had one ounce
+divided into eight doses, and took two of them by ten of the clock that
+night. The fever abated, but I had great pains in my head and bones.
+
+29th.--In the morning we got all things in readiness, and about one we
+left the German-town to set out on our intended journey. At five in the
+afternoon, the Governor gave orders to encamp near a small river, three
+miles from Germanna, which we called Expedition Run, and here we lay all
+night. The first encampment was called Beverley Camp, in honor of one of
+the gentlemen of our party. We made great fires, and supped, and drank
+good punch. By ten of the clock I had taken all of my ounce of Jesuit's
+Bark, but my head was much out of order.
+
+30th.--In the morning about seven of the clock, the trumpet sounded to
+awake all the company, and we got up. One Austin Smith, one of the
+gentlemen with us, having a fever, returned home. We had lain upon the
+ground under cover of our tents, and we found by the pains in our bones
+that we had not had good beds to lie upon. At nine in the morning, we sent
+our servants and baggage forward, and we remained, because two of the
+Governor's horses had strayed. At half past two we got the horses, at
+three we mounted, and at half an hour after four, we came up with our
+baggage at a small river, three miles on the way, which we called Mine
+River, because there was an appearance of a silver mine by it. We made
+about three miles more, and came to another small river, which is at the
+foot of a small mountain, so we encamped here and called it Mountain Run,
+and our camp we called Todd's Camp. We had good pasturage for our horses,
+and venison in abundance for ourselves which we roasted before the fire
+upon wooden forks, and so we went to bed in our tents. Made 6 miles this
+day.
+
+31st.--At eight in the morning we set out from Mountain Run, and after
+going five miles we came upon the upper part of Rappahannoc River. One of
+the gentlemen and I, we kept on one side of the company about a mile, to
+have the better hunting. I saw a deer, and shot him from my horse, but the
+horse threw me a terrible fall and ran away; we ran after, and with a
+great deal of difficulty got him again; but we could not find the deer I
+had shot, and we lost ourselves, and it was two hours before we could come
+upon the track of our company. About five miles further we crossed the
+same river again, and two miles further we met with a large bear, which
+one of our company shot, and I got the skin. We killed several deer, and
+about two miles from the place where we killed the bear, we encamped upon
+Rappahannock River. From our encampment we could see the Appalachian Hills
+very plain. We made large fires, pitched our tents, and cut bows to lie
+upon, had good liquor, and at ten we went to sleep. We always kept a
+sentry at the Governor's door. We called this Smith's Camp. Made this day
+fourteen miles.
+
+1st September.--At eight we mounted our horses, and made the first five
+miles of our way through a very pleasant plain, which lies where
+Rappahannock River forks. I saw there the largest timber, the finest and
+deepest mould, and the best grass that I ever did see.[16] We had some of
+our baggage put out of order, and our company dismounted, by hornets
+stinging the horses. This was some hindrance, and did a little damage, but
+afforded a great deal of diversion. We killed three bears this day, which
+exercised the horses as well as the men. We saw two foxes but did not
+pursue them; we killed several deer. About five of the clock, we came to a
+run of water at the foot of a hill, where we pitched our tents. We called
+the encampment Dr. Robinson's Camp, and the river Blind Run. We had good
+pasturage for our horses, and every one was cook for himself. We made our
+beds with bushes as before. On this day we made 13 miles.
+
+2nd.--At nine we were all on horseback and after riding about five miles
+we crossed Rappahannoc river,[17] almost at the head, where it is very
+small. We had a rugged way; we passed over a great many small runs of
+water, some of which were deep, and others very miry. Several of our
+company were dismounted, some were down with their horses, others under
+their horses, and some thrown off. We saw a bear running down a tree, but
+it being Sunday we did not endeavor to kill anything. We encamped at five
+by a small river we called White Oak River,[18] and called our Camp
+Taylor's Camp.
+
+3rd.--About eight we were on horseback, and about ten we came to a
+thicket, so tightly laced together, that we had a great deal of trouble
+to get through; our baggage was injured, our clothes torn all to rags, and
+the saddles and holsters also torn. About five of the clock we encamped
+almost at the head of James River,[19] just below the great mountains. We
+called this camp Colonel Robertson's Camp. We made all this day but eight
+miles.
+
+4th.--We had two of our men sick with the measles, and one of our horses
+poisoned with a rattlesnake. We took the heaviest of our baggage, our
+tired horses, and the sick men, and made as convenient a lodge for them as
+we could, and left people to guard them, and hunt for them. We had
+finished this work by twelve, and so we went out. The sides of the
+mountains were so full of vines and briers, that We were forced to clear
+most of the way before us. We crossed one of the small mountains this side
+of the Appalachian, and from the top of it we had a fine view of the
+plains below. We were obliged to walk up the most of the way, there being
+an abundance of loose stones on the side of the hill. I killed a large
+rattlesnake here, and the other people killed three more. We made about
+four miles and so came to the side of James River, where a man may jump
+over it, and there we pitched our tents. As the people were lighting the
+fire, there came out of a large log of wood a prodigious snake, which they
+killed; so this camp was called Rattlesnake Camp, but it was otherwise
+called Brook's Camp.
+
+5th.--A fair day. At nine we were mounted; we were obliged to have axe-men
+to clear the way in some places. We followed the windings of James River,
+observing that it came from the very top of the mountains. We killed two
+rattlesnakes during our ascent. In some places it was very steep, in
+others it was so that we could ride up. About one of the clock we got to
+the top of the mountain; about four miles and a half, and we came to the
+very head spring of James River, where it runs no bigger than a man's arm,
+from under a large stone. We drank King George's health and all the Royal
+Family's at the very top of the Appalachian mountains. About a musket-shot
+from the spring is another, which rises and runs down on the other side;
+it goes westward, and we thought we could go down that way, but we met
+with such prodigious precipices, that we were obliged to return to the top
+again. We found some trees which had been formerly marked, I suppose, by
+the Northern Indians, and following these trees, we found a good, safe
+descent. Several of the company were for returning; but the Governor
+persuaded them to continue on. About five we were down on the other side,
+and continued our way for about seven miles further, until we came to a
+large river, by the side of which we encamped. We made this day fourteen
+miles. I, being somewhat more curious than the rest, went on a high rock
+on the top of the mountain, to see fine prospects, and I lost my gun. We
+saw, when we were over the mountains, the footing of elks and buffaloes,
+and their beds. We saw a vine which bore a sort of wild cucumber; and a
+shrub with a fruit like unto a currant. We eat very good wild grapes. We
+called this place Spotswood Camp, after our Governor.
+
+[Illustration: "Mary Washington House," home of Mary, the Mother of
+Washington, and where she died in 1789; now the property of the A. P. of
+V. A. (See page 157)]
+
+[Illustration: "Federal Hill," home of Thomas Reade Rootes, Gov. Brooke,
+etc.; now the residence of Mrs. H. Theodore Wight. (See page 153)]
+
+6th.--We crossed the river, which we called Euphrates.[20] It is very
+deep; the main course of the water is North; it is fourscore yards wide in
+the narrowest part. We drank some healths on the other side, and returned;
+after which I went a swimming in it. We could not find any fordable place,
+except the one by which we crossed, and it was deep in several places. I
+got some grass hoppers and fished; and another and I, we caught a dish of
+fish, some perch, and a fish they called chub. The others went a hunting,
+and killed deer and turkeys. The Governor had graving irons, but could not
+grave anything, the stones were so hard, I graved my name on a tree by the
+river side; and the Governor buried a bottle with a paper enclosed, on
+which he writ that he took possession of this place in the name and for
+King George the First of England.[21] We had a good dinner, and after it
+we got the men together, and loaded all their arms, and we drank the
+King's health in Champagne, and fired a volley--the Princess's health in
+Burgundy, and fired a volley, and all the rest of the Royal Family in
+Claret, and a volley. We had several sorts of liquors, viz: Virginia red
+wine and white wine, Irish usquebaugh, brandy, shrub, two sorts of rum,
+champagne, canary, cherry, punch, water, cider, &c.
+
+I sent two of the rangers to look for my gun, which I dropped in the
+mountains; they found it, and brought it to me at night, and I gave them a
+pistole for their trouble. We called the highest mountain Mount George,
+and the one we crossed over Mount Spotswood.
+
+7th.--At seven in the morning we mounted our horses, and parted with the
+rangers, who were to go further on, and we returned homewards; we repassed
+the mountains, and at five in the afternoon we came to Hospital Camp,
+where we left our sick men, and heavy baggage and we found all things well
+and safe. We camped here, and called it Captain Clouder's Camp.
+
+8th.--At nine we were all on horseback. We saw several bears and deer, and
+killed some wild turkeys. We encamped at the side of a run, and called the
+place Mason's Camp. We had good forage for our horses, and we lay as
+usual. Made twenty miles this day.
+
+9th.--We set out at nine of the clock, and before twelve we saw several
+bears, and killed three. One of them attacked one of our men that was
+riding after him, and narrowly missed him; he tore his things that he had
+behind him from off the horse, and would have destroyed him, had he not
+had immediate help from the other men and our dogs. Some of the dogs
+suffered severely in this engagement. At two we crossed one of the
+branches of the Rappahannock River, and at five we encamped on the side of
+the Rapid Ann, on a tract of land that Mr. Beverley hath design to take
+up. We made, this day, twenty-three miles, and called this Captain Smith's
+Camp. We eat part of one of the bears, which tasted very well, and would
+be good, and might pass for veal, if one did not know what it was. We were
+very merry, and diverted ourselves with our adventures.
+
+10th.--At eight we were on horseback, and about ten, as we were going up a
+small hill, Mr. Beverley and his horse fell down, and they both rolled to
+the bottom; but there were no bones broken on either side. At twelve as we
+were crossing a run of water, Mr. Clouder fell in, so we called this place
+Clouder's Run. At one we arrived at a large spring, where we dined and
+drank a bowl of punch. We called this Fontaine's Spring. About two we got
+on horseback, and at four we reached Germanna. The Governor thanked the
+gentlemen for their assistance in the expedition. Mr. Mason left us here.
+I went at five to swim in the Rappahannock River, and returned to the
+town.
+
+11th.--After breakfast all our company left us, excepting Dr. Robinson and
+Mr. Clouder. We walked all about the town, and the Governor settled his
+business with the Germans here, and accommodated the minister and the
+people, and then to bed.
+
+12th.--After breakfast went a fishing in the Rappahannock, and took seven
+fish, which we had for dinner; after which Mr. Robinson and I, we
+endeavored to melt some ore in the Smith's forge, but could get nothing
+out of it. Dr. Robinson's and Mr. Clouder's boys were taken violently ill
+with fever. Mr. Robinson and Mr. Clouder left us, and the boys remained
+behind.
+
+13th.--About eight of the clock we mounted our horses, and went to the
+mine, where we took several pieces of ore; and at nine we set out from the
+mine, our servants having gone before; and about three we overtook them
+in the woods, and there the Governor and I dined. We mounted afterwards
+and continued on our road. I killed a black snake about five feet long. We
+arrived at Mr. Woodford's[22] on Rappahannoc River, about six, and
+remained there all night.
+
+14th.--At seven we sent our horses and baggage before us; and at ten we
+mounted our horses; we killed another snake, four feet nine inches long.
+At twelve we came to the church, where we met with Mr. Buckner, and
+remained till two, to settle some county business; then we mounted our
+horses, and saw several wild turkeys on the road; and at seven we reached
+Mr. Beverley's house, which is on the head of the Mattapony River, where
+we were well entertained. My boy was taken with a violent fever, and very
+sick.
+
+15th.--At seven my servant was some what better, and I sent him away with
+my horses, and about ten o'clock the Governor took his chaise, and I with
+him, and at twelve we came to a mill-dam, which we had great difficulty to
+get the chaise over. We got into it again, and continued on our way, and
+about five we arrived at Mr. Baylor's, where we remained all night.
+
+16th.--My servant was so sick, that I was obliged to leave him, and the
+Governor's servants took care of my horses. At ten we sent the chaise over
+the Mattapony River, and it being Sunday, we went to church in King
+William County, where we heard a sermon from Mr. Monroe. After sermon we
+continued our journey until we came to Mr. West's plantation, where
+Colonel Basset waited for the Governor with his pinnace, and other boats
+for his servants. We arrived at his house by five of the clock, and were
+nobly entertained.
+
+17th.--At ten we left Colonel Basset's, and at three we arrived at
+Williamsburg, where we dined together and went to my lodgings, and to bed,
+being well tired as well as my horses.
+
+I reckon that from Williamsburg to the Euphrates River is in all 219
+miles, so that our journey, going and coming, has been in all 438 miles.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+    _Fredericksburg Incorporated by Law--Col. Byrd Walks About
+    Town--Church Erected--Patrick Henry Rector--Augustine Washington a
+    Trustee--Fairs Inaugurated--Limits of the Town Extended, &c._
+
+
+Although the site upon which Fredericksburg now stands was settled by
+white men, possibly in 1622, in the location of plantations by the London
+Company referred to by Capt. John Smith, and certainly in 1681 by the
+construction of Major Lawrence Smith's fort, yet the town was not
+incorporated for many years thereafter. That it was a trading station and
+a place of importance before its incorporation is admitted in the act of
+incorporation itself, besides earlier writers refer to it as such. If the
+inquiry should be made as to why the town was not incorporated earlier if
+it was a place of importance, it might be answered with the fact that
+prior to that time the authorities did not seem to think it was necessary,
+as neither Richmond, Petersburg, Norfolk nor Alexandria was incorporated
+for several years after Fredericksburg had a legal existence.
+
+Fredericksburg was founded by law in 1727 and named for Frederick, Prince
+of Wales, son of George the Second, by which act the people of the town
+showed their attachment to the royal family of England. But this was not
+all; they emphasized that attachment by calling nearly every street in the
+original survey of the town after some member of the royal family or of
+some country to which English royalty was closely allied. Sophia street
+was named for the sister of George II; Caroline for his wife; Princess
+Anne for one of his daughters, and Prince Edward for his grandson. The
+cross streets were named, Princess Elizabeth for a daughter of George II;
+Frederick for his oldest son; William for his second son, and Amelia for a
+daughter. George was named for the King himself; Charlotte for the wife of
+George III; Hanover for the House of Hanover, and Prussia for the country
+of Prussia. This includes every street in the original survey except
+Charles and Wolfe. We do not know for whom these two streets were named,
+and we think the evidence is very clear that they were not laid out as
+streets at the time of the original survey.
+
+The act of the House of Burgesses, establishing Fredericksburg, in which
+are preserved as near as possible the form, orthography, punctuation and
+capitalization, is as follows:
+
+    I. Whereas great Numbers of People have of late seated themselves and
+    their Families upon and near the River _Rappahannock_, and the
+    Branches thereof above the Falls, and great Quantities of Tobacco and
+    other Commodities are every Year brought down to the upper Landings
+    upon the said River to be shipped off and transported to other Parts
+    of the Country and it is necessary that the poorer Part of the said
+    Inhabitants should be supplied from thence with Goods and Merchandise
+    in return for their Commodities, but for Want of some convenient
+    Place, where Traders may cohabit and bring their Goods to, such
+    Supplies are not to be had without great Disadvantages, and good
+    Houses are greatly wanted on some navigable Part of said River, near
+    the Falls for the Reception of safe keeping of such Commodities as are
+    brought thither and for the Entertainment and Sustenance of those who
+    repair thither from remote Places with Carriages drawn by Horses and
+    Oxen; and forasmuch as the Inhabitants of the County of _Spotsylvania_
+    have made humble Supplication to the General Assembly that a Town may
+    be laid out in some convenient Place near the Falls of said River, for
+    the cohabitation of such as are minded to reside there for the
+    purposes aforesaid, whereby the peopling of that remote Part of the
+    county will be encouraged, and Trade and Navigation may be increased:
+
+    II. BE _it enacted, by the Lieutenant Governor, Council, and
+    Burgesses, of this present General Assembly, and it is hereby enacted,
+    by the Authority of the same_, that within six Months after the
+    passing of this Act fifty Acres of Land, Parcel of a Tract of Land
+    belonging to _John Royston_ and _Robert Buckner_, of the County of
+    _Gloucester_, situate, lying and being upon the South Side of the
+    River Rappahannock aforesaid in the County of _Spotsylvania_ commonly
+    called or known by the Name of the _Lease Land_, shall be surveyed
+    and laid out, taking the whole Breadth of the Tract of Land upon the
+    River, by the Surveyor of the said County of _Spotsylvania_; and the
+    said fifty Acres of Land, so to be surveyed and laid out, shall be and
+    is hereby vested in _John Robinson_, Esq; _Henry Willis_, _Augustin
+    Smith_, _John Taliaferro_, _Harry Beverley_, _John Waller_, and
+    _Jeremiah Clowder_, of the County of _Spotsylvania_, Gentlemen, and
+    their Successors, in Trust, for the several purposes hereafter
+    mentioned; and the said _John Robinson_, _Henry Willis_, _Augustin
+    Smith_, _John Taliaferro_, _Harry Beverley_, _John Waller_ and
+    _Jeremiah Clowder_, are hereby constituted and appointed Directors and
+    Trustees for designing, building, carrying on, and maintaining, a Town
+    upon the said Land: And the said Directors and Trustees, or any four
+    of them, shall have power to meet as often as they shall think
+    necessary, and shall lay out the said fifty Acres in Lots and Streets,
+    not exceeding Half an Acre of Ground in each Lot, and also to set
+    apart such Portions of said Land for a Church and Church-Yard, a
+    Market Place, and publick Key, and to appoint such Places upon the
+    River for publick Landings, as they shall think most convenient, and,
+    if the same shall be necessary, shall direct the making and erecting
+    of Wharfs and Cranes at such publick Landings, for the publick Use.
+    And when the said Town shall be so laid out the said Directors and
+    Trustees shall have full Power and Authority to sell all the said Lots
+    by publick Sale or Auction, from Time to Time, to the highest Bidder,
+    so as no Person shall have more than Two Lots; and when such Lots
+    shall be sold, any two of the said Trustees shall and may, upon
+    Payment of the Purchase Money, by some sufficient Conveyance or
+    Conveyances, Convey the Fee Simple, Estate of such Lot or Lots to the
+    Purchaser or Purchasers: And he or they, or his or their Heirs and
+    Assigns, respectively, shall and may for ever thereafter peaceably and
+    quietly have, hold, possess, and enjoy, the same, freed and discharged
+    of and from all Right, Title, Estate, Claim, Interest, and Demand
+    whatsoever of the said _John Royster_ and _Robert Buckner_ and the
+    Heirs and Assigns of them respectively, and of all Persons whatsoever
+    claiming by, from, or under them or either of them.
+
+    III. PROVIDED _nevertheless_, that the said Directors and Trustees
+    shall pay, or cause to be paid, unto the said _John Royston_ and
+    _Robert Buckner_, out of the Money to be raised by the Sale of the
+    said Lots, as soon as the same shall be by them received, after the
+    Rate of forty Shillings for every Acre of the said fifty Acres of
+    Land, according to the Right which the said _John Royston_ and _Robert
+    Buckner_ now respectively have to the same; and the said _John
+    Royston_ and _Robert Buckner_ shall also have each of them two Lots,
+    which shall be assigned to them by the said Directors and Trustees,
+    and they shall respectively remain seized of such Lots of the same
+    Estate whereof they were respectively seized in the said Land before
+    the making of this Act.
+
+    IV. AND _be it further enacted, by the Authority aforesaid_, that
+    after the said Lots shall be so laid out and disposed of, as
+    aforesaid, the said Directors, or any four of them, shall have full
+    Power and Authority to apply all the overplus Money which shall be
+    raised by the Sale of the said Lots to such publick Use; for the
+    common Benefit of the Inhabitants of the said Town, as to them shall
+    seem best.
+
+    V. AND _be it further enacted, by the Authority aforesaid_, that the
+    Grantee or Grantees of every such Lot or Lots, so to be conveyed and
+    sold in the said Town, shall, within two Years next after the Date of
+    the Conveyance for the same, erect, build, and finish, on each Lot so
+    conveyed, one House, of Brick, Stone or Wood well framed, of the
+    Dimensions of Twenty Feet square, and nine Feet Pitch at the least, or
+    apportionably thereto, if such Grantee shall have two Lots contiguous;
+    and the said Directors shall have full Power and Authority to
+    establish such Rules and Orders, for the more regular placing the said
+    Houses, as to them shall seem fit, from Time to Time. And if the Owner
+    of any Lots shall fail to pursue and comply with the Directions herein
+    prescribed, for the building and finishing one or more House or Houses
+    thereon, then such Lots upon which such Houses shall not be so built
+    and finished shall be revested in the said Trustees, and shall and may
+    be sold and conveyed to any other Person or Persons whatsoever, in the
+    Manner before directed, and shall revest, and be again sold, as often
+    as the Owner or Owners shall fail to perform, obey, and fulfil, the
+    Directions aforesaid; and if the Inhabitants of the said Town shall
+    fail to obey and pursue the Rules and Orders of the said Directors, in
+    repairing and amending the Streets, Landings, and publick Wharfs, they
+    shall be liable to the same Penalties as are inflicted for not
+    repairing the Highways of this Colony.
+
+    VI. AND for the continuing the Succession of the said Trustees and
+    Directors, until the Governour of this Colony shall incorporate some
+    other Persons by Letters Patents, under the Seal of this Colony, to be
+    one Body Politick and Corporate, to whom the Government of the said
+    Town shall be committed, _Be it further enacted_, that in Case of the
+    Death of the said Directors, or of their Refusal to act, the surviving
+    or other Directors, or the major Part of them, shall assemble, and are
+    hereby Empowered, from Time to Time, by Instrument in Writing, under
+    their respective Hands and Seals, to nominate some other Person or
+    Persons, being an Inhabitant or Freeholder of the said Town, in the
+    Place of him so dying or refusing; which new Director or Directors, so
+    nominated and appointed, shall from thenceforth have the like Power
+    and Authority, in all Things relating to the Matters herein contained,
+    as if he or they had been expressly named and appointed in and by this
+    Act, and every such Instrument and Nomination shall from Time to Time
+    be recorded in the Books of the said Directors.
+
+    VII. AND whereas _William Livingston_ is possessed of a Lease under
+    the said _John Royston_, for certain Years to come, of Part of the
+    said fifty Acres of Land, and hath erected buildings and made several
+    Improvements thereon, which will be taken away when the said Town
+    shall be laid out: For making Satisfaction for which,
+
+    VIII. BE it further enacted, that the two Lots to be assigned to the
+    said _John Royston_, pursuant to this Act, shall include the
+    Dwelling-House and Kitchen of the said _William Livingston_, and shall
+    be held and enjoyed by him for the Residue of the said Term, and at
+    the Expiration thereof shall revert unto, and be vested in, the said
+    _John Royston_, as aforesaid; and, moreover, the said Trustees are
+    hereby enjoined and required to pay unto the said _William Livingston_
+    the Sum of twenty Pounds current Money out of the Monies arising by
+    Sale of Lots, as a Consideration and Compensation for the said Lease.
+
+    IX. AND _be it further enacted_, that the Town aforesaid shall be
+    called by the Name of _Fredericksburg_.
+
+    This act of incorporation which elevated the Lease Land into the town
+    of Fredericksburg, was signed by William Gooch, Esq., Governor, and
+    John Holliday, Speaker.
+
+By the authority conferred upon the trustees of the town by the sixth
+section of the above act, the following paper was issued by the board of
+trustees, appointing Augustine Washington, the father of General George
+Washington, one of the trustees of the town. The original was presented to
+the town some years ago by one of the descendants of Augustine Washington,
+and is now preserved in the clerk's office:
+
+    "Whereas, at a meeting of the Trustees of the town of Fredericksburg,
+    April 6th 1742, according to directions of act of Assembly, Intitled
+    an Act for erecting a Town in both of the counties of Spotsylvania and
+    King George, To Supply the number of Trustees in the Room of those
+    Gentlemen deceased, we have Unanimously made Choise of, and Elected,
+    Augustine Washington, Gent., to be one of the Trustees or Feoffees for
+    the town of Fredericksburg, in Spotsylvania county to fill up and
+    compleat our full number and for confirming of the same We have
+    according to Directions of the Sd Act, set our hands and seals, this
+    20th day of April, 1742.
+
+      John Taliaferro,
+      John Waller,
+      Ira Thornton,
+      John Allen,
+      Rob Jackson."
+
+In the year 1732 the seat of justice, which had been located at Germanna,
+where Governor Spotswood had settled, and where he started and operated
+the first iron works in this country, heretofore mentioned, was removed to
+Fredericksburg as a more convenient place. That change did not continue
+long, for, in 1749, the law was again changed and the court was moved back
+to Germanna, where it was held for several years, and until it was located
+at Holidays, thence to the old Courthouse and finally to Spotsylvania
+Courthouse, where it was held until abolished by the new Constitution.
+
+[Illustration: Princess Anne Street looking East.]
+
+In 1732, five years after the town was established by law, Col. Byrd, then
+living on the James river, where Richmond now stands, made a visit to
+Fredericksburg. This visit was made at the time he made his trip to
+Germanna to see his old friend Governor Spotswood. While here Col. Byrd
+wrote a description of the new town to a friend as he saw it, as follows:
+
+    "Colonel Willis walked me about his new town of Fredericksburg. It is
+    pleasantly situated on the south shore of the Rappahannock river,
+    about a mile below the falls. Sloops may come and lie close to the
+    wharf, within thirty yards of the public warehouse which is built in
+    the figure of a cross. Just by the wharf is a quarry of white stone
+    that is very soft in the ground, and hardens in the air, appearing to
+    be as fair and fine grained as that of Portland. Besides that, there
+    are several other quarries in the river bank, within the limits of the
+    town, sufficient to build a large city. The only edifice of stone yet
+    built is the prison, the walls of which are strong enough to hold Jack
+    Sheppard, if he had been transported thither. Though this be a
+    commodious and beautiful situation for a town, with the advantages of
+    a navigable river, and wholesome air, yet the inhabitants are very
+    few. Besides Colonel Willis, who is the top man of the place, there
+    are only one merchant, a tailor, a smith, an ordinary-keeper, and a
+    lady, Mrs. Livingston, who acts here in the double capacity of a
+    doctress and a coffee-woman. It is said the courthouse and the church
+    are going to be built here, and then both religion and justice will
+    help to enlarge the place."
+
+The church spoken of was built soon after Col. Byrd's visit. It was
+located on the lot where St. George's church building now stands. It was a
+wooden structure, about thirty by forty feet, to which two additions were
+made as the town increased in population. The first addition was made to
+the side of the church, which gave the building the shape of a capital T,
+and the second one was made a few years afterwards on the opposite side,
+giving the building the form of a cross.
+
+The first rector of the new church was Rev. Patrick Henry, uncle of the
+great Virginia orator, Patrick Henry. Mr. Henry remained rector for a
+short time, and was followed, in 1734, by Rev. James Marye, of Goochland
+county, who was the great great grandfather of our late honored fellow
+citizen, Gov. John L. Marye. Mr. Marye had charge of two churches within
+the parish, one located on the Po river and the other at Fredericksburg.
+His salary for the first year for the entire parish was discharged with
+sixteen thousand pounds of "farm tobacco." St. George's church is noticed
+more at length under the head of churches.
+
+
+CATTLE AND MERCHANDISE FAIRS.
+
+In the year 1738 a law was passed by the House of Burgesses authorizing
+and directing that "fairs should be held in Fredericksburg twice a year
+for the sale of cattle, provisions, goods, wares, and all kinds of
+merchandise whatever." The act provided that all persons at such fairs,
+going to or from them, were privileged from arrest and execution during
+the fairs, and for two days before and two days after them, except for
+capital offences, breaches of the peace, or for any controversies, suits
+and quarrels that might arise during the time. These fairs were continued
+from time to time, by various acts and amendments, until 1769, when the
+right of holding them was made perpetual, they having proved a benefit to
+both town and county. We have no record as to when they ceased to be held
+and no citizen now living remembers to have attended one. They may have
+been changed into agricultural fairs, which are mentioned elsewhere.
+
+
+ANOTHER SURVEY OF THE TOWN.
+
+In March, 1739, the trustees of the town found it necessary to have
+another survey and plat of Fredericksburg made. This work was done by
+William Waller, Surveyor of Spotsylvania county. By this new survey it
+appears that the lots and buildings of the town had not only occupied the
+original fifty acres, but had also encroached upon the lands of Henry
+Willis and John Lewis; and, as this gave rise to controversies and
+threatened law suits, the Lieutenant-Governor, Council and Burgesses of
+the General Assembly passed an act in May, 1742, which was declared to be
+"for removing all doubts and controversies," and which declared that these
+lands, belonging to the estate of Henry Willis and John Lewis, should be
+held and taken to be part of Fredericksburg and vested in the trustees,
+and purchasers claiming under them; provided, that the trustees should pay
+to the executors of Henry Willis five pounds, and to John Lewis fifteen
+pounds. The area of the town, as ascertained by this survey, was not quite
+fifty-three acres.
+
+The irregularity of the buildings having necessitated an enlargement of
+the original fifty acres, the style of buildings must have caused serious
+apprehensions of danger from fire, as we find that, in 1742, it was
+represented to the General Assembly that the people were often in great
+and imminent danger of having their houses and effects burned by reason of
+the many wooden chimneys in the town, and, therefore, it was made unlawful
+to build any wooden chimneys in the town thereafter, and unlawful, after
+the expiration of three years, to use any wooden chimney already built;
+and, in case the owners did not, within three years, pull down and destroy
+these wooden chimneys, the sheriff was authorized to do so, at the expense
+of the owners thereof.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+    _Encouraging Home Industries--Further Extension of the Town--Tobacco
+    Inspectors--Modes of Punishment--Prosperity--Military Ardor--Under the
+    United States._
+
+
+In 1759 an act was passed by the General Assembly to encourage the "Arts
+and Manufactures in the Colony," but wine and silk making seemed to have
+predominated all others, wine having the decided preference as will
+readily be seen. In the act it was set forth that five hundred pounds
+should be paid as a premium to the person who should, in any one year,
+within eight years from the date of its passage, make the best wine in
+quantity not less than ten hogsheads, and one hundred pounds should be
+paid to the person making the second best. It was provided that the money
+for these premiums should be raised by the annual subscriptions of
+public-spirited gentlemen who were willing to encourage the undertaking;
+and it was further provided that, if the subscriptions would justify it, a
+handsome premium should be given for silk making. It was also stipulated
+that if there was an "overplus of money," after the premiums on wine and
+silk making were provided for, it was to "be given for the encouragement
+of such other articles as should appear to the committee most advantageous
+to the colony." Among those who contributed the first year for this
+purpose, who were then, or had been, citizens of Fredericksburg, were the
+following gentlemen who subscribed two pounds each: Robert Carter,
+Pressley Thornton, George Washington, James Mercer, William Bernard, David
+Ker, Philip Rootes, Thomas Reade Rootes, Alexander Ross, John Champ.
+
+
+FURTHER EXTENSION OF THE TOWN.
+
+In 1763 an act was passed by the General Assembly extending the corporate
+limits of the town, but to what extent we do not know, as we have been
+unable to find the act or any of its provisions.
+
+
+REGULATING TOBACCO INSPECTORS.
+
+In 1764 the General Assembly passed an act for "Amending the Staple of
+Tobacco and for Preventing Frauds in his Majesty's Customs." It was a very
+lengthy bill, having seventy-seven sections, ten more than any other act
+ever before passed by that body, and severe penalties were prescribed for
+its violation. The bill was necessarily long and severe penalties were
+prescribed because it had reference to the raising, curing, packing and
+sale of tobacco, which was one of the principal products of Virginia, and
+the duties and responsibilities of tobacco inspectors and their proper
+management of tobacco warehouses. Besides tobacco being one of the
+important crops raised in the colony, if not the most important one, large
+quantities of it were shipped to the old country and sold for good prices.
+In addition to this, tobacco was used in the colony as a substitute for
+money, as all debts between private individuals, as well as those due the
+colony, were paid in tobacco. The bill provided for public warehouses, for
+the proper inspection of tobacco and for public inspectors, appointed by
+the Governor and his Council, not less than two at each warehouse, who,
+besides taking an oath of office, were placed under heavy bonds with
+security, the penalty being five hundred pounds sterling for the faithful
+performance of their duties. One of these public warehouses was located in
+Fredericksburg, and may have been the old stone house on Water street,
+just below the free bridge. The oath required to be taken by these public
+inspectors was as follows:
+
+    "You shall swear that you will diligently and carefully view and
+    examine all tobacco brought to any public warehouse or warehouses
+    where you are appointed to be inspector, and that not separately and
+    apart from your fellow, but in his presence; and that you will not
+    receive any tobacco that is not in your judgment sound, well
+    conditioned, merchantable and clear of trash, nor receive, pass or
+    stamp any tobacco, hogshead or cask of tobacco, prohibited by one act
+    of Assembly, entitled an act for amending the sample of tobacco, and
+    preventing frauds in his Majesty's customs; and that you will not
+    change, alter or give out any tobacco, other than such hogsheads or
+    casks for which the receipt to be taken was given; but that you will
+    in all things well and faithfully discharge your duty in the office of
+    inspector, according to the best of your skill and judgment and
+    according to the directions of said act, without fear, favor,
+    affection, malice or partiality. So help me God."
+
+The receipts given by the inspectors of the public warehouse in
+Fredericksburg, according to the provisions of the act, were to pass and
+be current in the town and county of Spotsylvania for the payment of all
+quit-rents, county and town levies and for officers' fees. As this
+provision of law made them current for public dues, the public also
+adopted them as currency and they were used for the payment of all
+obligations. These receipts were protected by severe penalties against
+counterfeiting and forgery, and each one represented so many hundred
+pounds of tobacco deposited at the public warehouse.
+
+
+MILITARY ARDOR OF THE TOWN.
+
+Fredericksburg continued to grow in population and material prosperity,
+and also improve in the intelligence and public spirit of its inhabitants,
+until the year 1775, when the affairs between Great Britain and the
+American Colonies were verging to a crisis. Her leading citizens were
+among the very first in Virginia to adopt the principle that the American
+Colonies ought not only to be exempt from taxation by the Mother Country,
+but should be free and independent States. The battle of Lexington was
+fought on the 19th day of April, 1775, and on the 20th, the following day,
+Lord Dunmore secretly removed twenty barrels of gunpowder from the public
+magazine in Williamsburg to the Magdalen Man-of-war, which anchored off
+Yorktown. When the news of the battle of Lexington, and of the removal of
+the powder, reached Fredericksburg, great excitement prevailed. Over six
+hundred men armed themselves, from the town and surrounding country,
+assembled at the Courthouse in town and offered their services to George
+Washington, who was then in Williamsburg, to defend that city from Lord
+Dunmore's threatened attack, and the country from his tyranny.
+
+After assembling they dispatched delegates to Richmond and Williamsburg
+to ascertain the condition of affairs and to what point they should report
+for duty. In the meantime, those ardent patriots, George Washington,
+Peyton Randolph and Edmund Pendleton, transmitted their advice to the
+people of Fredericksburg, and especially those who had formed the military
+organization, to abstain for the present from hostilities until a
+congress, then called or soon to be called, should decide upon a general
+plan of resistance.
+
+On the receipt of this advice, these patriots held a council, consisting
+of more than one hundred men, representing fourteen companies, who, by a
+majority of one vote, decided to disperse for the present. They were
+burning with indignation at the murderous attack made upon their brethren
+of Lexington, Mass., by the armed soldiers of Great Britain, and the
+unlawful arrests, and retention as prisoners, of some of the leading
+citizens of Massachusetts by British military officers. And this feeling
+of indignation was intensified when they saw that this outrage was
+followed the next day by another perpetrated in their own colony and by
+their own Governor; and when he threatened to return from Yorktown,
+whither he had fled for safety, and attack Williamsburg with a man-of-war
+they were convinced that the enemies of the Patriots, the British and
+Tories, understood each other and were acting in concert. Yet, upon the
+advice of those whose lead they were willing to follow, and whose commands
+they were ready to obey, they agreed to disband for the present. Before
+dispersing, however, they drafted an address, which was tantamount to a
+declaration of independence, in which they firmly resolved to resist all
+attempts against their rights and privileges, from whatever quarter they
+might be assailed.
+
+They went further than to just pass resolutions; they pledged themselves,
+solemnly and firmly one to the other, to be in readiness, at a moment's
+warning, to reassemble, and, by force of arms, to defend the laws,
+liberties and the rights of this or any sister colony, from unjust and
+wicked invasions. They then sent dispatches to patriots assembled in
+Caroline, Berkeley, Frederick and Dunmore counties, thanking them for
+their offer of service and acquainting them with the condition of public
+affairs and their determination to be ready at a moment's notice to
+respond to any call that might be made by the patriotic leaders, who were
+then holding a council in Williamsburg. The resolutions and pledges were
+read at the head of each company of patriots encamped at Fredericksburg,
+and unanimously approved and adopted. The address concluded with the
+impressive words, "God, save the liberties of America," which were a
+substitute for the off-repeated words, "God, save the King."
+
+These resolutions were passed twenty-one days before the celebrated
+Mecklenburg resolutions in North Carolina were, and more than a year
+before the Declaration of Independence by the American Congress, which
+showed the intense patriotic fervor of the people of Fredericksburg at
+that early period, many of whom bore a heroic part in the subsequent
+struggle of the Seven Years' war that followed. Among the number assembled
+with these lovers of liberty, and most prominent, were Gen. Geo. Weedon,
+who served on Gen. Washington's staff, commanded with distinction a
+division at the surrender of Yorktown, and afterwards for several terms
+served as mayor of the town; Gen. Hugh Mercer, who rose to the rank of
+Major-General and was killed at Princeton, New Jersey, on January 3, 1777,
+and Gen. Gustavus B. Wallace, who served gallantly through the war,
+attaining to the rank of Brigadier-General.
+
+
+FREDERICKSBURG UNDER THE UNITED STATES.
+
+The long tobacco act of the House of Burgesses was the last act passed by
+that body that affected the commercial interest of the town or the
+agricultural interest of the surrounding country that we have any
+knowledge of. The Revolutionary war soon followed and our independence and
+new government was the result. It is not considered necessary in this work
+to attempt to give the part Fredericksburg bore in that struggle--the
+generals she furnished to command the armies and navy of the country, the
+line officers and soldiers she sent forth to meet and repel the invader,
+the statesmen she gave to provide for the armies or to form the new
+government and to guide it to a successful, permanent and solid
+establishment. All of these things are told by the records and histories
+of the State and country more accurately and in a more pleasing style than
+we can narrate them. We therefore pass to the new order of things.
+
+
+FREDERICKSBURG IN THE REPUBLIC.
+
+The first act of the Legislature of Virginia in reference to
+Fredericksburg, after the establishment of the young republic, was to
+grant it a charter, which bill was passed in 1781. It provided for the
+town a Mayor, Recorder, Board of Aldermen and a Common Council, and
+required that all of them should be freeholders. They were made a body
+politic by the name and designation of Mayor and Commonalty of the town of
+Fredericksburg, and by that title were to have perpetual succession. The
+Mayor, Recorder and the four Aldermen were _ex-officio_ Justices of the
+Peace, and had power to hold a court of hustings once a month, and to
+"hold pleas in all cases whatsoever originating within the limits" of the
+town and to "low water mark on the northwest side of the Rappahannock
+river and half a mile without and around the other limits of the said
+town." They were given the sole authority and power of "licensing tavern
+keepers and settling their rates," to appoint a sergeant with the powers
+of sheriffs, a "constable and other necessary officers of court and
+surveyors of the streets and highways." A surveyor of the streets was
+appointed at the first hustings court held by the Mayor and his fellow
+magistrates, but he was known as the "Geographer" of the town for more
+than half a century, and was often so entered upon the court records.
+
+In civil cases the hustings court was not to have jurisdiction where the
+amount in controversy exceeded one thousand pounds of leaf tobacco, or its
+value in money, unless both parties to the suit were citizens of the town
+when the suit was instituted.
+
+The corporate authorities were authorized to assess the inhabitants and
+all property within the actual bounds of the town for all the charges of
+repairing the streets, and other matters of municipal expense. They were
+empowered to erect workhouses, houses of correction, prisons and other
+public buildings, and to pass all necessary ordinances for the good
+government of the town. They were to have two market days in each week,
+and appoint a clerk of the market, "who shall have assize of bread, wine,
+wood and other things," and perform all the duties of Clerk of the Market.
+The market days were fixed by law on Wednesdays and Saturdays. It was
+also provided in the charter that if any person elected to an office
+failed or refused to serve, he was to be fined. The fines were regulated
+as follows: "For a Mayor-elect, fifty pounds; for the Recorder, forty
+pounds; for any Alderman, thirty pounds; for any Common Councilman,
+twenty-five pounds; for the City Sergeant, one hundred pounds; for the
+Constable, fifty pounds; for the Clerk of the Hustings Court and the Clerk
+of the Market, each fifty pounds; the Surveyor of Streets or Roads, each
+thirty pounds." These several fines were to be imposed by the hustings
+court, and "to be levied by execution against the goods and chattles of
+the offender."
+
+The charter also provided that in case of "misconduct in the office of
+Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen or Common Councilmen, or either of them, the
+others, being seven at least, shall have power to remove the offenders,"
+and in case the other officers were guilty of misconduct, the power
+appointing them was clothed with the authority of revoking the
+appointment. It was provided that if the office of Mayor should become
+vacant, the Recorder was to succeed to the office, the oldest Alderman was
+to become Recorder, and "so on according to priority."
+
+It was further provided "that all the property, real and personal, now
+held and possessed by the trustees of the said town of Fredericksburg, in
+law or equity, or in trust, for the use and benefit of the inhabitants
+thereof, and particularly the charity donation of Archibald McPherson,
+deceased, now vested in the trustees of said town in trust, for the
+education of poor children, shall be and the same are hereby transferred
+and vested in the Mayor and Commonalty of said town, to and for the same
+uses, intents and purposes as the trustees of the town now hold the same."
+
+At the session of the Legislature in 1782 the charter of the town was
+amended and the jurisdiction of the hustings court was extended one mile
+without and around the former limits of the town on the south side of the
+Rappahannock river, and made a court of record and as such was authorized
+to receive probate of wills and deeds and grant administrations in as full
+and ample manner as the county courts could or might do. But no will was
+to be admitted to proof and no administration was to be granted unless
+the parties were citizens and residents of the town at the time of their
+death, and no deeds for conveyance of land were to be admitted to record
+unless the lands conveyed lay within the limits of the corporation. The
+court was empowered and authorized to appoint a person skilled in the law
+to prosecute for the Commonwealth and pay him a reasonable salary for his
+services, and when the Attorney for the Commonwealth was appointed for the
+town, it was to be exempt from paying any part of the salary of the
+Attorney for the Commonwealth of Spotsylvania county.
+
+[Illustration: "Rising Sun Tavern," kept by Gen. Geo. Weedon prior to
+1775; now the property of the A. P. of V. A. (See page 148)]
+
+[Illustration: Mary Washington Monument, erected by the Women of America;
+Wm. J. Crawford, architect. (See page 157)]
+
+
+RAPID GROWTH OF THE TOWN.
+
+On the petition of sixty-four of the leading citizens of the town,
+property owners and tax payers, complaining that certain provisions and
+requirements of the original charter of the town, granted in 1727, had not
+been enforced by the Council and complied with by lot owners, the Common
+Council, in 1782, passed an order which resulted in great benefit to the
+town in the way of improving vacant lots, erecting buildings and
+furnishing permanent homes for artisans, mechanics and laboring men. In
+the memorial submitted to the Council, these property owners complained of
+"being frequently subjected to the payment of many heavy Taxes and charges
+for the general benefit and improvement of the said Town of which many
+proprietors of unimproved Lotts pay no part, although their property is
+thereby daily rendered more valuable; That the proprietors of said Lotts,
+although wealthy, will neither build on them, nor sell to those who would,
+unless for exorbitant prices, by means whereof Rents are high and many
+useful tradesmen are prevented from residing in the said Town, to remedy
+which your petitioners pray that you, as Guardians of the said
+Corporation, will take into your consideration an Act of Assembly, passed
+in the year of our Lord One thousand, seven hundred and twenty seven,
+entitled an Act for erecting a Town in each of the counties of
+Spotsylvania and King George[23] or so much of the said Act as may relate
+to the said Town of Fredericksburg. A due execution of said Law, your
+petitioners Conceive, will be productive of many real and very essential
+advantages to the said corporation; by encouraging the peopling of it and
+increasing its Trade and Navigation. Your petitioners do not wish that any
+immediate advantage may be taken of failures or defaults already
+heretofore suffered, by noncompliance with the above mentioned Act, but
+that Public notice may be given to the proprietors of such unimproved
+Lotts that a strict execution of the above mentioned Act of Assembly will
+be observed with all such as shall, in future, fail to perform, fulfil and
+comply with the rules and directions therein set forth."
+
+In consideration of the complaints of these citizens and the wise
+suggestions made in their communication, as well as the requirements of
+the act referred to, the Council ordered "that notice be given to the
+Proprietors of unimproved Lotts within this corporation, by advertisement
+in the Public News Papers, that they immediately pay up the Taxes due on
+said Lotts within this Town and that they be informed that they must build
+on their unimproved Lotts, agreeable to the Act of Assembly, passed in One
+thousand seven hundred and Twenty-seven, for establishing a Town in the
+County of Spotsylvania, otherwise the Lotts will be sold agreeable to the
+said Act."
+
+In consequence of the enforcement of this order of the Common Council,
+both the taxable values, and the inhabitants of the town, increased
+rapidly. Instead of an empty treasury, as the town then had, and the
+necessity it found itself under of appealing to the public for
+subscriptions for money with which to repair and enlarge the church, to
+repair the market house, the courthouse and jail, so they could be used,
+the town soon had money for ordinary purposes, and also for repairing the
+public buildings, many of which had been used during the war by the
+soldiers of General Washington's army, leaving a good balance in the
+treasury, after the work was done. Nor was that all; in 1791, under the
+"Domestic Loan Act" of Congress, the town loaned to the general government
+$3,500. This loan was evidenced by four certificates, issued by the "Loan
+office" of the Government in Washington and are duly recorded in the
+record book of the Common Council.
+
+
+METHODS OF PUNISHMENT.
+
+It may be interesting to note that in the olden times there were other
+methods resorted to for punishing criminals besides fines, jails and
+penitentiaries, which are not used in this day and time. The Common
+Council, in 1785, passed a resolution ordering Sergeant John Richards to
+"erect immediately a whipping post, stocks and ducking stool." The
+whipping post was used mainly for the slaves who were guilty of small
+infractions of the law, but for aggravated offences, the penalty was
+"thirty-nine lashes on his bare back, well laid on," to which was added
+"burning in the left hand, in the presence of the court." The whipping
+post is said to have been used for habitual persistent absence from
+church, but it was very seldom used for that purpose, and never in
+Fredericksburg so far as we have discovered from the records.
+
+The stocks were used to punish white persons for petty offences, such as
+vagrancy, trespassing and similar infractions of the law. The stocks
+consisted of a frame of timber, with holes in which the ankles and wrists
+of the offenders were confined. The stocks were erected in the public
+square and it is said the passers-by, and those who had gathered around
+them, through curiosity, would taunt and jeer at the criminals thus
+confined for punishment.
+
+The ducking stool was used for punishing common scolds, refractory women
+and dishonest tradesmen, especially brewers and bakers. The ducking stool
+for Fredericksburg was erected on the bank of the Rappahannock river, at
+the foot of Wolfe street, near where the old Stafford bridge spanned the
+river. There are several of our old citizens now living who remember when
+it was in use, and when it was dispensed with, nearly seventy years ago. A
+"ducking" always brought together a large crowd, most of whom were rude
+and disorderly, and jeers at and ridicule of the party "ducked" would rend
+the air, while the sentence of the court was being carried out. It is said
+that some of the "scolding women," as they would emerge from the water
+would send forth volumes of abuse at the disorderly crowd, while the
+officer waited for the next bath, and this was kept up until the order of
+the court was fully executed. It seemed to be the wish of the authorities
+that the whole population would turn out and witness these different modes
+of punishment, with the hope that it would deter others from committing
+similar offences.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+    _The Lease of the Market-House Lots--The First Serious
+    Fire--Fredericksburg an Important Center--An Act Concerning
+    Elections--Half of the Town Destroyed by Fire--Fredericksburg an
+    Important Postal Point--How the Mails were Carried--A Congressional
+    Investigation--Amendatory Act of 1821--The Great Fire of 1822--The
+    Trade of the Town--Contagious Diseases--The Town in 1841--Acts of
+    Extension, 1851, 1852, 1858, 1861, &c._
+
+
+In the year 1789 an enactment was passed by the Legislature empowering the
+Mayor and Commonalty of the town of Fredericksburg to lease for three
+lives, or twenty-one years, such unimproved parts of the market-house lots
+as to them shall seem most proper, and apply the rents arising therefrom
+for the benefit of the corporation. In the same year an act was passed
+authorizing the Trustees of the Fredericksburg Academy to raise, by way of
+lottery, the sum of four thousand pounds to defray the expenses of
+erecting a building on the academy lands for the purpose of accommodating
+the professors and the rapidly increasing number of students. We could not
+learn the result of this latter scheme.
+
+
+THE FIRST SERIOUS FIRE.
+
+In 1799 the first serious fire the town ever had occurred. It took place
+in the night time and quite a number of houses were destroyed. By many
+persons it was supposed to have been the work of an incendiary, but others
+believed that it was caused by a "wooden chimney or a stove pipe, run
+through a window or through the side of a wooden house, without being
+properly protected." The Council decided to meet both views, and offered
+five hundred dollars for the arrest and conviction of the incendiary, and
+issued an emphatic condemnation against wooden chimneys and stove pipes
+projecting through windows or the sides of houses without having them
+"fire proof." This nuisance was thereby abated.
+
+
+FREDERICKSBURG AN IMPORTANT CENTER.
+
+As early as 1796 Fredericksburg was an important commercial center, and
+manufactories of various kinds were in operation. Iron works and mills
+and other industries were successfully prosecuted, and the trade of
+the town, in the general merchandise department, was in the hands of
+public-spirited, energetic merchants; and it would no doubt surprise the
+merchants of the present day to read the advertisements and note the
+extent and variety of stocks of goods kept here at that period. The growth
+and development of the trade was gradual and decided in all departments,
+the leading article being tobacco, which up to and during the War of 1812
+and 1814, was increased heavily and necessitated the employment of vessels
+of great tonnage to carry it. And, though strange as it may appear to our
+present population, in those days of prosperity in manufactories, farms
+and workshops, and when nearly all merchandise and supplies reached our
+town in said vessels, large three-masted ships were moored at our wharves;
+and, until large cities sprang up along the coast, that diverted trade by
+reason of railroad transportation, our leading merchants carried on a
+direct trade with the West India Islands, as well as with many of the
+European countries. Our wharves then were a scene of busy activity and the
+river was crowded with vessels from all quarters of the country.
+
+
+AN ACT CONCERNING ELECTIONS.
+
+In 1806 an act of the Legislature was passed providing that on the next
+annual election day for members of the "Common Hall of the Town," which
+term was used to denote the Common Council, a Mayor and Recorder and eight
+persons should be elected by ballot to act as Justices of the Peace for
+the town, who should "continue in office during good behavior." Three of
+these justices were empowered to hold a hustings court, except in cases of
+the examination or trial of free persons or slaves charged with felonies,
+in which case five of the eight justices were necessary to constitute the
+court. This court had the same power and jurisdiction that the hustings
+court had under the act of 1781, but the members were ineligible for the
+Common Council and they had no power to lay a tax for the support of a
+night watch.
+
+At this election the voters were also to elect by ballot twelve persons as
+members of the Common Council of the town, who were to continue in office
+for one year and until their successors should be elected and qualified.
+The powers of the Common Council should be the same as had been previously
+conferred upon the Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen and Common Council of the
+town "in Common Hall assembled." The Common Council, at their first
+meeting, were to elect one of their number to the office of Mayor and
+another to the office of Recorder. It was the duty of the Mayor to preside
+over the deliberations of the body, and, in his absence, the Recorder was
+to discharge that duty. The Mayor, or in his absence, the Recorder, or any
+two members of the Council, could call a meeting of the body, but it
+required seven members present to constitute a quorum. After the Council
+assembled in the first meeting after the election of the members, and
+elected the proper officers, the body then consisting of the Mayor,
+Recorder and the other ten members elected as common councilmen,
+constituted the "Common Hall" of the town, and all ordinances were adopted
+by that body.
+
+
+HALF OF THE TOWN DESTROYED BY FIRE.
+
+In the year 1807 Fredericksburg was visited by a terrible conflagration
+which destroyed nearly one-half of the town. It was in October of that
+year, when the town was almost depopulated, the citizens, old and young,
+having left their homes to attend and witness the horse racing just below
+town, on "Willis's Field" farm. The fire broke out in the dwelling house
+of Mr. Stannard, which was located on the lot where the residence of Mr.
+George W. Shepherd now stands, on the north corner of Princess Ann and
+Lewis streets. A high wind prevailed at the time, the house was
+inflammable, the weather very dry, and in a short time the fire swept down
+Main street, the flames leaping from house to house to Henderson's store,
+on the south corner of Main and Amelia streets; thence down both sides of
+Main to George street, destroying every building in its track except
+Henderson's corner, which alone escaped destruction. The Bank of
+Virginia, which stood on the spot where Shiloh Baptist church (old site)
+now stands, on Water street, although more than a quarter of a mile from
+where the fire originated, was the second house to take fire and was
+entirely consumed. Mr. Stannard, at whose residence the fire started, was
+lying a corpse in the house at the time of the fire, and his remains were
+rescued from the flames with great difficulty.
+
+Preparations to rebuild the burnt district were at once commenced, and
+buildings of a more substantial character took the places of those
+destroyed and prosperity again smiled upon the town. Yet strange to say
+the square on the west side of Main street, from Lewis to Amelia, then in
+the business part of the town, and now in the residential part, although
+before the fire was lined with buildings, was without a building until
+some five years ago. A tool chest, saved from destruction in this fire, by
+the debris of the building falling upon it and covering it up, and which
+escaped the destruction wrought in town by the Federal soldiers in
+December, 1862, is now in the possession of Police Officer Charles A.
+Gore. It was the property of his grandfather, Jacob Gore, who had been
+working at Mr. Stannard's a few days before the fire occurred and left it
+there temporarily.
+
+
+FREDERICKSBURG AN IMPORTANT POSTAL POINT.
+
+Fredericksburg, as early as 1820, was a very important point for mail
+distribution, and the mail matter of not less than five States was
+assorted here and sent on to its destination. About the breaking out of
+the War of 1812 mail matter to Fredericksburg rapidly increased, and
+continued to increase, for several years, which necessitated a change in
+the method of transporting the mails from Washington, an increase of pay,
+and finally scandalous reports were put in circulation which resulted in a
+congressional investigation.
+
+A paper on this investigation, prepared by Henry Castle, Esq., Auditor,
+from the records in the Postoffice department, and kindly furnished us,
+will prove interesting.
+
+    "The year 1820 had arrived; James Monroe was President and Return J.
+    Meiggs, Jr., of Ohio, was Postmaster General. There were then over
+    three thousand post offices, and the revenues had increased to
+    $1,000,000 per annum, a sum considerable in excess of the
+    expenditures, a feature which seldom characterized the service after
+    that date. It appears from the records that vague rumors of certain
+    irregularities had been afloat throughout the country and in the
+    'public prints' for some time, and that they finally assumed such a
+    tangible shape that a resolution was introduced into the United States
+    Congress providing for an investigation of the charges.
+
+    "A committee of the House of Representatives, of which Hon. Elisha
+    Phelps was chairman, proceeded in accordance with instructions of the
+    House, in due form and great deliberation, to investigate the general
+    conduct of the office under Postmaster General Meiggs, and especially
+    the features which had been subjected to more immediate criticism. Mr.
+    Meiggs's service, as Postmaster General, extended from March 17th
+    1814, to June 26th 1823, a period of more than nine years. The gravest
+    of the charges made against his administration were substantially as
+    follows:
+
+    "First. That he had introduced an irregular financial system which had
+    led to serious losses of the public funds.
+
+    "Second. That he had illegally and improperly increased the
+    compensation of certain contractors for carrying the mail.
+
+    "With slow formality and tedious reiteration of assurances of
+    distinguished consideration, the solemn committee of the Honorable
+    House of Representatives, and the Honorable Postmaster General,
+    finally reached a point where questions were asked and answered and a
+    tolerably clear understanding of what had really occurred may be
+    gained. The statement of the Postmaster General, divested of all its
+    superfluities and reduced to its simplest form, showed no dereliction
+    in either case, but read at this late day gives an almost ludicrous
+    insight into the diminutive transactions which then sufficed for this
+    great, free and intelligent Republic.
+
+    "Postmaster General Meiggs's answer to the second charge was perhaps
+    even more interestingly significant as a revelation of the day of
+    small things. He admitted that he had increased the compensation of
+    contractors for carrying the mails, but justified his action on the
+    ground of an imperious necessity.
+
+    "The case as he explained it was this: His predecessor in office had
+    about the year 1813, let a contract to certain parties for
+    transporting mail from the Seat of Government at Washington to
+    Fredericksburg, Virginia, a distance of seventy miles. This great mail
+    route, which would now be termed a trunk line, carried substantially
+    the mail for the five States of Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina,
+    South Carolina and Georgia. The contract provided that these mails
+    should be carried by stage coach in summer and, as the roads were
+    impassable in winter, they were to be carried on horseback.
+
+    "But," says the Postmaster General, "by the increased popular interest
+    in the war of 1812, correspondence was greatly stimulated and the
+    circulation of the public journals was enormously increased.
+    Consequently, it was found impracticable to transport all this heavy
+    mail for five States, on horseback from Washington to Fredericksburg;
+    therefore contractors were authorized to place a sulky, or curricle
+    service thereon and the remuneration was increased accordingly.
+
+    "This explanation was apparently satisfactory to the Honorable
+    Committee as it certainly appears very reasonable on its face, and
+    will appeal to man's inherent sense of justice even in this exacting
+    era. The final action of Congress is not contained in the records, but
+    it was no doubt exculpatory since, as shown above, Postmaster General
+    Meiggs, continued to discharge the duties in his high office for
+    several years thereafter."
+
+
+AMENDATORY ACT OF 1821.
+
+Under the previous acts of the Legislature, extending the limits of the
+town and providing for laying out streets, and the amendments thereto, it
+was claimed that mistakes had occurred and irregularities had resulted
+therefrom. In order to correct these mistakes, and provide for the better
+government of the town, an amendatory act was passed by the Legislature in
+the year 1821. In that act the Common Council was authorized and empowered
+to elect the Mayor from their own number or from the body of the
+citizens, and in case he was elected from the Council, thus creating a
+vacancy in that body, it was to be filled by the Council. Under this act
+the Mayor was eligible to reëlection from year to year as long as the
+Council was pleased to elect him, was made custodian of the corporation
+seal, and was to keep an office in the town where he should transact the
+public business, and where the citizens could call upon him and present
+any grievance or complaint they might have to make.
+
+[Illustration: The St. George's Episcopal Church. (See page 203)]
+
+[Illustration: The Presbyterian Memorial Chapel. (See page 208)]
+
+When the hustings court was not in session the Mayor was to act as a
+Justice of the Peace and superintend and control the police and night
+watch. He was to qualify in ten days after his election, and was to
+preside at the sittings of the hustings court; and in his absence the
+Recorder, upon whom all the powers and authority of the Mayor were
+conferred, was authorized to perform his duties. The Common Council had to
+regulate and fix the salary of the Mayor, which could not be increased or
+diminished during his term of office. The same act extended the
+jurisdiction of the hustings court to high water mark on the Stafford side
+of the Rappahannock river, and exempted the citizens of the town from the
+assessment and payment of all taxes and levies to Spotsylvania county, to
+which they were subject under the former laws.
+
+By the provisions of the act of 1821 the Common Council was authorized to
+assess and levy a tax on the inhabitants of, and property within, the town
+for the purpose of repairing and keeping in order the streets and alleys
+and for other purposes and charges as to them might seem right and proper,
+and for the improvement, convenience and well being of the town. They were
+authorized to provide a night watch for the protection of the town and for
+the "better execution of this duty the power and authority, now exercised
+by field officers of the militia concerning patrols, shall hereafter be
+vested in and exercised by the said Mayor, Recorder and Common Council
+over the militia of the said town," and the militia of the town were, by
+the same act, exempted from patrol duty beyond the city limits.
+
+In order to correct defects in laying out streets under the former acts,
+by this act a Commission, consisting of John W. Green, John Mundell,
+George Cox, Silas Wood and David Briggs, was appointed to survey and
+locate the streets of the town according to existing laws and authentic
+ancient surveys. This Commission was to locate the streets by metes and
+bounds, making such alterations as its members might think expedient, with
+the consent of the proprietors of lots effected by such alterations, but
+not otherwise. It was also required to mark the boundaries of the streets
+by stones or otherwise, which were to be designated on the map of the town
+made by it. These Commissioners were to report their plan, with
+explanatory notes, to the Common Council, and if approved by that body it
+was to be taken as the authentic plan of the town.
+
+But in making this survey of the streets it was especially provided that
+if a house should be found, in whole or in part, in the street, it was not
+to be considered a nuisance or an illegal obstruction of the street, but
+if such building should perish, or in any manner be destroyed, it was not
+to be rebuilt so as to encroach upon or obstruct the street.
+
+
+THE GREAT FIRE OF 1822.
+
+After the great conflagration of 1807, a regular and decided increase in
+population is noted with a marked improvement in local trade. So things
+progressed with no unusual or startling calamities to disturb the usual
+serenity of a prosperous town--not bustling, but active--until the year
+1822, when the quiet was disturbed by another serious conflagration. It
+was not as disastrous as its predecessor was, but it was of such a
+character as to cause great loss of property, and to retard, to a very
+great extent, the general prosperity of the town. This fire originated at
+the corner of Main and George streets, where Mr. Thomas N. Brent's dry
+goods store now stands, and, curious enough, just where the great fire of
+1807 was checked. It was then known as Wellford's corner, because Mr. C.
+C. Wellford, for a great many years, kept store there. From that corner
+the fire made its way down Main street totally destroying every building
+on that side of the street from there to Hanover street, which square was
+then known as the "Commercial Block," because of the large trade carried
+on there.
+
+With the energy and enterprise so characteristic of the citizens of the
+town at that day, steps were at once taken to rebuild the burnt district.
+Soon the street was almost blocked up with building material, laborers
+were busily at work, clearing away the debris and preparing the
+foundations for the new buildings. Carpenters and brick masons were in
+great demand and large numbers flocked to the town from neighboring cities
+and villages. That part of the town was soon a busy scene and the music of
+the hammer, the saw and the trowel greeted the ear from early morning
+until late in the afternoon. And there were soon erected, with an
+occasional exception, the substantial block of brick buildings which now
+stand as monuments to the good judgment and excellent workmanship of that
+early day. The work of rebuilding was speedy and complete, and the
+character of the new buildings was an improvement upon the old ones they
+replaced. With the rebuilding of that portion of the town, and the
+resumption of business by the burnt-out merchants, came an unusual degree
+of prosperity, and for a long period the general peace and happiness of
+the people were undisturbed.
+
+
+THE TRADE OF THE TOWN.
+
+At this time the trade of the town was chiefly of a local character,
+except the products of the country extending even beyond the Blue Ridge
+mountains, as from the early years of the town, were brought to market in
+wagons, and it was no uncommon sight to see daily as many as fifty or
+sixty four and six-horse teams here at one time from that part of the
+country. The merchants were men of exalted character and fine business
+capacity, and the amount of business transacted was, considering the times
+and circumstances, simply enormous.
+
+
+CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.
+
+To the credit of the authorities of the town it can be truthfully said
+that, in all the past, they have been very watchful of and solicitous for
+the health of the people. At all times, upon reports, or even rumors, that
+contagious or infectious diseases were prevailing in contiguous
+communities, they were on the alert, taking every precaution to prevent
+their introduction here, and it may be said to their credit that such
+strict observance and enforcement of the laws of health, and temporary
+quarantines at the proper time, have prevented all kinds of epidemics in
+the past history of the town.
+
+Before the first of the nineteenth century, in 1790, the people of the
+town were very much excited about the small pox. It was raging in
+Philadelphia as an epidemic, and the large trade carried on between the
+two places, altogether by water, made it necessary that numerous vessels
+should bear the merchandise. In order to prevent the small pox from
+reaching this place a strict quarantine was established at the mouth of
+Hazel Run, just below town, and a hospital was located at Sligo. Dr.
+Brooke and Dr. Ker, two skillful physicians of the town, agreed to attend
+the sick at the hospital without charge, whether sailors or citizens. The
+wise precaution taken in establishing the quarantine prevented any case
+from reaching the town, to the great relief of the citizens generally. In
+1792 the same disease broke out in Baltimore and a quarantine was again
+established at Hazel Run and a hospital at Sligo. The citizens were
+greatly alarmed, fearing its introduction here either by land or water.
+The greatest precautions were taken by the health officers, who were nobly
+assisted by the town authorities, and the disease was kept out as it had
+been two years before, not a single case having made its appearance in the
+place.
+
+In 1833, it is said by old citizens, a remarkable case of either fright or
+disease occurred in Fredericksburg, which proved fatal. In that year
+several parts of the United States were visited and scourged by the
+Asiatic cholera. The country generally was in great terror, and
+Fredericksburg came in for her share of excitement. In fact, she may have
+been more alarmed than other places which were as far removed from the
+seat of the scourge, because of a prediction that had previously been
+made, and which made its impression on many people. Rev. Lorenzo Dow, an
+able, but eccentric, itinerant Methodist minister, when on a visit to the
+town the year previous to the scourge, it was reported had predicted the
+appearance of cholera in Fredericksburg. Some people believed the disease
+would come because Mr. Dow had predicted it, and the excitement ran high,
+especially among those who believed the prophecy. A Mr. Shelton became
+dreadfully alarmed and whether from fright or from actually contracting
+the disease, died in the month of June and the cause of his death was
+pronounced sporadic or accidental cholera. His was the only case then, and
+to this day there has been no other, Fredericksburg having enjoyed
+singular and perfect immunity from epidemics of all kinds.
+
+
+THE TOWN IN THE YEAR 1841.
+
+In describing the town in 1841, an intelligent visitor says
+"Fredericksburg is regularly laid out and compactly built; many of its
+buildings are brick. The principal public buildings are a courthouse,
+clerk's office, a jail, a market-house, an orphan asylum, one Episcopal,
+one Presbyterian, one Methodist, one Baptist and one Reform Baptist
+church. The town also contains two banks and one male and one female
+seminary of the higher class. It is supplied with water from the river[24]
+by subterraneous pipes and is governed by a Mayor and Common Council. A
+canal, extending from the town to Fox's mill, a point on the Rappahannock,
+thirty-five miles above, has been commenced and partly completed.
+
+"Fredericksburg enjoys considerable trade, chiefly in grain, flour,
+tobacco, maize, etc., and considerable quantities of gold are exported.
+Its exports have been computed at over four millions of dollars annually.
+The falls of the Rappahannock, in the vicinity, afford good water power.
+There were in 1840, by the United States statistics, seventy-three stores,
+with a capital of $376,961; two tanneries, paints, drugs, etc., with a
+capital of $37,000; one grist mill, two printing offices, four semi-weekly
+newspapers; capital in manufactures, $141,200; five academies, with 256
+students, and seven schools, with 156 scholars. The population in 1830,
+whites, 1,797; slaves, 1,124; free blacks, 387--total, 3,308. The
+population in 1840 was 3,974."
+
+But the commercial prosperity of the town even in 1840 was not equal to
+its advantages, but it steadily grew and prospered during the next decade.
+The completion of a canal, extending from the town to a point on the
+Rappahannock river, a distance of forty miles, railroad facilities and
+river navigation by sail vessels and steamboats, greatly enlarged her
+commercial advantages and increased her export trade, and the beginning of
+the year 1850 found her enjoying a degree of material prosperity,
+presaging a glorious commercial future. Commencing the year 1850 under
+circumstances so encouraging, the next decade was expected to exceed in
+all departments of trade the preceding one.
+
+The failure to build a railroad through the section of country from which
+the bulk of our trade was drawn, and the substitution therefor of a plank
+road, with the building of the Orange and Alexandria railroad, now the
+Western, and the advance of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad along the
+upper line of the Shenandoah Valley, greatly injured the trade of
+Fredericksburg by diverting from her a large amount of produce, which was
+formerly brought to town in wagons, and while in 1860 the population had
+somewhat increased, the general trade of the town was diminished.
+
+
+THE CORPORATE LIMITS EXTENDED.
+
+In the year 1851 the Legislature passed a bill extending the limits of the
+town, in accordance with a plan made by Commissioners appointed by the
+Common Council. That extension embraced the territory we now have within
+the corporate limits except a portion of the Water Power Company, the
+survey having been made by Mr. William Slaughter, City Surveyor, in 1850,
+and reported to the Council by Joseph Sanford, John Minor and John
+Pritchard, who were appointed a committee by the Council to "enquire into
+the expediency of extending the limits of the said town." After making a
+thorough examination, this committee reported back to the body that it was
+both expedient and desirable that the extension should be made, which
+report and recommendation were adopted. To carry out this action, the
+Council appointed Hugh S. Scott, Wm. S. Barton, John James Chew, Joseph
+Sanford and John Pritchard, and they were instructed and empowered as a
+Commission, under the provisions of the act of the Legislature, to locate
+and lay out such streets in the part of the town annexed by the provisions
+of the bill, as they might think proper, and report back to the Council,
+with a full plan of their work. But it was provided that none of the new
+streets reported upon were to be opened unless the Council should decide
+it necessary, and in that event, if the owners of the lots did not
+relinquish their claims to the town, damages were to be paid by the
+Council in such sums as should be ascertained by three disinterested
+freeholders of Spotsylvania county, who should be appointed by the county
+court of said county for that purpose. The Commission performed the duties
+assigned them by the Council, and laid out the new portion of the town
+into streets, giving a name to each, but many of them were never opened,
+as they were not needed, and remain closed to this day.
+
+The same act made it unnecessary for either the Mayor or Recorder of the
+town to be present and preside over the hustings court, but made it lawful
+for any three Justices of the Corporation to hold the court, except, as in
+the former act, where parties were to be examined or tried for felonies it
+required that five Justices should be present and preside. In consequence
+of this provision the court would convene with five Justices when felony
+cases were to be considered, and after they were disposed of, two of them
+would be excused and the other three would continue the session until the
+business of the court was completed. These Justices were appointed by the
+Governor, on the recommendation of the hustings court, and were among the
+best citizens and most successful businessmen of the town, and what they
+lacked in a knowledge of the law, it is generally agreed they more than
+made up in good common sense and unyielding integrity.
+
+In the following year, 1852, the Legislature passed another amendment to
+the charter of the town, extending its limits, but this amendment was only
+made necessary to correct an error in the section of the act of the year
+before, extending the corporate limits. The metes and bounds were left the
+same as prescribed in the act of 1851.
+
+In 1858 an act was passed by the Legislature enabling the Council to sell
+real estate for delinquent taxes due the town. It authorized the
+authorities to sell all real estate within the corporation returned
+delinquent for the non-payment of taxes and interest, and to make such
+regulations for affecting the sale and collecting the taxes as they might
+deem expedient. In case the sale was not made and the taxes remained
+unpaid, the taxes became a lien on the property and ten per centum was
+charged thereon until they were paid. The act also provided that if the
+taxes due on real estate were paid by the tenant, who was not the owner of
+the property, the amount might be deducted from the rents of the same in
+settlement with the owner. In cases where the property was owned by
+non-residents, and was vacant or unimproved, and no levy could be made to
+satisfy the taxes, the town was authorized to take summary proceedings
+before any court in the State, on ten days' notice to the parties owning
+the delinquent property.
+
+In 1861 another act was passed by the Legislature, extending the corporate
+limits of the town. This was done in order to bring certain property
+within the limits of the town for the purpose of city taxation, according
+to a previous agreement with the owners of the Fredericksburg Water Power.
+That agreement was that all mills and manufactories, using the water of
+that company for power, erected after the completion of the canal, should
+be liable for, and should pay, city taxes. The extension by this act is
+described as follows:
+
+    "Beginning at a point Sixty-seven feet North 64-1/2 degrees east from
+    the northeast cornerstone of the present boundary of said town; and
+    running thence to the Rappahannock river twelve hundred and fifty feet
+    to a stone; thence south 58-1/2 degrees west, four hundred and
+    sixty-six feet to a stone; thence south 13-1/2 degrees west, three
+    hundred and seventy feet to a stone; thence south 35-1/2 degrees east,
+    six hundred and eight feet to a stone; thence south 38-3/4 degrees,
+    two hundred and eighty-five feet to a stone; thence south 25-1/2
+    degrees east, one hundred and forty-four feet to a stone in a line
+    with the present corporation line; thence with said line north 64-1/2
+    degrees east six hundred and eighty feet to the point of beginning,
+    and particularly set out and described in a survey and plat made by
+    Carter M. Braxton, dated the 23rd day of January, 1861, and deposited
+    in the clerk's office of the corporation court of said town."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+    _The War Clouds Gathering--Fredericksburg in the Confederacy--Troops
+    Raised and Equipped--The Surrender of the Town to the Federal
+    Authorities--Arrested and Held as Hostages--Citizens Flee from their
+    Homes--The Bombardment of the Town, &c._
+
+
+Notwithstanding the fact that Fredericksburg had been growing for so many
+years, and the further fact that she had enjoyed the prosperity which is
+claimed for her, and of which we have written, the town had attained at
+this time only to the moderate proportions of a population of about five
+thousand inhabitants. But it was a delightful place, nevertheless, with a
+salubrious climate, good water, charming society, picturesque surroundings
+and cheapness of living, and had about it a quiet and chastened dignity of
+age and respectability, both attractive and impressive. Such was
+Fredericksburg when the storm-cloud of war burst upon her in 1861.
+
+
+FREDERICKSBURG IN THE CONFEDERACY.
+
+We shall not attempt in these pages to fully portray the scenes enacted in
+the town, or narrate the part played by Fredericksburg in that terrible
+war. A true portrayal and narration of them is beyond the power of the
+tongue of the finished orator, the pen of the most gifted writer or the
+brush of the most skilled artist. No one can know them save those who
+endured them and were a part and parcel of them, and even they are unable
+to describe them with all of their horrible, bloody and destructive
+realities. It would take a pen almost inspired to truthfully describe the
+fiery scenes, the devastation, the trials, the privations, the sufferings
+of body and mind and the heroism of the inhabitants, who were then in
+town, in the terrible ordeal through which they passed, and the fortitude
+with which they stood the test.
+
+A great change was now about to take place. The quiet of the staid and
+sober town was about to be broken by the sound of the drum and the tramp
+of armed men. The activity of commerce had ceased, a spirit of patriotism
+prevailed; and this patriotism was not demonstrative only, it was deep and
+real, and was afterwards sealed by the best blood of the town.
+
+
+TROOPS RAISED AND EQUIPPED.
+
+There was never any doubt as to the part the citizens of Fredericksburg
+would take in the war. It is true the town was always conservative and
+loyal to the government; it had sent a Union man to the State Convention,
+which was to consider and pass upon the question of union or disunion; he
+had received almost a two-thirds vote of the qualified voters of the town,
+but all this was done with a strong hope that the political differences of
+the two great sections of the country--North and South--could and would be
+settled without a separation. When it was ascertained that such a
+settlement could not be had, and when that assurance was followed by a
+call on the States from President Lincoln for seventy-five thousand troops
+to coerce the seceded Southern States back into the Union and that
+Virginia was expected to furnish her quota of that number, the sentiment
+of the entire population changed, and the most ardent Union men, with few
+exceptions, became strong sympathizers of the Southern movement and were
+ready to take up arms in defence of the South. The Constitutional
+Convention, that up to that time was supposed to be against the adoption
+of the ordinance of secession, rapidly changed front, and when the
+ordinance was submitted to a vote it was passed by a large majority, the
+delegate from Fredericksburg, Hon. John L. Marye, Sr., voting for its
+adoption.
+
+The two volunteer militia companies, which had been in existence in town
+for many years, became the nucleus around which was formed the Thirtieth
+Regiment of Virginia Volunteers. This regiment, commanded successively by
+Colonel Milton Cary, Colonel Archibald Harrison and Colonel Robert S.
+Chew, immediately entered upon active duty and performed good service
+throughout the war. The Fredericksburg artillery, under Captain Carter M.
+Braxton, was organized at the beginning of the war, and under its gallant
+commanders, Captain Carter M. Braxton, Captain Edward Marye and Captain
+John G. Pollock, greatly distinguished itself.
+
+[Illustration: HON. MONTGOMERY SLAUGHTER, "The War Mayor" of
+Fredericksburg. (See page 74)]
+
+It is claimed that this company fired the first shot at the battle of
+Fredericksburg and was honored with a like distinction at Gettysburg; and
+yet a greater honor awaited this heroic band than either of these or the
+two combined, which each member and his descendants will ever cherish with
+pride. Its members claim to have fired the last gun at Appomattox on the
+9th of April, 1865, the day on which General Robert E. Lee surrendered the
+Army of Northern Virginia to General U. S. Grant, where and when the Star
+of the Southern Confederacy went down, never, never more to rise. All
+honor to such brave and heroic men! The following is a correct list of the
+members of the Fredericksburg artillery at the time of the surrender,
+furnished by a member of the company, most of whom are now living:
+
+Captain John G. Pollock, Lieutenant A. W. Johnson, Lieutenant Clinton
+Southworth, Sergeant Henry G. Chesley, Sergeant L. T. Bunnell, Sergeant
+James Taylor, Sergeant Charles B. Fleet, Gunner M. C. Hall, Gunner Samuel
+H. Thorburn, Picket Sergeant J. L. Marye, Jr., H. P. Martin, Quarter
+Master Sergeant; Gunner J. R. Ferneyhough, Gunner P. V. D. Conway, Gunner
+W. F. Gordon, Gunner R. W. McGuire, Harrison Southworth, Guidon; Privates
+W. A. Anthony, John Scott Berry, John J. Berrey, Wm. E. Bradley, J. A.
