diff options
Diffstat (limited to '41572-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 41572-h/41572-h.html | 39319 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 41572-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 0 -> 55970 bytes |
2 files changed, 39319 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/41572-h/41572-h.html b/41572-h/41572-h.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..746ea63 --- /dev/null +++ b/41572-h/41572-h.html @@ -0,0 +1,39319 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> +<head> + <meta name="generator" content= + "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 25 March 2009), see www.w3.org" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> + <meta name="DC.Creator" content="James George Frazer" /> + <meta name="DC.Title" content= + "The Golden Bough (Third Edition, Vol. 4 of 12)" /> + <meta name="DC.Date" content="December 6, 2012" /> + <meta name="DC.Language" content="English" /> + <meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Project Gutenberg" /> + <meta name="DC.Identifier" content= + "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/41572" /> + <meta name="DC.Rights" content="This text is in the public domain." /> + + <title>The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Golden Bough (Third Edition, Vol. + 4 of 12) by James George Frazer</title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[*/ + /* + The Gnutenberg Press - default CSS2 stylesheet + + Any generated element will have a class "tei" and a class "tei-elem" + where elem is the element name in TEI. + The order of statements is important !!! + */ + + .tei { margin: 0; padding: 0; + font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal } + + .block { display: block; } + .inline { display: inline; } + .floatleft { float: left; margin: 1em 2em 1em 0; } + .floatright { float: right; margin: 1em 0 1em 2em; } + .shaded { margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + padding: 1em; background-color: #eee; } + .boxed { margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + padding: 1em; border: 1px solid black; } + + body.tei { margin: 4ex 10%; text-align: justify } + div.tei { margin: 2em 0em } + p.tei { margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; text-indent: 0em; } + blockquote.tei { margin: 2em 4em } + + div.tei-lg { margin: 1em 0em; } + div.tei-l { margin: 0em; text-align: left; } + div.tei-tb { text-align: center; } + div.tei-epigraph { margin: 0em 0em 1em 10em; } + div.tei-dateline { margin: 1ex 0em; text-align: right } + div.tei-salute { margin: 1ex 0em; } + div.tei-signed { margin: 1ex 0em; text-align: right } + div.tei-byline { margin: 1ex 0em; } + + /* calculate from size of body = 80% */ + div.tei-marginnote { margin: 0em 0em 0em -12%; width: 11%; float: left; } + + div.tei-sp { margin: 1em 0em 1em 2em } + div.tei-speaker { margin: 0em 0em 1em -2em; + font-weight: bold; text-indent: 0em } + div.tei-stage { margin: 1em 0em; font-weight: normal; font-style: italic } + span.tei-stage { font-weight: normal; font-style: italic } + + div.tei-eg { padding: 1em; + color: black; background-color: #eee } + + hr.doublepage { margin: 4em 0em; height: 5px; } + hr.page { margin: 4em 0em; height: 2px; } + + ul.tei-index { list-style-type: none } + + dl.tei { margin: 1em 0em } + + dt.tei-notelabel { font-weight: normal; text-align: right; + float: left; width: 3em } + dd.tei-notetext { margin: 0em 0em 1ex 4em } + + span.tei-pb { position: absolute; left: 1%; width: 8%; + font-style: normal; } + + span.code { font-family: monospace; font-size: 110%; } + + ul.tei-castlist { margin: 0em; list-style-type: none } + li.tei-castitem { margin: 0em; } + table.tei-castgroup { margin: 0em; } + ul.tei-castgroup { margin: 0em; list-style-type: none; + padding-right: 2em; border-right: solid black 2px; } + caption.tei-castgroup-head { caption-side: right; width: 50%; text-align: left; + vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 2em; } + *.tei-roledesc { font-style: italic } + *.tei-set { font-style: italic } + + table.rules { border-collapse: collapse; } + table.rules caption, + table.rules th, + table.rules td { border: 1px solid black; } + + table.tei { border-collapse: collapse; } + table.tei-list { width: 100% } + + th.tei-head-table { padding: 0.5ex 1em } + + th.tei-cell { padding: 0em 1em } + td.tei-cell { padding: 0em 1em } + + td.tei-item { padding: 0; font-weight: normal; + vertical-align: top; text-align: left; } + th.tei-label, + td.tei-label { width: 3em; padding: 0; font-weight: normal; + vertical-align: top; text-align: right; } + + th.tei-label-gloss, + td.tei-label-gloss { text-align: left } + + td.tei-item-gloss, + th.tei-headItem-gloss { padding-left: 4em; } + + img.tei-formula { vertical-align: middle; } + + /*]]>*/ + </style> +</head> + +<body class="tei"> + <div lang="en" class="tei tei-text" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em" xml:lang="en"> + <div class="tei tei-front" style= + "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgheader" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em">The Project + Gutenberg EBook of The Golden Bough (Third Edition, Vol. 4 of 12) + by James George Frazer</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This eBook is + for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no + restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use + it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License <a href= + "#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this eBook</a> or + online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p> + </div> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +Title: The Golden Bough (Third Edition, Vol. 4 of 12) + +Author: James George Frazer + +Release Date: December 6, 2012 [Ebook #41572] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GOLDEN BOUGH (THIRD EDITION, VOL. 4 OF 12)*** +</pre> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"></div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">The Golden Bough</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">A Study in Magic and Religion</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">By</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">James George Frazer, D.C.L., LL.D., + Litt.D.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Fellow of Trinity + College, Cambridge</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Professor of Social + Anthropology in the University of Liverpool</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style= + "font-size: 120%">Third Edition.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style= + "font-size: 120%">Vol. IV.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style= + "font-size: 120%">Part III</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style= + "font-size: 120%">The Dying God</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">New York and London</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">MacMillan and Co.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">1911</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1> + + <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"> + <li><a href="#toc1">Preface.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc3">Chapter I. The Mortality Of The Gods.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc5">Chapter II. The Killing Of The Divine + King.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc7">§ 1. Preference for a + Violent Death.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc9">§ 2. Kings killed when + their Strength fails.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc11">§ 3. Kings killed at + the End of a Fixed Term.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc13">§ 4. Octennial Tenure + of the Kingship.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc15">§ 5. Funeral + Games.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc17">§ 6. The Slaughter of + the Dragon.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc19">§ 7. Triennial Tenure + of the Kingship.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc21">§ 8. Annual Tenure of + the Kingship.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc23">§ 9. Diurnal Tenure + of the Kingship.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc25">Chapter III. The Slaying Of The King In + Legend.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc27">Chapter IV. The Supply Of Kings.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc29">Chapter V. Temporary Kings.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc31">Chapter VI. Sacrifice Of The King's + Son.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc33">Chapter VII. Succession To The Soul.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc35">Chapter VIII. The Killing Of The + Tree-Spirit.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc37">§ 1. The Whitsuntide + Mummers.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc39">§ 2. Mock Human + Sacrifices.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc41">§ 3. Burying the + Carnival.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc43">§ 4. Carrying out + Death.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc45">§ 5. Sawing the Old + Woman.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc47">§ 6. Bringing in + Summer.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc49">§ 7. Battle of Summer + and Winter.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc51">§ 8. Death and + Resurrection of Kostrubonko.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc53">§ 9. Death and + Revival of Vegetation.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc55">§ 10. Analogous Rites + in India.</a></li> + + <li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc57">§ 11. The Magic + Spring.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc59">Note A. Chinese Indifference To + Death.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc61">Note B. Swinging As A Magical Rite.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc63">Addenda.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc65">Index.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc67">Footnotes</a></li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-body" style= + "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-figure" style="width: 40%; text-align: center"> + <img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Cover Art" /></div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">[Transcriber's + Note: The above cover image was produced by the submitter at + Distributed Proofreaders, and is being placed into the public + domain.]</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagev">[pg v]</span><a name="Pgv" + id="Pgv" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a> <a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Preface.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With this third + part of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Golden Bough</span></span> we take up the question, Why had the King + of the Wood at Nemi regularly to perish by the hand of his successor? + In the first part of the work I gave some reasons for thinking that + the priest of Diana, who bore the title of King of the Wood beside + the still lake among the Alban Hills, personated the great god + Jupiter or his duplicate Dianus, the deity of the oak, the thunder, + and the sky. On this theory, accordingly, we are at once confronted + with the wider and deeper question, Why put a man-god or human + representative of deity to a violent death? Why extinguish the divine + light in its earthly vessel instead of husbanding it to its natural + close? My general answer to that question is contained in the present + volume. If I am right, the motive for slaying a man-god is a fear + lest with the enfeeblement of his body in sickness or old age his + sacred spirit should suffer a corresponding decay, which might + imperil the general course of nature and with it the existence of his + worshippers, who believe the cosmic energies to be mysteriously knit + up with those of their human divinity. Hence, if there is any measure + of truth in this theory, the practice of putting divine men and + particularly divine kings to death, which seems to have been common + at a particular stage in the evolution of society and religion, was a + crude but pathetic attempt to disengage an immortal spirit from its + mortal envelope, to arrest the forces of decomposition in nature by + retrenching <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagevi">[pg + vi]</span><a name="Pgvi" id="Pgvi" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> with + ruthless hand the first ominous symptoms of decay. We may smile if we + please at the vanity of these and the like efforts to stay the + inevitable decline, to bring the relentless revolution of the great + wheel to a stand, to keep youth's fleeting roses for ever fresh and + fair; but perhaps in spite of every disillusionment, when we + contemplate the seemingly endless vistas of knowledge which have been + opened up even within our own generation, many of us may cherish in + our heart of hearts a fancy, if not a hope, that some loophole of + escape may after all be discovered from the iron walls of the + prison-house which threaten to close on and crush us; that, groping + about in the darkness, mankind may yet chance to lay hands on + <span class="tei tei-q">“that golden key that opes the palace of + eternity,”</span> and so to pass from this world of shadows and + sorrow to a world of untroubled light and joy. If this is a dream, it + is surely a happy and innocent one, and to those who would wake us + from it we may murmur with Michael Angelo,</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Però non mi destar, deh! parla + basso.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">J. G. FRAZER.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Cambridge</span></span>,<br /> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">11th June + 1911</span></span>.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page001">[pg 001]</span><a name= + "Pg001" id="Pg001" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a> <a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter I. The Mortality Of The + Gods.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Mortality of savage gods, Greek + gods.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At an early stage + of his intellectual development man deems himself naturally immortal, + and imagines that were it not for the baleful arts of sorcerers, who + cut the vital thread prematurely short, he would live for ever. The + illusion, so flattering to human wishes and hopes, is still current + among many savage tribes at the present day,<a id="noteref_1" name= + "noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> and + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page002">[pg 002]</span><a name="Pg002" + id="Pg002" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> it may be supposed to have + prevailed universally in that Age of Magic which appears to have + everywhere preceded the Age of Religion. But in time the sad truth of + human mortality was borne in upon our primitive philosopher with a + force of demonstration which no prejudice could resist and no + sophistry dissemble. Among the manifold influences which combined to + wring from him a reluctant assent to the necessity of death must be + numbered the growing influence of religion, which by exposing the + vanity of magic and of all the extravagant pretensions built on it + gradually lowered man's proud and defiant attitude towards nature, + and taught him to believe that there are mysteries in the universe + which his feeble intellect can never fathom, and forces which his + puny hands can never control. Thus more and more he learned to bow to + the inevitable and to console himself for the brevity and the sorrows + of life on earth by the hope of a blissful eternity hereafter. But if + he reluctantly acknowledged the existence of beings at once + superhuman and supernatural, he was as yet far from suspecting the + width and the depth of the gulf which divided him from them. The gods + with whom his imagination now peopled the darkness of the unknown + were indeed admitted by him to be his superiors in knowledge and in + power, in the joyous splendour of their life and in the length of its + duration. But, though he knew it not, these glorious and awful beings + were merely, like the spectre of the Brocken, the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page003">[pg 003]</span><a name="Pg003" id="Pg003" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> reflections of his own diminutive + personality exaggerated into gigantic proportions by distance and by + the mists and clouds upon which they were cast. Man in fact created + gods in his own likeness and being himself mortal he naturally + supposed his creatures to be in the same sad predicament. Thus the + Greenlanders believed that a wind could kill their most powerful god, + and that he would certainly die if he touched a dog. When they heard + of the Christian God, they kept asking if he never died, and being + informed that he did not, they were much surprised, and said that he + must be a very great god indeed.<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" + href="#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a> In answer + to the enquiries of Colonel Dodge, a North American Indian stated + that the world was made by the Great Spirit. Being asked which Great + Spirit he meant, the good one or the bad one, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Oh, neither of <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">them</span></em>”</span> replied he, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the Great Spirit that made the world is dead + long ago. He could not possibly have lived as long as + this.”</span><a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href= + "#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a> A tribe + in the Philippine Islands told the Spanish conquerors that the grave + of the Creator was upon the top of Mount Cabunian.<a id="noteref_4" + name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> + Heitsi-eibib, a god or divine hero of the Hottentots, died several + times and came to life again. His graves are generally to be met with + in narrow defiles between mountains. When the Hottentots pass one of + them, they throw a stone on it for good luck, sometimes muttering + <span class="tei tei-q">“Give us plenty of cattle.”</span><a id= + "noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> The grave + of Zeus, the great god of Greece, was shewn to visitors in Crete as + late as about the beginning of our era.<a id="noteref_6" name= + "noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a> The body + of Dionysus was buried at Delphi beside the golden statue of Apollo, + and his tomb bore the inscription, <span class="tei tei-q">“Here lies + Dionysus dead, the son of Semele.”</span><a id="noteref_7" name= + "noteref_7" href="#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page004">[pg 004]</span><a name="Pg004" + id="Pg004" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> According to one account, + Apollo himself was buried at Delphi; for Pythagoras is said to have + carved an inscription on his tomb, setting forth how the god had been + killed by the python and buried under the tripod.<a id="noteref_8" + name="noteref_8" href="#note_8"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> The + ancient god Cronus was buried in Sicily,<a id="noteref_9" name= + "noteref_9" href="#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a> and the + graves of Hermes, Aphrodite, and Ares were shewn in Hermopolis, + Cyprus, and Thrace.<a id="noteref_10" name="noteref_10" href= + "#note_10"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Mortality of Egyptian gods.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The great gods of + Egypt themselves were not exempt from the common lot. They too grew + old and died. For like men they were composed of body and soul, and + like men were subject to all the passions and infirmities of the + flesh. Their bodies, it is true, were fashioned of more ethereal + mould, and lasted longer than ours, but they could not hold out for + ever against the siege of time. Age converted their bones into + silver, their flesh into gold, and their azure locks into + lapis-lazuli. When their time came, they passed away from the + cheerful world of the living to reign as dead gods over dead men in + the melancholy world beyond the grave. Even their souls, like those + of mankind, could only endure after death so long as their bodies + held together; and hence it was as needful to preserve the corpses of + the gods as the corpses of common folk, lest with the divine body the + divine spirit should also come to an untimely end. At first their + remains were laid to rest under the desert sands of the mountains, + that the dryness of the soil and the purity of the air might protect + them from putrefaction and decay. Hence one of the oldest titles of + the Egyptian gods is <span class="tei tei-q">“they who are under the + sands.”</span> But when at a later time the discovery of the art of + embalming gave a new lease of life to the souls of the dead by + preserving their bodies for an indefinite time from corruption, the + deities were permitted to share the benefit of an invention which + held out to gods as well as to men a reasonable hope of immortality. + Every province then had the tomb and mummy of its dead god. The mummy + of Osiris was to be seen at Mendes; Thinis boasted of the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page005">[pg 005]</span><a name="Pg005" + id="Pg005" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> mummy of Anhouri; and + Heliopolis rejoiced in the possession of that of Toumou.