+Bowler, Oscar Berry, James E. Berrey, Wm. Bowler, Robert C. Beale, J. H.
+Butzner, Henry Berry, C. B. Cason, L. P. Carter, Walter Carter, W. M.
+Chewning, J. S. Cannon, W. S. Chartters, Jacob Crowder, G. W. Clarke, J.
+H. Clarke, S. H. Crockford, A. P. Carneal, Charles Donahoe, James Donahoe,
+W. B. Dickinson, Elijah E. Fines, R. C. Fitzhugh, M. A. Ferneyhough, Duff
+Green (of Brooke), J. T. Goolrick, R. C. Grymes, J. R. Gouldman, Landon
+Gallahan, Henry Gallahan, John M. Garrett, James W. Hogans, George F.
+Harrison, George M. Harrison, John E. Harrison, Robert Haislip, Matthew
+Hudson, John S. Johnson, W. Stanfield Jones, J. Chester Jones, C. W.
+Jenkins, John T. Knight, David Corbin Ker, Hubbard M. Long, Charles Lyell,
+Alfred J. Marye, J. W. McWhirt, J. A. Marye, A. Stewart Marye, J. W.
+Mitchell, Frank A. Maddox, Thomas E. Maddex, Charles W. Manley, John
+McKay, W. Nelson Marye, George Oakes, M. B. Pollock, George B. Pearson,
+Joseph S. Payne, Harvey W. Proctor, Anthony Patton, John T. Roberts, Henry
+Robinson, W. T. Robinson, John D. Smith,[25] R. B. Semple, Warner L.
+Sisson, Lawrence Sanford, Charles H. Scott, John Sullivan, Peter Sullivan,
+H. Cabell Tabb, A. Byrd Waller, H. H. Wallace, Arthur Wallace, George
+Willis.
+
+Many of the young men at the first opportunity entered the various
+branches of the service--the cavalry, infantry, navy, marine, and other
+positions necessary and honorable--where they served their country well
+and faithfully, and in many cases with distinguished ability. So rapid
+were these enlistments, that in less than twelve months the town was
+almost stripped of her youths and arms-bearing men, and of her former
+population--those remaining at home were the older men, the women and a
+few colored people.
+
+
+THE SURRENDER OF THE TOWN TO THE FEDERAL AUTHORITIES.
+
+_Gen. McDowell's Forces Arrive._
+
+On the 19th of April, 1862, the town first fell into the hands of the
+Federal Army. On that day a meeting of the Common Council was held, and a
+committee, consisting of Mayor Slaughter, Wm. A. Little, Esq., Thomas B.
+Barton, Esq., Dr. J. Gordon Wallace, Rev. William F. Broaddus, D. D., and
+Gov. John L. Marye, Jr., three members on the part of the Common Council
+and three representing the citizens, was appointed to confer with the
+commanding officer of the United States forces, relative to the surrender
+of the town. They were instructed to inform him that inasmuch as the
+forces of the Confederate States had evacuated the town no resistance
+would be made to its occupation by the United States troops, and to ask
+such protection for persons and property as was consistent with the rules
+of civilized warfare. They were also instructed to inform the Commanding
+General "that the population of this town have been in the past, and are
+now, in conviction and sentiment, loyal to the existing government of the
+State of Virginia and Confederate States." This was an honest and frank
+statement, made by the Common Council of the threatened town to the
+Commanding General of the invading army, and there can be no doubt that
+this honest acknowledgment won the friendship and respect of the
+commandant of the post and saved much property from destruction and many
+of the inhabitants from indignities on the part of the garrison.
+
+The United States forces took possession of the Stafford hills, which
+commanded the town, on the 19th day of April. The destruction of the
+bridges connecting the town with the Stafford shore delayed the actual
+presence of the troops in town for several days, and it was not until the
+morning of the 27th that General Marsena R. Patrick established his
+headquarters and took provost command of the town. Unlike many of the
+subordinate commanders Gen. Patrick was considered a generous man and a
+kind, humane officer, and many of the citizens who were at their homes,
+while he was here in command, unite in bearing testimony, that under his
+government military rule in Fredericksburg was kindly exercised and the
+people were not oppressed, and not a few of them conceived a sincere
+respect for his character, and to this day his acts of kindness and
+thoughtful consideration are gratefully referred to by them.
+
+This state of things continued until after the disastrous result to
+General George B. McClellan's army in the Seven Days' battles around
+Richmond. After those engagements General McClellan was superseded in the
+command of the Army of the Potomac by General John Pope. General Pope was
+from the Western Army, and upon taking command of the army in Virginia
+issued a high-sounding, pompous order in which he belittled the valor of
+the Confederate soldiers of the west, asserting he had "only seen the
+backs of the enemy," and his purpose in coming to this army was to lead it
+to victory and success. In that order he declared that he did not want to
+hear such phrases as "taking strong positions and holding them," "lines of
+retreat" and "bases of supplies," which he was told was common in the
+army. He declared that the glory of the soldier was in pushing the enemy
+and studying the lines of his retreat, which he then proposed to do.
+
+He announced his purpose to subsist the invading army by enforced supplies
+from his enemies, and, in order to prepare the world and give it some idea
+of his rapid movements and brilliant feats, issued orders from
+"headquarters in the saddle." This unique order, full as it was of
+boastings of what he had done and what he proposed to do, failed to
+frighten the Confederate commanders, as General Pope, no doubt, thought it
+would do. On the contrary, without loss of time they concentrated their
+forces, gave him battle and the Federal commander was ingloriously driven
+from the field, with great loss of men, arms and supplies. And so in less
+than sixty days from the time he took command of the army he was relieved
+by General McClellan, whom he superseded, having lost every engagement
+fought during the time. His advance through the counties of Fauquier and
+Culpeper to Fredericksburg, when he took command of the army, caused great
+consternation because of his unreasonable and cruel exactions. Many
+private citizens, who had never entered the Confederate service, were
+arrested upon their refusal to take the oath of allegiance to the United
+States government, and were ruthlessly dragged from their homes and
+confined in Northern prisons.
+
+
+GEN. POPE TAKES POSSESSION OF THE TOWN--HELD AS HOSTAGES.
+
+Finally the power of this pompous commander reached Fredericksburg, and
+many of her citizens shared the fate of the unfortunate citizens of
+Fauquier and Culpeper counties. By General Pope's order nineteen of our
+most prominent and highly esteemed citizens were arrested and sent to
+Washington, where they were incarcerated in Old Capitol prison. These men
+were arrested in retaliation for the arrest of two Union men by the
+Confederate authorities--Major Charles Williams, of Fredericksburg, and
+Mr. Wardwell, of Richmond--and confined in prison at Richmond. Major
+Williams was a native of Fredericksburg and died here several years after
+the war, and Mr. Wardwell, we are informed was a northern man and was
+appointed superintendent of the penitentiary when Virginia was made
+"Military District No. 1, with headquarters at Richmond."
+
+These nineteen gentlemen were arrested in August, 1862, and confined in
+Old Capitol prison until the latter part of the following September, a
+period of about six weeks. It will be seen from the list of the names that
+they were the leading citizens of the town, exempt from military service
+by reason, either of age or official position, and were the natural
+guardians of the helpless women and children who were then in town. The
+list is as follows:[26] Rev. Wm. F. Broaddus, D. D., James McGuire,
+Charles C. Wellford, Thomas F. Knox, Beverley T. Gill, James H. Bradley,
+Thomas B. Barton, Benjamin Temple, Lewis Wrenn, Michael Ames, John
+Coakley, John H. Roberts, John J. Berrey, Dr. James Cooke, John F. Scott,
+Montgomery Slaughter, George H. C. Rowe, Wm. H. Norton, Abraham Cox.
+
+The _Christian Banner_, then published in Fredericksburg by Rev. James W.
+Hunnicutt, of the Free Will Baptist denomination, himself a strong Union
+man, and who would not have written complimentary of these gentlemen
+beyond their respective merits, published the following short sketches of
+the "Fredericksburg prisoners":
+
+Thomas B. Barton is the oldest lawyer at the Fredericksburg bar and
+Attorney for the Commonwealth. He was originally an Old Line Whig and a
+member of the congregation of the Episcopal church.
+
+Thomas F. Knox was a large wheat speculator and flower manufacturer, an
+Old Line Whig and a prominent member of the Episcopal church.
+
+Beverley T. Gill was, for a number of years, a large merchant tailor, but
+for several years past had retired into private life. Was an Old Line Whig
+and a prominent member of the Presbyterian church.
+
+Charles C. Wellford was an extensive dry goods merchant, the oldest in
+town, than whom none stood higher. Was an Old Line Whig and an elder in
+the Presbyterian church.
+
+James McGuire was one of the oldest merchants in Fredericksburg, an Old
+Line Whig, a prominent member of the Presbyterian church and a most
+excellent man.
+
+James H. Bradley was a grocery merchant, an Old Line Whig and a deacon in
+the Baptist church.
+
+Rev. William F. Broaddus, D. D., was the pastor of the Baptist church in
+Fredericksburg and an Old Line Whig. He conducted a female school in
+addition to his pastoral work.[27]
+
+Montgomery Slaughter, Mayor of Fredericksburg, was a large wheat
+speculator and flour manufacturer, was an Old Line Whig and a member of
+the Episcopal church.
+
+George H. C. Rowe was a talented jurist, a Democrat and a Douglas elector
+during the late presidential election and a member of the Baptist church.
+
+John Coakley was for many years a merchant, but for several years past had
+retired from business, and, at the time of his arrest, was Superintendent
+of the Fredericksburg Aquaduct Company. He was an Old Line Whig and a very
+prominent member of the Episcopal church.
+
+Benjamin Temple was a wealthy farmer, an Old Line Whig and, we believe, a
+member of no church, but a most excellent man.
+
+Dr. James Cooke was a druggist, owning the largest establishment, perhaps
+south of the Potomac river; was an Old Line Whig and a prominent member of
+the Episcopal church.
+
+John F. Scott was proprietor of the large Fredericksburg foundry and
+carried on an extensive business up to the time the Union troops took
+possession of Fredericksburg, was an Old Line Whig and a prominent member
+of the Episcopal church.
+
+John H. Roberts lived off his income, was an old Line Whig and, we
+believe, was a member of no church.
+
+Michael Ames was a blacksmith, an Old Line Whig and a member of no church.
+
+John J. Berrey, formerly engaged in a large produce business, but at the
+time of his arrest connected with a hardware store, was an Old Line Whig
+and a member of no church.
+
+Abraham Cox was a tailor, a Breckinridge Democrat and a Southern
+Methodist.
+
+William H. Norton was a house carpenter, an Old Line Whig and a member of
+the Baptist church.
+
+Lewis Wrenn, no particular business, an Old Line Whig and a member of the
+Baptist church.
+
+After these gentlemen had been in prison some four weeks they procured a
+parole and permission to send Dr. Broaddus to Richmond to effect the
+release of Major Williams and Mr. Wardwell, that he and his friends might
+be liberated and permitted to return to their homes. Armed with a parole
+and passports. Dr. Broaddus proceeded to Richmond, where he called upon
+Judge Beverley R. Wellford, Jr., formally of Fredericksburg, who went with
+him to see Mr. Randolph, Secretary of War. After hearing the case Mr.
+Randolph ordered the release of the two prisoners, and Dr. Broaddus
+returned to Washington with great joy, supposing that he and his fellow
+prisoners would be at once set at liberty. But not so. The Federal
+authorities changed their requirements and demanded also the release of
+two gentlemen by the name of Turner, who resided in Fairfax county, and
+were then held in a Confederate prison.
+
+It took nearly two weeks to effect the release of these Turners, and when
+it was done the certificate of release, signed by General Winder, the
+Commandant of the post at Richmond, was rejected by the Federal
+authorities as evidence of the release of the prisoners, and the personal
+presence of the Turners was demanded in Washington before the release of
+the Fredericksburg party. This took time, but it was finally accomplished,
+and the Fredericksburgers were permitted to leave their prison pen and
+again "breathe the air of freedom." They were sent down the Potomac river
+on a steamer to Marlborough Point, from which landing they walked to town
+to greet their families and friends. There was great rejoicing on their
+return, and the whole population turned out to meet them and give them a
+cordial welcome. Of that party of nineteen not one of them is living
+to-day. The "last one to cross the river" was Mr. Abraham Cox, who died
+December 28, 1898, eighty-six years of age.
+
+But the unkindness of the military authorities and their harsh treatment
+of our citizens, by the order of General Pope, did not cease with the
+arrest and incarceration of the nineteen gentlemen above mentioned. Among
+other things, the Federal Provost Marshal of Fredericksburg was charged
+with too much leniency to the citizens and was removed; Col. Scriver was
+falsely charged with furnishing the destitute with food, and was ordered
+to stop it at once, if he had done so, and not to repeat it, and the
+stores and places of business were closed, it was said, to prevent the
+citizens from obtaining supplies. General Pope's plan seems to have been,
+as he declared, to subsist his army as much as possible on the country and
+to starve the old men and women into submission to his demands. In this,
+however, he was not sustained by the Washington authorities, and
+especially by President Lincoln.
+
+This condition of things in Fredericksburg continued only for a short
+time. The campaign, inaugurated by General Pope, which resulted in the
+Second Battle of Manassas and so disastrously to the Federal army, was
+speedily followed by the advance of the Confederate army into Maryland,
+the capture of Harper's Ferry, with General Nelson A. Miles's whole force
+of eleven thousand prisoners and immense military supplies, by General
+Thomas J. (Stonewall) Jackson, aided by General Wm. Barksdale, on the
+Maryland Heights, and General John B. Floyd, on the Loudoun Heights, and
+the fierce and bloody, but undecided, struggle between General Lee and
+General McClellan at Sharpsburg.
+
+In consequence of the results of these events the Federal authorities
+found it necessary to recall from the line of the Rappahannock, which they
+were unable to hold, the forces then occupying the same, and therefore on
+the 21st day of August, 1862, Fredericksburg was evacuated by the Federal
+forces, and thus for a brief time the town was relieved from the presence
+and rule of the enemy until the following November, when Gen. Burnside
+moved against the town.
+
+
+EVACUATION SCENES.
+
+The scenes incident to the evacuation of Fredericksburg are well
+remembered to the present day by those who were present and witnessed
+them. They are indelibly impressed upon their minds and can never be
+forgotten, and are often related with great interest. In describing this
+stirring event and the reoccupation of the town in the Fall of 1862, we
+use the eyes of citizens, who were present and witnessed the scenes
+described and the words of another, who wrote of them years
+afterwards.[28] Crowds at the corners of the streets indicated that some
+unusual excitement prevailed, and clouds of smoke rose from the
+encampments on the Stafford side of the river. Everything indicated an
+immediate departure. The guards were drawn up in line; the horses and
+wagons packed at headquarters; cavalry officers rode up and down, giving
+orders; company after company of pickets were led into town from
+different roads and joined the regiment at the City Hall; ambulances, with
+the sick, moved slowly through the streets; the provost marshal and his
+adjutant rode by, and, in a few minutes, the command was given to march,
+and the infantry and cavalry marched down to the bridges, each one moving
+by different streets. This march was quietly made. There was no music, no
+drum, no voice, but the command of the officers' forward, march!
+
+The ladies, standing in groups along the streets, found it difficult to
+repress their exultation. Glad to be relieved of the presence of the
+enemy, and to be freed from the restraints of their power; glad to be once
+more within Southern lines, and to be brought into communication with
+their own dear people; but the great gladness was that the evacuation of
+Fredericksburg showed that the enemy had been defeated on the upper line
+and could no longer hold the line of the Rappahannock river. And this gave
+them strong hope that Virginia might yet be free from the armies of the
+invader.
+
+Several severe explosions followed the blowing up of the two bridges, and,
+as the bright flames seized upon and leaped along the sides and floors of
+the bridges, the whole horizon was illuminated. The burning continued all
+night. A guard was at once organized by the citizens, for the protection
+of the town against any stragglers or unruly persons who might chance to
+be prowling about.
+
+With the departure of the Federal troops came now the desire on the part
+of the citizens of town and country to meet and greet each other, and also
+a longing to welcome the appearance of the Confederates, a sight which had
+so long been denied them. In this, to their great delight, they were soon
+to realize their wish, for on the 2nd day of September about two hundred
+people came into town from the surrounding country, and general
+congratulations ensued. On the evening of that day a small force of
+Confederate cavalry rode into town and were received with shouts of joy.
+The ladies lined the streets, waving their handkerchiefs and loudly
+uttering their welcome.
+
+On the morning of the 4th of September the soldiers in camp at Hazel Run
+were treated to breakfast by the ladies, and greatly enjoyed the hot
+rolls, beefsteak and hot coffee, after their long abstinence from such
+delicacies, and probably from rations of any sort. After a brief season of
+comparative quiet, disturbed only by the general interest felt in the
+operations of our armies, the condition of the country generally, and the
+liability to the reoccupation of the town at any time, Fredericksburg was
+again the subject and recipient of war's horrors in their most appalling
+form.
+
+[Illustration: "Chancellorsville Tavern," Gen. Hooker's Headquarters
+during the battle there in 1863. Burnt during that battle, May 3rd. (See
+page 95)]
+
+[Illustration: "The Sunken Road," along which the "stone wall" stood,
+forming breastworks for the Confederates in 1862 and 1863. (See page 91)]
+
+
+GENERAL BURNSIDE'S OCCUPATION OF FREDERICKSBURG.
+
+_The Preliminaries to the Great Battle._
+
+On Sunday morning, the 10th of November, 1862, a company of Federal
+cavalry, commanded by Captain Ulric Dahlgren crossed the Rappahannock
+river, above Falmouth, and charged rapidly down Main street, with drawn
+sabres. A small force of Confederate cavalry (Colonel John Critcher's
+battalion), was quartered in town, who, recovering from the disorder into
+which they were thrown by the sudden and unexpected appearance of the
+enemy, quickly rallied, and, aided by citizens and Captain Simpson's
+company, of Colonel W. B. Ball's command, attacked the raiders, pursued
+and drove them across the river, inflicting upon them a slight loss in men
+and horses. The Federal army then began to move down from Fauquier,
+Culpeper and Prince William counties, through Stafford county, to occupy
+Fredericksburg.
+
+To Colonel Wm. A. Ball, an experienced officer, who had greatly
+distinguished himself at the battle of Leesburg, and in other encounters,
+was entrusted by General Lee the duty of holding the town, and in
+retarding the approach of the enemy, if possible, with the promise of
+speedy reinforcements. The divisions of Gen. Lafayette McLaws and General
+Robert Ransom, of General Longstreet's corps, with General Wm. H. F. Lee's
+brigade of cavalry and a battery of artillery, were marched hurriedly to
+this point, and the whole of General Lee's army prepared to follow.
+
+On Sunday, November 16th, Colonel Ball's scouts announced the approach of
+the enemy on three roads--the Warrenton, Stafford Courthouse and the
+Poplar. He telegraphed to General Gustavus W. Smith, in Richmond, for
+reinforcements. General Smith promptly sent him a battalion of four
+companies, under Major Finney, from the Forty-second Mississippi. With his
+small force, which scarcely exceeded five hundred men, the gallant Colonel
+proposed to engage the enemy, if he sought to cross the Rappahannock near
+Fredericksburg. Colonel Ball placed his infantry in the mill-race and mill
+opposite Falmouth, stationed his cavalry in the upper part of
+Fredericksburg and planted Captain John W. Lewis's battery of four guns
+and eighty men on the plateau around the old Fitzgerald residence, at
+Little Falls, half a mile above the town.
+
+At 10 o'clock on Monday, the 18th, the Southern scouts were driven across
+the river by the enemy's cavalry, and several hours thereafter a Federal
+corps, of twelve thousand strong, appeared on the Stafford Heights,
+opposite Fredericksburg, and planted their field-batteries, consisting of
+more than twenty guns. Capt. Lewis's men maintained their ground and
+replied to the rapid firing of the enemy. The distance was short--less
+than half a mile. The firing of the men was accurate, yet the Confederate
+fire was kept up, and the Federals, uncertain as to the force opposing
+them, made no attempt to cross the river.
+
+Colonel Ball, with five hundred men, maintained his front, in the face of
+the twelve thousand Federals, encouraged by General Lee, who telegraphed
+him, "Hold your position if you can. Reinforcements are hurrying to you."
+On Tuesday, the 18th, the enemy's force was largely increased. General
+Burnside's whole force was pouring down to the Stafford hills. They were
+waiting for pontoon bridges, and did not cross the river.
+
+Meanwhile Gen. Lee's army was rushing down the roads from Culpeper and
+Orange counties to occupy the crest of hills around Fredericksburg.
+Wednesday, at daybreak, General Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry arrived. The next
+morning General McLaws, with his own division and that of General
+Ransom's, was in position, and on the 20th the Commander-in-Chief was at
+hand to direct the movements of the remainder of General Longstreet's
+command and General Jackson's corps, which rapidly followed him.
+
+On Tuesday, the 20th of November, by request of General Lee, Montgomery
+Slaughter, Mayor of Fredericksburg, accompanied by the Recorder, William
+A. Little, Esq., and by Mr. Douglas H. Gordon, a member of her Council,
+held an interview with the Confederate Commander-in-Chief. It was held at
+Snowden, the residence of the late John L. Stansbury, about a mile above
+town. On Friday, the 21st, General E. V. Sumner, of the Federal Army, sent
+over a flag of trace, with a written message to the Mayor and Common
+Council of Fredericksburg. General Patrick, the bearer of the message, was
+met by Colonel Wm. A. Ball at "French John's" wharf, at the foot of Hawke
+street. General Sumner's letter, to the town authorities was as follows:
+
+    "GENTLEMEN:--Under cover of the houses of your town, shots have been
+    fired upon the troops of my command. Your mills and factories are
+    furnishing provisions and material for clothing for armed bodies in
+    rebellion against the Government of the United States. Your railroads
+    and other means of transportation are removing supplies to the depots
+    of such troops. This condition of things must terminate; and by
+    direction of Major-General Burnside, commanding this army, I
+    accordingly demand the surrender of the city into my hands, as the
+    representative of the Government of the United States, at or before
+    five o'clock this afternoon (5 o'clock P. M. to-day). Failing an
+    affirmative reply to this demand by the time indicated, sixteen (16
+    hours) hours will be permitted to elapse for the removal from the city
+    of women and children, the sick, wounded and aged; which period having
+    elapsed, I shall proceed to shell the town.
+
+    "Upon obtaining possession of the town every necessary means will be
+    taken to preserve order and secure the protective operation of the
+    laws and policy of the United States Government."
+
+Colonel Ball simply stated to General Patrick that before delivering the
+letter to the civil authorities it must be referred to his commanding
+military officer. But neither he nor the Mayor gave any intimation of the
+actual presence of General Lee, with a large part of his army, on the
+heights in rear of the town. General Patrick was obliged to remain in the
+log house from ten o'clock in the morning to seven in the afternoon, on
+the 21st. Meanwhile Colonel Ball, through the proper channels forwarded
+the letter to General Lee. At twenty minutes before five o'clock in the
+afternoon the letter was received at his office by the Mayor, through
+General J. E. B. Stuart, who communicated in full General Lee's decision.
+With the aid of his advisers, Mayor Slaughter prepared a written reply,
+bearing date, "Mayor's Office, Fredericksburg, November 21st, 1862." This
+reply was to the effect that the communication of General Sumner had not
+reached the Mayor in time to furnish a reply by 5 o'clock P. M., as
+requested; that it had been sent to him after passing (by General
+Patrick's consent) through the hands of the commanding officer of the
+Confederate States forces near the town; that as to the shots complained
+of in the northern suburbs of the town, they were the acts of the
+Confederate military force holding the town; that the Mayor was authorized
+to say that the several subjects of complaint would not recur; that the
+Confederate troops would not occupy the town, and neither would they
+permit the Federal troops to do so. Mayor Slaughter, attended by Dr. Wm.
+S. Scott and Samuel S. Howison, Esq., repaired to the place of meeting,
+and, at about seven o'clock in the evening, delivered the reply to General
+Patrick.
+
+In view of the threatened shelling of the town, General Lee advised the
+inhabitants to remove from it as rapidly as possible. The bombardment was
+not opened the next morning, but it became apparent that the enemy would
+cross, and the town would be exposed, not only to their fire, but to the
+most terrible desolations of war. The humane and considerate Chief of the
+Confederate army urged the women and children to leave the town, and
+furnished wagons, ambulances and every facility in his power for their
+aid.
+
+
+THE INHABITANTS LEAVE THEIR HOMES.
+
+Then followed a scene, illustrating both the horrors of war and the
+virtues to which it sometimes gives birth. The people of Fredericksburg,
+almost _en masse_, left their homes rather than yield to the enemy. Trains
+of cars departed, full of refugees. Upon the last the enemy opened a fire
+of shells; they afterwards explained that it was a mistake. Wagons and
+vehicles of every kind left the town filled with women and little
+children, with the few articles of apparel and necessity that could be
+removed. Many were seen on foot along the roads leading into the country.
+Winter had commenced, and snow had fallen. Many were compelled to take
+refuge in cabins, barns and tents, scattered through the woods and fields.
+They were dependent for food on the exertions of their friends and the
+humane efforts of the Southern army.
+
+A few families remained in Fredericksburg, determined to brave the horrors
+of war as long as possible. The hardships and privations, incurred by
+these people, who surrendered their homes and property to destruction
+rather than remain with them and fall into the hands of the enemies of
+their country, excited the sympathy and won the admiration of the South. A
+movement to aid them commenced in Richmond. A committee of relief and
+treasurer was appointed, and funds were liberally contributed throughout
+the South, and the soldiers in the field, of their small rations and pay,
+contributed generously, both in food and money. The contributions of the
+people and army continued until more than ninety thousand dollars had been
+received and disbursed by the committee in Richmond and nearly an equal,
+if not greater, sum was distributed by Mayor Slaughter.
+
+A number of skirmishes of an unimportant character were soon followed by
+the grand movement of the enemy. On the night of December the 10th the
+armies prepared for action. Two hundred and fifty thousand armed men, like
+crouched lions ready to spring upon their adversary, were ready for the
+bloody conflict. It was the most restless, anxious night ever passed by
+the citizens of Fredericksburg. It was the night of terror! The dread of
+to-morrow hung like a pall over the devoted city, and everybody was
+hurriedly preparing for the awful destruction that was at hand and could
+not be averted. The threatened bombardment had long been delayed, and many
+citizens had returned from their flight. From one end of the town to the
+other, all during that sleepless night, could be seen in nearly every home
+dim lights, where busy hands with heavy hearts were preparing for the
+flight at the sound of the first gun. What to attempt to carry, and what
+to leave to be destroyed by the enemy, was the perplexing question, and
+so in the anxiety of the refugees to take with them sufficient food,
+clothing and bedding to prevent suffering from cold and hunger, they
+overtaxed their strength and had to abandon many things on the roadside.
+
+
+THE BOMBARDMENT OF THE TOWN.
+
+Having received his pontoon bridges, General Burnside prepared to throw
+his grand army across the river. At two o'clock on the morning of
+Thursday, December the 11th, his troops were put in motion and two signal
+guns from the Confederate side, at five o'clock,[29] sounded a note of
+warning to the people and the army. General Burnside commenced throwing
+three pontoon bridges across the Rappahannock river. One was to span the
+river at French John's wharf, at the foot of Hawke street, one at Scott's
+Ferry, at the lower end of Water street, and one at Deep Run, about two
+and a half miles below town. General Wm. Barksdale's brigade, consisting
+of the Thirteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth and Twenty-first Mississippi
+regiments, held the town.
+
+"General Barksdale kept his men quiet and concealed until the bridges were
+so far advanced that the working parties were in easy range, when he
+opened fire with such effect that the bridges were abandoned at once. Nine
+separate and desperate attempts were made to complete the bridges under
+fire of their sharpshooters and guns on the opposite bank, but every
+attempt being attended with such severe loss from the Confederates, posted
+in rifle-pits, in the cellars of the houses along the banks, and behind
+whatever offered concealment, that the enemy abandoned their attempts and
+opened a terrific fire from their numerous batteries concentrated along
+the hills just above the river. The fire was so severe that the men could
+not use their rifles, and, the different places occupied by them becoming
+untenable, the troops were withdrawn from the river bank back to Caroline
+street at 4:30 P. M. The enemy then crossed in boats, and, completing
+their bridges, passed over in force and advanced into the town. The
+Seventeenth Mississippi and ten sharpshooters from Colonel J. W. Carter's
+regiment (the 13th) and three companies of the Eighteenth regiment,
+Lieutenant Colonel Luse, under Lieutenant William Ratliff, were all the
+troops that were actually engaged in defending the crossings in front of
+the city."[30]
+
+The other regiments and parts of regiments were held in reserve, and were
+not brought into action until the enemy had crossed the river. At the
+first dawn of light on the morning of December the 11th the Federal
+artillery commenced its work of destruction. From the heights above the
+town of Falmouth, north of Fredericksburg, to the Washington farm below,
+on every available place artillery was stationed, bearing upon the town.
+About one hundred and seventy-five of the grim monsters, ready to "belch
+forth death and destruction," were placed in position the day before, well
+manned, and only waiting for the signal to send forth their deadly
+messengers of shot and shell.
+
+At the hour appointed the signal was given, and the thunder of artillery,
+the lightning from bursting shells in the air, the crashing of solid shot
+through the houses, the roar of musketry on both sides of the river, the
+shrieks of frightened women and children, the bustle and confusion that
+followed, may be imagined, but can never be described. From early morning
+until four o'clock in the afternoon, with only half an hour's cessation
+between one and two o'clock, this deluge of shot and shell was poured upon
+the streets and houses of the town. The few inhabitants who remained in
+the town fled to their cellars and sought to save their lives from the
+storm which was beating their homes to pieces. Many houses were burned
+with all or most of their contents, the result of hot shot, it was
+claimed, thrown from the enemy's guns on the Lacy farm, just opposite the
+town. Among the houses that were burned were the residence of Mr. Reuben
+T. Thom, in which was located the post-office; the Bank of Virginia, where
+the Opera-house now stands, and several other private residences on Main
+street. And yet the worst was still to come.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+    _The great battle--The town sacked by soldiers--A wonderful display of
+    humanity--The Federals recross the river--A great revival of
+    religion--The battle of Chancellorsville--The Wilderness
+    campaign--Citizens arrested--A statement by the Council--The citizens
+    and Federal soldiers release, &c._
+
+
+To those who had a proper idea of the sacrifices made, the sufferings
+endured and the privations experienced by the inhabitants of
+Fredericksburg, up to this period, whether that idea was formed from
+observation, from reading the narratives or from their rehearsals by those
+who experienced them, it might appear that their cup of sorrow was full
+even to overflowing, and from further troubles and trials they might be
+exempted. But not so. Probably the worst was yet to come; but they firmly
+believed that the same patriotic devotion to the cause they had espoused,
+and the same fidelity to principle which enabled them to "bear the
+spoiling of their goods" with composure in the past, would sustain them in
+any additional trials and sacrifices they might have to endure in the
+future. Patriotic, self sacrificing and confiding in the right, they were
+prepared for the worst, and the worst came.
+
+On taking possession of Fredericksburg the Federal soldiers abandoned
+themselves to pillage and destruction. They entered the stores and
+dwellings, forcing their way where force was necessary, rifling them of
+all that they wanted of their contents and destroying those things that
+they could not remove. China and glassware were broken up and scattered
+promiscuously; silverware was carried away, books and family pictures were
+mutilated and destroyed; furniture was cut up or broken up and converted
+into fire-wood, beds, bedclothing and wearing apparel were destroyed or
+carried off, and the residences were left despoiled of their contents. In
+the three days they occupied the town they made the destruction complete.
+But it is a gratification, even to those who suffered by this occupation,
+to know that the commanders were not to blame for the sacking of the town.
+It was the work, so it is asserted, of stragglers and camp followers--the
+most detestable and destructive scabs of an army.
+
+On Friday, the 12th of December, the Union army was drawn up in line of
+battle, prepared to advance. Not less than sixty thousand men were on the
+south bank of the river, with more than a hundred pieces of artillery.
+Near the mouth of Deep Run there were probably as many more ready for the
+final charge. The Confederate army was confronting them in a line
+extending from Fall Hill to Hamilton's Crossing, between six and seven
+miles in length. At one o'clock the heavy batteries on each side opened,
+and for an hour kept up a brilliant duel of shell and round shot. On the
+morning of Saturday, the 13th of December, a dense fog hung over the river
+and the adjoining fields. Under its cover the Federal army advanced. By
+eight o'clock it was in position and the dreadful conflict began.
+
+Line after line of battle advanced on the Confederate position, at the
+stone wall at the foot of Marye's Heights, to be repulsed with great
+slaughter. This was kept up without cessation, charge after charge, as
+rapidly as they could reform the men, from eight o'clock in the morning
+until four o'clock in the afternoon, when one desperate charge, with
+troops _en masse_, was made all along the line in front of the stone wall,
+accompanied by the most terrific fire of artillery. In this last and
+grandest effort, the men, marching to death and destruction through an
+open field, got within twenty-five yards of the stone wall,
+notwithstanding the deadly aim of the Confederate infantry behind it and
+the destructive fire of the artillery on the heights above, so skillfully
+arranged by General E. P. Alexander.
+
+It was a sublime spectacle, and the gallantry of both officers and men won
+the admiration of the commanders on both sides, Lieutenant-General
+Longstreet, on the Confederate side, declaring that such gallant conduct
+deserved success. But success was not to be theirs. The gallant charges of
+the Federals were met with that undaunted coolness and courage so
+characteristic of the Confederate soldier, and a disastrous Federal defeat
+was the result. The fighting was the most desperate that had been
+witnessed up to that time, and the Union loss was very great, being
+nearly fifty per cent. of the numbers engaged. The battle-field was
+covered with the dead, wounded and dying, and it is related by those
+behind the stone wall that all during the night the most piteous groans
+and cries, for water of the wounded could be heard, but no relief could be
+afforded, although the Confederates deeply sympathized with them.[31] Thus
+ended the battle of Fredericksburg, fought, it is claimed, against the
+judgment and advice of every corps commander in the army who refused to
+renew the attack next day, although it was the desire of Gen. Burnside to
+do so.
+
+
+THE FEDERALS RECROSS THE RIVER.
+
+On Monday night, December the 15th, General Burnside withdrew his army
+across the river and removed his pontoons. The citizens returned to their
+houses, to find them stripped of everything that was left in them. What
+could not be carried away was broken up and destroyed. Private residences,
+orphan asylums, church buildings and lodges of benevolent and charitable
+institutions, all fared alike. Not only were the residences of the
+refugees deprived of everything left in them, but the returning citizens
+were without money and food. They were in a destitute condition, and,
+between the two great armies, with no prospect of relief, unless it
+came from friends in the way of a contribution. It was at this critical
+period that the appeal, made but a few days before, brought to them relief
+in the way of money and supplies. The contributions in money amounted to
+$164,169.45, and the provisions were ample to relieve the present needs.
+Thus the wants of the destitute of the town were supplied and untold
+suffering prevented.
+
+[Illustration: Gen. Hugh Mercer's Monument on Washington avenue. (See page
+162)]
+
+[Illustration: Old Stone House near Free Bridge. Supposed to have been a
+tobacco warehouse before the Revolutionary War. (See page 47)]
+
+
+A GREAT REVIVAL OF RELIGION.
+
+From the first of January to the second day of June, 1862, General
+Barksdale's brigade, that had guarded the banks of the river from the
+arrival of the Confederate army at this point to the great battle of the
+13th of December, was quartered in town for picket and provost guard duty.
+About the first of April, 1863, one of the most remarkable and successful
+religious revivals took place here that was known to that generation. The
+dangers and hardships of war were to yield for a time for the comforts of
+religion. The services were commenced in the Presbyterian church by Rev.
+Wm. B. Owens, Dr. J. A. Hackett, Rev. E. McDaniel and Rev. W. T. West,
+chaplains in the brigade, aided by Rev. John L. Pettigrew, then a private
+soldier in Company A, Thirteenth Mississippi regiment, but afterwards
+appointed to a chaplaincy in a North Carolina regiment. Mr. Owens, a
+Methodist minister, had charge of the services, and for some reason the
+meetings were transferred from the Presbyterian church to the Southern
+Methodist church, then standing on the corner of Charles and George
+streets, where Mr. P. V. D. Conway's residence now stands.
+
+The interest in the meetings deepened, their influence spread to the
+adjoining camps,[32] and the congregations became so large that they could
+not find standing room in the building. To accommodate these
+rapidly-increasing crowds, Rev. A. M. Randolph, then rector, tendered the
+use of St. George's church, which was gladly accepted, and the services
+were conducted there until the close of the meeting, in the latter part of
+May. Before the close, this revival attracted the attention of the leading
+ministers of nearly all denominations, many of whom came to the assistance
+of Mr. Owens and his co-workers. Among those who were at times present,
+preached and rendered valuable assistance, were Rev. J. C. Stiles, D. D.,
+Rev. Wm. J. Hoge, D. D., Rev. James D. Coulling, Rev. James A. Duncan, D.
+D., Rev. J. Lansing Burrows, D. D., Rev. Alfred E. Dickinson, D. D., and
+Rev. W. H. Carroll. During the meeting more than five hundred soldiers,
+most of whom belonged to Barksdale's brigade, were converted and united
+with churches of the various Christian denominations.
+
+Of this wonderful religious awakening, Rev. Dr. Wm. J. Hoge wrote to the
+_Southern Presbyterian_ as follows: "We found our soldiers at
+Fredericksburg all alive with animation. A rich blessing had been poured
+upon the labors of Brother Owens, Methodist chaplain in Barksdale's
+brigade. The Rev. Dr. Burrows, of the Baptist church, Richmond, had just
+arrived, expecting to labor with him some days. As I was to stay but one
+night, Dr. Burrows insisted on my preaching. So we had a Presbyterian
+sermon, introduced by Baptist services, under the direction of a Methodist
+chaplain, in an Episcopal church! Was not that a beautiful solution of the
+vexed problem of Christian union?"
+
+Mr. Owens, who worked so faithfully in the great meeting at
+Fredericksburg, endeared himself to all who had the pleasure of attending
+the services. On his return to his Mississippi home, at the close of the
+war, he at once entered upon his work as a travelling minister, and was
+drowned while attempting to cross a swollen stream on horseback,
+endeavoring to reach one of his preaching stations.
+
+
+GENERAL JOHN SEDGWICK TAKES THE TOWN.
+
+_Chancellorsville campaign._
+
+In the Spring of 1863, as soon as the roads began to dry off, the armies
+were put in readiness to move, preparatory to another great battle.
+General Joseph Hooker, known as "Fighting Joe Hooker," had succeeded
+General Ambrose E. Burnside in the command of the Army of the Potomac,
+which he claimed was the finest army on the planet. His desire was to
+reach Richmond, which his predecessors, General McDowell, General
+McClellan, General Pope and General Burnside, had failed to do.
+Accordingly, about the last of April, detaching General John Sedgwick,
+with twenty-two thousand men, to threaten General Lee's rear at
+Fredericksburg, he crossed his army at the several fords of the
+Rappahannock river above town and concentrated it at Chancellorsville. His
+plan seems to have been to turn General Lee's right flank with the forces
+under General Sedgwick, double back his left flank with the corps under
+General Howard, and then, with the forces of General Crouch and General
+Meade, make a bold and desperate dash against the center, crush it and
+capture the entire army of his adversary. This accomplished, Richmond
+would be an easy prey.
+
+But while General Hooker was moving to execute his plans, General Lee had
+the Army of Northern Virginia in motion, and when General Hooker reached
+Chancellorsville he found to his great astonishment, the Confederate army
+in his front and prepared to dispute his advance. Skirmishers were thrown
+out by both armies and soon the engagement of May the 2nd and 3rd
+commenced. On the morning of the 2nd General Stonewall Jackson commenced
+his famous flank movement that has been the study and wonder of military
+men of this and other countries, which resulted in a great disaster to the
+Federal army and a great calamity to the Southern cause. General Hooker
+was badly defeated and driven in haste from the field, but General Jackson
+lay mortally wounded. Of that attack and result we use in substance the
+language of General Lee in his official report of the Battle of
+Chancellorsville.[33] After a long and fatiguing march, General Jackson's
+leading division, under General Rodes, reached old turnpike, about three
+miles in the rear of Chancellorsville, at four in the afternoon. As the
+different divisions arrived they were formed at right angles with the
+road--Rodes in front, Trible's division, under Brigadier-General R. E.
+Colston, in the second, and General A. P. Hill's in the third line.
+
+At six o'clock the advance was ordered. The enemy were taken by surprise
+and fled after a brief resistance. General Rodes's men pushed forward with
+great vigor and enthusiasm, followed closely by the second and third
+lines. Position after position was carried, the guns captured, and every
+effort of the enemy to rally defeated by the impetuous rush of our troops.
+In the ardor of pursuit through the thick and tangled woods, the first and
+second lines at last became mingled and moved on together as one. The
+enemy made a stand at a line of breastworks across the road at the house
+of Melzi Chancellor, but the troops of Rodes and Colston dashed over the
+entrenchments together and the flight and pursuit were resumed and
+continued until our advance was arrested by the abatis in front of the
+line of works near the central position at Chancellorsville.
+
+It was now dark, and General Jackson ordered the third line, under General
+Hill, to advance to the front and relieve the troops of Rodes and Colston,
+who were completely blended, and in such disorder, from their rapid
+advance through intricate woods and over broken ground, that it was
+necessary to reform them. As General Hill's men moved forward, General
+Jackson, with his staff and escort, returning from the extreme front, met
+his skirmishers advancing, and in the obscurity of the night were taken
+for the enemy and fired upon. Captain J. K. Boswell, chief engineer of the
+corps and several others were killed and a number wounded. General Jackson
+himself received a severe injury and was borne from the field. He was
+taken to the Chandler house, at Guiney's station, in Caroline county,
+where, notwithstanding everything possible was done for him that loving
+hearts could do or medical skill could suggest, he died on the 9th of May.
+Amid the sorrow and tears of the Southern people he was laid to rest at
+his home in Lexington, Virginia.
+
+General Jubal A. Early had been left at Fredericksburg to watch General
+Sedgwick, and had been instructed, in the event of the enemy withdrawing
+from his front and moving up the river, to join the main body of the army.
+This order was repeated on the 2nd, but by some mistake General Early was
+directed to move unconditionally. Leaving Hays's brigade and one regiment
+of Barksdale's at Fredericksburg, he moved with the rest of his command
+towards Chancellorsville. As soon as his withdrawal was perceived the
+enemy began to advance, and General Early returned to his original
+position.
+
+The line to be defended by Barksdale's brigade extended from the
+Rappahannock, above Fredericksburg, to the rear of Howison's house, a
+distance of more than two miles. The artillery was posted along the
+heights in rear of the town.
+
+Before dawn on the morning of the 3rd General Barksdale reported to
+General Early that the enemy had occupied Fredericksburg in large force
+and had bridged the Rappahannock river. Hays's brigade was sent to his
+support, and placed on his extreme left, with the exception of one
+regiment, stationed on the right of his line behind the Howison house.
+Seven companies of the Twenty-first Mississippi regiment were posted by
+General Barksdale between the Marye house and the Plank road, the
+Eighteenth and the three other companies of the Twenty-first occupied the
+Telegraph road, behind the stone wall, at the foot of Marye's Hill, the
+two remaining regiments of the brigade being farther to the right on the
+hills near Howison's house. The enemy made a demonstration against the
+extreme right, which was easily repulsed by General Early. Soon afterward
+a column moved from Fredericksburg along the river bank as if to gain the
+heights on the extreme left, which commanded those immediately in rear of
+the town. This attempt was foiled by General Hays and the arrival of
+General Wilcox from Banks's Ford, who deployed a few skirmishers on the
+hill near Dr. Taylor's house and opened on the enemy with a section of
+artillery. Very soon the enemy advanced in large force against Marye's
+Heights and the hills to the right and left. Two assaults were gallantly
+repulsed by Barksdale's men and the artillery. After the second, a flag of
+truce, it was claimed, was sent from the town to obtain permission to
+provide for the wounded, which was granted.
+
+At the end of the truce three heavy lines advanced and renewed the attack.
+They were bravely repulsed on the right and left, but the small force at
+the foot of Marye's Hill, overpowered by more than ten times their
+numbers, was captured after a heroic resistance, and the Heights carried.
+Eight pieces of artillery were taken on Marye's and the adjacent heights.
+The remainder of Barksdale's brigade, together with that of General Hays,
+and the artillery on the right, retired down the Telegraph road. The
+success of the enemy enabled him to threaten Gen. Lee's communications by
+moving down the telegraph road, or gain his rear at Chancellorsville by
+the Plank road. He at first advanced on the Telegraph road, but was
+checked by General Early, who had halted the brigades of Barksdale and
+Hays with the artillery, about two miles from Marye's Hill, and reënforced
+them with three regiments of General John B. Gordon's brigade. The enemy
+then began to advance up the Plank road, his progress being gallantly
+disputed by the brigade of General Cadmus M. Wilcox, who had moved from
+Banks's Ford as rapidly as possible to the assistance of General
+Barksdale, but arrived too late to take part in the action. General Wilcox
+fell back slowly until he reached Salem church, on the Plank road, about
+four miles from Fredericksburg.
+
+Information of the state of affairs in our rear having reached
+Chancellorsville, General McLaws, with his three brigades and one of
+General Anderson's, was ordered to reinforce General Wilcox. He arrived at
+Salem church early in the afternoon, where he found General Wilcox in line
+of battle, with a large force of the enemy--consisting, as was reported,
+of one army corps and part of another, under Major-General Sedgwick--in
+his front. The brigades of General Kershaw and General Wofford were placed
+on the right of General Wilcox and those of Semmes and Mahone on the left.
+The enemy's artillery played vigorously upon our position for some time,
+when his infantry advanced in three strong lines, the attack being
+directed mainly against General Wilcox, but partially involving the
+brigades on his left.
+
+The assault was met with the utmost firmness, and after a fierce struggle
+the first line was repulsed with great slaughter. The second then came
+forward, but immediately broke under the close and deadly fire which it
+encountered, and the whole mass fled in confusion to the rear. They were
+pursued by the brigades of General Wilcox and General Semmes, in the
+direction of Banks's Ford, where the enemy crossed to the Stafford side of
+the river.
+
+The next morning General Early advanced along the Telegraph road and
+recaptured Marye's Heights and the adjacent hills without difficulty.
+General Barksdale's brigade entered the town, to find the enemy gone, with
+the exception of some stragglers who had secreted themselves in cellars
+and elsewhere about town. These were captured and sent to the rear, and
+the brigade took up its former quarters in the town, where it remained
+until the first of June.
+
+After some four weeks of rest and reorganization the army was again put in
+motion, the object of Gen. Lee being the invasion of Pennsylvania. After
+the removal of the army Fredericksburg was left practically without any
+armed troops, and soon relapsed into her usual quiet, so characteristic of
+the place. This condition of things existed until the return of the army
+from its invasion in the Fall, when the town was occasionally visited by
+scouting cavalry from the Confederate army, the main body of the troops
+camping west of Fredericksburg.
+
+
+GEN. GRANT'S ARMY IN POSSESSION.
+
+_The Wilderness Campaign._
+
+With the opening of the Spring of 1864, was inaugurated the most active
+and bloody campaign of the war in Virginia. This battle embraces those of
+Mine Run, the Wilderness, Todd's Tavern, the Po, the Ny and those around
+Spotsylvania Courthouse, in which both armies, the Confederate, under
+General Robert E. Lee, and the Federal, under General Ulysses S. Grant,
+lost heavily. Many thousands of the wounded Federals were sent in
+ambulances and wagons to Fredericksburg, where hospitals were established,
+under the charge of United States surgeons. Every house in the town that
+was at all available was converted into a hospital. Residences, stores,
+churches and lodge rooms were all occupied by the wounded and the surgeons
+were kept busy day and night. As fast as the wounded could be moved they
+were sent north, and others were brought from the battle-fields. This was
+kept up from the time the battles commenced, on the 4th of May, until they
+closed, on the 20th of May, the first batch reaching town with their
+authorized attendants on the 9th of May.
+
+On Sunday, the 8th, a small body of Federal troops, numbering about
+sixty, most of them slightly wounded, came into town. They were armed, and
+the citizens demanded their surrender as prisoners of war. This demand was
+acceded to and they were delivered over to the Confederate military
+authorities at the nearest post from which they were sent to Richmond.
+This action of the citizens was regarded by the Federal authorities as a
+violation of law, and the arrest of an equal number of citizens was
+ordered by the Federals, that they might be held as hostages until these
+Union soldiers were released and returned.
+
+This order caused great consternation in town. No one could foretell the
+fate of those arrested and the worst for them was feared. Many of the male
+citizens sought hiding places, but quite a number made no effort to escape
+or elude the officers, as they did not consider they had done any
+wrong--certainly no intentional wrong--and they were willing to abide the
+consequences until an impartial investigation was made, when they believed
+they would be exonerated from any crime. In the execution of this order,
+sixty-two citizens were arrested and carried to Washington, ten of whom
+were there liberated and the remaining fifty-two were sent to Fort
+Delaware. Afterwards five other citizens were arrested and sent to the
+same prison.
+
+The families of these citizens were almost frantic at being thus deprived
+of their protectors, while the town was overrun by Federal soldiers, many
+of them stragglers, without any one to restrain them, and others brought
+here from the Wilderness and other battle-fields, wounded and dying, their
+groans and shrieks filling the air. No one can imagine the distressing
+scenes enacted in town about this time who did not witness them, or form
+any conception of the terrible ordeal through which these helpless
+families passed save those who shared their privations and sufferings.
+
+The town had been the scene of a bombardment unparalleled; two fearful
+battles had been fought here, with their accompanying destruction of
+property and consumption of food and family supplies; the town had been in
+possession of both armies at different times; therefore these families
+were destitute of food and the comforts of life, and now comes the order
+for the arrest and imprisonment of those whom God had given them to
+protect and provide for them. Notwithstanding the intense excitement of
+the people of the town, and the sufferings and entreaties of the bereaved
+ones, it was thought prudent to defer public action until further
+developments, in the hope that the prisoners would be released and allowed
+to return to their homes.
+
+Having impatiently awaited the release of the prisoners, and their hopes
+not being realized, on the 31st of May a meeting of the Common Council was
+called, and upon assembling the Mayor informed the body that the object of
+the meeting was to take some steps for the relief of those citizens who
+had been arrested and who were then suffering in prison at Fort Delaware.
+A paper was submitted by Mr. Wm. A. Little, which was unanimously adopted,
+looking to their release. As the paper contains the views of the citizens
+of Fredericksburg, with reference to the arrest of the Federal soldiers,
+and also the names of the citizens arrested, it is here copied in full, as
+follows:
+
+    FREDERICKSBURG, VA., May 31st, 1864.
+
+    _To the Honorable James A. Seddon,
+      Secretary of War of the Confederate States,
+        Richmond, Virginia._
+
+    At a meeting of the Mayor and Common Council of Fredericksburg,
+    Virginia, held this 31st of May, 1864, a committee of two citizens, to
+    wit: Montgomery Slaughter and John F. Scott, were appointed to repair
+    to Richmond and present to you the following statement and
+    application.
+
+    _Statement._
+
+    On Sunday, the 8th instant, a number of slightly-wounded and
+    straggling Federal soldiers, who entered the town, many of them with
+    arms in their hands, and with the capacity and intention, we feared,
+    of doing mischief in the way of pillage and injury to our people, who
+    were unprotected by any military force, were arrested by order of our
+    municipal authorities and forwarded to the nearest military post as
+    prisoners of war, under the guard of citizens. These prisoners
+    amounted to about sixty men, of whom but few are said to have been
+    slightly wounded. In retaliation of this act, the provost marshal,
+    under orders from the Secretary of War at Washington, arrested on the
+    20th instant some sixty of our citizens and forwarded them to
+    Washington, to be held as hostages for said prisoners. Ten of the
+    citizens were afterwards released in Washington, and have returned to
+    their homes, leaving some fifty-one citizens still in confinement, who
+    have been sent to the military prison at Fort Delaware.
+
+    In behalf of these unfortunate people, who are thus made to suffer so
+    seriously, and for their suffering families who are thus left without
+    their natural protectors, and many of them without their means of
+    support, we appeal to you to take such steps as may be proper and in
+    accordance with military regulations to return the said prisoners to
+    the Federal authorities and thus secure the release of our citizens.
+    Surely the matter of a few prisoners cannot be allowed to interfere
+    with the humane and generous work of restoring to these desolated
+    homes, and these mourning women and children, the only source of
+    comfort which the fate of war has left them in this war-ravaged and
+    desolated town, the presence of those loved ones who are separated
+    from them and imprisoned at Fort Delaware. The following is a list of
+    the citizens arrested and carried to Washington as aforesaid:
+
+    James H. Bradley, Thomas F. Knox, James McGuire, Councellor Cole,
+    Michael Ames, John G. Hurkamp, John J. Chew, George H. Peyton, Wm. H.
+    Thomas, John D. Elder, who were released at Washington.
+
+    F. B. Chewning, P. B. Rennolds, James B. Marye, George Aler, Charles
+    Mander,[34] Benjamin F. Currell, John L. Knight, Wm. C. Smith, Joseph
+    W. Sener, E. W. Stephens, Charles Cash, Charles B. Waite, Charles G.
+    Waite, Jr., George W. Wroten,[34] Thomas Newton, Robert H. Alexander,
+    Robert Smith, Lucien Love, George F. Sacrey, Henry M. Towles, Landon
+    J. Huffman, Lewis Moore, John T. Evans, Walter Bradshaw, Samuel D.
+    Curtis, Lewis Wrenn, Wm. White, John Solan, George W. Eve, James
+    Mazeen, Abraham Cox, Wm. Brannan, James A. Turner, A. E. Samuel,
+    Tandy Williams, Robert S. Parker, Christopher Reintz, Thomas F.
+    Coleman, Patrick McDonnell, Charles Williams, Wm. Cox, Walter M.
+    Mills, Thomas S. Thornton, John Joyce,[35] John Miner, Richard Hudson,
+    Wm. B. Webb, Alexander Armstrong, Wm. Wiltshire, Gabriel Johnston,
+    George Mullin, William Burke.
+
+[Illustration: Birthplace of Hon. John Forsythe, the brilliant Georgia
+Statesman. (See page 154)]
+
+[Illustration: The "Sentry Box," the home of Gen. Hugh Mercer; now the
+residence of O. D. Foster, Esq. (See page 150)]
+
+The following citizens were arrested subsequently and are still held by
+the Federal authorities: Wm. Lange, Thomas Manuell, Joseph Hall, Wm. W.
+Jones, Wyatt Johnson.
+
+    The committee appointed by the Council proceeded to Richmond and laid
+    the matter before the Secretary of War, and, on their return home,
+    reported to the Council in writing. This report was filed, but was not
+    entered upon the records of the Council, and, from indications as
+    shown by subsequent entries in the Council proceedings, the committee
+    appointed Mr. George H. C. Rowe to visit Washington, interview the
+    Federal authorities and ascertain what could be done. Some of the
+    members of the Council claimed that this action of the committee was
+    without authority, as the appointment should have been made by the
+    Council itself and not by the committee of the Council. This claim
+    was, no doubt, well founded, and the action of the committee may have
+    been a stretch of its authority, but their great anxiety to have these
+    gentlemen released from prison and have them restored to their
+    families and friends, was a sufficient explanation and apology, if
+    such had been needed, for their action, independent of the Council.
+    And furthermore, the propriety of, and authority for, this action of
+    the committee may be explained, if not justified, by the fact that one
+    of the committeemen was the Mayor and executive officer of the town
+    and the other one was a leading member of the Common Council.
+
+    But be that as it may, Mr. Rowe proceeded to Washington, and on his
+    return, on the 20th of June, made a report of his visit to the
+    Council, stating that he was well received by the Federal authorities
+    and was assured by the Secretary of War that the exchange could be
+    effected. Mr. Rowe further stated that the proposition made by the
+    Secretary of War was that the Federal prisoners should be released and
+    placed in his care, and he be permitted to take them through their
+    lines with the assurance that the citizen prisoners would be turned
+    over to him. Mr. Rowe concluded his report as follows:[36]
+
+    "This proposition, it seems to me, obviates all difficulties of
+    misconstruction, and I will undertake the delivery and receipt of the
+    prisoners at Alexandria. It is proper to state that in 1862, I
+    undertook and executed, a similar Commission of exchange of citizens
+    Captured, with success, and thorough satisfaction to our
+    Government,[37] and I am sure with its assent and coöperation as
+    proposed, I will now reap a similar result."
+
+Upon the reception of this report by the Council Mayor Slaughter and Mr.
+Rowe were appointed a commission to visit Richmond and secure the release
+of the Federal prisoners, and, when so released, the commission was
+authorized to do what might be necessary to effect the final exchange. On
+their arrival in Richmond they called on the Confederate authorities and
+stated the terms of agreement, and through their solicitation the
+following order was issued by Colonel Robert Ould, the Confederate
+commissioner of exchange of prisoners:
+
+    "RICHMOND, VA., June 23rd, 1864.
+
+    _Brigadier General M. M. Gardner_--SIR: I will thank you to deliver to
+    M. Slaughter, Mayor of Fredericksburg, fifty-six Federal Soldiers
+    (privates) who are to be exchanged for an equal number of our people,
+    captured in Fredericksburg. I will thank you also to furnish M.
+    Slaughter the necessary guard, &c., for their transportation to
+    Fredericksburg. Please send two or three surgeons with the party.
+
+      Resp'y yr Obt. Sert.,
+        R. OULD, Agt."
+
+The issuance of this order, with the previous assurance of the Federal
+authorities, encouraged and rejoiced the hearts of all interested parties.
+The mourning changed to rejoicing, and nothing now remained to complete
+the joy but the presence of the loved ones, who yet lingered in prison. An
+order was at once issued by the Common Council authorizing Mr. Slaughter
+and Mr. Rowe to procure all the necessary transportation and make proper
+arrangements for the exchange and effect the release of the imprisoned
+citizens as speedily as possible. From the final report, made on the
+subject, it appears that the whole matter of making the exchange of
+prisoners was turned over to Mr. Rowe. On his return from Washington he
+reported the transactions in full to the Council, on the 8th of July, in
+the following words:[38]
+
+    "I have the honor to report that I reached the military lines of the
+    United States in safety with the fifty-six prisoners of war and four
+    civil officers of the so-called State of West Virginia, committed to
+    my charge by the corporation authorities, to be exchanged for the
+    captive citizens of Fredericksburg. After some difficulty in obtaining
+    personal access to the authorities at Washington, and several days'
+    discussion there, I succeeded in closing a negotiation that the
+    Federal prisoners delivered by me should be released from their
+    paroles simultaneously with the delivery of fifty-three captive
+    citizens of Fredericksburg, and seven Confederate prisoners of war, on
+    board of a flag of truce steamer, with transportation to Split Rock,
+    on the Potomac river.
+
+    "In execution of this obligation the Federal authorities delivered to
+    me, on board the Steamer Weycomoke, whence they were landed at Split
+    Rock on yesterday, forty-nine citizens and two prisoners of war,
+    according to the roll which accompanies this report, marked A.[39] The
+    four citizens and five prisoners of war still due, I have solid
+    assurances will be forwarded by the same route at an early day."
+
+    At the conclusion of Mr. Rowe's report, on motion made by Mr. John
+    James Young, the Council unanimously adopted the following resolution:
+
+    "That the thanks of this body be tendered to Mr. Rowe for the
+    energetic and efficient manner in which he has effected the exchange
+    of Federal prisoners for our captive citizens."
+
+Having been set at liberty at Split Rock, on the banks of the Potomac
+river, the march to Fredericksburg was soon commenced. Some few of the
+party, and especially the sick, were fortunate enough to have carriages
+sent for them, some got seats in wagons, but a large majority of them made
+the journey on foot, and were delighted at the privilege of doing so. The
+distance is about twelve miles. It is unnecessary to attempt (for we could
+not if we did) to describe the scene upon the arrival of these unfortunate
+ones to their homes and families. It is sufficient to say they reached
+home in safety amidst the shouts of welcome and the rejoicing of the
+inhabitants of the town, the returned prisoners joining in the refrain,
+bearing testimony to the truth of Payne's declaration, "There's no place
+like home."
+
+The small batch of wounded and straggling Federal soldiers, who were
+arrested by the citizens on the 8th of May, was followed next day and the
+succeeding days, until there were in the different improvised hospitals in
+town about fifteen thousand sick and wounded soldiers. They were attended
+by a large body of surgeons and assistants of every kind, including
+nurses. The native population of the town at this time was small, and
+consisted entirely of women, children and elderly men. Even the colored
+population had become very much reduced.
+
+The sudden increase of the population by the advent of this large number
+of sick and wounded soldiers, and their numerous attendants, caused great
+suffering and distress, and during this occupation by the wounded, the
+suffering, disease and sorrow endured by the people of Fredericksburg were
+greater than any that had previously visited them. But notwithstanding
+this, and notwithstanding the harsh and cruel treatment they received at
+the hands of General Pope and his subordinates, truth demands the record
+and admission that these scenes of horror were greatly mitigated by many
+acts of courtesy and considerate aid on the part of the Federal officers
+stationed here, which even now are kindly remembered and spoken of by many
+of our citizens who were participants in the scenes referred to above.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+    _The Armies Transferred to Richmond and Petersburg--Gen. Lee's
+    surrender--Citizens Return Home--Action of the Council--Fredericksburg
+    Again Under the Old Flag--The Assassination of President Lincoln
+    Denounced and Deplored--Reconstruction Commenced--An Election Set
+    Aside--The Iron-Clad Oath--All Offices Vacated and Strangers
+    Appointed--The Financial Condition of the Town--The Town Again in the
+    Hands of its Citizens--Splendid Financial Showing, &c._
+
+
+At the conclusion of the battles around Spotsylvania, during which time
+Fredericksburg was the base of supplies for the Federal army, the two
+armies moved south and the scenes of war were transferred from
+Fredericksburg to Richmond and Petersburg. From the time the main armies
+moved south to the close of the war Fredericksburg was first in the
+Federal lines and then in the Confederate lines. After the base of
+supplies for the Union army was moved from Fredericksburg to City Point
+about the only troops that visited the town were scouting or raiding
+parties, and be it said to their credit very little damage to property was
+done by them. Communication was kept up all the time with Richmond and the
+citizens were not without hope that the Federal army would be driven back
+and the scenes of war transferred to other parts. But these hopes were
+delusive. General Grant was constantly receiving reinforcements, until he
+had over 200,000 men, by which he was enabled to extend his lines, while
+General Lee's small army, not exceeding 45,000 men, was becoming smaller
+and his lines of battle thinner by reason of casualties, resulting from
+daily engagements with the enemy. In consequence of this he was unable to
+hold his long lines against the vigorous attacks of General Grant.
+
+About the first of April General Lee suffered several reverses on his
+extreme right, which resulted in turning his right flank on the 2nd of
+April. On the morning of the 3rd he commenced the evacuation of Richmond,
+abandoned his entire line in front of Petersburg and retreated in the
+direction of Danville. The overwhelming numbers of Grant against him made
+his retreat very difficult and enabled the Federals to harass him on
+every side. When General Lee reached Burkeville he found the Federals
+between him and Danville, his objective point, and it became necessary for
+him to change the direction of his column. There was but one way open for
+him and that was the road to Lynchburg. But this road was soon closed. At
+the battle of Sailors' Creek, near Farmville, on the 6th of April, the
+Confederates lost over six thousand men and several general officers. From
+the result of this engagement it was plainly seen that the end had come.
+By fighting in the day and marching at night General Lee reached
+Appomattox Courthouse on the 9th, with what few soldiers he had left,
+broken down from hunger and marching, his horses jaded and unable to do
+their work, and his artillery and wagon trains were falling an easy prey
+to the pursuing army. Although the men's courage never failed them, in the
+condition in which Gen. Lee found himself, there was nothing to do but to
+surrender. General Grant had already communicated with him and demanded
+his surrender, upon the ground that he could not longer resist, but he had
+not felt a willingness to yield until the morning of the 9th.
+
+On that eventful morning General Lee opened communication with General
+Grant and invited a conference, to discuss the terms of surrender. They
+met, it is said, under an apple tree and adjourned to the residence of Mr.
+Wilmer McLane,[40] where the terms were agreed upon, written out and
+signed. It was from this building that General Lee mounted old
+Traveller,[41] to return to his lines to announce the sad news to the
+remaining remnant of his once magnificent army. General Hooker declared
+the army of the Potomac, prior to his move to Chancellorsville, "the
+grandest army on the planet," but more than one of the Federal generals of
+high rank, who served in the Army of the Potomac, have since the war
+declared "that for sacrifice, suffering and for fighting qualities the
+world could not surpass the Army of Northern Virginia."
+
+The terms of the surrender were liberal, even generous, and bore testimony
+to the affectionate consideration General Lee had for his men and the
+magnanimity of General Grant to those who had surrendered their arms. It
+was agreed that the officers were to give their individual paroles not to
+take up arms against the Government of the United States until properly
+exchanged, and each company or regimental commander was to sign a similar
+parole for their men. The arms, artillery and public property were to be
+stacked and packed and turned over to a United States officer. The
+officers and men were allowed to take their side arms, private horses and
+baggage and return to their homes unmolested and so remain as long as they
+observed their paroles. In addition to this, at the suggestion of General
+Lee, General Grant furnished the Confederate army with rations, which they
+had been without for several days. It is said that when it became known by
+the advanced lines of the Federal troops and those of the Confederate army
+that the terms of surrender had been signed and peace was at hand, their
+long pent-up feelings gave way in the loudest tumult of rejoicing.
+
+There was no demand made by General Grant for the surrender of General
+Lee's sword, and there was no offer of the surrender of his sword on the
+part of General Lee. The officers were to retain their side arms which
+included the sword. "The number of men paroled was about twenty-six
+thousand, of whom not more than nine thousand had arms in their hands.
+About sixteen thousand small arms were surrendered, one hundred and fifty
+cannon, seventy-one colors, eleven hundred wagons and caissons and four
+thousand horses and mules. The Confederate troops, immediately upon
+receiving their paroles, separated and returned to their homes."[42]
+
+The scene of separation of soldiers and commanders, who had served nearly
+four years together, and who were linked together by the strongest bonds
+of comradeship, not to say of genuine affection, was the saddest and most
+trying that had ever occurred in the past history of the army. Farewells,
+amid tears and audible sobbing of the brave, rough soldiers, were
+exchanged and they parted, never to meet as soldiers, in arms again!
+Before leaving for home, however, and as the last act of the closing
+drama, and the last act of General Lee as the Commander of the Army of
+Northern Virginia, the day following the surrender he issued a farewell
+address.[43] The address was printed on slips of paper and distributed to
+the soldiers, who felt unwilling to leave for their homes until they
+received the parting blessing and loving benediction of their idolized
+commander.
+
+
+FREDERICKSBURG AGAIN UNDER THE STARS AND STRIPES.
+
+The first news of General Lee's surrender received at Fredericksburg came
+from soldiers returning to their desolated homes, and with the sad tidings
+came also the feeling that the fate of the Confederacy was sealed. The
+population of Fredericksburg at this time had been increased by the
+presence of strangers and adventurers. The trade of the town was
+conducted, to a considerable extent, by those who were not permanent
+residents of the town, and there was but little population, business or
+general appearance to remind one of the Fredericksburg of other days.
+
+But what a change in other respects had come over the town as to its
+character and condition! For four years it had been a part of the Southern
+Confederacy, and its devotion to the Southern cause had been demonstrated
+time and again by its sacrifices, sufferings for and contributions to that
+cause. Now the collapse of the Confederacy had come and the town was again
+a part of the United States and subject to its laws. The question was what
+shall be done to place the town in its proper position, and who shall take
+that action? That was the question.
+
+After a conference of the leading citizens of the town it was decided that
+the Council was the only body that could represent the people, and that it
+should be convened to take such steps as might be suggested by the proper
+authorities. This step was deferred, however, until the 27th of April,
+when it was known the Confederate government had ceased to exist, on which
+day the Council was convened, the following members being present: M.
+Slaughter, Mayor; Wm. A. Little, Recorder; Charles Herndon, George
+Gravatt, Joseph W. Sener, Horace B. Hall, Wm. H. Cunningham, Charles S.
+Scott, Beverley T. Gill. John G. Hurkamp, James McGuire, John J. Young,
+Thomas F. Knox, Councilmen. The following paper was submitted and
+unanimously adopted:
+
+    "Whereas, this community finds itself, after four years of disturbing
+    war, all of whose evils and sacrifices they have been called upon to
+    endure, subject to the laws of the United States, and under the
+    control of its authority;
+
+    And whereas, they are satisfied that the war is at an end, and that
+    their interests and duty alike require that they should recognize the
+    situation and submit to said authority and laws, and, as quiet and
+    orderly citizens, acknowledge the powers that be, and endeavor to
+    preserve that character of a law abiding and peaceable community,
+    which it has been their purpose to maintain;
+
+    And whereas further, it is deemed proper that this community should,
+    through their constituted representatives, give expression at this
+    time to those views and communicate the same to the United States
+    authorities, therefore resolved--
+
+    1. That M. Slaughter, Esq., Mayor, be, and he is, hereby appointed a
+    Commissioner to proceed to Richmond and present a copy of these
+    proceedings through General M. R. Patrick to said authority.
+
+    2. Trusting that as the community and State is in no way responsible
+    for the causes which led to the revolution and have already suffered
+    so seriously during its progress, a magnanimous government will be
+    satisfied with the restoration of its authority, and adopt towards us
+    the policy of leniency and reconciliation which will tend with the
+    people of Virginia to restore friendly relations, soften the
+    asperities and heal the wounds of the past, and enable us to resume
+    our former position as peaceful and prosperous citizens of Virginia
+    and the United States.
+
+    Resolved, That the crime of assassination, which has so recently
+    deprived the United States of its President,[44] has, in all ages and
+    countries, received the unqualified detestation of all honorable and
+    civilized communities, and that the perpetrator of this crime deserves
+    the utmost punishment of the law and the condemnation of all upright
+    men."[45]
+
+This action of the Council was Fredericksburg's declaration of her
+allegiance to the United States, and made her a part of the Union, so far
+as that action could make her. She had passed through the fiery furnace of
+suffering and sacrifice since Virginia had withdrawn from the Union, but
+she hesitated to take any action by which her loyalty and devotion to the
+Confederate States could be questioned, and declined to take any steps
+transferring her allegiance to the Union until she knew that the
+Confederate government had disbanded and ceased to exist.
+
+[Illustration: Marye's Heights and section of old Stone Wall. These
+heights were crowded with artillery in the battle of December 13, 1862.
+(See page 91)]
+
+[Illustration: Office of Trustees of the Town from 1727 to 1781;
+constructed into a residence. (See page 153.)]
+
+Fredericksburg had suffered as no other town in the South had suffered and
+had sacrificed her all, yet instead of complaining she showed herself
+grand in her sufferings and glorious in her sacrifices. There clustered
+around her hallowed memories, grand historic events, individual
+achievements, that, with her war record, imparted to her a beauty and
+nobility of character that made her sublime even in her desolation.
+
+As time progressed population increased. The old citizens who had refugeed
+returned to their homes; young and middle-aged men, who had faithfully
+served their country in the army, exchanged their weapons of war for the
+implements of peace, and business began to assume its legitimate channels
+and the old town was well nigh restored to its wonted activity and
+prosperity. The census of 1870, very imperfectly taken, gave
+Fredericksburg at that time a population of about four thousand
+inhabitants.
+
+
+RECONSTRUCTION COMMENCED.
+
+_Virginia Military District No. 1_
+
+The period in Virginia known as Reconstruction, extending from the
+cessation of hostilities, in 1865, to the first day of July, 1870, when
+the officers, elected under the new constitution, assumed their places and
+performed their duties, free of military restraint, was one of deep
+humiliation to the people of Virginia, and especially to the citizens of
+Fredericksburg. Just after the close of the war Virginia appears to have
+been neither a State nor a territory, but was declared to be Military
+District No. 1, and United States army officers were placed in authority
+over her affairs, civil as well as military. It is true that soon after
+the order proclaiming Virginia a military district a provisional governor
+was appointed by the authorities, but he was dominated by the military in
+his administration of affairs of State, and was powerless, it appears, to
+do anything in his office as Governor not sanctioned and approved by the
+commanding military officer.
+
+While the town was in the hands of the civil authorities--the Mayor and
+Common Council, elected at the last election held before the close of the
+war--it was only nominally so. They were powerless to do anything unless
+it met the approval of the military authority. This was plainly shown by a
+communication received from Brigadier-General T. M. Harris, commanding,
+on the first day of August, 1865, addressed to the Mayor. In that
+communication General Harris said:
+
+    "The sanitary condition of your town will, of course, claim the first
+    and earnest attention of your Council. I am desirous of coöperating,
+    so far as I am able, in this matter and desire the coöperation of the
+    city authorities in return. It will be indispensable to have labor,
+    which cannot be procured without money. I would, therefore, suggest
+    that you take into consideration the propriety of levying a small per
+    capita and also property tax for this purpose."
+
+Of course, under the condition of things, a suggestion from the General
+commanding was virtually an order, and it was so understood. Accordingly,
+on the 8th of August, the Common Council was convened by the Mayor, when
+General Harris's communication was laid before it, considered and the
+following tax levied:
+
+"On all real and personal property, fifty cents on the one hundred dollars
+value; on moneys, solvent bonds and securities, except the bonds of the
+corporation, forty cents on the one hundred dollars value; on all capital
+invested or used in any manufacturing business or investment, used or
+employed in any trade or business, twenty-five cents on every one hundred
+dollars; on the moneys and personal property of joint-stock companies,
+forty cents on every one hundred dollars; on every white and colored male
+above twenty-one years of age, two dollars." The same tax was levied for
+1867.
+
+
+AN ELECTION SET ASIDE.
+
+The municipal government that found itself in possession of the town at
+the close of the war continued without any election, or any attempt to
+hold an election, until the Spring of 1867. At that time it seemed to be
+the opinion and desire of the Mayor and Common Council that an election
+should be held and that a full corps of officers for the town should be
+chosen. The only law under which the Council could act and order an
+election was the charter which was in force prior to the war and which
+prescribed that elections for Mayor and Common Council should be held on
+the third Monday in March of each year.
+
+In accordance with this provision of the charter the Council ordered an
+election to be held on the 18th of March, 1867, for the election of a
+Mayor and Common Council, but the question of the qualification of voters
+having arisen, and the Council being unable to decide who were entitled to
+vote under the new order of things, referred the question to General John
+M. Scofield, who was then in command of Military District, No. 1.
+
+General Scofield suspended the election "until the necessary preparations
+can be made to fully and fairly carry out the provisions of the act of
+Congress of March 3rd, 1867, concerning the elective franchise and the
+qualification of officers." On receipt of this order of suspension the
+Council passed the following resolution:
+
+"That in pursuance of said order, the election heretofore advertised to be
+held on Monday, the 18th instant, for Mayor and Common Councilmen, be and
+it is hereby suspended until further orders. And whereas, further, under
+General Orders No. 1, issued from the same headquarters, all officers
+under the existing provisional government of Virginia are continued in
+office for the present, this Council, in accordance with said orders, do
+hereby resolve that the persons at present, discharging the duties
+required by the charter of this corporation, be and they are hereby
+continued in their respective offices until further orders." And there was
+a peculiar significance in the word orders!
+
+
+THE IRON-CLAD OATH.
+
+In April, 1867, the famous order was issued from "Headquarters, Military
+District, No. 1, of the State of Virginia," requiring every officer in the
+Commonwealth, State, municipal and county, to take the oath adopted by
+Congress in 1862, commonly called the test oath, and which was known
+through the South after the close of the war as the Iron-clad oath. This
+order affected every officer in the State, from the Governor down to the
+smallest officer, and it created quite a sensation. The oath was as
+follows:
+
+    "I, --------, of the county of -------- and State of --------, do
+    solemnly swear that I have never voluntarily borne arms against the
+    United States since I have been a citizen thereof; that I have
+    voluntarily given no aid, countenance, counsel or encouragement to
+    persons engaged in hostility thereto; that I have neither sought nor
+    accepted, nor attempted to exercise the functions of any office
+    whatsoever under any authority or pretended authority in hostility to
+    the United States; that I have yielded no voluntary support to any
+    authority, pretended authority or constitution within the United
+    States inimical thereto. So help me God!"
+
+Fredericksburg had no officer serving at that time who could take such an
+oath. Some of the officers had, at some time during the war, been active
+participants on the Confederate side, and those who were too far advanced
+in age to enter the army had sympathized with the Confederate cause and
+had otherwise aided it, therefore every officer, from Mayor down to
+policeman, was removed and their places supplied, in some few instances,
+by residents who took the required oath, but in most instances the
+appointees were strangers and citizens of Northern States, who had floated
+down South in search of some office at the hands of the military
+commander.