<a id= + "noteref_11" name="noteref_11" href="#note_11"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a> But + while their bodies lay swathed and bandaged here on earth in the + tomb, their souls, if we may trust the Egyptian priests, shone as + bright stars in the firmament. The soul of Isis sparkled in Sirius, + the soul of Horus in Orion, and the soul of Typhon in the Great + Bear.<a id="noteref_12" name="noteref_12" href= + "#note_12"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a> But the + death of the god did not involve the extinction of his sacred stock; + for he commonly had by his wife a son and heir, who on the demise of + his divine parent succeeded to the full rank, power, and honours of + the godhead.<a id="noteref_13" name="noteref_13" href= + "#note_13"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">13</span></span></a> The high + gods <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page006">[pg 006]</span><a name= + "Pg006" id="Pg006" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of Babylon also, + though they appeared to their worshippers only in dreams and visions, + were conceived to be human in their bodily shape, human in their + passions, and human in their fate; for like men they were born into + the world, and like men they loved and fought and died.<a id= + "noteref_14" name="noteref_14" href="#note_14"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">14</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The death of the Great Pan. Death of + the King of the Jinn. Death of the Grape-cluster.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the most + famous stories of the death of a god is told by Plutarch. It runs + thus. In the reign of the emperor Tiberius a certain schoolmaster + named Epitherses was sailing from Greece to Italy. The ship in which + he had taken his passage was a merchantman and there were many other + passengers on board. At evening, when they were off the Echinadian + Islands, the wind died away, and the vessel drifted close in to the + island of Paxos. Most of the passengers were awake and many were + still drinking wine after dinner, when suddenly a voice hailed the + ship from the island, calling upon Thamus. The crew and passengers + were taken by surprise, for though there was an Egyptian pilot named + Thamus on board, few knew him even by name. Twice the cry was + repeated, but Thamus kept silence. However, at the third call he + answered, and the voice from the shore, now louder than ever, said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“When you are come to Palodes, announce that + the Great Pan is dead.”</span> Astonishment fell upon all, and they + consulted whether it would be better to do the bidding of the voice + or not. At last Thamus resolved that, if the wind held, he would pass + the place in silence, but if it dropped when they were off Palodes he + would give the message. Well, when they were come to Palodes, there + was a great calm; so Thamus standing in the stern and looking towards + the land cried out, as he had been bidden, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Great Pan is dead.”</span> The words had hardly + passed his lips when a loud sound of lamentation broke on their ears, + as if a multitude were <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page007">[pg + 007]</span><a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + mourning. This strange story, vouched for by many on board, soon got + wind at Rome, and Thamus was sent for and questioned by the emperor + Tiberius himself, who caused enquiries to be made about the dead + god.<a id="noteref_15" name="noteref_15" href="#note_15"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">15</span></span></a> In + modern times, also, the annunciation of the death of the Great Pan + has been much discussed and various explanations of it have been + suggested. On the whole the simplest and most natural would seem to + be that the deity whose sad end was thus mysteriously proclaimed and + lamented was the Syrian god Tammuz or Adonis, whose death is known to + have been annually bewailed by his followers both in Greece and in + his native Syria. At Athens the solemnity fell at midsummer, and + there is no improbability in the view that in a Greek island a band + of worshippers of Tammuz should have been celebrating the death of + their god with the customary passionate demonstrations of sorrow at + the very time when a ship lay becalmed off the shore, and that in the + stillness of the summer night the voices of lamentation should have + been wafted with startling distinctness across the water and should + have made on the minds of the listening passengers a deep and lasting + impression.<a id="noteref_16" name="noteref_16" href= + "#note_16"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">16</span></span></a> However + that may be, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page008">[pg + 008]</span><a name="Pg008" id="Pg008" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + stories of the same kind found currency in western Asia down to the + Middle Ages. An Arab writer relates that in the year 1063 or 1064 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>, in the reign of the + caliph Caiem, a rumour went abroad through Bagdad, which soon spread + all over the province of Irac, that some Turks out hunting in the + desert had seen a black tent, where many men and women were beating + their faces and uttering loud cries, as it is the custom to do in the + East when some one is dead. And among the cries they distinguished + these words, <span class="tei tei-q">“The great King of the Jinn is + dead, woe to this country!”</span> In consequence of this a + mysterious threat was circulated from Armenia to Chuzistan that every + town which did not lament the dead King of the Jinn should utterly + perish. Again, in the year 1203 or 1204 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> a fatal disease, which + attacked the throat, raged in parts of Mosul and Irac, and it was + divulged that a woman of the Jinn called Umm 'Uncūd or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Mother of the Grape-cluster”</span> had lost her son, + and that all who did not lament for him would fall victims to the + epidemic. So men and women sought to save themselves from death by + assembling and beating their faces, while they cried out in a + lamentable voice, <span class="tei tei-q">“O mother of the + Grape-cluster, excuse us; the Grape-cluster is dead; we knew it + not.”</span><a id="noteref_17" name="noteref_17" href= + "#note_17"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">17</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page009">[pg 009]</span><a name= + "Pg009" id="Pg009" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a> <a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter II. The Killing Of The Divine + King.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a> <a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 1. Preference for a Violent + Death.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Human gods are killed to prevent + them from growing old and feeble.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If the high + gods, who dwell remote from the fret and fever of this earthly + life, are yet believed to die at last, it is not to be expected + that a god who lodges in a frail tabernacle of flesh should escape + the same fate, though we hear of African kings who have imagined + themselves immortal by virtue of their sorceries.<a id="noteref_18" + name="noteref_18" href="#note_18"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">18</span></span></a> Now + primitive peoples, as we have seen,<a id="noteref_19" name= + "noteref_19" href="#note_19"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">19</span></span></a> + sometimes believe that their safety and even that of the world is + bound up with the life of one of these god-men or human + incarnations of the divinity. Naturally, therefore, they take the + utmost care of his life, out of a regard for their own. But no + amount of care and precaution will prevent the man-god from growing + old and feeble and at last dying. His worshippers have to lay their + account with this sad necessity and to meet it as best they can. + The danger is a formidable one; for if the course of nature is + dependent on the man-god's life, what catastrophes may not be + expected from the gradual enfeeblement of his powers and their + final extinction in death? There is only one way of averting these + dangers. The man-god must be killed as soon as he shews symptoms + that his powers are beginning to fail, and his soul must be + transferred to a vigorous successor before it has been seriously + impaired by the threatened decay. The advantages of thus + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page010">[pg 010]</span><a name= + "Pg010" id="Pg010" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> putting the man-god + to death instead of allowing him to die of old age and disease are, + to the savage, obvious enough. For if the man-god dies what we call + a natural death, it means, according to the savage, that his soul + has either voluntarily departed from his body and refuses to + return, or more commonly that it has been extracted, or at least + detained in its wanderings, by a demon or sorcerer.<a id= + "noteref_20" name="noteref_20" href="#note_20"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">20</span></span></a> In any + of these cases the soul of the man-god is lost to his worshippers; + and with it their prosperity is gone and their very existence + endangered. Even if they could arrange to catch the soul of the + dying god as it left his lips or his nostrils and so transfer it to + a successor, this would not effect their purpose; for, dying of + disease, his soul would necessarily leave his body in the last + stage of weakness and exhaustion, and so enfeebled it would + continue to drag out a languid, inert existence in any body to + which it might be transferred. Whereas by slaying him his + worshippers could, in the first place, make sure of catching his + soul as it escaped and transferring it to a suitable successor; + and, in the second place, by putting him to death before his + natural force was abated, they would secure that the world should + not fall into decay with the decay of the man-god. Every purpose, + therefore, was answered, and all dangers averted by thus killing + the man-god and transferring his soul, while yet at its prime, to a + vigorous successor.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Preference for a violent death: + the sick and old killed.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some of the + reasons for preferring a violent death to the slow death of old age + or disease are obviously as applicable to common men as to the + man-god. Thus the Mangaians think that <span class="tei tei-q">“the + spirits of those who die a natural death are excessively feeble and + weak, as their bodies were at dissolution; whereas the spirits of + those who are slain in battle are strong and vigorous, their bodies + not having been reduced by disease.”</span><a id="noteref_21" name= + "noteref_21" href="#note_21"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">21</span></span></a> The + Barongo believe that in the world beyond the grave the spirits of + their dead ancestors appear with the exact form and lineaments + which their bodies exhibited at the moment of death; the spirits + are young or old according as their bodies were young or old when + they died; there <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page011">[pg + 011]</span><a name="Pg011" id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + are baby spirits who crawl about on all fours.<a id="noteref_22" + name="noteref_22" href="#note_22"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">22</span></span></a> The + Lengua Indians of the Gran Chaco are persuaded that the souls of + the departed correspond exactly in form and characteristics to the + bodies which they quitted at death; thus a tall man is tall, a + short man is short, and a deformed man is deformed in the + spirit-land, and the disembodied soul of a child remains a child, + it never develops into an adult. Hence they burn the body of a + murderer and scatter the ashes to the winds, thinking that this + treatment will prevent his spirit from assuming human shape in the + other world.<a id="noteref_23" name="noteref_23" href= + "#note_23"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">23</span></span></a> So, + too, the Naga tribes of Manipur hold that the ghost of a dead man + is an exact image of the deceased as he was at the moment of death, + with his scars, tattoo marks, mutilations, and all the rest.<a id= + "noteref_24" name="noteref_24" href="#note_24"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">24</span></span></a> The + Baganda think that the ghosts of men who were mutilated in life are + mutilated in like manner after death; so to avoid that shame they + will rather die with all their limbs than lose one by amputation + and live.<a id="noteref_25" name="noteref_25" href= + "#note_25"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">25</span></span></a> Hence, + men sometimes prefer to kill themselves or to be killed before they + grow feeble, in order that in the future life their souls may start + fresh and vigorous as they left their bodies, instead of decrepit + and worn out with age and disease. Thus in Fiji, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“self-immolation is by no means rare, and they believe + that as they leave this life, so they will remain ever after. This + forms a powerful motive to escape from decrepitude, or from a + crippled condition, by a voluntary death.”</span><a id="noteref_26" + name="noteref_26" href="#note_26"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">26</span></span></a> Or, as + another observer of the Fijians puts it more fully, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the custom of voluntary suicide on the part of the old + men, which is among their most extraordinary usages, is also + connected with their superstitions respecting a future life. They + believe that persons enter upon the delights of their elysium with + the same faculties, mental and physical, that they possess at the + hour of death, in short, that the spiritual life commences where + the corporeal existence terminates. With these views, it is natural + that they should desire to pass through this change before their + mental and bodily powers are so enfeebled <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page012">[pg 012]</span><a name="Pg012" id="Pg012" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> by age as to deprive them of their capacity + for enjoyment. To this motive must be added the contempt which + attaches to physical weakness among a nation of warriors, and the + wrongs and insults which await those who are no longer able to + protect themselves. When therefore a man finds his strength + declining with the advance of age, and feels that he will soon be + unequal to discharge the duties of this life, and to partake in the + pleasures of that which is to come, he calls together his + relations, and tells them that he is now worn out and useless, that + he sees they are all ashamed of him, and that he has determined to + be buried.”</span> So on a day appointed they used to meet and bury + him alive.<a id="noteref_27" name="noteref_27" href= + "#note_27"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">27</span></span></a> In + Vaté, one of the New Hebrides, the aged were buried alive at their + own request. It was considered a disgrace to the family of an old + chief if he was not buried alive.<a id="noteref_28" name= + "noteref_28" href="#note_28"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">28</span></span></a> Of the + Kamants, a Jewish tribe in Abyssinia, it is reported that + <span class="tei tei-q">“they never let a person die a natural + death, but that if any of their relatives is nearly expiring, the + priest of the village is called to cut his throat; if this be + omitted, they believe that the departed soul has not entered the + mansions of the blessed.”</span><a id="noteref_29" name= + "noteref_29" href="#note_29"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">29</span></span></a> The + old Greek philosopher Heraclitus thought that the souls of those + who die in battle are purer than the souls of those who die of + disease.<a id="noteref_30" name="noteref_30" href= + "#note_30"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">30</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Preference for a violent death: + the sick and aged killed.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the + Chiriguanos, a tribe of South American Indians on the river + Pilcomayo, when a man was at the point of death his nearest + relative used to break his spine by a blow of an axe, for they + thought that to die a natural death was the greatest misfortune + that could befall a man.<a id="noteref_31" name="noteref_31" href= + "#note_31"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">31</span></span></a> + Whenever a Payagua Indian of Paraguay, or a Guayana of + south-eastern Brazil, grew weary of life, a feast was made, and + amid the revelry and dancing the man was gummed and feathered with + the plumage of many-coloured birds. A huge jar had been previously + fixed in the ground to be <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page013">[pg + 013]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + ready for him; in this he was placed, the mouth of the jar was + covered with a heavy lid of baked clay, the earth was heaped over + it, and thus <span class="tei tei-q">“he went to his doom more + joyful and gladsome than to his first nuptials.”</span><a id= + "noteref_32" name="noteref_32" href="#note_32"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">32</span></span></a> Among + the Koryaks of north-eastern Asia, when a man felt that his last + hour was come, superstition formerly required that he should either + kill himself or be killed by a friend, in order that he might + escape the Evil One and deliver himself up to the Good God.<a id= + "noteref_33" name="noteref_33" href="#note_33"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">33</span></span></a> + Similarly among the Chukchees of the same region, when a man's + strength fails and he is tired of life, he requests his son or + other near relation to despatch him, indicating the manner of death + he prefers to die. So, on a day appointed, his friends and + neighbours assemble, and in their presence he is stabbed, + strangled, or otherwise disposed of according to his + directions.<a id="noteref_34" name="noteref_34" href= + "#note_34"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">34</span></span></a> The + turbulent Angamis are the most warlike and bloodthirsty of the wild + head-hunting tribes in the valley of the Brahmapootra. Among them, + when a warrior dies a natural death, his nearest male relative + takes a spear and wounds the corpse by a blow on the head, in order + that the man may be received with honour in the other world as one + who has died in battle.<a id="noteref_35" name="noteref_35" href= + "#note_35"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">35</span></span></a> The + heathen Norsemen believed that only those who fell fighting were + received by Odin in Valhalla; hence it appears <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page014">[pg 014]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to have been customary to wound the + dying with a spear, in order to secure their admission to the happy + land. The custom may have been a mitigation of a still older + practice of slaughtering the sick.<a id="noteref_36" name= + "noteref_36" href="#note_36"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">36</span></span></a> We + know from Procopius that among the Heruli, a Teutonic tribe, the + sick and old were regularly slain at their own request and then + burned on a pyre.<a id="noteref_37" name="noteref_37" href= + "#note_37"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">37</span></span></a> The + Wends used to kill their aged parents and other kinsfolk, and + having killed them they boiled and ate their bodies; and the old + folks preferred to die thus rather than to drag out a weary life of + weakness and decrepitude.<a id="noteref_38" name="noteref_38" href= + "#note_38"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">38</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a> <a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 2. Kings killed when their Strength + fails.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Divine kings put to death. The + Chitomé of Congo. Ethiopian kings of Meroe.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But it is with + the death of the god-man—the divine king or priest—that we are here + especially concerned. The mystic kings of Fire and Water in + Cambodia are not allowed to die a natural death. Hence when one of + them is seriously ill and the elders think that he cannot recover, + they stab him to death.<a id="noteref_39" name="noteref_39" href= + "#note_39"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">39</span></span></a> The + people of Congo believed, as we have seen,<a id="noteref_40" name= + "noteref_40" href="#note_40"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">40</span></span></a> that + if their pontiff the Chitomé were to die a natural death, the world + would perish, and the earth, which he alone sustained by his power + and merit, would immediately be annihilated. Accordingly when he + fell ill and seemed likely to die, the man who was destined to be + his successor entered the pontiff's house with a rope or a club and + strangled or clubbed him to death.