+
+The venerable and efficient clerk of the courts, Mr. John James Chew, who
+had held the office for forty years, was removed and an inexperienced and
+inefficient stranger was installed in his place and given the keeping and
+custody of our court papers and records. Many of the appointees of the
+Common Council were men of that class, and were therefore unable to
+conduct the affairs of the town, provide a revenue to meet the running
+expenses and pay the interest on the city bonds.
+
+The Military Council was placed in possession of the city government in
+1867, and conducted public affairs on the revenues brought in by the tax
+bill levied by their predecessors by permission of the commanding general.
+In the latter part of 1867 the creditors of the town were demanding their
+money, and no money was in the treasury. They threatened suits to enforce
+payment of their dues, and in order to meet these obligations, on the 23rd
+of May, 1868, the Military Council passed a tax bill levying a tax of one
+dollar and a quarter on the one hundred dollars value of all real and
+personal property, and on all males over twenty-one years of age a
+capitation tax of three dollars, but the Commissioner of Revenue never
+made up his tax books and the tax was never collected. This state of
+things continued through the year 1869; therefore, when the Common Council
+of the people's own choosing took charge of the city government on the
+first of July, 1870, under the provisions of the new State constitution,
+they found municipal affairs in a wretched condition.
+
+
+THE NEW CHARTER FOR THE CITY.
+
+The new charter for the town, granted under the new State constitution,
+was passed by the Legislature and approved by the Governor on the 23rd of
+March, 1871. It differed very much from the charter under which the town
+was governed before the war, both as to new offices provided for and the
+term of officers. The officers to be elected by the people were one Mayor,
+who should hold his office for two years; twelve Councilmen, who should
+hold for one year; but this was subsequently changed so that six
+Councilmen should be elected from each ward--the town having been divided
+into two wards--and they were to hold office for two years; one City
+Sergeant for a term of two years; one Commissioner of the Revenue for two
+years, which has since been changed to four years, and one City Treasurer
+for three years. Any person who was a qualified voter was eligible to any
+one of the offices named above, and when they were elected and qualified
+they were to "have the powers, perform the duties and be subject to the
+liabilities and responsibilities prescribed by the general laws" of the
+State.
+
+They were not to enter upon their respective duties until they qualified
+before some person authorized to administer oaths, and, in addition to the
+oath of fidelity and the anti-duelling oath, each one had also to swear
+"that I recognize and accept the civil and political equality of all men
+before the law." This was another reminder to us that the "negroes were
+free," and was "intended as the lash to compel Southern courts to
+administer to them justice and to election officers to accord them all the
+privileges at the polls they were allowed."
+
+The Mayor was to preside at the meetings of the Council, give the casting
+vote on questions before that body in case of a tie and act as a justice
+of the peace in civil and criminal matters arising in the corporation. He
+was to have control of the police of the town and appoint special police
+officers when he deemed it necessary; and, in addition to these duties, he
+was empowered to try all offences and controversies arising under the
+ordinances of the town, to impose fines and collect the same, saving to
+the parties the right of appeal when the matter in controversy exceeded
+the sum of ten dollars.
+
+The Council was authorized to establish and regulate markets, to alter or
+improve streets, alleys, sidewalks and bridges, and keep the same in
+order; to provide for the lighting of streets, against accidents by fire;
+to establish fire companies, purchase engines, and to provide wells or
+cisterns for supplying water. It was authorized to prevent and punish, by
+reasonable fines, the practice of discharging fire-arms and running horses
+in the town; to license and regulate shows and other exhibitions, and tax
+them in such manner as may be expedient and lawful; to lay off public
+grounds and provide for and take care of public buildings, grounds and
+cemeteries; to conduct and distribute water into and through the town; to
+adopt rules for its own government and the transaction of its business. It
+was also to define the powers, prescribe the duties and fix the term of
+service and compensation of its own appointees, necessary for conducting
+the affairs of the town, not otherwise provided; to fix the salary of the
+Mayor and all other officers, but no compensation was to be allowed to any
+member of the Council unless he should act as clerk of the body. The
+Council was to make all such by-laws and regulations as it might deem
+necessary, consistent with the constitution and laws of the State, for the
+good government of the town, and to enforce the same by reasonable fines
+and penalties, not exceeding for any one offence the sum of ten dollars.
+
+The Council was authorized to provide a revenue for the town and
+appropriate the same, and for that purpose it was made the duty of the
+Commissioner of the Revenue to make an annual assessment of taxable
+persons and property within the town, such as should be taxable under the
+revenue laws of the State, including dogs and other animals running at
+large.
+
+This was the release of the liberty-loving people of Fredericksburg from
+military bondage and misrule, signed, sealed and delivered, for which they
+rejoiced as did the captive Israelite of old as he again returned from
+bondage to his beloved native land.
+
+
+CITIZENS AGAIN IN CONTROL.
+
+_The Ante Bellum Debt of the Town._
+
+Prior to the war the Council, by direction of the people, given through
+the ballot, had made large appropriations to public improvements, with a
+view of building up the town by retaining the trade of the surrounding
+country, which was threatened by other cities, and by drawing trade from
+other sections of the country that found markets elsewhere. From these
+improvements the hopes of the town were not realized. Some of them
+remained in an unfinished condition, while others had been rendered
+worthless by new lines of railroad that had diverted their business and
+rendered them worthless; yet, the debt owed by the town, by reason of
+these appropriations and other expenditures, amounted to $244,521.48.[46]
+All this debt was hanging over the desolated town and not a dollar's worth
+of property to show for it.
+
+In addition to this loss no provision had been made by former Councils to
+meet the interest on these bonds for the past four or five years, and
+suits had been brought and judgments obtained to enforce payment and other
+suits were threatened. Under judgments and executions obtained against the
+corporation, all property belonging to the town, available, was sold at
+public auction by the officer of the law. Even the chairs in the council
+chamber, in which the members of the Council sat to conduct the public
+business of the town, were sold by the constable at public outcry under
+execution. The members of the Council attended this sale and each one
+purchased his chair, and thereafter the members furnished their own seats
+at the council board, while they legislated for the public good, without
+fee or reward, other than the consciousness of duty nobly done.
+
+The Common Council that took charge of municipal affairs in 1870 had many
+grave and difficult questions to meet and determine. Debts had accumulated
+against the city, while the taxable values had greatly diminished by the
+destruction of property during the war and the emancipation of the slaves.
+A large portion of the inhabitants had recently returned home--the women
+and children from refugeeing and the men from the army--almost penniless,
+to find their homes in ruins or badly damaged and despoiled of what had
+been left in them. Nearly everybody had to commence life anew.
+
+The Council, therefore, had to provide for these debts, and, at the same
+time, not place a burden upon an impoverished people, in the form of
+taxation that they could not bear. It was a trying ordeal, but the members
+were equal to the emergency. That Council was composed of Walker Peyton
+Conway, J. Gordon Wallace, Hugh S. Doggett, George W. Eve, Patrick
+McCracken, Wm. C. Morrison, Joseph W. Sener, John T. Knight, John H. Myer,
+George Gravatt, Thomas Harrison and John James Young.
+
+The finance committee of that Council, which was expected to provide for
+the finances and bring before the Council, for its consideration and
+adoption, such measures as would meet the emergency and not oppress the
+tax-payers, consisted of W. P. Conway, J. Gordon Wallace and Hugh S.
+Doggett. With great diligence they applied themselves to their task. A tax
+bill was formulated and brought before the Council levying a tax, which
+was adopted, and in a short time money was raised, the debts were paid in
+installments until all creditors were paid or satisfactory arrangements
+made with them.
+
+In 1876 the old bonds of the city were funded, by mutual agreement of the
+Council and the bond holders, at sixty-six and two-third cents on the
+dollar, the new bonds to bear seven per cent. interest and run thirty
+years. This was a wise arrangement of the Council, notwithstanding there
+was considerable opposition to it, the opponents of the measure claiming
+that the rate of interest of the new bonds should not exceed six per
+cent., although money was then bringing from ten to twelve per cent., and
+sometimes more than twelve. The amount of bonds issued under this funding
+act amounted to $125,000.
+
+By this arrangement of funding one-third of the principal of the bonds was
+eliminated, the threatened suits for past-due interest were averted, and
+it put the Council in a position to provide for the interest as it should
+fall due, take care of the floating debt, and at the same time reduce the
+rate of taxation, which the tax-payer hailed with delight. Thus the
+delinquencies of the former years were met and provided for, the rate of
+taxation was not oppressive, and the town, being under the control of its
+own citizens, untrammelled by military authority, rapidly moved forward,
+public confidence in its ability to meet its obligations was restored and
+thus municipal affairs were placed in a satisfactory condition. The credit
+of the city is as good at present as any city of the State, and no bonds
+have been funded or sold in the last twelve years at a greater rate of
+interest than four per cent., or at any figure below their face value.
+
+
+PRESENT INDEBTEDNESS, INCLUDING ANTE AND POST BELLUM BONDS.
+
+The bonded indebtedness of the city, and the improvements for which said
+bonds were issued is a matter that concerns every citizen, and for their
+information are here given as of 1908:
+
+  Five per cent. water bonds, issued July 1, 1895, due
+  January 1, 1909, coupons payable January and July 1st           $ 30,000
+
+  Four per cent. gas bonds, issued January 2, 1900, coupons
+  due July and January 2nd, bonds due January 2, 1920               25,000
+
+  Four per cent. bridge bonds, issued July 2, 1900, coupons
+  due January and July 2nd, bonds due July 2, 1920                  25,000
+
+  Four per cent. electric light bonds, issued January 1,
+  1901, coupons due July and January 1st, bonds due January
+  1, 1931                                                           12,000
+
+  Four per cent. sewer bonds, issued April 1, 1901, coupons
+  due October and April 1st, bonds due April 1, 1931                18,000
+
+  Four per cent. street improvement bonds, issued April 1,
+  1901, coupons due October and April 1st, bonds due April
+  1, 1931                                                           20,000
+
+  Four per cent. water and gas bonds, issued April 1, 1905,
+  coupons due October and April 1st, bonds due April 1, 1931        20,000
+
+  Four per cent. gas and water bonds, issued September 1,
+  1905, coupons due September 1st, $5,000 to be paid each
+  year till paid, $5,000 already paid                               20,000
+
+  Four per cent. bonds funding the old 7 per cent. bonds,
+  issued May 1, 1906, coupons due May and November, bonds
+  due May 1, 1936                                                  119,400
+
+  Three bonds of $5,000, due National Bank of Fredericksburg
+  and payable $5,000 on November 1, 1908, and yearly
+  thereafter, bearing 4 per cent. interest                          15,000
+
+  Making the total bonded debt of the town                        $304,400
+
+Many of these public improvements were constructed by the authority of the
+freeholders of the town, by a majority vote cast at special elections
+appointed and held for that purpose; others were constructed by action of
+the City Council under authority granted them by the new constitution
+enlarging the powers and duties of city councils, and appeared to have the
+sanction of a large majority of the tax-payers of the town.
+
+[Illustration: Confederate Cemetery at Fredericksburg. The pyramid of
+stones marks the battle-field at Hamilton's Crossing, between Jackson and
+Meade. (See page 185)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+    _The Courts of Fredericksburg--The Freedman's Bureau--Court Orders and
+    Incidents--First Night Watch--Ministers Qualify to Perform Marriage
+    Ceremony--First Notary Public--Fixing the Value of Bank Notes--Prison
+    Bounds for Debtors--Public Buildings, &c._
+
+
+If every one in this Christian land was a Christian, and was governed by
+the rule laid down and inculcated by the Christ, "whatsoever ye would that
+men should do to you, do ye even so to them," there would have been but
+little, if any, use for courts in this country. But all people are not
+Christians, and all Christians are not governed by that golden rule,
+therefore courts were necessary to punish crime, settle disputes, protect
+the weak against the strong, secure the widow and orphan in their rights,
+enforce provision for the indigent poor, and perform other functions for
+the benefit of society and the well-being of the country.
+
+What courts Fredericksburg had before the Revolutionary war is unknown, as
+no record seems to have been left of them. In all probability the
+successors of Major Lawrence Smith were also authorized to execute martial
+law and hear and determine all questions, as a county court might do,
+until the town was chartered in 1727 and placed in the hands of trustees.
+These trustees had certain powers conferred upon them by act of the House
+of Burgesses, and they were to keep records of their proceedings, but
+these records cannot now be found and quite likely have long ago been
+destroyed.
+
+It may have been possible that the Colonial Governors appointed
+magistrates to hear and determine causes within certain limits and to
+punish petty offences, while causes beyond those limits and felonies were
+heard and determined by the court sitting at Williamsburg. Of this,
+however, we are left to conjecture, as no records are at our command. But
+if this had been the manner of dispensing justice prior to 1781, it
+furnished a pattern for the Virginia Legislature for many years
+thereafter with respect to the town, as is referred to elsewhere.
+
+The first court established in Fredericksburg, that we now have any
+records of, was by an act of the General Assembly of Virginia, passed
+during the session of 1781. At that session Fredericksburg was regularly
+incorporated and given a Common Council and a hustings court, but the
+court did not organize until April 15, 1782. At its organization the
+following justices were present: Charles Mortimer, Wm. McWilliams, James
+Somerville, Charles Dick, Samuel Roddy and John Julien, "the same being
+Mayor, Recorder and Aldermen of the town," elected to their respective
+offices on the 18th day of March, 1782, in the order above named.
+
+This continued as the only court of the town until 1788, when nineteen
+district courts were established in the State by the General Assembly, one
+of which was located at Fredericksburg. These courts were presided over by
+two judges of the General Court, located at Richmond, the number of judges
+of that court having been, by the same act, increased from five to ten
+judges.
+
+This district court was regarded as a very important court, and was
+attended by some of the ablest lawyers in Virginia and adjoining States.
+Edmund Randolph, after he was Governor and twice a Cabinet Minister,[47]
+and also James Monroe, a citizen of this place, after he was Minister to
+England, France and Spain, were attorneys before and practised in this
+court. While attending a session of this court, on the 3rd day of May,
+1798, Governor Randolph published the following card in the _Virginia
+Herald_:
+
+    "My business in the Court of Appeals and High Court of Chancery render
+    it impossible for me to attend _constantly_ the district court holden
+    at this place. I have, therefore, come hither, during the present
+    term, with a hope of finishing almost every cause in which I was
+    employed; and have refused all fees, which have been offered to me in
+    any suits, which I may not try before I leave the town. I am
+    apprehensive, however, that I shall not succeed in concluding
+    everything; and I have accordingly, made the following arrangement:
+    To some of my clients I have personally returned the fees; to all
+    others, where the business has not been absolutely finished, or any
+    step remains to be taken, except to move for the opinion of the court,
+    the fee will be returned on application to John Chew, Esq., clerk of
+    the court, who has been so obliging as to accept from me a list of all
+    my suits, still depending, of the money received, and of their
+    situation. Although the fees are to be returned yet I have obtained
+    the favor of Colonel Monroe,[48] Colonel John Minor and Francis
+    Brooke, Esq.,[49] to attend to these suits, agreeably to the
+    memorandum which I have given each of them, with every paper and
+    information in my power. In two of the cases, which are of peculiar
+    importance, I shall attend myself at a future day; and in all
+    instances, will cheerfully assist with my advice. If required, I will
+    be ready to attend the trial of any particular suits, now or hereafter
+    depending in this court whensoever the business of the Court of
+    Appeals and High Court of Chancery will permit."
+
+This court continued in existence for about twenty years, when, by an act
+of the General Assembly of 1808-9, it was abolished, and a "Circuit Court
+or a Superior Court of Law," was established in its stead. This new court
+was presided over by one of the judges of the General Court, the number of
+judges of that court, it appears, having been increased from ten to
+fifteen, to correspond with the number of circuits established in the
+State. These courts have continued to the present time, with slight
+changes at different periods as to their powers and territory, and are
+presided over by circuit judges.
+
+In the year 1852 the State was divided into ten districts and a court was
+established for each district, known as the District Court of Appeals. The
+court for the Fourth district was located at Fredericksburg, and was held
+up-stairs in the north wing of the present courthouse. This court
+consisted of the judges of the circuit courts constituting the district
+and the judge of the Court of Appeals, elected from this section of the
+State, as president. It was provided that no judge should sit in any
+appeal case sent up from his circuit. This court continued until the
+adoption of what was known as the Underwood Constitution, which failed to
+make provision for district courts.
+
+Prior to 1870 the corporation or hustings court was held by three or more
+justices of the peace, but when the State constitution of that year was
+adopted it raised that court to a higher dignity, its powers and
+jurisdiction were enlarged, and a judge prescribed "who shall be learned
+in the law." Since the establishment of this court it has had five judges
+to preside over it--John M. Herndon, John T. Goolrick, Montgomery
+Slaughter, A. Wellington Wallace, and Alvin T. Embrey. The new State
+constitution abolished all county courts and provided four annual terms of
+the circuit court, which were regarded ample for all purposes. In this
+change in the present constitution Fredericksburg lost her session of the
+circuit court and also her hustings court, but authority was conferred
+upon the City Council to continue the hustings court if it judged it
+necessary, the Legislature to elect the judge, whose term of office was to
+be ten years, and the Council was to pay his salary. In accordance with
+this authority the Council decided to continue the court, and Judge John
+T. Goolrick was elected by the General Assembly to preside over it.
+
+The police court, established by the State constitution of 1870, is held
+by the Mayor of the town, and in his absence by the Recorder, or in his
+absence by any justice of the peace who may be designated by the Mayor for
+that purpose. This court has jurisdiction of misdemeanors and of civil
+cases, where the amount involved is less than one hundred dollars, with
+the right of appeal to the corporation court when the amount in
+controversy is ten dollars or more. After the first of January, 1909, by
+provision of State law, this court will be conducted by a police justice.
+
+
+CIRCUIT COURT.
+
+The new State constitution increased the number of circuits, when the
+county courts were abolished, to twenty-nine, and also increased the terms
+of the court to four annually, in order to enable the judges to do what
+the circuit courts previously did and most of the work formerly allotted
+to the old county courts. In order to do this the duties of the circuit
+clerks were greatly enlarged, that they might do much of the business
+heretofore transacted by the county courts. Fredericksburg is in the
+fifteenth circuit, but no session of the court is held within her borders.
+The circuit consists of five counties--King George, Stafford,
+Spotsylvania, Caroline and Hanover. Our circuit judge is the Hon. John E.
+Mason, who resides most of the time in Fredericksburg.
+
+
+CHANGE IN CITY AFFAIRS.
+
+The same constitution that changed the circuit courts and abolished the
+county courts made many changes also with government of cities and towns.
+In Fredericksburg, divided into two wards as it had been for some years,
+the six Councilmen from each ward were elected at the same time to serve
+two years, the Mayor being the presiding officer of the body. In these
+changes each ward is to elect three Councilmen every two years, who are to
+serve a term of four years, and the presiding officer is to be elected
+from the body of the Council. The present president is William E. Bradley,
+Esq., the first one having been Col. E. D. Cole.
+
+
+THE FREEDMAN'S BUREAU.
+
+The Freedman's Bureau was established in Fredericksburg in 1865. It was an
+unique judicial tribunal, and found its way in our midst by reason of the
+disjointed condition of the country at that time. It was brought into
+being by congressional enactment, to be operated alone in the Southern
+States that had formed the Southern Confederacy, which government had then
+ceased to exist. The geographical divisions in the South were no longer
+States, as heretofore stated, but military districts, designated by
+numbers, and it was the opinion of the Federal authorities, it seems, that
+in the chaotic condition of society and the impotency of our courts, or
+from some other cause, the colored people, who had just been emancipated
+from slavery, would not be justly dealt with by their former owners, hence
+the necessity of this civil-military tribunal.
+
+These Freedman's bureaus were composed of three judges--one an army
+officer and two citizens. In the organization of the bureau in
+Fredericksburg two of the judges were appointed by the commander of the
+military district and the third one was elected by the Common Council.
+Being thus formed it was supposed that all parties brought before the
+court would receive justice. It had original jurisdiction over
+misdemeanors, controversies involving labor and the observance of
+contracts, and appellate jurisdiction from the decisions of magistrates
+and police justices, where the rights of colored people and United States
+soldiers were involved.
+
+The first court of this kind organized in Fredericksburg was composed of
+Major James Johnson, a United States army officer, Major Charles Williams,
+an ardent Union man, and James B. Sener, who was unanimously elected by
+the Common Council "a commissioner on the part of the citizens of the town
+in the Freedman's bureau, about to be organized."[50]
+
+Many absurd and amusing stories were put in circulation about this court,
+and the colored people were variously impressed with its functions and
+purposes, as well as of its powers and jurisdiction. Persons who followed
+the Union army to town, and who professed great friendship for the colored
+people and secured their confidence, told them that one purpose of the
+Freedman's Bureau was to adjust financial matters between ex-slaves and
+their former owners and to remunerate them for labor performed while they
+were in slavery. The money for this purpose was to be made from the
+property of those who owned the slaves and who received the benefit of
+their services.
+
+The most of the colored people believed these, as they did the other
+absurd stories,[51] and it was agreed that a test case should be made in
+Fredericksburg, and if it was decided in favor of the ex-slave that all
+the other ex-slaves should bring similar suits for their ante-bellum
+services. The papers were prepared in such a case by one of the so-called
+lawyers, who made their appearance in our midst in those troublous times,
+one of our colored men being the plaintiff, but it was soon ascertained
+that such a suit would be "laughed out of court," and therefore the matter
+was dropped and nothing more was heard from it. It is said that after this
+the bureau was not popular even with the colored people.
+
+
+COURT ORDERS AND INCIDENTS.
+
+There are many orders made and incidents that happened in the old courts
+that will be of interest to-day, if for no other reason than for their age
+and the fact that they are not practised in our present courts. Among the
+first things that claimed the attention of the hustings court, after its
+organization and appointment of the officers of the court, was to fix the
+rates of charges for the tavern-keepers. This it did on the 20th day of
+May, 1782, entering the following schedule:
+
+"Good West India rum, one pound per gallon; bread, ten shillings; whiskey,
+six; strong beer, four; good West India rum toddy, ten shillings; brandy
+toddy, seven shillings and six pence; rum punch, fifteen shillings; brandy
+punch, twelve; rum grog, six; brandy grog, five. Diet: one meal, one
+shilling and six pence; lodging, one shilling and three pence; "stablidge"
+and hay, two shillings; oats and corn, nine pence per gallon."
+
+Nearly half a century passed before another order in reference to tavern
+rates was made, or recorded if made. It is presumed that the schedule of
+rates made in 1782 was in force until the 10th day of May, 1838, or was
+renewed from time to time, with slight changes. On the 10th of May, 1838,
+another list of prices was adopted by the court, and entered as follows,
+dollars and cents being substituted for pounds and shillings:
+
+Breakfast, 50 cents; dinner, 50; supper, 50; lodging, 25; grain per
+gallon, 12-1/2; "stablage" and hay per night, 25; Madeira wine, per quart,
+1.00; champagne, per quart, 1.50; other wine per quart, 50; French brandy,
+12-1/2 per gill; rum, 12-1/2; gin, 12-1/2; whiskey, 12-1/2; corn per
+gallon, 25.
+
+Another order was made by the court on the first day of March, 1784, when
+it "proceeded to settle the allowances to the officers of the
+corporation." That order gave to the officers their salaries as follows:
+Mr. John Minor, Jr., attorney for the Commonwealth, 2000 pounds of
+tobacco; Henry Armistead, clerk, 1200 pounds; John Legg, sergeant, 1200
+pounds; Henry Armistead, for attending all courts of inquiry, 400 pounds;
+sergeant for same, 570 pounds, and Wm. Jenkins, "gaoler," 364 pounds. For
+several years the salaries of the corporation officers were paid in the
+same manner and in the same currency.
+
+On the 2nd of August, 1784, it was "ordered that the clerk certify that
+this court do recommend Robert Brooke[52] as a person of probity, honesty
+and good demeanor." This recommendation, it is understood, was necessary
+in order for Mr. Brooke to obtain a license from the General Court to
+practise law; and on the 7th of February, 1785, Robert Brooke and Bushrod
+Washington[53] were admitted as practising lawyers before the court.
+
+Henry Armistead, the first clerk of the court, died about the first of
+August, 1787, and on the 6th of August John Chew, Jr., was appointed clerk
+to fill the vacancy. By that appointment we have this remarkable record,
+that from the appointment of John Chew, Jr., on the 6th of August, 1787,
+to the death of Colonel Robert S. Chew, on the 17th of August, 1886, the
+clerkship of the hustings court was in the Chew family, except the short
+time it was held by W. C. Strait under military appointment. It went from
+father to son for the fourth generation, covering a period of ninety-nine
+years and eleven days. These generations served as follows: John Chew,
+Jr., from 1787 to 1806; Robert S. Chew, from 1806 to 1826; John James
+Chew, from 1826 to 1867, and Robert S. Chew, from 1870 to 1886.
+
+On the 27th of February, 1789, we are told that "James Mercer, Esq., Chief
+Justice of the General Court this day in open court took the oath of a
+Judge to the District Court, pursuant to an act of the General Assembly
+entitled an act establishing district courts, and for regulating the
+General Court, which is ordered to be certified accordingly." From this
+entry we learn that James Mercer,[54] a Fredericksburg lawyer, was not
+only the chief justice of the General Court, which was held in Richmond,
+but the judge of the first district court held in Fredericksburg. This
+district court was the first court held in the town having jurisdiction
+over higher crimes than misdemeanors. Before the institution of this court
+all white persons charged with felonies were sent to Richmond for trial by
+the General Court.
+
+From the records of the hustings court it appears that the "Gentlemen
+Justices" for many years after the introduction of United States money
+entered up fines and judgments in pounds, shillings and pence. The clerk
+used dollars and cents in entering up costs as early as 1795, but the
+court did not adopt the American count until about July, 1797. It is also
+noticeable that the clerk in nearly all entries placed the dollar mark
+after the figures, instead of in front of them, according to the present
+custom.
+
+The first intimation that the town needed a watch or police, in addition
+to the town sergeant, is given in an order of the court, entered April 25,
+1801, when it was "ordered that the sergeant of this corporation do
+(within the time limited for the collection of the other taxes in this
+corporation) collect of the housekeepers, within the jurisdiction of this
+court, two per cent. on the amount of their rents, agreeable to the
+assessed value thereof, and that he pay the same to the chamberlain to be
+appropriated to paying a watch to be kept in said corporation, the same
+being this day levied for that purpose."
+
+On March 27, 1802, the grand jury of the corporation presented "as a
+nuisance the numerous obstructions in the streets, particularly in St.
+George street lot, burying the dead in George and Princess Ann streets;
+also the irregular burying in the ground west of and adjoining Prince
+Edward street." The most of the obstructions complained of were on Hanover
+street, west of Princess Ann, and on George street, from Main to the
+river. The burying ground adjoining Prince Edward street about twenty-five
+years ago was converted into Hurkamp park.
+
+The court had been in existence more than twenty-two years before any
+record is found where a minister of the gospel, of any denomination,
+qualified to perform the rites of matrimony. It may have been that the law
+did not require such qualification prior to 1804, and was enacted that
+year. At any rate, the first one to appear before the court was on the
+24th day of December, 1804. On that day "Benj. Essex, having produced to
+the court credentials of his ordination and of his being in regular
+communion with the Methodist Society, and having taken the oath of
+fidelity to the Commonwealth and entered into bond with security according
+to law, a testimonial is granted him to celebrate the rites of matrimony
+according to the forms and customs of the said Methodist church." Similar
+orders were entered by the court for ministers of other denominations as
+they applied to the court. From the record we find they applied as
+follows: Samuel Wilson, of the Presbyterian church, September 22, 1806;
+Samuel Low, of the Episcopal church, September 8, 1808, and Wm. James, of
+the Baptist church, June 13, 1811. So it is found that as early as 1811
+any one could be married in Fredericksburg, according to the customs of
+the Methodist, Presbyterian, Episcopalian and Baptist churches.
+
+On the 24th of December, 1805, John T. Lomax and Carter L. Stevenson
+qualified to practise law in the hustings court. They were two leading
+citizens of the town and served the public long and faithfully. John T.
+Lomax afterwards was made judge of the circuit court and one of the judges
+of the district court. He was also the author of several law books. Mr.
+Stevenson was thirty-five years Commonwealth's attorney in the town,
+holding the office a longer period than any other attorney, before or
+since his day.
+
+The first notary public to qualify in the hustings court was John
+Metcalfe. He was appointed by Governor James Barbour, and on the 12th day
+of November, 1812, came into court and produced his commission as a notary
+public, "whereupon the said John Metcalfe took the oath of fidelity to the
+Commonwealth, and that he will without favor or partiality, honestly,
+intelligently and faithfully discharge the duties of a notary public."
+
+[Illustration: The Baptist Church. (See page 209)]
+
+
+REGULATING THE CURRENCY.
+
+In the early part of the nineteenth century "paper money" superseded
+tobacco and tobacco warehouse receipts as currency, and therefore much of
+it was issued. The notes of the denomination of one dollar, and more, were
+generally designated as bills, while those below one dollar were called
+"shin plasters." At first these notes were issued by States, cities and
+banks, but in a few years incorporated companies, and sometimes
+individuals, issued them. These notes were not always taken at their face
+value, especially when they were found any distance from their place of
+issue.
+
+This being the case, it was difficult for the people to distinguish
+between the good and the doubtful, or to fix the proper rate of discount.
+Therefore the courts took the matter in hand. The question was considered
+and passed upon, for the first time in our courts, on the 14th of March,
+1816, the subject being the difference between the paper currency of
+Virginia and the bank notes of other places, which were found in
+circulation in Fredericksburg. Having properly investigated and reached a
+conclusion, the court declared and entered on record, as follows:
+
+    "It appears to the satisfaction of the court that the chartered bank
+    notes of the District of Columbia, State of North Carolina, and cities
+    of Philadelphia and Baltimore, are current in this town, and it is the
+    opinion of the court that the chartered bank notes of the District of
+    Columbia, when compared with the chartered bank notes of Virginia, are
+    at a depreciation of six per cent.; that the said notes of the cities
+    of Philadelphia and Baltimore are at a depreciation of five per cent.
+    and that the said notes of the State of North Carolina are of equal
+    value with the said notes of Virginia."
+
+A similar declaration was made by the court each year for several years
+thereafter.
+
+On the 10th day of November, 1831, the will of Thomas Seddon[55] was
+admitted to probate. Philip Alexander, John Moncure and Arthur A. Morson
+were appointed and qualified as executors and entered into bond, without
+security, the deceased requesting that none be required, in the sum of
+$240,000, it being the largest bond ever before required by the court.
+Appraisers were appointed by the court to appraise his property in the
+town of Fredericksburg and the counties of Spotsylvania, Stafford, Prince
+William, Culpeper, Fauquier, Shenandoah and Page, and they were ordered to
+make returns to this court.
+
+The court entered the following certificate on its records on the 12th day
+of January, 1832: "The court orders it to be certified that it was proved
+to their satisfaction by the evidence of Francis S. Scott, a witness sworn
+in court, that Major Robert Forsythe, of the Revolutionary army, had two
+children, one of whom, Robert, died under age and unmarried, and the other
+son, John, is now alive, being the Senator in Congress from Georgia."
+
+
+THE POOR DEBTOR'S PRISON BOUNDS.
+
+In the olden times, when some claim that the people were more honest and
+just and the laws more righteous than they are now, a person who failed or
+refused to pay his debts could, by proper process, be placed in "prison
+bounds," and kept there until he exhibited to the court a schedule of his
+property, made under oath. If he had nothing more in the opinion of the
+court, than a reasonable allowance under the law, the court could
+discharge him as a poor debtor from custody. For more than fifty years the
+prison bounds was the square on which the jail is located. The poor debtor
+was allowed the full width of the streets around the square, but was not
+allowed to enter a building on the opposite side. Many distinguished men,
+it is said, have been confined to this central point in the town because
+they were unable at the time to meet their obligations.
+
+In 1840 the court extended the liberty of the poor debtor by enlarging the
+prison bounds to four squares, probably because the law had relaxed its
+hold upon him. He could roam anywhere on those four squares and in the
+streets bounding them, but he could not go beyond the limits without
+being in contempt and becoming liable to additional punishment by the
+court. This order of extension was made on the 11th of June, 1840, and
+recorded as follows:
+
+    "The court doth fix the prison bounds as follows, to-wit: Beginning at
+    the intersection of Caroline and William streets, thence up William to
+    Charles street, thence down Charles street to Hanover street thence
+    down Hanover street to Caroline street, thence up Caroline street to
+    William street, including the footways on each side."
+
+And now having escaped the prison bounds we will visit the public
+buildings of the town and take a peep at them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+    _The Public Buildings--The Jail--Courthouse--Town
+    Hall--Firehouse--School Buildings--Wallace Library--Normal
+    School--Government Building, &c._
+
+
+As it was found necessary to have courts to punish crimes, to settle
+disputes and to enforce law and order in the Commonwealth for the good of
+society, it was also found necessary to have buildings in which to hold
+the courts, to keep their records, and a place to confine criminals until
+they were tried by the courts, and then to punish them after conviction
+for their crimes. Therefore, the act that gave Fredericksburg a name and a
+place among the towns of the country, also gave it the authority, and
+enjoined it as a duty, to erect a courthouse and a jail, which was soon
+done; and it is almost certain that whatever court Fredericksburg had from
+1727, when it was first incorporated, to 1781, when it was chartered by
+the Legislature of Virginia, was held in that courthouse and that the
+criminals were kept and punished in that jail.
+
+When the hustings court was organized its sessions were held in the
+"coffee-house," but as soon as preparations could be made it was held in
+the old town hall, or market-house, on Main street, which appears to have
+had rooms sufficient for all public uses, as it was a favorite resort for
+the "lovers of balls and parties and other public gatherings."
+
+The first thing, however, that claimed the attention of the court was the
+repairing of the "courthouse and common gaol, where criminals could be
+placed and safely kept and in due time brought before the court." The
+first jail erected for the town seems to have been built partly with
+brick, and, from a false notion of economy, was entirely too small, was
+uncomfortable and not fit to keep prisoners in. This was so patent that
+the matter was, at various times, and for several years, brought to the
+attention of the court. Various grand juries, upon examination, had
+reported that it was not a suitable place in which to confine prisoners.
+
+In 1803 a grand jury brought in an indictment against the jail as a
+nuisance, and charged that a colored criminal, who had been confined
+therein, had contracted a disease of which he afterwards died. This
+colored man was arrested, charged with entering a house in the night time
+and stealing goods therefrom, which was a capital offence. He was tried by
+the hustings court, after considerable delay, and sentenced to be hung,
+but was recommended to the mercy of the Governor, who pardoned him.
+
+It was while the colored man was awaiting a trial, and afterwards the
+action of the Governor, that it was claimed he contracted a disease, of
+which he died soon after his liberation. Upon this report of the grand
+jury the court ordered the small, brick jail torn down and a new one of
+stone to be erected in its place. This new building was completed in 1805,
+when Wm. Taylor was appointed by the court and ordered to "sell the brick
+and other materials of the old jail in this corporation on a credit of
+sixty days and make return to this court."
+
+This jail stood on Princess Ann street, just north of the present clerk's
+office, and, long before it was torn down and removed, was "an eye-sore to
+the public," and especially to those who lived in that locality. In 1851,
+when it was decided to build a new courthouse, it was also decided to move
+the jail. This was a joint action of the court and Common Council, and it
+met with serious opposition by many of the tax-payers, on the ground that
+it was a waste of public money, the present jail being all that was
+needed.
+
+But the order was given, and the jail was torn down and rebuilt in rear of
+the courthouse, the public scales, which stood on the spot, to be "moved
+to some more convenient place." The most of the stone in the old jail was
+placed in the new one, but a portion of it was taken for the foundation of
+the fence, which, until some six years ago, enclosed the courthouse yard
+and sustained the wall on George street and in Jail alley. The present
+granite alignment of the courthouse lot is a great improvement on the old
+iron fence.
+
+
+THE COURTHOUSE.
+
+The first courthouse the town had was built on a part of the ground
+occupied by the present building and stood several feet back from the
+street. It was a small, brick structure and very uncomfortable. It is
+supposed to have been the second courthouse built for the town, the first
+having been built soon after the town was laid out. As early as 1820 the
+courts complained of the building they had to occupy and declared that it
+was unsuitable for court purposes. Various requests and complaints were
+made and orders issued to the Common Council by the court, looking to the
+erection of a new and commodious building, but the Council appeared to
+take no action in the matter, except to lay on the table all
+communications from the court on the subject.
+
+It appears that the town and county were joint owners in the jail and
+courthouse, they being public property and the town then being a part of
+the county, and possibly contributed some way to their erection. This may
+account to some extent for the tardiness of the Council in taking action,
+but whether it does or not, the court was not satisfied and did not
+attempt to conceal its displeasure.
+
+Finding its requests and orders disregarded, the court issued an order
+declaring that the Council must build a new courthouse or provide a better
+place for holding court, but even this did not appear to hurry the
+Council, which moved along in its own quiet way. This controversy went on
+for several years, the court requesting, ordering, even threatening,
+without avail. It finally reached a point where it seems to have exhausted
+its patience and determined to assert its authority.
+
+On the 14th of June, 1849, the court being composed of Mayor Semple and
+Justices Wm. H. White and Peter Goolrick, the following order was made and
+entered on the record book:
+
+    "It is ordered, that Thomas B. Barton, John L. Marye, Robert B.
+    Semple, Wm. C. Beale and John J. Chew, who are hereby appointed a
+    committee for that purpose, do examine and report to this court, some
+    plan for the enlargement and repairs or rebuilding of the courthouse
+    for this corporation, for the convenient administration of justice;
+    and the said committee are also requested to examine and report
+    whether any other public building, belonging to this corporation, can
+    be so changed as to answer the above purpose, and to inquire and
+    report the probable cost of such plan or plans as they may approve
+    and report upon, and it is ordered that the justices for this
+    corporation be summoned to attend here at the next court to consider
+    and decide upon said report."
+
+While this order and the appointment of the committee, with its
+instructions, created considerable comment, it did not seem to excite the
+Council or precipitate any action favorable to the proposed building. At
+the next court eight justices were present in answer to the summons issued
+at the last session of the court. Those present were R. B. Semple, Robert
+Dickey, Beverly R. Wellford, Wm. C. Beale, Wm. H. White, Peter Goolrick,
+Wm. Slaughter and Wm. Warren.
+
+The report of the committee appointed at the previous court, was made, and
+the court declared "that in obedience to the act of the General Assembly,
+which requires that courts for the corporations within this Commonwealth
+should cause to be erected one good and convenient courthouse, that it is
+necessary and proper to build a courthouse for this corporation," and the
+report of the committee "having been returned to court, and therewith an
+order from the county court of Spotsylvania, releasing to this court all
+title and interest the said county has to the jail and courthouse, within
+this corporation, and the said lots on which they stand, being considered
+by this court, it is approved and confirmed."
+
+The court then appointed a commission, consisting of Mayor Semple, Beverly
+R. Wellford, Wm. H. White, Thomas B. Barton and John L. Marye, who were
+instructed to contract with some responsible party to erect a good and
+substantial courthouse on lots 42 and 44, or either of them, according to
+the plan submitted to the court, or that plan modified, if it was found
+necessary, the cost not to exceed four thousand dollars. The commission
+was to report from time to time to the court.
+
+This action looked as if the court intended to exhaust its powers or have
+a new courthouse, but a few days' mixing with the people seems to have
+raised a doubt in the minds of the members of the court as to the wisdom
+of their action. At any rate, when the August term came the full corps of
+magistrates was present. A petition, and counter petition of the citizens
+of Fredericksburg, in relation to the action of the court upon the
+subject of rebuilding the courthouse, were severally presented, when, on a
+motion made to rescind the order for building the courthouse and laying a
+levy therefor, the vote stood as follows:
+
+For rescinding, Robert B. Semple, Peter Goolrick, Wm. C. Beale, Robert
+Dicky, 4. Against rescinding, Beverley R. Welford, Wm. H. White, Wm.
+Slaughter, Wm. Warren, 4. The court being divided on the question of
+repealing or enforcing its own order, the subject was dropped so far as
+any action of the court was concerned, and was not again brought up for
+several months.
+
+At the April term, in 1850, however, the court respectfully requested the
+Council to appoint a day to have an election, that the voters might
+express their wishes as to whether or not a levy should be made for the
+purpose of building a courthouse. This paper, although it placed the court
+before the Council in the attitude of an humble suppliant, was read before
+the Council and laid on the table, as all former papers from that source
+had been.
+
+This seems to have ended the efforts of the court to secure a new
+courthouse or the repairing of the old, either by entreaties, threats or
+by the power given it under the acts of the General Assembly. Thus things
+continued for one year, although the question was warmly discussed by the
+citizens, who were very much divided on the subject. An election was to be
+held the following March, and the court, finding itself defeated in all
+former efforts, transferred the question to the people in their selections
+for members of the Council. This was a wise move for the friends of the
+measure. The election was held and a Council in favor of building a new
+courthouse was elected. The eyes of the public were now turned from the
+hustings court to the Common Council which had just been elected. The
+contest was not long delayed.
+
+The election for Councilmen was held on the third Monday in March, 1851,
+and at the meeting, held on the first day of April, Messrs. Thomas B.
+Barton, John James Chew, J. Minor, Wm. Allen and Beverly R. Wellford were
+appointed a committee by the Council to consider the subject of the
+location and erection of a new courthouse and report thereon all matters
+connected with the cost, style and site of said building.
+
+The next meeting of the Council was held on the 26th of April. It was one
+of unusual importance, because the committee on the new courthouse was to
+report, and every member except two was in his seat, and the chamber was
+crowded to its full capacity by citizens, who felt a special interest in
+the subject. The committee was in favor of erecting a new courthouse, and
+therefore reported to the Council plans and specifications for the
+building, drawn by J. B. Benwick, Jr., of Baltimore, giving the style and
+the probable cost at $14,000.
+
+The committee recommended the site of the old courthouse, the removal of
+the jail to the back of the new building and the removal of the clerk's
+office and engine houses. The report was adopted and the committee was
+instructed to contract for the erection of the building inside of the
+estimated cost. This looked as if the Council meant business, and for the
+next three weeks the question was warmly discussed, and the opponents of
+the measure undertook to prevent the great waste of money, as they termed
+it, by petition and other influences. The Council met on the 21st of May
+to receive the report of the committee, appointed to contract for the
+building, and every member was present. The interest was intense and the
+opposition determined.
+
+The committee made its report and the clerk of the Council made this
+record: "A contract with Wm. M. Baggett, for building a new courthouse,
+jail, &c., for the sum of $13,850, together with drawings and
+specifications of said buildings made by James Benwick, architect, and to
+be taken as part of said contract, and a bond executed by said Baggett, J.
+Metcalfe, J. S. Caldwell, and George Aler, in the sum of ten thousand
+dollars, for the faithful performance of said contract, by said Baggett,
+were submitted to the Council by T. B. Barton, chairman of the committee
+appointed for that purpose, for their approval or rejection.
+
+"Whereupon, and before any action was had thereon, Mr. J. M. Whittemore,
+asked and obtained leave to be heard by the Council in support of a
+petition, signed by one hundred and seventy-two of the voters of the
+corporation, remonstrating against the extravagant scheme of pulling down
+the jail and other buildings on the courthouse lot, and praying the
+appointment of a committee of their own board,[56] to contract for the
+erection of a spacious and comfortable courthouse at a cost not exceeding
+six thousand dollars. Said petition was accordingly presented by Mr.
+Whittemore, and, being read, was, on motion, laid on the table.
+
+"On motion, said contract was then approved and confirmed by the following
+vote to-wit: Ayes: F. Slaughter, Joseph Sanford, J. Minor, D. H. Gordon,
+J. Pritchard, L. J. Huffman, B. S. Herndon, Thomas F. Knox, Charles C.
+Wellford and John J. Berrey, 10. Nays: Hugh Scott and Wm. Allen, 2. And it
+was ordered that the Mayor, as evidence of said approval and confirmation,
+do sign an endorsement to that effect on said contract, and cause the
+corporation seal to be affixed thereto, and that said contract together
+with the drawings and specifications, be then delivered to the clerk of
+the hustings court for safe keeping," &c.
+
+After this action was completed the Council appointed Messrs. Thomas B.
+Barton, John James Chew, J. Minor, Wm. Allen and Beverly R. Wellford a
+committee to superintend the entire work and see that it was done
+according to the plans and specifications. And so a question that had
+vexed the people of the town for more than thirty years, and had caused
+considerable friction between the hustings court and the Common Council,
+was settled and the town was to have a new courthouse.
+
+The building was completed in 1852, when the courts and clerks were
+removed to spacious and comfortable quarters, and have remained there to
+the present day. The south wing on the lower floor has been used for fire
+engines until the companies were disbanded prior to the war; but, for
+several years in the past, they have been used for the public schools of
+the city, while the large room on the second floor is used for an armory.
+The vault, for the records and papers of all the courts of the past and
+present, as well as of those of the Common Council, is ample for the
+purpose and absolutely fire-proof. The building is one of the handsomest
+in the State and always attracts the attention of strangers.
+
+[Illustration: "The Lodge" at Mary Washington Monument. Constructed of
+Virginia Granite for Superintendent of Monument and Grounds. (See page
+160)]
+
+[Illustration: The "Wallace Library," now near its completion. The
+building and library a donation by the late Capt. C. Wistar Wallace. (See
+page 145)]
+
+The old courthouse, that was torn down to make room for the new one, was
+provided with a bell for calling the people together. It was used to call
+public meetings, to notify the people of the assembling of the courts,
+and, until another bell was provided for the purpose, to sound the alarms
+for fires. This bell now hangs in the belfry of the present courthouse. It
+was presented to the town by Silas Wood in 1828 and has been on duty more
+than three-quarters of a century. Mr. Wood married a Fredericksburg lady,
+and it is reported that he was a believer in the adage that a fair
+exchange (rather an exchange for the fair) was not robbery; therefore, as
+he had taken one bell (belle) from Fredericksburg he ought to give it
+another in exchange. The bell has this inscription on it: "Revere, Boston.
+Presented to the Corporation of Fredericksburg by Silas Wood, A. D. 1828."
+
+
+MARKET-HOUSE, OR TOWN HALL.
+
+The first market-house, or town hall, Fredericksburg had, of which we have
+any account, either by record or tradition, was located on the west side
+of Main street, just below the present "Market alley." It was constructed
+mainly of brick, and had several rooms in it that were used for the
+courts, the Common Council, balls, sociables, public meetings and lodge
+rooms. The Common Council held its sessions in that building, when it
+organized at the "coffee-house," which no doubt was one of the rooms in
+the market-house, after the rooms were properly fitted up, and continued
+there from 1781 until the building was taken down in 1813.
+
+At what period the market-house was built we do not know, but it was
+certainly prior to 1752, as we have record evidence of its existence at
+that time, and also evidence that it needed repairs, which shows that it
+had been standing for some years. During the Revolutionary war colonial
+troops used a portion of the building for barracks, and it was in this
+house that the great peace ball was given in 1783, which was attended by
+General Washington and his mother. In the year 1813 this old building was
+taken down and the present market-house erected.
+
+While this information was obtained from Benj. Peyton, a very old colored
+man, who died some twenty-five years ago, who assisted in taking down the
+old and erecting the new building, the truth of it is borne out by the
+records. He was a youth at the time, learning the trade of brick mason,
+and was employed on both buildings. The present market-house is a
+substantial, two-story brick building, with market lot in the rear, market
+stalls in the basement and work shops for the city water and gas works. It
+has two wings, which have been at different times used for school rooms
+and printing offices, but are now used, the south wing for the Council
+Chamber and the north wing for the commissioner of revenue and city tax
+collector. The second floor is used by the Washington Guards as a reading
+room. In 1824 the building was brilliantly illuminated and beautifully
+decorated for a grand ball and reception in honor of Gen. Lafayette, who
+was then visiting this country, and passed through Fredericksburg, where
+he remained for several days.
+
+
+THE FIRE-HOUSE.
+
+The substantial brick house for the Fire Department, just south of the
+courthouse, was erected in 1890. It is two stories high, with a belfry on
+the front part of the building. The first floor is used for the reels, the
+hook and ladder truck and other fire apparatus. The belfry, or tower, is
+so constructed that in addition to its holding the fire bell, the fire
+hose can be suspended in it for drying after a fire.
+
+
+SCHOOL BUILDINGS.
+
+At present we have but two school buildings, one at the corner of Main and
+Lewis streets, known as the Union House, and the other at the corner of
+Princess Ann and Wolfe streets. The historical Union House, used by the
+white pupils, was built in the first part of the last century by a Mr.
+Ross for a residence and is quite substantial, being constructed of brick
+and spacious, and is three stories high, with a basement. Mr. Ross was a
+Frenchman, and royally entertained Gen. Lafayette and his retinue when he
+visited Fredericksburg in 1824. Seven grades occupy this building, while
+three grades are provided for elsewhere. The school authorities, in the
+discharge of their duties, have repeatedly called attention of the City
+Council to the fact that this building was inadequate for the rapidly
+increasing school population; that it was constructed for a residence and
+not for school purposes, the rooms being too small for the large number of
+pupils that had to be crowded in them.
+
+A year ago conditions were investigated by the School Committee of the
+City Council (Prof. S. W. Somerville, chairman), which resulted in a
+movement of said committee to provide a suitable building for the schools.
+Soon plans and specifications were drawn and laid before the Council which
+were fully considered and finally adopted, and the committee was
+instructed to advertise for bids, let the contract and have the building
+completed as soon as possible. Work is now progressing on the building,
+which is to be quite a commodious one, with twelve rooms, with all the
+modern improvements as to heating, fire protection, &c. The contract price
+(Mr. E. G. Heflin, contractor, and Mr. Frank P. Stearns, inspector,) is
+$37,700, and the building is to be completed by February 1, 1909.
+
+The only objection that any one could offer against these changes (and no
+one is likely to offer it) is the demolition of the venerable landmark, so
+long known as the Union House and the headquarters of Gen. Lafayette when
+he visited the town for the last time.
+
+The school building at the corner of Princess Ann and Wolfe streets, a
+two-story, brick structure, with four spacious rooms, was constructed for,
+and is occupied by, the colored schools. For years after its construction
+it was found to be large enough to accommodate all the grades of that
+school, but when a grammar department was added this building was found to
+be fully occupied and the high grade had to be provided for elsewhere.
+
+
+THE WALLACE LIBRARY.
+
+By his will Capt. C. Wistar Wallace, a valuable citizen of the town, who
+was born and raised in Fredericksburg, and who died May 20, 1907, left to
+the town, under certain conditions, $15,000 for a public library, which
+was to bear his name. The conditions were that the city was to adopt legal
+papers binding itself to establish said library, within three years of the
+donor's death, as a permanent institution of the city and properly
+maintain the same; that the city was not to expend more than $5,000 of the
+legacy for the purchase of a suitable lot and the erection thereon of a
+suitable library building, and the balance of the legacy was to be
+expended for the purchase of books for the library. These books are to be
+purchased by a board not to exceed five members, to be chosen from time to
+time by the President of the University of Virginia, Washington and Lee,
+Richmond College and Randolph Macon College. In order to make these
+conditions binding upon the city, it was provided that necessary
+legislation should be procured by the General Assembly of Virginia as
+might be necessary to authorize and enable the city to comply with all of
+the conditions of the bequest.
+
+The whole matter having been laid before the City Council and explained by
+the city attorney, Mr. St. Geo. R. Fitzhugh, and discussed, that body
+adopted the following:
+
+[57]Be it resolved, that the city of Fredericksburg, Va., decides to
+establish and maintain a public library to be known as the "Wallace
+Library," and hereby accepts the said bequest of $15,000 upon the
+conditions and according to the terms of said bequest, and hereby binds
+itself to carry out the same.
+
+Under the provisions of the Code of Virginia the duty of appointing the
+board of directors of this library devolved upon Major Thomas P. Wallace,
+Mayor of the town, the Council concurring. The following letter,
+therefore, was communicated to the Council by the Mayor:
+
+"I herewith transmit, in pursuance to the resolution of your honorable
+body, passed at your meeting on the 18th day of July, 1907, the following
+named citizens, who shall constitute the board of directors contemplated
+by your resolutions: St. Geo. R. Fitzhugh, S. J. Quinn, A. T. Embrey, Rev.
+J. W. Roseboro, D. D., James S. Knox, E. D. Cole, A. P. Rowe, B. P. Willis
+and James T. Lowery."
+
+The board of directors organized by the election of Mr. St. Geo. R.
+Fitzhugh, president, and S. J. Quinn, clerk.
+
+The Council and the General Assembly united in permitting the library
+building to be constructed on the courthouse lot, and the board of
+directors authorized the construction of the building to be proceeded with
+at once. It is a two-story house, with basement, and is now nearing
+completion. It is constructed under the direction of Mr. Wm. E. Bradley,
+chairman of the Public Property Committee, Mr. Geo W. Wroten, contractor,
+and Mr. A. M. Garner, inspector.
+
+
+THE NORMAL SCHOOL BUILDING.
+
+In addition to these public buildings the General Assembly has
+appropriated $25,000 and will supplement that with $25,000 additional to
+construct in or near the town a female normal school. The board of
+directors of this institution are now endeavoring to select a site for
+this school, and will likely succeed in the near future. The buildings
+will be commenced next Spring and pushed to completion.
+
+The United States Government has also appropriated money for the erection
+of a very commodious brick building on the corner of Princess Ann and
+Hanover streets. This site has already been purchased by the government
+and will soon be in condition for the brick masons and carpenters. The
+work, however, has been delayed for an additional appropriation, in order
+to enable them to construct such a building as was contemplated by the
+architect of the postoffice department. When the building is completed it
+is to be occupied by the postoffice.
+
+Having inspected the public buildings of the town, and discussed those now
+in course of erection and those which soon will be, we will now visit the
+private historical buildings and take a view of the monument erected by
+the ladies of the country to Mary, the mother of the illustrious
+Washington, and the handsome statue of Gen. Hugh Mercer, recently erected
+by the United States Government, who stands upon his pedestal, sword in
+hand, ready to strike for Liberty and Independence, for Truth and Victory.
+They both stand on Washington avenue.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+    _Ancient and Historical Buildings--Mary Washington Monument--Gen.
+    Mercer's Statue--Mary Washington's Will, &c._
+
+
+In stating that Fredericksburg has more ancient reminiscent and historical
+buildings than any other town of its size in this country, we do not fear
+successful contradiction. Fredericksburg is one of the oldest towns in the
+State and has from its settlement been the center of refinement and
+culture. Here the young men of this section of Virginia were taught and
+imbibed those principles of liberty and justice that made them leaders in
+the movement against oppression, which resulted in our constitutional
+rights and religious liberty. Here they were equipped for all the duties
+of life in whatever station they might be placed. Here was the home and
+birthplace of men who commanded armies, controlled navies, swayed
+statesmen, electrified assemblies, and many of those homes and
+birth-houses are still standing, and it will appear but natural if they
+shall be pointed out and written about by the inhabitants of
+Fredericksburg with patriotic pride. Notwithstanding the quaint
+architecture of many of them, and the ravages of time upon them, they are
+dear to us and are regarded as heirlooms of the town which have witnessed
+the advent and exit of many generations.
+
+Among the oldest houses now in Fredericksburg are the residence of the
+late William A. Little, the Mary Washington House and the Rising Sun
+Hotel. It is impossible to give the order of seniority of these buildings,
+because we have no way of ascertaining when they were built. Mr. Little,
+several years ago, so renewed and extended his residence and adorned it as
+to almost destroy its ancient identity. This old mansion has recently
+passed to Mr. John C. Melville.
+
+The Rising Sun Hotel, located on the west side of Main street, just above
+Fauquier, is one of the oldest buildings now standing. It is of the old
+style of architecture of wooden buildings that prevailed in the first
+settlement of the country, which, notwithstanding its hoary age and
+frequent necessary repairs, has never been changed. In the first of the
+eighteenth century, and even before the Revolutionary war, it was one of
+the leading hotels of the town, and was the stopping place of many of the
+Southern senators, representatives and other dignitaries as they journey
+to and from Washington city.
+
+It is claimed that the eccentric John Randolph, of Roanoke, has more than
+once addressed the people of the town from the steps of this building.
+General George Weedon, long years before he entered the Colonial Army for
+American Independence, kept hotel in this house. Just prior to that war it
+became the property of General Gustavus B. Wallace, a Revolutionary
+patriot, and it has remained in the Wallace family until the death of
+Capt. C. Wistar Wallace, a public spirited citizen, a little over one year
+ago. At his death, May 20, 1907, it became the property of the Society for
+the Preservation of the Antiquities of Virginia, by the provisions of his
+will. The Fredericksburg branch of the society has charge of the building,
+a one and a half story wooden structure, and now has it in good condition
+and open for the inspection of those who would like to live for a short
+time in the far distant past, when Mrs. Livingston was the "doctress and
+coffee-woman" of the town. That society has renovated the building and it
+is now in good repair. It has not been kept as a hotel since the Civil
+war.
+
+The handsome residence erected by Mr. Stannard, on the lot now occupied by
+Mr. George W. Shepherd, was destroyed by fire in the great conflagration
+that occurred here in 1807, which is mentioned elsewhere. The fire
+originated in that house and had made considerable headway before it was
+discovered. In the year 1815 the large, brick residence now standing on
+that lot was erected by Mr. Robert Mackay, a merchant of the town and
+Mayor for two years, from 1817 to 1819. It is said that the cost of
+erecting that building, and beautifying the grounds, was thirty thousand
+dollars, and it so embarassed Mr. Mackay that he never recovered from it.
+
+For a number of years this place was the residence and home of Thomas
+Seddon, a wealthy gentleman, who died there in 1831. As is said elsewhere
+herein, he was the father of James A. Seddon, secretary of War of the
+Confederate States, who, it is claimed by some persons, was born there,
+although his biographers say, and it is substantiated by his relatives,
+that he was born in Falmouth, in Stafford county. It is not disputed,
+however, that Secretary Seddon spent his boyhood days in that building,
+having moved there when he was quite young, but his birthplace is beyond
+doubt as his biographers and relatives state it, as he was born the same
+year this residence was built, and Mr. Mackay occupied it for some years
+before Mr. Seddon moved there.
+
+The old, one and a half story frame house, which stands on the east side
+of Princess Ann street, between Prussia and Wolfe streets, just below
+Shiloh Baptist church (new site), was at one time owned by James Monroe.
+He was elected to a seat in the Legislature, and the law required that
+members of the General Assembly should be owners of real estate. In order
+to make him eligible his uncle gave him a pocket deed to this house and
+lot. This was the first civil office, except that of Common Councilman of
+Fredericksburg, Mr. Monroe ever held. The house at the time stood on a lot
+in the upper part of the town and was without the wings it has at present.
+Mr. Monroe's boarding place was located on the same lot on which now
+stands the handsome residence of Mrs. James H. Bradley. His law office was
+in the row of low, brick buildings, formerly known as the "City Lunch," on
+Charles street, in rear of Colonel E. D. Cole's store.
+
+The "Sentry Box," at the lower end of Main street, was the residence of
+General George Weedon, of Revolutionary fame, and was afterwards owned and
+occupied by Colonel Hugh Mercer, a son of General Hugh Mercer, who was
+killed at the battle of Princeton, and a nephew of General Weedon, to whom
+it was devised by General Weedon. We are unable to state when this house
+was erected or who built it. It is doubtless one of the oldest buildings
+in town. It is a large two-story frame house, with a wide hall through the
+center and overlooks the Rappahannock river. It has been known as the
+"Sentry Box" as far back as the mind of our oldest inhabitant goes, and
+the past generations knew it by that name. Tradition has brought the name
+down to us and we need not stretch our imaginations as to the "why it was
+so called." From the upper story of the southeast end of this stately
+building is a beautiful and unobstructed view of the river for some
+distance, and there sentinels were placed at various times during the
+Revolutionary war, to watch and give the alarm of the approach of the
+enemy. It was thus used for three wars to much advantage to the side with
+which Fredericksburg was in sympathy--the Revolution, as above mentioned,
+the war of 1812 and the Civil war, or the War between the States. Another
+thing that gives the "Sentry Box" additional historical interest is the
+claim that has been made, which may need verification, that in this house
+has been received and entertained every President of the United States
+from George Washington to James Buchanan. The property is now owned and
+occupied by Mr. O. D. Foster, a veteran of the Confederate army.
+
+The splendid two-story brick residence, owned and occupied by Gen. Daniel
+D. Wheeler, of the United States army, on the east side of lower Main
+street, was built by Roger Dixon, a gentleman of means, who owned most of
+the land in the lower end of the town about 1764. A few years after its
+construction Mr. Dixon died, and most, if not all of his property, was
+purchased by Dr. Charles Mortimer. Dr. Mortimer was one of Mary
+Washington's physicians, and tradition has it that the last visit she made
+was to her much-loved physician; that upon her return home she was taken
+down with cancer and after that never left her home.
+
+Of one of the many delightful dinings and balls at this splendid mansion,
+so frequent in that day with the "well to do folks" of Virginia, Mrs.
+Roger A. Prior, in "the Mother of Washington and Her Times" says, "Little
+Maria Mortimer, aged sixteen, was at the Fredericksburg ball. Her father,
+Dr. Charles Mortimer, issued invitations at the ball for a great dinner to
+the distinguished strangers the next day but one, and his wife (Sarah
+Griffin Fauntleroy), being too ill to preside, that honor fell to the
+daughter of the house. The house, an immense pile of English brick, (?)
+still stands on the lower edge of the town, facing Main street, with a
+garden sloping to the river, where Dr. Mortimer's own tobacco ships used
+to run up to discharge their return English cargoes, by a channel long
+since disused and filled up. * * * The table, as little Maria described
+it in after years, groaned with every delicacy of land and water, served
+in massive pewter dishes, polished until they shone again. The chief sat
+beside the master of the house at the long table, although at his own
+house his place was always at the side of the table among his guests.
+Little Maria, 'with her hair cruped high,' was taken in by the Marquis
+Lafayette, or Count d'Estaing, or Count Rochambeau--they were all
+present--and the little lady's heart was in her mouth, she said, although
+she danced with every one of them at the ball--nay, with Bettie Lewis's
+uncle George himself!"
+
+Dr. Mortimer was the first Mayor of Fredericksburg. His remains are buried
+near the center of Hurkamp Park, which was for nearly a century a public
+burying ground. As has been said, he was Mary Washington's physician, but
+not the only one at her late illness, for it is quite certain that Dr.
+Elisha Hall, who was the grandfather of Dr. Horace B. Hall, and who lived
+on the lot now occupied by Dr. J. E. Tompkin's residence, was also one of
+her physicians in her last days. This is shown beyond a doubt by a letter,
+still preserved from Dr. Benjamin Rush, of Philadelphia, to Dr. Elisha
+Hall, his cousin, written July 6, 1789, a short time before Mrs.
+Washington's death. Dr. Hall had written to him for his experience and
+advice for cancer treatment and received the following:
+
+"The respectable age and character of your venerable patient lead me to
+regret that it is not in my power to suggest a remedy for the cure of the
+disorder you have described in her breast. I know nothing of the root you
+mention, found in Carolina and Georgia, but, from a variety of inquiries
+and experiments, I am disposed to believe that there does not exist in the
+vegetable kingdom an antidote to cancers. All the _supposed vegetable_
+remedies I have heard of are compounds of some mineral caustics. The
+arsenic is the most powerful of any of them. It is the basis of Dr.
+Martin's powder. I have used it in many cases with success, but have
+failed in some. From your account of Mrs. Washington's breast I am afraid
+no great good can be expected from the use of it. Perhaps it may cleanse
+it, and thereby retard its spreading. You may try it diluted in water.
+Continue the application of opium and camphor, and wash it frequently with
+a decoction of red clover. Give anodynes, when necessary, and support the
+system with bark and wine. Under this treatment she may live comfortably
+many years, and finally die of old age."
+
+[Illustration: The Dam of the Water Power Co., the Canal emerging from
+left corner furnishes power for town. (See page 329)]
+
+[Illustration: "Meditation Rock," Mary Washington's favorite retreat for
+reading, prayer and meditation. (See page 157)]
+
+The house on the south corner of Prince Edward and Fauquier streets,
+purchased in 1898 by Mrs. Bernice Hart, tradition says, was for over one
+hundred years the clerk's office, and the court records of the trustees of
+the town were kept there. There may have been a court held in that small
+place under the Colonial charter of the town, but not a criminal court
+since that time, as the records show to the contrary. The records of
+courts held here before the War of the Revolution--if any were held
+here--and the record of proceedings of the trustees cannot be found at
+present. The house was a small, one and a half story frame building,
+similar in architecture to the old part of the Mary Washington House. The
+additions made to it in recent years have completely destroyed its
+original form and architecture and have given it a modern appearance. No
+one, of course, knows when it was built, but, judging from its style and
+the material of which it was constructed, it must take its place with the
+oldest of our ancient buildings.
+
+"Federal Hill," on Hanover street, owned and occupied by Mrs. H. Theodore
+Wight, was, in the latter part of the eighteenth and early part of the
+nineteenth centuries, the home of Thomas Reade Rootes, who was one of the
+most distinguished lawyers of his day. His third daughter was Sarah
+Robinson, who married Colonel John A. Cobb, of North Carolina, a son of
+Howell Cobb, of Virginia. Soon after his marriage Colonel Cobb settled in
+Georgia, where were born those two distinguished lawyers and soldiers,
+Howell and Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb. The latter was killed in front of the
+Stevens House, at the foot of Marye's Heights, on the 13th of December,
+1862, it is claimed, by a shell, which was said to have been thrown from a
+gun stationed at Federal Hill, where his mother was born and married. A
+recent writer in a Northern journal, however, claims that General Cobb was
+killed by a shell thrown from the Stafford side of the river. But both
+accounts differ from the report of General Kershaw, who took command of
+the line when General Cobb was wounded. In his report of the battle he
+says General Cobb was killed by a sharp-shooter stationed in one of the
+houses to his left on Hanover street.[58] As General Kershaw was on the
+ground a few minutes after General Cobb was wounded, and saw and talked
+with him after he was wounded, his version is more than likely the correct
+one. No one knows when or by whom Federal Hill was built. At one time the
+property belonged to a gentleman by the name of Lovell, who moved to
+Fauquier county, and it may be he erected the residence.
+
+The old, one and a half story frame building on the corner of Prince
+Edward and Fauquier streets, now owned and occupied by Mrs. Mary Knox
+Moncure, takes its place among the oldest buildings of the town. It was
+the birth-place and home of John Forsythe, who made such a brilliant
+record as a Statesman from Georgia, to which State he moved while a young
+man. His father was Robert Forsythe, a major in the Revolutionary war, who
+died in Fredericksburg early in the nineteenth century.
+
+This house was also said to have been the home of John Dawson, an old
+bachelor, who represented this district in Congress from 1797 to 1814. His
+success at the ballot-box was due as much, perhaps, if not more, to his
+declaring himself a friend to the poor man (a hobby much ridden these days
+by politicians) than to any other one thing. He is said to have created
+quite a sensation in the courthouse in Fredericksburg during one of his
+heated campaigns, which gained him many votes. Political feeling ran high,
+the people were much stirred up, the canvas was exciting and the result
+doubtful. A public meeting had been extensively advertised to take place
+at the courthouse, and the building was early filled to its capacity to
+hear a joint discussion between the Congressional candidates. Mr. Dawson,
+a few minutes late, reached the courthouse, and, finding his way blocked
+by the dense crowd, shouted at the top of his voice from the door--"Make
+way, gentlemen, for the poor man's friend!" All eyes were at once turned
+to the speaker, and, seeing it was John Dawson, the candidate, the crowd
+parted and he was escorted through to the stand, amid thundering applause.
+It is needless to say he was reëlected to Congress.
+
+The old, frame building on the south corner of Main and Amelia streets,
+one and a half stories high, for many years of the first of the nineteenth
+century was occupied by a Mr. Henderson as a store, and was known for more
+than a century as Henderson's corner. It is a very old building and prior
+to the Revolutionary war, while political feeling was almost at fever
+heat, those who opposed resistance to the Mother Country congregated at
+this corner and discussed the "state of the country." This gave it the
+name of "Tory Corner," by which it was known for many years afterwards.
+This was the only building left in the track of the great fire of 1807,
+and has not been used as a storehouse for more than half a century.
+
+The venerable brick mansion, known as "Kenmore," facing Washington avenue,
+and the residence of Clarance Randolph Howard, Esq., was built by Colonel
+Fielding Lewis, a man of great wealth, and who owned a large body of land
+west of the town. The bricks of which the house was built, tradition had
+it, came from England, but that is hardly possible, as elegant bricks were
+manufactured in this country at that time--in the seventeen forties--and
+the best of clay is found in that locality, where signs of a brick-yard
+can now be found. The interior stucco work of this colonial mansion is
+probably equal in workmanship to the best in this country, and is said to
+have been done by expert Englishmen. It has stood for a century and a half
+without repairs, so far as is known, until some fifteen years ago, when
+Mr. Wm. Key Howard gave it some slight touches, which compare favorably
+with the old work. Col. Lewis, for his second wife, selected Miss Bettie
+Washington, sister of Gen. George Washington, and to this beautiful
+mansion she was taken as a bride, and lived there until a few years before
+her death. Col. Lewis was an officer in the Patriot army and commanded a
+division at the Siege of Yorktown, where Cornwallis surrendered and where
+the Seven Years' war ended. He was an ardent patriot, and during the
+Revolutionary war, at one time, superintended the manufacture of arms,
+shells and shot on the north side of the Rappahannock river, just above
+Falmouth. The ruins of the old forge are still to be seen there, and also
+the old prison barracks, where some German prisoners were kept during that
+struggle. The garrison was commanded by Colonel Enever. Colonel Lewis was
+also a magistrate in the town after the war, a member of the City Council
+and represented the county in the Legislature.
+
+He died in December, 1781, and, it is said, is buried under the front
+steps of St. George's Episcopal church. His wife, Bettie, survived him
+sixteen years. In the latter part of her life she went to Culpeper county
+and lived with one of her children, where she died and was buried. Colonel
+Fielding Lewis was the father of Captain Robert Lewis, who was one of
+President Washington's private secretaries, and Mayor of Fredericksburg
+from 1821 to the day of his death, February 11, 1829. Captain Lewis
+delivered the address of welcome to General Lafayette on his visit to the
+town in 1824.
+
+Mary, the mother of Washington, must have lived in Fredericksburg the most
+of her widowhood, which was about forty-six years. Some time after her
+husband's death, on the opposite side of the Rappahannock river, she moved
+into the town, where she brought up her illustrious son George to manhood.
+The dwelling she occupied during that time is now standing on the west
+corner of Charles and Lewis streets. Until some fifteen years ago this old
+residence was owned and occupied by private individuals, but just prior to
+the World's Fair in Chicago a party from that city was negotiating for it,
+with a view of transferring it to Chicago. While a difference of five
+hundred dollars in the price was under consideration some ladies of
+Fredericksburg, who opposed its being disturbed, communicated the
+condition of things to the Society for the Preservation of Virginia
+Antiquities, at Richmond, who at once purchased the property at four
+thousand and five hundred dollars. The Society had the buildings put in
+good repairs and the purchase is considered a valuable addition to the
+possessions of the Society.
+
+It is a plain, substantial, old fashioned one and a half story dwelling,
+of the prevailing order of architecture of that period, and though it has
+been thoroughly overhauled and repaired, the distinctive features of
+architecture and general appearance have been faithfully preserved. Mrs.
+Mary Washington died in the front room of this building in 1789, and was
+buried on a spot which she had selected for her grave there, on a part of
+the Kenmore tract, which belonged to the estate of Colonel Fielding Lewis,
+her son-in-law.
+
+
+THE MARY WASHINGTON MONUMENT.
+
+Within a few steps of the place where Mary, the mother of Washington, was
+buried is a ledge of rocks and a beautiful grove of original oak trees,
+much larger then in area than at present, to which she used often to
+resort for private reading, meditation and prayer. The grave was marked by
+a small, marble slab, appropriately inscribed. About forty-five years
+after her death a stately marble monument, designed to mark her grave and
+perpetuate her memory, was partly constructed by the private munificence
+of Mr. Silas Burrows, a wealthy merchant of New York.
+
+The corner-stone of this proposed monument was laid on the 7th of May,
+1833, with an imposing military and civic display, by Fredericksburg
+Lodge, No. 4, Ancient, Free and Accepted Masons, President Andrew Jackson,
+Past Grand Master of Masons in Tennessee, being present and participating.
+This monument, because of the failure of Mr. Burrows in business, remained
+in a half completed condition for nearly sixty years and was greatly
+mutilated by time and relic hunters.
+
+An appeal for a Congressional appropriation to restore and complete the
+structure by the United States Government, made by a bill, introduced in
+the Forty-third Congress by Hon. James B. Sener, then representing this
+Congressional district, was unsuccessful, notwithstanding his patriotic
+efforts were seconded by a strong appeal of the Mayor and Common Council
+of Fredericksburg and unanimously recommended by a Congressional
+committee, who visited the place, of which Hon. Horace Manard, of
+Tennessee, afterward Post-Master General, was chairman. A similar effort
+was made some years thereafter by Hon. George T. Garrison, representing
+this district in Congress with the same result.
+
+Upon the failure of the efforts of these two members of Congress, aided by
+the city authorities, to secure the completion of the monument by the
+government, came the women's opportunity. They were deeply interested in
+the subject, and cherished an honest pride in having the monument
+completed to perpetuate the memory and virtues of the greatest of American
+women.
+
+In 1889, the centennial year of the death of this venerated lady, an
+association was formed by the devoted and patriotic ladies of
+Fredericksburg, with Mrs. James P. Smith as their leader, who resolved to
+spare no time or effort to raise the necessary money to complete the
+structure, and thus save the grave of this sainted woman from oblivion. A
+systematic correspondence and appeals were commenced, and in a short time,
+mainly, if not altogether, through the influence of the Fredericksburg
+association, a national association was formed in Washington, with Mrs.
+Chief-Justice Waite as president. These two associations coöperating,
+other strong appeals were sent out to the patriotic women of the United
+States, soliciting contributions, and soon money began to flow into the
+treasury of the association, until a sufficient sum was raised to complete
+the work.
+
+A sufficient amount of money being in hand this perplexing question
+arose--should the old monument be renovated and completed, or should it be
+set aside and a new one constructed? This gave rise to considerable
+controversy, because there was quite a division of sentiment, and serious
+results were feared by members of both associations. This difficulty was
+met, however, by an order to have the unfinished monument examined by an
+expert, who, upon a thorough investigation, reported that it was so broken
+and mutilated that it could not be repaired, and so plans for a new
+monument were ordered. The plan submitted by Mr. Wm. J. Crawford, of
+Buffalo, New York, was adopted by the ladies and to him was intrusted the
+work of erecting the monument on the site of the unfinished structure,
+under which the remains of this venerable and venerated woman reposed. The
+monument is a square base, with a solid granite shaft fifty-one and a half
+feet high--total height, fifty-five feet--with the words "Mary, the Mother
+of Washington," in raised letters, cut on the base. The material of the
+old monument was broken up and placed in the foundation of the new one,
+except such of the fluted columns as remained unbroken, which were donated
+to different institutions. One of them was given to Fredericksburg Lodge
+of Masons, of this place, by Mr. Crawford, the architect, which is now in
+the lodge room.
+
+In due time the monument was finished to the satisfaction of both the
+Fredericksburg and Washington associations, which was accepted, and the
+10th of May, 1894, was designated as the time for its dedication. The
+Fredericksburg Masonic Lodge, which had laid the corner-stone of the old
+monument, was invited to conduct the ceremonies of dedicating the new, but
+it gracefully turned that honor over to the Grand Lodge of Virginia, which
+performed the work in good style, escorted and assisted by Lodges No. 4
+and No. 22 of Alexandria.
+
+The day for the dedication of the monument dawned beautiful and clear and
+found everything in readiness for the grand event. Besides the National
+Association being largely represented from Washington, headed by Mrs.
+Waite, there were President Grover Cleveland, with most of his cabinet and
+their wives; Vice-President A. E. Stevenson and lady, Chief-Justice
+Fuller, Justice Harlan, Senators and Representatives, Governor Charles T.
+O'Ferrall and Staff, the volunteer militia from different portions of the
+State, the Grand Lodge of Masons of Virginia, with Fredericksburg Lodge,
+No. 4, and Alexandria-Washington Lodge, No. 22, and distinguished men and
+Masons from different parts of the country.
+
+The streets of the town were thronged with thousands of people from far
+and near, eager and anxious to witness the ceremonies. Never before was
+such a vast number of people seen in Fredericksburg, except at the great
+battle in December, 1862. The dedicatory services were conducted by the
+Grand Lodge of Masons of Virginia, Major Mann Page, Jr., Grand Master,[59]
+which were solemn and impressive. Addresses, appropriate to the occasion,
+were made by Mayor A. P. Rowe, Governor Charles T. O'Ferrall, President
+Grover Cleveland and Mr. Blair Lee, who were followed by Senator John W.
+Daniel, the orator of the occasion.