<a id="noteref_41" name= + "noteref_41" href="#note_41"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">41</span></span></a> A + fuller account of this custom is given by an old Italian writer as + follows: <span class="tei tei-q">“Let us pass to the death of the + magicians, who often die a violent death, and that for the most + part voluntarily. I shall speak only of the head of this crew, from + whom his followers take example. He is called Ganga Chitome, being + reputed god of the earth. The first-fruits <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page015">[pg 015]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of all the crops are offered to him as his + due, because they are thought to be produced by his power, and not + by nature at the bidding of the Most High God. This power he boasts + he can impart to others, when and to whom he pleases. He asserts + that his body cannot die a natural death, and therefore when he + knows he is near the end of his days, whether it is brought about + by sickness or age, or whether he is deluded by the demon, he calls + one of his disciples to whom he wishes to communicate his power, in + order that he may succeed him. And having made him tie a noose to + his neck he commands him to strangle him, or to knock him on the + head with a great cudgel and kill him. His disciple obeys and sends + him a martyr to the devil, to suffer torments with Lucifer in the + flames for ever. This tragedy is enacted in public, in order that + his successor may be manifested, who hath the power of fertilising + the earth, the power having been imparted to him by the deceased; + otherwise, so they say, the earth would remain barren, and the + world would perish. Oh too great foolishness and palpable blindness + of the gentiles, to enlighten the eye of whose mind there would be + needed the very hand of Christ whereby he opened the bodily eyes of + him that had been born blind! I know that in my time one of these + magicians was cast into the sea, another into a river, a mother put + to death with her son, and many more seized by our orders and + banished.”</span><a id="noteref_42" name="noteref_42" href= + "#note_42"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">42</span></span></a> The + Ethiopian kings of Meroe were worshipped as gods; but whenever the + priests chose, they sent a messenger to the king, ordering him to + die, and alleging an oracle of the gods as their authority for the + command. This command the kings always obeyed down to the reign of + Ergamenes, a contemporary of Ptolemy II., King of Egypt. Having + received a Greek education which emancipated him from the + superstitions of his countrymen, Ergamenes ventured to disregard + the command of the priests, and, entering the Golden Temple with a + body of soldiers, put the priests to the sword.<a id="noteref_43" + name="noteref_43" href="#note_43"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">43</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page016">[pg 016]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Kings of Fazoql on the Blue + Nile.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Customs of the + same sort appear to have prevailed in this region down to modern + times. Thus we are told that in Fazoql, a district in the valley of + the Blue Nile, to the west of Abyssinia, it was customary, as late + as the middle of the nineteenth century, to hang a king who was no + longer beloved. His relatives and ministers assembled round him, + and announced that as he no longer pleased the men, the women, the + asses, the oxen, and the fowls of the country, it was better he + should die. Once on a time, when a king was unwilling to take the + hint, his own wife and mother urged him so strongly not to disgrace + himself by disregarding the custom, that he submitted to his fate + and was strung up in the usual way. In some tribes of Fazoql the + king had to administer justice daily under a certain tree. If from + sickness or any other cause he was unable to discharge this duty + for three whole days, he was hanged on the tree in a noose, which + contained two razors so arranged that when the noose was drawn + tight by the weight of the king's body they cut his throat.<a id= + "noteref_44" name="noteref_44" href="#note_44"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">44</span></span></a> At + Fazolglou an annual festival, which partook of the nature of a + Saturnalia, was preceded by a formal trial of the king in front of + his house. The judges were the chief men of the country. The king + sat on his royal stool during the trial, surrounded by armed men, + who were ready to carry out a sentence of death. A little way off a + jackal and a dog were tied to a post. The conduct of the king + during his year of office was discussed, complaints were heard, and + if the verdict was unfavourable, the king was executed and his + successor chosen from among the members of his family. But if the + monarch was acquitted, the people at once paid their homage to him + afresh, and the dog or the jackal was killed in his stead. This + custom lasted down to the year 1837 or 1838, when king Yassin was + thus condemned and executed.<a id="noteref_45" name="noteref_45" + href="#note_45"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">45</span></span></a> His + nephew Assusa was <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page017">[pg + 017]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + compelled under threats of death to succeed him in the + office.<a id="noteref_46" name="noteref_46" href= + "#note_46"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">46</span></span></a> + Afterwards it would seem that the death of the dog was regularly + accepted as a substitute for the death of the king. At least this + may be inferred from a later account of the Fazoql practice, which + runs thus: <span class="tei tei-q">“The meaning of another of their + customs is quite obscure. At a certain time of the year they have a + kind of carnival, where every one does what he likes best. Four + ministers of the king then bear him on an anqareb out of his house + to an open space of ground; a dog is fastened by a long cord to one + of the feet of the anqareb. The whole population collects round the + place, streaming in on every side. They then throw darts and stones + at the dog, till he is killed, after which the king is again borne + into his house.”</span><a id="noteref_47" name="noteref_47" href= + "#note_47"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">47</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Shilluk custom of putting divine + kings to death. The Shilluk kings supposed to be reincarnations + of Nyakang, the semi-divine founder of the dynasty. The shrines + of Nyakang.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A custom of + putting their divine kings to death at the first symptoms of + infirmity or old age prevailed until lately, if indeed it is even + now extinct and not merely dormant, among the Shilluk of the White + Nile, and in recent years it has been carefully investigated by Dr. + C. G. Seligmann, to whose researches I am indebted for the + following detailed information on the subject.<a id="noteref_48" + name="noteref_48" href="#note_48"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">48</span></span></a> The + Shilluk are a tribe or nation who inhabit a long narrow fringe of + territory on the western bank of the White Nile from Kaka in the + north to Lake No in the south, as well as a strip on the eastern + bank of the river, which stretches from Fashoda to Taufikia and for + some thirty-five miles up the Sobat River. The country of the + Shilluk is almost entirely in grass, hence the principal wealth of + the people consists in their flocks and herds, but they also grow a + considerable quantity of the species of millet which is known as + durra. But though the Shilluk <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page018">[pg 018]</span><a name="Pg018" id="Pg018" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> are mainly a pastoral people, they are not + nomadic, but live in many settled villages. The tribe at present + numbers about forty thousand souls, and is governed by a single + king (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ret</span></span>), whose residence is at + Fashoda. His subjects take great care of him, and hold him in much + honour. In the old days his word was law and he was not suffered to + go forth to battle. At the present day he still keeps up + considerable state and exercises much authority; his decisions on + all matters brought before him are readily obeyed; and he never + moves without a bodyguard of from twelve to twenty men. The + reverence which the Shilluk pay to their king appears to arise + chiefly from the conviction that he is a reincarnation of the + spirit of Nyakang, the semi-divine hero who founded the dynasty and + settled the tribe in their present territory, to which he is + variously said to have conducted them either from the west or from + the south. Tradition has preserved the pedigree of the kings from + Nyakang to the present day. The number of kings recorded between + Nyakang and the father of the reigning monarch is twenty, + distributed over twelve generations; but Dr. Seligmann is of + opinion that many more must have reigned, and that the genealogy of + the first six or seven kings, as given to him, has been much + abbreviated. There seems to be no reason to doubt the historical + character of all of them, though myths have gathered like clouds + round the persons of Nyakang and his immediate successors. The + Shilluk about Kodok (Fashoda) think of Nyakang as having been a man + in appearance and physical qualities, though unlike his royal + descendants of more recent times he did not die but simply + disappeared. His holiness is manifested especially by his relation + to Jŭok, the great god of the Shilluk, who created man and is + responsible for the order of nature. Jŭok is formless and invisible + and like the air he is everywhere at once. He is far above Nyakang + and men alike, but he is not worshipped directly, and it is only + through the intercession of Nyakang, whose favour the Shilluk + secure by means of sacrifices, that Jŭok can be induced to send the + needed rain for the cattle and the crops.<a id="noteref_49" name= + "noteref_49" href="#note_49"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">49</span></span></a> In his + character <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page019">[pg + 019]</span><a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of rain-giver Nyakang is the great benefactor of the Shilluk. Their + country, baked by the burning heat of the tropical sun, depends + entirely for its fertility on the waters of heaven, for the people + do not resort to artificial irrigation. When the rain falls, then + the grass sprouts, the millet grows, the cattle thrive, and the + people have food to eat. Drought brings famine and death in its + train.