+
+Fredericksburg Lodge, No. 4, gave a grand banquet at the opera house in
+the afternoon to the Masonic fraternity and several hundred invited
+guests, which was presided over by Judge James B. Sener. On that
+interesting occasion addresses were made by several distinguished guests,
+including President Cleveland, Vice-President Stevenson, Justice Harlan
+and others. The Marine band was present and furnished music of the highest
+order for both the dedication and banquet. Since the monument was finished
+the associations have erected a comfortable granite building on the
+grounds for a residence and office for the custodian of the monument and
+the grounds, and Mrs. John T. Goolrick, a descendant of George Mason,
+occupies that position.
+
+
+MARY WASHINGTON'S WILL.
+
+The last will and testament of Mary Washington has for many years
+attracted general interest, and numerous visitors call at the courthouse
+to inspect and feast their eyes upon the original document. So precious
+does the court regard this relic that an order was made for its
+preservation, and it is now in a case and receives the special attention
+and care of Mr. A. B. Yates, the polite and accommodating clerk of the
+court. The will is in these words:
+
+    "In the name of God, amen. I, Mary Washington, of Fredericksburg, in
+    the county of Spotsylvania, being in good health, but calling to mind
+    the uncertainty of this life and willing to dispose of what remains
+    of my earthly estate, do make and publish this my last will,
+    recommending my soul into the hands of my Creator, hoping for a
+    remission of all my sins through the merits and mediation of Jesus
+    Christ, the Saviour of mankind. I dispose of all my worldly estate as
+    follows:
+
+    Imprimis. I give to my son General George Washington all my lands on
+    Accokeek Run, in the county of Stafford, and also my negro boy,
+    George, to him and his heirs forever; also my best bed, bedstead, and
+    Virginia cloth curtains (the same that stands in my best room), my
+    quilted blue-and-white quilt and my best dressing glass.
+
+    Item. I give and devise to my son, Charles Washington my negro man,
+    Tom, to him and his assigns forever.
+
+    Item. I give and devise to my daughter, Betty Lewis, my phæton and my
+    bay horse.
+
+    Item. I give and devise to my daughter-in-law, Hannah Washington, my
+    purple cloth cloak lined with shay.
+
+    Item. I give and bequeath to my grand son, Corbin Washington my negro
+    wench, old Bet, my riding chair, and two black horses, to him and his
+    assigns forever.
+
+    Item. I give and bequeath to my grand son, Fielding Lewis, my negro
+    man, Frederick, to him and his assigns forever; also eight silver
+    table spoons, half of my crockery ware, and the blue-and-white tea
+    china, with book-case, oval table, one bed, bedstead, one pair sheets,
+    one pair blankets and white cotton counterpane, two table cloths, six
+    red leather chairs, half my pewter, and one half of my iron kitchen
+    furniture.
+
+    Item. I give and devise to my grand son, Lawrence Lewis, my negro
+    wench, Lydia, to him and his assigns forever.
+
+    Item. I give and bequeath to my grand daughter, Betty Carter, my negro
+    woman, little Bet, and her future increase, to her and her assigns
+    forever; also my largest looking glass, my walnut writing desk with
+    drawers, a square dining table, one bed, bedstead, bolster, one
+    pillow, one blanket and pair of sheets, white Virginia cloth
+    counterpane and purple curtains, my red-and-white tea china, tea
+    spoons and the other half of my pewter, crockery-ware, and the
+    remainder of my iron kitchen furniture.
+
+    Item. I give to my grand son, George Washington, my next best dressing
+    glass, one bed, bedstead, bolster, one pillow, one pair sheets, one
+    blanket and counterpane.
+
+    Item. I devise all my wearing apparel to be equally divided between my
+    grand daughters, Betty Carter, Fanny Ball and Milly Washington; but
+    should my daughter, Betty Lewis, fancy any one, two or three articles,
+    she is to have them before a division thereof.
+
+    Lastly. I nominate and appoint my said son, General George Washington,
+    executor of this my will, and as I owe few or no debts, I desire my
+    executor to give no security nor to appraise my estate, but desire the
+    same may be allotted to my devisees with as little trouble and delay
+    as may be, desiring their acceptance thereof as all the token I now
+    have to give them of my love for them.
+
+    In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal this 20th day
+    of May, 1788.
+
+      MARY WASHINGTON.
+
+    Witness _John Ferneyhough_.
+
+    Signed, sealed and published in our presence, and signed by us in the
+    presence of the said Mary Washington, and at her desire.
+
+      J. MERCER,
+      JOSEPH WALKER."
+
+The will was written by Judge James Mercer, first President of the Court
+of Appeals, or "Chief-Justice of the General Court."
+
+
+THE MERCER MONUMENT.
+
+In the year 1906 the government of the United States erected a monument to
+General Hugh Mercer, who was mortally wounded at Princeton, N. J., while
+gallantly leading his men in a charge against the British in 1777. He
+lived one week in great suffering, when he died and was buried near where
+he fell, but afterwards removed to Philadelphia, Pa., where he now sleeps.
+Gen. Mercer was born in Scotland, studied medicine at Aberdeen and
+graduated with high honors. After graduating he soon rose to distinction
+as a surgeon and physician and did much service in the army. He was at
+the battle of Culloden Moor, Scotland, where his party was badly defeated,
+and those not taken prisoners fled to other countries to save their lives.
+Gen. Mercer came to this country and settled in Pennsylvania. He was with
+Gen. Braddock, who was killed at Fort Duquesne, and, being thrown with
+Gen. Washington, became attached to him and came to Fredericksburg "to be
+near him," landing here in 1763. He practised medicine and established a
+drug store at the corner of Main and Amelia streets.[60] Gen. Mercer
+married Isabella Wallace and lived at the "Sentry Box" with Geo. Weedon,
+who married his wife's sister, until the beginning of the Revolutionary
+War. Soon after his death Congress appropriated $5,000 for the erection of
+a monument in this place to his memory, but the matter was overlooked and
+the gratitude of the government for his services was not exhibited to the
+extent of a memorial until the year 1906, one hundred and twenty-nine
+years after his death. In 1905 a bill was passed by Congress appropriating
+$25,000 to erect a monument to perpetuate the memory of the grand
+hero--two-thirds of the interest of the amount appropriated in 1777--and
+he now appears in heroic size, on his pedestal, on Washington avenue, in
+the attitude of a patriot, drawn sword in hand, ready to strike for Home
+and Country--Liberty and Independence.
+
+We naturally uncover our heads while we "behold this friend of
+Washington--this heroic defender of America!"
+
+[Illustration: The Presbyterian Church. (See page 207)]
+
+[Illustration: The Methodist Church. (See page 211)]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+    _Hotels of the Town, old and new--Agricultural Fairs--Ferries and Toll
+    Bridges--Care of the Dependent Poor--City Water Works--City Gas
+    Works--Electric Light--Telephone Company--Fire Department, &c._
+
+
+Fredericksburg, from the time it was first chartered, found itself on the
+main line of travel from North to South and _vice versa_. For this reason
+it was the main point for stopping, if the traveller could reach it even
+by journeying a few hours after dark. As the postoffice department came
+into existence and the mail matter increased, the pony had to give way for
+the small vehicle, and the small vehicle for a larger one, and the larger
+one for the stage, and the one stage for two, three, four and five, for
+Fredericksburg was a great mail distributing office, and the travel to and
+fro, stopping in the town, became immense. This necessitated the
+construction and opening of inns, and so the town became famous for its
+many elegant hotels. This continued until broken up by the rapid transit
+of steamboats and railroads, where the travellers found floating palaces
+and moving cafés. They look not for the hotel in small towns--they have
+their dining cars of eatables and drinkables. But let us not forget the
+village hotel, our former friend "where we slaked our thirst, ate to the
+full," and where we lost ourselves in "balmy sleep, nature's kind
+restorer."
+
+The old time hotels, which have passed out of the memory of the present
+generation, will no doubt prove one of the most interesting chapters of
+this historical sketch of the town. The ground upon which many of them
+stood is now bare or occupied by other buildings, and the names of many of
+their keepers have been lost to the town. A short reference to some of
+these public resorts will probably refresh the minds of the citizens of
+what was at one time one of the principal features of the town, and will
+introduce to the younger generation the names of these hotels and their
+keepers, so intimately associated with the "good old times." For most of
+these references we are indebted to the memory and pen of Mr. Wm. F.
+Farish, who died at Lanhams, Md., a few years since. He was born here
+eighty-four years ago and spent his boyhood days in the town.
+
+Near the present opera house, on Main street, was a hotel and oyster
+house, kept by Mr. Thomas Curtis. This place was headquarters for the
+politicians, and it was there the merits and demerits of candidates were
+discussed and their success or defeat was determined upon. It was what
+would be called to-day the Tammany Hall of Fredericksburg. The beginning
+of the war was the end of this hotel, as it was destroyed during the
+shelling of the town in December, 1862.
+
+The Rappahannock House was located on the east side of Main street, about
+half way between George and Hanover streets. It was kept by Thomas
+Goodwin. The name of this house was afterwards changed to the Shakespeare,
+and was conducted by a Mr. Parker. It was burned down soon after the close
+of the Civil war and store houses were built on the ground it occupied.
+
+The Farmers' Hotel was situated on the west corner of Main and Hanover
+streets, and extended up Hanover street to Jail alley, then known as Hay
+Scales alley. A part of this building is still standing on the corner of
+Hanover street and Jail Alley and is now owned and occupied by Mr. M. E.
+Ferrell, who has changed it into a residence. The main part of the
+building, on the corner of Main and Hanover streets, was burnt many years
+ago. In its stead a large, brick structure has recently been erected,
+called the Enterprise Building, the lower part of which is used for store
+and postoffice and the upper floors for a public hall, sleeping apartments
+and offices. This Farmers' Hotel was regarded as the leading hotel of the
+town in its day, and was headquarters for both stage lines--Extra Billy
+(afterwards Governor and Confederate General) Smith's[61] and Colonel
+Porter's. It was kept at different times by James Young, Wm. E. Bowen,
+Bowen and Ramsay, Turner H. Ramsay, Charles E. Tackett, Peter Goolrick and
+Daniel Bradford.
+
+The Exchange Hotel, so well known and in operation to-day, on the south
+corner of Main and Hanover streets, was built in 1837 by Wm. D. Green. The
+brick work of this building, which was destroyed by fire in 1850, is said
+to have been the handsomest in the State. The front walls were of pressed
+brick, oil finished and were of a beautiful red. The first building had
+three stories and a hall for theatrical purposes, with an entrance on
+Hanover street. This hall was known as "Green's Assembly," and very fine
+companies occupied it, many of them for several nights in succession. The
+present three-story building was commenced soon after the first one was
+burnt, but was not fully completed until after the late Civil war. The
+Exchange was first opened by Mrs. Wm. D. Green and was succeeded by Mrs.
+Fenton Brooke Smith. Since the Civil war it has been conducted
+respectively by W. T. Freaner, Captain George Henry Peyton, Cadmus B.
+Luck, Cotton and Hills, H. B. Tuttle, John Ultz and W. L. Laughlin, who is
+the present landlord.
+
+Just above the Exchange Hotel, on Hanover street, was the Eagle Hotel. It
+has recently been refitted for families and room-renters and is known as
+the "Eagle Flats." The Eagle was very popular in its day and was a
+favorite stopping place for the farmers. It had a very good patronage also
+from passengers on the two stage lines. No hotel has been kept there for
+many years. In its day it was conducted by James Newby, James Cunningham,
+Jesse Pullen, Wm. P. Quisenberry and Wm. H. Murphy.
+
+The Alhambra, on Main street, just below the Exchange Hotel, was first
+kept by James Timberlake, who was succeeded by Samuel Stone, and he by
+Charles F. Barlosius. After the death of Mr. Barlosius, several years ago,
+the house was repaired and remodelled by Capt. Thomas P. Wallace and
+leased to John W. Allison, Jr., who conducted it some time as the Alsonia.
+Some years ago it was purchased by Mr. Michael Long, who conducted it
+until his death. It is now a restaurant.
+
+On the south corner of Main and Charlotte streets stood the Indian Queen
+Hotel. This was a fine, old building, erected probably in colonial times
+for a hotel, with a porch the entire length of the building, with
+colonnade. It was the favorite stopping place for members of Congress and
+other travellers going to and from Washington.[62] The first proprietor of
+the Indian Queen, in the memory of our oldest inhabitant, was Jacob
+Herndon. He was succeeded by James Young, John Gray, Robert Blackburn and
+Mr. Rawlings. The last to occupy it was a Mr. Whiting, and during his
+occupancy, in May 1832, the building was destroyed by fire and was never
+rebuilt. The lot to this large building extended to Princess Ann street,
+and the stage yard and stables were located where the Southern Foundry now
+stands. It was in this building that the statute of religious liberty was
+considered, adopted and written, and it is a matter of great regret that
+the house was destroyed. The committee that produced this wonderful
+document, which is given elsewhere, was composed of Thomas Jefferson,
+George Wythe, Archibald Cary, George Mason and Ludwell Lee.
+
+On the south corner of Main and Frederick streets stood Traveller's Rest,
+a tavern of considerable notoriety and popularity, kept by Jesse Pullen.
+It was headquarters for all circuses and manageries, and was frequented by
+large numbers of laboring men after their day's toil was over. Here were
+talked politics and the general topics of the day by the ward politicians,
+and where they laid schemes to carry elections. The house was destroyed
+some years before the Civil war and the lot remained vacant for nearly
+sixty years.
+
+The Western Hotel was located at the corner of Commerce and Charles
+streets, where Mr. Robert T. Knox and Brother keep store. It was a frame
+building, and the business was conducted first by Thomas Procter, then by
+Walker Lucas, who was succeeded by Mr. Joseph Sanford. Mr. Sanford, some
+years before the war, tore the old frame building down and erected the
+present three and a half story brick structure and changed its name to the
+Planters' Hotel. During the Civil war it was conducted by Mr. Councellor
+Cole, and a short time after the war by a Mr. Mitzell. Since then it has
+not been kept as a hotel.[63]
+
+Liberty Hotel was located on Liberty street, then outside of the corporate
+limits, but now a part of the town. For many years it was kept by Boswell
+Alsop and was headquarters for the sporting men of the town. General Sam
+Houston, after his return from frontier life, spent much of his time at
+this hotel, and quite a number of the leading men of the South, on their
+journeys to and from Washington, made it their stopping place. It is an
+old-fashioned frame house, one story and a half high, of the same style of
+architecture as the Mary Washington house, and shows that both of them
+were built about the same time.
+
+
+AGRICULTURAL FAIRS.
+
+We have no means of ascertaining where the fairs previously referred to
+were held or how long they were continued under the act of 1769, or any
+similar act that might have been passed by the Legislature after Virginia
+became a State. In the first of the nineteenth century an agricultural
+fair was held on the Kenmore farm, near the Kenmore building. The gate
+leading to the grounds was on Lewis street, where it intersects with
+Winchester street. The stock was exhibited on the fair grounds and the
+ladies' department was kept on the upper floor of the present city hall.
+
+At one time Mr. Samuel Gordon, then proprietor of Kenmore, was president
+of the association, who was succeeded by Hon. James M. Garnett, of Essex
+county. It was the custom of this association to have an address by the
+president on the first night of the exhibition on agriculture and stock
+raising, which was one of the main features of the fair, and drew together
+a large number of farmers and others to hear it.
+
+A silver cup, awarded to Mr. Jacob Gore for the best wheat fan exhibited
+at one of these fairs, is now in possession of Police Officer Charles A.
+Gore, a grandson of Mr. Jacob Gore. It is in a good state of preservation,
+the inscription on it being "Presented by the Fredericksburg Agricultural
+Society, 1823." On the left of the inscription is a wheat fan, beautifully
+engraved, near which is the letter J, which stands for Jacob, and on the
+right is another fan, near which is the letter G, standing for Gore. We do
+not know when these annual fairs ceased.
+
+About the year 1850, possibly a little earlier, fair grounds were laid out
+on Green House Hill, covering most of that part of the town where Prof. A.
+B. Bowering now lives. A Mr. White, of Caroline county, was the first
+president, Mr. W. N. Wellford succeeding him to that office. The first
+steam engine for threshing wheat ever seen in this country was exhibited
+at one of these fairs by the Hope Foundry, of this place, then operated by
+Messrs. Scott and Herndon. It was constructed by Mr. Benjamin Bowering,
+foreman of the works. A committee of farmers was appointed to examine it
+and report upon its merits. After witnessing its work the committee
+condemned it, because "it would burn all the wheat up." Fairs were held on
+these grounds about three years.
+
+A year or so after the Green House Hill fair grounds were closed, the
+grounds on which Major W. S. Embrey now lives and those in front of him
+for some distance east of Spotswood street were purchased and converted
+into fair grounds. Very successful fairs were held there until the
+commencement of the Civil war, when they were closed. The last fair held
+on these grounds was in 1860, only a few months before hostilities
+actually commenced. At one time Major J. Horace Lacy was president of this
+society and Major J. Harrison Kelly was secretary.
+
+After the closing of the fair grounds, in 1860, Fredericksburg had no
+other fair for twenty-five years. In 1887 steps were taken by the citizens
+of the town to inaugurate annual fairs. A charter for a society was
+obtained, stock was subscribed for and the Amaret farm, on the Fall Hill
+road west of the town and bordering on the Rappahannock river, was
+purchased and converted into excellent fair grounds. The society
+inaugurating these fairs is known as the Rappahannock Valley Agricultural
+and Mechanical Society, and its annual fairs have been a great success.
+The presidents of the society from its organization have been Hon. A. P.
+Rowe, of Fredericksburg; Charles Pierson, Esq., of Caroline county; Hon.
+S. Wellford Corbin, of King George county; Mr. Oliver Eastburn, of
+Spotsylvania county; Frank W. Smith, of Spotsylvania county; Captain
+Terence McCracken, of Fredericksburg; Colonel E. Dorsey Cole, of
+Fredericksburg; Capt. M. B. Rowe, of Spotsylvania; Chas. H. Hurkamp, of
+Stafford; Henry Dannehl, of Fredericksburg, and Thomas F. Morrison, of
+Spotsylvania.
+
+
+FERRIES AND TOLL BRIDGES.
+
+The first ferry across the Rappahannock river, provided by law, was an act
+of the House of Burgesses passed in 1748. This act provided for a ferry
+from the Fredericksburg warehouse, where the tobacco was deposited and
+inspected by public, bonded inspectors, to the land of Anthony Strother,
+on the Stafford side of the river. The charge for a horse, which seems to
+have been the only one regulated by law, was fixed at three pence. In the
+year 1796 a petition was presented to the General Assembly of Virginia for
+leave to build a toll-bridge across the Rappahannock river from the lower
+line of the land of William Fitzhugh, of Chatham. The Legislature granted
+the request and Mr. Fitzhugh built the bridge, which was kept open for the
+public travel as a toll-bridge until 1889.
+
+This bridge has been destroyed several times, some times by floods and at
+other times by fire, and has been rebuilt, but the dates of its
+destruction have passed from the minds of our oldest citizens. The only
+dates that can be given, with anything like accuracy, are, that in 1820 it
+was destroyed by a great flood, in 1861 by fire, in accordance with
+military orders, and in 1889 by another great flood. In 1890 the city
+purchased the site and constructed the present iron bridge, which is about
+one thousand feet long. On its completion it was opened to free travel and
+has been continued such to the present time. It was at first a toll-bridge
+and owned by private parties for nearly a century, and yet so far as we
+can discover there have been but three owners up to the time it was
+purchased by the city. These three were William Fitzhugh, Esq., Judge John
+Coulter and Charles S. Scott.
+
+Near the beginning of the nineteenth century a covered bridge spanned the
+river at the foot of Wolfe street, landing on the farm on the opposite
+side of the Rappahannock. The farm was then owned by a Mr. Thompson. No
+one knows when this bridge was built or to whom it belonged. It was known
+as the Stafford bridge, as the one above it was known as the Chatham
+bridge, until it was purchased by Mr. Scott, after which it was known as
+Scott's bridge. The two bridges were destroyed in the flood of 1820 and
+the Stafford bridge was never rebuilt.
+
+
+CARE OF THE DEPENDENT POOR.
+
+The first move made by the Common Council, or any other town organization,
+to provide for the dependent poor of the town was on the 25th of January,
+1805, when the hustings court appointed five commissioners--Elisha
+Thatcher, James Smock, Wm. Benson, Benjamin Botts and Wm. Taylor--to
+"enquire into the probable and comparative expense of erecting or renting
+a poor and work house for the reception of the poor of the corporation,
+and ascertain the probable salary of a steward for such poor and work
+house and the annual expense of supporting the same."
+
+These commissioners were empowered to receive propositions from persons
+desiring to rent suitable houses for the purpose, and to ascertain who
+would be willing to act as steward and report at the next session of the
+court. The report was submitted at the March term of the court and was
+approved and filed; when another commission was appointed, with Dr. George
+French as chairman, to "rent a house for a term of one or more years," at
+a cost not exceeding fifty pounds, and John F. Gaullier was appointed
+steward of the poor and work house.
+
+The steward was to be "allowed a salary at the rate of one hundred and
+fifty dollars per annum, with two rooms and so much provisions as may be
+necessary for himself and family," which should not exceed three in
+number. He was to be at his post at all times to receive the poor into the
+poor and work house, to "treat them with tenderness and humanity, but at
+the same time to make them work." For the better government of the
+institution five inspectors were appointed by the court, consisting of
+George French, from the lower end of the town to Wolfe street; James
+Brown, from Wolfe to Hanover street; James Smock, from Hanover to William
+street; Stephen Winchester, from William to Lewis street, and Wm. Taylor,
+from Lewis street to the upper end of town. From the record it appears
+that John Minor was appointed inspector for the town at large.
+
+The inspectors were instructed to place all the poor in the poor and work
+house and to "advertise a request to the inhabitants to assist no poor
+person residing in town, lest imposition and idleness be encouraged." This
+manner of providing for the poor seems to have been continued to the
+beginning of the Civil war, and, in addition to looking after the steward
+and the inmates of the poor and work house, the inspectors (more
+frequently recorded overseers of the poor), were to bind out all orphans
+who had no one to look after and provide for them.
+
+[Illustration: The Exchange Hotel. (See page 166)]
+
+[Illustration: The Fredericksburg College. (See page 198)]
+
+It is not stated in what part of the town the first poor house was
+located, but for many years before the Civil war it was located on the
+Lang property, near Gunnery spring, and afterwards the poor were quartered
+in a brick house near the western limit of Princess Elizabeth street,
+which was rented for the purpose and which is now owned by the Richmond,
+Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad Company.
+
+After the war, for about eighteen years, the poor were maintained at the
+private houses, with such families as would agree to take them. In some
+instances the town paid rent for the houses for the families who would
+take one of the poor, and in others a stipulated amount per month for
+their maintenance. This manner of providing for the poor caused much
+complaint, both from the city and its dependents. The city authorities
+charged that the cost per capita was entirely too much, running annually
+in the aggregate from two to three thousand dollars, and the poor
+complained that they were neglected in both food and clothing.
+
+But the overseer of the poor (the number having been reduced from five to
+one under the city ordinances) aided and assisted by a committee of three
+from the Common Council, could do no better with the facilities at his
+disposal, and while the subject continued to be discussed the Council had
+been slow in making any change. This inaction, however, was not because
+the citizens did not favor providing better methods for taking care of the
+poor, because the public favored it, and the necessity was recognized, but
+because no member felt willing to take the lead in such a movement.
+
+In the Fall of 1882 a case of small pox broke out in town, and, strange as
+it may appear, it caused the erection of the present almshouse. The small
+pox case occurred near the corner of Princess Ann and Frederick streets.
+The citizens in that part of the town became greatly alarmed and a
+stampede was threatened. An extra session of the Common Council was called
+in haste, to make arrangements for the removal of the patient (a colored
+man) to some isolated place. The Council met and discussed the matter, but
+it was found that there was no place to which he could be moved. The town
+owned no land where a temporary hospital could be erected, and land
+owners declined to rent to the city, for spreading a tent or for erecting
+a temporary hospital.
+
+In this condition of things the economy of having an almshouse, in which
+to keep the poor, entered very largely into the discussion, and the result
+was the farm and residence of Mr. Frank Beckwith, on the hill about half a
+mile west of the town, was purchased for seventeen hundred dollars. The
+small pox patient, to the great delight of the citizens in the lower end
+of town, was at once sent to that place and the excitement subsided.
+
+The following year the residence on the farm was greatly enlarged and a
+commodious department for the colored poor was built, under the direction
+of the Committee on Poor of the Common Council, consisting of Messrs. S.
+J. Quinn, E. D. Cole and M. B. Rowe, and the dependent poor of the town
+were sent to "Mount Nebo," which was the name given to the place, because
+of its commanding position and the splendid view of the town and
+surrounding country from that point.
+
+Since the poor have been kept at the almshouse they are better provided
+for and are better satisfied, besides they are more comfortable than under
+the former system, and the expense of maintaining them has been reduced
+fully one-half. Mr. Albert Hooton, who was overseer of the poor of the
+town prior to the erection of the almshouse, was the first superintendent
+of the institution. Mr. Hooton died on the 23rd of November, 1897, and Mr.
+John Wesley Ball was elected to the vacancy and is now serving. Mr. A.
+Mason Garner is chairman of the committee of the Council having the
+almshouse in charge, and while it is conducted on economical principles,
+the poor are well provided for, in both food and clothing.
+
+
+WATER WORKS.
+
+For more than one hundred years after the charter by the House of
+Burgesses the town was without water works of any description. About the
+year 1832 a private company constructed the Poplar Springs Water Works,
+which distributed through the principal streets of the town the elegant
+water from Poplar springs, located on the Plank road, half a mile west of
+the city. About ten years afterwards the Smith spring was added, which
+increased the supply. But notwithstanding the addition of the Smith spring
+the supply was very inadequate; yet for more than half a century these
+springs, together with street pumps, furnished the only supply the town
+had. The works were constructed by a Northern contractor, whose name is
+not remembered, and are yet operated. Since the Civil war these works were
+under the superintendency of Captain Joseph W. Sener, until his death, in
+1889, since which time Mr. Robert Lee Stoffregen has been superintendent.
+
+The inadequacy of the water supply for domestic and manufacturing
+purposes, and the great necessity for fire protection, were subjects for
+the consideration of the Common Council for many years, without definite
+action. On several occasions committees were instructed to have surveys
+and estimates made for a system of water works, which were done and
+recommendations had been made by some of the committees that works should
+be constructed, but the Council in each case had failed to act upon them.
+As a case of small pox contributed to the erection of a long-needed
+almshouse, so a fire, that threatened the town with destruction, showing
+the authorities how helpless they were when confronted by flames,
+contributed to the construction of water works.
+
+The fire occurred in rear of George E. Chancellor's store in 1883, at the
+corner of Charles and Commerce streets, now conducted by M. S. Chancellor,
+and while it was confined to the premises and did but little damage, it
+threatened to be a serious conflagration. There was no fire department in
+town and no water to supply an engine, if one was sent from Richmond. This
+aroused the authorities and the people generally, whose property was
+constantly threatened with destruction, and at the next meeting of the
+Council a plan was adopted for "an abundant supply of water for all
+purposes, including fire protection," which was submitted to a vote of the
+citizens for their approval or disapproval.
+
+The plan submitted was adopted at the ballot-box by a large majority, and
+a special committee of the Council was appointed to carry out the will of
+the people, thus expressed, and construct the works, consisting of Messrs.
+S. J. Quinn, James S. Knox, Charles E. Hunter, Terence McCracken and Wm.
+E. Bradley. After arranging the necessary preliminaries the committee
+contracted with Colonel Wm. W. Taylor, of Philadelphia, who constructed
+the works and turned them over to the committee in the latter part of
+February, 1885, at a cost of twenty-five thousand dollars, Mr. Benjamin
+Bowering having been appointed by the committee to superintend the laying
+of pipe, setting of the pump, etc.
+
+The introduction of water into the buildings, the extension of water
+mains, the changing of the old for newly-patented fire hydrants, and the
+erection of additional fire hydrants since the works have been in
+possession of the town, together with additional pumps and steam engine
+and boiler, have increased the cost of the works to about fifty thousand
+dollars. At present there are about eighteen miles of pipe, ranging in
+size from eight inches to one inch, and seventy-two fire hydrants. These
+hydrants are so located that they protect from fire all the property of
+the town.
+
+The reservoir pressure is from fifty to fifty-six pounds to the square
+inch, according to draught, which is sufficient to throw streams of water
+over any of our ordinary buildings. The pressure, by the use of the pump,
+can be raised to one hundred pounds to the square inch.
+
+The water is taken from the Rappahannock river, which is known to furnish
+the softest and purest of water, the analysis showing that it is free from
+any foreign substance, and the reservoirs are so well arranged that the
+citizens are seldom served with water that is the least discolored. The
+works are under the control of a committee of the Common Council and a
+superintendent. Since their construction they have been under the
+superintendency of Captain S. J. Quinn, and they are in good condition and
+a paying investment to the city, at a comparative small cost to the
+consumers. The present water committee consists of Josiah P. Rowe, H. B.
+Lane and A. M. Garner.
+
+
+THE OLD GAS WORKS.
+
+The old gas works of the town were constructed by a private company in
+1843-44, at a cost, it is said, of about forty thousand dollars. The
+works have changed hands several times since their completion, it being a
+private company, and most of the stock holders residents of Philadelphia.
+In consequence of the wear and tear of the works, and the erection of an
+electric plant in town some twelve years ago, which secured the contract
+for lighting the streets, the stock of the gas company depreciated very
+much in value, and an effort was made on the part of the town to purchase
+the works.
+
+For this purpose a special committee was appointed by the Common Council,
+consisting of Messrs. Wm. I. King, M. G. Willis, James S. Knox, Wm. E.
+Bradley and John T. Knight. They entered into negotiations with the
+officers of the company and finally purchased the works at a cost of
+twenty thousand dollars. Since their purchase the works have been placed
+in good repair and the mains have been extended in many parts of the town
+where they did not before run. There were about nine miles of pipe, but it
+was claimed by many who had examined the works that the plant was too
+small to supply the town, and there was much complaint of "no gas" on the
+part of the consumers, but it was then fashionable to complain against the
+city even if you were getting what you wanted, and so the matter went on
+until the "spirit of improvement" struck the town and estimates for a new
+gas plant were ordered, and before many months passed it was decided that
+the old works must be abandoned and a new plant constructed on a new site.
+And so the work of construction commenced and went forward with great
+rapidity. After the new plant was completed, and had been in running order
+for some time, the superintendent was asked for an article on the works
+for this volume, and he remarked that during the latter part of the year
+1904 it became obvious that the old gas plant, which had been supplying
+the city with gas for fifty years, had gone beyond repair, and that for
+the sake of economy it would be necessary to erect a new plant. With this
+end in view a plot of ground was selected near the railroad depot and
+alongside the right-of-way of the railroad, and here the new works were
+built. Mr. Frederic Egner, an eminent gas engineer, was selected to draw
+the plans and engineer the construction.
+
+Early in May, 1905, ground was broken and work progressed rapidly, and on
+the 25th of November the first gas was made in the new plant, and by the
+28th everything was working smoothly and the old plant was abandoned. The
+plant is what is known as a coal gas works, using soft coal for
+manufacturing the gas. The manufacturing end of the plant consists of two
+benches of inclined retorts, four to the bench, with half depths
+regenerative furnaces, and has a manufacturing capacity of 100,000 cubic
+feet of gas each day of twenty-four hours.
+
+Our plant is one of the most modern in the country, and no small plant now
+built surpasses it. Mr. Wm. Fitzpatrick, who had faithfully served the
+city as superintendent of the old plant for many years, retired upon the
+completion of the new plant and Mr. B. F. Bullock was made superintendent.
+Gas is $1.00 per thousand, and Mr. John C. Melville is chairman of the
+committee.
+
+
+THE ELECTRIC LIGHT PLANT.
+
+Fredericksburg was rather tardy in obtaining an electric light plant for
+street lighting, either through a private company or by city purchase.
+While the propriety of constructing a plant by the town was under
+consideration by the citizens, and often before the Council, application
+was made by a private company to erect one and the privilege was at once
+granted. In 1887 a plant of the Thompson-Houston system was erected by a
+Mr. McNett. Soon after its construction Mr. McNett formed a company, many
+of whose members were citizens of the town. It has been purchased by
+others and is now the Rappahannock Light Co., with some changes. It has
+furnished the town with arc lights for the streets and many of the
+buildings with incandescent lights. The dynamo and power house were first
+located at Knox's mill, above town, but afterwards removed above the
+Bridge Water mills, where they are at present.
+
+
+THE CITY'S ELECTRIC LIGHT PLANT.
+
+The town authorities, concluding that our streets could be lighted better
+and at less cost if they had a plant of their own, arranged and purchased
+an outfit of machinery, wired the town and now have some seventy-five
+lights running. Those who opposed the city owning its own light before the
+plant was constructed have now changed their minds, not only as to the
+constancy and brilliancy of the light, but also of the cost of lighting
+the streets. The plant is located between the silk and woolen mills and is
+in charge of the Light Committee, Mr. Wm. Key Howard, superintendent.
+
+
+TELEPHONE COMPANY.
+
+In 1895 the Occoquan Woodbridge Telephone Company was organized in
+Fredericksburg by a Mr. Abner, of Occoquan, and a telephone line was
+erected. At first the undertaking did not appear to be popular and the
+company received very little encouragement. After the construction of the
+line the company, beginning with a small number of subscribers, grew
+rapidly in public favor and were soon enjoying a liberal patronage.
+
+In 1897 all the property, rights and franchises were purchased by a few of
+our enterprising citizens, who organized and changed the name of the
+company to the Rappahannock, Fredericksburg and Piedmont Telephone
+Company; but subsequently the Bell Company extended their line through
+Fredericksburg to the South and the local company sold out to the Bell.
+The service, at first defective, was placed in splendid condition, and the
+service now equals that of the most favored towns and cities. Since the
+construction of the Bell line the town has become the center of many
+private country lines, which place the citizens in communication with all
+contiguous communities as well as with the cities of the country. The
+present manager of the local office is W. T. Jones.
+
+
+FIRE DEPARTMENT.
+
+More than a hundred years ago Fredericksburg had an organized fire
+department, and from reports, which, however, were seldom made, was
+sufficient in extinguishing fires. In the early part of the eighteenth
+century, when the town was built up mostly of wooden houses, with wooden
+chimneys, and the water was scarce and inaccessible, several fires
+occurred that spread over considerable territory and did great damage, but
+even in those instances, although the winds were high, the department did
+much to retard the progress of the fires and finally got them under
+control.
+
+The first fire company organized in town was known as the Vigilant. It was
+organized in 1788 and the names of its members were certified to the
+hustings court and filed with the court papers, but their names were not
+placed on the record. How long this company remained in existence is not
+known, but in 1814 the Hope Company was organized, which was soon followed
+by the formation of the Union. It is not known who commanded these
+companies when they were first organized, but we are told that long before
+the middle of the century the Hope was commanded by Charles C. Wellford
+and afterwards by John Pritchard, and the Union, about the same time, was
+commanded by Albert G. Lucas, who was succeeded by John M. Whittemore.
+
+These fire companies had suction and force engines and got water from the
+river, street pumps, and sometimes from the canal west of the town, after
+it was constructed, using the source most convenient, and did effective
+work. It is said the rivalry between these organizations was very great,
+the excitement in times of fires was intense, and often disputes would
+arise between the members as to which company did the most effective work,
+which often resulted in blows. When they were in their prime fires were
+frequent. Scarcely a week passed that a fire did not occur, and often two
+or three would take place inside of a week. Then there was a grand rush to
+see which company could get the first stream of water on the fire.
+
+The frequent fires soon led to the suspicion that some of the firemen
+originated and were responsible for many of them, and, strange to say, the
+disbandment of the companies was encouraged by the property owners of the
+town, as a means of preventing fires and saving property. They were
+disbanded before the Civil war, and since that time, until the year 1885,
+the town was without a fire department, and was without any means of
+contending with the flames, save the feeble efforts of citizens in what
+was styled "the bucket brigade." This name was applied to the large number
+of citizens, who, in times of fire, carried water in buckets to
+extinguish it, and used "wet blankets" to prevent the flames from
+spreading to adjoining buildings.
+
+In 1885, after the completion of the present city water works, a new fire
+department was organized, with thirty-three members, with Captain Terence
+McCracken as chief. This organization is very efficient, and has on
+several occasions saved the town from sweeping conflagrations. The
+department is now under the command of John H. Robinson, as chief, and
+consists of twenty-two members, all of whom render faithful and efficient
+service without compensation.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+    _Volunteer Militia--The Confederate Cemetery--The National
+    Cemetery--The Confederate Veterans--The Sons of Confederate
+    Veterans--The Schools, Private and Public, &c._
+
+
+In times of peace and quiet, in free America and even in conservative
+Virginia, it is necessary that cities should have some military
+organization that can be called upon to protect the citizens in their
+persons, rights and property in case of any emergency that might arise. It
+is true that such cases seldom occur in Virginia, but if they should, it
+is necessary to have some organized force, under the laws of the State, to
+meet and put them down. This being true, Fredericksburg has, in all
+periods of her history, encouraged and financially assisted volunteer
+militia companies.
+
+And it can be truthfully stated that, in all the past of the town, the
+young men have shown a special fondness for military organizations, and,
+so far as we can gather from records and tradition, Fredericksburg has
+been well protected in this direction. It is very doubtful if at any time
+since Major Lawrence Smith seated himself "down at or neare" the falls of
+the Rappahannock river and manned a fort with one hundred and eleven men,
+Fredericksburg had not a military organization, either active or dormant,
+that she could easily call into service in case of need. It is quite
+certain she has been well represented in every war since the settlement of
+the country, in which her sons have played conspicuous parts and have been
+commended for their gallantry and brilliant achievements.
+
+One of the first companies remembered from tradition was commanded by a
+Capt. Blackford, and is said to have been armed with wooden guns. This
+company was among the guard of honor to Gen. Lafayette when he was here in
+1824. It met the General and his suite at the old Wilderness tavern,
+escorted him to Fredericksburg, and, when he left, accompanied him as far
+as Aquia Creek, on the Potomac river. It did not last long as an
+organization.
+
+[Illustration: The Home of Dr. Charles Mortimer, first Mayor. To her
+physician here was the last visit made by Mary Washington. Residence now
+of Gen. D. D. Wheeler. (See page 151)]
+
+[Illustration: The Eagle Hotel, now the Eagle Flats. (See page 166)]
+
+The first company remembered by the oldest inhabitants, which lasted
+any length of time, was the Fredericksburg Guards, which was organized
+many years before the Civil war. It is not known exactly when it was
+formed or who was its first commander, but it is remembered that at
+different periods it was commanded by Captains Wm. A. Jackson, Wm. M.
+Blackford, Robert Smith, John Pritchard and John S. Porter, the order in
+which they served being in doubt.
+
+A company, known as the Mercer Rifles, was also organized and commanded by
+Capt. D. Lee Powell some years before the war, but in a year or so it was
+disbanded in consequence of the commander changing his residence to
+Richmond.
+
+In the early part of 1859 the Washington Guards was organized, with Capt.
+Joseph W. Sener as commander. It was well equipped and elegantly uniformed
+and drilled. When John Brown and his party were captured at Harper's Ferry
+in the Fall of 1859 by Colonel, afterwards Gen. Robert E. Lee, and turned
+over to the State authorities, this company was ordered to Charlestown, by
+Governor Wise, to guard the prisoners, and remained there in that capacity
+until the last of the party was executed, when they were ordered home.
+
+In the same year, 1859, the Fredericksburg Grays was organized, with
+Captain Wm. S. Barton as commander. It is said this company was called
+into existence because of the excited condition of the country and a
+determination on the part of the young men of the town to be ready for any
+emergency. On the return of the Washington Guards from Charlestown they
+were met at the railroad depot by the Grays, who extended them a warm
+welcome home, escorted them to the Shakespeare House, where a grand
+banquet was given them, which was followed by speeches and a good time.
+
+These two companies, before the war and preparatory thereto, were formed
+into a battalion, of which Captain Barton was made major, Robert S. Chew
+becoming captain of the Grays. Many pleasant excursions and picnics were
+given by this battalion, which are well remembered by many, now living,
+who were participants and enjoyed them. But many of those who took part in
+those pleasant scenes have since then passed to the Great Beyond, and
+those now with us show the marks of Time upon them and are patiently
+waiting for the last call that shall transfer them to the great army
+above. The battalion had a drum corps, consisting of eleven drums, which
+was presided over by Mr. Pipenbrick, of Falmouth, who was appointed drum
+major.
+
+A boy company, known as the Coleman Guards, commanded by Captain W. F.
+Gordon, was also organized just prior to the war. In 1860 great excitement
+was caused on the arrival of Robinson's circus here, the charge having
+been made that some of the employees or attaches had murdered a man by the
+name of Boulware at Port Royal the day before. Warrants were sworn out for
+the arrest of the supposed parties, and the three companies, with the
+civil authorities, arrested the entire circus and had the suspected
+parties before the Mayor. A two days' investigation disclosed no probable
+guilt and the circus was discharged from custody.
+
+Another military company was organized in the town in 1861, known as the
+Gordon Rifles, with Captain Robert H. Alexander as its commander. These
+three companies, at the outbreak of the war, were placed in the Thirtieth
+Virginia regiment of infantry, that did such noble service during the
+Civil war. The Washington Guards, which became Company A, was commanded by
+Capt. Joseph W. Sener. He was succeeded by Capt. George H. Peyton and
+Captain John K. Anderson. The Fredericksburg Grays became Company B and
+was commanded by Capt. Robert S. Chew, and, on his promotion to Colonel,
+by Capt. H. S. Doggett. Capt. Doggett was on detached duty the most of his
+official term as captain and the company was commanded by Lieutenant James
+S. Knox in his absence, who was promoted to captain, but his commission
+never reached him. The Gordon Rifles became Company C and was commanded by
+Captain Robert H. Alexander and afterwards by Captain C. Wistar Wallace.
+
+After the war the Fredericksburg Grays was reorganized, with Samuel S.
+Brooke, now of Roanoke, as captain. He was succeeded in command by Captain
+Maurice B. Rowe, and he by the following commanders in the order named:
+Captain Terence McCracken, Captain Robert B. Berrey, Captain George A.
+Walker and Captain Frank H. Revere.
+
+When war was declared between the United States and Spain, and volunteers
+were called for by the government, the Washington Guards, which had been
+reorganized by Captain Maurice B. Rowe, promptly responded and was
+mustered into the United States service as Company K of the Third Virginia
+regiment of infantry. It went into camp at Richmond, Virginia, and was
+soon transferred to Camp Alger, named in honor of the then Secretary of
+War, near Washington city. Before these troops were ordered to the scene
+of action peace was declared and they were ordered back to Richmond and
+mustered out of service, having been in the service of the United States
+seven months. The company then returned to Fredericksburg.
+
+The Guards numbered one hundred and twelve men on the rolls, was a
+splendid body of patriotic young men and reflected credit upon the town.
+Soon after being discharged from the United States army the company was
+reorganized, reëntered the service of the State and now numbers sixty-two
+men, under the command of Captain Thomas M. Larkin. They have often been
+called upon to discharge important and delicate service, and have
+responded with alacrity.
+
+In 1883 a colored volunteer company was organized in town, called the
+Garfield Light Infantry Blues. It was organized by Benjamin Scott, of
+Richmond, who was its first captain. Captain Scott soon returned to his
+home in Richmond and was succeeded in command by Captain Lucien G. Gilmer.
+This organization continued in existence several years, but was finally
+disbanded, having fallen below the minimum number required by law.
+
+
+THE CONFEDERATE CEMETERY.
+
+Soon after the citizens of Fredericksburg returned to their desolated
+homes at the close of the Civil war, and had gotten their dwellings in a
+condition to be occupied, the thoughts of the patriotic ladies were at
+once turned to the Confederate soldiers who had fallen and were buried in
+Fredericksburg and on the several adjacent battle-fields. They were
+anxious that the remains of these brave men should be gathered up and
+interred in some place where their dust would be preserved and the names
+of the known saved from oblivion.
+
+As a result of a consultation, and a call published in the newspapers of
+Fredericksburg, the ladies of the town met in the basement of the
+Presbyterian church on the 10th day of May, 1865, one month after the
+surrender of Gen. Lee, and organized the Ladies' Memorial Association of
+Fredericksburg, elected officers, appointed a board of directors, an
+executive committee and an advisory board. This was the first ladies'
+memorial association chartered in the South and among the first to
+decorate the soldiers' graves with flowers.
+
+The best methods for accomplishing the patriotic work of the association
+were discussed and adopted at this early date. The plan was to raise as
+much money in town and in Virginia as possible and then issue an appeal to
+be sent all through the Southern States for funds, because every Southern
+State was represented on the battle-fields in and around the town by their
+heroic dead. These appeals were sent out as soon as they could be gotten
+ready and had the desired effect. Funds soon began to flow into the
+treasury and a suitable site was selected, west of and adjoining the city
+cemetery, which was purchased, and the work of gathering up the dead
+commenced. The number gotten from the different battlefields and buried in
+the ground purchased by the association numbered about fifteen hundred.
+The circular sent out had, in addition to the organization of the
+association and the list of officers in full, an appeal, which was as
+follows:
+
+    "To all true hearted women and men, who would rescue from oblivion the
+    memory of the brave, who died in defence of home and country, we
+    present this appeal: The stern pressure of military necessity made it
+    impossible, properly, to care for the remains of the gallant dead who
+    fell on the bloody fields of Fredericksburg, Wilderness,
+    Chancellorsville, Spotsylvania Courthouse and in scores of skirmishes
+    which, in a war less terrible, would have been reckoned as battles.
+
+    "Our Association proposes to preserve a record, and, as far as
+    possible, mark the spot where every Confederate soldier is buried in
+    this vicinity, whether he fell on these memorable fields or otherwise
+    died in the service. To the bereaved throughout our suffering South we
+    pledge ourselves to spare no exertion to accomplish this work.
+
+    "In a land stripped of enclosures and forests, desolated and
+    impoverished as ours, we cannot, without aid, guard these graves from
+    exposure and possible desecration; we can only cover them with our
+    native soil. And, with pious care, garland them with the wild flowers
+    from the fields. But, with the generous aid and cordial coöperation of
+    those who have suffered less, but who feel as deeply as we do on this
+    subject, we confidently hope to accomplish far more--to purchase and
+    adorn a cemetery, to remove thither the sacred dust scattered all over
+    this region, and to erect some enduring tribute to the memory of our
+    gallant dead.
+
+    "Shall that noble army of martyrs, who, for years of toil and
+    suffering, bore, in triumph, the 'Conquered Banner' from Chattanooga
+    to Gettysburg, sleep on the fields of their fame unnoticed and
+    unknown? Shall their names pass from the knowledge of the living to be
+    treasured only in the mind of Him 'to whom the memory of the just is
+    precious?'
+
+    "What spot so appropriate for the last resting place of these heroes,
+    as some commanding eminence overlooking the memorable plain of
+    Fredericksburg? And what nobler work for the hearts and hands of
+    Southern women, than upon its summit to rear a monument to the
+    unrecorded Confederate dead, which, through all time shall testify to
+    the gratitude of the people for whom they so gloriously died? As no
+    State, and scarcely a town or county throughout the limits of the late
+    Confederacy, is unrepresented on these battle-fields, may we not hope
+    that the coöperation required in order to accomplish our holy work
+    will be as universal?
+
+    "An act of the Legislature of Virginia will be obtained, incorporating
+    our Association, so that the property may be held perpetually
+    dedicated to its sacred uses. We solicit such contributions as the
+    appreciative sympathy of friends in all parts of our country, and of
+    the world, will extend us. As soon as sufficient means are obtained
+    our Association will proceed to purchase and improve grounds
+    appropriate for a cemetery, and remove thither the remains of the
+    honored dead.
+
+    "Our Association, although its organization is but recent, has been
+    enabled to rescue from oblivion the names and places of burial of many
+    of the noble dead, who fell upon the fields of Fredericksburg,
+    Chancellorsville, the Wilderness, and all the objects of the
+    Association will be pressed as rapidly forward as the requisite means
+    are procured. All auxiliary societies, which may be formed, are
+    requested to correspond with our Association; and, should they desire
+    their contributions to be specially appropriated to the graves of any
+    individuals, or of any particular State or section, the trust will be
+    sacredly discharged.
+
+      MRS. JOHN H. WALLACE, _President_.
+      MISS ANN J. CARTER, _Corresponding Secretary_.
+
+    _President_--Mrs. John H. Wallace.
+
+    _Vice-Presidents_--Mrs. J. H. Lacy, Mrs. Jane Ficklin, Mrs. James W.
+    Ford, Mrs. A. F. T. Fitzhugh, Mrs. Fannie S. White.
+
+    _Board of Directors_--Miss Mary G. Browne, Miss S. Freaner, Mrs. W. K.
+    Howard,[64] Mrs. S. J. Jarvis, Mrs. E. A. Fitzgerald, Mrs. L. J.
+    Huffman, Mrs. J. H. Bradley, Mrs. Magruder Maury, Mrs. Joseph Alsop,
+    Mrs. Monroe Kelly, Miss Ellen P. Chew, Miss Lizzie Braxton.
+
+    _Treasurer_--Dr. F. P. Wellford.
+
+    _Recording Secretaries_--Miss L. G. Wellford, Mrs. Lucy Herndon.[64]
+
+    _Corresponding Secretary_--Miss Ann J. Carter.
+
+    _Assistant Secretaries_--Miss V. S. Knox,[64] Miss Mary Thom, Miss
+    Bettie L. Scott,[64] Miss Lizzie Alsop, Miss N. S. Wellford, Miss Mary
+    G. Browne, Mrs. L. T. Kearsley, Miss Helen G. Beale, Miss Nannie
+    Taylor, Miss Virginia Goolrick, Miss S. Freaner, Miss Lizzie Braxton.
+
+    _Executive Committee_--Major J. H. Kelly, Thomas F. Knox, George Aler,
+    J. W. Slaughter, Edwin Carter, Joseph W. Sener, Dr. L. B. Rose.
+
+    _Advisory Committee_--Gen. D. H. Maury, Gen. Daniel Ruggles, Gen. C.
+    L. Stevenson, Col. R. S. Chew, Col. C. M. Braxton, Col. W. W.
+    Fontaine, Major George Freaner, Major Chas. S. Green,[65] Capt. C. T.
+    Goolrick, Capt. W. R. Mason,[65] Rev. M. Maury, Rev. T. W. Gilmer,
+    Rev. Patrick Donelan, Rev. W. H. Williams, Rev. F. C. Tebbs, Mayor M.
+    Slaughter, Judge R. C. L. Moncure,[66] A. A. Little, J. H. Kelly,
+    Judge R. H. Coleman, John L. Marye, Jr., John E. Tackett, D. H.
+    Gordon, W. P. Conway, J. L. Stansbury, Ab. P. Rowe, James B. Sener, W.
+    K. Howard."
+
+In response to the appeal of the Association, liberal contributions were
+received from all the Southern States, with which the ground was
+purchased, the present, cemetery laid out and the remains of all the
+Confederate dead, who were killed and buried throughout this community,
+gathered together, transferred to the cemetery and the graves marked with
+cedar posts. These posts were removed a few years afterwards and marble
+headstones took their places. The next work of the Association was to
+raise money for a monument to be placed in the center of the cemetery,
+and, as in their other patriotic work, the appeal was not in vain. The
+necessary amount was raised and the monument was erected and dedicated.
+Mr. Leyburn, of Lexington, Va., contractor; Mr. Cassell, of Baltimore,
+architect. The stone used is gray granite and was taken from the farm of
+Mrs. Mary Downman, in Spotsylvania county. The monument contains
+inscriptions as follows:
+
+    On the east side--S. Carolina, Virginia, N. Carolina.
+
+    On the north side--Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas.
+
+    On the west side--Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas.
+
+    On the south side--Georgia, Florida, Alabama.
+
+The monument stands on a mound about five feet high, and is five feet and
+six inches high without the statue. With the statue it is twenty feet in
+height. On the west side, cut in the granite, are muskets; on the south
+side, a castle with battlements; on the north side, sabres; on the east
+side, cannon and the inscription "To the Confederate Dead." On each corner
+of the monument is a column of red granite, with gray granite plynth and
+base. The corner-stone was laid on the 4th of June, 1874, by
+Fredericksburg Lodge, No. 4, A. F. & A. M., Grand Master Wm. H. Lambert
+presiding, and was completed and unveiled on Memorial Day, June 9, 1884.
+The statue of a Confederate soldier, at dress parade, which crowns the
+apex, is of bronze, and was manufactured by the Monumental Bridge Company,
+of Bridgeport, Conn. It was ordered through Mr. George T. Downing and
+placed in position by him.
+
+
+THE NATIONAL CEMETERY.
+
+The National Cemetery, in which were gathered and interred the Union
+soldiers who died in camp and were killed in the various battles in and
+around Fredericksburg, was commenced in 1865, soon after the close of the
+war. It is located on Willis's Hill, about half a mile south of the town.
+It is on the range of hills known in the war histories and correspondents
+as Marye's Heights, which overlooks the beautiful valley of the
+Rappahannock and affords a fine view of Fredericksburg and the surrounding
+country. It afforded a splendid location for the Confederate artillery at
+both battles of Fredericksburg, which did such fearful execution as the
+Union troops were advancing on General Lee's position.
+
+The remains of the Union soldiers were taken from their temporary graves
+and conveyed to the cemetery by a "burial corps," consisting of a large
+detail of Federal soldiers and a few veterans employed by the
+superintendent. The work was continued for three or four years, and it was
+thought that all the dead had been cared for, but even now remains of
+soldiers are sometimes found in different places and turned over to the
+superintendent for interment. The Fredericksburg cemetery is not the
+largest in area in the United States, but it has a larger number of
+interments in it than any other in the country. Up to the present time the
+interments number 15,294, of these 2,496 are known and their names,
+regiments and State are registered in a book in the superintendent's
+office, and 12,798 are unknown. The superintendent of the cemetery is
+Major M. M. Jefferys, and under his management it is kept in good
+condition.
+
+The superintendent has a "lodge" or residence near the cemetery gate,
+constructed of stone. It is made of the stone taken from the historical
+stone wall, behind which the Confederates were stationed when they
+successfully resisted the many gallant charges of General Hancock's men on
+the 13th of December, 1862. Several years ago the government constructed a
+Macadamized road from the railroad depot to the cemetery, making it a
+pleasant drive to that "city of the dead," and it is visited by numbers of
+persons, both citizens and strangers. In 1901 Gen. Daniel Butterfield
+erected a beautiful monument in the cemetery to the valor of the Fifth
+Army Corps, which he commanded, at a cost of $11,000.
+
+
+MAURY CAMP OF CONFEDERATE VETERANS.
+
+The Confederate veterans of Fredericksburg and surrounding country
+organized themselves into a camp in 1883. It was one of the first camps of
+the kind organized in the State and had quite a large membership. It was
+called Maury Camp in honor of General Dabney Herndon Maury, a native of
+Fredericksburg, who rose to the rank of major-general in the Confederate
+army, and distinguished himself as a skillful commander as well as for
+conspicuous gallantry on many fields of battle during the Civil war.
+
+Maury Camp flourished for several years, having at one time in the
+neighborhood of one hundred and fifty members. At first it was independent
+and separate from any other camp, but upon the organization of R. E. Lee
+Camp, of Richmond, which obtained a charter from the General Assembly of
+Virginia, thereby giving it authority over other camps, Maury Camp
+obtained a charter from that organization, and holds its authority under
+that charter at present.
+
+For some cause in late years the camp has not been prosperous; on the
+contrary, it has merely maintained its organization. Many of the members
+withdrew their membership or allowed their names to be dropped from the
+rolls, while those who still retain their membership, with a few
+exceptions, exhibit but little interest in the affairs of the camp.
+Notwithstanding its decline, however, it has done much good in the past in
+assisting needy Confederate veterans, besides they have relieved the
+necessities of the widows and orphans of veterans, and have decently
+buried their old comrades who have died in destitution. The camp has had
+for commanders at different periods Colonel Robert S. Chew, Judge John T.
+Goolrick, Capt. Daniel M. Lee, Thomas F. Proctor, Geo. Shepherd and Capt.
+S. J. Quinn. At present Prof. A. B. Bowering is the commander and the camp
+seems to be taking on new life.
+
+
+SONS OF CONFEDERATE VETERANS.
+
+The organization of Maury Camp of Confederate Veterans was followed in a
+few years by the organization of the Sons of Confederate Veterans. This
+camp came into existence on the 10th day of May, 1890. It was organized,
+mainly, if not entirely, through the efforts of Mr. James A. Turner, who
+was its first commander, and, by annual reëlections, without opposition,
+he was continued until he retired and Mr. Wm. H. Hurkamp was elected and
+is commander at this time.
+
+This camp of the Sons of Confederate Veterans was named in honor of
+Colonel Robert S. Chew, who was, at the close of the war, Colonel of the
+Thirtieth Virginia regiment of infantry, a native of Fredericksburg and
+was honored and beloved by all who knew him. The camp has done a noble
+work in the way of looking after the comfort and supplying the needs of
+the destitute Confederate veterans, who are rapidly passing "over the
+river to rest under the shade of the trees," and providing for them a
+decent Christian burial when they shall have "answered the last roll
+call."
+
+As an organization the R. S. Chew Camp has attended nearly all the
+reunions of Confederate veterans in the State, and has taken as much
+interest in them as if they had been veterans instead of the sons of
+veterans. In all of these visitations the camp, by the discipline and
+military bearing of its members soon won for itself a position in the
+front rank of Sons of Confederate Veterans in the South. About thirty of
+its members volunteered in the United States army in the War with Spain,
+some of whom are now in the regular army, holding important
+commissions. The camp has flourished from its organization, and has now
+nearly one hundred members on its rolls, who are earnest in their work and
+faithful to the memories of their fathers.
+
+[Illustration: "Stevens House," on "Sunken Road"; the Confederate line of
+battle, 1862 and 1863, in front of fence. Gen. Thos. R. R. Cobb killed
+where gate swings to right. (See page 91)]
+
+[Illustration: City Hall, in which are Mayor's Office, Council Chamber,
+etc., and where a ball was given in honor of Gen. Lafayette on his visit
+here in 1824. (See page 144)]
+
+
+THE SCHOOLS OF FREDERICKSBURG.
+
+Fredericksburg, from its earliest days, possessed educational advantages,
+greatly in advance of many larger towns of the colonies. Soon after its
+establishment by the House of Burgesses, schools of a high order were
+established here by the best of educators and it is highly probable that
+the leading men of the State--those who conducted public affairs in
+colonial times, and who were the first to oppose and resist British
+tyranny and who inaugurated and conducted the movement for separation and
+independence--were educated in those schools. And it can be safely said
+that from that time to the present Fredericksburg has not been without
+schools that would be creditable to any town.
+
+In 1796 a lottery scheme--which was a popular method of raising money in
+those days for such purposes--was chartered by the Legislature of the
+State for the purpose of raising money to erect a school building on what
+was known as the "old poor-house grounds," at present the property of
+Alexander Lang's estate near Gunnery Spring. Whether or not this scheme
+was successful is not known, but it is a fact that a male academy was
+established by some French refugees, gentlemen of education and
+refinement, who, having lost their fortunes, adopted teaching as a means
+of support. Many distinguished Statesmen and jurists, in after years, were
+educated at this school, among them was Judge John Tayloe Lomax, who, in
+his old age, when president of the Young Men's Christian Association of
+Fredericksburg, referred to his connection with this school by contrasting
+the teaching of the school of French philosophy of that day with the
+instruction of Christian teachers of a later period, showing the
+advantages of the latter.
+
+In a letter from Dr. John Brockenburg to Rev. Philip Slaughter, D. D., in
+1846, about another matter, he said: "I had been entered as a student at
+the Fredericksburg Academy, then (1790) in high repute, under the Rev.
+Mr. Ryan, an eminent classical scholar and a graduate of Trinity College,
+Dublin." Dr. Brockenburg finished his education in this school,
+preparatory to entering a medical college in Edinburg, and speaks highly
+of it.[67]
+
+It is also claimed that Washington, Madison, Monroe, and others who made
+their mark as soldiers, statesmen, and in the various professions, were
+educated in the schools of Fredericksburg.
+
+The establishment of a female college at "Federal Hill," in the year 1789,
+and which was kept up by different teachers for half a century or more,
+was an important event in the history of the town, and, in connection with
+the male academy, gave to Fredericksburg great distinction as an
+educational center.
+
+On the 27th of September, 1795, a fund was created by the sale of lands,
+which were devised for the purpose by Mr. Archibald McPherson, which fund
+was held in trust by the Mayor and Common Council of the town for the time
+being, and afterwards, by an act of the Legislature, by six trustees,
+annually appointed for the benefit of the Charity School of
+Fredericksburg. These trustees organized into a board, the first president
+being Major Benjamin Day, who continued as such to the day of his death.
+The school was kept in the brick building on the north side of Hanover
+street, just below the Masonic hall, now used by Miss Willie F. Schooler
+for her Hanover school. The funds derived by the sale of some of the
+McPherson property were afterwards supplemented by a legacy from Mr.
+Thomas Colson in 1805.
+
+In the back part of the room in which this male charity school was kept
+are to be found three tablets of marble let into the brick wall, in good
+preservation, with these inscriptions:
+
+    "In memory of Mr. Archibald McPherson. He bequeathed his property to
+    the trustees of this town for the education of the poor. By an act of
+    the Legislature the funds were transferred to this institution as best
+    fulfilling the testator's charitable design. Died A. D. 1754; age 49."
+
+    "In memory of Thomas Colson, Esq., who, by his last will and
+    testament, contributed largely to the permanent funds of this school.
+    His benevolence claims the gratitude of the poor, and the respect of
+    all. Died A. D. 1805."
+
+    "In memory of Major Benjamin Day, one of the founders of this
+    institution and its first president. This office he filled for
+    twenty-six years with zeal and fidelity. As an humble tribute to his
+    philanthropic services this simple monument is erected. Died A. D.
+    1821; age 69."
+
+On Major Day's tombstone, in the burial ground of Fredericksburg Masonic
+Lodge, in reference to this school, is found these words: "The Male
+Charity School of Fredericksburg is chiefly indebted to him for its origin
+in 1795, and for its prosperity to his unremitted attention in the
+principal management of its concerns, over which he presided until the
+time of his death."
+
+These tablets and tombstones furnish a history of this school that can be
+had nowhere else, and their transcription here will, it is hoped, enshrine
+the memories of these charitable men for their munificence to the poor of
+the town in the hearts of the present generation and indelibly impress
+upon their minds the solemn, but oft unheeded, words of the Master, "ye
+have the poor with you always, and whensoever ye will ye may do them
+good." Mr. George W. Rothrock conducted this male school as teacher for
+many years, but upon his death, before the Civil war, it was closed and
+has never been resumed.
+
+A reference to other schools of Fredericksburg, some contemporary with the
+Male Charity School and the Federal Hill Female College, and others of a
+later date, will no doubt be of interest to the numerous descendants of
+those who were educated in them, and will recall to many of our older
+citizens pleasant memories of their youthful days, as well as the labor
+over "tare and tret, which made them mad and sweat."
+
+Among these was the excellent female school taught by Rev. Samuel Wilson,
+in which many of the most accomplished ladies in Fredericksburg received
+their early education. Mr. Wilson was succeeded by Miss Mary Ralls, who
+was assisted by Mr. Herard, whom she afterwards married.[68] Mr. Herard
+was a Frenchman, and although he could not speak English, taught writing
+and French in the school. Here commenced the education of a large number
+of girls and boys, who were afterwards well known in the social circle and
+business pursuits of Fredericksburg and of many other parts of the
+country, and some of them are to-day honored citizens of the town.
+
+The school kept by Mr. John Goolrick, in the small, brick building on the
+lower end of Main street, now occupied by Mr. W. Snowden Hitt, was famous
+in its day, and in that school were educated some of our substantial
+business men and accomplished women. He was assisted in his school by his
+son, George, who was an accomplished teacher and cultured gentleman.
+George Goolrick succeeded his father in the conduct of the school and
+continued it for many years.
+
+Mr. Thomas H. Hanson, who came to Fredericksburg from Georgetown, D. C.,
+was principal of the Fredericksburg Male Academy. He was a fine classical
+scholar and his school enjoyed a wide-spread reputation as a classical
+school. He taught in the north wing of the City Hall, and for several
+years on Prince Edward street, above Amelia, in a brick building, where
+the residences of Misses Hay and Misses Wissner now stand. The building
+was torn down several years ago, when residences were built. Some few of
+his pupils are now living. One died a short time ago, at a ripe old age,
+with the honorary LL. D. attached to his name.
+
+Rev. George W. McPhail conducted a school for some years on the west side
+of Main street, just above Commerce. The house was a large, frame
+building, with a store on the ground floor and school-room above. It was
+destroyed at the shelling of the town in December, 1862. Mr. McPhail's
+first school-room was located on George street west of the Presbyterian
+church, but, it being too small to accommodate his pupils, he moved to
+Main street.
+
+Messrs. Powell and Morrison, for many years, conducted a school for girls
+in Citizens' Hall, which stood on Princess Ann street where the Catholic
+parsonage now stands. It was known as the Fredericksburg Institute, and
+was one of the best schools of that day. It was moved to Richmond and is
+now conducted by members of Mr. Powell's family.
+
+Professor Richard Sterling conducted a school for boys in the old
+Colonnade building on Princess Ann street, opposite the courthouse, long
+before the war. He was succeeded by Mr. J. J. Halsey. The building was
+partially destroyed by fire during the Civil war, and finally, in 1880,
+was removed to give place to the Presbyterian Memorial chapel.
+
+For a number of years a school for girls was conducted by Mrs. John P.
+Little, first at her residence, on Princess Ann street, and then for some
+time at Federal Hill and at the Union House, which is now used for the
+public schools. She was assisted in her school by an accomplished French
+teacher by the name of Guillet.
+
+More than half a century ago Misses Ann and Mary Drinnan conducted a
+flourishing school for girls on Charles street, above Lewis, where the
+Misses Goodwin now live, and Mrs. Mary Hackley conducted a large boarding
+school over the store now occupied by Mr. Thomas N. Brent. For several
+years before the war Rev. Wm. F. Broaddus, D. D., taught a school for
+young ladies in the basement of the Baptist church. These schools were all
+of a high order and fully sustained the reputation of Fredericksburg as a
+town possessing the most enlarged educational advantages. Besides the
+schools above referred to, schools for boys were taught by Richard Stern,
+Mr. Hudson, Mr. Jamison, Stephen A. Boardman, James G. Read, Edward Henry,
+Mr. Tchudi, Buckner & Henry, Buckner & Temple, Chas. E. Tackett, Thomas
+Moncure, H. W. Rhinehart, Mrs. Judith Anstice, Mrs. A. L. Magrath, Maria
+Woodruff, Miss Willie Schooler and others.
+
+After the war Judge Richard H. Coleman taught a high school for boys at
+Kenmore, and Colonel W. Winston Fontaine taught a high school for girls on
+the south corner of Main and Frederick streets, and Professor Volley M.
+Johnson conducted a similar school at the Union House. When Judge Coleman
+moved his school to Guiney's in Caroline county, Messrs. Cuthbert Buckner
+and Charles W. Temple opened a school of the same grade. They were
+succeeded by Messrs. Cuthbert Buckner and Wm. Caruthers, and they by
+Messrs. Charles E. Tackett, James W. Ford and Wm. B. Marye, who added a
+military feature to the school, which made it quite popular. These schools
+were located on Prince Edward street in a one-story brick house, known as
+the Academy, where the Misses Hay have recently erected a modern
+residence.
+
+After Colonel Fontaine moved South a high school for young ladies was
+opened by Mr. Wm. Caruthers in the Presbyterian Asylum, known now as
+Smithsonia, assisted by his sisters, Mrs. Davis and Miss Caruthers. He was
+succeeded by Mrs. Wm. A. Campbell and daughter, two excellent teachers,
+but the school did not appear to prosper and was finally closed. In
+addition to these schools of high grade there were many excellent primary
+schools for girls and boys, which succeeded well until the public free
+schools were opened, which became popular because of their graded system
+and the thoroughness of their instruction. Since then most of the private
+schools have been abandoned, yet some few are yet conducted and are doing
+well.
+
+
+THE ASSEMBLY'S HOME AND SCHOOL.
+
+The Assembly's Home and School was founded by Rev. A. P. Saunders, D. D.,
+then pastor of the Presbyterian church in Fredericksburg, in 1893. It was
+incorporated by an act of the Virginia Legislature December 16, 1893. It
+consisted originally of a home designed for the maintenance and education
+of the orphans of deceased Presbyterian ministers and missionaries, and
+also of a college. The latter was intended as a place for the education of
+these orphans and also for the youth of other denominations.
+
+The General Assembly of the Presbyterian church, each year, commended the
+institution to the confidence of the churches within its bounds, and by
+their contributions the Home was maintained. The college for some time was
+supported partly by contributions from the churches, but more largely by
+the pay students attending the school from home and abroad.
+
+In the year 1897 the General Assembly of the church separated the college
+from the Home and ordered the sale of the college and all the property
+belonging to it. The city of Fredericksburg recognizing the value of such
+an institution in its midst, had subscribed ten thousand dollars of bonds,
+the interest on which was to pay for ten annual scholarships in the
+college, the scholars being selected from the highest grade of the public
+schools of the town.
+
+This arrangement continued until 1898, when the college and property were
+sold and the ten thousand dollars of bonds were returned to the city
+authorities and cancelled. The property was purchased by Rev. F. P.
+Ramsay, who conducted the college for two years, the city continuing its
+patronage of ten scholarships, paying the tuition in money.
+
+In the year 1900 Mr. Ramsay sold the college and property to Rev. John W.
+Rosebro, who had just become pastor of the Presbyterian church in
+Fredericksburg. He is a gentleman of rare ability, and, with his corps of
+able assistants, is making the college worthy of the confidence and
+support of the public. A bright and prosperous future is predicted for the
+institution under the management of this scholarly gentleman.
+
+The Assembly Home is still in operation, supported by the denomination,
+and holds a strong place in the affections of the Presbyterian church. It
+is now under the management of Professor Samuel W. Somerville.
+
+
+THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
+
+The public schools were established in Fredericksburg, under what is known
+as the Underwood Constitution, in 1870. For several years they were not
+well patronized, principally from the fact that the system was not popular
+with the people. When the system was first put in operation in town the
+schools were kept at private houses, because the city had no public school
+houses and was then unable to build them, and as the appropriations for
+school purposes were small the sessions were held only for five or six
+months in the year. The teachers, in a majority of cases, were selected
+more because of their need of the salary than because of their ability and
+fitness to teach.
+
+In the year 1876 the schools were graded, and the funds received from the
+city and State were largely supplemented from the Peabody fund, which
+enabled the school board to adopt a ten months' session. By this
+arrangement the efficiency of the schools was greatly promoted; they grew
+in public favor, the citizens patronized them, and soon they became so
+large and popular the town was compelled to provide larger buildings for
+the accommodation of the pupils. To accommodate this large increase of
+attendance a commodious two-story brick building was erected on the north
+corner of Princess Ann and Wolfe streets for the colored schools,
+sufficiently large to accommodate four schools, and the Union House, a
+three-story brick building on the north corner of Main and Lewis streets,
+was purchased for the white schools and converted into a building capable
+of accommodating six schools.
+
+In addition to the schools held at the Union House there are two schools
+for the first primary grades, one held in the forenoon and the other in
+the afternoon, under one teacher, and were kept in the south wing of the
+courthouse until two years ago, when they were moved to the Union House
+and other grades removed to the courthouse. The grammar grade of the
+colored schools is taught at Samaritan Hall, on Douglas street. These
+schools have an efficient corps of teachers and the instruction is as
+thorough as is found in any of the schools of the State.
+
+There are ten grades in the white schools--seven in the primary department
+and three in the grammar department. There are six grades in the colored
+schools--five in the primary department and one in the grammar department.
+The town is divided into two school districts, the Upper and the Lower,
+George street being the dividing line. There are three trustees from each
+school district, the six members constituting the school board of the
+town.
+
+There have been four superintendents of schools since the inauguration of
+the free school system in 1870, who have served in the following order:
+Mr. John Howison, General Daniel Ruggles, Mr. Edgar M. Crutchfield and Mr.
+Benjamin P. Willis. All of these gentlemen have passed away except Mr.
+Willis, who is now serving as superintendent. The school board has had but
+four presidents since its organization, thirty-eight years ago, who
+served in the following order: John James Young, Captain Joseph W. Sener,
+Wm. H. Cunningham and Andrew B. Bowering. Only one is now living--A. B.
+Bowering, who is serving at present.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+    _The Churches of Fredericksburg._
+
+
+If the morals and correct lives of the people of a town are to be judged
+by the number of churches within its borders, giving due consideration to
+the number of inhabitants, the people of Fredericksburg would be rated
+with the best. One of the first things that received the attention of the
+founders of the town, under the charter granted by the House of Burgesses
+in 1727, was the building of a house of worship and its dedication to the
+service of the Almighty, and since that time Fredericksburg has been
+blessed with regular divine services. And as the inhabitants of the town
+increased in numbers, and the little building became too small to
+accommodate all who would wish to attend upon the House of the Lord, the
+authorities were not too much engrossed with money-making and
+money-getting to enlarge the church and provide for the spiritual comfort
+and necessities of the increasing population. So the church building was
+enlarged time and again as the growth of the town demanded it.
+
+Up to the first of the nineteenth century the only denomination holding
+regular services in town was the Episcopalians, as that was the only
+denomination that had a house of worship, but in the early part of that
+century other denominations organized churches in town, built houses of
+worship and have continued to occupy them to the present. Since then
+Fredericksburg has not been without a sufficient number of churches for
+the accommodation of her entire church-going population. There are at
+present eleven church buildings in town--seven for the whites and four for
+the colored people. The seating capacity of the white church buildings is
+about three thousand and that of the colored churches about one thousand
+five hundred, making the total seating capacity of the churches of
+Fredericksburg about four thousand five hundred, being ample accommodation
+for the church-going population, both white and colored.
+
+[Illustration: Jackson Monument. Erected where he was mortally wounded May
+2, 1863. (See page 96)]
+
+
+ST. GEORGE'S EPISCOPAL CHURCH.
+
+The history of the Episcopal church in Fredericksburg is of peculiar
+interest to the people of the town because of its antiquity and because of
+its intimate connection with the history and affairs of the town. In the
+year 1732, seven years after the town was laid out and named, the first
+church building was erected in Fredericksburg.[69] It was in St. George's
+parish, which embraced the whole of Spotsylvania county, which then
+contained all the territory west, as far as it was or might be settled by
+the whites. A church building had previously been erected in the county,
+on the Po river, for the accommodation of the people of the county. This
+church is said to have been located on the Catharpin road, on the top of
+the hill west of Mine run, on the south side of the road, where the Yellow
+church was afterwards built by the Baptists and which was destroyed some
+years ago. This stream is not the Po, but one of its tributaries and may
+then have been called the Po.
+
+The first pastor the Fredericksburg church had after the completion of its
+building was Rev. Patrick Henry, uncle of the great orator and statesman
+of that name. He served the church for two years, and in 1735 was
+succeeded by Rev. James Marye,[70] of Goochland county, who died as rector
+of the church in 1769, having served it faithfully for thirty-four years.
+Rev. James Marye was succeeded in the rectorship by his son, Rev. James
+Marye, Jr., who was rector for eleven years. From 1780, when the second
+James Marye closed his labors, to 1813 the church had many rectors, but
+their stay was of short duration.
+
+In the year 1787 the Common Council, through a committee of its members,
+repaired and enlarged the church building by adding another wing, (one
+having been previously constructed, mentioned elsewhere,) which made the
+building a cross in shape. The cost for this work amounted to four hundred
+and six pounds, a part of which was raised by the committee by an appeal
+to the private citizens for donations, because of the depleted condition
+of the city treasury. In the same year the Council prepared and adopted a
+petition to the Legislature of Virginia, praying for a division of St.
+George's parish and for vesting "the property of the old church and the
+new burying ground in Fredericksburg in the corporation of said town."
+
+Mr. James Monroe,[71] who was a member of the Council and a vestryman of
+St. George's church, (who was afterwards a member of the Legislature, a
+Representative in Congress, a United States Senator, twice Governor of
+Virginia, twice Minister to France, twice Minister to England, Minister to
+Spain, Secretary of State, Secretary of War, two terms President of the
+United States, Presiding Justice of Loudoun county and Visitor of the
+University of Virginia,) was appointed chairman of the committee to
+present the petition and secure the desired action of the Legislature. If
+any report was ever made by Mr. Monroe, neither it nor any reference to it
+can be found. It is quite likely that the law separating church and State,
+which was passed that year, made it unnecessary.
+
+As has been stated, that after the death of the younger Marye, for more
+than thirty years the pastorates of the church were short and
+unsatisfactory. The cause for this state of things has not been recorded
+and conjecture is needless. In 1813 Edward C. McGuire, of Winchester,
+Virginia, came to the church as lay reader, being highly recommended by
+Rev. Wm. Meade (who afterwards became bishop of the diocese) as a young
+man of character and piety. Mr. McGuire was soon ordained and became
+rector of the church, serving it with great acceptance and success to the
+day of his death, in 1858, a period of forty-five years.[72]
+
+Mr. McGuire was greatly beloved by all classes of persons, his ministerial
+labors were signally blessed, and the number of communicants was largely
+increased. From the death of Mr. McGuire to the present the church has
+had several rectors, who did good work and who greatly endeared themselves
+to the congregation and people of the town. These pastors served in the
+following order: Rev. A. M. Randolph, D. D., now bishop of the Southern
+Diocese of Virginia; Rev. Magruder Maury, Rev. Edward C. Murdaugh, Rev.