<a id="noteref_50" name="noteref_50" href= + "#note_50"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">50</span></span></a> + Nyakang is said not only to have brought the Shilluk into their + present land, but to have made them into a nation of warriors, + divided the country among them, regulated marriage, and made the + laws.<a id="noteref_51" name="noteref_51" href= + "#note_51"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">51</span></span></a> The + religion of the Shilluk at the present time consists mainly of the + worship paid to this semi-divine hero, the traditionary ancestor of + their kings. There seems to be no reason to doubt that the + traditions concerning him are substantially correct; in all + probability he was simply a man whom the superstition of his + fellows in his own and subsequent ages has raised to the rank of a + deity.<a id="noteref_52" name="noteref_52" href= + "#note_52"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">52</span></span></a> No + less than ten shrines are dedicated to his worship; the three most + famous are at Fashoda, Akurwa, and Fenikang. They consist of one or + more huts enclosed by a fence; generally there are several huts + within the enclosure, one or more of them being occupied by the + guardians of the shrine. These guardians are old men, who not only + keep the hallowed spot scrupulously clean, but also act as priests, + killing the sacrificial victims which are brought to the shrine, + sharing their flesh, and taking the skins for themselves. All the + shrines of Nyakang are called graves of Nyakang (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">kengo + Nyakang</span></span>), though it is well known that nobody is + buried there.<a id="noteref_53" name="noteref_53" href= + "#note_53"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">53</span></span></a> Sacred + spears are kept in all of them and are used to slaughter the + victims offered in sacrifice at the shrines. The originals of these + spears are said to have belonged to Nyakang and his companions, but + they have disappeared and been replaced by others.</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page020">[pg 020]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Annual rain-making ceremony + performed at the shrines of Nyakang. Harvest ceremony at the + shrines of Nyakang.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Two great + ceremonies are annually performed at the shrines of Nyakang: one of + them is intended to ensure the fall of rain, the other is + celebrated at harvest. At the rain-making ceremony, which is held + before the rains at the beginning of the month <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">alabor</span></span>, a bullock is slain with + a sacred spear before the door of the shrine, while the king stands + by praying in a loud voice to Nyakang to send down the refreshing + showers on the thirsty land. As much of the blood of the victim as + possible is collected in a gourd and thrown into the river, perhaps + as a rain-charm. This intention of the sacrifice comes out more + plainly in a form of the ritual which is said to be observed at + Ashop. There the sacrificial bullock is speared high up in the + flank, so that the wound is not immediately fatal. Then the wounded + animal is allowed and indeed encouraged to walk to and from the + river before it sinks down and dies. In the blood that streams from + its side on the ground the people may see a symbol of the + looked-for rain.<a id="noteref_54" name="noteref_54" href= + "#note_54"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">54</span></span></a> Care + is taken not to break the bones of the animal, and they, like the + blood, are thrown into the river. At the annual rain-making + ceremony a cow is also dedicated to Nyakang: it is not killed but + added to the sacred herd of the shrine. The other great annual + ceremony observed at the shrines of Nyakang falls at harvest. When + the millet has been reaped, every one brings a portion of the grain + to a shrine of Nyakang, where it is ground into flour, which is + made into porridge with water fetched from the river. Then some of + the porridge is poured out on the threshold of the hut which the + spirit of Nyakang is supposed to inhabit; some of it is smeared on + the outer walls of the building; and some of it is emptied out on + the ground outside. Even before harvest it is customary to bring + some of the ripening grain from the fields and to thrust it into + the thatch of the huts in the shrines, no doubt in order to secure + the blessing of Nyakang on the crops. Sacrifices are also offered + at these shrines for the benefit of sick people. A sufferer will + bring or send a sheep to the nearest sanctuary, where the guardians + will slaughter the animal with a sacred spear and pray for the + patient's recovery.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page021">[pg + 021]</span><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Shilluk kings put to death when + they shew signs of ill-health or failing strength.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is a + fundamental article of the Shilluk creed that the spirit of the + divine or semi-divine Nyakang is incarnate in the reigning king, + who is accordingly himself invested to some extent with the + character of a divinity. But while the Shilluk hold their kings in + high, indeed religious reverence and take every precaution against + their accidental death, nevertheless they cherish <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the conviction that the king must not be allowed to + become ill or senile, lest with his diminishing vigour the cattle + should sicken and fail to bear their increase, the crops should rot + in the fields, and man, stricken with disease, should die in ever + increasing numbers.”</span><a id="noteref_55" name="noteref_55" + href="#note_55"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">55</span></span></a> To + prevent these calamities it used to be the regular custom with the + Shilluk to put the king to death whenever he shewed signs of + ill-health or failing strength. One of the fatal symptoms of decay + was taken to be an incapacity to satisfy the sexual passions of his + wives, of whom he has very many, distributed in a large number of + houses at Fashoda. When this ominous weakness manifested itself, + the wives reported it to the chiefs, who are popularly said to have + intimated to the king his doom by spreading a white cloth over his + face and knees as he lay slumbering in the heat of the sultry + afternoon. Execution soon followed the sentence of death. A hut was + specially built for the occasion: the king was led into it and lay + down with his head resting on the lap of a nubile virgin: the door + of the hut was then walled up; and the couple were left without + food, water, or fire to die of hunger and suffocation. This was the + old custom, but it was abolished some five generations ago on + account of the excessive sufferings of one of the kings who + perished in this way. He survived his companion for some days, and + in the interval was so distressed by the stench of her putrefying + body that he shouted to the people, whom he could hear moving + outside, never again to let a king die in this prolonged and + exquisite agony. After a time his cries died away into silence; + death had released him from his sufferings; but since then the + Shilluk have adopted a quicker and more merciful mode of executing + their kings. What the exact form of execution has been in later + times Dr. Seligmann found it very difficult to ascertain, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page022">[pg 022]</span><a name= + "Pg022" id="Pg022" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> though with regard + to the fact of the execution he tells us that there is not the + least doubt. It is said that the chiefs announce his fate to the + king, and that afterwards he is strangled in a hut which has been + specially built for the occasion.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Shilluk kings formerly liable to + be attacked and killed at any time by rival claimants to the + throne.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From Dr. + Seligmann's enquiries it appears that not only was the Shilluk king + liable to be killed with due ceremony at the first symptoms of + incipient decay, but even while he was yet in the prime of health + and strength he might be attacked at any time by a rival and have + to defend his crown in a combat to the death. According to the + common Shilluk tradition any son of a king had the right thus to + fight the king in possession and, if he succeeded in killing him, + to reign in his stead. As every king had a large harem and many + sons, the number of possible candidates for the throne at any time + may well have been not inconsiderable, and the reigning monarch + must have carried his life in his hand. But the attack on him could + only take place with any prospect of success at night; for during + the day the king surrounded himself with his friends and + bodyguards, and an aspirant to the throne could hardly hope to cut + his way through them and strike home. It was otherwise at night. + For then the guards were dismissed and the king was alone in his + enclosure with his favourite wives, and there was no man near to + defend him except a few herdsmen, whose huts stood a little way + off. The hours of darkness were therefore the season of peril for + the king. It is said that he used to pass them in constant + watchfulness, prowling round his huts fully armed, peering into the + blackest shadows, or himself standing silent and alert, like a + sentinel on duty, in some dark corner. When at last his rival + appeared, the fight would take place in grim silence, broken only + by the clash of spears and shields, for it was a point of honour + with the king not to call the herdsmen to his assistance.<a id= + "noteref_56" name="noteref_56" href="#note_56"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">56</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the king + did not perish in single combat, but was <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page023">[pg 023]</span><a name="Pg023" id="Pg023" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> put to death on the approach of sickness or + old age, it became necessary to find a successor for him. + Apparently the successor was chosen by the most powerful chiefs + from among the princes (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">niăret</span></span>), the sons either of the + late king or of one of his predecessors. Details as to the mode of + election are lacking. So far as Dr. Seligmann could ascertain, the + kings elect shewed no reluctance to accept the fatal sovereignty; + indeed he was told a story of a man who clamoured to be made king + for only one day, saying that he was perfectly ready to be killed + after that. The age at which the king was killed would seem to have + commonly been between forty and fifty.