+Robert J. McBryde, Rev. J. K. Mason, Rev. Wm. M. Clarke, Rev. Wm. D. Smith
+and Rev. Dr. Robert J. McBryde, a second time, who is the present rector.
+During a portion of the time that Dr. Murdaugh was rector he had as his
+assistant Rev. Arthur S. Johns, a son of the late Bishop Johns. St.
+George's church has a flourishing Sunday school, of which Dr. M. C. Hall
+was superintendent for thirty-eight years, his duties closing at his
+death. This long service as an officer of St. George's church has been
+exceeded only by one rector, Rev. Edward C. McGuire, and one vestryman and
+senior warden, Reuben T. Thom, Esq.[73]
+
+There have been three buildings erected on the ground where the present
+house of worship stands. The first one was built in 1732, and was an
+oblong, frame building. As the inhabitants of the town increased an
+addition was built on one side, and in 1787 another addition was
+constructed, rendered necessary by a further increase of the population
+and larger congregations. By the year 1814 the old building seems to have
+become so old and dilapidated that a new house was thought necessary, and
+therefore the old one, which had stood for over three-quarters of a
+century, was torn down and a new one was erected in its stead. An aged
+citizen, some forty years ago, describing this first building, said: "It
+was cruciform in shape, with steeple and bell, capable of holding large
+congregations. In each projection of the cross there was a small gallery;
+one contained the organ, the others two pews each. It was a frame
+building, painted yellow. The pulpit was at one of the angles of the
+cross, highly elevated, with reading desk, and clerk's desk in front
+below. A clerk, in his desk, generally responded to the minister in the
+service, while the people were silent."[74]
+
+The second house was made of brick, but, like the former one, was not
+large enough to hold the growing congregation. The work was commenced in
+1814, the corner stone having been laid that year, with imposing
+ceremonies. It was completed in the following year, and was reported to
+the Council in 1816 by Bishop Moore, who stated to that body that he had
+consecrated a handsome, brick edifice in Fredericksburg and confirmed
+sixty persons.
+
+In the short space of thirty-three years it was found that this new, brick
+house was too small, and so, in 1849, it was removed and the present brick
+building was erected, which is one of the handsomest church edifices in
+the State, outside of the large cities. While this house was in the course
+of erection the church worshipped in the old Methodist church, just back
+of the park, which was destroyed by fire about 1852. The new church was
+consecrated and occupied in the Fall of 1849. A few years after its
+completion it was very much damaged by fire, but it was at once repaired
+and restored to its former beauty.
+
+
+TRINITY EPISCOPAL CHURCH.
+
+Trinity Episcopal church, composed of members who withdrew from St.
+George's church, and organized with Rev. Dr. E. C. Murdaugh as rector,
+worshipped for some time in the courthouse, and afterwards in the
+Hanover-street Methodist church, which had not been used for religious
+services since the Civil war.[75] With commendable zeal this new
+congregation went to work, purchased a lot on the south corner of Prince
+Edward and Hanover streets and erected a handsome house of worship, which
+in due time was consecrated to the service of the Lord. The change for the
+purposes for which this ground was used was indeed radical; it was from
+theatrical to church purposes. It is said that after the Revolutionary war
+this lot had on it a large frame house, which was at first intended for
+an extensive stable, but was converted into a hall for theatrical
+purposes. Theatrical companies visiting town would sometimes remain for a
+week exhibiting every night to large audiences of the elite of the town.
+
+The first rector of Trinity church was Dr. Edward C. Murdaugh, who was
+succeeded by Rev. J. Green Shackelford, Rev. John S. Gibson, Rev. J. S.
+Gray, Rev. Edwin Green, Rev. W. V. Reaney and Dr. H. H. Barber, who is now
+serving the church. Some few years ago the congregation erected a
+beautiful and commodious rectory near the church building, which adds much
+to the comfort and convenience of the pastor.
+
+
+THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.
+
+The Presbyterian church in Fredericksburg was constituted in the early
+part of the nineteenth century. In the year 1806 Rev. Samuel B.
+Wilson,[76] a young minister of that denomination, came to town. At that
+time there were but two Presbyterians in the place. As St. George's
+church, which had the only house of worship in town, was without a pastor,
+Mr. Wilson was invited to preach in that church. This invitation was
+gladly accepted, and for some time he preached in St. George's church,
+large congregations attending the services. In a few years Mr. Wilson
+succeeded in getting together a sufficient number of Presbyterians to
+organize a church, and a house of worship was erected in 1810 on the lot
+where the asylum (at present known as Smithsonia) now stands on Amelia
+street.
+
+This house was occupied until the present brick building on George street
+was erected, which was in 1833, and was dedicated on the 26th of July of
+that year. The old church on Amelia street stood back several yards from
+the sidewalk and was approached through a gate, near which the bell was
+suspended on a cross-beam erected on two uprights. In the gallery of the
+church, where the choir was seated, a large brass ball was arranged on
+the principle of a metronome, which marked the time for the singers. Some
+years after the house on George street was built a comfortable manse was
+erected on the same street, near the church, for the pastor.
+
+In 1880 the "Memorial Chapel" was erected just in rear of the present
+church building, fronting on Princess Ann street and neatly fitted out by
+Mr. Seth B. French, a Fredericksburg man, then residing in New York city,
+as a memorial to his daughter Margaretta, who died just as she was
+entering into womanhood; upon the death of his wife, a few years
+afterwards, who was the daughter of Judge John M. Herndon, he placed a
+very beautiful and costly window in the east end of the building as a
+memorial of her. This house is built of granite, quarried on the old
+Landram farm, two miles west of Fredericksburg, and is of a superior
+quality. The Presbyterian house of worship, like other houses of worship
+in town, was dismantled during the Wilderness campaign in 1864 and used by
+the Federal authorities as a hospital. After the war the Presbyterians had
+no bell and their church had been sacked by Federal soldiers.
+
+In connection with this condition of things an amusing incident occurred,
+which was related to us by the perpetrator of the joke, and which is too
+good to be lost. Just after the war, when the different church buildings
+had been repaired and fitted up for occupation by the respective
+congregations, Mr. James McGuire, a prominent member of the Presbyterian
+church, met Mr. Reuben T. Thom, senior warden of St. George's church, on
+the corner of the street near the Presbyterian church, St. George's being
+on the diagonal corner. They engaged in conversation, during which Mr.
+McGuire appeared to be very much troubled because all the other churches
+had bells to call their congregations together while the Presbyterians had
+none. Mr. Thom, kind hearted as he was, sympathized with them very much
+and undertook to console Mr. McGuire. Seeing Mr. Thom was very much
+concerned, and casting his eyes up towards St. George's bell, just across
+the street, his countenance brightening up as if a new idea had struck
+him, queried: "Well, Mr. Thom, won't you let the Presbyterians come to
+church by St. George's bell?" Mr. Thom, being anxious to accommodate the
+Presbyterians, but feeling that he was not authorized to decide the
+matter, replied: "Eh, eh, I have no objection myself, Jimmie, but, but I
+will lay the matter before the vestry, and will inform you of its action!"
+
+Mr. Wilson served the church as pastor until 1841, when he resigned to
+accept a professorship in the Union Theological Seminary, then at
+Hampden-Sidney, in Prince Edward county, Virginia. He was succeeded by
+Rev. George W. McPhail, D. D., and Rev. A. A. Hodge, D. D. Rev. B. T. Lacy
+supplied the pulpit for some time prior to the Civil war, but was never
+the regular pastor of the church. The church has had the following pastors
+since the war: Rev. Thomas W. Gilmer,[77] Rev. James P. Smith, D. D., Rev.
+A. P. Saunders, D. D., Rev. Benjamin W. Mebane, D. D., Rev. John W.
+Rosebro, D. D., and Rev. J. H. Henderlite, who is now serving the church.
+Governor John L. Marye was a ruling elder of this church for more than
+forty-seven years, giving faithful and efficient service.
+
+
+THE BAPTIST CHURCH.
+
+The Baptists came into notice as early as the year 1768, when John Waller,
+Lewis Craig and James Chiles, three zealous Baptist ministers, were seized
+by the sheriff of Spotsylvania county, carried before three magistrates in
+the yard of the church building, on the charge of "preaching the gospel
+contrary to law." They were ordered to jail in Fredericksburg, and, while
+in jail, preached through the iron gratings of the windows and door to
+large crowds, who assembled to see and hear them.[78] It is said as they
+marched through the streets of the town to jail, in the custody of the
+officers of the law, followed by a large, noisy crowd jeering at them,
+they sang that old hymn by Watts, to the tune of Wyndham:
+
+  "Broad is the road that leads to death.
+    And thousands walk together there;
+  But wisdom shows a narrow way,
+    With here and there a traveller."
+
+And as the sweet, solemn notes fell upon the ears of the curious crowd the
+jeering ceased, and before the hymn was concluded many persons were melted
+to tears.
+
+The Baptist church of Fredericksburg was organized by Rev. Andrew
+Broaddus, Sr., the great orator of King and Queen county and later of
+Caroline county, in the year 1804, who for several years was its pastor.
+In 1810 Rev. Robert Baylor Semple, in preparing his "History of Virginia
+Baptists," says of the Fredericksburg church: "They have no resident
+pastor, but are supplied by Mr. A. Broaddus, who attends them monthly. If
+there is any objection to Mr. Broaddus's ministry in this city it is that
+he is too popular with the irreligious. It may be said of him as was said
+of Ezekiel: 'Lo! thou art unto them as a very lovely song of one that hath
+a pleasant voice, and can play well on an instrument; for they hear thy
+words, but they do them not.' This remark by no means applies to the
+church, for, although they hear with much pleasure, they practise with
+more. It is a young and rising church."
+
+The first house of worship erected in town by the Baptists was a small,
+frame structure built on the ground now occupied by the Richmond,
+Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad Company as a depot, but before many
+years had passed the congregation had so increased in size the small
+building was found to be inadequate and a large, brick building was
+erected on Water street, where Shiloh church, old site, now stands, and
+for thirty years or more the church worshipped in that building.
+
+Under the preaching of able and faithful pastors the membership rapidly
+increased and the congregations became larger, and by the middle of the
+century the house on Water street was found to be too small to accommodate
+the increasing attendance. In the year 1854 the present large and
+commodious brick building was erected on Princess Ann street, mainly
+through the efforts of Rev. Wm. F. Broaddus,[79] the pastor, J. B.
+Benwick, Jr., architect, notwithstanding on a tablet in the front of the
+church that work is credited to another.
+
+The new house, with a large addition to it about twelve years ago, has
+proved ample for the church and congregation to the present. Rev. Andrew
+Broaddus, the first pastor, was succeeded by the following ministers: Rev.
+Robert B. Semple, Rev. Carter Braxton, Rev. Mr. James, Rev. John Teasdale,
+Rev. John M. Waddey, Rev. George F. Adams, Rev. S. C. Smith, Rev. Wm. F.
+Broaddus, D. D., Rev. Wm. H. Williams, Rev. Thomas S. Dunaway, D. D., Rev.
+Jacob S. Dill, D. D., and Rev. R. Aubrey Williams, who is now serving the
+church. Dr. Dunaway's pastorate covered a period of thirty-two years,
+during which he greatly endeared himself to the church and people of the
+town, and was eminently successful in winning souls and building up the
+church. The Baptist church has a large and flourishing Sunday school
+connected with it that has had but four superintendents for sixty-three
+years. George W. Garnett[80] was superintendent for thirty and Prof. A. B.
+Bowering served nearly twenty-three years, S. J. Quinn ten, and B. P.
+Willis, having just been elected, has entered upon the work.
+
+
+THE METHODIST CHURCH.
+
+The Methodists, who, for a number of years, were designated as a society,
+held services in Fredericksburg as early as 1786. For a number of years
+they held meetings from house to house, and were very active workers. It
+is not known when the first church or society was formed, or by whom it
+was organized, but it is known that persons united with that denomination
+before the dawn of the nineteenth century, and that Father Kobler
+commenced his ministry here as a local preacher in the year 1789, and
+continued his labors as such for over half a century. Therefore it may be
+concluded that the first organization of that denomination in
+Fredericksburg held its meetings in private houses for more than thirty
+years.
+
+The first house of worship built by the Methodists in town, that we have
+any record or tradition of, was erected in 1822, on the lot in rear of
+Hurkamp park, fronting on George street, and occupied by Colonel E. D.
+Cole as a stable and lumber yard. It was then outside of the city limits
+and was known as Liberty Town. It was a small frame building and was
+occupied until 1841, when the old church on Hanover street was finished.
+The services were then held in the new house and the old frame church
+building was turned over to the colored Methodists, who occupied it for
+some time. It was destroyed by fire about 1852.
+
+Some years after occupying the church building on Hanover street, the
+question of slavery, which had been so vigorously discussed by the
+denomination North and South, was the theme of discussion in the church at
+Fredericksburg. The feeling became strong between the parties and
+increased in intensity until it resulted in a split in the church. One
+division was known as the Northern Methodist, as its members opposed
+slavery, while the other division was known as the Southern Methodist, its
+members favoring slavery. When the difference became so marked and the
+feeling so bitter, that the parties could not longer worship together, the
+Southern Methodists withdrew, and held services in the second story of the
+town hall for some time. The Northern wing remained in the Hanover street
+house until the beginning of the Civil war.
+
+In the year 1852 the southern division of the church erected a handsome
+brick building on the south corner of George and Charles streets, where
+Mr. P. V. D. Conway's residence now stands, in which they worshipped until
+the war came on, when the sessions of the church were almost suspended.
+Since the Civil war the two churches united and occupied the George-street
+church until about the year 1879, when the old building on Hanover street
+was torn down and a house of modern architecture erected in its place.
+Since that time the new church has been occupied and the George-street
+building was sold. About fifteen years ago an addition was built in rear
+of the church for the accommodation of the Sunday school. The church also
+has a parsonage on the same street, which was donated to it by Rev. John
+Kobler.
+
+[Illustration: "Kenmore," Mansion of Col. Fielding Lewis, who married
+Betty Washington; now residence of Councilman Clarance R. Howard. (See
+page 155)]
+
+[Illustration: "Union House," where Gen. Lafayette was entertained in 1824
+by his friend, Mr. Ross. (See page 144)]
+
+In 1843 Rev. John Kobler, widely known as Father Kobler, a citizen of the
+town, a venerable local preacher of the Methodist church, distinguished
+for his piety and ability and greatly beloved by all who knew him, died
+and was buried beneath the pulpit of the Hanover-street church. Prior to
+his death he wrote his "farewell to the world," which he requested should
+be read as a part of his funeral service, which was done. The farewell is
+almost as long as a sermon and is "the very perfume of piety and Christian
+assurance." 1st. He bids farewell to the ministry of the gospel and all
+the ordinances of the church of God. 2nd. He bids farewell to the church
+in her militant state. 3rd. He bids farewell to the communion of saints.
+4th. He bids farewell to prayer. 5th. He bids a final and hearty adieu to
+temptation and to every species of the Christian warfare. 6th and lastly.
+He bids farewell to his Bible. This history of him is given on the first
+page of the pamphlet: "John Kobler was born 29th of August, 1768; joined
+the Methodist Episcopal church 6th of December, 1786; was converted 24th
+of December, 1787; commenced his itinerating ministry 3rd of October,
+1789; and died with glory on his lips, July 26th, 1843."
+
+Some ten or twelve years after the death of Father Kobler his devoted and
+saintly wife followed him to the glory land and she was interred by the
+side of her husband. When the old building was torn down and the new one
+erected the sacred dust of these two sleeping saints was left undisturbed,
+and so under the pulpit of the new church their mortal remains still
+repose. The present pastor of the church is Rev. W. L. Dolly, a faithful
+and zealous servant of the Lord.
+
+
+THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.
+
+About the year 1832 the religious movement, in which Alexander Campbell
+was the leader, began in Fredericksburg. A number of citizens, adopting
+the views held by Mr. Campbell, were organized into a Christian or
+Disciples church. With commendable energy and zeal they went to work,
+purchased a lot and erected quite a comfortable church building on Main
+street, between Amelia and Lewis streets. The church prospered until the
+breaking out of the Civil war, when, like those of the other churches,
+its members were scattered and church services were suspended.
+
+Several efforts have been made since the war to reorganize the church, but
+they were unsuccessful until 1897, when Rev. Mr. Rutledge preached here
+for some days, got the members together and the church was organized. The
+old building has been remodelled and modernized and is now occupied by the
+congregation. After the church was reorganized Rev. Cephas Shelburne was
+called as pastor, and by his energetic labors the membership was very much
+increased. Mr. Shelburne was succeeded by Rev. F. S. Forrer and he by Rev.
+I. L. Chestnutt. The church now has no pastor.
+
+
+ST. MARY'S CATHOLIC CHURCH.
+
+The Roman Catholics had no church organization in town until the year
+1859. In 1856 Bishop McGill visited Fredericksburg and preached a sermon
+of great ability and spiritual power, and under his influence a nucleus
+was formed, out of which the church was organized three years afterwards.
+The newly organized church went earnestly to work at once to build a house
+of worship, and from amounts subscribed by the members and friends in
+town, and the assistance they received from abroad, a neat and comfortable
+brick building was erected on Princess Ann street, between Charlotte and
+Hanover. A frame parsonage was purchased some years afterwards just below
+the church building, which was destroyed by fire about the year 1875,
+after which the present brick parsonage was erected.
+
+The church at different periods has been visited by Bishop Gibbons, now
+Cardinal, and Bishop Keene, by whom it was greatly strengthened. It has
+had for pastors since its organization Rev. Fathers Hagan, Donnelson,
+O'Farrell, Sears, Brady, Becker, Tiernan, Donahoe, Wilson, Kennefick,
+Demunych and Coleman. Rev. Father Perrig is pastor at this time.
+
+
+THE COLORED BAPTIST CHURCHES.
+
+In 1854, when the white Baptists occupied their new house of worship on
+Princess Ann street, they turned over to the colored Baptists their old
+house on Water street. Prior to that the white and colored members
+worshipped together in the same building. Separated to themselves, but
+under the care of the white Baptist church, the colored people had Rev.
+George Rowe to preach for them, which he continued to do, with success,
+until the Civil war came on.
+
+After the war closed the colored people, being free to act for themselves,
+formed separate churches and selected pastors of their own color. The
+colored Baptists of the town formed a church, under the name of Shiloh,
+and called Rev. George L. Dixon to the pastorate. His pastoral care of the
+church continued for several years, when he was succeeded by Rev. L. G.
+Walden and he by Rev. Willis M. Robinson.
+
+In 1887 the church building collapsed and a division of sentiment arose
+among the members as to where they should rebuild, which resulted in a
+division of the church and congregation and the erection of another church
+building. A majority of the members of the church wanted to rebuild on the
+old site, but a large minority preferred to sell the old site and build on
+Princess Ann street, near the railroad depot. The contention was sharp,
+the feeling was intense, satisfactory terms of separation could not be
+agreed upon, and finally the controversy was carried into the circuit
+court.
+
+Judge Wm. S. Barton, who was judge of the circuit court, advised a
+compromise, which was accepted by the parties, and a division of the
+church and property was the result. But then another perplexing question
+arose that promised to give trouble. Both parties strenuously contended
+for the old name, Shiloh, and no other name it appeared would satisfy
+either division. The wishes of both parties, however, were happily met
+when some one suggested that the Water-street party should be known as
+Shiloh Old Site and the Princess Ann party as Shiloh New Site. This
+proposition was agreed to, the separation took place peaceably and both
+parties proceeded to build substantial and commodious brick houses, which
+are a credit to the colored people of the town.
+
+Rev. Willis Robinson, who was pastor of the old church Shiloh, went with
+Shiloh New Site and became its pastor. Shiloh Old Site extended a call to
+Rev. James E. Brown to become its pastor, which he accepted, and served
+the church for several years. For some time after the old church building
+became unsafe for occupancy the colored people worshipped in the
+courthouse.
+
+In the year 1879 several members withdrew from old Shiloh church and
+organized under the name of the Second Baptist church. They erected a
+small, but neat, frame church building on Winchester street, near Amelia,
+and asked for the ordination of Albert Ray, whom they had selected as
+pastor. A few months later he was duly ordained, entered upon the
+pastorate of the church and continued as such until disabled by rheumatism
+in 1902.
+
+Rev. Albert Ray's church was sold a few years ago and went into possession
+of a new religious sect. The pastor is Rev. Roland Burgess and the sect is
+known as "The Church of God and the Saints of the Lord Jesus Christ." The
+church has made but little progress up to this time.
+
+In 1903 Shiloh New Site had a split on the question of pastor, when a
+large number of the membership withdrew and erected a frame building on
+Wolfe street, called Rev. Willis M. Robinson as their pastor, which
+organization is known as Robinson's church.
+
+At present Shiloh Old Site has for its pastor Rev. John A. Brown and
+Shiloh New Site has Rev. W. L. Ransom. Both churches are in a thriving
+condition, with large Sunday schools, and both pastors are educated and
+fully qualified to lead and instruct their race.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+    _Charitable and Benevolent Societies--The Mary Washington
+    Hospital--Newspapers and Periodicals--Political Excitement--Strong
+    Resolutions Condemning the Administration of John Adams--An Address
+    Approving the President's Foreign Policy--The Names of Those who
+    Signed the Address, &c._
+
+
+Next in importance to the churches in a community, dedicated to the
+service of God, come the charitable and benevolent societies and
+institutions. The former show the state of religion among the people, or
+their relations to their Maker, while the latter is an evidence of that
+fraternal feeling existing from one to another which binds all the members
+in one common cause for humanity. And as Fredericksburg is not wanting in
+her church privileges and accommodations, so she is not deficient in the
+number of her charitable and benevolent societies. The oldest of these
+societies is the Masonic institution.
+
+Fredericksburg Lodge, No. 4, Ancient, Free and Accepted Masons, was
+organized on the first day of September, 1752. Under what authority it was
+organized is not positively known, and therefore three authorities are
+suggested. The first source of authority claimed is that of Thomas Oxnard,
+Grand Master of St. John's Lodge, of Massachusetts and "Provincial Grand
+Master of all of North America." A second claim is made that the Masons in
+the community organized themselves into a lodge and continued as a
+self-constituted body until a charter was obtained from Scotland. This
+could hardly have been true. The third claim is, and it is believed by the
+best authorities to be the original source of authority, that a
+dispensation was obtained from the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and this was
+the authority by which the lodge was held until it was regularly chartered
+by said Grand Lodge. The lodge held its meetings under the authority of
+this dispensation for six years, and made Masons, among others, of George
+Washington, George Weedon, Hugh Mercer, Wm. Woodford, Thomas Posey,
+Gustavus B. Wallace, all of whom became general officers and did
+distinguished service in the Revolutionary war.
+
+In the year 1758 Daniel Campbell, for several years master of the lodge,
+visited Scotland, and, at the request of the lodge, applied for and
+obtained a charter for the lodge from the Grand Lodge of Scotland, which
+was dated July 21, 1758, and designated the organization "The Lodge at
+Fredericks-Burg," Virginia. Possessed with this charter the lodge
+concluded it had the authority to charter other lodges, and exercised that
+authority in chartering one at Falmouth, Va., and one at Gloucester
+Courthouse, Va. The latter soon obtained a charter from England and the
+former from the Grand Lodge of Virginia. In 1775 the Fredericksburg Lodge
+united with four other lodges in the State and organized the Grand Lodge
+of Virginia, and received a charter from that Grand Body, dated January
+30, 1787, under the name and title of Fredericksburg Lodge, No. 4. The
+lodge is holding its authority now under the Virginia Grand Lodge charter,
+but still has in its possession the old Scotch charter, which is well
+preserved. The original dispensation has disappeared and was probably lost
+more than a century ago.
+
+In the years 1798 and 1799 the town was the seat of frequent and heated
+political discussions, and the strong, not to say bitter, feeling was
+shared in by the entire population of the town. It was during this
+excitement, and because of the bad feeling it engendered, a number of
+members of No. 4 Lodge withdrew their membership and organized
+Fredericksburg American Lodge, for which a dispensation was granted in
+1799 by Gov. Robert Brooke, the Grand Master of Masons in Virginia. In the
+following year the lodge was chartered and given the number 63. It
+continued to flourish until the breaking out of the Civil war, when it
+suspended its meetings and finally became extinct.
+
+In the bombardment and subsequent sacking of Fredericksburg on the 11th,
+12th, 13th, 14th and 15th of December, 1862, by straggling Federal
+soldiers, all of the records of the Masonic Lodge were destroyed or
+carried away except those from 1752 to 1771, which were taken to Danville,
+Va., and preserved by Wm. Ware, Esq., a member of the lodge.
+
+When No. 4 Lodge first organized its meetings were held in the market
+house, or town hall, then on Main street near Market alley, but in 1756
+the time for holding the meetings was changed to "the day before
+Spotsylvania county court," which was then held at Germanna, on the
+Rapidan river, and the place of meeting was fixed at Charles Julien's, who
+lived between Fredericksburg and Germanna. The lodge continued there for
+about six years, when it was moved back to the market house to "stay for
+all time to come," and continued there from 1762 to 1813, when the
+building was torn down preparatory to the erection of the present town
+hall and market house.
+
+When it was decided to remove the old market house the meetings of the
+lodge were moved to the "Rising Sun Tavern," the old frame building still
+standing on Main street between Fauquier and Hawke streets. In the year
+1815 the present Masonic hall was completed, which stands on the corner of
+Princess Ann and Hanover streets. The Fredericksburg Masonic Lodge has, at
+various periods, embraced in its membership eminent men, including
+soldiers, Statesmen, professional men and private citizens. Among the
+first two classes mentioned--soldiers and Statesmen--was the father of his
+country, George Washington, who, in this historic lodge, received the
+first degree in Masonry on November 4, 1752, the second degree on March 3,
+1753, and the third degree on August 4, 1753, and continued his membership
+in the lodge to the day of his death. The Bible used in these interesting
+ceremonies is now in possession of the lodge in a fine state of
+preservation. It was printed by John Field, at Cambridge, in the year
+1668. It is believed that John Paul Jones, the father of our infant navy,
+was also a member of this lodge.
+
+By an order of the lodge, and by funds to the amount of five thousand
+dollars, raised by its exertions, a very beautiful and faithful statue of
+Washington, in Masonic regalia, was wrought out of white marble by the
+great Virginia artist, Hiram Powers, while he was in Rome, Italy. It was
+safely transported to Fredericksburg, but before it could be erected the
+war came on. For safe keeping it was sent to Richmond, and there perished
+in the terrible conflagration of April 3, 1865. Fredericksburg Lodge, No.
+4, has furnished six grand masters to the Grand Lodge of Virginia, as
+follows: Judge James Mercer, in 1784; Governor Robert Brooke, in 1785;
+Major Benjamin Day, from 1797 to 1800; Hon. Oscar M. Crutchfield, in 1841;
+Judge Beverly R. Wellford, Jr., in 1877, and Capt. S. J. Quinn, in 1907.
+Fredericksburg American Lodge, No. 63, furnished Hon. John S. Caldwell, in
+1856.
+
+In 1873 Fredericksburg Royal Arch Chapter, No. 23, was organized. This
+chapter took the place of Fitzwilson Chapter, that flourished in town some
+years before the Civil war, although it did not take the old name or
+number.
+
+In the year 1875 Fredericksburg Commandery, No. 1, of Knights Templar, was
+instituted, and has continued to flourish to the present. Some years ago
+the various bodies of the Scottish Rite branch of Masonry to the
+thirty-second degree, were organized in town of the Cerneau division, but
+as the question of legitimacy was raised as to that rite these
+organizations were abandoned. The three Masonic bodies, however, that are
+now in operation are in a flourishing condition and can confer all the
+degrees in ancient York Masonry.
+
+On the 22nd of December, 1753, a "Royal Arch Lodge" was held in connection
+with the Fredericksburg Lodge, Simon Fraser, acting Grand Master. On that
+occasion the Royal Arch degree was conferred on Daniel Campbell, Robert
+Halkerson and Alexander Wodrow. The proceedings of this meeting were
+recorded in the record book of the lodge and are preserved to this day;
+and, strange as it may appear, the fact is well established and admitted
+by the Masonic historians of England that this is the oldest record, by
+nine years, of conferring this degree that has yet been discovered in any
+country. The next oldest record is found in York, England, which was made
+in 1762.
+
+
+ODD FELLOWS LODGE.
+
+The first lodge of Odd Fellows organized in Fredericksburg was in the year
+1839, and was known as Rappahannock Lodge, No. 14. It continued a working
+lodge only about three years. The last report it made to the Grand Lodge
+showed a membership of thirty-nine. Its suspension seems to have been
+brought about by some unruly, if not unworthy, members who had brought
+strife and discord into the lodge. In the year 1847, on the petition of
+five members of the old lodge--Wm. Baily, Wm. Smith, George Waite, Wm. T.
+Lowery and A. B. Adams--a charter was granted for instituting Myrtle
+Lodge, No. 50, and which has continued in active operation to the present.
+It has a large membership, composed of our best citizens. The charter of
+this lodge was signed by Major J. Harrison Kelly, who then lived in
+Charlestown, now West Virginia, and who was Grand Master of the State. In
+after years he became a citizen of Fredericksburg and ended his days in
+this town.
+
+The meetings of the lodge were at first held at private houses, and at one
+time in Haydon's Hall, on Charlotte street, in rear of Wheeler's livery
+stable. After the Civil war the meetings were held in the room immediately
+under the Masonic lodge-room, and continued there until about 1892, when
+the Odd Fellows, in connection with the Knights of Pythias, erected the
+splendid hall on Main street, where they held their meetings for some
+years, but, believing it to be to their interest to dispose of their stock
+in the new hall, they did so and moved the lodge to the third story of the
+Bradford Building.
+
+In 1903 a second Odd Fellows Lodge was organized under a charter from the
+Grand Lodge, known as Acorn Lodge, No. 261. Although young, this lodge has
+grown with great rapidity and has a large membership. It was organized in
+the Masonic lodge-room, and afterward rented the hall under the said
+Masonic lodge, where it now holds its meetings. Among the membership of
+these Odd Fellows lodges may be found many of the most substantial and
+progressive citizens of the town.
+
+
+THE BENEVOLENT ORDER OF ELKS.
+
+The Order of Elks now stands as the youngest of the three prominent secret
+orders on this continent, and since it came into existence, in 1868, has
+shown one of the most phenomenal growths that has ever been recorded for a
+similar benevolent order. It has for its teaching Charity, Justice,
+Brotherly Love and Fidelity, and for its motto "The faults of our brothers
+we write in the sand, and their virtues upon the tablets of love and
+memory." Five years ago a few progressive spirits of Fredericksburg,
+catching the inspiration the order of Elks taught, met and organized a
+lodge of Elks. A lodge was organized on the 23rd of June, 1903, under the
+name Fredericksburg Lodge, No. 875, Mr. O. L. Harris being the first
+presiding officer. The lodge now has ninety members, C. Ernest Layton
+being the present exalted ruler.
+
+There are also in Fredericksburg a number of other benevolent and
+charitable fraternities, whose origin is of a more recent date than the
+Masons, Odd Fellows and Elks, under the various names of Knights of
+Pythias, Knights of Honor, Royal Arcanum, Senior and Junior Orders of
+American Mechanics, Laboring Men's Union, Heptasophs, Maccabees, Sons of
+Sobriety--a temperance order which originated in Fredericksburg and was
+first organized as a moderate drinking society--Red Men, Knights of the
+Golden Horseshoe, Good Samaritans and others, all of which are in a
+flourishing condition and are doing a good work in dispensing charity, in
+providing cheap life insurance and endeavoring to elevate their fellowmen.
+
+
+THE MARY WASHINGTON HOSPITAL.[81]
+
+The need of a hospital in Fredericksburg had long been felt, and in
+January, 1897, a band of ladies, led by Mrs. W. Seymour White, invited the
+physicians and ministers of the city to meet with them and consider the
+feasibility of undertaking such a work. The medical fraternity pronounced
+it a necessity and the ministers heartily concurred.
+
+The late Hon. W. Seymour White, at that time Mayor of the city, was deeply
+interested in the scheme from the beginning and drew up a charter,
+constitution and by-laws. The formal organization was effected in
+February, 1897, at a large, general meeting held in the courthouse. Mrs.
+W. S. White was elected president; Miss Rebecca Smith, vice-president;
+Miss Bertha Strasburger, secretary; Mrs. C. W. Edrington, treasurer.
+
+[Illustration: Entrance to the Confederate Cemetery at Fredericksburg.
+(See page 185)]
+
+[Illustration: Lodge Room of Fredericksburg Lodge, No. 4, A. F. & A. M.;
+the Lodge that made Washington a Mason. (See page 217)]
+
+Mrs. White served as president for three terms, when she resigned and her
+place was filled by Mrs. Walter C. Stearns. The present officers are Mrs.
+Judge John E. Mason, president; Miss Virginia Knox, vice-president; Mrs.
+Maurice Hirsh, treasurer, and Mrs. D. C. Bowman, secretary. There is a
+board of lady managers and an advisory board of seven gentlemen, of whom
+the Mayor of the city is always one. The membership fee is one dollar per
+year and there is a large number of names on the roll.
+
+Immediately after the organization of the institution the city was
+thoroughly canvassed and both money and furnishings were contributed
+generally by our people, besides by a number of persons living at a
+distance. As soon as the amount justified the action, a large and suitable
+building lot, situated on the corner of Fauquier and Sophia streets, was
+purchased. This lot has a beautiful river view and is directly opposite
+Chatham, the old historic place, famous both in colonial and recent
+history.
+
+The one inflexible rule, laid down from the beginning of the work, was
+that there should be no debt incurred, and the work of raising the
+necessary funds was a tedious undertaking. Every lady appealed to her
+friends, and the amount thus collected, together with that realized
+through holding bazaars, ice cream festivals, entertainments and lectures,
+was carefully deposited until the sum of fourteen hundred dollars was
+accumulated, which the ladies thought sufficient to erect a small
+building.
+
+The plan was donated by Mr. George Washington Smith and proved acceptable.
+The corner-stone was laid April 14, 1899, this day being chosen to
+commemorate George Washington's latest visit to Fredericksburg and his
+dying mother. The corner-stone itself is a portion of the old Mary
+Washington monument, begun in 1833, and never completed, and was donated
+by Mr. John H. Myer. It was laid with imposing Masonic ceremonies by
+Fredericksburg Lodge, No. 4, A. F. and A. M., in which George Washington
+was made a Mason, District Deputy Grand Master James P. Corbin presiding,
+Rev. F. P. Ramsey, D. D., of Fredericksburg College, making an impressive
+address on the occasion.
+
+The hospital was completed the summer following, and all the money in the
+treasury was expended. The house faces the east and is a modest structure,
+with a porch in front and an extension on the west end. Two rooms open
+upon the entrance hall, one of which is the operating room, the other the
+especial room for a single patient. Back of this is a hall, running north
+and south, beyond which is the kitchen, matron's room, bath-room and store
+rooms; cellar beneath for wood and such articles as can be kept there. In
+the extensions are respectively the two large, well-lighted and ventilated
+rooms for the men's and women's wards.
+
+The capacity of the hospital is small, but there is plenty of room for any
+additions which the future may warrant being made. With the faith that
+characterized the movement from the beginning, the ladies met on September
+25, 1899, elected a matron, Miss Virginia Aldridge, and appointed
+Wednesday, October 4th, "Donation Day." Their confidence was rewarded and
+donations poured in from every one, rich and poor. Among so many it would
+be invidious to mention names, but Mr. Spencer, of Snowden, a new comer to
+Fredericksburg, liberally furnished the single room with every appliance
+for comfort in illness, and the ladies gratefully named it, for him, the
+Spencer room. From the druggists came a generous donation of accessories,
+and everything--chairs and china, beds and other belongings--came in
+abundantly.
+
+On Sunday, October 8th, the building was formally dedicated, Rev. W. D.
+Smith, rector of St. George's church, presiding, all the ministers having
+been invited to participate in the ceremonies, which were simple, but
+appropriate. The first patient was received in December, and since that
+time there has been continued service in the hospital. There is no
+endowment, and it is hoped that, seeing the work, some humanely-disposed
+individual may be moved to undertake this noble charity.
+
+By heroic efforts there have been no debts incurred, the citizens having
+so far responded in every case of need; yet there is much lacking, both in
+furniture and appliances. Donations of every kind are urgently desired.
+The physicians are most liberal in their services and attentions and their
+work is to their great honor, for, of the several difficult cases thus far
+operated upon each has been successful, and the recipient has returned
+home sounding the praises of the Mary Washington Hospital and its medical
+service. May the good work grow and prosper. Since this article was
+written the building has been greatly enlarged and improved, and the
+hospital is regarded as a permanent institution with a noble mission.
+
+
+NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS.
+
+The first newspaper established in Fredericksburg was the semi-weekly
+"Virginia Herald and Falmouth Advertiser," in 1786, by Timothy Green. It
+was soon found that the name was too long and was no advantage to the
+paper, and in a few months the Falmouth Advertiser part of the name was
+dropped and the paper was continued as the Virginia Herald. Some years
+after its establishment Mr. Green associated with him in the conduct of
+the paper a Mr. Lacy and Mr. James D. Harrow, and the firm name was Green,
+Lacy & Harrow. This firm was succeeded by Wm. F. Gray, and he by James D.
+Harrow, a practical printer, who conducted the paper for many years, with
+Jesse White, afterwards known as "the old practical printer," as foreman.
+
+Mr. Harrow died in 1851, and the office, fixtures and good will were
+purchased by Major J. Harrison Kelly, who conducted the Virginia Herald
+successfully as a semi-weekly until the year 1875, when failing health
+compelled him to discontinue its publication and it has never been
+resumed.
+
+A bound volume of this paper, running through the years 1796, 1797 and
+1798, is now owned by this writer, who prizes it very highly. Its columns
+have furnished accounts of incidents, dates and gatherings of the people
+in public meetings, noted in this historical sketch of the town.
+
+In the year 1795 another paper was started in Fredericksburg, known as the
+"Genius of Liberty and Fredericksburg and Falmouth Advertiser." This name
+was even larger, longer and less euphonious than the first name of its
+competitor, the Virginia Herald, and, like its competitor, soon dropped
+most of it. This paper came into existence at a time when party spirit ran
+high and the political blood was at fever heat. It vigorously espoused the
+cause of what was then known as the "Strict Constructionists" of the
+Federal Constitution, while the "Virginia Herald" as vigorously supported
+the "Loose Constructionists."
+
+The Genius of Liberty was conducted by Robert Mercer and George Carter as
+a weekly paper until 1798, when it was changed to a semi-weekly, at
+"twenty shillings per annum, ten shillings to be paid on subscribing and
+the remainder at the end of the year." In 1800 the paper was purchased by
+James Walker, who changed its name to "The Courier." Mr. Walker was both
+editor and proprietor, and under his management it was enlarged to "nearly
+double the size of the Virginia Herald." We have not been able to learn at
+what period its publication ceased.
+
+A volume of this publication, from November, 1800, to November, 1801,
+substantially bound, is now in possession of Mrs. James L. Green, of this
+place. It is valuable and interesting because of its hoary age and because
+of the fact it was published in Fredericksburg.
+
+"The Fredericksburg News," a semi-weekly paper, was published by Robert
+Baylor Semple for several years. At his death, in 1853, the paper was
+purchased by A. Alexander Little, who conducted it, except during the War
+Between the States, to the time of his death in 1877. When its publication
+was resumed after the war, when old things had passed away and many things
+had become new, it bore the name of "The Fredericksburg New Era," but
+neither the times nor the name suited the editor, so he changed the name
+back to the News and made the best he could of the times in which he
+lived.
+
+After Mr. Little's death the publication of the News was continued for a
+few years by his sister, Miss Bella Little, who assisted him very much in
+the editorial management of the paper during his ownership of it, but
+finding it unremunerative its publication was finally suspended.
+
+Several other publications of a less permanent nature have been started
+and conducted in Fredericksburg, but they were short lived and but little
+is known of their history, therefore they can be only mentioned as having
+existed.
+
+"The Political Arena" was commenced in the year 1830 by Wm. M. Blackford
+and lived for about fifteen years. In 1845 Mr. Blackford moved to
+Lynchburg and the publication of the paper was discontinued.
+
+In 1848 Rev. James W. Hunnicutt established the "Christian Banner," which
+continued to exist until 1862, when Mr. Hunnicutt, being a Union man and
+opposed to the Civil war, went North, and it has been stated that the
+Banner office was destroyed by Southern soldiers. This statement, however,
+is thought not to be true.
+
+"The Virginia Baptist" made its appearance in Fredericksburg about the
+year 1857. It was edited and conducted by Rev. W. R. Powell, Rev. John C.
+Willis and Rev. Joseph A. Billingsly as a temperance advocate. Its
+publication was suspended in 1860 and never resumed.
+
+"The Democratic Recorder," established in 1842, was owned by James M.
+Campbell, but in 1850 he removed to Manchester, N. H., and the office was
+purchased and the publication of the Recorder was continued by Robert B.
+Alexander, S. Greenhow Daniel and James B. Sener, in the order named. Its
+publication was suspended during the Civil war, but upon the return of
+peace in 1865 it was resumed by James B. Sener, the name being changed to
+"The Fredericksburg Ledger." In 1872 Judge Sener was elected to Congress
+and the publication of the Ledger ceased.
+
+The office and fixtures were sold by Judge Sener in 1873, and for twelve
+or fifteen years it changed hands often and several publications were
+started, only to cease after a struggle of a year or two. After the
+publication of the Ledger was discontinued the first paper sent out from
+the office was the "Independent," by Berry & Tierney. One year marked the
+life of the Independent and then came the "Bulletin," by Quinn & Tierney;
+"The True Standard," by a joint stock company, and "The Recorder," by the
+Mander Brothers. None of these publications lived more than two or three
+years at most.
+
+In May, 1887, the office was purchased by Col. John W. Woltz and Wm. E.
+Bradley, who established the "Free Lance," which they conducted until the
+death of Col. Woltz in 1893, when it was soon purchased by a joint stock
+company and its publication continued to the present. Under its first
+management the "Free Lance" was issued as a semi-weekly, but as its
+circulation increased it was changed to a tri-weekly, and was the first
+and only tri-weekly publication the town ever had. Another innovation the
+"Free Lance" made in the newspaper history of Fredericksburg was the
+introduction of a power press. Prior to this all the newspapers were
+printed on Hoe hand presses, but the "Free Lance," under Woltz & Bradley,
+boasted of a power press of a capacity of twelve hundred papers an hour,
+which was soon exchanged for one of sixteen hundred an hour. A third
+innovation made by the "Free Lance" was the purchase and use of a folding
+machine. This was a new machine in town and was observed by those who had
+never before seen one with much curiosity. It can fold papers as fast as
+they are printed, and is quite an improvement on the old way of hand
+folding.
+
+The publication of the "Virginia Star" was commenced in the year 1869 by
+Rufus B. Merchant as a semi-weekly, and was so conducted until 1895.
+During that year Mr. Merchant added another edition and sent out the
+"Daily Evening Star." This was something "new under the sun" in
+Fredericksburg, and its advent and probable success were freely discussed
+by the public and various opinions were expressed. The prevailing opinion,
+however, seemed to be that its publication was a mistake on the part of
+the proprietor and the scheme would end in financial loss. Others thought
+it would flourish for a short time and receive support because it was a
+home enterprise, but that it would eventually be crowded out by the big
+dailies of neighboring cities and would disappear. But such was not the
+case. It is yet making its daily evening visits, improves as the days go
+by, and has evidently come to stay.
+
+In 1896 the Star office, with its entire outfit, was purchased by W.
+Seymour White and Alvin T. Embrey, who continued to publish both editions
+of the paper, and upon the death of Mr. White, in the early part of the
+year 1898, his interest was purchased by Mr. Embrey, who became the sole
+editor and proprietor of the Star. In 1900 Judge Embrey sold out to a
+joint stock company, and under its management both editions of the paper
+made their regular visits to the homes of subscribers. This paper has been
+purchased by the Free Lance Company, which sends out both the Free Lance
+and Daily Star.
+
+On the 2nd day of January, 1837, the first issue of the "Masonic Olive
+Branch and Literary Portfolio" was published by James D. McCabe and John
+M. Ball. It was a semi-monthly publication, at two dollars per annum in
+advance, and was devoted principally to Masonry and Odd Fellowship. A
+bound volume of this publication is now in possession of Fredericksburg
+Masonic Lodge, and, from its typographical appearance, one would suppose
+it to have been printed by Jesse White, the practical printer, on his old
+Ramage hand press. By Mr. Ball's retirement a few months after the
+appearance of the paper, Mr. McCabe became the sole editor and proprietor.
+We have no information as to how long the Portfolio was published.
+
+In 1868 "The Little Gleaner," a thirty-two page periodical, was published
+by Miss L. Fauntleroy. It was a monthly publication, devoted to general
+subjects, and intended especially to interest and instruct the young
+folks. After two years' labor, toil and sacrifice, not meeting with the
+success she had hoped for, the proprietress discontinued its publication.
+
+In the year 1900 a number of the progressive business men of the town,
+feeling that Fredericksburg was not moving along in public improvements as
+rapidly as it should, and that the City Council was too slow in passing
+the necessary measures for such improvements, organized a joint stock
+company and commenced the publication of "The Fredericksburg Journal." The
+Journal, different from the other papers of the town, was at first a
+weekly issue, its subscription price being twenty-five cents per annum. It
+has informed the public in strong language that it has come to stay and
+progress is its watch word. In a short time it was sold to Mr. R. L.
+Biscoe, when he in turn sold it to the Fredericksburg Journal Company, who
+put more life and vim into it, and now its customers are served with both
+a semi-weekly and daily, which give the general news from the surrounding
+country and stand for improvement of the town, honesty in city affairs,
+and justice to all with special favors to none.
+
+
+POLITICAL DIVISIONS.
+
+Elsewhere we have referred to party divisions in Fredericksburg about the
+close of the eighteenth century. This division showed itself, prior to the
+Revolutionary war, because many of the people of the town were strongly
+opposed to separation from the mother country, deeming the grievances
+complained of insufficient for such a radical movement. But even the war
+and its result did not allay the bitter feeling. It was still kept up
+after peace was declared on all public questions, and became more intense,
+even to boiling over at times. This ebullition arose with the question of
+the adoption or rejection of the Constitution of the United States, and
+after its adoption it continued with increasing intensity over the
+construction of that instrument and the authority it conferred upon the
+President. New fuel was added to the flame when Congress passed the act
+known as the Alien and Sedition law, which conferred extraordinary power
+on the President in times of peace.
+
+These questions were the theme of spirited, and even angry, discussions at
+all gatherings of the people on court greens, market places and elsewhere,
+but the climax of feeling was reached when the foreign policy of President
+John Adams was developed, especially with reference to our attitude
+towards France. Mr. Monroe, a citizen of this town, who for some time had
+been our foreign minister to France, had been recalled by Mr. Adams and
+another more in accord with the administration was sent in his stead, and
+it appeared that war with our former friend and ally could not be averted.
+
+Many of the leading citizens of the town endorsed the policy of the
+President, while a decided majority strongly opposed it. The bitter
+feeling continued to increase. Not only was Fredericksburg in a state of
+ebullition, but such was the case with the people throughout the entire
+country. Fredericksburg was the first to speak her views publicly, which
+has always been characteristic of her people when questions affecting the
+public good were to be considered.
+
+A public meeting of the people was called at the courthouse by the friends
+of the administration to consider and adopt an address to the President,
+which was then the prevailing mode of communicating popular approval of
+the conduct of high officials. The meeting was extensively advertised and
+efforts were made to have it largely attended. This brought on a lively
+contest. The anti-administrationists of the town determined to try their
+strength with their opponents by attending the meeting, vote down their
+address and adopt resolutions setting forth their views and condemning the
+policy of the administration. To accomplish this the town was thoroughly
+canvassed by them, which had already been done by the other party, and the
+courthouse was filled to its utmost capacity.
+
+The meeting was held on the 14th day of May, 1798, and the "Virginia
+Herald," the presidential organ of the town, gave the proceedings in full,
+which will show the temper of the people and their defiant condemnation of
+the foreign policy of President Adams. The Herald said:
+
+    "On Monday the citizens of this corporation met, agreeably to
+    notification published in the public papers, to express their
+    sentiments on the present important and critical situation of this
+    country. The meeting was called by the friends of the Executive, whose
+    object was to address the President of the United States and to
+    express their entire approbation of his conduct with respect to our
+    foreign relations.
+
+    "An address to this effect was prepared and presented by Thomas R.
+    Rootes, Esq., which he supported by very lengthy arguments. He was
+    followed by Capt. John Mercer, Col. John Minor and Col. John F.
+    Mercer, who successfully combatted the various arguments adduced by
+    Mr. Rootes in support of his address. And the following resolutions
+    then, prepared by Dr. David C. Ker, were approved and adopted. A
+    division was called for on the address and resolutions and tellers
+    appointed to take the number of votes, who reported that two-thirds of
+    the citizens present were in favor of the resolutions. The meeting was
+    more numerous than any we have ever seen in this place. During the
+    whole of the discussion the most perfect order and decorum prevailed."
+
+The resolutions, adopted in place of the address, will be interesting
+reading to our people, even in this day. They are as follows:
+
+    1. _Resolved_, As the opinion of this meeting that the administration
+    of these States received the government of a happy and united people,
+    in peace abroad and prosperity at home; that under their guidance, we
+    have been led, oppressed with public, heavy debts, enormous taxes, a
+    ruined commerce and depreciated produce, into hostility with a nation
+    who aided to secure our independence by their own blood and treasure,
+    with a republic the most powerful and successful that has appeared on
+    earth for eighteen centuries, armed with every weapon to injure us,
+    but whom we can in no wise injure; with a republic united with a
+    confederacy so extensive as to separate us from all the civilized
+    world but Britain, and her dependencies; that they have done this, not
+    through ignorance and folly only, for they were at all times warned of
+    the certain consequence of their measures; not through constraint, for
+    although opposed, they always carried their measures; but men who have
+    proved themselves by their own works, so unfit to govern us, even with
+    every advantage, can never without madness be trusted in times of real
+    difficulty and extreme danger; and that it is equally absurd to found
+    confidence in our disasters, or to pursue that line, or to support
+    those men who have already brought us to the verge of destruction.
+
+    2nd. Resolved, That the speech of the President of the United States
+    to the ordinary session of Congress, was, in the opinion of this
+    meeting, calculated to rouse the resentment of the French government
+    and destroy any reasonable hope of successful negotiations between
+    that republic and agents appointed by him.
+
+    3rd. Resolved, That the instructions to our envoys, so contrary to the
+    spirit of that speech and the whole conduct of our administration,
+    authorize this conclusion:--that they were rather intended to inflame
+    the American mind than to produce good in France, under the well
+    grounded expectation, that the negotiations would, from those and
+    other causes, fail.
+
+    4th. Resolved, That the late negotiations with unauthorized swindlers
+    in Paris, are so unexampled as to afford no justifiable ground for
+    public measures, and that their publication, so far as they tend to
+    excite the sensibility of our citizens, is unjustifiable, as they may
+    commit the safety of the envoys highly imprudent.
+
+    5th. Resolved, That the militia are the only safe and constitutional
+    defence of these States; that they alone are adequate to this object,
+    and that they will ever prove so, if guided by good government.
+
+    6th. Resolved, That we hold it to be our bounden duty, and we do
+    solemnly pledge ourselves, firmly, to support our National rights and
+    independence whenever assailed by foreign invasion or domestic
+    usurpation.
+
+[Illustration: The "Charity School," started by Benj. Day and others in
+the latter part of the eighteenth century. (See page 194)]
+
+[Illustration: The Fire Department. (See page 144)]
+
+Fontaine Maury was chairman of this large gathering of the people and
+signed the resolutions adopted by the meeting. They were then sent to Hon.
+John Dawson, representative in Congress from this district, who laid them
+before the extra session of Congress for the consideration of that body.
+These resolutions, adopted on the 14th of May, 1798, setting forth the
+principles upon which their authors believed the Union was founded, and
+upon which the government should be administered, were the basis for the
+famous resolutions drawn by Mr. Madison and passed by the Virginia
+Legislature on the 2nd of December of the same year, which have since been
+the theme of Virginia Statesmen of that school when they would "revert to
+first principles."
+
+The address, which was presented to the meeting and voted down by such a
+large majority, was directed to the President of the United States, and
+was as follows:
+
+    We, the subscribers, inhabitants of the town and corporation of
+    Fredericksburg, in the State of Virginia, assembled at our town house,
+    this 14th day of May, 1798, by a public notice, for the purpose of
+    expressing our sense of the conduct of our government, in regard to
+    its foreign relations, do communicate to you, as the sense of the
+    subscribers, that your several attempts to restore that harmony
+    between the United States and the French republic, which has been so
+    unfortunately impaired, and to reinstate that good understanding
+    between the two nations so desirous to the lovers of peace, have been
+    wise and prudent, and entitle you to the highest evidence of our
+    esteem; and that whatever may be the opinion of foreign nations, with
+    respect to divisions among ourselves, should it be the misfortune of
+    our country to be involved in a war with any nation, you will always
+    find us ready with our lives and fortunes to support and defend the
+    Constitution and laws of our country.
+
+After the address had been voted down as not reflecting the sentiments of
+a majority of the citizens of the town, not to be foiled in their desire
+to let the President know that they approved his policy, the friends of
+the administration determined to make three copies of the address and
+leave it at three places in town for the signatures of those who approved
+it. The three places named were Wm. Taylor's, George W. B. Spooner's and
+the Herald office. The following gentlemen signed the address:
+
+George W. B. Spooner, Wm. Drummond, Elisha Hall, Wm. Jones, Anthony Buck,
+Richard Richards, Robert Patton, Wm. Glassell, Tho. Southcomb, Andrew
+Parks, Tho. Rootes, Peter Gordon, Wm. Taylor, George Murray, James
+Pettigrew, Timothy Green, Wm. Payne, James Carmichael, Law. Bowes, Thos.
+Hodge, George French, Richard Johnston, Jr., John Anderson, John Coakley,
+Wm. Fitzhugh, of Chatham, Charles Croughton, David Henderson, Roger
+Coltart, David Blair, Jeff. Wright, Charles Yates, Wm. Lovell, Alexander
+Duncan, Wm. Wilson, Rob. Lilly, Thos. Cochran, James Stevenson, John
+Brownlow, Jos. Thornton, Benj. Day, Wm. Wiatt, Zack. Mayfield, John
+Newton, David Simons, Philip Lipscomb, Daniel Grinnan, James Vanshell,
+Daniel Stark, Samuel Stevens, Godlove Heiskell, Thos. P. Basye, John
+Harris, Thomas Seddon, Jr., Robert Wellford, Philip Glover, John Legg,
+Edward McDermot, John Alcock, Jacob Grotz, John Moore, Adam Darby, Tho.
+Miller, James Blair, Wm. Hamilton, R. Dykes, David Williamson, Wm. Acres,
+Wm. Talbot, James Ross, John Bogan, Robert Walker, John Kirck, Sam. M.
+Douglas, Wm. Welsh, Alexander S. Roe, John Dare, James Slater, Charles
+Stewart, Christian Helmstetter, Wm. Smith, Benj. Sabastian, James Adams.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+    _Some Distinguished Men Buried in Fredericksburg--A Remarkable Grave
+    Stone--Three Heroic Fredericksburgers, Wellford, Herndon, Willis--The
+    Old Liberty Bell Passes Through Town--Great Demonstrations in its
+    Honor--What a Chinaman Thought of it._
+
+
+A town is not less renowned for the noble, heroic dead who sleep within
+its borders than it is for its gallant soldiers, Statesmen and others who
+are yet on the stage of action. Indeed its renown may be more enduring
+because of its dead than of its living. The deeds of the dead are embalmed
+in our hearts and in history and cannot be tarnished, obscured or
+obliterated. The greatest deeds of the living may be obscured and even
+almost blotted from the approving mind by some adverse, evil cloud--by
+some act of folly or perfidy.
+
+If Judas Iscariot had died before he betrayed his Master his good deeds
+would have lived forever. If a Britton's bullet had taken off Benedict
+Arnold before his treasonable thoughts had resolved into action he would
+have been written down in history as one of the heroes of America. We,
+therefore, with pride refer to some distinguished men who peacefully sleep
+within our corporate limits.
+
+
+ARCHIBALD M'PHERSON.
+
+Archibald McPherson was born in 1715 in the northern part of England. He
+came to this country in early manhood and settled in Spotsylvania county.
+He is represented as being a gentleman of education, refinement and
+wealth, and a friend to the poor and needy. He died in the prime of
+manhood, leaving to the world an unsullied name and to the poor of the
+town a legacy to be expended in the education of their children, which is
+elsewhere mentioned in these pages.
+
+Mr. McPherson was interred in the burial ground of St. George's church and
+a marble slab erected over his grave, which is now secured to the wall of
+the Mission House, at the west end of the lot on Princess Ann street. On
+that slab is the following inscription:
+
+    "Here lies the body of Archibald McPherson, born in the county of
+    Murray, in North Britain, who died August 17, 1754, aged 49 years. He
+    was judicious, a lover of learning, open hearted, generous and
+    sincere. Devout, without ostentation; disdaining to cringe to vice in
+    any station. Friend to good men, an affectionate husband.
+
+      A heap of dust alone remains of thee,
+      'Tis all thou art, and all the proud shall be.
+
+    "Elizabeth, his disconsolate widow, as a testimony of their mutual
+    affection, erected this monument to his memory."
+
+
+COL. JOHN DANDRIDGE.
+
+In the burial ground of St. George's church, near the northeast corner of
+the building, lies buried the father of Martha Washington, which fact has
+only some years since been brought to light, or if it had been before
+known, it was by the citizens of the past generation of the town. The
+reason it was unknown to the present generation is accounted for from the
+fact that the slab over the grave has been covered with dirt for more than
+half a century, most likely from the erection of the present church
+building, and was discovered only a few years ago. When the grave was
+discovered the slab covering it was cleaned off, and the inscription on it
+was found to read as follows:
+
+    "Here lies the body of Col. John Dandridge, of New Kent county, who
+    departed this life the 31st day of August, 1756, aged 56 years."
+
+How he came to be buried in Fredericksburg is not positively known. It has
+been claimed by some persons that he was here on a visit to his daughter
+Martha, who married Gen. Washington, and the weather was so hot that his
+body could not be taken back to New Kent county, but that cannot be true
+because he was buried here more than two years before his daughter married
+Washington.
+
+The most satisfactory explanation of Col. Dandridge's presence in
+Fredericksburg, that we have heard given, is that he was attending the
+celebrated races at Chatham, held by Wm. Fitzhugh, which drew to the town
+people from all sections of the country. But be that as it may, this Col.
+Dandridge is beyond doubt the father of Martha Washington, unless there
+were two gentlemen by that name and bearing the same appellation residing
+in New Kent county at that time, which is not probable. Haydon's "Virginia
+Families" says of Washington:
+
+    "Married at White House, New Kent county, Va., Jan. 6, 1759, Martha
+    Dandridge, daughter of Col. John Dandridge, of New Kent county, and
+    widow of Daniel Parke Custis."
+
+
+WM. PAUL--JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+There also lie interred in the burial ground of St. George's church, with
+an unpretentious stone marking the place, the remains of William Paul, a
+merchant of the town and a native of Scotland, who died here in 1773. In
+1770 he purchased from Thomas and Jane Blanton, "for one hundred and
+twenty pounds, an acre or one-half of the lot or land lying and being in
+the town of Fredericksburg, and designated in the plot of said town by the
+number or figures 258, the same being one-half, or south end of said lot,
+and purchased by the said Thomas Blanton of Roger Dixon, Gent, and bound
+on the main street, called Caroline street, and the cross street, called
+Prussia, together with all houses, buildings, gardens, ways, profits,
+hereditaments and appurtenances whatever." This lot is designated on the
+map of the town to-day as 258, and the house in which Wm. Paul conducted
+his mercantile business is the one occupied and owned at present by
+Matthew J. Gately.
+
+Notwithstanding his biographers to the contrary, Wm. Paul made a will in
+1772, in which he appointed his friends, Wm. Templeman and Isaac Heslop,
+his executors, which was witnessed by John Atkinson, Thomas Holmes and B.
+Johnston. The executors declined to serve and the estate remained until
+late in the next year without any one being legally authorized to take
+charge of it. In November, 1774, John Atkinson qualified, it is supposed
+at the instance of John Paul, who had arrived here to wind up the estate,
+with John Waller, Jr., as surety, who was afterwards released and Charles
+Yates became his surety.
+
+This Wm. Paul was the brother of John Paul, who afterwards became the
+famous John Paul Jones. It has been asserted that Wm. Paul changed his
+name to Jones to inherit a plantation from Wm. Jones, either in Virginia
+or North Carolina. But this is shown to be a mistake from the fact that
+Wm. Paul, in 1770, bought property here as Wm. Paul, made his will in 1772
+and signed it Wm. Paul, and died in 1773 and his tomb stone now bears on
+it the name of Wm. Paul. It was further asserted that in the agreement by
+which the plantation was to become the property of Wm. Paul, if Wm. Paul
+died without issue, the property was to go to John Paul on the condition
+that he would add Jones to his name, and that William did die without
+issue and the estate of William went to John. This is also a mistake.
+William did not die intestate, but made a will and gave his entire estate
+to his sister, Mary Young, and her two oldest children.
+
+One clause of the will reads as follows: "It is my will and desire that my
+lots and houses in this town shall be sold and converted into money for as
+much as they will bring, that with all my other estate being sold, and
+what of my outstanding debts that can be collected, I give and bequeath to
+my beloved sister, Mary Young, and her two oldest children in Abigland, in
+the parish of Kirkbean, in Stewarty of Galloway, North Briton, and their
+heirs forever." It is not believed that Wm. Paul owned any property out of
+town from the fact that the bond of his administrator was only five
+hundred pounds, which was generally double the amount of the estate. His
+estate in town consisted of his houses and lots, his merchandise and
+accounts due him, which must have been worth twelve or fifteen hundred
+dollars. Therefore the bond of $2,500 was sufficient only for his
+possessions in town, and no other is alluded to or mentioned in his will.
+It has been held that he owned property in the county of Spotsylvania, but
+that arises from the fact there were others by the name of Paul in the
+county who had property. But this William Paul is traced by the reference
+in his will to the parish of Kirkbean, Galloway, where his sister, Mary
+Young, and brother John lived.
+
+Why John Paul changed his name to Jones was probably known only to
+himself. Many writers have undertaken to explain it, but without success,
+and the mystery is yet unsolved. In 1775 John Paul Jones's name heads a
+list of naval lieutenants, and, because of his meritorious services, he
+was soon appointed a captain, and finally rose to the rank of commodore.
+His daring exploits and unequal, but successful, contests soon won for him
+the thanks of the American Congress, as well as the gratitude of the
+American people, while it carried terror and dismay to the enemies of his
+country. He greatly humiliated England by landing his fleet on her shores
+during the Revolutionary war, a thing that had not been done before for
+centuries, if ever, since it was a nation.
+
+At the close of the war, in which he had covered himself with glory, he
+was offered an important command by the Empress of Russia against the
+Turks in the Black sea, which he accepted with the stipulation "that he
+was never to renounce the title of an American citizen." He died in Paris
+in 1792, and was buried in that city, aged forty-five years. General
+Washington, then President of the United States, had just commissioned him
+for an important duty, but he died before the commission reached him. As
+the many years rolled on, rounding up a century, his body laid in an
+unknown grave, notwithstanding many efforts were made to locate it. In
+1900 a body was found believed to be his, and there was great rejoicing in
+this country over the announcement, but, when carefully examined, it was
+found to be the remains of another and not those of the great American
+commodore. But this did not discourage those who had the matter in hand,
+and the search continued under the direction of Gen. Horace Porter, the
+American Ambassador to the Court of France, under great difficulties. On
+the 7th of April, 1905, the body was found in a cemetery known as Saint
+Louis, which was laid out in 1720 for a burial place for Protestants, but
+which had been closed more than half a century, and buildings were
+constructed upon it at the time of the discovery of the body. The remains
+were declared to be those of John Paul Jones, after every test had been
+applied that could be, and they were accepted by our government as those
+of the great naval hero. Some time was spent in preparing to remove the
+remains to this country, but early in 1906 they were placed upon a United
+States man of war, escorted by vessels from England and France, and were
+landed at Annapolis, where they were reinterred in the presence of
+thousands of people from all parts of the country, with booming of cannon
+and every honor a grateful people could bestow upon him.
+
+
+GEN. LEWIS LITTLEPAGE.
+
+Gen. Lewis Littlepage, who died and was buried here in the burying ground
+of Masonic Lodge No. 4, was born in Hanover county, Virginia, and was one
+of the most brilliant men the State ever produced. His career was short,
+but in that short life he greatly distinguished himself as a scholar,
+soldier and diplomat. He was the protege of John Jay at the Court of
+France in 1782, was wounded at the siege of Gibraltar, was a member of the
+cabinet of the king of Poland, and the King's chamberlain, with the rank
+of major-general; negotiated a treaty with the Empress of Russia, was a
+secret and special envoy to the Court of France to form the Grand
+Quadruple Alliance; was with Prince Potempkin in his march through Tartary
+des Negais; commanded a flotilla under Prince Nassau at his victory over
+the fleet of Turkey; was sent on an important mission to Madrid, in which
+he was successful; resisted the Russian invaders of Poland as aide-de-camp
+to the King; signed the Confederation of Fargowitz; envoy to St.
+Petersburg to prevent the division of Poland, but was stopped by the
+Russian government; was with Kosciusko in his attempt to free Poland; was
+at the storming of Prague, and was with King Stanislaus when he was
+captured by the Russians.
+
+At the death of Stanislaus, Gen. Littlepage, becoming sick of European
+politics and broils, and, with his health shattered and gone, returned to
+America, settled in Fredericksburg and died before he had reached the age
+of forty years. His grave, in the western corner of the Masonic cemetery,
+is marked by a marble slab, which has on it this inscription:
+
+    "Here lies the body of Lewis Littlepage, who was born in the county of
+    Hanover, in the State of Virginia, on the 19th day of December, 1762,
+    and departed this life in Fredericksburg, on the 19th of July,
+    1802, aged 39 years and 7 months. Honored for many years with the
+    esteem and confidence of the unfortunate Stanislaus Augustus, King of
+    Poland, he held under that monarch, until he lost his throne, the most
+    distinguished offices, among which was that of Ambassador to Russia.
+    He was by him created the Knight of St. Stanislaus, chamberlain and
+    confidential secretary in his cabinet, and acted as his special envoy
+    in the most important occasions of talents, of military as well as
+    civil, he served with credit as an officer of high rank in different
+    arms. In private life he was charitable, generous and just, and in the
+    various public offices which he filled he acted with uniform
+    magnanimity, fidelity and honor."
+
+[Illustration: The Christian Church. (See page 213)]
+
+[Illustration: The Trinity Episcopal Church. (See page 206)]
+
+
+CAPT. WM. LEWIS HERNDON.
+
+Another hero, a native of Fredericksburg, whose remains found sepulture in
+a watery grave far out in the ocean's depths, is worthy of mention in
+these pages. "Wm. Lewis Herndon, an American naval officer, born October
+25, 1813, drowned by the sinking of the steamer Central America, September
+12, 1857. He entered the navy at the age of fifteen, served in the Mexican
+war, and was engaged three years with his brother-in-law, Lieutenant
+Maury, in the National Observatory, at Washington. In 1851-52 he explored
+the Amazon river under the direction of the United States government. * *
+* In 1857 he was the commander of the steamer Central America, which left
+Havana for New York on September 8th, having on board 474 passengers, a
+crew of 105 men and about $2,000,000 of gold. On September the 11th,
+during a violent gale from the northeast and a heavy sea, the vessel
+sprung a leak and sunk on the evening of September 12th near the outer
+edge of the Gulf stream, in latitude 31 degrees 44 minutes north. Only 152
+of the persons on board were saved, including the women and children; the
+gallant commander of the steamer was seen standing upon the wheel house at
+the time of her sinking."[82] Capt. Herndon was an uncle of Dr. Herndon,
+who sacrificed his life at Fernandina, Florida, elsewhere mentioned.
+
+
+JACOB FRIEZE.
+
+Another man of note, remarkable for his physical endurance and strength of
+constitution, who lived in Fredericksburg and whose remains lie buried in
+the City cemetery, just to the left of the old gate on Commerce street,
+was Jacob Frieze. He died in 1869, just after having passed the
+ninety-first anniversary of his birth. He was born in France, and was one
+of Napoleon's soldiers from the time his remarkable career commenced in
+Paris until it ended so disastrously at Waterloo.
+
+Much of the soldier life of Mr. Frieze was spent as a member of Napoleon's
+"Old Guard," that "could die, but could never surrender," and he was never
+so happy as when telling of his thrilling war experiences and narrow
+escapes. He was in the famous retreat from Moscow and could tell the most
+thrilling stories of the hardships and sufferings of the French army. The
+weather was intensely cold, sometimes reaching twenty-six degrees below
+zero, and, having to fight cold, hunger and the Russians, it is not
+strange that Napoleon left behind him over 330,000 French or allies, dead
+or prisoners. This marching, fighting, suffering and dying were all fresh
+in the mind of Mr. Frieze, who was a participant and eye witness, and he
+would entertain crowds who would gather around him for hours.
+
+Prior to the Civil war there also lived in Fredericksburg Mr. John Eubank,
+who was a soldier under the Duke of Wellington at the battle of Waterloo
+and who stood guard over Napoleon on the Island of St. Helena.
+Notwithstanding the many years that had passed from their parting at
+Waterloo to their meeting again in Fredericksburg, Mr. Frieze and Mr.
+Eubank had not forgotten the sword and the spear and had not forgotten to
+dislike each other.
+
+It was amusing to the bystanders to see these old soldiers meet on the
+streets, as they would invariably shake their fists at each other and
+grind their teeth and pass on without uttering a word.
+
+Many of the citizens of the town still remember the willow baskets, of
+variegated colors, which Mr. Frieze made and peddled about town for a
+livelihood, as long as he was able to appear on the streets. Mr. Eubank
+moved to Charlottesville, where he died and was buried in that city.
+
+
+A GRAND-NIECE OF WASHINGTON AND NAPOLEON.
+
+The defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo sent into exile, among others, his
+grand-nephew, Prince Charles Louis Napoleon Achille Murat, a colonel in
+the defeated army, son of the exiled King of Naples and Charlotte
+Bonaparte. He settled in Tallahassee, Florida. Soon Col. Byrd C. Willis,
+of Willis Hill, moved to the same city, carrying with him his wife, Mary,
+daughter of Col. Fielding Lewis and Bettie Washington, and also his
+daughter, Catherine, who married a Mr. Grey and was left a widow at
+sixteen. She was beautiful, accomplished, winsome and a leader in society.
+She attracted the attention of the young prince, who laid siege to her
+affections and was victorious. The marriage soon followed. By this union
+Catherine, who was a grand-niece of Gen. Washington, became also a
+grand-niece of the great soldier, Napoleon Bonaparte. She was born where
+the National cemetery now stands and died in Florida August 6, 1867, in
+the 64th year of her age.
+
+
+WELLFORD--HERNDON--WILLIS.
+
+In the City cemetery lie the remains of Doctor Francis Preston Wellford.
+Dr. Wellford was a native of Fredericksburg, where he was held in the
+highest esteem by all who knew him for his gentle and kind disposition,
+his upright life, his abounding charity and his deep piety. In 1871 he
+left his native town and settled in Jacksonville, Florida, where he
+commenced the practice of medicine and established a high reputation as a
+skillful physician. His brethren of the profession were not slow in
+recognizing his ability and great worth, and made him president of the
+Medical Association of the State. He was holding that honorable position
+when the yellow fever scourge visited Fernandina, in 1877, which almost
+depopulated the town. For weeks it raged in the doomed city, and all of
+the physicians were either down with the disease or had become worn out
+with serving day and night. A call was made for assistance and volunteer
+physicians. Dr. Wellford, forgetting self, not fearing his personal
+danger, responded to the call and went to the sick and dying of the
+panic-stricken Fernandina. It was while ministering to those people he was
+stricken down and died of the disease. Thus went down to his grave,
+amidst the tears of thousands of people, the noble physician and Christian
+gentleman, who sacrificed his life for the good of others. Dr. Wellford's
+remains, some years after his death, were brought to Fredericksburg for
+final interment, and now repose in our beautiful cemetery.
+
+In response to the call for physicians made by the people of Fernandina,
+another physician, born and raised in Fredericksburg, Dr. James C.
+Herndon, made his way to that city, and like Dr. Wellford, was stricken
+down and died from the disease. It is peculiarly appropriate that his
+sacrifice to professional duty should be acknowledged in connection with
+that of his brother physician's.
+
+To the honor of these noble men a memorial window has been placed in St.
+Peter's Episcopal church in Fernandina by Dr. J. H. Upham, of Boston, who
+felt that they had honored the profession by the sacrifices they made, and
+he wanted their heroism to be placed upon a lasting record. In describing
+the window the Fernandina Mirror says:
+
+    "The design is that of a crown in the upper section of the arch. Below
+    this is a beautiful shield of purple illuminated glass. A cross of
+    mother of pearl forms the center of the window, ornamented by a bunch
+    of grapes, with the symbol of the anchor representing Hope, the holy
+    Scriptures, illustrating Christian Faith; alpha and omega, the symbol
+    of the Almighty Power, the beginning and the end; the cup of
+    salvation, and the paten, the emblem of sacrifice. In the lower part
+    of the window an illuminated tablet has the following inscription:
+
+      Francis Preston Wellford, M. D.,
+      Born in Fredericksburg, Va.,
+      Sept. 12th, 1829.
+      James Carmichael Herndon, M. D.,
+      Born in Fredericksburg, Va.,
+      Sept. 22nd, 1831.
+      Died in the faithful discharge of their
+      duties, at Fernandina, Florida,
+      Oct. 18th, 1877.
+
+    To whose memory as a grateful record of their noble lives and heroic
+    deaths this window is dedicated by a New England member of the
+    profession which they so much honored and adorned.
+
+      'Greater love hath no man than this,
+      That he lay down his life for his friends.'
+
+    "The beautiful execution of this window, and the noble purpose to
+    which it is dedicated by its generous donor, deserve the admiration
+    and warm appreciation of the citizens of Fernandina, to whom the
+    memory of Drs. Wellford and Herndon is deservedly dear, and will be
+    regarded by our citizens as a graceful professional tribute by Dr.
+    Upham to these noble men, as well as an indication of his kind
+    feelings towards our city. There is a striking coincidence in the fact
+    that these noble men should have been born in the same city, in the
+    same month, and, having volunteered their services, reached Fernandina
+    in the midst of the epidemic on the same day, and that their deaths
+    should have occurred the same day. It was, therefore, peculiarly
+    fitting that the same memorial should have been erected to those who
+    were faithful in life, even unto death."
+
+William Willis, whose remains are buried in the City cemetery, left
+Fredericksburg for Memphis, Tenn., in the summer of 1870, which city he
+made his home. When the yellow fever scourge struck that place in 1878,
+and the city was deserted of most of its inhabitants, except the helpless,
+the sick and the dying, it was then, in spite of the entreaty of his
+friends to leave the city, that Wm. Willis stepped forth and took charge,
+as the chief executive in managing the affairs of the city, and in
+distributing food, clothing and medicine, sent from all quarters of the
+country, to the sick, the helpless and the needy. It was while in the
+execution of this noble work that he too, was stricken down, and a few
+days' struggle with the terrible disease and William Willis was no more.
+In his delirium, feeling the great necessity of some one taking up the
+work, he had so faithfully prosecuted, where he was compelled to lay it
+down, he uttered these as his last words: "Send some good man to take my
+place," and then peacefully passed to the spirit land.
+
+Thus went down to their graves three Fredericksburg men in the years
+1877-78 of yellow fever, who sacrificed their own lives to save the lives
+of others.
+
+
+MRS. LUCY ANN COX.
+
+There is buried in the City cemetery Mrs. Lucy Ann Cox, with this
+inscription upon her head-stone. "Lucy Ann Cox, wife of James A. Cox, died
+December 17, 1891, aged 64 years. A sharer of the toils, dangers and
+privations of the 30th Va. regiment infantry, C. S. A., from 1861 to 1865,
+and died beloved and respected by the veterans of that command." The stone
+was erected by her friends. Mrs. Cox was the daughter of Jesse White, the
+practical printer, and married Mr. Cox just before the Civil war. She
+followed him all through the campaign of the entire war, cooking and
+washing for the soldiers of her command, and often ministering to the sick
+and wounded.
+
+Molly Pitcher carried water from a spring, at Monmouth Courthouse, New
+Jersey, to her husband and others who had charge of a cannon during the
+battle, and when she saw her husband shot down and heard an officer order
+the gun to the rear, having no one to man it, she dropped her pail, ran to
+the cannon, seized the rammer and continued loading and firing the gun
+throughout the battle. For this heroic act Washington praised her, gave
+her an honorary commission as captain and Congress voted her half pay for
+life.
+
+Mrs. Cox engaged in no battle, but instead of sharing the privations and
+dangers of her husband at one battle she followed him through the entire
+war of four years, and was voted the honor of a Confederate veteran after
+the war by the veterans themselves. It is doubtful whether in all the past
+a similar instance can be found.
+
+
+A REMARKABLE GRAVE-STONE.
+
+There is to be found in the burial ground of St. George's church, at the
+east end of the Mission House, a grave-stone that has puzzled all
+antiquarians who have examined it and which has never yet been
+satisfactorily explained, and perhaps never will be. The inscription is as
+follows: "Charles M. Rothrock, departed this life Sept. 29, 1084, aged
+three years." The figures that make these dates are well preserved, much
+better than on many slabs and headstones in the same burial ground, which
+do not date back a century and a half, yet on this slab the figures are
+quite legibly cut in the sandstone, and there can be no doubt that the
+year is 1084. It has been considered such a mystery and of such importance
+that a photograph of the stone was taken and an engraving made for this
+publication.
+
+
+THE LIBERTY BELL.
+
+The very name--Liberty Bell--is music to our ears, and the mention of it
+should fill the breast of every true American with patriotic enthusiasm.
+That bell hung over a hall in Philadelphia in 1776, in which the
+Continental Congress had met to consider the momentous question that was
+then stirring every patriotic heart--American freedom. Virginia was
+represented in that Congress by George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas
+Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee
+and Carter Braxton.
+
+That body of patriots prepared, considered and adopted the Declaration of
+Independence, and as they finished signing their names to the instrument,
+on the fourth day of July, this bell rang out the thrilling news that
+Americans were freemen. Since that stirring event--that memorable
+day--that hall has been known as Independence Hall, and the bell that hung
+over it as the Liberty Bell.
+
+On the 4th of October, 1895, the old Liberty Bell passed through
+Fredericksburg on its way from Philadelphia to Atlanta, Georgia, where it
+was to be exhibited at the great exhibition in that city. Prior to its
+coming Mayor Rowe had been notified when it would arrive and how long it
+would remain for inspection. The City Council was called together and
+steps were taken to give the old bell a grand reception and cordial
+welcome. A set of patriotic resolutions was adopted, extolling the events
+that brought the bell into such popular favor, recounting the part taken
+in those events by Virginians and the precious legacy left to us by our
+self-sacrificing forefathers, until a patriotic fervor pervaded the town.
+
+The bell was accompanied by Hon. Charles F. Warwick, Mayor of
+Philadelphia; Wencel Harman, President of the Common Council, and thirteen
+members of that body; Charles K. Smith, Chairman of the Select Council,
+and thirteen members of that body; twelve officials of the city of
+Philadelphia, including S. A. Eisenhower, Chief of Bureau of City
+Property, and Custodian of the State House and Bell, with a guard of
+honor, consisting of four of the reserve police of Philadelphia.
+
+A party, including a committee from the City Council--Messrs. John T.
+Knight, E. D. Cole and J. Stansbury Wallace--met the bell at Quantico,
+where Judge James B. Sener, who had accompanied the party from Washington,
+delivered an appropriate address of welcome on the part of the State of
+Virginia. The party arrived in Fredericksburg on time, and found at the
+depot a vast concourse of people and a procession headed by Bowering's
+Band and the Washington Guards, consisting of the Mayor, ex-Mayors, Common
+Council, Sons of Confederate Veterans, school children and citizens
+generally.
+
+[Illustration: The Free Lance--Star Office. (See page 227)]
+
+All the bells in town were ringing, the steam whistles were blowing and
+everybody was rejoicing. Such a time had scarcely, if ever, been seen
+before by our people. As soon as the train bearing the bell and escort
+halted, Mayor Rowe and others went on board the car, and, after the usual
+introductions and salutations, Mayor Rowe, who was somewhat indisposed,
+presented Mr. W. Seymour White, who made the welcome address as follows:
+
+    _Mr. Mayor of Philadelphia and Gentlemen of the Escort of the Liberty
+    Bell_:
+
+    It is with a most peculiar pleasure that we greet you and welcome this
+    sacred relic within the boundaries of the Old Dominion. It is most
+    fitting that it should rest upon the breast of this great old State,
+    for it was the voice of a great Virginian that sounded the tocsin of
+    the Revolution; it was the pen of a great Virginian that drafted the
+    Declaration of Independence that was greeted by the voice of this
+    bell; it was the sword of a great Virginian that made that declaration
+    an accomplished fact, and it was while tolling the requiem for the
+    soul of the great Virginian jurist, John Marshall, that its voice ever
+    became silent. It is with feelings of heartfelt delight that we
+    welcome it within the corporate limits of Fredericksburg, connected
+    inseparably, as she is, like your own great and proud city of
+    Philadelphia, with the events proclaimed in that glorious past by that
+    sacred bell; for it was in Fredericksburg, on the 29th of April, 1775,
+    that the first resolutions breathing the spirit of the Declaration of
+    Independence were offered; it was in Fredericksburg that Hugh Mercer
+    lived, whose ashes rest in your beloved soil, in whose defence he
+    died; and in Fredericksburg once lived that great American President
+    that gave to all the ages the grand doctrine that these United States
+    would never tolerate the acquisition of an inch of American soil by
+    any prince, potentate or power of Europe. We are glad that this bell
+    is going about the land, in the language of your great and good
+    president, Judge Thayer, "stirring up everywhere as it goes those
+    memories and patriotic impulses that are so inseparably connected with
+    its history, and which themselves can never grow mute," and we doubt
+    not that this bell, though voiceless now, can still "proclaim liberty
+    throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof; and who can
+    tell but that as the rolling waves of the blue Mexican Gulf thunder
+    upon the shores of the Queen of the Antilles, the proud, triumphal
+    progress of the Liberty Bell, they may bear to patriots, struggling to
+    be free in that far off land, the sympathy of the great hearts of
+    American freemen that yet beat responsive to the efforts of those
+    whose love of liberty is stronger than death?" We are glad that our
+    men and women may see it, and at the sacred flame that burns about its
+    altar replenish the patriotic fire that still is trimmed and burning
+    in the hearts of a re-united American people. We are glad that our
+    children may see it to learn from its presence and history that the
+    dearest heritage left them by their fathers is that liberty and
+    independence once proclaimed by this bell. And so we bid God speed to
+    the bell which once "rang redress to all mankind," as it goes through
+    the land proclaiming to all the nations of the world that a
+    "government by the people, of the people and for the people" has not
+    perished from off the face of the earth, but "still lives the home of
+    liberty and the birth-right of every American citizen."
+
+Mayor Warwick responded in a patriotic and appropriate address, after
+which the guests were driven around town in carriages until the time for
+their departure, when they boarded the train and started on their trip
+South, delighted with their reception in Fredericksburg.
+
+A Chinaman who witnessed the demonstration remarked that Christians
+charged his people with idolatry in worshipping the dead, because they
+honored their deceased parents, but a Chinaman never worshipped an old
+bell as he had seen Christian people doing on this occasion.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+    _Visits of Heroes--Gala Days--The Society of the Army of the Potomac
+    Enters Town, &c._
+
+
+Fredericksburg has received the visits of many heroes and statesmen, and
+on various occasions has been placed on "dress parade," and proved herself
+equal to the demands made upon her on every occasion. Only a few of these
+visits are mentioned here, but these few should be placed upon perpetual
+record that they may inspire our noble youth and the coming generations
+and cause them to appreciate more highly the great blessings transmitted
+to them through the efforts and achievements of those heroes.
+
+
+GEN. GREEN VISITS THE TOWN.
+
+The first we mention is the visit of Major-General Nathaniel Green, on his
+way from Georgia to his home in New Hampshire at the close of the
+Revolutionary war. In 1780 the patriot cause in Georgia and North Carolina
+appeared to be lost, in consequence of the overwhelming numbers of the
+British and the ravages of the Tories, which brought disaster to our arms.
+In this condition of things Washington recommended that Gen. Nathaniel
+Green should be placed in command, but Congress sent Gen. Gates instead.
+Before leaving for his new field Gen. Gates had an interview with Gen.
+Charles Lee--who was then without a command--in Fredericksburg, when Gen.
+Lee charged him in parting, "Beware that your northern laurels do not
+change to southern willows." Gen. Gates went to his field of operation,
+met with disaster, and was relieved by Gen. Green; and it is worthy of
+note that Gen. Gates left Fredericksburg for his southern command, and
+Gen. Green passed through Fredericksburg when he went down to relieve him.
+
+Gen. Green was fortunate in having to aid him in his southern department
+such dashing commanders as Gen. Daniel Morgan, of Winchester; Col. Wm.
+Washington, of Stafford, and Col. Henry Lee, of Westmoreland county--Gen.
+Robert E. Lee's father and known as "Light Horse Harry." With these brave
+men Green succeeded in driving the British before him and subduing the
+Tories, thus restoring peace and quiet to that panic-stricken people, and
+greatly endearing him to all patriots. In grateful recognition of his
+services the State of Georgia gave him a magnificent farm and residence,
+and on his return from the South to his home, in New Hampshire, he met
+with grand ovations all along the route. He passed through Fredericksburg
+on the 12th of September, 1783. A public meeting of the citizens was
+called, which adopted and presented an address to the war-scarred hero.
+The masses gathered to greet him, and the old soldiers, who had just
+returned home from victorious fields, went into ecstasy over him. The
+following is the address of the people of Fredericksburg:
+
+    _To the Honorable Major-General Green, Commander-in-Chief of the
+    Armies of the United States of America, in the Southern Department_:
+
+    SIR--We, the inhabitants of the town of Fredericksburg, impressed with
+    just sentiments of the importance of your singular services rendered
+    our country, as Commander of the Armies of the United States in the
+    Southern Department, cannot omit rendering you our acknowledgements as
+    a grateful, though small, tribute, so justly due to your distinguished
+    character as a soldier, a gentleman and friend to American liberty. We
+    lament that the absence of the Mayor, and other officers of the
+    corporation, deprives us of the opportunity of rendering you this
+    token of gratitude in the style of a corporation, but we trust, sir,
+    that your own conscious merit will give us credit, when we assure you
+    that we now present you the united thanks of this city for your
+    zealous, important and successful services in recovering the Southern
+    States from our cruel enemy, and restoring peace, liberty and safety
+    to so great a part of our country. We cannot express, sir, our great
+    joy in seeing you once more among us, and language is too faint to
+    paint the contrast in the cause of liberty since you passed us to take
+    the command of the Southern Army. Permit us, therefore, to pass over
+    the then gloomy moment and to participate in the pleasure you now
+    enjoy in the possession of the American _Laurel_, a crown as splendid
+    as all the honors of a Roman Triumph. We also beg leave to follow you
+    with our best wishes into domestic life. May you long enjoy
+    uninterrupted, under your vine, all the happiness of that Peace,
+    Liberty and Safety, for which you and your gallant officers and
+    soldiers have so nobly fought and greatly conquered. We have the honor
+    to be with every sentiment of respect, your most obedient and very
+    humble servants. Signed by order of the inhabitants.
+
+      CHARLES MORTIMER, _Chairman_.
+
+    Sept. 12, 1783.
+
+To this address Gen. Green responded as follows:
+
+    _To the Inhabitants of the City of Fredericksburg_:
+
+    GENTLEMEN--Highly flattered by your address, and no less honored by
+    your sentiments, how shall I acknowledge fully your generosity in
+    either! From your hearty welcome to this city and your good wishes for
+    my future welfare I feel the overflowings of a grateful mind. The
+    noblest reward for the best services is the favorable opinion of our
+    fellow citizens. Happy in your assurances, I shall feel myself amply
+    rewarded, if I have but the good wishes of my country. I have the
+    honor to be, gentlemen, your most obedient, humble servant,
+
+      NATHANIEL GREEN.
+
+    Sept. 12, 1783.
+
+
+GEN. WASHINGTON VISITS HIS MOTHER.
+
+In December, 1783, General Washington visited Fredericksburg. He had just
+resigned his commission of Commander-in-Chief of the American Armies, and
+as a private citizen had come to visit his mother and friends at his old
+home. He was the uncrowned King of America, and was uncrowned only because
+he refused to be crowned. He came with victory upon his brow, and peace
+and liberty for the American people. From mouth to mouth went the
+message--"the great and good Washington is coming." From town and country
+the masses gathered to give him welcome and do him honor. The military
+turned out, the civic societies paraded, the cannon boomed and everybody
+went into raptures over his coming. The City Council was called together
+and the following address was adopted, amid the wildest enthusiasm, and
+presented to the grand American:
+
+    _To his Excellency, General Washington, late Commander-in-Chief of the
+    Armies of America_:
+
+    SIR--While applauding millions were offering you their warmest
+    congratulations of the blessings of peace and your safe return from
+    the hazards of the field, we, the Mayor and Commonalty of the
+    corporation of Fredericksburg, were not wanting in attachment and
+    wishes to have joined in public testimonies of our warmest gratitude
+    and affection for your long and meritorious services in the cause of
+    liberty; a cause, sir, in which, by your examples and exertions, with
+    the aid of your gallant army, the virtuous citizens of this western
+    world are secured in freedom and independence, and although you have
+    laid aside your official character, we cannot omit this first
+    opportunity you have given us of presenting, with unfeigned hearts,
+    our sincere congratulations on your returning in safety from the noisy
+    clashing of arms to the walks of domestic ease. And it affords us
+    great joy to see you once more at a place that claims the honor of
+    your growing infancy, the seat of your venerable and amiable parent
+    and worthy relatives. We want language to express the happiness we
+    feel on this occasion, which cannot be expressed but by superior acts
+    (if possible) of the divine favor. May the great and omnipotent Ruler
+    of all human events, who, in blessing America, has conducted you
+    through so many dangers, continue his favor and protection through the
+    remainder of your life in the happy society of an affectionate and
+    grateful people. I have the honor to be, in behalf of the corporation,
+    with every sentiment of esteem and respect, your Excellency's most
+    humble servant,
+
+      WILLIAM MCWILLIAMS, _Mayor_.
+
+To this beautiful and appropriate address, the noble Washington responded
+as follows:
+
+    _To the Worshipful, the Mayor and Commonalty of the Corporation of
+    Fredericksburg_:--
+
+    GENTLEMEN--With the greatest pleasure I receive in the character of a
+    private citizen, the honor of your address. To a benevolent Providence
+    and the fortitude of a Brave and Virtuous army, supported by the
+    general exertion of our common country, I stand indebted for the
+    plaudits you now bestow. The reflection, however, of having met the
+    congratulating smiles and approbation of my fellow citizens for the
+    part I have acted in the cause of Liberty and Independence cannot fail
+    of adding pleasure to the other sweets of domestic life; and my
+    sensibility of them is heightened by their coming from the respectable
+    inhabitants of the place of my growing infancy[83] and the honorable
+    mention which is made of my revered mother, by whose maternal hand
+    (early deprived of a Father,) I was led to manhood. For the
+    expressions of personal affection and attachment, and for your kind
+    wishes for my future welfare, I offer grateful thanks and my sincere
+    prayers for the happiness and prosperity of the corporate town of
+    Fredericksburg.
+
+      GO. WASHINGTON.
+
+The ceremonies of this gala day were closed with a ball at the
+market-house at night, which is known in history as the "peace ball." At
+the special request of the citizens, Mary, the mother of Washington,
+attended this ball and held a reception in company with her illustrious
+son. She "occupied a slightly elevated position, from which she could
+overlook the floor and see the dancers, and among them the kingly figure
+of the Commander-in-Chief, who led a Fredericksburg matron through a
+minuet."[84]
+
+It will be noticed--and the fact will no doubt be treasured with
+pride--that Washington, in his reply to the address on this occasion,
+alludes to Fredericksburg as the place of his "growing infancy," which
+shows that, history and tradition to the contrary notwithstanding, he grew
+up in this town, where he was educated, and where the hand of that revered
+mother led him to manhood, and the address of Robt. Lewis, nephew of
+Washington, to Gen. Lafayette makes the same claim.
+
+
+GEN. LAFAYETTE'S LAST VISIT.
+
+On the 27th day of November, 1824, Gen. Lafayette visited the town and
+remained two days. He was Washington's right arm in the Revolutionary war,
+and was visiting for the last time the early home of Washington, where he
+took affectionate farewell of Washington's mother, in the early part of
+the year 1783, as he returned to France. The General's coming was known
+some days beforehand and a splendid mounted guard of honor was organized
+in town and country, who met him just above the "Wilderness Tavern." At
+that place hundreds of others joined the procession, including the
+volunteer companies from Fredericksburg, and thus he and his party--his
+son George Washington and Colonel La Vasseur--were escorted to town by
+hundreds of mounted men and men on foot, with martial music, amid the
+grandest display and wildest enthusiasm on the part of the people. He
+received a welcome to the town no less cordial and sincere than was
+accorded to Green and Washington, because the liberty, so highly prized
+and gratefully enjoyed by them, was not achieved by Green and Washington
+without the aid of Lafayette. A public reception was held during the day,
+when he was welcomed by Mayor Robert Lewis, Washington's nephew, and
+Lafayette's intimate friend, and thousands shook him by the hand and
+wished him a safe voyage home to his own beloved France.
+
+At night a ball was given in his honor over the present market-house,
+where hundreds gathered to do him honor and contribute to his pleasure.
+The next day being Sunday he visited the Masonic Lodge, which was the
+mother lodge of his "bosom friend," Washington, enrolled his name as an
+honorary member, eulogized Washington and attended services at St.
+George's Episcopal church.
+
+[Illustration: Entrance to National Cemetery, erected on Willis's Hill, a
+portion of the Marye Heights. (See page 190)]
+
+[Illustration: The Superintendent's Lodge at the National Cemetery,
+constructed of the stone taken from the famous "stone wall." (See page
+191)]
+
+On the following morning, with the same mounted escort, with music and
+the booming of cannon, he departed for the Potomac river, on his way to
+the city of Washington, with the best wishes and earnest prayers of all
+the good people of Fredericksburg.
+
+At the reception at the town hall were Mr. Lafayette Johnston and his good
+wife, Mrs. Eliza Johnston. Mr. Johnston was named for Lafayette, and
+having a son born to them during Lafayette's visit in this country,
+concluded to add a further honor to the General by naming their son for
+him, which they did and notified the General of it. Lafayette responded
+with the following letter, which is now framed and in possession of Mr. H.
+Stuart Johnston, a great-grandson:
+
+    WASHINGTON, _January 6, 1825_.
+
+    DEAR SIR--I am much obliged to the remembrance of my brother soldier
+    when he gave you my name, and am now to thank you for an act of
+    kindness of the same nature conferred upon me by his son. I beg your
+    consort and yourself to accept my acknowledgement to you, my blessing
+    upon the boy, and my good wishes to the family.
+
+      Most truly, yours,
+        LAFAYETTE.
+
+    _To Fayette Johnston, Esq._
+
+
+GEN. ANDREW JACKSON'S VISIT.
+
+The next hero to visit the town, that we mention, was the "Hero of New
+Orleans," Andrew Jackson, President of the United States, who, with most
+of his cabinet, came on the 7th of May, 1833. The occasion was the laying
+of the corner-stone of the Mary Washington monument, which Mr. Silas
+Burrows proposed to erect to her memory. The civic and military display
+was very imposing and the crowd was well up into the thousands.
+
+Military companies from Washington, Alexandria, Fauquier county, and
+United States marines, and our own military companies, were in line, under
+the command of Col. John Bankhead, of White Plains, chief marshal. Col.
+John B. Hill was chief architect of the monument. It was a great day in
+Fredericksburg.
+
+
+DEDICATION OF MARY WASHINGTON MONUMENT.
+
+The next occasion was the dedication of the Mary Washington monument,
+erected by the Ladies' Mary Washington Monument Associations, national
+and local, on the 10th of May, 1894, sixty-one years and three days after
+the laying of the corner-stone of the Burrows monument. A more beautiful
+day could not have dawned upon the city, and everything had been well
+planned and faithfully executed for the grand event of the day.
+
+The streets and houses were beautifully decorated all along the route of
+the march, and the private residences were adorned and made gay with
+national and State flags. It was a general holiday for town and country,
+and it appeared that everybody was present and intent upon seeing the
+dignitaries who were to be here and hearing the addresses and ceremonies.
+Besides hundreds of invited guests from different parts of the United
+States, distinguished men and ladies, President Cleveland and nearly the
+entire cabinet and their wives, Vice-President Stevenson and Mrs.
+Stevenson, United States Senators, Representatives in Congress, Governor
+O'Ferrall and his staff, two members of the Supreme Court of the United
+States--Chief Justice Fuller and Justice Harlan--were present. The crowd
+was so immense that the ground seemed to tremble under their tread. It was
+the biggest day Fredericksburg ever had in the memory of man.
+
+
+FREDERICKSBURGERS EVERYWHERE.
+
+Fredericksburg has one peculiarity that tradition gives her, which is
+worthy of a place in this sketch, and that is, that in every city of any
+size in the civilized world a native of Fredericksburg, or some one who
+has lived in Fredericksburg, can be found. This is said to have been an
+old saying of tourists, sailors, marines and naval officers, who candidly
+declared that they were always able to find a Fredericksburger in every
+place of any size they had visited.
+
+Capt. George Minor, who was born and raised in Fredericksburg, and who was
+a captain in the United States navy, and afterwards in the Confederate
+navy, often related this curious fact, and stated that it was positively
+true as to him in all his travels both by land and sea. In connection with
+this singular fact he related this incident: Before the Civil war he
+sailed into the harbor of the city of Honolulu, on the Hawaii islands,
+which have recently become a part of the United States. He thought of
+this peculiarity of his old home town, but felt confident that no
+Fredericksburger could be found in Honolulu, situated as it was away out
+in the Pacific ocean. He made his way to the city, and, after some delay,
+procured a guide to conduct him about the place, who could speak English.
+
+As they progressed on their rounds from place to place, the guide pointing
+out places of note, giving an interesting history of the place and people,
+their customs, habits and peculiarities, he found himself very much
+interested in his guide and his narratives, and wished to know something
+of his history. So he asked him: "Are you a native of Honolulu!" "No,
+sir," was the response of the guide. "Well," continued the Captain, "where
+are you from?" "I am from Fredericksburg, Virginia," answered the guide.
+"I learned my trade of printer under Timothy Green, in the Virginia Herald
+office." "I am from Fredericksburg, too, and know Mr. Green well," said
+Capt. Minor, and the two Fredericksburgers had a real love feast. After
+that experience Capt. Minor said he never expected to land anywhere that
+he did not find a Fredericksburg man.
+
+
+THE SOCIETY OF THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC ENTERS TOWN.
+
+The hospitality of the people of Fredericksburg is as well known probably
+as any other characteristic of her citizens. It has been thoroughly tested
+on many occasions, and has never failed to measure up to the demands and
+even exceeded the expectations of the recipients. It is gratifying, too,
+to be able to say that even our former enemies have been partakers of the
+hospitalities of the town, at our private residences and in our public
+halls, and have found language too poor to properly express their
+gratification of the warm welcome and the generous hospitality they
+received while in our midst. This was the case with the Society of the
+Army of the Potomac in May, 1900.
+
+It had been suggested by some of the prominent citizens of the town that
+it would be a gracious thing, and would testify our kind feeling towards
+the members of that organization, for the City Council to invite the
+Society of the Army of the Potomac to hold its thirty-first annual
+reunion, in 1900, in the city of Fredericksburg, as guests of the town.
+The society had never held a reunion on southern soil, and it was deemed
+appropriate that its first meeting should be here, where they could meet
+and mingle with Confederate veterans, where so many bloody battles were
+fought between the two great armies of the Civil war.
+
+It had been intimated that members of the society, and even officials of
+the organization, had expressed a desire to hold a session in
+Fredericksburg, which would give many old soldiers an opportunity to visit
+again the historic grounds, over which they had fought, and view the
+country in times of peace. The City Council caught the spirit and approved
+the suggestion, and on the 27th of July, 1899, unanimously passed the
+following resolution:
+
+    "Resolved by the Common Council of the city of Fredericksburg,
+    Virginia, That his honor, the Mayor, be and he is hereby, authorized
+    and instructed to extend a cordial invitation to the Society of the
+    Army of the Potomac to hold its annual meeting for the year 1900 in
+    this city, and to urge the acceptance of this invitation by said
+    society, assuring its members that they will meet with a cordial and
+    fraternal welcome by our citizens generally, and that every effort
+    will be made on our part to make their sojourn here pleasant and
+    agreeable to them."
+
+While the resolution did not authorize it, it was understood that the
+Mayor would attend the reunion in September of that year, either in person
+or by a representative, and urge the society to accept the invitation of
+the city authorities. Mayor Rowe, being unable to attend the meeting of
+the body, requested Judge James B. Sener to represent him, which he did,
+and presented the resolution of the Council in an eloquent and patriotic
+address, which was well received by the society. The result was Judge
+Sener was elected an honorary member of the society and the invitation was
+unanimously accepted.
+
+Upon the information that its invitation had been accepted, and that May
+25th and 26th, 1900, were the days fixed for holding the reunion, the
+Council appointed a reception committee of fifteen--five of its own body
+and ten from the citizens, which was increased by the committee itself to
+twenty--to make all the necessary arrangements and see that the members of
+the society, and the visitors on that occasion, were properly received and
+entertained. Those appointed of the Council were Col. E. D. Cole, John T.
+Knight, Wm. E. Bradley, H. B. Lane, George W. Wroten. Those from the
+citizens were Capt. S. J. Quinn, Major T. E. Morris. St. Geo. R. Fitzhugh,
+H. F. Crismond, John M. Griffin, Isaac Hirsh, James A. Turner, H. H.
+Wallace, Thos. N. Brent and James P. Corbin.
+
+The committee met and organized, with Col. E. D. Cole, chairman, and Capt.
+S. J. Quinn, secretary, and the following gentlemen were associated with
+the committee: Capt. M. B. Rowe, A. T. Embrey, Judge John T. Goolrick,
+Capt. T. McCracken and George W. Shepherd. The committee was then divided
+up into sub-committees and assigned to necessary and appropriate duties,
+which were well and faithfully discharged.
+
+To assist at the banquet and lunch on the occasion, the committee
+requested the services of the following ladies, who responded cheerfully
+and did so nobly the parts assigned them that they merited, and received,
+the hearty thanks of the committee and visitors: Mrs. James P. Corbin,
+Miss Mary Harrison Fitzhugh, Mrs. Wm. L. Brannan, Miss Mary Shepherd, Mrs.
+Vivian M. Fleming, Mrs. H. Hoomes Johnston, Miss Lula Braxton, Mrs. L. L.
+Coghill, Mrs. E. Dorsey Cole, Miss Corson, Mrs. H. F. Crismond, Miss E.
+May Dickinson, Mrs. Wm. F. Ficklen, Miss Goodwin, Mrs. John T. Goolrick,
+Miss Alice Gordon, Miss Sallie Gravatt, Mrs. John M. Griffin, Miss Louise
+Hamilton, Miss Roberta Hart, Mrs. David Hirsh, Mrs. Henry Kaufman, Mrs.
+Harry B. Lane, Mrs. H. McD. Martin, Miss Annie Myer, Miss Eleanor
+McCracken, Miss Carrie Belle Quinn, Mrs. Wm. H. Richards, Miss Lena Rowe,
+Mrs. Edward J. Smith, Mrs. R. Lee Stoffregen, Miss Bertha Strasburger,
+Miss Sallie Lyle Tapscott, Mrs. W. Seymour White, Miss Nannie Gordon
+Willis and Mrs. Mary Quinn Hicks.
+
+The presidential party was met at Quantico by a sub-committee consisting
+of Hon. H. F. Crismond, Hon. A. T. Embrey, Postmaster John M. Griffin,
+Major T. E. Morris, James A. Turner and S. I. Baggett, Jr., and escorted
+to Fredericksburg.
+
+At half past ten o'clock on the morning of the 25th of May, most of the
+members of the Society of the Army of the Potomac having arrived, the
+procession was formed at the courthouse, the society, under command of
+Gen. Horatio C. King, secretary, with the reception committee, Confederate
+veterans and citizens generally, headed by Bowering's band, proceeded to
+the depot to meet the presidential train. Col. E. D. Cole, chief marshal,
+with his aides, Capt. Dan. M. Lee, John T. Leavell, A. P. Rowe, Jr., and
+W. J. Jacobs, with a cordon of mounted police, had charge of the line.
+
+At the depot an immense crowd of people had collected, and when the train
+arrived there was a vociferous greeting to the President and cabinet and
+Fighting (General) Joe Wheeler. The presidential party consisted of
+President McKinley, his private secretary, Cortelyou, Secretary Hay,
+Secretary Root, Attorney-General Griggs, Postmaster-General Smith,
+Secretary Long, Secretary Hitchcock--every member of the cabinet except
+Secretary Wilson--Gen. Nelson A. Miles, Commander-in-Chief of the Army,
+his aide, Col. Michler, Lieut. Robert S. Griffin, secretary to Secretary
+Long, Gen. Henry E. Tremain, Gen. W. J. Sewell, Gen. J. W. Hawley and Gen.
+Joseph Wheeler.
+
+Headed by the celebrated Marine band, of Washington, sixty strong, the
+line of march from the depot was up Main street, to George, thence to
+Princess Ann and thence to the courthouse. All along the march the streets
+were thronged with citizens and visitors, and the waving of handkerchiefs
+and cheering kept the President constantly bowing to the right and left.
+
+When the courthouse was reached the presidential party filed in, followed
+by the Society of the Army of the Potomac, visitors and citizens. The
+courthouse was densely packed and hundreds were turned away, being unable
+to get even standing room.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+    _Society of the Army of the Potomac Enters Town, continued._
+
+
+When this great crowd entered the courthouse, after making such a long
+march in hot weather, most of them were willing to rest awhile before the
+exercises commenced. Yet Gen. King is not one to rest long when business
+had to be attended to, so he called the large assembly to order, and
+announced that illness had prevented the attendance of Gen. D. McM. Gregg,
+president of the society, and in his absence Gen. Martin T. McMahon would
+preside in his stead. Dr. J. S. Dill, pastor of the Baptist church, was
+presented and offered a most earnest prayer. Mr. St. Geo. R. Fitzhugh, who
+had been selected by the committee of entertainment to extend the welcome,
+was then introduced and made the following address:
+
+
+MR. FITZHUGH'S ADDRESS.
+
+MR. CHAIRMAN: It is with feelings of profound pride and unfeigned pleasure
+that our entire community extends a cordial and hearty welcome to the
+illustrious Chief Magistrate of our country, who honors us with his
+presence to-day. We recognize in our President the pure patriot and the
+stainless statesman, whose wise and courageous administration, in both war
+and peace, has endeared him to the hearts of his countrymen and has shed
+new lustre upon the exalted office which he fills.
+
+Our people also welcome with much pride and warmth his eminent official
+family, and the brilliant commander of our invincible army, and all these
+distinguished men before me, who are guests of the Society of the Army of
+the Potomac and of our city.
+
+And now, our friends of the Society of the Army of the Potomac, I find it
+difficult to command adequate words with which to express to you the
+supreme gratification and enthusiasm of our people at your prompt
+acceptance of their invitation to hold your annual reunion in this old
+town and at your presence here to-day in such numbers.
+
+We not only welcome you with open arms and glowing hearts, but we feel
+that this action on your part rises to the dignity of an impressive epoch
+in our national life; and we are not surprised that our illustrious
+President, and all these distinguished men, should desire to grace this
+inspiring occasion with their presence.
+
+It is the first time that your society has held one of its annual reunions
+on southern soil, and, in making this new departure, it was preëminently
+fit that you should honor Fredericksburg with your choice.
+
+A French philosopher has written, "Happy the people whose annals are
+tiresome," but the far nobler and more inspiring thought of the
+Anglo-Saxon race is that "character constitutes the true strength of
+nations and historic glory their best inheritance."
+
+As American citizens you are proud of the grand traditions and heroic
+memories that crowd your country's history; and nowhere else on this
+continent could your feet tread on ground more hallowed by historic
+memories than here.
+
+I think before you leave us you will acknowledge that if the immortal
+names and deeds that this locality suggests should be stricken from the
+annals of time, most of the present school books of our country would be
+valueless and our national history itself would be as the play of Hamlet,
+with Hamlet left out.
+
+The school boys and girls of our whole country are familiar with the story
+of Capt. John Smith and Pocahontas, and history records that right here
+Captain John Smith battled with and repulsed the Indians. So we may fairly
+claim, without the exercise of poetic license, that the struggle of the
+Anglo-Saxon race, to establish its civilization and supremacy on this
+continent, commenced on this spot in 1608, just one year after Jamestown
+was settled.
+
+If we should draw a circle around this ancient city, with a radius of less
+than fifty miles, we should find within that narrow compass the birthplace
+of George Washington, of Thomas Jefferson, of James Madison, of James
+Monroe, of Zachary Taylor, of Chief-Justice John Marshall, of the Lees of
+the Revolution, of Patrick Henry, of Henry Clay, of Matthew Maury and of
+Robert E. Lee. If we should extend the circle but a very, very little, it
+would also embrace the birthplace of William Henry Harrison, of John
+Tyler, of Winfield Scott, and likewise the birthplace of this Republic
+at Yorktown.
+
+[Illustration: A Tombstone in St. George's Churchyard, remarkable for its
+date. (See page 246)]
+
+[Illustration: Confederate Monument in Confederate Cemetery. (See page
+189)]
+
+Is there any other similar segment of space on the habitable globe so
+resplendent with stars of the first magnitude!
+
+Seven Presidents of the United States and three of the greatest military
+leaders of modern times were born within two hours' ride of this city,
+estimated according to the most improved modern methods of travel!
+
+That meteoric Mars of naval warfare, John Paul Jones, lived and kept store
+in this town, and went from here to take command of a ship of our colonial
+navy. He was the first man who ever raised our flag upon a national ship,
+and he struck terror to the heart of the British navy by his marvellous
+naval exploits during the Revolution.
+
+It was right here that Washington's boyhood and youth were spent, and that
+he was trained and disciplined for his transcendent career, and it was to
+the unpretending home of his mother, still standing here--which you will
+visit--that Washington and Lafayette came when the war closed, to lay
+their laurels at her feet; and her ashes repose here, under a beautiful
+monument, erected by the Daughters of the American Revolution.
+
+But there are other memories of heroic type, suggested by this locality,
+which come nearer home to our hearts, whose mournful splendor time cannot
+pale!
+
+Here, and within fifteen miles of this city, in Spotsylvania county, more
+great armies manoeuvred, more great battles were fought, more men were
+engaged in mortal combat and more officers and privates were killed and
+wounded than in any similar territory in the world. More men fell in the
+battles of this one small county during the Civil war than Great Britain
+has lost in all her wars of a century; and more men were killed and
+wounded in four hours at the battle of Fredericksburg than Great Britain
+had lost in killed, wounded and prisoners in her eight months' war in
+South Africa.
+
+When the fog lifted its curtain from the bleak plains about Fredericksburg
+on the morning of December 13, 1862, the sun flashed down on a spectacle
+of terrible moral sublimity!
+
+One hundred thousand Union veterans, with two hundred and twenty cannon,
+were in "battle's magnificently stern array," and in motion, with nothing
+to obscure their serried ranks from the view of their expectant
+adversaries, safely entrenched on the sloping hills adjacent. The
+different sub-divisions of this great army were commanded that day by
+consummate masters of the art of war, whose names and brilliant exploits
+now illumine the pages of our national history, but its commander-in-chief
+was deficient in both strategic and tactical ability, and his most
+conspicuous merit seemed to be his perfect faith in the courage and
+invincibility of his army.
+
+General Burnside did not overrate the magnificent courage and sublime
+self-sacrifice of his army, whose contempt of death that day on the open
+plains about Fredericksburg seemed to strike the electric chain wherewith
+we all are bound, and a thrill of admiration swept down the line of Lee's
+army for four miles whilst yet the battle raged; but General Burnside did
+underrate the strength of the positions which, without inspection or
+information, he rashly assailed, and he did underrate the valor of the men
+who held those positions. The appalling magnitude of his mistake was soon
+apparent, alike to his officers and his men, and yet column after column
+of that devoted army advanced, without a halting step, to the carnival of
+death, over a plain swept by the ceaseless and terrible fire of protected
+infantry and artillery--a plain of which General E. P. Alexander, in
+command of the Confederate artillery, posted on the heights, remarked the
+evening before, that "not a chicken could live there when his guns were
+opened."
+
+No honors awaited the daring of these heroes that day; no despatch could
+give their names to the plaudits of their admiring countrymen, their
+advance was uncheered by the hope of emolument or fame; their death would
+be unnoticed, and yet they marched to their doom with unblanched cheeks
+and unfaltering tread.
+
+Pause a moment and picture those serried ranks as they marched undismayed
+with grim precision and intrepid step to certain death, and, very many, to
+unknown graves, and tell me whether heroism did not have its holocaust,
+and patriotism and courage their grand coronation on these plains about
+Fredericksburg; and tell me whether a nation's gratitude and meed of
+honor to these unknelled, uncoffined and unknown heroes, who thus gave up
+their lives for their country, in obedience to orders, should be measured
+by the accident of victory or defeat, or by the unclouded grandeur of the
+sacrifice they cheerfully made. Tell me whether the majestic memorial,
+which that splendid old veteran, General Butterfield, proposes to erect on
+the plains of Fredericksburg, to perpetuate the fame of the Fifth corps,
+will not commemorate a higher type of heroism than any similar memorial to
+that corps on the heights about Gettysburg! Tell me whether there was not
+more courage and more manhood required to assail Marye's Heights than to
+hold Cemetery Hill!
+
+The charge of Pickett's Division at Gettysburg was far grander, even with
+its dreadful recoil, than was the defence of the stone wall at
+Fredericksburg; and the heroes of the former deserve more of their country
+than do the latter.
+
+Napoleon, after the battle of Austerlitz, addressing his army, said:
+"Soldiers, it will be enough for one of you to say, 'I was at the battle
+of Austerlitz,' for your countrymen to say, 'There is a brave man.'"
+
+Impartial history will record that the Union soldiers who fought at
+Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, the Wilderness and at Spotsylvania
+Courthouse were not only brave men, but that their valor on those immortal
+fields decorated the Stars and Stripes with imperishable glory. And no
+American army of the future, composed of those who wore the blue and the
+gray, or their descendants, will ever permit that glory to be tarnished!
+
+It was the brilliant prowess of the Confederate army on the battlefields
+of Spotsylvania that shed such dazzling lustre on the Union arms at
+Gettysburg. If we should blot out the battlefields of Spotsylvania, we
+should rob Gettysburg of all its glory; we should filch from General Grant
+half his fame as a great commander, and should obscure to the future
+student of the art of war Grant's invincible pertinacity and his sagacious
+and successful policy of concentration and attrition, which alone explains
+and vindicates his famous march of eighty miles from Culpeper Courthouse
+to Petersburg, with a loss of tens of thousands of his brave troops, when
+he might have transferred his army by transports to the shadow of the
+Confederate capital without the loss of a man.
+
+Grant knew that the destruction of Lee's army, and not the capture of
+Richmond, was the profoundest strategy. The Army of the Potomac, under the
+consummate leadership of General Grant, won infinitely more prestige at
+Appomattox, where eight thousand worn-out Confederates laid down their
+arms, than the German army, under its great field-marshal, Von Moltke, won
+at Sedan, where the French Emperor, Louis Napoleon, and 86,000 French
+soldiers, neither footsore nor hungry, surrendered, and for the plain
+reason that no such conflicts as those in Spotsylvania lay across the
+march of Von Moltke to Sedan. The march to Appomattox was over the
+battlefields of Spotsylvania, and Appomattox was only the culmination of
+the courage and carnage of those fields.
+
+It was the conspicuous characteristic of both the Union and Confederate
+armies that their courage was alike invincible; defeat could not quench
+it; it shone with additional splendor amid the gloom of disaster, and no
+soldier on either side need blush to have borne a part in any one of the
+great battles of the Civil war, whatever fortune may have decreed as to
+its temporary result.
+
+It is noteworthy, above almost any other events of history, that the two
+most memorable and momentous struggles in which the Anglo-Saxon race has
+embarked, both closed on the soil of Virginia, a century apart, by the
+surrender of one Anglo-Saxon army to an army of the same race, and without
+the loss of prestige on either side.
+
+For our great race, when vanquished by itself, proudly rears its crest
+unconquered and sublime!
+
+One of those memorable struggles closed at Yorktown, where colonial
+dependence perished, national independence was secured and our great
+republic born. The other closed at Appomattox, where the doctrine of
+secession and the institution of slavery perished and a more perfect union
+than our fathers made was established.
+
+Secession and slavery perished on Virginia soil, and her people, though
+impoverished by the loss of the latter, have shed no tears over the grave
+of these dead issues; but they love and cherish the memory of the Southern
+heroes whose sacred ashes repose in her bosom, and they proudly spurn any
+suggestion that such moral heroism and sublime self-sacrifice as they
+exhibited could be born of other than conscientious conviction!
+
+If the South was, by a wise providence, denied in that grand struggle the
+honor of final triumph, her people to-day share equally with the victors
+of that day the glorious fruits of their victory in a more perfect and
+indissoluble union of indestructible States, under that superlative symbol
+of a world-power--the glorious Stars and Stripes.
+
+All through this splendid address Mr. Fitzhugh was vociferously applauded,
+the President and his cabinet heartily and enthusiastically joining in the
+applause, and when he closed the demonstration was kept up for several
+minutes.
+
+Gov. Tyler was then introduced and welcomed the veterans to Virginia, and
+assured them that when their visit to Fredericksburg was ended, Richmond,
+the Capital of the Confederacy, awaited them with extended hands and
+outstretched arms. Gen. McMahon responded in a short address, full of
+harmony and good feeling, and introduced Gen. Daniel E. Sickles, the
+orator of the occasion.
+
+At the conclusion of the able and patriotic address of Gen. Sickles, the
+presidential party and Gen. Sickles, lunched at Mr. Fitzhugh's and the
+society and visitors were provided for at the Opera House. After lunch the
+visitors and citizens marched to Mr. Fitzhugh's residence, where the
+President held a reception and where several thousand people greeted and
+shook him by the hand.
+
+The procession then formed and marched to the National cemetery, to
+witness the laying of the corner-stone of the monument to be erected by
+Gen. Daniel Butterfield to the memory of the men of the Fifth Army Corps,
+who fell in the several battles in Fredericksburg and vicinity.
+
+The Masonic ceremonies were in charge of Lodge No. 4, A. F. and A. M. In
+accepting the invitation to preside on the interesting occasion, Gen.
+Horatio C. King said:
+
+I deeply appreciate the honor of being asked to preside on this most
+interesting occasion, and in presence of the honored Chief Magistrate and
+the members of his official family. I recall with pride the fact that I
+first saw the light of Masonry in the Blue Lodge at Winchester, in this
+magnificent State, in 1864, when I was a soldier in the great war, and
+that from that day to this I have continued in good standing in our noble
+order. It may not be amiss for me to add that he who honors and graces
+this occasion to-day by his presence, our President, was also initiated at
+or about the same time in the same lodge, and that he has also held fast
+to the tenets of the organization through his lodge at his home in Ohio.
+
+It is most fitting that this dedication should be made by this
+time-honored Fredericksburg Lodge, whose history antedates the Revolution
+and in whose precincts the Father of his Country was enrolled.
+
+The occasion is one to inspire every patriot, and the generosity of Gen.
+Butterfield, in raising this memorial to the fallen comrades whom he so
+gallantly commanded, will shine through ages to come on the pages of
+American history.
+
+
+MASONIC CEREMONIES.
+
+The ceremonies were then conducted by the Masonic Lodge, the following
+officers, members and visitors being present and taking part:
+
+Alvin T. Embrey, senior warden, acting worshipful master; Right Worshipful
+James P. Corbin, senior warden _pro tem_; Wm. H. Hurkamp, junior warden;
+Edgar M. Young, Jr., treasurer; Right Worshipful Silvanus J. Quinn,
+secretary; Maurice Hirsh, senior deacon; Allan Randolph Howard, junior
+deacon; Rev. James Polk Stump, chaplain, and John S. Taliaferro, tiler;
+Worshipful Brothers Albert B. Botts, James T. Lowery, Thomas N. Brent,
+Isaac Hirsh.
+
+_Members_: Joe M. Goldsmith, John Scott Berry, John R. Bernard, John C.
+Melville, Robert A. Johnson, O. L. Harris, James Roach, George A. Walker,
+A. Mason Garner, Wm. T. Dix, Wm. Bernard, H. Hoomes Johnston, Charles L.
+Kalmbach, Edgar Mersereau, Adolph Loewenson, George W. Wroten, Joseph H.
+Davis, J. Shirver Woods, Edwin J. Cartright and Maurice B. Rowe.
+
+_Visiting Masons_: Most Worshipful J. Howard Wayt, P. G. M., Staunton,
+Va.; Wm. D. Carter, 102, Va.; W. J. Ford. 163, Ky.; W. C. Stump, 5, D. C.;
+B. P. Owens, 14, Va., and Dr. J. W. Bovee, of B. B. French, D. C.
+
+The handsome silver trowel used in laying the corner-stone, was made by
+order of Gen. Butterfield for that occasion and then to be presented to
+the Masonic Lodge performing the service. After the service of laying the
+corner-stone, Gen. Edward Hill, who spoke for Gen. Butterfield, in an able
+address, presented the monument to the Secretary of War to be kept, cared
+for and preserved by him and his successors in office, to which Secretary
+Root responded in a brief and appropriate speech, accepting the monument
+and promising to preserve it as requested.
+
+
+CAMP FIRE AT OPERA HOUSE.
+
+At 8 o'clock in the evening a "camp fire" was held at the Opera House,
+which was crowded to its utmost capacity. Short addresses were made by
+Gen. McMahon, Gen. Hawley, Gen. Miles, Gen. Sewell, Gen. Tremain, Gen.
+Geo. D. Ruggles, Capt. Patrick, Gen. Sickles, and a letter was read from
+Gen. Shaw, all of whom were on the Union side. The Confederate veterans
+were represented by Gen. Joseph Wheeler and Private John T. Goolrick.
+
+When Gen. Wheeler was introduced, Gen. Hawley, who had already spoken,
+interrupted with "Just a moment. Something occurs to me. Among the
+extraordinary things that are happening in the world, this is especially
+interesting to me. I find, on looking over the records, that Moses
+Wheeler, more than 250 years ago, married the sister of Joseph Hawley in
+Connecticut. Now, General, go on."
+
+This produced great laughter, in which Gen. Hawley joined with much zest.
+
+
+JUDGE GOOLRICK'S ADDRESS.
+
+Judge Goolrick, who was introduced as the representative of the
+Confederate veterans, and especially the private soldier, of whom there
+are so few at this time, spoke as follows:
+
+    COMRADES, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN--With sincere sentiments of good will,
+    commingled with a sense of gratitude, I welcome you within the gates
+    of our city, and no man has a better right to bid you come than
+    myself--for, just after the surrender at Appomattox, I was sitting on
+    the roadside, weary and worn, foot-sore and hungry, with an intense
+    solicitude for a change of my bill of fare from parched corn, upon
+    which I had luxuriated for about three days, when a kind-hearted
+    private soldier of the Army of the Potomac, seeing my dejected and
+    depressed appearance, came to me with words of cheer, comfort and
+    kindness, and, putting his hand down into his not overstocked
+    haversack, gave me all his rations of hardtack and bacon, and
+    immediately the gloom of defeat ceased to be so oppressive, and the
+    intense hunger, under which I had labored, also ceased. This act of
+    good fellowship, under the conditions which confronted me, at once
+    inspired a fraternal feeling for my enemy. So you see, Mr. Chairman, I
+    have a real right to be glad to see here to-day the representatives of
+    that army of which my benefactor was a member, and bid you be of good
+    cheer while you pitch your tents once again on the old camp ground.
+
+    You are now on a spot which is consecrated in the hearts of the
+    soldiers from the North and the South. Within the sound of my voice
+    Meagher's Irish Brigade immortalized itself by a charge into the jaws
+    of death, a charge in which the Irishman expressed his loyalty to the
+    land of his adoption, and gave evidence of that inborn bravery which
+    has made his name illustrious all over the world.
+
+[Illustration: St. Mary's Catholic Church. (See page 214)]
+
+[Illustration: Shiloh Baptist Church, Old Site (colored.) (See page 215)]
+
+    Within this county--at Chancellorsville--the soldiers of the South
+    conquered in a battle where death pulsated the very air, which was won
+    by unparalleled bravery and matchless strategy, though it cost the
+    life of the southland's idolized Stonewall Jackson, the very genius of
+    the war. Here the two master military leaders met for the first
+    time at the Wilderness, where was commenced the march by parallel
+    columns, which culminated in the surrender of the Army of Northern
+    Virginia, by our grand old commander, Lee, to the great and
+    magnanimous Grant.
+
+    On these fields Americanism, in its highest and holiest sense, was
+    illustrated and illuminated. Here a colossal column of men marched to
+    death, testifying thereby the very highest expression of
+    patriotism--love of country. For greater love hath no man that this,
+    that he lay down his life for his friends. It is to this spot you have
+    come--a place which is, and should be, the mecca of all lovers of
+    patriotism, self-sacrifice and lofty devotion to duty. And these have
+    not been lost, and will not be, for as the blood of the martyrs was
+    the seed and the seal of the church, so the blood and the bravery of
+    the soldiers of the North and the South have already cemented this
+    Republic in a closer union.
+
+    There has been a good deal said here, sir, to-day about peace. He who
+    fought ceased warfare when the war ended. 'Tis true it was waged with
+    great energy by warriors. After Lee told his boys to go home, and
+    Grant said, "Let us have peace," these warriors, after the war, were
+    like that chaplain in Early's army, who was seen going to the rear,
+    while the battle was raging in front. Early met him and asked him
+    where he was going. "To the rear--to the hospital department," said
+    he. "Why not stay in the front?" said old Jubal, "for I have heard you
+    urging my men for the last six months to prepare to go to heaven, and
+    now you have an opportunity to go to heaven yourself, and you are
+    dodging to the rear." These men who want war and talk war now had the
+    opportunity to take part, but most of them did not feel so inclined
+    when the battle raged fast and furious.
+
+    I suppose, sir, however, I was called to talk to-night because I am
+    rather an unique and curious living specimen of a soldier, for I was a
+    private, and there are few now living. It is said just before the
+    surrender a poor old soldier laid down to sleep, and he slept _a la_
+    Rip Van Winkle, for twenty years. Awaking up he rubbed his eyes;
+    looking around, he called a man walking on the road-side to him.
+    "Where," said the soldier, "is old Marse Bob Lee and his army?"
+    "General Lee," replied the man; "why, he has been dead many years; he
+    surrendered his army and then died." "Ah!" said the private; "ah, then
+    where are all the generals?" "They," replied the man, "have been sent
+    to Congress." "And what has become of the colonels?" "Why, they have
+    been elected to the Legislature." "What about the majors, captains and
+    lieutenants?" "They have been made sheriffs and clerks and
+    treasurers." "Where, then, tell me, where in the world have the
+    privates gone?" "The privates!" answered the man; "why, they are all
+    dead." And the old soldier rolled his eyes back and fell asleep again.
+    If he were to awake again to-day his eyes would be gladdened and his
+    heart made happy by monuments erected in Virginia's capital city, and
+    elsewhere, to emphasize the love and reverence with which the memory
+    of the brave private soldiers are held by a grateful people.
+
+    Sir, far be it from me to hold in slight estimation or little esteem,
+    the illustrious commanders. I am proud of the grand and glorious
+    leadership of my great captains, Lee and Jackson, and I willingly pay
+    a tribute to the greatness of Grant and to the memory of Hancock, "the
+    superb," and the splendid Meade. I would not, if I could, attempt to
+    dim the lustre of their names or throw any shadow over the brightness
+    of their deeds.
+
+    I was an humble private soldier in the Confederate army, and I am
+    proud here to proclaim that I was a follower of the peerless and
+    illustrious Lee, but I stand here to pay my loving tribute to the
+    private soldier of both armies. His splendid achievements, grand
+    heroism, unfaltering loyalty and unflinching bravery, have no parallel
+    in all time. He knew that if in the forefront of the fight he were
+    shot down that then his name would not be written on the scroll of
+    fame, his uncoffined body would find sepulture in a nameless grave,
+    and that he would have for an epitaph, "unknown!" Only a private shot;
+    and thus the story of his daring and dying would be told.
+
+    But, knowing all this, he failed not nor faltered. He was inspired by
+    the very holiest and highest, because of an absolutely unselfish sense
+    of duty. He was moved by a purpose to serve his country and its
+    cause. He marched, battled and bivouacked because his determination to
+    do, dare and die, if needs be, for the flag under which he served.
+    Whether under the sultry sun of summer or amidst the sleet and snow of
+    winter, he stood, unmoved from his unalterable resolve. No grander, no
+    more beautiful, no more splendid expression of the very highest type
+    of manhood could be found than was found in the life of the private
+    soldier of both or either army; and when the war ended, with them
+    verily it ended, and they all joined hands in a fraternity of
+    comradeship which was well exhibited by that private soldier of your
+    army who ministered to my necessities and cheered me in my sadness as
+    I sat under the very shadow of defeat and amidst the gloom of
+    surrender at Appomattox.
+
+    And members of the Society of the Army of the Potomac, to which that
+    private belonged, and to which we of the Army of Northern Virginia
+    surrendered, I meet and greet you on your first reunion south of the
+    river whose name you bear. We of the South will ever cherish, ever pay
+    the homage of our hearts' best devotion to the memory of our great
+    cause and its champions, we will ever keep them hallowed and sacred,
+    but with us the war is over. We pay allegiance and bear full fealty to
+    this great Republic of ours, and the men and the sons of the men who
+    followed Lee and Jackson stand ready with you to defend, always and
+    everywhere, the honor, the integrity and the interest of this fair
+    land of ours against all foes, whether from within or without its
+    borders.
+
+    We worship at the same shrine of liberty. There is only one flag now.
+    It is our flag and yours. Under its shadow we stand with the men of
+    your army. And now, to-night, at this reunion, in this presence, let
+    me urge, as the shibboleth, the motto of both armies, to be our
+    inspiration in peace, our rallying cry, if needs be, in war, this:
+    "Whom God hath joined together let no party, no people and no power
+    put asunder."
+
+Judge Goolrick was heartily applauded during the delivery of his address,
+and at its close the cheering was loud and prolonged.
+
+There was no business session of the society the next day and very many of
+the Union veterans visited the various battlefields. The most of the
+society and visitors went to Richmond on an excursion tendered the society
+by Lee Camp, where they were met and entertained by the Confederate
+veterans of that hospitable city.
+
+Addresses were made on that occasion by Judge D. C. Richardson, Mayor
+Richard M. Taylor, Gov. Chas. T. O'Ferrall and Attorney-General A. J.
+Montague, of Richmond, and Gen. Horatio C. King, of New York, and Gen.
+Geo. D. Ruggles, of Washington.
+
+On the return of the excursionists from Richmond a reception and lunch
+were tendered them at the Opera House, where they were met by a large
+number of the ladies and gentlemen of the town, and a most enjoyable
+evening was spent. Gen. King, secretary of the society, in a brief
+address, acknowledged the cordial welcome and unbounded hospitality they
+had met with in our town and the homes of our citizens, extended the
+hearty thanks of the society to the officials and citizens and stated that
+the reception was even warmer and more cordial than they had ever before
+met with.
+
+
+RESOLUTIONS OF THANKS ADOPTED.
+
+At the business meeting of the society on the first evening the following
+preamble and resolution, after very complimentary remarks of the town and
+people, by many of the visitors, were enthusiastically adopted:
+
+The reunion of the Society of the Army of the Potomac at Fredericksburg is
+of peculiar significance, and the generous sentiment which prompted the
+invitation, meets with a hearty response from every patriotic soldier of
+that great army. Every animosity engendered by the conflict is here buried
+with the more than one hundred and twenty thousand gallant men who shed
+their blood and sacrificed their lives in their heroic devotion to
+conviction and to duty. The work done here is an imperishable record of
+the unsurpassed courage and bravery of the American soldier: therefore be
+it--
+
+Resolved, That we tender to the civic authorities and citizens of
+Fredericksburg, and especially to the efficient local executive committee
+and Mr. St. Geo. R. Fitzhugh, our most hearty thanks for a welcome that
+sustains, in the highest, the fame of Virginia hospitality. The generous
+and unstinted courtesies of all will render this reunion forever
+memorable, and the most pleasurable emotion will always arise whenever the
+name of Fredericksburg is mentioned.
+
+As a fitting sequel of this distinguished gathering and the grand
+reception on the part of the town and citizens, a letter, written by Gen.
+Horatio C. King, twenty-five years secretary of the society, en route to
+his home, in Brooklyn, N. Y., is inserted:
+
+    _Captain S. J. Quinn, Secretary Army of the Potomac Committee_:
+
+    MY DEAR CAPTAIN--The generous efforts of your citizens to kill us with
+    kindness were well nigh successful, but happily we survive to tell the
+    tale of the most unique and unsurpassed reunion in the history of the
+    Society of the Army of the Potomac.
+
+    Our first meeting on the soil of the South cannot fail to have a most
+    happy effect upon the comparatively few--mainly born since the great
+    conflict--who do not realize that the war ended in 1865.
+
+    The sentiments expressed by your orators, Mr. Fitzhugh, your honored
+    Governor Tyler and Judge Goolrick, and by Mayor Taylor, ex-Governor
+    O'Ferrall and Attorney-General Montague, in Richmond, should be
+    printed in letters of gold and circulated all over the nation. Purer
+    or more exalted patriotism has never been expressed.
+
+    To the thanks already extended I desire to add my personal obligations
+    for the untiring energy, zeal and efficiency of your local committee,
+    which have made my duties comparatively light and most enjoyable; and
+    I desire to make my acknowledgments especially to you and Brother
+    Corbin for the promptness of your correspondence and unremitting
+    attention.
+
+    I am afraid I but feebly conveyed to the audience last evening the
+    warm appreciation of the superabundant and delightful lunch so
+    gracefully provided by your people and so charmingly distributed by
+    your ladies.
+
+    Indeed, I cannot find words to express our gratitude for a reception
+    so complete as not to have elicited a single complaint or criticism.
+    We can never forget it or the good people who carried the reunion to
+    unqualified success.
+
+
+ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT M'KINLEY.
+
+Visiting Fredericksburg in May, to attend the meeting of the Society of
+the Army of the Potomac, and take part in laying the corner-stone of the
+Butterfield monument, where he received the most marked demonstrations of
+the love and loyalty of his people, without regard to party politics,
+President McKinley returned to our beautiful capital with a grateful heart
+and a determination to show himself President of the entire country,
+dispensing justice to all alike. He was proud of his country and rejoiced
+in its unparalleled prosperity. In September, 1901, he visited the
+exposition at Buffalo, N. Y., where, while holding a reception on the 6th
+of September, he was assassinated in the midst of the thousands who
+surrounded him. The sad news was flashed by wire throughout our land and
+the civilized world, and was received everywhere with unaffected sorrow.
+
+Our City Council was assembled upon the sorrowful intelligence, and the
+following preamble and resolutions were adopted, and telegraphed Mrs.
+McKinley, which were the first adopted and received by her from any
+quarter:
+
+    "Whereas, we have heard, with great sorrow and indignation, of an
+    attempt to assassinate his excellency, Wm. McKinley, President of the
+    United States, at Buffalo, N. Y., this afternoon; and, whereas, we
+    rejoice to learn by the latest telegram that his physicians express
+    the firm belief he will survive the wounds inflicted, therefore--
+
+    Resolved, by the Mayor and Common Council of the city of
+    Fredericksburg, Virginia, that we condemn, in the strongest language
+    we can command, this dastardly and wicked act, and call upon the
+    authorities to punish the would-be assassin to the full extent of the
+    law.
+
+    2nd, That we tender our profoundest sympathy to Mrs. McKinley in her
+    great affliction and earnestly pray that a kind and all-wise Heavenly
+    Father may restore her devoted husband and our much loved Chief
+    Magistrate to perfect health, to her and this united and happy
+    country.
+
+    3rd, That our worthy Mayor be requested to communicate by wire this
+    action of the Council to Mrs. McKinley."
+
+Notwithstanding the best medical skill was employed to remain with the
+stricken President day and night, who endeavored to locate and extract the
+pistol ball, and the prayers of the nation, he calmly passed away on the
+14th of September, eight days after the assassin's deadly work. The
+monster murderer was an anarchist from Ohio, who was condemned before the
+courts for his wicked act and paid the extreme penalty of the law.
+
+As the news of the President's death was sent to the world with electric
+speed, and announced in Fredericksburg, the City Council was immediately
+assembled again and the following action taken:
+
+    "The Mayor and Common Council of the city of Fredericksburg desire to
+    unite with all the world in paying tribute to the memory of President
+    McKinley, as a patriot American, a pure citizen, a fearless Executive
+    and a Christian gentleman.
+
+    It is with pride and pleasure that we recall his recent visit to our
+    city and his expressions of gratification at being with us, and this
+    tribute to his memory is to testify and further emphasize our sincere
+    sorrow at his death. It is therefore--
+
+    Resolved, That the public buildings of this city be draped in mourning
+    for thirty days; that during the hour of the funeral service that the
+    bells of the city be tolled, and that a committee of three members of
+    the Council be appointed by the Mayor to confer with the ministers of
+    our churches in order to arrange a memorial meeting of our citizens,
+    and that these resolutions be spread upon the records of this council.
+
+    Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions, with our expressions of
+    sympathy in this hour of her great bereavement, be forwarded to Mrs.
+    McKinley, widow of our distinguished President, signed by the Mayor,
+    and attested by the clerk, under the seal of this city."
+
+This action of the Council was one of the few that Mrs. McKinley
+personally responded to. To it she promptly replied, evincing her grateful
+appreciation, with the tenderest expressions, for the sympathy tendered to
+her in her great sorrow. The memorial services were held in St. George's
+church, the day of the funeral, conducted by the city pastors, Dr. T. S.
+Dunaway, delivering the address.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+    _Dr. Walker's Exploration--Bacon's Rebellion, so-called--The
+    Fredericksburg Declaration--The Great Orator--Resolutions of
+    Separation from Great Britain--Virginia Bill of Rights, &c._
+
+
+It has been said, probably by the facetious or perhaps by the envious--for
+such are to be found in all communities--that Virginians are noted for
+their bragging--that find them where you may, at home surrounded by
+friends and companions, or abroad among strangers and aliens--bragging is
+their distinguishing characteristic. It is not probably known whether this
+charge has ever been investigated and passed upon by any competent
+authority, but if it has been, and the charge was pronounced true--or if
+the truth of the charge were admitted by the parties themselves, they can
+plead justification, and should be readily excused upon the ground that
+they really have something to boast of in the patriotism, endurance,
+sacrifices and achievements of a glorious ancestry. If the people of other
+parts of the country have whereof to boast, Virginians have more, and
+those in that part of Virginia in which Fredericksburg is located may well
+take the lead.
+
+In this and the two succeeding chapters we propose to show what has been
+accomplished for this great country by the sons of Virginia, who have
+lived in Fredericksburg and within a radius of sixty or seventy-five miles
+of Fredericksburg, and show that in the extension of the borders of our
+infantile country, in protecting the settlers from the ravages of the
+brutal savages, in agitating, fostering and demanding the rights of the
+people, in opposing and resisting the unjust laws and oppressions,
+usurpations and unreasonable exactions of sordid and wicked rulers, in the
+separation, by solemn resolutions and declarations of this country from
+Great Britain, in uniting and defending the colonies and in achieving the
+independence of the country, in forming and administering the government,
+in numbering it with the family of the nations of the earth, and placing
+it upon the high road to prosperity and national greatness, Virginians
+were ever in the van, and others followed their leadership and reaped
+the rich fruits of their splendid achievements and their glorious
+victories. And this we do, not in any spirit of vanity, but that there may
+be grouped together and brought to public attention, in permanent form,
+historical facts, if known to the public, long forgotten and
+unappreciated, that Fredericksburg may be placed, where it rightly
+belongs, as the most historical spot in the most historical State in this
+great nation, that will soon, if it does not now, dominate the nations of
+the earth and fully justify her sons in recounting their deeds, if it
+shall be termed bragging.
+
+[Illustration: The present Postoffice Building at Fredericksburg. (See
+page 165)]
+
+[Illustration: Tombstone marking grave of William Paul, brother of
+Commodore John Paul Jones, in St. George's burial ground. (See page 237)]
+
+
+DR. WALKER'S EXPLORATION.
+
+It was Dr. Thomas Walker, of Albemarle county, a Virginian, who, with five
+companions, in 1750, explored the wild country, which now forms the States
+of Tennessee and Kentucky, and named that chain of mountains and the
+beautiful river that flows through the valley, Cumberland, in honor of the
+Duke of Cumberland, and then crossed over the country to the head waters
+of the Kentucky river and gave it its name, which furnished a name for
+that great and prosperous State.
+
+
+BACON RESISTS OPPRESSION.
+
+It was Nathaniel Bacon, of Henrico county, a Virginian, who first offered
+resistance to the colonial authorities in defence of the lives, liberties
+and property of the people and put forth a declaration of principles,
+which were the guiding star for those who came after him until
+independence was achieved, with all of its blessings and glorious fruits.
+
+In his United States History Dr. Howison says: "In the great declaration
+adopted by them in 1776, just one hundred years after the movements under
+Bacon, we find embedded not less than five principles among the most
+weighty and potent that justified the overthrow of the English rule, all
+five of which were in active movement to produce the uprising of the
+Virginia people in 1676. These five principles were:
+
+    1. The right to civil and religious liberty--'life, liberty and the
+    pursuit of happiness';
+
+    2. The right to throw off a government which had 'cut off their trade
+    from all parts of the world';
+
+    3. Which had 'imposed taxes on them without their consent';
+
+    4. Which had 'taken away their charters, abolished their most valuable
+    laws and altered fundamentally the powers of their government';
+
+    5. Which had 'excited domestic insurrections among them and had
+    endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of their frontiers the
+    merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an
+    undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.'"
+
+Mrs. An. Cotton, who wrote an account of this Bacon movement the year it
+occurred, and who did not fully endorse all that Bacon did, states that a
+large council was held on Bacon's premises in May, at which Bacon charged
+that the authorities were guilty of wrong in their eagerness to get rich;
+that some persons were rich who were guilty of unjust methods in obtaining
+their wealth; that the authorities were doing nothing to encourage the
+arts, sciences, schools of learning or manufactories; that the Governor
+approves the lawlessness of the Indians against the settlers, and declines
+to interfere because it might diminish his revenue in trading with them;
+that the Governor refuses to admit an Englishman's oath against an Indian,
+where he accepts the bare word of an Indian against an Englishman; that
+the Governor is monopolizing the beaver trade in violation of law; that
+the traders at the heads of the rivers, being the Governor's agents, buy
+and sell the blood of their brethren and countrymen by furnishing the
+Indians with powder, shot and firearms contrary to the laws of the colony;
+and that Col. Cowells asserted that the English were bound to protect the
+Indians, even if they had to shed their own blood.
+
+At the conclusion of Bacon's address the Council agreed to three things:
+1. To aid with their lives and estates General Bacon in the Indian war. 2.
+To oppose the Governor's designs, if he had any, against the prosecution
+of the war. 3. To protect the General, the army and all who agreed to the
+arrangement against any power that should be sent out of England, until it
+was granted that the country's complaint might be heard against the
+Governor before the King and Parliament.
+
+The premature death of Bacon occurring, and no competent person to take
+the lead being found, the movement soon ceased, the troops disbanded and
+went home, and many of those who aided Bacon in protecting the lives and
+property of the settlers were put to death by Governor Berkley on the
+charge of treason. Thomas Matthews, said to be a son of Gov. Matthews, and
+who at that time represented Stafford county in the House of Burgesses,
+was appointed by Bacon to the command of all the forces in this part of
+Virginia, but he probably had not the courage or means to carry out
+Bacon's plans.
+
+Bacon died from a cold contracted in camp and was buried in Gloucester
+county, but for fear the authorities would exhume the body and subject it
+to indignities, the place of his burial was kept a secret. Bacon's effort
+for the people was just one hundred years before the great revolution, and
+when we are fully informed as to his cause of action we may debate in our
+minds as to whether Nathaniel Bacon was our first Thomas Jefferson or
+whether Thomas Jefferson was our second Nathaniel Bacon.
+
+
+FIRST DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
+
+It was in a public gathering in Fredericksburg on the 29th day of April,
+1775, that resolutions were passed, approaching in spirit a declaration of
+independence, which was twenty-one days before the resolutions of
+Mecklenburg, North Carolina, were adopted. The resolutions, adopted in
+North Carolina, found their way into print and into the histories, while
+those passed in Fredericksburg did not; but they were the first adopted
+anywhere in the country, and more than six hundred men were ready to carry
+them into effect by marching to Williamsburg to redress wrongs which had
+been committed by Gov. Dunmore in removing the gun powder from the public
+magazine. Some regard this act as the beginning of the great revolution in
+the colonies. It was to prepare the people for any breach of the law or
+outrage upon the people's rights, which had been threatened by the
+authorities at Williamsburg, and commenced in the gunpowder act, that the
+Fredericksburg resolutions were adopted, and the great pity is they were
+not handed down to succeeding generations and preserved as the first
+Declaration of Independence since the days of Bacon. In referring to these
+resolutions, Dr. Howison, in his United States History, says, they were
+tantamount to a declaration of independence.
+
+
+HENRY LEADS FOR LIBERTY.
+
+It was Patrick Henry, of Hanover county, a Virginian, at the time living
+in and representing Louisa county, who fired the country with his
+matchless eloquence and set in motion forces that achieved liberty and
+independence to this country. It was this peerless son of Virginia, in the
+House of Burgesses, surrounded by such giant minds as Bland, Pendleton,
+Lee and Wythe, that the torch of liberty was set on fire that was never to
+be extinguished. We quote from Dr. Howison's United States History:
+
+    "He wrote on the blank leaf of an old law-book five resolutions which
+    he offered to the House. They were a strong protest against the course
+    of Parliament. The third declared that taxation by the people
+    themselves, or their representatives duly chosen, was an essential
+    characteristic of British freedom. The last resolution was in these
+    words:
+
+      "'Resolved, therefore, that the General Assembly of this colony have
+      the sole right and power to lay taxes and impositions upon the
+      inhabitants of this colony; and that every attempt to vest such
+      power in any person or persons whatsoever, other than the General
+      Assembly aforesaid, has a manifest tendency to destroy British as
+      well as American freedom.'
+
+      "A warm debate ensued. Pendleton, Bland, Wythe and Randolph all
+      opposed the resolutions; but Henry was the master mind, and made an
+      impression which is felt to this day. His words were pregnant with a
+      nation's freedom. In the heat of the debate occurred a memorable
+      scene. Patrick Henry reached a climax. 'Cæsar,' he cried, 'had his
+      Brutus; Charles the First, his Cromwell, and George the
+      Third'--'Treason'! burst from the lips of the president. 'Treason,'
+      'Treason!' resounded through the house. The orator paused; then,
+      raising himself to his full height, with eyes of fire and a voice
+      which thrilled every soul, he concluded his sentence, 'and George
+      the Third may profit by their example. If this be treason make the
+      most of it.'
+
+    "The resolutions were adopted by one vote, and that evening Patrick
+    Henry left for his home. In March, 1775, the Virginia Convention met
+    in St. John's church, Richmond. It was a body of the most
+    distinguished men in Virginia, and among them was Patrick Henry. He
+    was still far in advance of the leading men of the convention, who,
+    although there were English fleets in the waters of Virginia and armed
+    soldiers quartered within her towns, still hoped that the evils
+    complained of could be remedied by compromise.
+
+    "Henry did not think so, and he was unwilling to sit down quietly
+    until it would be too late to prepare for defense. He submitted a set
+    of resolutions, calling attention to the presence of British armies
+    and the dangers then threatening American freedom, and proposed that
+    Virginia should be put in a state of defense, and that measures should
+    at once be taken for embodying, arming and disciplining such a number
+    of men as may be sufficient for that purpose."
+
+The proposition was strongly opposed by such men as Bland, Nicholas,
+Pendleton and Harrison. Dr. Howison says: "It was now that Patrick Henry
+appeared in power. Rising slowly from his seat, he made an appeal which in
+eloquence and strength, and in its effect upon the future of the world,
+went far beyond any effort of oratory ever previously made. It was the
+demonstration that the coming war was to be a war of ideas and principles,
+and not a mere war of brute force." No perfect production of this speech
+has been preserved--perhaps none were possible; yet enough has been
+preserved to enable the thoughtful student to feel something of its
+inspiration:
+
+    "Let us not, I beseech you, sir, deceive ourselves. We have done
+    everything that could be done to avert the storm which is now coming
+    on. We have petitioned--we have remonstrated--we have supplicated--we
+    have prostrated ourselves before the throne and have implored its
+    interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the Ministry and
+    Parliament. Our petitions have been slighted; our remonstrances have
+    produced additional violence and insult; our supplications have been
+    disregarded, and we have been spurned with contempt from the foot of
+    the throne. In vain, after these things, may we indulge the fond hope
+    of peace and reconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope. If
+    we wish to be free--if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable
+    privileges for which we have been so long contending--if we mean not
+    basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long
+    engaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon until
+    the object of our contest shall be obtained--we must fight! I repeat
+    it, sir, we must fight! An appeal to arms and to the God of hosts is
+    all that is left us.
+
+    "There is a just God who presides over the destinies of nations, and
+    who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us. The battle,
+    sir, is not to the strong alone; it is to the vigilant, the active,
+    the brave. Besides, sir, we have no election. If we were base enough
+    to desire it, it is now too late to retire from the contest. There is
+    no retreat but in submission and slavery. Our chains are forged; their
+    clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston. The war is inevitable,
+    and let it come. I repeat it, sir, let it come!
+
+    "Gentlemen may cry, Peace! peace! but there is no peace. The war has
+    already begun. The next gale that sweeps from the North will bring to
+    our ears the clash of resounding arms. Our brethren are already in the
+    field. Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What
+    would they have? Is life so dear or peace so sweet as to be purchased
+    at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know
+    not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or
+    give me death!"
+
+A dead silence followed this speech. The feelings it excited were too deep
+for applause; but there was no longer any hesitation or division of
+opinion. The proposal of Henry was adopted, and, in a short time, Virginia
+was alive with military preparation.
+
+There are two prophesies in this eloquent speech which were fulfilled; one
+was that the clash of resounding arms would be heard by the next gale from
+the North--the battle of Lexington was fought on the 19th of April; and
+the other was that God would raise up friends to fight our battles for us.
+Our independence could hardly have been secured without the aid of the
+French, whom Lafayette led, and who were the friends that were raised up
+for us by a kind Providence.
+
+
+PENDLETON'S RESOLUTIONS.
+
+It was Edmund Pendleton, of Sparta, in Caroline county, a Virginian, who
+prepared, and Cary presented, resolutions defining the position of the
+colonies and instructing the Virginia delegation to the General Congress
+to vote for a declaration of separation from Great Britain. These
+resolutions were heartily indorsed by the troops that had assembled at
+Williamsburg, and even by those leading Virginians who so strongly
+condemned Patrick Henry's first great speech.
+
+It was Richard Henry Lee, of Westmoreland county, a Virginian, who
+offered, in the Colonial Congress, the resolution that embodied the views
+expressed in the Pendleton resolutions, and which brought forth the
+Declaration of Independence. The resolution was submitted on the 7th of
+June, 1776, which was as follows:
+
+    "That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and
+    independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the
+    British Crown; and that all political connection between them and the
+    State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved."
+
+The discussion of this resolution showed the temper of Congress, and while
+the vote was postponed at the instance of some members who still thought
+such a measure premature, a committee to prepare and bring forward a
+declaration was appointed, of which Thomas Jefferson was made chairman.
+Mr. Lee, a member of the committee, was called home because of the
+sickness of his wife, but Mr. Jefferson sent him the original copy of the
+draft and also the amendments for his inspection, and wrote him: "You
+will judge whether it is the better or worse for the critics."
+
+
+GEORGE MASON'S BILL OF RIGHTS.
+
+It was George Mason, of Gunston Hall, a native of Stafford county, a
+Virginian, who wrote the Virginia Bill of Rights and the Constitution of
+Virginia. The fact that Mason was a farmer, and not a lawyer, has been
+emphasized by several writers, and the fact that he prepared those
+important documents, when there were so many eminent lawyers associated
+with him in those stirring times, is a matter of surprise. But that he did
+write them has never been disputed or questioned, and it was an honor that
+linked his name with those of Jefferson and Madison, and will enshrine his
+memory in the hearts of his countrymen for all time to come. And the honor
+of preparing this important instrument is enhanced when we remember they
+were almost original in thought as to most of the principles declared in
+them. It is true that some have claimed that the Bill of Rights was based
+upon the English Bill of Rights of 1689, yet that bill only asserted the
+right of subjects to petition, the right of Parliament to freedom of
+debate, the right of electors to choose their representatives freely, and
+other minor privileges. These rights had been exercised by the Colonists,
+but there were other rights dear to the people which they had not enjoyed
+and were not permitted to enjoy, and there were grievous wrongs committed
+upon the people that had to cease.
+
+These things called for a different kind of paper from the English Bill of
+Rights and the times necessitated different demands than were made calling
+forth the bill of 1689. A paper was needed setting forth the rights of
+freemen and providing for the government of freemen, and it is asserted
+that the Bill of Rights was a pattern for the Declaration of Independence,
+while the Constitution was the first one that was written for the
+government of a free and independent people in all the past history of the
+world.
+
+[Illustration: Public School Building (colored.) (See page 144)]
+
+[Illustration: The Butterfield Monument. "In honor of the Fifth Army
+Corps, and also to the valor of every American Soldier." Gen. Butterfield.