<a id="noteref_57" name= + "noteref_57" href="#note_57"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">57</span></span></a> To the + improvident and unimaginative savage the prospect of being put to + death at the end of a set time, whether long or short, has probably + few terrors; and if it has any, we may suspect that they are + altogether outweighed in his mind by the opportunities for + immediate enjoyment of all kinds which a kingdom affords to his + unbridled appetites and passions.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Ceremonies at the accession of a + Shilluk king.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">An important + part of the solemnities attending the accession of a Shilluk king + appears to be intended to convey to the new monarch the divine + spirit of Nyakang, which has been transmitted from the founder of + the dynasty to all his successors on the throne. For this purpose a + sacred four-legged stool and a mysterious object which bears the + name of Nyakang himself are brought with much solemnity from the + shrine of Nyakang at Akurwa to the small village of Kwom near + Fashoda, where the king elect and the chiefs await their arrival. + The thing called Nyakang is said to be of cylindrical shape, some + two or three feet long by six inches broad. The chief of Akurwa + informed Dr. Seligmann that the object in question is a rude wooden + figure of a man, which was fashioned long ago at the command of + Nyakang in person. We may suppose that it represents the divine + king himself and that it is, or was formerly, supposed to house his + spirit, though the chief of Akurwa denied to Dr. Seligmann that it + does so now. Be that as it may, the object plays a prominent part + at the installation of a new <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page024">[pg 024]</span><a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> king. When the men of Akurwa arrive at Kwom + with the sacred stool and the image of Nyakang, as we may call it, + they engage in a sham fight with the men who are waiting for them + with the king elect. The weapons used on both sides are simply + stalks of millet. Being victorious in the mock combat, the men of + Akurwa escort the king to Fashoda, and some of them enter the + shrine of Nyakang with the stool. After a short time they bring the + stool forth again and set it on the ground outside of the sacred + enclosure. Then the image of Nyakang is placed on the stool; the + king elect holds one leg of the stool and an important chief holds + another. The king is surrounded by a crowd of princes and nobles, + and near him stand two of his paternal aunts and two of his + sisters. After that a bullock is killed and its flesh eaten by the + men of certain families called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ororo</span></span>, who are said to be + descended from the third of the Shilluk kings. Then the Akurwa men + carry the image of Nyakang into the shrine, and the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ororo</span></span> men place the king elect + on the sacred stool, where he remains seated for some time, + apparently till sunset. When he rises, the Akurwa men carry the + stool back into the shrine, and the king is escorted to three new + huts, where he stays in seclusion for three days. On the fourth + night he is conducted quietly, almost stealthily, to his royal + residence at Fashoda, and next day he shews himself publicly to his + subjects. The three new huts in which he spent the days of his + seclusion are then broken up and their fragments cast into the + river. The installation of a new king generally takes place about + the middle of the dry season; and it is said that the men of Akurwa + tarry at Fashoda with the image of Nyakang till about the beginning + of the rains. Before they leave Fashoda they sacrifice a bullock, + and at every waddy or bed of a stream that they cross they kill a + sheep.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Worship of the dead Shilluk + kings.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Like Nyakang + himself, their founder, each of the Shilluk kings after death is + worshipped at a shrine, which is erected over his grave, and the + grave of a king is always in the village where he was born.<a id= + "noteref_58" name="noteref_58" href="#note_58"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">58</span></span></a> The + tomb-shrine of a king <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page025">[pg + 025]</span><a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + resembles the shrine of Nyakang, consisting of a few huts enclosed + by a fence; one of the huts is built over the king's grave, the + others are occupied by the guardians of the shrine. Indeed the + shrines of Nyakang and the shrines of the kings are scarcely to be + distinguished from each other, and the religious rituals observed + at all of them are identical in form and vary only in matters of + detail, the variations being due apparently to the far greater + sanctity attributed to the shrines of Nyakang. The grave-shrines of + the kings are tended by certain old men or women, who correspond to + the guardians of the shrines of Nyakang. They are usually widows or + old men-servants of the deceased king, and when they die they are + succeeded in their office by their descendants. Moreover, cattle + are dedicated to the grave-shrines of the kings and sacrifices are + offered at them just as at the shrines of Nyakang. Thus when the + millet crop threatens to fail or a murrain to break out among the + cattle, either Nyakang himself or one of his successors on the + throne will appear to somebody in a dream and demand a sacrifice. + The dream is reported to the king, who thereupon at once sends a + cow and a bullock to one or more of the shrines of Nyakang, if it + was he who appeared in the vision, or to the grave-shrine of the + particular king whom the dreamer saw in his dream. The bullock is + then sacrificed and the cow added to the sacred herd belonging to + the shrine. Further, the harvest ceremony which is performed at the + shrines of Nyakang is usually, though not necessarily, performed + also at the grave-shrines of the kings; and, lastly, sick folk send + animals to be sacrificed as offerings on their behalf at the + shrines of the kings just as they send them to the shrines of + Nyakang.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Sick people and others supposed to + be possessed by the spirits of dead Shilluk kings.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sick people + have, indeed, a special reason for sacrificing to the spirits of + the dead kings in the hope of recovery, inasmuch as one of the + commonest causes of sickness, according to the Shilluk, is the + entrance of one of these royal spirits into the body of the + sufferer, whose first care, therefore, is to rid himself as quickly + as possible of his <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page026">[pg + 026]</span><a name="Pg026" id="Pg026" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + august but unwelcome guest. Apparently, however, it is only the + souls of the early kings who manifest themselves in this + disagreeable fashion. Dr. Seligmann met with a woman, for example, + who had been ill and who attributed her illness to the spirit of + Dag, the second of the Shilluk kings, which had taken possession of + her body. But a sacrifice of two sheep had induced the spirit to + quit her, and she wore anklets of beads, with pieces of the ears of + the sheep strung on them, which she thought would effectually guard + her against the danger of being again possessed by the soul of the + dead king. Nor is it only in sickness that the souls of dead kings + are thought to take possession of the bodies of the living. Certain + men and women, who bear the name of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ajuago</span></span>, are believed to be + permanently possessed by the spirit of one or other of the early + kings, and in virtue of this inspiration they profess to heal the + sick and do a brisk trade in amulets. The first symptom of + possession may take the form of illness or of a dream from which + the sleeper awakes trembling and agitated. A long and complicated + ceremony follows to abate the extreme force of the spiritual + manifestations in the new medium, for were these to continue in + their first intensity he would not dare to approach his women. But + whichever of the dead kings may manifest himself to the living, + whether in dreams or in the form of bodily possession, his spirit + is deemed, at least by many of the Shilluk, to be identical with + that of Nyakang; they do not clearly distinguish, if indeed they + distinguish at all, between the divine spirit of the founder of the + dynasty and its later manifestations in all his royal + successors.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The principal element in the + religion of the Shilluk is the worship of their kings. The + kings put to death in order to preserve their divine spirit + from natural decay, which would sympathetically affect the + crops, the cattle, and mankind.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In general the + principal element in the religion of the Shilluk would seem to be + the worship which they pay to their sacred or divine kings, whether + dead or alive. These are believed to be animated by a single divine + spirit, which has been transmitted from the semi-mythical, but + probably in substance historical, founder of the dynasty through + all his successors to the present day. Yet the divine spirit, as + Dr. Seligmann justly observes, is clearly not thought of as + congenital in the members of the royal house; it is only conveyed + to each king on his accession by means of the mysterious object + called Nyakang, in which, as Dr. Seligmann with great <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page027">[pg 027]</span><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> probability conjectures, the holy + spirit of Nyakang may be supposed to reside. Hence, regarding their + kings as incarnate divinities on whom the welfare of men, of + cattle, and of the corn implicitly depends, the Shilluk naturally + pay them the greatest respect and take every care of them; and + however strange it may seem to us, their custom of putting the + divine king to death as soon as he shews signs of ill-health or + failing strength springs directly from their profound veneration + for him and from their anxiety to preserve him, or rather the + divine spirit by which he is animated, in the most perfect state of + efficiency: nay, we may go further and say that their practice of + regicide is the best proof they can give of the high regard in + which they hold their kings. For they believe, as we have seen, + that the king's life