+(See page 269)]
+
+The Bill of Rights was adopted by the Virginia Convention on the 12th of
+June, 1776, after it had been thoroughly discussed for several days. It
+was written for Virginia and did not apply to the other colonies, yet
+it is so complete in all its parts we are told that other State
+constitutions, in defining the rights of the citizen, largely followed the
+phraseology of this famous instrument. All Virginians should read it,
+again and again, study it and treasure it as one of the most precious
+legacies bequeathed to them. The following is the bill in full:
+
+    1. That all men are by nature equally free and independent and have
+    certain inherent rights of which when they enter into a state of
+    society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their
+    posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means
+    of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining
+    happiness and safety.
+
+    2. That all power is vested in, and consequently derived from, the
+    people; that magistrates are their trustees and servants, and at all
+    times amenable to them.
+
+    3. That government is, or ought to be, instituted for the common
+    benefit, protection and security of the people, nation or community;
+    of all the various modes and forms of government, that is best, which
+    is capable of producing the greatest degree of happiness and safety,
+    and is most effectually secured against the danger of
+    maladministration; and that, when any government shall be found
+    inadequate or contrary to these purposes, a majority of the community
+    hath an indubitable, unalienable and indefeasible right, to reform,
+    alter or abolish it, in such manner as shall be judged most conducive
+    to the public weal.
+
+    4. That no man, or set of men, are entitled to exclusive or separate
+    emoluments or privileges from the community, but in consideration of
+    public services; which, not being descendible, neither ought the
+    offices of magistrate, legislator or judge be hereditary.
+
+    5. That the legislative, executive and judicial powers should be
+    separate and distinct; and that the members thereof may be restrained
+    from oppression, by feeling and participating in the burdens of the
+    people, they should, at fixed periods, be reduced to a private
+    station, return into that body from whence they were originally taken,
+    and the vacancies be supplied by frequent, certain and regular
+    elections, in which all, or any part of the former members, to be
+    again eligible, or ineligible as the laws shall direct.
+
+    6. That all elections ought to be free; and that all men having
+    sufficient evidence of permanent common interest with, and attachment
+    to, the community have the right of suffrage and cannot be taxed or
+    deprived of their property for public uses, without their own consent
+    or that of their representatives so elected, nor bound by any law to
+    which they have not, in like manner, assented for the public good.
+
+    7. That all power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, by any
+    authority, without the consent of the representatives of the people,
+    is injurious to their rights, and ought not to be exercised.
+
+    8. That in all capital or criminal prosecutions, a man hath the right
+    to demand the cause and nature of his accusation, to be confronted
+    with the accusers and witnesses, to call for evidence in his favor and
+    to a speedy trial by an impartial jury of twelve men of his vicinage,
+    without whose unanimous consent he cannot be found guilty; nor can he
+    be compelled to give evidence against himself; that no man be deprived
+    of his liberty, except by the law of the land or the judgment of his
+    peers.
+
+    9. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines
+    imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
+
+    10. The general warrants, whereby an officer or messenger may be
+    commanded to search suspected places without evidence of a fact
+    committed, or to seize any person not named, or whose offence is not
+    particularly described and supported by evidence, are grievous and
+    oppressive, and ought not to be granted.
+
+    11. That in controversies respecting property, and in suits between
+    man and man, the ancient trial by jury of twelve men is preferable to
+    any other, and ought to be held sacred.
+
+    12. That the freedom of the press is one of the great bulwarks of
+    liberty, and can never be restrained but by despotic governments.
+
+    13. That a well regulated militia, composed of the body of the people,
+    trained to arms, is the proper, natural and safe defence of a free
+    people; that standing armies, in times of peace, should be avoided, as
+    dangerous to liberty; and that in all cases, the military should be
+    under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power.
+
+    14. That the people have a right to uniform government; and therefore
+    that no government separate from, or independent of, the government of
+    Virginia, ought to be erected or established within the limits
+    thereof.
+
+    15. That no free government, or the blessings of liberty, can be
+    preserved to any people, but by a firm adherence to justice,
+    moderation, temperance, frugality and virtue, and by a frequent
+    recurrence to fundamental principles.
+
+    16. That religion, or the duty which we owe to our Creator, and the
+    manner of discharging it, can be directed only by reason and
+    conviction, not by force or violence; and therefore all men are
+    equally entitled to the free exercise of religion, according to the
+    dictates of conscience; and that it is the mutual duty of all to
+    practise Christian forbearance, love and charity towards each other.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+    _The Declaration of Separation--The Declaration of
+    Independence--Washington Commander-in-Chief--John Paul Jones Raises
+    the First Flag--He was First to Raise the Stars and
+    Stripes--Fredericksburg Furnishes the Head of the Armies and Navy--The
+    Constitution of the United States, &c._
+
+
+As stated in the last chapter, we continue in this references to the great
+deeds of the great men of Virginia that should be grouped, as we are here
+endeavoring to do, in the smallest possible space, and preserved to
+perpetuate their memory and honor their descendants through all coming
+time. It was Thomas Jefferson, of Albemarle county, a Virginian, who wrote
+the Declaration of Independence, that struck the shackles of servitude
+from the people of this country, and proclaimed the United Colonies a
+new-born nation, free and independent.
+
+
+JEFFERSON AND THE DECLARATION.
+
+A lineal descendant of Thomas Jefferson, three generations removed, Judge
+John E. Mason, thus writes on these subjects, for this publication:
+
+"Some years before the Revolutionary war, the colony of Virginia had
+become restless under British dominion. There had been, here and there,
+open expressions of discontent, and a growing resentment, if not positive
+hostility, against the mother country. In fact, nowhere more than in
+Virginia, and especially in this section, had the spirit of independence
+more steadily grown; and when the time came for decision and concert of
+action by the colonies, public opinion here was ripe to break down the old
+barriers, and to resist, with force, the power of England.
+
+"Among those who had taken a most active part in moulding public sentiment
+was Thomas Jefferson, who, because of his extreme views in antagonizing
+every element of English ideas, and its government as based upon an
+aristocracy, has sometimes been called the 'Great Commoner.' Whether he,
+more than others, who were upon the stage of action at that time, is
+entitled to the name, those who know his history must be the judge; but
+certain it is, he was in advance of many of his contemporaries in
+developing antagonism to ancient ideas and ancient customs, which were the
+pride of the British people.
+
+"On the 6th of May, 1776, the delegates from the counties and cities of
+the Colony of Virginia, met in convention at its capitol in Williamsburg,
+Edmund Pendleton presiding. During this convention certain resolutions
+were reported from committee by Archibald Cary, which were unanimously
+adopted by the one hundred and twelve members present. The first of these
+resolutions--said to have been proposed by Thomas Nelson, and drawn as
+reported by Edmund Pendleton, but no doubt the work of both--after
+reciting certain grievances against the mother country, declared that the
+'delegates appointed to represent the colony in the General Congress, be
+instructed to propose to that respectable body to declare the United
+Colonies free and independent States, absolved from all allegiance to or
+dependence upon the Crown or Parliament of Great Britain.'
+
+"In Congress, on the 7th day of June, 1776, the gifted Richard Henry Lee,
+from this section, in obedience to instructions, offered the same
+resolution, which had been adopted by the Virginia Convention--that
+Congress should 'declare that the United Colonies are, and of right ought
+to be, free and independent States.' This resolution was the precursor of
+the formal declaration. It was offered by a Virginian, acting under
+instructions given by Virginians, and its answer was the Declaration of
+Independence.
+
+"The debate began on this resolution on the 8th of June, but on the 10th,
+it having developed that five colonies north of the Potomac were not ready
+to vote, the final decision was then postponed until the first day of
+July. In the meantime a committee had been elected to draft a Declaration
+of Independence. Mr. Lee, the mover of the above resolution, was
+unexpectedly called home by the illness of his wife, and was not on the
+committee. The committee was not appointed by the presiding officer, but
+was elected by ballot by Congress, and Jefferson, having received the
+highest number of votes cast, was its chairman. Its work was completed by
+the 28th of June. The Declaration of Independence was, on that date,
+reported to the House by Jefferson, and was then read and ordered to lie
+on the table. The Virginia resolution was carried in the affirmative, in
+the Committee of the Whole July 1st. On the 2nd day the Declaration of
+Independence was taken up and debated each day until the fourth, when it
+was adopted. It will be observed that the Declaration was completed before
+Congress had adopted the Virginia resolution.
+
+"The committee, elected to draft the Declaration of Independence,
+consisted of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger
+Sherman and Robert R. Livingston. Mr. Jefferson drew the Declaration of
+Independence at the request of the other members of the committee. Had
+another been its author, we believe the Declaration would have been
+different in tone, while, of course, the leading principles would have
+been the same. Many members were conservative, while Jefferson was
+radical. They had in view chiefly independence and freedom; Jefferson had
+the same opinions, but even then contemplated a complete revolution in the
+existing conditions--for anything which, in the slightest degree, partook
+of the nature of the government of Great Britain, her customs or
+traditions, was odious to him. He wished an irrevocable change, so that
+the new would supersede the old beyond recall.
+
+"When, in framing that great document, he wrote these words: 'We hold
+these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal; that they
+are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights,' * * * it
+doubtless did not require a prophet to tell what his future course would
+be, or the principles, considered radical then, for which he would stand,
+or the wonderful influence 'these truths' would have in forming
+constitutions and shaping legislation, State and national, provided the
+British were beaten on the field of battle.
+
+"It is worthy of note that the Declaration of Independence, as it came
+from his hands, suffered little change, except in two instances. He
+inserted in the original draft what might be called an emancipation
+proclamation--a clause condemning as piratical warfare against human
+nature itself, the enslaving of Africans--the slave trade being then
+sanctioned by North and South--the former being carriers and the latter
+principally buyers--a business which Virginia would, years before, have
+prohibited had she not been met, in every effort, by royal vetoes. The
+other change was made by striking out some animadversions upon the English
+people. This was done by those who yet hoped for reconciliation, or
+something, they knew not what, which might avert the desperate struggle.
+
+"To those who believe in freedom of thought and action; in the sovereignty
+of the people; in the equality of all men before the law, based upon
+constitutional rights, restrictions and limitations, made by the wisdom of
+the greatest men this world has ever produced; in opening the door to
+promotion to all men whose talents, integrity and general high characters
+entitle them to such honors, the Declaration of Independence must forever
+commend itself; and it seems to the writer that upon the strict adherence
+to the principles, therein enunciated, rests the very life of the
+government of the United States.
+
+"There are many other great things which came from the brain of Jefferson
+besides the Declaration of Independence, though the Declaration may have
+been the basis of all. The principles of the Declaration having been once
+established, these followed as a natural sequence. In a limited space only
+a few can be simply noted. After he retired from Congress, in 1776, to
+become a member of the Virginia Legislature, he presented, in the session
+of that year, a bill for the revisal of the laws of the State, which was
+soon passed, and Jefferson, Pendleton, Wythe, George Mason and Thomas L.
+Lee were appointed a committee for revision.
+
+"This committee of distinguished men met in Fredericksburg on the 13th day
+of February, 1777. Here various propositions were submitted and
+discussed--Mason, Wythe and Jefferson almost always agreeing and voting
+together, and Pendleton, of all, being the most unwilling to depart from
+the old conditions, except, to the astonishment of the committee, he
+proposed a new system, that all common law and equity jurisprudence,
+which had received the sanction of ages, should be abrogated--a new
+institute, after the model of Justinian or Bracton, should be reported,
+thus giving us what is called, in this day, a code law, which would have
+been set afloat, without a precedent to guide it, and to construe which,
+would have taken our courts from that time to this.
+
+"After this committee had agreed on measures and propositions, and the
+general outline of the system to be pursued, Mason and Lee, having given
+the other members the benefit of their advice, retired from further
+participation in its labors, because they were not lawyers, and left the
+work to be done by the other three members, who then divided it, and
+completed the arduous task in 1779.
+
+"There were four measures proposed by Jefferson before the full committee,
+then sitting in Fredericksburg, which were his especial pride, and these
+were the repeal of the laws of entail, the abolition of primogeniture, the
+establishment of a system of public education, and the act for the
+establishment of religious freedom. These four bills, he himself
+afterwards said, he 'considered as forming a system by which every fibre
+would be eradicated of ancient, or future, aristocracy, and a foundation
+laid for a government truly republican.'
+
+"To use his own language again, 'the repeal of the laws of entail would
+prevent the accumulation and perpetuation of wealth in select families and
+preserve the soil of the country from being more and more absorbed in
+mortmain.'
+
+"Not only was the abolition of the laws of entail resisted by some of the
+best talent in Virginia, but when Jefferson proposed to abolish also the
+law of primogeniture--a relic of feudalism--there was strong opposition
+from the same sources--men who had risked fortunes and lives in the
+struggle for independence, but who were unwilling to join Jefferson in his
+attack upon institutions whose very age commanded veneration. One of the
+chief opponents of Jefferson was Edmund Pendleton, his friend, whose
+candor, great ability and benevolence in all these struggles won his
+admiration.
+
+"It was Pendleton, who, when he found the old law could not prevail,
+suggested that the Hebrew principle be adopted, by which the eldest son
+should inherit double the amount of real estate which would descend to the
+heirs of the ancestor. The reply of Jefferson was characteristic and
+terse--'I observed,' he says, 'that if the eldest son could eat twice as
+much and do double work, it might be a natural evidence of his right to a
+double portion; but being on a par, in his powers and wants, with his
+brothers and sisters, he should be on a par also in the partition of the
+patrimony.'
+
+[Illustration: The Old Planters' Hotel. The stone in front was used as a
+"stand" for slaves when hired or sold at public "outcry." (See page 165)]
+
+[Illustration: The Opera House. It occupies the ground of the bank and
+other buildings burnt at the bombardment, December 11, 1862. (See page
+269)]
+
+"The statute of descents in Virginia was drawn by him--a statute which has
+justice and 'natural right' in every line, and so clear and perspicuous is
+it, that in all these years only one serious question has been raised
+regarding it, calling for a decision of the Supreme Court of Appeals.
+
+"Jefferson gave an impetus to public education which is felt at this time.
+He proposed to the General Assembly of Virginia three bills: the first,
+establishing elementary free schools for all children; the second, for
+colleges; and the third, for the highest grade of sciences. Only the first
+of these was passed by the Assembly, and before this was done it was so
+amended that it could not be operative unless the county courts so
+decided. Now, as the justices who presided over these courts, while among
+the most honorable and talented men in Virginia, were generally of a class
+who did not care to bear the taxes necessarily entailed upon them by the
+adoption of the system, no free schools were established in any county
+within the Commonwealth under this act, with possibly the exception of one
+county.
+
+"It was a fact that our ancestors, especially when under the English
+system of government, did not favor education at public expense, and the
+royal Governors, as a rule, threw the weight of their influence against
+it. But after the Revolutionary war had closed, and the government of the
+States was made a government by the people, Virginians, like Jefferson,
+proceeded on the theory that to have a good government, the people--the
+sovereigns--must be educated, so that they would take, not only a deeper
+interest in the affairs of State, but would do so with intelligence--the
+more knowledge disseminated the better would be the government, and the
+less danger there would be of its falling into the hands of a favored and
+exclusive class.
+
+"The principle of free education, however, so earnestly forced to the
+front by Jefferson, eventually bore fruit, though the ripening was slow.
+It was gradually adopted by the people of Virginia, until now a system,
+backed by a sound public sentiment, is established in every county and
+city in the State, and the doors of the colleges are open to those who
+have not been favored with fortune. It may be safely predicted that when
+the State shall have fully recovered from the wreck and havoc of the Civil
+war, that a complete and thorough system will be established, such as that
+which was first proposed by Jefferson, and the people of the State will
+rejoice to see it done.
+
+"No more important measure was proposed to the committee which met in
+Fredericksburg, on the 13th of January, 1777, than that of Jefferson's for
+the establishment of religious freedom, just as it now appears, with
+slight modifications in the preamble, in the statute books to-day. The
+fact that this act was written in Fredericksburg, we have never heard
+questioned; and the people of this city have the same right to claim that
+this 'second declaration' had its birth here, that the people of
+Philadelphia have to claim that city as the birth-place of the first. It
+was, however, a long time before its advocates were able to secure its
+passage by the Legislature. Having been written in 1777, it did not become
+the law of the land until 1785.
+
+"In making his fight for religious freedom, the courage, the persistence
+and the power of this statesman shone in all their splendor. We consider
+this as his most difficult task, but it is his crowning glory. He had
+arrayed against him the advocates of a long cherished policy, sustained by
+law; one around which tradition had woven a peculiar sanctity, and he who
+would lift his hand against it was deemed guilty of sacrilege. There, too,
+were the clergy, strong in resistance, backed, as they were, by a wealthy
+and powerful class, Jefferson himself belonging to a family whose members,
+though loyal in exacting faithful obedience to changes in existing
+conditions, loved this church and worshipped in its sacred, but State
+protected walls; yet, in spite of all of this, believing that freedom of
+conscience was one of the 'inalienable and natural rights,' with a
+boldness, which all must commend; with a persistence, which all must
+admire, he headed the forces which took the last citadels of monarchial
+institutions and leveled them to the ground, thus forever separating
+church and State and eliminating the combination of political policy and
+religion, so that henceforth no man could be 'compelled to frequent or
+support any religious worship, place or ministry, but all men shall be
+free to profess, and by argument maintain, their opinions in matters of
+religion, and the same shall in no wise diminish, enlarge or effect their
+civil capacity.'
+
+"In justice to those who were adherents to the established church, it must
+be said that some supported Jefferson, and after the change came, none
+were more devoted in maintaining the statute, and all others of kindred
+import; many being in positions charged with their proper enforcement,
+gave them sound judicial interpretation in exact conformity to all
+theories of the newly formed government.
+
+"This act for the establishment of religious freedom is not only a
+monument to him, as a liberator of men, but its elegant diction, its easy
+and smoothly flowing style, show his genius as a writer. It is worthy of
+note, its preamble contains over five hundred words, yet it is but one
+sentence; only finished in the body of the act itself, where the first
+period appears; and, although he says this preamble was somewhat mutilated
+by others, there is nothing doubtful or uncertain as to its meaning,
+purpose and scope.
+
+"To do full justice to the subject in hand would require a volume, but we
+must content ourselves with what has been written to show in part the
+wonderful and rapid changes then made in old and settled conditions, and
+the powerful influence this section had in moulding a government based on
+'natural rights and justice,' and in shaping its destinies."
+
+
+WASHINGTON GAINS INDEPENDENCE.
+
+It was George Washington, a native of Westmoreland county, raised in
+Fredericksburg, who led the American armies in the Revolutionary war and
+gained American independence. He was called the "Great and Good
+Washington." He was truly great. He was great in the eyes of Americans; he
+was great in the eyes of his opposing enemies; he was great in the eyes of
+the world. He was an uncrowned king, because he refused to be crowned. We
+cannot properly appreciate his greatness, because he was so great we have
+no one to compare him with.
+
+It is said a famous scholar has written a long essay in which he argued
+that the "traditional Washington" must give place to the new Washington.
+Referring to this, Senator Lodge says: "This is true in one sense. A new
+idea of Washington comes up in the mind of each generation, as it learns
+the story of the father of this country; but in another sense, the idea of
+a new Washington is wrong. He cannot be discovered anew, because there
+never was but one Washington."
+
+As to the esteem in which Washington is held all over the world, Senator
+Lodge says: "Even Englishmen, the most unsparing critics of us, have done
+homage to Washington from the time of Byron and Fox to the present day.
+France has always revered his name. In distant lands, people who have
+hardly heard of the United States know the name of Washington. Nothing
+could better show the regard of the world for this great giver of liberty
+to the people than the way in which contributions came from all nations to
+his monument in Washington. There are stones from Greece, fragments of the
+Parthenon. There are stones from Brazil, Turkey, Japan, Switzerland, Siam
+and India. In sending her tribute, China said: 'In devising plans,
+Washington was more decided than Ching Shing or Woo Kwang; in winning a
+country, he was braver than Tsau Tsau or Ling Po. Wielding his four-footed
+falchion, he extended the frontiers, and refused to accept the royal
+dignity. The sentiments of the three dynasties have reappeared in him. Can
+any man of ancient or modern times fail to pronounce Washington peerless?'
+These comparisons, which are so strange to our ears, and which sound
+stranger still when used in comparison with Washington, show that his name
+has reached further than we can comprehend."
+
+Speaking of the Declaration of Independence, Maury says:
+
+    "From beginning to end it was the work of Virginia. A Virginia planter
+    (Mason) conceived it; a Virginia lawyer (Jefferson) drafted it; and a
+    Virginia soldier (Washington) defended it and made it a living
+    reality."
+
+
+FIRST FLAG RAISED BY JOHN PAUL JONES.
+
+It was John Paul Jones, a Fredericksburg man, who raised the first flag
+over our infant navy, and the first to throw our National flag--the Stars
+and Stripes--to the breeze of heaven. The National Portrait Gallery,
+volume 1, giving a short sketch of Jones's life, says: "On the
+organization of the infant navy of the United States, in 1775, John Paul
+Jones received the appointment of first of the first lieutenants in the
+service, in which, in his station on the flag-ship Alfred, he claimed the
+honor of being the foremost on the approach of the Commander-in-Chief,
+Commodore Hopkins, to raise the new American flag. This was the old device
+of a rattlesnake coiled on a yellow ground, with the motto, '_Don't tread
+on me_,' which is yet partially retained in the seal of the war-office. *
+* * By the resolution of June 14, 1777, he was appointed to the Ranger,
+newly built at Portsmouth--a second instance of the kind--had the honor of
+hoisting for the first time the new flag of the Stars and Stripes."
+
+
+HEADS OF THE ARMY AND NAVY.
+
+It was Fredericksburg that gave to the country the head of the armies of
+the United States in the great war for independence, in the person of the
+peerless Washington, and also furnished the greatest naval commander of
+that war in the person of the dauntless John Paul Jones. In addition to
+Washington, the small town of Fredericksburg sent to the field during the
+great Revolution five other generals--Gen. Hugh Mercer, Gen. George
+Weedon, Gen. Wm. Woodford, Gen. Thomas Posey and Gen. Gustavus B. Wallace,
+besides many officers of the line of high rank.
+
+
+MADISON THE FATHER OF THE CONSTITUTION.
+
+It was James Madison, of Orange county, a Virginian, born a few miles
+below Fredericksburg, at Port Conway, in King George county, who gave
+that wonderful instrument, the Constitution of the United States, to the
+country, that has been described as the "grand palladium of our liberty,
+the golden chain of our union, the broad banner of freemen, a terror to
+tyrants and a shining light to patriots."
+
+Hon. James D. Richardson, of Tennessee, in his great work of compiling the
+messages and papers of the Presidents, with short biographical sketches of
+each, after recounting the labors, works and achievements of Mr. Madison,
+says: "It was not for these things or any of them his fame is to endure.
+His act and policy in the framing of the marvellous instrument, the
+constitution of our country, his matchless advocacy of it with his voice
+and pen, and his adherence to its provisions at all times and in all
+exigencies, obtained for him the proudest title ever bestowed upon a man,
+the title of the 'Father of the Constitution.' It is for this 'act and
+policy' he will be remembered by posterity."
+
+
+JUDGE WALLACE ON THE CONSTITUTION.
+
+Hon. A. Wellington Wallace, at one time Judge of the Corporation Court of
+Fredericksburg, contributes for this work the following paper on the
+Constitution of the United States:
+
+"No historical sketch of Fredericksburg and its locality would be complete
+without at least an epitome of the constitutional form of government of
+the United States; for within a radius of seventy-five miles from
+Fredericksburg were reared the leading men who inspired the Federal
+Constitution. There are few, if any, similar areas in magnitude that can
+furnish, in one epoch of time, such a splendid galaxy of names. George
+Washington, Richard Henry Lee, James Madison, Patrick Henry, John Blair,
+George Wythe, Edmund Randolph, and George Mason, the deputies appointed by
+Virginia to frame the Federal Constitution, were natives of this
+territory.
+
+"The inspiration given to the men of the age when our constitution was
+framed, was a wonder to the world. No nation had ever attempted by a
+written paper to provide a fundamental basis for government to last for
+all time and to provide for every emergency which might arise. The
+British Constitution, which had been the maternal chart of government
+before the Revolution, was a collective name for the principles of public
+policy on which the government of the United Kingdom was based. It was not
+formulated in any document, but the gradual development of the political
+intelligence of the English people, resulting from concessions from the
+Crown, successive revolutions, numerous enactments of Parliament and from
+the established principles of the common law. But here in this new
+country, by young men, born in the territory around Fredericksburg, was
+inaugurated a departure from the traditions of our ancestors to govern by
+a written fundamental law, a nation, whose progress thereunder has been
+phenomenal and has been, and will ever be, a continuing cause of
+astonishment to the civilized world.
+
+"As has been stated in this chapter, the Constitution of Virginia, of
+1777, drawn by George Mason, was the first written constitution.
+Subsequently, the several colonies that revolted against Great Britain,
+entered into written articles of confederation for the common defense and
+for government in time of war, but when the independence of the United
+States had been recognized by Great Britain, these articles of
+confederation were found totally inadequate for the powers of government.
+
+"The power of making war, peace and treaties, of levying money and
+regulating commerce and the corresponding judicial and executive
+authorities, were not fully and effectually vested in the Federal Union;
+so it became necessary that the freed colonies should either become weak,
+independent sovereignties, or should be bound together by stronger
+obligations, and, that for the general welfare, the separate sovereignties
+should surrender certain rights and powers to central control. With a view
+to this object, on the 21st day of January, 1786, a resolution passed the
+Legislature of Virginia for the appointment of five commissioners, any
+three of whom might act, to meet similar commissioners from other States
+of the Union; and, under this resolution, the commissioners appointed
+fixed the first meeting in September following as the time, and the city
+of Annapolis, Maryland, as the place of meeting.
+
+"Edmund Randolph, James Madison and Saint George Tucker attended,
+representing Virginia, and, as a result of this conference a convention
+was called of all the States, to be held in Philadelphia, on the 25th day
+of May, 1787, and to that convention Virginia sent the deputies mentioned
+before in this paper, and, of these deputies, George Washington was chosen
+president of the assembled body. An extended account of the proceedings of
+that convention would be inappropriate in this brief narration. It is
+sufficient to state that the convention adjourned, having completed its
+work on the 17th day of September, following its meeting, and that while
+all the Virginia delegates assisted in the work of the convention, only
+three of the delegates, George Washington, James Madison and James Blair,
+signed the Constitution.
+
+"The Constitution went into effect on the 4th day of March, 1789, although
+George Washington, the first President of the United States under it, was
+not inaugurated until the 13th day of April--eleven of the thirteen States
+having ratified it, the others, North Carolina and Rhode Island, not
+ratifying, the former until November 21, 1789, and the latter until May
+29, 1790.
+
+"The Constitution is a document comprised in seven original articles and
+fifteen amendments. Of the original articles the first deals with the
+legislative body, prescribing the mode of election to the House of
+Representatives and the Senate, the qualifications of members, the method
+by which bills shall be passed, and those subjects on which Congress shall
+be qualified to act. The second relates to the Executive Department,
+prescribing the method of election and qualifications and duties of the
+President. The third relates to the Judicial Department, providing for the
+Supreme Court and such other inferior courts as Congress may think
+necessary. The fourth deals with the relations of the Federal Government
+and the separate States, and provides for the admission of new States. The
+fifth relates to the power and method of amendments to the Constitution;
+the sixth to the National Supremacy, and the seventh to the establishment
+of the government upon the ratification of the Constitution by nine of the
+States.
+
+"The amendments, according to one of the methods provided, were
+proposed by Congress and ratified by the States. The first twelve were
+submitted under acts passed in 1789, 1790, 1793 and 1803, and the last
+three after the Civil war, under acts of 1865, 1868 and 1870. The most
+important of the amendments are the twelfth, which changed the method of
+electing the President and Vice-President to the existing method; the
+thirteenth, which abolishes slavery; the fourteenth, which disqualifies
+any one who has been engaged in rebellion against the government from
+holding office, unless his disqualification has been removed by Congress,
+and prevents the assumption and payment of any debt incurred in aid of
+rebellion; and the fifteenth, which prohibits the denial to any one the
+right to vote because of race, color or previous condition of servitude.
+
+[Illustration: Shiloh Baptist Church, New Site (colored.) (See page 215)]
+
+[Illustration: The Church of God and Disciples of the Lord Jesus Christ
+(colored.) (See page 216)]
+
+"This is an epitome of the Constitution of the United States, by virtue of
+which the government has been maintained to the present time; and the
+principles laid down therein were, to a very large extent, the suggestions
+of the men we have mentioned from the locality of Fredericksburg. The
+Republic based upon this Constitution was an experiment, but it has, for
+more than a century, withstood the most terrific shocks of the most
+troublous times. It has waged foreign wars successfully; wild party spirit
+has always been foiled in efforts to undermine it; the bloodiest
+internecine strife in the world's history, sustained on both sides by
+unsurpassed valor, has but cemented its strength and prosperity at home
+and its power and prestige abroad; from thirteen small, feeble colonies,
+it has become a great nation of nearly eighty millions of people, its
+domain not only spreading from ocean to ocean, but extending far over the
+seas, and the protecting ægis of the Constitution, and the laws passed
+thereunder, guarding every race from every clime.
+
+"No more splendid apostrophe to the Constitution could be added than the
+tribute of Mr. Gladstone, of England, the ablest advocate of human rights
+the century just closed has produced, when he said, in substance, that it
+was the grandest and greatest compendium of principles that had ever
+emanated from the brain, or been written down by the pen, of man."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI
+
+    _The First Proclamation for Public Thanksgiving--Pennsylvania Whiskey
+    Rebellion--John Marshall and the Supreme Court--Religious Liberty--The
+    Monroe Doctrine--Seven Presidents--Clarke Saves the Great
+    Northwest--The Northwest Explored--Louisiana Purchase--Texas
+    Acquired--Mexico Adds to Our Territory--The Oceans Measured, Sounded
+    and Mapped--The Ladies' Memorial Association--The Mary Washington
+    Monument, &c._
+
+
+This chapter is taken up with a continuation and conclusion of the
+subjects of the last two chapters--that is, a brief reference to what has
+been accomplished for the country by the giant minds, and through the
+dangerous and daring exploits of the men who lived in Fredericksburg and
+within a radius of seventy-five miles of Fredericksburg; therefore no
+farther introduction to the chapter is necessary.
+
+
+FIRST THANKSGIVING PROCLAMATION.
+
+It was Richard Henry Lee, of Westmoreland county, a Virginian, styled the
+Cicero of America, who wrote the first proclamation for public
+thanksgiving in this country. Congress, with the government, had moved
+from Lancaster, in Pennsylvania, where it had gone for safety, to York, in
+the same State, then containing about 1,500 inhabitants. At that time the
+chief cities in the country were in the hands of the enemy, except
+Richmond and Savannah, and the American army--again defeated at
+Germantown--retreating before a victorious enemy. Congress had been in
+session for nine months in York in the years 1777 and 1778, and while
+there heard the news of the surrender of Burgoyne, adopted the Articles of
+Confederation, received the news from Benjamin Franklin at Paris of the
+decision of the French government to aid the Americans in their struggle
+for liberty, and issued the first national thanksgiving proclamation.
+
+The President of Congress appointed Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, with
+Samuel Adams, of Massachusetts, and Gen. Roberdeau, of Pennsylvania, to
+draft the proclamation. It was written by Mr. Lee, and for its beauty and
+comprehensiveness, and being the first paper of the kind ever prepared and
+issued by authority in this country, it will, we are sure, be regarded
+with interest and veneration. It is as follows:
+
+    "For inasmuch as it is the indispensable duty of all men to adore the
+    superintending providence of Almighty God, to acknowledge, with
+    gratitude, their obligations for benefits received, and to implore
+    such further blessings as they stand in need of; and it having pleased
+    him, in his abundant mercy, not only to continue to us the many
+    blessings of his common providence, but also to smile upon us in the
+    prosecution of just and necessary war, for the defence and
+    establishment of our rights and liberties; particularly that he has
+    been pleased, in so great a measure, to prosper the means used for the
+    support of our troops and to crown our arms with signal success.
+
+    "It is, therefore, recommended to the legislatures, or executives,
+    powers of these United States, to set apart Thursday, the 18th of
+    December next, for solemn thanksgiving and praise; that with one heart
+    and one voice the people of this country may express their grateful
+    reverence, and consecrate themselves to the service of their divine
+    benefactor, and that together, with their sincere acknowledgments,
+    they may join in a penitent confession of their manifold sins, whereby
+    they had forfeited every favor, and their humble and earnest
+    supplication may be that it may please God, through the merits of
+    Jesus Christ, mercifully to forgive and blot them out of remembrance;
+    that it may please him graciously to shower his blessings on the
+    government of these States, respectively, and to prosper the public
+    council of the whole United States; to inspire our commanders, both by
+    land and sea, and all under them, with that wisdom and fortitude which
+    may render them fit instruments, under the providence of Almighty God,
+    to secure for these United States the greatest of all
+    blessings--independence and peace; that it may please him to prosper
+    the trade and manufactures of the people, and the labor of the
+    husbandman, that our land may yield its increase; to protect schools
+    and seminaries of learning, so necessary for cultivating the
+    principles of true liberty, virtue and piety, under his nurturing
+    hand, and to prosper the means of religion for the promotion and
+    enlargement of the kingdom which consists of righteousness, peace and
+    joy in the Holy Ghost.
+
+    "It is further recommended that all servile labor and such recreation
+    as at other times innocent may be unbecoming the purpose of this
+    appointment on so solemn an occasion."
+
+This historic document was adopted by Congress on the 30th of October,
+1777, and sent to the governors of the respective States on the 1st of
+November by the President of the Congress, Henry Lawrens, of South
+Carolina, who had just been elected to fill the vacancy caused by the
+resignation of John Hancock, of Massachusetts.
+
+
+THE WHISKEY REBELLION.
+
+It was Henry Lee, of Westmoreland county, a Virginian, known through the
+war for independence as "Light Horse Harry," who, in 1792, crushed out the
+Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania and restored order to the four counties
+in rebellion. He was at the time Governor of Virginia, and was in command
+of 15,000 troops, raised by special requisition of President Washington
+from the States of Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland and New Jersey. It was
+this Henry Lee who delivered the funeral oration in Congress on
+Washington, in which he used those words which will last in history as
+long as the memory of Washington shall be revered, "He was first in war,
+first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen."
+
+
+CHIEF JUSTICE MARSHALL AND SUPREME COURT.
+
+It was John Marshall, of Fauquier county, a Virginian, who, by his great
+ability and firmness of character, brought the Supreme Court up from a
+tribunal of little importance and consequence to one of great dignity and
+to one equal in power and importance with the executive and legislative
+branches of the government. He did more--he established not only the fact
+that the Supreme Court was the proper tribunal to declare what was and
+what was not law, under the Constitution, but it was to set limits to the
+powers and prerogatives of the chief executive himself.
+
+In an address on the Supreme Court by Justice Brown in 1896, he said: "The
+Constitution had been adopted by the vote of the thirteen States of the
+Union, but its construction was a work scarcely less important than its
+original creation. With a large liberty of choice, guided by no
+precedents, and generally unhampered by his colleagues upon the bench, the
+great Chief Justice (Marshall) determined what was law by what he thought
+it ought to be, evolved from his own experience of the defects of the
+Articles of Confederation and from an innate consciousness of what the
+country required, a theory of construction which time has vindicated and
+the popular sentiment of succeeding generations has approved. In the case
+of Marbury against Madison, which arose at his very first term, he
+declared the judicial power to extend to the annulment of an act of
+Congress in conflict with the Constitution, a doctrine peculiar to this
+country, but so commending itself to the common sense of justice as to
+have been incorporated in the jurisprudence of every State in the Union.
+The lack of this check upon the action of the Legislature has wrecked the
+constitution of many a foreign State, and it is safe to say that our own
+would not have long survived a contrary decision. Had Marshall rendered no
+other service to the country, this of itself would have been sufficient to
+entitle him to its gratitude." And Judge A. W. Wallace, writing of Justice
+Marshall, said: "By his canons of construction he fortified the
+foundations of the Constitution and builded thereon the jurisprudence of
+the United States--whose opinions, nearly a century old, stand, like a
+great sea-wall, breasting every billow of political frenzy that has
+threatened to engulf the safety, permanence and perpetuity of our
+institutions."
+
+
+RELIGIOUS LIBERTY.
+
+It was Thomas Jefferson, of Albemarle county, a Virginian, who wrote the
+act of the General Assembly of Virginia, passed on the 26th day of
+December, 1785, establishing religious liberty in Virginia, which has been
+adopted, or a law of similar import, by every State in the United States,
+and made a part of the Constitution of the United States, by the first
+amendment made to that instrument. It is one of the grandest achievements
+of Mr. Jefferson, and stamps him as a patriot who could and did rise
+superior to his environments and surroundings, and even his predilections
+and life-long attachments, and secure to the people, by a law which he
+expressed the hope would never be repealed, their rights in matters of
+conscience as to religion and the worship of their God. It has permeated
+this whole country, and its influence is felt more or less throughout
+Christendom, and as a little leaven will leaven the whole lump, so its
+influence is still at work and time only can tell what it shall
+accomplish.
+
+The act was written in Fredericksburg, and, omitting the long preamble,
+which is written in Mr. Jefferson's best and most vigorous style, is as
+follows: "That no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any
+religious worship, place or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be inforced,
+restrained, molested or burthened, in his body or goods, nor shall
+otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinions or belief; but that
+all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their
+opinions in matters of religion, and that the same shall in no wise
+diminish, enlarge or affect their civil capacities."
+
+
+THE MONROE DOCTRINE.
+
+It was James Monroe, a native of Westmoreland county, but for years a
+citizen of Fredericksburg, a Virginian, who announced the American
+principle, known as the "Monroe Doctrine" that declared that no foreign
+power should acquire territory on this continent, which has been the
+guiding principle of the United States government since its enunciation,
+and which has been the safeguard to all the governments of this
+hemisphere.
+
+The Monroe doctrine and the causes that called it forth, are succinctly
+stated in volume 10 of the "Messages and Papers of the Presidents," and
+are as follows: "After the overthrow of Napoleon, France, Russia, Prussia
+and Austria formed the so-called Holy Alliance in September, 1815, for the
+suppression of revolutions within each other's dominions and for
+perpetuating peace. The Spanish colonies in America having revolted, it
+was rumored that this alliance contemplated their subjugation, although
+the United States had acknowledged their independence. George Canning,
+English Secretary of State, proposed that England and America unite to
+oppose such intervention. On consultation with Jefferson, Madison, John
+Quincy Adams and Calhoun, Monroe, in his annual message to Congress in
+1823, embodied the conclusions of these deliberations in what has since
+been known as the Monroe Doctrine. Referring to the threatened
+intervention of the powers, the message declares: 'We owe it, therefore,
+to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States
+and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their
+part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous
+to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any
+European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with
+the governments who have declared their independence and maintained it,
+and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just
+principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the
+purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their
+destiny, by any European power in any other light than as the
+manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States.'"
+
+
+ESTABLISHED THE YOUNG REPUBLIC.
+
+And furthermore: Not only did Fredericksburg and vicinity furnish the
+leader of the American armies to victory and independence, and the leading
+spirit in the navy; not only did they furnish the author of the
+Declaration of Independence and the Father of the Constitution, but they
+furnished the Presidents of the United States for thirty-two years of the
+most trying and difficult part of the history of the Republic,--it being
+the formative period of an experiment,--except the four years of John
+Adams's administration, during which but little, if any, progress was
+made. Washington was the first President, serving eight years; Jefferson
+succeeding Adams, who served eight years; then Madison eight years,
+followed by James Monroe for eight years, thus making the thirty-two
+years. Besides these four Presidents, Virginia furnished three others,
+who lived or were born within the circle of seventy-five miles of
+Fredericksburg, namely, Wm. Henry Harrison, John Tyler and Zachary Taylor.
+It is rather remarkable that both Harrison and Tyler should have been born
+in Charles City county, Virginia, elected on the same ticket, Harrison,
+who had moved to Ohio, as President, and Tyler as Vice-President, the
+death of the former just one month after his inauguration, elevating Tyler
+to the Presidency. President Taylor was born in Orange county.
+
+
+THE GREAT NORTHWEST RECLAIMED.
+
+It was George Rodgers Clarke,[85] of Albemarle county, a Virginian and a
+Fredericksburg man, by the authority of Virginia's Governor, Patrick
+Henry, with volunteers from Virginia and Kentucky, explored and conquered
+the great Northwest Territory. This territory belonged to Virginia under
+original grant in her charter, but the British at this time held it,
+established strong posts there and encouraged the Indians to make war on
+the white settlements. The Continental Congress could spare no troops to
+reclaim this territory, though appealed to by Virginia to do so. For this
+dangerous task Geo. R. Clarke proffered his services, which were accepted
+by the Governor. Enlisting volunteers, he marched into that region, and by
+real ability, rare skill, heroic courage and patience in bearing every
+hardship and privation, captured Forts Kaskaskia and Vincennes and other
+posts, and floated the flag of Virginia over the whole of the Northwest
+Territory, it being designated Illinois county, Virginia.
+
+This campaign cleared that entire country of the British, and secured to
+Virginia a clear title to that vast territory, out of which the States of
+Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan and a part of Minnesota were
+afterwards carved, and which Virginia gave to the Union as a free-will
+offering, the most imperial gift that State or nation ever laid on the
+altar of country.[86]
+
+[Illustration: R., F. & P. Railroad Company's Iron Bridge over the
+Rappahannock River. (See page 328)]
+
+Senator Daniel W. Voorhees, of Indiana, in his defence of Cook, at
+Charlestown, now West Virginia, in 1859, one of the John Brown raiders,
+said in his opening remarks:
+
+"The very soil on which I live, in my western home, was once owned by this
+venerable Commonwealth, as much as the soil on which I now stand. Her laws
+there once prevailed, and all her institutions were there established as
+they are here. Not only my own State of Indiana, but also four other great
+States in the Northwest, stand as enduring and lofty monuments of
+Virginia's magnanimity and princely liberality. Her donation to the
+general government made them sovereign States; and since God gave the
+fruitful land of Canaan to Moses and Israel, such a gift of present or
+future empire has never been made to any people."
+
+
+THE WEST EXPLORED.
+
+It was Meriwether Lewis, of Albemarle, and Wm. Clarke,[87] of
+Fredericksburg, both Virginians, who explored that great stretch of
+country from the Mississippi river to the Pacific ocean, and made it less
+difficult for John C. Fremont, who afterwards explored the same territory
+and received the proud appellation of the "Great Path Finder," which
+appellation rightly belonged to Lewis and Clarke.
+
+
+THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE.
+
+It was Thomas Jefferson, of Albemarle county, a Virginian, who, while
+President of the United States, made the "Louisiana Purchase," which
+brought to the possession of the United States more than one million
+square miles of territory. This immense territory belonged to the French
+government. It embraced the present States of Louisiana, Arkansas,
+Missouri, Nebraska, Iowa, Indian Territory, North and South Dakota,
+Montana, and parts of Kansas, Minnesota, Wyoming and Colorado. The price
+paid was $11,250,000 in money and the assumption by the government of
+debts due our citizens by France, amounting to $3,750,000, making in all
+$15,000,000.
+
+The purchase of this vast territory was bitterly opposed,--as all
+acquisitions of territory by the United States have been--especially in
+New England, where they threatened to secede from the Union, if it was
+consummated, and the legislation of Massachusetts passed and sent to the
+President and Speaker of the House a resolution to the effect that they
+would consider the adding of the Louisiana territory, to the domain of the
+United States, just cause for exercising their right of secession.[88]
+
+
+THE FLORIDA PURCHASE.
+
+It was James Monroe, of Fredericksburg, a Virginian, who purchased Florida
+from the Spanish government for $5,000,000, a land of "Fruits and
+Flowers," and a favorite health resort for winter tourists from all parts
+of the country. Its Spanish name Pascua Florida, translated, means Flowery
+Easter, which indicates that in Florida the flower season is perpetual.
+
+
+ACQUISITION OF TEXAS.
+
+It was Sam Houston, of Rockbridge county, a Virginian, who wrested the
+great State of Texas from Mexico and afterwards ceded it to the United
+States, John Tyler, of Charles City county, a Virginian, signing the bills
+for its admission three days before his presidential term ended. By this
+acquisition the government added to its possessions territory sufficient,
+it is said, to furnish comfortable homes for the present population of the
+United States, which would then be less crowded than many of the States of
+Europe.
+
+
+THE MEXICAN WAR.
+
+It was Gen. Winfield Scott, of Dinwiddie county, a Virginian, and Gen.
+Zachary Taylor (Rough and Ready), of Orange county, also a Virginian, who
+subdued Mexico, by which there were added to the territory of the United
+States the great States of California, Arizona and New Mexico.
+
+And thus it will be seen, that all of the territory acquired by the United
+States Government, from the union of the colonies for the common defence
+to the purchase of Alaska, except the Gadsden purchase, was secured
+through Virginians, who were born and raised, and many of them at the time
+lived, in or near Fredericksburg.
+
+
+COMMODORE F. M. MAURY.
+
+It was Matthew Fontaine Maury, of Spotsylvania county, and later a
+resident of Fredericksburg, a Virginian, who marked out the tracks of
+speed and safety for mariners of every clime over the ocean's bosom, and
+showed the beds on the bottom of the seas, where the cable lines now
+safely lie, of whom all the officers of the maritime nations came to
+learn, on whom kings and emperors bestowed orders, medals and decorations,
+and of whom the great Humboldt said he had created a new science.[89]
+
+The following paper, on this great man's life, character and achievements,
+to whom the world is so greatly indebted, was prepared by Rev. J. S. Dill,
+D. D., then a resident of this place, and pastor of the Baptist church,
+for this volume:
+
+    "On the 14th of January, 1806, only ten miles from the city of
+    Fredericksburg, in the county of Spotsylvania, was born Matthew
+    Fontaine Maury. He came of goodly stock, for there mingled in his
+    nature, in equal parts, the sturdy religious life of the French
+    Huguenots and the gallantry of the English Cavalier. On his mother's
+    side he belonged to the Minor family, of Virginia, while his name
+    testifies that his paternal ancestors were among those who, from the
+    persecutions of France, stretched their arms to the New World.
+
+    "When Maury was five years old, his parents emigrated to Tennessee and
+    settled near the present town of Franklin. Thus, in the primeval
+    forests of Tennessee, far away from the ocean's tuneful chant, there
+    grew up the lad, who was to become 'The Pathfinder of the Seas.'
+
+    "The early educational advantages of young Maury were but scant. An
+    accident, disqualifying him for farm service, gave him his best
+    opportunity at an academy, and this he did not fail to use. Maury
+    looked to the army for a profession, but his parents denied him. When,
+    without their knowledge, he then secured his appointment to the navy,
+    they again objected, and he left home without his father's blessing.
+    In 1825, an inland lad of nineteen years, Maury was assigned to duty
+    as a midshipman on the Brandywine. It became evident that he had
+    resolved to master his profession, and his promotion was rapid. In
+    1831 he was appointed master of the sloop of war Falmouth, which was
+    ordered to Pacific waters. Diligently he sought information as to the
+    best track for his vessel. Finding no reliable chart for his guidance,
+    he realized the need of such help and his mind began at once to
+    grapple with that problem, the solution of which afterwards
+    immortalized him."
+
+
+WONDERFUL WORKS ON NAVIGATION.
+
+"At home for a time in 1834, he was married to Miss Ann Herndon, of
+Fredericksburg, and from this time on we find much of his family life
+woven into the history of our city. On Charlotte street, between Princess
+Ann and Prince Edward, still stands the house[90] where he lived and his
+children were born. At this time he published his first book--a 'Treatise
+on Navigation'--which for many years, even after the Civil war, was made a
+text book in the naval academy at Annapolis. His pen now became active in
+newspaper articles that startled the country, and there even arose a
+sentiment to elevate him to the portfolio of Secretary of the Navy.
+
+"In the fall of 1839, by the upsetting of the stage in which he was
+travelling, his knee was severely fractured. But this untoward accident,
+under the guiding hand of God, put him into the very position in which he
+was to perform his life-work. His lame leg being unseaworthy, he was
+placed in charge of the 'Depot of Charts and Instruments,' at Washington.
+Here he grasped his great opportunity. Here, at the capital of the nation,
+he wrought for twenty years, and these two decades, from 1841 to 1861,
+mark the high tide of his service to the world.
+
+"At Washington Maury found the vast accumulation of the 'log books' of the
+United States warships, stored away as mere rubbish. This he utilized as
+valuable data. He also set in operation plans for still more complete and
+accurate collections of all kinds of hydrographic and meteorologic
+observations. With all this before him, with pains-taking toil, he
+prepared his wonderful 'charts and sailing directions.' His work took
+ultimate form in a series of six 'charts' and eight large folio volumes of
+'sailing directions,' and these comprehended all waters, in every clime,
+where fly the white sails of civilized commerce.
+
+"The charts exhibit, with wonderful accuracy, the winds and currents,
+their force and direction, at different seasons, the temperature of the
+surface waters, the calm belts and trade winds, the rains and the storms.
+The eight volumes of 'sailing directions,' are brim full of the most
+valuable nautical information, and are perfect treasures to the
+intelligent seaman. This effected a revolution in the art of navigation.
+The practical result was that the most difficult of all sea voyages--that
+from New York to San Francisco, around Cape Horn--has been shortened by
+forty days; and it has been estimated, that in shortening the time and
+lessening the dangers of sea voyages, there has been a saving to the
+world's commerce of not less than $40,000,000 annually.
+
+"In writing about these sea routes he has mapped out, Maury has this to
+say: 'So to shape the course on voyages as to make the most of winds and
+currents at sea, is the perfection of the navigator's art. How the winds
+blow and the currents flow along this route or that, is no longer matter
+of opinion or speculation. The wind and the weather, daily encountered by
+hundreds, who have sailed the same voyage before him, have been tabulated
+for the mariner; nay, his path has been literally blazed for him on the
+sea; mile posts have been set upon the waves, and finger-boards planted
+and time-tables furnished for the trackless waste.'
+
+"The simple 'Depot of Charts and Instruments,' over which Maury was
+placed, soon became the 'National Observatory,' with this man of genius as
+its superintendent. The vast work was international and, in 1853, brought
+about the great Brussels conference. On his return from this conference,
+ladened with honors, Maury stood before the world as the founder of the
+twin sciences of hydrography and meteorology. No less a man than
+Alexander von Humboldt declared him the founder of a new science."
+
+
+FOUNDER OF WEATHER BUREAU.
+
+"The limits of this sketch forbid more than a bare mention of the many
+other directions in which the genius of this wonderful man blessed the
+world. The great Atlantic cable, that flashes the news from continent to
+continent, is one of the radiant sparks that flew from his anvil as he
+wrought. Cyrus Field declared, at its completion, 'Maury furnished the
+brains, England gave the money, I did the work.' He established the river
+gauges of the Mississippi and the daily observations that give our best
+knowledge of that great river. He established the great circle routes for
+ocean steamship travel, and the 'steam laws' now used in ocean travel are
+his. He applied his system of meteorology to land as well as sea, and
+outlined the work of the 'signal service' and 'weather bureau' of to-day.
+
+"The 'National Observatory,' under Maury, comprehended in all essential
+particulars what now is divided into no less than four departments at
+Washington. In 1855 Maury published his popular work 'The Physical
+Geography of the Sea and its Meteorology.' The work has passed through
+twenty editions, and has found its way into the languages of Continental
+Europe. It is the very poetry of his great science, analyzing and
+tabulating millions of observations of the sea--its currents and its
+climates, its winds and rains and storms, its myriads of animal life, and
+marvellous formations of shore-lines and bottoms--he found his way to the
+heart of nature and laid before us, like an open book, her majestic laws.
+And never did scientific man touch nature in more devout spirit. In all he
+saw the handiwork of God. Investigations into the broad-spreading circle
+of phenomena, connected with the winds of heaven and the waves of the sea,
+never failed to lift his mind to the Creator. As he pondered these things,
+he heard a voice in every wave that chipped its hand, he felt a pressure
+in every breeze that blew, he knelt and worshipped God."
+
+
+STOOD WITH THE SOUTH.
+
+"The life of Maury fell on times when there were at work other currents
+than those of sea and river. Political passions blew to a gale and the
+nation drifted to Civil war. His supreme sense of duty, and loyalty to his
+own State, was the current that bore him away from Washington and stranded
+him in the final wreck of the Southern Confederacy. In those unhappy times
+no man sacrificed more than Maury. He not only resigned his high position
+at Washington, but turned his back upon tempting offers from Russia and
+France, in order to suffer affliction with his own people. In the Civil
+war he rendered most valuable service by introducing submarine torpedo
+warfare, and inventing a sure method of explosion by electricity. Much of
+his time was spent in England purchasing navy supplies and perfecting
+inventions in navy warfare.
+
+"After the war, Maury turned to Mexico and joined his fortunes to the
+Emperor Maximilian; but the tragic end of this friend and patron, again
+left him stranded. When, in 1868, the enactment of a general amnesty
+removed his political disabilities, Maury accepted the Chair of
+Meteorology in the Virginia Military Institute, and there spent the
+closing years of his life. He greatly rejoiced in this return to old
+friends and scenes, and addressed himself with ardor to congenial
+pursuits. But a constitution, not the strongest, gave way to the storms of
+the last years. The middle of October, 1872, on his return from a
+fatiguing lecture tour, as he crossed his threshold he said 'I am come
+home to die.' For four long months he lay weak and suffering. The end came
+on the 1st of February. 1873. A heavenly breeze bore him to the anchorage
+beyond the sea, and the trusting child of nature rested with his God.
+
+"Than Matthew Fontaine Maury no American has received higher honors from
+foreign countries. Orders of Knighthood were bestowed upon him by the
+Emperor of Russia, King of Denmark, King of Portugal, King of Belgium, and
+the Emperor of France; while Prussia, Austria, Sweden, Holland, Sardinia,
+Bremen and France, struck gold medals in his honor The Pope sent him a
+full set of all the medals struck during his pontificate; Maximilian
+decorated him with 'The Cross of Our Lady Guadaloupe;' while Germany
+bestowed upon him the great 'Cosmos Medal,' struck in honor of Von
+Humboldt. It is the only duplicate of that medal in existence. He became
+corresponding member of more literary and scientific circles, and received
+more honorary diplomas, at home and abroad, than any other man known to
+history.
+
+"Our own National Government has failed to honor his memory by appropriate
+memorial, yet his name is so woven with his great science that it must
+live. The Hon. Mellin Chamberlain, late Librarian of Congress, in calm
+judicial tone, has declared, 'I do not suppose there is the least doubt
+that Maury was the greatest man America has ever produced.'
+
+"A bill to honor Commodore Maury, with an appropriate monument, lies
+mouldering in the archives of Congress. It will some day see the light.
+During the last years of Maury's life the smoke of a great conflict
+gathered about him and hid his face from the National Government; but the
+smoke is fast lifting, and the healthy breezes of a great national
+fraternity will soon blow it far away. Then his nation will look upon his
+face and see the clear outlines of his character--then will he take his
+own proper place in America's galaxy of the great."
+
+
+THE LADIES' MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION.
+
+It was in Fredericksburg, and by the ladies of Fredericksburg, Virginians,
+that the first memorial association was organized and chartered for
+looking after the dead soldiers, for providing them a final resting place
+in some convenient cemetery laid out for the purpose, and strewing their
+graves with the first flowers of spring as the years pass by. This was
+their second care after their return to their homes at the close of the
+Civil war, their first being their own homes, which were almost in ruins;
+and since the organization of that memorial association no season of
+flowers has passed that these graves have not been piously remembered.
+
+
+MARY WASHINGTON MONUMENT.
+
+It was the ladies of Fredericksburg, Virginians, who inaugurated the move,
+and carried it on to complete success, to raise a monument to a woman,
+the tallest and most imposing of its kind that is to be found on this
+continent. It towers over fifty feet high, the shaft is solid granite, and
+it marks the grave of the greatest of American women--Mary, the mother of
+Washington. It is true, that after the work was commenced, the plans laid,
+and some money raised, the ladies were assisted by the National Mary
+Washington Monument Association, which did good service, but even that
+association, brought into being through the local association at
+Fredericksburg, was made more active and efficient by the energy and
+persistence of the pioneers in the movement. That monument is grand and
+beautiful, and reaches high into the heavens, and while it marks the last
+resting place of that sainted woman, it reflects great honor upon all the
+ladies who assisted in its erection.
+
+[Illustration: Commodore Matthew Fontaine Maury, the "Path Finder of the
+Seas." (See page 315)]
+
+These are some of the things in which Virginians took the lead and which
+were accomplished by them. There may be omissions of noble acts and brave
+deeds that might have been mentioned of whose existence we are in
+ignorance, but these we have mentioned will suffice to show that they were
+the leading spirits in throwing off the British yoke of oppression, in
+uniting the colonies for common defence, in proclaiming to the world our
+grievances and declaring for freedom, in waging a long and bloody war and
+securing independence, in forming and conducting the government from its
+infancy through its experimental period, in extending its territorial
+limits and in contributing to its national greatness. If for all this--if
+for what has been achieved by their ancestors in field and forum, on land
+and sea, an honest pride should well up in the breast of the Virginians of
+the living present, that should find expression in words, where is the
+individual that can rise up and charge them with vain boasting?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII
+
+    _Fredericksburg at Present--The Health of the City--Its Financial
+    Solidity--Its Commercial Prosperity--Its Lines of Transportation--Its
+    Water Power--Its Official Calendar--List of Mayors, &c._
+
+
+We now come to the closing words of the history of our venerable city, and
+what we shall add in closing will be of Fredericksburg as it is at
+present, without going into tiresome details, but before proceeding with
+that interesting topic we must turn aside to mention some useful and
+honored organizations of the ladies of the town, which failed to receive
+attention in a former chapter, after which our subject. "Fredericksburg at
+Present," will be resumed.
+
+
+DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.[91]
+
+The Betty Washington Lewis Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution,
+was organized in 1899 at the Exchange Hotel. Several prominent members of
+the National Society were present and explained the scope and work of the
+association. Mrs. Wm. Key Howard, of Kenmore, was appointed regent, by
+Mrs. Hugh N. Page, State regent, and twelve charter members were obtained.
+At the end of the first year Mrs. Howard resigned, and, in February, 1900,
+at a meeting at Kenmore, once the home of the sister of Washington, whose
+name the chapter adopted, Mrs. John T. Goolrick was elected regent; Mrs.
+H. M. D. Martin, vice-regent; Mrs. B. C. Chancellor, registrar; Mrs. V. S.
+F. Doggett, treasurer; Miss Sallie N. Gravatt, secretary, and Mrs. V. M.
+Fleming, historian. In addition to these officers the following charter
+members were present: Mrs. Marion Maria Mason Daniel, Mrs. Kate Tichenor
+Dill, Mrs. C. R. Howard, Mrs. Florence C. Richards, Mrs. Lettie M. Spencer
+and Mrs. Florence F. Weir.
+
+In the preliminary work of organization, which was undertaken by Mrs. John
+T. Goolrick, one of her warmest supporters was Mrs. Martin. She actively
+interested herself in the cause, her house was always open for meetings
+and through her several members were added to the chapter. The work of
+Mrs. V. S. F. Doggett was valuable and effective, and to the time of her
+death her zeal and interest were unabated. Mrs. Lucilla S. Bradley, a
+"real daughter," and Mrs. Maria Jefferson Carr Mason, a great
+granddaughter of Thomas Jefferson, were honorary members.
+
+This chapter has aided many worthy causes outside and inside of the
+society, both local and foreign. Colonial balls and other entertainments
+have, at different intervals, been given, among the handsomest being a
+reception at Kenmore, where an address on John Paul Jones was delivered by
+Capt. S. J. Quinn, before a large and appreciative audience.
+
+In 1904 the State Conference was entertained by the Fredericksburg
+Chapter, and the guests were unstinted in their praises of the hospitality
+accorded them here. The chapter is at present as vital a force as when
+organized, and prepared to use opportunities when found to do work along
+historical and helpful lines. The officers elected at a recent meeting are
+Mrs. John T. Goolrick, regent; Mrs. W. H. Richards, vice-regent; Mrs. B.
+C. Chancellor, registrar; Mrs. H. M. Eckenrode, treasurer, and Miss Sallie
+N. Gravatt, secretary.
+
+
+DAUGHTERS OF THE CONFEDERACY.
+
+The Daughters of the Confederacy was organized on the 28th of February,
+1896, with the following officers: Mrs. Joseph Nicholas Barney, president;
+Mrs. J. Horace Lacy, vice-president; Mrs. Vivian M. Fleming, secretary,
+and Miss Sallie Nelson Gravatt, treasurer, and an executive committee of
+fourteen ex-Confederates. The chapter rapidly grew in numbers and at one
+time had upon the roll nearly two hundred names. This society has been
+quite active since its organization and has done much good in the way of
+helping destitute veterans, looking after and administering to the sick
+and burying the dead. It has been the channel of distributing the
+Confederate crosses, and if any cross has been bestowed upon the unworthy,
+it was because of the ability of the unworthy to obtain vouchers from
+genuine Confederates. This chapter has done a good work in looking after
+the remains of Confederate soldiers, when found upon the battle-fields or
+elsewhere, and having them interred in the Confederate cemetery. One of
+the praiseworthy acts of the society, a few years ago, was to disinter the
+remains of the brave Gen. Abner Perrin, killed at the "Bloody Angle" while
+gallantly leading his brigade, and buried on the Hicks farm near the
+courthouse, and Lieut. Wm. H. Richardson, of Alabama, killed at the same
+time, and buried by the General, and to place them side by side in the
+Confederate cemetery. And yet there is other work for these
+self-sacrificing ladies to do. By annual elections Mrs. Barney has
+remained at the head of the chapter and is the present presiding officer,
+with Miss Sallie M. Lacy as secretary, who is an active support to the
+president.
+
+
+ASSOCIATION FOR THE PRESERVATION OF VIRGINIA ANTIQUITIES.[92]
+
+The Fredericksburg Branch of the Association for the Preservation of
+Virginia Antiquities is a small but active band. They have acquired the
+Mary Washington House and "Rising Sun Tavern." The "Tavern" has been
+recently repaired, but retains in all respects its original style of
+architecture. Both buildings are furnished in "ye olden style," and are
+centers of great interest to visitors. The officers of this branch are
+Mrs. Vivian M. Fleming, directress; Miss Rebecca C. Mander, secretary, and
+Mrs. Charles Wallace, treasurer.
+
+
+THE CITY MISSION.
+
+The City Mission was organized on the 14th of March, 1901, mainly through
+the efforts of Rev. W. D. Smith, rector of St. George's church, and Mrs.
+J. B. Ficklen. It has been quite an active society and much good has
+resulted from its labors. The main object of the society is to afford
+relief to the destitute of the town, especially the sick, and as it is
+composed altogether of benevolent and kind hearted ladies, we know, from
+this and their splendid labors in the past, that their mission will be
+well performed. They do more than look after the sick. These ladies gather
+up secondhand clothing from those who can spare it and sell the same at a
+cheap rate to those able to purchase and give to the destitute. The
+society is composed of ladies from all religious denominations, and the
+city is laid out in districts, each of which is placed in charge of three
+ladies, to whom applications for assistance by parties living therein are
+referred. By this method impositions are rare and needy persons are not
+overlooked. The present officers of the society are Mrs. J. B. Ficklen,
+president; Mrs. B. B. Montgomery and Miss Jennie Hurkamp vice-presidents;
+Miss Rebecca C. Mander, secretary; Miss Annie Myer, treasurer, and Mrs.
+Isaac Hirsh, purchasing agent.
+
+
+THE FREDERICKSBURG TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION.[93]
+
+The faculty of the public schools of Fredericksburg met and organized the
+Fredericksburg Teachers' Association in September, 1906. The officers
+elected at that meeting were as follows: Miss Kate James Mander,
+president; Miss Clarice Crittenden Davis, vice-president; Miss Jennie M.
+Goolrick, secretary, and Miss Maggie L. Honey, treasurer. The president of
+the School Board, Mr. A. B. Bowering, after the teachers were organized,
+was requested to outline a plan for a library, which he did, and the
+teachers commenced the work. After obstacles and delays, by solicitation,
+and dessert sales, a sufficient amount of money was raised to commence the
+purchase of books, and quite a nice collection of the best publications
+was secured. Since that additions have been made as the means of the
+association would justify, and now the library is an institution formed on
+a solid basis. It is popular with the children, and from it they derive
+much pleasure and instruction. The present officers are Miss Kate James
+Mander, president; Miss Mary Page Waller, vice-president; Miss Agnes P.
+Roach, secretary, and Miss Maggie L. Honey, treasurer.
+
+
+FREDERICKSBURG AT PRESENT.
+
+Fredericksburg is a healthy town--a true Virginia city--almost free from
+the fevers and diseases that visit other cities of the coast or even of
+tidewater. It is beautifully situated on the west bank of the
+Rappahannock river, at the head of tidewater, where its inhabitants escape
+the malaria of the lowlands and the fevers peculiar to the mountains.
+Therefore, when we compare the death rate of Fredericksburg, which is made
+every month by Dr. J. N. Barney, our health officer, with that of other
+neighboring cities, we find it quite favorable to our town.
+
+
+PURE WATER SUPPLY.
+
+Our main source of water supply, the Rappahannock river, has no city or
+town of any size above us, and for that reason the water is almost free
+from foreign substances, and as pure as are the mountain springs from
+which it flows. The analysis of this water, which has often been made in
+the years gone by, and repeatedly in the past few years, shows
+ninety-eight per cent., which probably more nearly approaches absolute
+purity than any other stream of its size in the country. Besides this aid
+to health, the sanitary condition of the town is carefully looked after by
+the Board of Health, and everything that threatens the introduction of
+disease is at once removed or reduced to a healthy condition. In addition
+to this, as a convenience for the citizens, and an aid to health
+conditions, the main part of the city has been sewered within the past
+four years, and laterals are in course of construction to reach those
+portions of the town not now sewered. With these aids to health and our
+lynx-eyed Board of Health, who are always on the alert, we may hope for
+and confidently expect, as we now have, an unusually healthy city.
+
+
+FINANCIAL CONDITION OF THE CITY.
+
+The financial condition of Fredericksburg is good, and her credit is
+undoubted. It is true that the debt of the city is large, but for every
+bond issued there is something substantial standing for it, except nearly
+$120,000 of ante-bellum bonds, issued by our forefathers in an honest and
+earnest endeavor to secure for our people improvements of a permanent and
+profitable character. But the improvements proved worthless to the town.
+Those who voted for them have passed over the river of death, leaving this
+indebtedness as a legacy to their descendants, and we take great pleasure
+in providing for it. The other bonds were issued for improvements the
+town needed and was compelled to have. They are all in use at present,
+successfully operated, and are valued far in advance of the price paid for
+them by the city, and it is only a question of private or corporation
+ownership, as to whether it was a wise policy for the city to erect and
+operate them. The City Council thinks it acted for the best interests of
+the town and the people back it up in that opinion. Nearly all of the
+bonds issued by the city bear four per cent., were sold at or above par
+and purchased mostly by our own citizens. This, it would appear, is a
+strong indication that our financial affairs are in a satisfactory
+condition.
+
+
+PRESENT COMMERCIAL CONDITION.
+
+The commercial prosperity of the town is probably far in advance of what
+it ever was before. We have now about one hundred and fifteen wholesale
+and retail stores, each one doing a thriving business. In these stores the
+customer will be able to find any article of merchandise he may need and
+at as low price as he could find it in the larger cities. In the last few
+years there has been a spirit of improvement in business houses, and at
+present there are to be found store-houses that would be a credit to a
+city of larger pretentions. So changed is the business portion of Main
+street by reason of this enlargement and ornamentation that citizens of
+the town have often had to inquire for the places they wished to visit. In
+addition to this, our manufactures have increased and are still
+increasing, and in them hundreds of persons find employment at living
+wages. Among the manufacturing institutions may be mentioned two large
+flouring mills, one woolen mill, one pants factory, one silk mill, two
+sumac mills, three excelsior mills, one mattress factory, two pickle
+factories, one canning factory, one shoe factory, one shirt factory, one
+spoke factory and six repair shops. The assessed taxable value of property
+in town is, personal property $703,782, real estate $1,676,133, making a
+total of $2,379,915. Besides this, our several banks, in their periodical
+statements, made to the Government, show largely over a million dollars on
+deposit, subject to individual checks. In view of these facts truly it
+may be said that Fredericksburg is in a prosperous commercial condition
+and is rapidly adding to that prosperity.
+
+
+LINES OF TRANSPORTATION.
+
+The lines of transportation running to and from Fredericksburg are
+sufficient for all the requirements of the town, both as to freight and
+passenger travel, yet our citizens would not object to the construction of
+another road, starting at some deep water point on the coast, crossing the
+Rappahannock river at this place and connecting north of us with the great
+trunk lines, traversing this extensive country in all directions. But for
+this important improvement we must patiently wait.
+
+The great line of travel and traffic through Fredericksburg, north and
+south, at present, is the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac railroad.
+This road is probably one of the best conducted roads in the country and
+seldom has an accident. Not until a few years ago did it share its track
+with any other road, but now three or more companies are running their
+cars over this line and the carrying business is immense. This large
+increase in business necessitated a double track of the entire line--from
+Richmond to Washington--which was done with great rapidity. The present
+service on this road that passes through town is nine passenger trains
+north and ten south each twenty-four hours. In addition to this, the
+increase in freight has also increased the number of freight trains, and
+so we now have fifty to pass through in a day and night, and yet it is
+more than probable that this large number will soon be further increased.
+This road has a new iron bridge spanning the Rappahannock river at this
+point.
+
+The Piedmont, Fredericksburg and Potomac railroad--Narrow Gauge--runs
+daily from Fredericksburg to Orange, a distance of forty miles. It
+connects Fredericksburg and intermediate points, with that great trunk
+line, the Southern, at that point, which is an accommodation to the
+travelling public along its entire line. Although a narrow gauge road, it
+does quite a large business and it has been rumored that it may be
+extended beyond the mountains some day, in which event it will become a
+line of greater importance than at present.
+
+[Illustration: The Office of the Fredericksburg Water Power Company. (See
+page 330)]
+
+[Illustration: "Marye Mansion," Gen. Longstreet's headquarters at Battle
+of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862; now the residence of Capt. M. B.
+Rowe. (See page 91)]
+
+The former citizen, who went out from us even a few years ago, on his
+return to his old home now, would find, among other changes, that the
+Weems Line of steamers from Fredericksburg to Baltimore, had transferred
+its business to another company, and the old familiar name of Weems, of
+more than a half century standing, whose line was so intimately interwoven
+with all the interests of Fredericksburg, was a name of the past. But he
+would also find a line--The Maryland, Delaware and Virginia railroad, not
+that their steam boats run upon railroad tracks--had taken its place, and,
+by its splendid steamers, so well adapted to the river trade, had brought
+us into rapid and easy communication with Norfolk and Baltimore, by the
+Rappahannock river and Chesapeake bay, and thence with the whole busy
+world beyond.
+
+
+A SPLENDID WATER POWER.
+
+Some one writing of our water-power some years ago said: "The water-power
+of the Rappahannock river at Fredericksburg, made available by the
+erection of a magnificent dam, has been harnessed for work to some extent,
+but not yet to its full capacity." That this is true is a pity, but that
+it will not long be true is a blessing. The old dam, which gave us only
+five thousand horse-power, is rapidly yielding to the touch of time, and
+already another is in course of construction that will be more substantial
+and give us more power than the present dam gives at its best. A
+gentleman, well informed as to the plans of the present company, says:
+"The dam now in process of construction will be built just below the
+present dam and will be of reinforced concrete. It will be about
+twenty-two feet above the present water level below the old dam, and will
+husband the entire plan of the river; or rather, will render the entire
+plan available for power purposes, but will not, strictly speaking,
+husband the entire plan, because the pond behind the dam will be rather
+limited in capacity owing to the closeness of the hills on either side of
+the river and the abrupt fall of the stream. This dam will afford about
+eight thousand horse-power, utilized in the city, and at a power-house of
+the company to be built near the silk mill, but to the east of the main
+Falmouth road. Just above Taylor's quarry it is planned to build another
+dam seventy-six feet high, or about one hundred and thirty-eight feet
+above the sea, with quite a large pond or storage reservoir behind it,
+reaching up the river some ten miles or more. And then above this reach,
+and at or about the junction of the two rivers, the large dam, about
+eighty-four feet high, or two hundred and twenty-two feet above sea level,
+will complete the development so far as the Fredericksburg Power Company
+is concerned. This last level reaches to about Germanna. The whole
+contemplated scheme will yield about thirty thousand horse-power." This
+will be such an enormous increase of power over what we now have that we
+cannot realize it. But the question is, what is to be done with this
+immense power? Shall it be used in Fredericksburg or transmitted to
+neighboring cities to increase their facilities for manufactures?
+Capitalists and manufacturers must answer this question.
+
+It will thus be seen that Fredericksburg, with its quiet ways and want of
+bustling activity, is a manufacturing center of considerable importance,
+and lying, as it does, on the line of travel from north to south, there is
+no good reason, as we have intimated, why it may not be a manufacturing
+center of much greater importance.
+
+It is true that those who estimate a place solely by the number of
+industrial enterprises which it encourages, or the amount of traffic which
+comes to it, would not rank Fredericksburg as highly as some of the more
+busy or bustling towns of other parts of the country, but those who
+recognize other agencies besides water wheels and steam engines, and other
+earthly products, besides dry goods, groceries and general merchandise,
+will find much here to admire and interest them.
+
+It is also true that with the manufacturing facilities that we possess we
+would gladly see them greatly enlarged and more fully developed, also new
+ones erected and operated, but with this accomplished we would not forget
+that there are better fabrics than those that are manufactured by
+mechanical appliances. With a climate unsurpassed, an immunity from
+epidemics, a situation enviable because of its surroundings, water as pure
+as ever came from mountain springs, with all the advantages as we have
+before said of tidewater, without its malaria, with all the benefits of
+the mountains, without the mountain fevers, together with a refined and
+elevated society--if these, with the additions of home virtues and home
+joys, be regarded as valuable in life, then Fredericksburg must rank much
+higher than many a place that has more outward show of prosperity.
+
+The pursuit of gain and the exacting cares of business have not engaged
+altogether the thoughts and attentions of our people, to the exclusion of
+those things which tend to the _pleasure_, _comfort_ and _health_ of the
+community, and to its intellectual development. For the benefit of the
+first mentioned of these classes, Hurkamp Park has been located,
+Washington Avenue and the National Boulevard have been laid out, completed
+and adorned, and the Free Bridge has been constructed, while "Lovers'
+Lane" remains the same that it was in the century past.
+
+For those who would derive comfort from inhaling the pure, fresh air of
+the morning or evening in a drive, on horse-back or on a bicycle, can find
+on the avenue and boulevard beautifully graded drives, and a variety of
+scenes which are ever pleasing to the eye, while the beautiful sun risings
+and settings, and the deep blue sky above rival in grandeur and sublimity
+those of far-off Italy.
+
+For those who would spend the twilight hours in a pleasant walk with her
+who "claims his thoughts by day and dreams by night," in search of health
+the Free Bridge and the enchanting walks beyond are equal to the far-famed
+"Lovers' Lane," which in olden times was so attractive, even enchanting,
+as it is now, to the belles and beaux, where words were spoken and vows
+made that led to unions of hands and hearts that nothing earthly could
+weaken or sever.
+
+For those whose tastes and inclinations lead them to intellectual
+enjoyment, the Library and Reading Room, located in the north wing of the
+Courthouse and the Wallace Library, soon to be in operation, afford
+excellent facilities. The Library at the Courthouse is furnished with
+splendid books--historical, biographical, religious and miscellaneous, and
+the number is added to as the funds at the command of the association will
+allow. It is conducted by the ladies of the town, who are always ready to
+give, toil and even sacrifice to benefit, elevate and make more useful
+the masses of the people.
+
+All of these advantages belong to Fredericksburg, with many others that we
+have probably inadvertently omitted, that make it one of the most
+desirable residential cities in the country; and we can readily agree with
+Captain John Smith, the great explorer, "that Heaven and earth never
+agreed better to frame a place for man's habitation," than the beautiful
+valley of the Rappahannock, and Fredericksburg is located on the most
+beautiful, picturesque and healthy spot of that far-famed valley.
+
+And yet, with all these advantages, pointing out Fredericksburg as a most
+desirable place for her educational, industrial, commercial and
+residential advantages, its prosperity is not what it should be; but with
+a full development of all her varied facilities which we trust will be
+done in the near future and which can be done if our people will work
+harmoniously, we may hope for more prosperous days; for
+
+  "Reason's whole pleasure--all the joys of sense--
+  Lie in three words--HEALTH, PEACE and COMPETENCE."
+
+
+
+
+OFFICIAL CALENDAR--SEPTEMBER 1, 1908.
+
+
+HUSTINGS COURT.
+
+HON. JOHN T. GOOLRICK, _Judge_.
+
+HON. GRANVILLE R. SWIFT, _Commonwealth's Attorney_.
+
+A. BACON YATES, _Clerk_.
+
+JOHN SCOTT BERRY, _Deputy Clerk_.
+
+J. CONWAY CHICHESTER, _City Sergeant_.
+
+BAYLOR S. PATES, _Deputy City Sergeant_.
+
+
+MUNICIPAL OFFICERS.
+
+H. LEWIS WALLACE, _Mayor_.
+
+ROBERT T. KNOX, _Treasurer_.
+
+A. B. BOWERING, _Commissioner of Revenue_.
+
+A. P. ROWE, _City Tax Collector_.
+
+E. H. RANDALL, _City Surveyor_.
+
+
+MAGISTRATES.
+
+_Upper Ward_--S. J. QUINN, S. E. EASTBURN, R. E. BOZEL.
+
+_Lower Ward_--A. G. BILLINGSLY.
+
+
+CITY COUNCIL.
+
+WILLIAM. E. BRADLEY, _President_.
+
+A. MASON GARNER, _Vice-President_.
+
+SAMUEL E. EASTBURN, _Clerk_.
+
+_Upper Ward_--Wm. E. Bradley, Harry B. Lane, Josiah P. Rowe, Joseph M.
+Goldsmith, John C. Melville, Clarance R. Howard.
+
+_Lower Ward_--A. Mason Garner, W. S. Embrey, Jr., Henry Warden, J. W.
+Masters, F. L. W. Green, Arthur Brown.
+
+COUNCIL COMMITTEES.
+
+_On Finance_--Harry B. Lane, John C. Melville, Wm. E. Bradley.
+
+_On Public Property_--Wm. E. Bradley, A. Mason Garner, J. W. Masters.
+
+_On Water Works_--Josiah P. Rowe, Harry B. Lane. A. Mason Garner.
+
+_On Streets_--W. S. Embrey, Jr., J. M. Goldsmith, C. R. Howard.
+
+_On Light_--John C. Melville, J. W. Masters, Harry B. Lane.
+
+_On Almshouse_--A. Mason Garner, Wm. E. Bradley, Josiah P. Rowe.
+
+_On Public Interest_--Joseph M. Goldsmith. C. R. Howard. Henry Warden.
+
+_On Ordinances_--Clarance R. Howard, W. S. Embrey, Jr., F. L. W. Green.
+
+_On Auditing_--Authur Brown, F. L. W. Green, John C. Melville.
+
+_On Health and Police_--John W. Masters, Henry Warden, Arthur Brown.
+
+_On Schools_--Henry Warden, Josiah P. Rowe, J. M. Goldsmith.
+
+_On Fire Department_--F. L. W. Green, Arthur Brown, W. S. Embrey, Jr.
+
+
+SUPERINTENDENTS OF DEPARTMENTS.
+
+S. J. QUINN, _Superintendent City Water Works_.
+
+B. F. BULLOCK, _Superintendent City Gas Works_.
+
+WM. KEY HOWARD, _Superintendent City Electric Light_.
+
+JOHN W. BALL, _Superintendent Almshouse_.
+
+SAMUEL FITZHUGH, _Clerk of Market_.
+
+
+POLICE DEPARTMENT.
+
+_Upper Ward_--WALLACE N. TANSILL, J. A. STONE.
+
+_Lower Ward_--JOHN H. ROBINSON, WM. R. HALL.
+
+_Special Police_--CHARLES A. GORE.
+
+
+CITY REGISTRARS.
+
+_Lower Ward_--J. FRED. BROWN.
+
+_Upper Ward_--JOHN J. BERREY.
+
+
+PUBLIC FREE SCHOOL BOARD.
+
+A. B. BOWERING, _President_.
+
+S. J. QUINN, _Clerk_.
+
+B. P. WILLIS, _Superintendent_.
+
+_Upper District_--Isaac Hirsh, W. L. Brannan, J. R. Rawlings.
+
+_Lower District_--A. B. Bowering, W. H. Hurkamp, Geo. Freeman, Jr.
+
+
+BOARD OF HEALTH.
+
+MAYOR H. LEWIS WALLACE.
+
+DR. J. N. BARNEY, _Secretary and Health Officer_.
+
+DR. WILLIAM JEFFRIES CHEWNING.
+
+A. BACON YATES.
+
+
+CITY CORONER.
+
+DR. ANDREW C. DOGGETT.
+
+
+
+
+MAYORS OF FREDERICKSBURG IN THEIR CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER.
+
+
+CHARLES MORTIMER, from March, 1782, to March, 1783
+
+WILLIAM MCWILLIAMS, from March, 1783, to March, 1784
+
+JAMES SOMERVILLE, from March, 1784, to March, 1785
+
+GEORGE WEEDON, from March, 1785, to March, 1786
+
+CHARLES MORTIMER, from March, 1786, to March, 1787
+
+JAMES SOMERVILLE, from March, 1787, to March, 1788
+
+CHARLES MORTIMER, from March, 1788, to March, 1789
+
+GEORGE FRENCH, from March, 1789, to March, 1790
+
+BENJAMIN DAY, from March, 1790, to March, 1791
+
+WILLIAM HARVEY, from March, 1791, to March, 1792
+
+JAMES SOMERVILLE, from March, 1792, to March, 1793
+
+FONTAINE MAURY, from March, 1793, to March, 1794
+
+GEORGE FRENCH, from March, 1794, to March, 1795
+
+WILLIAM HARVEY, from March, 1795, to March, 1796
+
+FONTAINE MAURY, from March, 1796, to March, 1797
+
+WILLIAM HARVEY, from March, 1797--died in office March 13, 1798
+
+WM. TAYLOR, from March 17, 1798 to March 19, 1798
+
+FONTAINE MAURY, from March, 1798, to March, 1799
+
+GEORGE FRENCH, from March, 1799, to March, 1800
+
+DAVID C. KER, from March, 1800, to March, 1801
+
+WILLIAM S. STONE, from March, 1801, to March, 1802
+
+DAVID C. KER, from March, 1802, to March, 1803
+
+GEORGE FRENCH, from March, 1803, to March, 1804
+
+BENJAMIN DAY, from March, 1804, to March, 1805
+
+GEORGE FRENCH, from March, 1805, to March, 1806
+
+CHARLES L. CARTER, from March, 1806--resigned August 11, 1808
+
+WILLIAM SMOCK, from August 11, 1808, to March, 1809
+
+RICHARD JOHNSTON, from March, 1809, to March, 1810
+
+GEORGE FRENCH, from March, 1810, to March, 1811
+
+JOSEPH WALKER, from March, 1811, to March, 1812
+
+GEORGE FRENCH, from March, 1812, to March, 1813
+
+CHARLES L. CARTER, from March, 1813, to March, 1814
+
+GEORGE FRENCH, from March, 1814, to March, 1815
+
+JOHN SCOTT, from March, 1815, to March, 1816
+
+GARRET MINOR, from March, 1816, to March, 1817
+
+ROBERT MACKAY, from March, 1817, to March, 1818
+
+GARRET MINOR, from March, 1818, to March, 1819
+
+ROBERT MACKAY, from March, 1819, to March, 1820
+
+DAVID BRIGGS, from March, 1820, to March, 1821
+
+ROBERT LEWIS, from March, 1820--died in office Feb. 10, 1829
+
+THOMAS GOODWIN, from Feb. 12, 1829--died in office Jan. 15, 1836
+
+JOHN H. WALLACE, from January 20, 1836 to March 22, 1838
+
+BENJAMIN CLARKE, from March 22, 1838, to March 22, 1844
+
+ROBERT BAYLOR SEMPLE, from Mar. 20, 1844--died in office Feb. 8, 1853
+
+JOHN L. MARYE, JR., from Feb. 12, 1853, to March 21, 1854
+
+PETER GOOLRICK, from March 21, 1854, to March 21, 1855
+
+JOHN S. CALDWELL, from March 20, 1855, to March 17, 1857
+
+PETER GOOLRICK, from March 17, 1857, to March 22, 1859
+
+WILLIAM S. SCOTT, from March 22, 1859, to March 22, 1860
+
+PETER GOOLRICK, from March 21, 1860--resigned April 4, 1860
+
+MONTGOMERY SLAUGHTER, from April 4, 1860, removed by military April 28,
+1868.
+
+CHARLES E. MALLAM, appointed by military April 28, 1868, removed by
+military July 15, 1869.
+
+WILLIAM E. NYE, appointed by military July 15, 1869, resigned Feb. 23,
+1870.
+
+LAWRENCE B. ROSE, elected by Council Feb. 23, 1870, to June 30, 1870
+
+WILLIAM ROY MASON, elected by the people July 1, 1870, resigned July 28,
+1870.
+
+LAWRENCE B. ROSE, from July 28, 1870, to June 30, 1872
+
+ROBERT BANKS BERREY, from July 1, 1872, to June 30, 1874
+
+LAWRENCE B. ROSE, from July 1, 1874--died in office April 10, 1877
+
+HUGH S. DOGGETT, from April 12, 1877, to June 30, 1880
+
+JOSEPH WARD SENER, from July 1, 1880, to June 30, 1884
+
+JOSIAH HAZARD, from July 1, 1884, to June 30, 1888
+
+ABSALOM P. ROWE, from July 1, 1888, to June 30, 1896
+
+WM. SEYMOUR WHITE, from July 1, 1896--died in office Nov. 26, 1897
+
+HENRY R. GOULDMAN, appointed Nov. 30, 1897, to June 30, 1898
+
+ABSALOM P. ROWE, from July 1, 1898--died in office June 1, 1900
+
+MARION G. WILLIS, appointed June 15, 1900, to June 30, 1902
+
+MARION G. WILLIS, elected July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1904
+
+THOMAS P. WALLACE, elected July 1, 1904, to August 31, 1908
+
+H. LEWIS WALLACE, elected Sept. 1, 1908, and now serving.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+  Accoqueck, 19.
+
+  Acorn Lodge, I. O. O. F., 221.
+
+  Acquisition of Territory--Walker's exploration, 281;
+    the Great Northwest, 312;
+    the Louisiana purchase, 313;
+    the Florida purchase, 314;
+    acquisition of Texas, 314;
+    the territory from Mexico, 314.
+
+  Adams, Capt. Andrew B., 221.
+
+  Adams, John, 230, 294.
+
+  Adams, John Quincy, 311.
+
+  Adams, Rev. Geo. F., 211.
+
+  Adams, Samuel, patriot, 307.
+
+  A great revival of religion, 93.
+
+  Aldridge, Miss Virginia, 224.
+
+  Aler, George, 141.
+
+  Alexander, Capt. Robert H., 184.
+
+  Alexander, Gen. E. P., 91, 266.
+
+  Alexander, Philip, 134
+
+  Alexander, Robert B., editor. 227.
+
+  Allen, John, town trustee, 42.
+
+  Allen, Wm., 140, 142.
+
+  Allison, John W., Jr., 167.
+
+  Alsop, Boswell, 168.
+
+  Ames, Michael, hostage prisoner, 77, 79.
+
+  Amoroleck, Smith's prisoner, 15, 17.
+
+  Anasheroans, Indian tribe, 19.
+
+  Anderson. Capt. John K., 184.
+
+  Anstice, Mrs. Judith, teacher, 197.
+
+  Argall, Capt., 20.
+
+  Armistead, Henry, court clerk, 130.
+
+  Arts and manufactures encouraged, 46.
+
+  Assembly's Home and School, 198.
+
+  Association for the P. V. A., 324.
+
+  Atkinson, John, 237.
+
+
+  Bacon, Nathaniel, 281, 283.
+
+  Baggett, Samuel I., 262.
+
+  Baggett, Wm. M., 141.
+
+  Bagnall, Anthony, historian, 13, 15.
+
+  Bailey, William, 221.
+
+  Ball, Col. Wm. B., 83.
+
+  Ball, John M., publisher, 229.
+
+  Ball, John Wesley, 174.
+
+  Bankhead, Col. John, 257.
+
+  Barber, Rev. H. H., 207.
+
+  Barbour, Gov. James, 132.
+
+  Barksdale, Gen. Wm., 81, 88, 97, 99.
+
+  Barlosius. Charles F., 167.
+
+  Barney, Dr. J. N., 326.
+
+  Barney, Mrs. Joseph Nicholas, 326.
+
+  Barton, Thomas B., hostage prisoner, 74, 77.
+
+  Barton, Judge Wm. S., 68, 183, 215.
+
+  Battle of Fredericksburg, 91, 92.
+
+  Beale, Wm. C., 138, 139, 140.
+
+  Beckwith, Frank, 174.
+
+  Benson, Wm., 171.
+
+  Benwick, J. B., Jr., architect, 141, 210.
+
+  Bernard, Wm., 46.
+
+  Berrey, John J., hostage prisoner, 79, 142.
+
+  Berrey, Robert B., mayor, 184, 209.
+
+  Beverley, Harry, town trustee, 39.
+
+  Beverley, Robert, 28, 35.
+
+  Billingsly, Rev. Joseph A., editor, 227.
+
+  Biscoe, Robert L., publisher, 229.
+
+  Blackburn, Robert, 167.
+
+  Blackford, Wm. M., editor, 227.
+
+  Blair, John, 302, 304.
+
+  Blanton, Thomas, 237.
+
+  Boardman, Stephen A., teacher. 197.
+
+  Board of Health, 335.
+
+  Bonaparte, Charlotte, 243.
+
+  Bonaparte, Emperor Napoleon, 243, 310.
+
+  Boswell, Capt. J. K., engineer, 96.
+
+  Botts, Benjamin. 172.
+
+  Bowen, Wm., 167.
+
+  Bowering, Benjamin, machinist, 169, 176.
+
+  Bowering, Prof. A. B., 169, 192, 201, 211, 325.
+
+  Bowman, Mrs. D. C., 223.
+
+  Bradley, Capt. James H., hostage prisoner, 77, 78.
+
+  Bradley, Mrs. Lucilla S., 323.
+
+  Bradley, Wm. E., 127, 147, 176, 177, 227, 261.
+
+  Bradford, Daniel, 166.
+
+  Braxton, Capt. Carter, 70, 71, 72.
+
+  Braxton, Carter, signer D. I., 247.
+
+  Braxton, Rev. Carter, 211.
+
+  Brent, Thomas N., 197, 261.
+
+  Bridges--Chatham, 171;
+    Stafford, 171;
+    Free, 171.
+
+  Briggs, David, 64.
+
+  Broaddus, Rev. Andrew, 210, 211.
+
+  Broaddus, Rev. Wm. F., D. D., 74, 77, 78, 197, 211.
+
+  Brockenburg, Dr. John, 193.
+
+  Brooke, Judge Francis, 125.
+
+  Brooke, Gov. Robert, 130, 218, 220.
+
+  Brown, James, 172.
+
+  Brown, John, 183, 313.
+
+  Brown, Rev. James E., 216.
+
+  Brown, Rev. John A., 216.
+
+  Buckner, Cuthbert, teacher, 198.
+
+  Buckner, Robert, 38, 39, 40.
+
+  Bullock, B. F. Supt. gas, 178.
+
+  Burgess, Roland, 216.
+
+  Burrows, Silas, 157, 257.
+
+  Butterfield, Gen. Daniel, 191, 269.
+
+  Byrd, Col. Wm., 26, 43.
+
+
+  Caldwell, J. S., mayor, 141, 220.
+
+  Campbell, Daniel, 218, 220.
+
+  Campbell, James M., editor, 227.
+
+  Campbell, Mrs. Wm. A., teacher, 198.
+
+  Campbell, Rev. Alexander, 213.
+
+  Carter, Col. J. W., 13th Miss., 89.
+
+  Carter, George, publisher, 226.
+
+  Carter, Robert, 49.
+
+  Caruthers, Wm., teacher, 198.
+
+  Cary, Archibald, 168, 293.
+
+  Cary, Col. Milton, 72.
+
+  Castle, Henry, 60.
+
+  Champ, John, 46.
+
+  Chancellor, Mrs. B. C., D. A. R., 322, 323.
+
+  Chancellor, M. S., 175.
+
+  Chancellor, Rev. Melzi, 96.
+
+  Chancellorsville campaign, 94;
+    Gen. Hooker in command, 94;
+    moved to Chancellorsville, 94;
+    Gen. Sedgwick in town, 95;
+    defeated at Salem church, 96;
+    Hooker beaten at Chancellorsville, 95.
+
+  Chestnutt, Rev. I. L., 214.
+
+  Chew, Col. Robt. S., 72, 130, 183, 184, 192.
+
+  Chew, John James, 68, 116, 130, 138, 142.
+
+  Chew, John, 125.
+
+  Chew, John, Jr., 130.
+
+  Chew, Robert S., 130.
+
+  Chiles, Rev. James, 209.
+
+  Churches, 202;
+    St. George's, 203;
+    Trinity, 206;
+    Presbyterian, 207;
+    French Memorial Chapel, 208;
+    Baptist, 209;
+    Methodist, 211;
+    Christian, 213;
+    St. Mary's Catholic, 214;
+    Shiloh Old Site, 215;
+    Shiloh New Site, 215;
+    Robinson's, 215;
+    Church of God, 216.
+
+  Citizens, arrested as hostages, 77, 86;
+    second arrest and names, 102.
+
+  City Council--Accepts situation, 111;
+    condemns assassination, 112;
+    levies taxes, 114;
+    orders an election, 115;
+    reverses order, 115;
+    city officers removed, 116;
+    addition to oath of office, 117;
+    new council, 120;
+    orders new courthouse, 140;
+    passes resolution on death of Prest. McKinley, 278, 279;
+    standing committees, 334;
+    Supts. of departments, 334;
+    police department, 334.
+
+  City Hall, 143.
+
+  City Mission, the, 324.
+
+  City Officers, 52, 130, 333.
+
+  Clarke, Gen. George Rodgers, 212, 313.
+
+  Clarke, Jonathan, 312, 313.
+
+  Clarke, Rev. M., 205.
+
+  Clarke, Wm., explorer, 313.
+
+  Clay, Henry, U. S. Senator, 264.
+
+  Cleveland, Prest. Grover, 160.
+
+  Clowder, Jeremiah, 39.
+
+  Coakley, John, hostage prisoner, 77, 79.
+
+  Cobb, Col. John A., 153.
+
+  Cobb, Gen. Thomas Reade Rootes, 91.
+
+  Cole, Col. E. D., 127, 146, 170, 174, 212, 248, 261, 262.
+
+  Cole, Counsellor, 168.
+
+  Coleman, Judge Richard H., teacher, 197.
+
+  Colson, Thomas, 194.
+
+  Confederate cemetery, 185, 186, 189.
+
+  Confederate Veterans, 191.
+
+  Conflagrations, 59, 64.
+
+  Contagious diseases, 65.
+
+  Conway, P. V. D., 93.
+
+  Conway, Walker P., 120.
+
+  Cooke, Dr. James, hostage prisoner, 77, 79.
+
+  Coons, Jacob, German miner, 24.
+
+  Corbin, Hon. S. Wellford, 170.
+
+  Corbin, James P., clerk, 223, 261, 277.
+
+  Cotton, Mrs. An., 282.
+
+  Coulter, Judge John, of Chatham, 171.
+
+  Courthouse, 142.
+
+  Courts--Hustings Court established, 124;
+    District Court, 124;
+    Circuit Court, 125;
+    District Court of Appeals, 125;
+    Hustings Court abolished and re-established, 126;
+    Police Court, 126.
+
+  Cox, Abraham, hostage prisoner, 77, 79, 80.
+
+  Cox, George, 64.
+
+  Cox, James A., 246.
+
+  Cox, Mrs. Lucy Ann, 246.
+
+  Craig, Rev. Lewis, 209.
+
+  Crawford, Wm. J., architect, 159.
+
+  Criminals, punishment of, 55.
+
+  Crismond, H. F., 261.
+
+  Crutchfield, Edgar M., 200.
+
+  Crutchfield, Hon. Oscar M., 220.
+
+  Cultatawoman, Indian king, 14, 19.
+
+  Cunningham, James, 167.
+
+  Cunningham, Wm. H., 111, 201.
+
+  Curtis, Thomas, 165.
+
+  Custis, Daniel Parke, 237.
+
+
+  Dahlgren, Capt. Ulrich, 83.
+
+  Dandridge, Col. John, 236, 237.
+
+  Daniel, Mrs. M. M. M., D. A. R., 322.
+
+  Daniel, Major John W., 160.
+
+  Daniel, S. Greenhow, 227.
+
+  Dannehl, Henry, 170.
+
+  Daughters American Revolution, 322.
+
+  Daughters of the Confederacy, 323.
+
+  Davis, Miss Clarice C., teacher, 325.
+
+  Dawson, Hon. John, 154, 233.
+
+  Day, Major Benjamin, 194, 195, 220.
+
+  Dick, Dr. Charles, 124.
+
+  Dickey, Robert, 139, 140.
+
+  Dill, Mrs. Kate Tichenor, D. A. R., 322.
+
+  Dill, Rev. Jacob S., D. D., 211, 263, 315.
+
+  Dixon, Rev. George L., 215.
+
+  Dixon, Roger, Gent., 237.
+
+  Doggett, Capt. Hugh S., 120, 184.
+
+  Doggett, Mrs. V. S. F., D. A. R., 322, 323.
+
+  Dolly, Rev. W. L., 213.
+
+  Dow, Rev. Lorenzo, 66.
+
+  Dunaway, Rev. Thomas S., D. D., 211, 279.
+
+  Dunmore, Lord, 48.
+
+
+  Early, Gen. Jubal A., 96, 98, 273.
+
+  Eastburn, Oliver, 170.
+
+  Eckenrode, Mrs. H. M., D. A. R., 323.
+
+  Edrington, Mrs. C. W., 222.
+
+  Eisenhower, S. A., 248.
+
+  Electric light plant, 178.
+
+  Elks, benevolent order of, 221.
+
+  Embrey, Judge A. T., 126, 146, 228, 261.
+
+  Embrey, Major W. S., 170.
+
+  Essex, Rev. Benjamin, 123.
+
+  Eubank, John, 242.
+
+  Eve, George W., 120.
+
+
+  Fairs, agricultural, 44, 169, 170.
+
+  Farish, Wm. F., 165.
+
+  Fauntleroy, Miss L., editress, 229.
+
+  Federal Hill, 153.
+
+  Ferneyhough, John, 162.
+
+  Ferry, first constructed, 170.
+
+  Fetherstone, Richard, Gent., 14, 19.
+
+  Fetherstone's Bay, 19.
+
+  Ficklen, Mrs. J. B., 324, 325.
+
+  Field, John, printer, 219.
+
+  Fire Department, 144, 180, 181.
+
+  Fishback, Harman, German miner, 24.
+
+  Fishback, John, German miner, 24.
+
+  Fitzhugh, St. Geo. R., 146, 147, 261, 263, 276, 277.
+
+  Fitzhugh, Wm., of Chatham, 171, 236.
+
+  Fleming, Mrs. V. M., D. A. R., 322, 323, 324.
+
+  Floyd, Gen. John B., 81.
+
+  Fontaine, Col. W. W., teacher, 197.
+
+  Fontaine, John, diary of, 26, 27.
+
+  Ford, James W., teacher, 198.
+
+  Forrer, Rev. F. S., 214.
+
+  Forsythe, Major Robert, 134.
+
+  Fort, constructed on Rappahannock, 1681, 25.
+
+  Franklin, Benjamin, 124.
+
+  Fraser, Simon, 220.
+
+  Freaner, W. T., 166.
+
+  Fredericksburg American Lodge, 218.
+
+  Fredericksburg Artillery, 72, 73, 74.
+
+  Fredericksburg College, 198.
+
+  Fredericksburg Commandery, K. T., 220.
+
+  Fredericksburg, city of, founded, 1727;
+    streets bear royal names, 37;
+    act House of Burgesses, 38;
+    seat of justice, 42;
+    re-survey, 44;
+    wooden chimneys, 45;
+    limits extended, 46;
+    military ardor, 48;
+    under the U. S., 50;
+    chartered by Legislature, 51;
+    rapid growth, 53;
+    lends money to government, 54;
+    important center, 58;
+    important postal point, 60;
+    limits extended, 62;
+    great fire, 64;
+    trade of the town, 65;
+    epitome of the city, 67;
+    limits extended, 68;
+    charter amended 1852, 1858, 69;
+    in the Confederacy, 71;
+    surrendered to Gen. McDowell, 74;
+    Gen. Pope enters, 76;
+    evacuation scenes, 81;
+    bridges destroyed, 82;
+    Gen. Burnside on Stafford Heights, 83;
+    authorities consult Gen. Lee, 84;
+    Gen. Sumner demands surrender, 85;
+    bombardment, 88 (see Chancellorsville and Wilderness campaigns);
+    war closes, 110;
+    under the Stars and Stripes, 110;
+    military supreme, 113;
+    new charter, 117;
+    untrammelled citizens in power, 119;
+    ante-bellum debt, 119;
+    present debt, 121;
+    courts, 124;
+    its declaration, 283;
+    furnishes head of army and navy, 301;
+    Fredericksburg at present, 325;
+    financial condition, 326;
+    commercial condition, 327;
+    official calendar, 333;
+    council committees, 334;
+    registrars, 335;
+    list of mayors, 336.
+
+  Fredericksburg Lodge, No. 4, 217.
+
+  Fredericksburg R. A. Chapter, 220.
+
+  Fredericksburg Teachers' Association, 325.
+
+  Freedman's Bureau, 127.
+
+  Fremont, Gen. John C., 313.
+
+  French, Dr. George, 172.
+
+  French. Seth B., 208.
+
+  Frieze, Jacob, 242.
+
+
+  Garner, A. Mason, 147, 174, 176.
+
+  Garnett, Geo. W., 211.
+
+  Garnett, Hon. James M., 169.
+
+  Garrison, Hon. Geo. T., 158.
+
+  Gas Works, 176, 177.
+
+  Gately, Matthew J., 237.
+
+  Gates, Gen. Horatio, 251.
+
+  Gaullier, John F., 172.
+
+  Gibson, Rev. John S., 207.
+
+  Gill, Beverley T., hostage prisoner, 77, 111.
+
+  Gilmer, Capt. Lucien G., 185.
+
+  Gilmer, Rev. Thomas W., 209.
+
+  Gladstone, Sir Wm. E., premier, 305.
+
+  Gooch, Wm., Esq., Governor, 42.
+
+  Goodwin, Thomas, 165.
+
+  Goolrick, John, teacher, 196.
+
+  Goolrick, Hon. John T., 126, 192, 261, 271, 272, 275, 277.
+
+  Goolrick, Miss Jennie M., teacher, 325.
+
+  Goolrick, Mrs. John T., D. A. R., 160, 322, 323.
+
+  Goolrick, Peter, 138, 139, 140, 166.
+
+  Gordon, Douglas H., 85.
+
+  Gordon, Gen. John B., 98.
+
+  Gordon, Samuel, 169.
+
+  Gordon, W. F., 184.
+
+  Gore, Charles A., 60.
+
+  Gore, Jacob, 60.
+
+  Grant, Gen. U. S., 73, 99, 109.
+
+  Gravatt, George, 111, 120.
+
+  Gravatt, Miss Sallie N., D. A. R., 322, 323.
+
+  Gray, John, 167.
+
+  Gray, Rev. J. S., 207.
+
+  Gray, Wm. F., editor, 225.
+
+  Green, Gen. Nathaniel, 251, 253.
+
+  Green, John W., 64.
+
+  Green, Mrs. James L., 226.
+
+  Green, Rev. Edwin, 207.
+
+  Green, Timothy, editor, 225, 259.
+
+  Green, Wm. D., 166.
+
+  Gregg, Gen. D. McM., 263.
+
+  Griffin, John M., 261, 262.
+
+  Griffin, Lieut. Robt. S., 262.
+
+
+  Hackley, Mrs. Mary, teacher, 197.
+
+  Hagen, Rev. Henry, 24.
+
+  Halkerson, Robert, 220.
+
+  Hall, Dr. Elisha, 152.
+
+  Hall, Dr. Horace B., 111, 152, 205.
+
+  Hall, Dr. Marshall C., 205.
+
+  Halsey, J. J., teacher, 197.
+
+  Hanback, ----, German miner, 24.
+
+  Hancock, John, 308.
+
+  Hanson, Thomas H., teacher, 196.
+
+  Harman, Wencel, 248.
+
+  Harris, Gen. T. M., 114.
+
+  Harris, O. L., 222.
+
+  Harrison, Benjamin, President, 247.
+
+  Harrison, Col. Archibald, 72.
+
+  Harrison, Thomas, 120.
+
+  Harrison, Wm. Henry, President, 264, 312.
+
+  Harrow, James D., editor, 225.
+
+  Hassininga, Indian king, 15, 19.
+
+  Hawley, Gen. J. W., 262, 271.
+
+  Heflin, E. G., architect, 145.
+
+  Henderlite, Rev. J. H., 209.
+
+  Henry, Edward, teacher, 197.
+
+  Henry, Patrick, 44, 264, 284, 285, 287, 302.
+
+  Henry, Rev. Patrick, 23, 44.
+
+  Herndon, Capt. Wm. Lewis, 241.
+
+  Herndon, Charles, 111.
+
+  Herndon, Dr. B. S., 142.
+
+  Herndon, Dr. James C., 244.
+
+  Herndon, Jacob, 167.
+
+  Herndon, John M., 126, 208.
+
+  Heslop, Isaac, 237.
+
+  Hill, Col. John B., 257.
+
+  Hirsh, Isaac, 261.
+
+  Hirsh, Mrs. Isaac, 325.
+
+  Hirsh, Mrs. Maurice, 223.
+
+  Hitt, Peter, German miner, 24.
+
+  Hitt, W. Snowden, 196.
+
+  Hodge, Rev. A. A., 209.
+
+  Hoge, Rev. Wm. J., D. D., 94.
+
+  Holliday, John, speaker, H. B., 42.
+
+  Holmes, Thomas, 227.
+
+  Holtzclaw, Jacob, German miner, 24.
+
+  Honey, Miss Maggie L., teacher, 325.
+
+  Hooton, Albert, 174.
+
+  Hotels--Tammany Hall, 165;
+    Rappahannock House, 165;
+    Farmers', 165;
+    Exchange, 166;
+    Eagle, 166;
+    Alhambra, 167;
+    Indian Queen, 167;
+    Travellers' Rest, 168;
+    Western, 168;
+    Liberty House, 168;
+    Planters', 168.
+
+  Houston, Gen. Samuel, 168, 314.
+
+  Howard, Clarance R., 155.
+
+  Howard, Mrs. Clarance R., D. A. R., 322.
+
+  Howard, Mrs. Wm. Key, of Kenmore, D. A. R., 322.
+
+  Howard, Wm. Key, 155, 179.
+
+  Howison, John, 200.
+
+  Howison, Rev. Robert R., LL. D., 81.
+
+  Howison, Samuel S., 86.
+
+  Huffman, John, German miner, 24.
+
+  Huffman, Landon J., 142.
+
+  Hunnicutt, Rev. James W., editor, 77, 227.
+
+  Hunter, Charles E., 176.
+
+  Hurkamp, Charles H., 170.
+
+  Hurkamp, John G., 111.
+
+  Hurkamp, Miss Jennie, 325.
+
+  Hurkamp, Wm. H., 192.
+
+
+  Ironclad Oath, 116.
+
+
+  Jackson, Rob., city trustee, 42.
+
+  Jackson, Capt. Wm. A., 183.
+
+  Jackson, Gen. Andrew, President, 257.
+
+  Jackson, Gen. T. J., 81, 84, 95, 272.
+
+  Jacobs, W. J., 262.
+
+  James, Rev. Wm., 132, 211.
+
+  Japazaws, Chief, 20.
+
+  Jay, Judge John, 240.
+
+  Jefferson, Thomas, 167, 247, 264, 283, 292, 294, 296, 313, 323.
+
+  Jefferys, Major M. M., 191.
+
+  Jenkins, Wm., Gaoler, 130.
+
+  Johns, Rev. Arthur S., 205.
+
+  Johnson, Major James, 128.
+
+  Johnson, Capt. Volley M., teacher, 197.
+
+  Johnston, B., 237.
+
+  Johnston, H. Stuart, 257.
+
+  Johnston, Lafayette, 257.
+
+  Johnston, Mrs. Eliza, 257.
+
+  Jones, John Paul, 218, 237, 238, 239, 265, 301, 323.
+
+  Jones, W. T., 179.
+
+  Julien, John, alderman, 124.
+
+
+  Kelly, Maj. J. Harrison, 170, 221, 225.
+
+  Kemper, Charles E., 23.
+
+  Kemper, John, 23, 24.
+
+  Kemper, Rev. James, 23, 24.
+
+  Kenmore, 155.
+
+  Ker, Dr. David C., 46, 66, 231.
+
+  King, Gen. Horatio C., 262, 270, 276, 277.
+
+  King, Wm. I., 177.
+
+  Kirkland, Richard, 92.
+
+  Knight, John T., 120, 177, 248, 261.
+
+  Knox, Capt. Jas. S., 146, 175, 177, 184.
+
+  Knox, Miss Virginia, 223.
+
+  Knox, Thomas F., hostage prisoner, 77, 111, 142.
+
+  Kobler, Rev. John, 212, 213.
+
+
+  Lacy, Maj. J. Horace, 170.
+
+  Lacy, Miss Sallie M., 324.
+
+  Lacy, Mrs. J. Horace, U. D. C., 323.
+
+  Lacy, Rev. B. T., 209.
+
+  Ladies' Memorial Association, 185, 186, 188, 189, 320.
+
+  Lafayette, Gen., 256.
+
+  Lane, H. B., chairman finance, 176, 261, 334.
+
+  Larkin, Capt. Thos. M., 185.
+
+  Laughlin, Col. W. L., 166.
+
+  Lawrens, Henry, 308.
+
+  Layton, C. Ernest, 222.
+
+  Leavell, John T., 262.
+
+  Lee, Daniel M., 192, 262.
+
+  Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 247.
+
+  Lee, Gen. Charles, 251.
+
+  Lee, Gen. Henry, 251, 308.
+
+  Lee, Gen. Robert E., 73, 83, 99, 108, 109, 110, 183, 191, 264.
+
+  Lee, Gen. Wm. H. F., 83.
+
+  Lee, Richard Henry, 247, 287, 293, 302, 306.
+
+  Lee, Thomas Ludwell, 168, 295.
+
+  Legg, John, 130.
+
+  Lewis, Col. Fielding, 155, 243.
+
+  Lewis, John, 44, 45.
+
+  Lewis, Meriwether, 313.
+
+  Lewis, Robert, 255, 256.
+
+  Lexington, battle of, 48.
+
+  Liberty Bell, 247.
+
+  Little, A. Alexander, 226.
+
+  Little, Miss Bella, 226.
+
+  Little, Mrs. John P., 197.
+
+  Littlepage, Gen. Lewis, 240.
+
+  Little, Wm. A., 74, 85, 102, 111.
+
+  Livingston, Robert R., 294.
+
+  Livingston, Wm., 41.
+
+  Lomax, Judge John T., 132, 193.
+
+  Long, Michael, 167.
+
+  Longstreet, Gen. James, 83.
+
+  Lowery, James T., 146.
+
+  Lowery, Wm. T., 221.
+
+  Low, Rev. Samuel, 132.
+
+  Lucas, Albert G., 180.
+
+  Lucas, Walker, 168.
+
+  Luck, Cadmus B., 166.
+
+
+  Mackay, Robert, 149.
+
+  Madison, Pres. James, 264, 301, 302, 304.
+
+  Magdalen, man-of-war, 48.
+
+  Magrath, Mrs. A. L., teacher, 197.
+
+  Mahaskahod, Indian town, 15, 16, 19.
+
+  Mander, Miss Kate James, teacher, 325.
+
+  Mander, Miss Rebecca C., 324, 325.
+
+  Mannahocks, Indian tribe, 17.
+
+  Marshall, John, 249, 264, 308.
+
+  Martin, German miner, 24.
+
+  Martin, Mrs. H. M. D., D. A. R., 322.
+
+  Marye, Capt. Edward, 73.
+
+  Marye, John L., 72.
+
+  Marye, John L., Jr., 44, 74, 138, 139, 209.
+
+  Marye, Rev. James, rector, 44, 203.
+
+  Marye, Rev. James, Jr., 203.
+
+  Marye, William B., 198.
+
+  Mary Washington Hospital, 222.
+
+  Mary Washington, House, 156;
+    Monument, 157, 159;
+    will, 160;
+    257.
+
+  Mason, George, 168, 288, 302, 303.
+
+  Mason, Judge John E., 127, 292.
+
+  Mason, Mrs. M. J. C., D. A. R., 223, 323.
+
+  Mason, Rev. J. K., rector, 205.
+
+  Massauteck, 19.
+
+  Massawomeks, Indian tribe, 16.
+
+  Maury, Com. M. F., 264, 315, 316, 318, 319.
+
+  Maury, Gen. Dabney H., 191.
+
+  Maury, Rev. Magruder, 205.
+
+  Mayors, list of, 336.
+
+  McBryde, Rev. Robert, 205.
+
+  McCabe, James D., 229.
+
+  McClellan, Gen. George B., 75, 76.
+
+  McCracken, Capt. T., 170, 176, 181, 184, 261.
+
+  McCracken, Patrick, 120.
+
+  McGuire, James, hostage prisoner, 77, 78, 111, 208.
+
+  McGuire, Rev. Edward C., 204, 205, 207.
+
+  McKinley, President Wm., 278.
+
+  McKinley, Wm. and Cabinet, 262.
+
+  McLane, Wilmer, 108.
+
+  McLaws, Gen. Lafayette, 83.
+
+  McMahon, Gen. Martin T., 263, 271.
+
+  McPhail, Rev. George W., 196, 209.
+
+  McPherson, Archibald, 194, 235, 236.
+
+  McWilliams, Wm., 124, 254.
+
+  Meade, Rev. Wm., 204.
+
+  Mebane, Rev. Benj. W., D. D., 209.
+
+  Meditation Rock, 157.
+
+  Meiggs, R. J., P. M. G., 61.
+
+  Melville, John C., 148, 178.
+
+  Mercer, Capt. John, 231.
+
+  Mercer, Col. John Fenton, 231.
+
+  Mercer, Gen. Hugh, 50, 150, 162, 217, 249, 301.
+
+  Mercer, James, 46, 130, 131, 162, 220.
+
+  Mercer, Robert, 226.
+
+  Merchant, Rufus B., 228.
+
+  Metcalfe, John, 132, 141.
+
+  Miles, Gen. Nelson A., 262, 271.
+
+  Military--Fredericksburg Artillery, 72;
+    Capt. Blackford's Co., 182;
+    Fredericksburg Guards, 183;
+    Mercer Rifles, 183;
+    Washington Guards, 183;
+    Fredericksburg Grays, 183;
+    Coleman Guards, 184;
+    Gordon Rifles, 184;
+    Fredericksburg Grays (new), 184;
+    Washington Guards reorganized, 185;
+    Garfield Light Infantry Blues, 185.
+
+  Ministers qualify to celebrate rites of matrimony, 132.
+
+  Minor, Capt. George, 258.
+
+  Minor, John, 68, 125, 130, 140, 142, 172, 231.
+
+  Moltke, Baron Von, 268.
+
+  Monacans, Indian tribe, 16.
+
+  Moncure, John, 134.
+
+  Moncure, Mrs. Mary Knox, 154.
+
+  Moncure, Thomas, 197.
+
+  Monroe Doctrine, 310.
+
+  Monroe, James, 60, 150, 204, 264, 310, 314.
+
+  Montague, A. J., 276, 277.
+
+  Montgomery, Mrs. B. B., 325.
+
+  Moore, Austin, 28.
+
+  Moraughtacunds, Indian tribe, 17, 18.
+
+  Morgan, Gen. Daniel, 251.
+
+  Morris, Maj. T. E., 261, 262.
+
+  Morrison, Thos. F., 170.
+
+  Morrison, Wm. C., 120.
+
+  Morson, Arthur A., 134.
+
+  Mortimer, Dr. Chas., 124, 253.
+
+  Mosco, Indian guide, 13, 14, 15, 18.
+
+  Mundell, John, 64.
+
+  Murat, Catherine Willis, 243.
+
+  Murat, Prince Charles, 243.
+
+  Murdaugh, Rev. E. C., 205, 206.
+
+  Murphy, Wm. H., 167.
+
+  Myer, John H., 120, 223.
+
+  Myer, Miss Annie, 325.
+
+  Myrtle Lodge, I. O. O. F., 221.
+
+
+  Nandtaughtacund, Indian King, 14, 18, 19.
+
+  Napoleon Bonaparte, 310.
+
+  Napoleon, Louis, 268.
+
+  National Cemetery, 190, 191.
+
+  Nelson, Gen. Thomas., Jr., 247, 293.
+
+  Newby, James, 167.
+
+  Newspapers and Periodicals--The Virginia Herald, 225;
+    The Genius of Liberty, 225;
+    The Courier, 226;
+    The Fredericksburg News, 226;
+    The Political Arena, 226;
+    The Christian Banner, 227;
+    The Virginia Baptist, 227;
+    The Democratic Recorder, 227;
+    The Fredericksburg Ledger, 227;
+    The Independent, 227;
+    The Bulletin, 227;
+    The True Standard, 227;
+    The Recorder, 227;
+    The Free Lance, 227;
+    The Virginia Star, 228;
+    The Daily Evening Star, 228;
+    Masonic Olive Branch and Literary Portfolio, 229;
+    The Little Gleaner, 229;
+    The Fredericksburg Journal, 229;
+    The Evening Journal, 229.
+
+  Normal School Building, 147.
+
+  Norton, Wm. H., hostage prisoner, 77, 79.
+
+
+  O'Ferrall, Gov. Charles T., 159, 276, 277.
+
+  Ould, Col. Robert, 104.
+
+  Owens, Rev. Wm. B., 93, 94.
+
+
+  Page, Mann, Jr., 160.
+
+  Page, Mrs. Hugh N., 322.
+
+  Passasack, Indian King, 14, 18, 19.
+
+  Patrick, Gen. M. R., 75.
+
+  Paul, John, 238.
+
+  Paul, William, 237, 238.
+
+  Pendleton, Edmund, 49, 287, 293, 296.
+
+  Perrig, Rev. J. F., 214.
+
+  Perrin, Gen. Abner, 324.
+
+  Peyton, Benj., 143.
+
+  Peyton, Capt. George H., 166, 184.
+
+  Phelps, Elijah, 61.
+
+  Pierson, Charles H., 170.
+
+  Pitcher, Molly, 246.
+
+  Pocahontas, 12, 19, 20, 264.
+
+  Political divisions, 230, 231, 233, 234.
+
+  Pollock, Capt. John G., 73.
+
+  Poor Debtors' prison bounds, 134, 135.
+
+  Poor, care of, 171, 174.
+
+  Pope, Gen. John, 75, 76, 77, 81.
+
+  Porter, Gen. Horace, 239.
+
+  Porter, John S., 183.
+
+  Port Royal, 19.
+
+  Posey, Gen. Thomas, 217, 301.
+
+  Postal investigation, 60.
+
+  Postoffice burnt, 89.
+
+  Powell, D. Lee, 183.
+
+  Powell, Rev. W. R., 227.
+
+  Powell, Smith's companion, 13.
+
+  Powers, Hiram, 218.
+
+  Powhatan, Indian King, 19, 20.
+
+  Pritchard, John, 68, 142, 180, 183.
+
+  Procter, Thomas, 168.
+
+  Proctor, Thomas F., 192.
+
+  Pryor, Mrs. Roger A., 151.
+
+  Public Buildings, 137;
+    Courthouse, 142;
+    City Hall, 144;
+    Fire House, 144;
+    Union House, 144;
+    Colored School, 144;
+    Wallace Library, 145.
+
+  Public Free School Board, 335.
+
+  Public Schools, 199.
+
+  Pullen, Jesse, 167.
+
+
+  Quinn, Capt. S. J., 147, 174, 175, 176, 192, 211, 220, 261, 277, 323.
+
+  Quisenberry, Wm. P., 167.
+
+
+  Ramsay, Rev. F. P., 199, 223.
+
+  Ramsay, T. H., 166.
+
+  Randolph, Gov. Edmund, 124, 304.
+
+  Randolph, John, 149.
+
+  Randolph, Peyton, 49.
+
+  Randolph, Rev. A. M., 93, 205.
+
+  Ransom, Gen. Robert, 83.
+
+  Ransom, Rev. W. L., 216.
+
+  Rapahanock, Indian King, 18.
+
+  Ratliff, Lieut. Wm., 89.
+
+  Rawls, Miss Mary, 195.
+
+  Ray, Rev. Albert, 216.
+
+  Read, James G., 197.
+
+  Reaney, Rev. W. L., 207.
+
+  Reconstruction commenced, 113.
+
+  Religious liberty, 309.
+
+  Revere, John H., 184.
+
+  Rhinehart, H. W., 197.
+
+  Richards, Mrs. F. C., D. A. R., 322, 323.
+
+  Richardson, Hon. James D., 302.
+
+  Richardson, Judge D. C., 276.
+
+  Richardson, Lieut. Wm. H., 324.
+
+  Rising Sun Tavern, 148.
+
+  Roach, Miss Agnes P., 325.
+
+  Roberts, John H., hostage prisoner, 77, 79.
+
+  Robinson, John H., 181.
+
+  Robinson, John, 39.
+
+  Robinson, Rev. Willis M., 215, 216.
+
+  Roddy, Samuel, 124.
+
+  Rolfe, Capt. John, 19, 20.
+
+  Rootes, Philip, 46.
+
+  Rootes, Thomas Reade, 153, 231.
+
+  Rosebro, Rev. J. W., D. D., 146, 199, 209.
+
+  Ross, Alexander, 46.
+
+  Rothrock, Charles M., 246.
+
+  Rowe, A. P., 160, 170, 247, 248, 260.
+
+  Rowe, A. P., Jr., 146, 262.
+
+  Rowe, Capt. M. B., 170, 174, 184, 185, 261.
+
+  Rowe, Geo. H. C., hostage prisoner, 77, 78, 103, 105.
+
+  Rowe, Josiah P., 176.
+
+  Rowe, Rev. George, 215.
+
+  Royston, John, 38, 39, 40, 41.
+
+  Ruggles, Gen. Daniel, 200.
+
+  Ruggles, Gen. Geo. D., 271, 276.
+
+  Rush, Dr. Benj., 152.
+
+  Russell, saves Smith's life, 13.
+
+
+  Sanford, Joseph, 68, 142, 168.
+
+  Saunders, Rev. A. P., D. D., 198, 209.
+
+  Schofield, Gen. John M., 115.
+
+  School Buildings--Union House, 144;
+    Colored School, 144;
+    new School Building, 145.
+
+  Schooler, Miss Willie F., 194, 197.
+
+  Schools, Fredericksburg Academy, 193;
+    Federal Hill Female College, 194;
+    Charity School, 194;
+    Rev. Samuel Wilson's, 195;
+    John Goolrick's, 196;
+    T. H. Hanson's, 196;
+    Rev. Geo. W. McPhail's, 196;
+    Powell and Morrison's, 197;
+    Richard Sterling's, 197;
+    Mrs. John P. Little's, 197;
+    Misses Ann and Mary Drinnan's, 197;
+    Rev. Dr. Wm. F. Broaddus's, 197;
+    Judge Richard H. Coleman's, 197;
+    Wm. Caruthers's, 198;
+    Public Schools, 199;
+    Fredericksburg College, 198;
+    Fredericksburg Female Seminary, 198.
+
+  Scott, Capt. Benj., 185.
+
+  Scott, Charles S., 111, 171.
+
+  Scott, Dr. Wm. S., 86.
+
+  Scott, Francis S., 134.
+
+  Scott, Gen. Winfield, 265, 314.
+
+  Scott, Hugh S., 68, 142.
+
+  Scott, John F., hostage prisoner, 77, 79.
+
+  Secobeck, 19.
+
+  Seddon, Thomas, 133.
+
+  Semple, Rev. Robert B., 210, 211.
+
+  Semple, Robert B., 138, 139, 140, 226.
+
+  Sener, Capt. J. W., 111, 120, 175, 183, 184, 201.
+
+  Sener, Hon. J. B., 128, 157, 160, 227, 248, 260.
+
+  Sentry Box, 150.
+
+  Sewell, Gen. W. J., 262, 271.
+
+  Shackleford, Rev. J. Green, 207.
+
+  Shakahonea, Indian town, 15.
+
+  Shelburne, Rev. Cephas, 214.
+
+  Shepherd, George W., 59, 149, 192, 261.
+
+  Sherman, Roger, 294.
+
+  Sickles, Gen. Daniel E., 269, 271.
+
+  Slaughter, F., 142.
+
+  Slaughter, M., hostage prisoner, 74, 77, 78, 84, 86, 87, 104, 111, 112,
+        126.
+
+  Slaughter, Rev. Philip, D. D., 193.
+
+  Slaughter, Wm., 68, 139, 140.
+
+  Sligo, small-pox hospital, 66.
+
+  Smith, Augustin, 39.
+
+  Smith, Austin, 30.
+
+  Smith, Capt. John, 11, 12, 13, 18, 19, 20, 37, 264, 332.
+
+  Smith, Charles K., 248.
+
+  Smith, Frank W., 170.
+
+  Smith, Gen. Gustavus W., 83.
+
+  Smith, George Washington, 223.
+
+  Smith, Maj. Lawrence, 21, 37.
+
+  Smith, Miss Rebecca, 222.
+
+  Smith, Mrs. Jas. P., 158.
+
+  Smith, Rev. Jas. P., D. D., 209.
+
+  Smith, Rev. S. C., 211.
+
+  Smith, Rev. Wm. D., 205, 224, 324.
+
+  Smith, Robert, 183.
+
+  Smith, William, 22.
+
+  Smock, James, 171, 172.
+
+  Society of the Army of the Potomac, 259, 261, 271, 276.
+
+  Sockbeck, 19.
+
+  Somerville, James, 124.
+
+  Somerville, Prof. S. W., 145, 199.
+
+  Sons of Confederate Veterans, 192.
+
+  Spencer, Mrs. Lettie M., 322.
+
+  Spotswood, Governor, 22, 23, 24, 27, 32, 33, 42.
+
+  Stansbury, John L., 84.
+
+  Stearns, Frank P., 145.
+
+  Stearns, Mrs. Walter C., 223.
+
+  Stegara, Indian town, 15, 16, 19.
+
+  Sterling, Richard, 197.
+
+  Stern, Richard, 197.
+
+  Stevenson, A. E., 159, 160.
+
+  Stevenson, Carter L., 132.
+
+  Stoffregen, R. Lee, 175.
+
+  Stone, Samuel, 167.
+
+  Strasburger, Miss Bertha, 222.
+
+  Stuart, Gen. J. E. B., 86.
+
+  Sumner, Gen. E. V., 85.
+
+
+  Tackett, Charles E., teacher, 197, 198.
+
+  Tackett, Charles E., 166.
+
+  Taliaferro, John, 39, 42.
+
+  Tapahanock, Indian King, 19.
+
+  Tauxuntania, Indian town, 15, 16, 19.
+
+  Taylor, Col. W. W., 176.
+
+  Taylor, Mayor Richard M., 276, 277.
+
+  Taylor, Pres. Zachary, 264, 312, 314.
+
+  Taylor, William, 172.
+
+  Teasdale, Rev. John, 211.
+
+  Telephone Co., 179.
+
+  Temple, Benj., hostage prisoner, 77, 79.
+
+  Temple, Charles W., 198.
+
+  Templeman, Wm., 237.
+
+  Thanksgiving Proclamation, 306.
+
+  Thatcher, Elisha, 171.
+
+  Thom, Reuben T., 89, 205, 208.
+
+  Thornton, Ira, 42.
+
+  Thornton, Pressley, 46.
+
+  Timberlake, James, 167.
+
+  Tobacco Inspectors, oath of office, 47.
+
+  Todkill, Smith's companion, 13.
+
+  Transportation Lines--R. F. and P. R. R., 328;
+    P. F. and P. R. R., 328;
+    Md., Del. and Va. R. R., 329.
+
+  Tremain, Gen. Henry E., 262, 271.
+
+  Tucker, Saint George, 304.
+
+  Turner, James A., 192, 261.
+
+  Tuttle, H. B., 166.
+
+  Tyler, Gov. Hoge, 277.
+
+  Tyler, Prest. John, 264, 312, 314.
+
+
+  Ultz, John, 166.
+
+  Upham, Dr. J. H., 244.
+
+  U. S. Government building, 147.
+
+  Utterback, Harman, German miner, 24.
+
+
+  Virginia, military district No. 1, 113.
+
+  Vorhees, Hon. Daniel W., 313.
+
+
+  Waddy, Rev. John M., 211.
+
+  Waite, George, 221.
+
+  Walden, Rev. L. G., 215.
+
+  Walker, Dr. Thomas, 281.
+
+  Walker, George A., 184.
+
+  Walker, Joseph, 162.
+
+  Wallace, Judge A. Wellington, 126, 302, 309.
+
+  Wallace, Capt. C. Wistar, 145, 149, 184.
+
+  Wallace, Dr. J. Gordon, 74, 120.
+
+  Wallace, Gen. Gustavus B., 149, 218, 301.
+
+  Wallace, H. H., 261.
+
+  Wallace, J. Stansbury, 248.
+
+  Wallace Library, 145, 146.
+
+  Wallace, Maj. Thomas P., 146.
+
+  Wallace, Mrs. Charles, 324.
+
+  Waller, John, 39, 42.
+
+  Waller, John, Jr., 237.
+
+  Waller, Miss Mary Page, 325.
+
+  Waller, Rev. John, 209.
+
+  Waller, William, 44.
+
+  Wardwell, ----, 76.
+
+  Ware, William, 218.
+
+  Warren, William, 139, 140.
+
+  Warwick, Hon. Charles F., 248, 250.
+
+  Washington, Augustine, 42.
+
+  Washington, Bushrod, 130.
+
+  Washington, Col. Wm., 251.
+
+  Washington, George, 42, 46, 48, 49, 143, 217, 218, 253, 254, 255, 264,
+        299, 302, 304.
+
+  Washington, Martha, 236, 237.
+
+  Water Power, 329.
+
+  Water Works, 174, 175.
+
+  Wayman, ----, German miner, 24.
+
+  Weaver, Tillman, German miner, 24.
+
+  Weedon, Gen. George, 49, 50, 149, 150, 217, 301.
+
+  Weir, Mrs. Florence F., 322.
+
+  Wellford, Beverley R., 139, 140, 142.
+
+  Wellford, Beverley R., Jr., 79, 220.
+
+  Wellford, C. C., hostage prisoner, 64, 77, 142, 143.
+
+  Wellford, Dr. Francis P., 243.
+
+  Wellford, W. N., 169.
+
+  Wheeler, Gen. D. D., 151.
+
+  Wheeler, Gen. Joseph, 262, 271.
+
+  White, Jesse, 225, 229, 246.
+
+  White, Mrs. W. Seymour, 222.
+
+  White, Wm. H., 138, 139, 140.
+
+  White, W. Seymour, 222, 228, 248.
+
+  Whittemore, J. M., 141, 180.
+
+  Wight, Mrs. H. Theodore, 153.
+
+  Wilderness Campaign, 99, 101, 105.
+
+  Williams, Major Charles, 76, 128.
+
+  Williams, Rev. R. Aubrey, 211.
+
+  Williams, Rev. Wm. H., 211.
+
+  Willis, Catherine, 243.
+
+  Willis, Col. Byrd C., 243.
+
+  Willis, Benj. P., 146, 200, 211.
+
+  Willis, Henry, 39, 44, 45.
+
+  Willis, M. G., 177.
+
+  Willis, Rev. John C., 227.
+
+  Willis, Wm., 245.
+
+  Wilson, Rev. Samuel B., 132, 207.
+
+  Winchester, Stephen, 172.
+
+  Wodrow, Alexander, 220.
+
+  Woltz, Col. John W., 227.
+
+  Woodford, Gen. Wm., 217, 301.
+
+  Wood, Silas, 64, 143.
+
+  Wrenn, Lewis, hostage prisoner, 77, 79.
+
+  Wroten, George W., 147, 261.
+
+  Wythe, George, 168, 247, 302.
+
+
+  Yates, A. Bacon, 160.
+
+  Yates, Charles, 237.
+
+  Young, James, 166, 167.
+
+  Young, John James, 105, 111, 120, 201.
+
+  Young, Mary, 238.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Description of Virginia by Smith, his spelling modernized.
+
+[2] Howison's U. S. History, from Smith.
+
+[3] Walter Russell, in Smith.
+
+[4] Howe's History of Virginia.
+
+[5] Howe's History.
+
+[6] Acts of House of Burgesses.
+
+[7] Howe's History of Virginia.
+
+[8] Furnished by Chas. E. Kemper, Esq.
+
+[9] It is claimed by Rev. James Kemper that the German Reformed Church,
+organized at Germanna in 1714, was the first church of that denomination
+planted in this country.
+
+[10] Mr. M. D. Conway, in Magazine of American History, Vol. 27, No. 3,
+page 186.
+
+[11] Memoirs of a Huguenot Family, page 268.
+
+[12] John Fontaine was the son of Rev. James Fontaine, of France, a
+Huguenot who fled to England to avoid religious persecution, and thence
+settled in Scotland, where he ended his days. The name originally was _De
+la Fontaine_, but John's grandfather, "from motives of humility, cut off
+the _De la_, the indication of the nobility of the family." John came to
+this country in 1716, with his brother Peter, and at once became a friend
+and companion of Governor Spotswood's, while Peter became a minister of
+ability and was very popular. From these two brothers sprang the Fontaines
+of this country.
+
+[13] Austain Moore lived at Chelsea, on the Mattaponi river. He was the
+Governor's son-in-law.--Maury's History of Virginia.
+
+[14] Austin Smith lived in the village or settlement afterwards named
+Fredericksburg. He is supposed to have been a descendant of Lawrence
+Smith, who commanded the fort here in 1681. He no doubt has descendants
+here now bearing the name of Smith, while some are known by other names.
+
+[15] These Indians came from the Meherrin river, where Governor Spotswood
+owned a large body of land. He had opened a school there for the education
+and conversion of the Indian children, which made him quite popular with
+the Indians in that quarter. The Governor and Mr. Fontaine visited that
+part of the country a few weeks before they started on this expedition.
+
+[16] This must be at the junction of the Rapidan and Robinson rivers.
+
+[17] This is the Rapidan river probably.
+
+[18] It is likely that this was Conway river, a tributary of the Rapidan,
+and the line between Madison and Green counties.
+
+[19] This is unquestionably the north fork or north branch of the Rivanna
+river, a tributary of the James, which runs through Green county, its head
+waters coming from the sides of the Blue Ridge mountain.
+
+[20] This is the Shenandoah river, as no other river in the Valley answers
+to Mr. Fontaine's description, and which is a very important part of his
+narrative. The distance of the river from the mountains and the
+description of the streams crossed in reaching the mountains, enable us to
+determine with considerable accuracy the route the Governor and his party
+took as they crossed the Blue Ridge into the beautiful Shenandoah Valley,
+"the Granary of the World." A careful inspection of the map will show that
+they passed through the counties of Orange, Madison and the northern
+portion of Green over into Rockingham, where the Shenandoah river is about
+seventy-five or eighty yards wide and runs within a few miles of the Blue
+Ridge mountains.
+
+[21] Governor Spotswood, when he undertook the great discovery of the
+Passage over the Mountains, attended with a sufficient guard, and pioneers
+and gentlemen, with a sufficient stock of provision, with abundant fatigue
+passed these mountains and cut his Majesty's name in a rock upon the
+highest of them, naming it Mount George; and in complaisance the gentlemen
+from the Governor's name, called the mountain next in height Mount
+Alexander.
+
+For this expedition they were obliged to provide a great quantity of horse
+shoes (things seldom used in the lower parts of the country, where there
+are few stones); upon which account the Governor, upon their return,
+presented each of his companions with a golden horse shoe, (some of which
+I have seen studded with valuable stones resembling the heads of nails,)
+with this inscription on one side: _Sic juvat transcendere montes_, and on
+the other is written the tremontane order.
+
+This he instituted to encourage gentlemen to venture backwards, and make
+discoveries, and new settlements; any gentleman being entitled to wear
+this golden shoe that can prove his having drunk his Majesty's health upon
+Mount George.--Hugh Jones, 1724.
+
+[22] This Mr. Woodford is supposed to be the father or grandfather of
+General Wm. Woodford, of Revolutionary fame.
+
+[23] The town referred to in the county of King George is the town of
+Falmouth, on the opposite side of the river, and a mile and a half above
+Fredericksburg. The act that made Fredericksburg a town also gave Falmouth
+a legal existence. At the time of the passage of the act that territory
+belonged to King George county, but now to Stafford county.
+
+[24] The water came from two springs--Poplar spring and Smith's spring.
+
+[25] Died at Crystal Springs, Miss., March 1, 1900.
+
+[26] This list was obtained from a diary kept by John J. Berrey while in
+prison.
+
+[27] Some amusing incidents are related of Dr. Broaddus while a prisoner
+worth relating in these pages. The Doctor was an educated, polished
+gentleman, and quite a humorist. When he was received into prison the
+keeper proceeded in his usual manner to ascertain his name, age and place
+of nativity. When asked his name he said it was William F. Broaddus. "What
+does the F stand for?" asked the keeper. The Doctor replied that he did
+not know. "Don't know?" demanded the keeper. "I will tell you the
+circumstances," said the Doctor, "and let you decide for yourself. My name
+was William Francis Ferguson. I did not like the two F's and asked my
+mother to let me drop one. She consented and I dropped one, but I never
+could tell whether I dropped the one that stood for Francis or the one
+that stood for Ferguson. Now, can you tell me which one I dropped?" The
+keeper saw he was beaten, and demanded, "What is your age?" "I was born in
+the year of one," replied the Doctor. "What! Do you mean to tell me you
+are 1861 years old," shouted the keeper. "Not at all," said the Doctor.
+"Well, then, explain yourself," demanded the keeper, showing some
+impatience. "I was born in the year one of this century," responded the
+Doctor. "Where were you born?" indignantly asked the keeper. "Now, you've
+got me again," answered the Doctor. "That's a question I have long wanted
+settled, and I'll state the case and perhaps you can help me settle it. My
+birthplace at the time of my birth was in Culpeper county. Changes in
+county lines afterwards placed it in Rappahannock county. Now, if I were
+to tell you I was born in Culpeper, and you should go down there to
+inquire, you would find the place in Rappahannock. If I were to tell you I
+was born in Rappahannock and you were to investigate you would find that
+when I was born the place was in Culpeper and there was no Rappahannock
+county at the time. Now, will you please tell me where I was born?" The
+keeper passed him without further questions.
+
+It was the habit of Dr. Broaddus to preach on Sunday mornings to his
+fellow prisoners, and such others as would come to hear him while the
+prison chaplain would hold services in another part of the prison. It is
+related of the superintendent of the prison, that in making the
+announcements for preaching he would cry out: "All who wish to hear the
+gospel according to Abraham Lincoln come this way; those who wish to hear
+it according to Jeff. Davis go over there," pointing to Dr. Broaddus and
+his congregation.
+
+[28] The scenes of the evacuation of Fredericksburg are taken principally
+from "The Past, Present and Future of Fredericksburg," by Rev. Robert R.
+Howison, LL. D., who was aided in its preparation by diaries kept by those
+present at the time and the recitals of other eye witnesses, besides
+newspaper articles, the reports of Generals in both armies and our own
+knowledge, being present.
+
+[29] See General Lafayette McLaws's report of the battle.
+
+[30] Extract from Gen. Lafayette McLaws's official report of the battle of
+Fredericksburg, made to General James Longstreet--War of Rebellion, Series
+1, Vol. 21, page 578.
+
+[31] It is said that just south of the Stevens house, about a hundred
+yards in front of the Confederate line, lay a wounded Union soldier on the
+night of the 13th. His supply of water gave out. Just before daylight he
+began to call for water. The cry was incessant. Both lines could hear him,
+but no one seemed willing to venture to his relief. As the day dawned he
+seemed to cry louder--water, water, water; but none came. Among those who
+heard him, and whose heart was touched with pity, was a Confederate youth,
+yet in his teens. He determined to answer the call or die in the attempt;
+and so informed Gen. Kershaw, his commander, who tried to dissuade him
+from it. But his purpose was fixed, and it is said that just as "the sun
+was gilding the blue arch above with his golden beams," this youth took
+his canteen, filled with water, jumped over the stone wall, and, with form
+bending low, carried it to the sufferer. Just as the deed was accomplished
+a yell of approval went up from both Confederate and Union lines, such as
+was never heard before, and which was repeated time and again. The boy
+soldier did not have to bend his form in returning to his post. He went
+back a hero, and a good Samaritan, proclaimed such by both armies, and he
+has since been immortalized in verse. That youth was Richard Kirkland, of
+Co. E. 2nd S. C. Vol. He has a memorial stone in the Church of the Prince
+of Peace at Gettysburg, and the inscription: A hero of benevolence; at the
+risk of his life he gave his enemy drink at Fredericksburg. He was killed
+at Chickamauga.
+
+[32] See Christ in the Camp, by Rev. J. Wm. Jones, D. D.
+
+[33] See War of the Rebellion, Series 1, Vol. 25, Part 1, page 798.
+
+[34] Still living.
+
+[35] An amusing incident is told of Mr. Joyce when he was arrested. He is
+a native of Ireland, as every one will readily perceive when he hears him
+speak. When arrested he was asked in a brusque tone by the officer--"Where
+are you from?" He replied instantly: "Be Jasus, oim a Virginnyan, and
+niver denoi the place of moi netivity."
+
+[36] See Council proceedings, June 20, 1864.
+
+[37] That record not found. Mr. Rowe must have assisted Rev. Wm. F.
+Broaddus, D. D., in the release of the nineteen citizen prisoners.
+
+[38] From Council proceedings of July 8, 1864.
+
+[39] Not found in the Council proceedings.
+
+[40] Mr. McLane's residence was in the midst of the first battle between
+the two great armies, and, strange to say, it was in the midst of the last
+and that the terms of surrender were written and signed in his residence.
+When the war broke out Mr. McLane was living in Prince William county, and
+at the first battle of Manassas his residence was in the thickest of the
+fight. He afterwards moved to Appomattox county to get out of the reach of
+the war. During the last engagement of the two armies his residence was
+between the lines, and when General Lee and General Grant met they asked
+for a room in the house, which was furnished them, and there the terms of
+surrender were written and signed.
+
+[41] Traveller was General Lee's war horse. Every soldier in the army knew
+him. At the death of this faithful old horse, that had carried General Lee
+through the war, he was turned over to the taxidermist, who prepared and
+mounted him. He is now at the Soldiers' Home in Richmond, looking as
+natural and life-like as when he bore the Confederate Chieftain into
+battle, or when he moved in General Lee's funeral procession, fully
+equipped for the march, but without his accustomed rider.
+
+[42] Blue and Gray.
+
+[43] GENERAL LEE'S FAREWELL ADDRESS.
+
+  _Headquarters Army Northern Virginia,
+  Appomattox Courthouse_, April 10, 1865.
+
+GENERAL ORDERS, NO. 9.--After four years of arduous service, marked by
+unsurpassed courage and fortitude, the Army of Northern Virginia has been
+compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers.
+
+I need not tell the brave survivors of so many hard fought battlefields,
+who have remained steadfast to the last, that I have consented to this
+result from no distrust of them, but feeling that valor and devotion could
+accomplish nothing to compensate for the loss that must have attended a
+continuation of the contest, I determined to avoid the useless sacrifice
+of those whose past services have endeared them to their countrymen.
+
+By the terms of agreement, officers and men can return to their homes and
+remain until exchanged. You will take with you the satisfaction that
+proceeds from the consciousness of duty faithfully performed, and I
+earnestly pray that a merciful God will extend to you his blessing and
+protection. With an unceasing admiration of your constancy and devotion to
+your country, and a grateful remembrance of your kind and generous
+consideration of myself, I bid you all an affectionate farewell.
+
+  R. E. Lee, _General_.
+
+[44] The assassination of Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States,
+by J. Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.
+
+[45] See Council proceedings, April 27, 1865.
+
+[46] This amount was ascertained by Mr. St. George R. Fitzhugh, after a
+thorough examination of the indebtedness of the town at the close of the
+war, about 1895, which was published in the town papers and also in
+circulars and distributed.
+
+[47] Attorney-General and Secretary of the Treasury in Washington's
+Cabinet.
+
+[48] President James Monroe.
+
+[49] Afterwards one of the Judges of the Supreme Court.
+
+[50] Council proceedings, 1867.
+
+[51] Some of the colored people were told by wags that the object of the
+bureau was to furnish a bureau to every colored family that had none, as
+it was composed of bureaus. Believing this to be true, some colored women
+are said to have driven their wagons from Caroline county to town and
+applied to Major Johnson for their bureau, and could not conceal their
+disgust when they were informed that "It was a jestis bureau they had in
+Fredericksburg and not a furniture bureau."
+
+[52] Governor of Virginia in 1794-96, and afterwards Attorney-General of
+the State.
+
+[53] Appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States by
+President Washington.
+
+[54] Wrote Mary Washington's will and was one of the witnesses to her
+signature.
+
+[55] Mr. Thomas Seddon was the father of Hon. James A. Seddon, Confederate
+Secretary of War, and lived in the residence now owned and occupied by Mr.
+George W. Shepherd.
+
+[56] Thomas B. Barton, John James Chew and Beverly R. Wellford, of the
+committee, were not members of the Council, but appointed from the body of
+the citizens.
+
+[57] Council proceedings, July 18, 1907.
+
+[58] See War of the Rebellion, Series 1, Vol. 21, page 590.
+
+[59] In his excitement, Grand Master Page dedicated the monument to Mary,
+the mother of our illustrious brother, George _H._ Washington. A brother
+remarked to another, "I didn't know there was an H in Washington's name.
+What does it stand for?" As quick as thought the shrewd Essex lawyer
+responded, "Hatchet--George Hatchet!" The fun that incident excited is not
+over with yet.
+
+[60] One tradition is that this drug store was at the corner of Princess
+Ann and Amelia streets, where Mr. John Stansbury Wallace lives; but
+another tradition locates it at the corner of Main and Amelia, most likely
+adjoining the corner house. This tradition is strengthened by finding,
+some time ago, while repairing the house, many old papers and other things
+that must have come from a drug store, and no other such store was ever
+known at that place.
+
+[61] General Smith got his name Extra Billy while in the stage business,
+long before he was either General or Governor Smith. It is reported to
+have happened in this way: At certain seasons of the year, before the days
+of railroads, travel was very heavy and far beyond the capacity of the
+regular stages on the road, which was the only means of travel over land
+at that time. When this occurred Billy Smith, as he was called, would put
+on an extra stage, and if the travel still increased he would put on
+another, and so on, until sometimes he would have on the road four or five
+stages, where one usually did the work. On this account, and because of
+his unsurpassed politeness, he became popular with travellers. On this
+occasion a traveller was anxious to get to Washington, and could get no
+seat in the stage. In hustling around he found two or three others who
+were anxious to go, but, like himself, could not get accommodations on any
+part of the stage, and the agent declared it impossible to provide for
+them. The impatient and anxious traveller cried out "Where is Extra
+Billy?" Extra Billy was sent for, an extra stage was provided and the
+travellers went on their way rejoicing, but "Extra Billy" remained with
+Mr. Smith, following him to his grave.
+
+[62] It is said on one occasion John Randolph, of Roanoke, stopped here.
+It was soon known, and the Democrats congregated to entertain him. They
+prepared a bowl of punch in an adjoining room, and when it was ready Mr.
+Randolph was invited to meet the gentlemen and join them in something to
+drink. In a gruff voice, he replied to the committee that waited on him,
+"I don't drink with strangers, and if I can't rest here one night without
+being disturbed by a mob, I will drive to the Sycamores." The Sycamores
+was a hotel twelve miles from town on the Bowling Green road. It was said
+he was not again disturbed.
+
+[63] At the corner of Commerce and Charles streets, in front of this
+hotel, is a stone block about two and a half feet high and some two feet
+in diameter. It was placed there many years before the Civil war, it is
+said, for the sale and annual hire of slaves. The slave to be sold was
+required to stand on this block in the presence of the gathered traders,
+when he or she was "cried out" by the auctioneer to the highest bidder.
+Those slaves who were publicly hired out for the year also took their
+stand on this block and were hired out at the highest price bid. There is
+probably no relic in Fredericksburg that calls back more vividly the days
+of slavery than does this stone block.
+
+[64] Yet living.
+
+[65] Yet living.
+
+[66] One of the Judges of the Court of Appeals of Virginia for fourteen
+years before the war, and president of said court for twelve years after
+the war.
+
+[67] Slaughter's Bristol Parish. Va., 2nd edition.
+
+[68] It is related by the "old folks" that when the ceremony closed the
+minister looked at the groom and said "kiss your bride." The groom, not
+understanding English and imagining it was some figure in the dance,
+innocently took the bride by the hands and merrily waltzed up and down the
+aisle to the amusement of the audience, but to the great mortification of
+the bride.
+
+[69] Some authorities give 1735 as the date of the erection of this
+church.
+
+[70] Great grandfather of Governor John L. Marye.
+
+[71] It has been claimed, and it is probably true, that James Monroe held
+more important public positions in his life than any other one man, either
+before or since his day.
+
+[72] A memorial tablet erected in St. George's church has this
+inscription: "Rev. Edward McGuire, D. D., born in Winchester, Va., July
+26, 1783, died Oct. 8, 1858. During forty-five years the faithful, beloved
+and highly blessed pastor of St. George's church, Fredericksburg. Amiable
+in character, prudent in action, wise in counsel, evangelical in doctrine,
+experimental in preaching, he was a pastor of great influence and success,
+highly esteemed for his sound judgment and consistent conduct during a
+long and useful life."
+
+[73] A memorial slab erected in St. George's church gives this remarkable
+record: "Reuben T. Thom, born 1782, died 1868. He was for 52 years a
+vestryman, and for 45 years senior warden of St. George's church. A father
+in Israel he was respected and beloved by three generations."
+
+[74] From a communication in an old copy of the _Fredericksburg News_,
+furnished by Dr. Horace B. Hall.
+
+[75] In the occupancy of this building we have this coincidence: When the
+members of St. George's church were building their present house, in 1849,
+they occupied the Methodist church, back of the park, which had been
+vacated for the new house on Hanover street. More than thirty years
+afterwards, when Trinity Episcopal church was organized, they occupied the
+Methodist church on Hanover street, the Methodists having moved to their
+new house on George street.
+
+[76] In the Presbyterian church a marble tablet is erected with this
+inscription: "Samuel B. Wilson, first pastor; born March 17, 1783: died
+Aug. 1, 1869. They that be wise shall shine as the firmament, and they
+that turn many to righteousness as the stars forever and ever."
+
+[77] On a memorial tablet erected in the church is this inscription:
+"Thomas Walker Gilmer, pastor, born July 25, 1834, died April 5, 1869. I
+know that my Redeemer liveth."
+
+[78] Historical sketch of Fredericksburg, 1883, by Robert B. Berrey.
+
+[79] A memorial slab in the church is thus inscribed: "In memory of Rev.
+Wm. F. Broaddus, D. D., born April 30, 1801, died Sept. 8, 1876. The
+beloved and faithful pastor of this church 1853 to 1862, through whose
+labors and liberality this house was built. 'He was a good man and full of
+the Holy Ghost and faith, and much people was added to the Lord.'"
+
+[80] In the basement of the church is a memorial tablet inscribed as
+follows: "In memory of Deacon George W. Garnett, the faithful, efficient
+and beloved Superintendent of the Fredericksburg Baptist Sunday School for
+thirty consecutive years, who died July 9, 1876, aged 54 years. 'He was a
+faithful man, and feared God above many.' Erected by the school."
+
+[81] Mrs. V. M. F. prepared this article.
+
+[82] Appleton's Encyclopedia, Volume 9.
+
+[83] Mayor Robert Lewis, a nephew of Washington, delivered the welcome
+address to Lafayette when he visited Fredericksburg in 1824, in which he
+said: "The presence of the friend of Washington excites the tenderest
+emotions and associations among a people, whose town enjoys the
+distinguished honor of having been the residence of the Father of His
+Country during the days of his childhood and youth."--Pamphlet of
+Reception of Lafayette at Fredericksburg, page 4.
+
+"At this place, sir, which calls to our recollection several among the
+most honored names of the Revolutionary war, I did, many years ago, salute
+the first residence of our paternal chief, received the blessing of his
+venerated mother, and of his dear sister, your own respected
+parent."--Extract of General Lafayette's reply to the above.
+
+"The city of Fredericksburg--first residence of Washington--may she more
+and more attain all the prosperity which independence, republicanism and
+industry cannot fail to procure." Sentiment offered by Lafayette at a
+banquet on the above occasion.
+
+[84] Manly's Southern Literature.
+
+[85] A son of Jonathan Clarke, who lived at Newmarket, in Spotsylvania
+county, and afterwards moved to Fredericksburg. For many years he was
+clerk of the county court of Spotsylvania. George Rodgers Clarke is said
+to have been born while his father lived at Newmarket.--A letter from a
+descendant.
+
+[86] Jones's U. S. History.
+
+[87] Capt. Wm. Clarke was a Fredericksburg man. He was a son of Jonathan
+Clarke, of Fredericksburg, who was clerk of Spotsylvania county court. He
+was, therefore, a brother of General Geo. Rodgers Clarke, who conquered
+the great northwest territory.--A letter from a descendant of Wm. Clarke.
+See also Maury's History of Virginia, page 158.
+
+[88] Jones's U. S. History.
+
+[89] General D. H. Maury's History of Va.
+
+[90] Pointed out to the author by Mrs. Ann Maury, his widow.
+
+[91] Paper prepared by Mrs. J. T. G.
+
+[92] Paper prepared by Miss R. C. M.
+
+[93] Paper prepared by Miss K. J. M.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41597 ***