or spirit is so sympathetically bound up with + the prosperity of the whole country, that if he fell ill or grew + senile the cattle would sicken and cease to multiply, the crops + would rot in the fields, and men would perish of widespread + disease. Hence, in their opinion, the only way of averting these + calamities is to put the king to death while he is still hale and + hearty, in order that the divine spirit which he has inherited from + his predecessors may be transmitted in turn by him to his successor + while it is still in full vigour and has not yet been impaired by + the weakness of disease and old age. In this connexion the + particular symptom which is commonly said to seal the king's + death-warrant is highly significant; when he can no longer satisfy + the passions of his numerous wives, in other words, when he has + ceased, whether partially or wholly, to be able to reproduce his + kind, it is time for him to die and to make room for a more + vigorous successor. Taken along with the other reasons which are + alleged for putting the king to death, this one suggests that the + fertility of men, of cattle, and of the crops is believed to depend + sympathetically on the generative power of the king, so that the + complete failure of that power in him would involve a corresponding + failure in men, animals, and plants, and would thereby entail at no + distant date the entire extinction of all life, whether human, + animal, or vegetable. No wonder, that with such a danger before + their eyes the Shilluk should be most careful not to let the king + die what we should call a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg + 028]</span><a name="Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + natural death of sickness or old age. It is characteristic of their + attitude towards the death of the kings that they refrain from + speaking of it as death: they do not say that a king has died but + simply that he has <span class="tei tei-q">“gone away”</span> like + his divine ancestors Nyakang and Dag, the two first kings of the + dynasty, both of whom are reported not to have died but to have + disappeared. The similar legends of the mysterious disappearance of + early kings in other lands, for example at Rome and in + Uganda,<a id="noteref_59" name="noteref_59" href= + "#note_59"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">59</span></span></a> may + well point to a similar custom of putting them to death for the + purpose of preserving their life.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Parallel between the Shilluk kings + and the King of the Wood at Nemi.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the whole the + theory and practice of the divine kings of the Shilluk correspond + very nearly to the theory and practice of the priests of Nemi, the + Kings of the Wood, if my view of the latter is correct.<a id= + "noteref_60" name="noteref_60" href="#note_60"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">60</span></span></a> In + both we see a series of divine kings on whose life the fertility of + men, of cattle, and of vegetation is believed to depend, and who + are put to death, whether in single combat or otherwise, in order + that their divine spirit may be transmitted to their successors in + full vigour, uncontaminated by the weakness and decay of sickness + or old age, because any such degeneration on the part of the king + would, in the opinion of his worshippers, entail a corresponding + degeneration on mankind, on cattle, and on the crops. Some points + in this explanation of the custom of putting divine kings to death, + particularly the method of transmitting their divine souls to their + successors, will be dealt with more fully in the sequel. Meantime + we pass to other examples of the general practice.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The Dinka of the Upper + Nile.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Dinka are a + congeries of independent tribes in the valley of the White Nile, + whose territory, lying mostly on the eastern bank of the river and + stretching from the sixth to the twelfth degree of North Latitude, + has been estimated to comprise between sixty and seventy thousand + square miles. They are a tall long-legged people rather slender + than fat, with curly hair and a complexion of the deepest black. + Though ill-fed, they are strong and healthy and in general reach a + great age. The nation embraces a number of independent <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page029">[pg 029]</span><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> tribes, and each tribe is mainly + composed of the owners of cattle; for the Dinka are essentially a + pastoral people, passionately devoted to the care of their numerous + herds of oxen, though they also keep sheep and goats, and the women + cultivate small quantities of millet (durra) and sesame. The tribes + have no political union. Each village forms a separate community, + pasturing its herds together in the same grass-land. With the + change of the seasons the people migrate with their flocks and + herds to and from the banks of the Nile. In summer, when the plains + near the great river are converted into swamps and covered with + clouds of mosquitoes, the herdsmen and their families drive their + beasts to the higher land of the interior, where the animals find + firm ground, abundant fodder, and pools of water at which to slake + their thirst in the fervour of the noonday heat. Here in the + clearings of the forest the community takes up its abode, each + family dwelling by itself in one or more conical huts enclosed by a + strong fence of stakes and thorn-bushes. It is in the patches of + open ground about these dwellings that the women grow their scanty + crops of millet and sesame. The mode of tillage is rude. The stumps + of the trees which have been felled are left standing to a height + of several feet; the ground is hacked by the help of a tool between + a hoe and a spade, and the weeds are uprooted with the hand. Such + as it is, the crop is exposed to the ravages of apes and elephants + by night and of birds by day. The hungry blacks do not always wait + till the corn is ripe, but eat much of it while the ears are still + green. The cattle are kept in separate parks (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">murahs</span></span>) away from the villages. + It is in the season of the summer rains that the Dinka are most + happy and prosperous. Then the cattle find sweet grass, plentiful + water, coolness and shade in the forest; then the people subsist in + comfort on the milk of their flocks and herds, supplementing it + with the millet which they reap and the wild fruits which they + gather in the forest; then they brew the native beer, then they + marry and dance by night under the bright moon of the serene + tropical sky. But in autumn a great change passes over the life of + the community. When October has come, the rains are over, the grass + of the pastures is eaten down or withered, the pools are dry; + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page030">[pg 030]</span><a name= + "Pg030" id="Pg030" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> thirst compels the + whole village, with its lowing herds and bleating flocks, to + migrate to the neighbourhood of the river. Now begins a time of + privation and suffering. There is no grass for the cattle save in + some marshy spots, where the herdsman must fight his rivals in + order to win a meagre supply of fodder for his starveling beasts. + There is no milk for the people, no fruits on the trees, except a + bitter sort of acorns, from which a miserable flour is ground to + stay the pangs of hunger. The lean and famished natives are driven + to fish in the river for the tubers of water-lilies, to grub in the + earth for roots, to boil the leaves of trees, and as a last + resource to drink the blood drawn from the necks of their wretched + cattle. The gaunt appearance of the people at this season fills the + beholder with horror. The herds are decimated by famine, but even + more beasts perish by dysentery and other diseases when the first + rains cause the fresh grass to sprout.<a id="noteref_61" name= + "noteref_61" href="#note_61"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">61</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Dengdit, the Supreme Being of the + Dinka. Totemism of the Dinka.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is no wonder + that the rain, on which the Dinka are so manifestly dependent for + their subsistence, should play a great part in their religion and + superstition. They worship a supreme being whose name of Dengdit + means literally Great Rain.<a id="noteref_62" name="noteref_62" + href="#note_62"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">62</span></span></a> It was + he who created the world and established the present order of + things, and it is he who sends down the rain from the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“rain-place,”</span> his home in the upper regions of + the air. But according to the Niel Dinka this great being was once + incarnate in human form. Born of a woman, who descended from the + sky, he became the ancestor of a clan which has the rain for its + totem; for the recent researches of Dr. C. G. Seligmann have proved + that every Dinka tribe is divided into a number of clans, each of + which <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page031">[pg 031]</span><a name= + "Pg031" id="Pg031" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> reveres as its totem + a species of animals or plants or other natural objects, such as + rain or fire. Animal totems seem to be the commonest; amongst them + are the lion, the elephant, the crocodile, the hippopotamus, the + fox, the hyaena, and a species of small birds called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">amur</span></span>, clouds of which infest the + cornfields and do great damage to the crops. Each clan speaks of + its totemic animal or plant as its ancestor and refrains from + injuring and eating it. Men of the Crocodile clan, for example, + call themselves <span class="tei tei-q">“Brothers of the + Crocodile,”</span> and will neither kill nor eat the animal; indeed + they will not even eat out of any vessel which has held crocodile + flesh. And as they do not injure crocodiles, so they imagine that + their crocodile kinsfolk will not injure them; hence men of this + clan swim freely in the river, even by night, without fear of being + attacked by the dangerous reptiles. And when the totem is a + carnivorous animal, members of the clan may propitiate it by + killing sheep and throwing out the flesh to be devoured by their + animal brethren either on the outskirts of the village or in the + river. Members of the Small Bird (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">amur</span></span>) clan perform ceremonies to + prevent the birds from injuring the crops. The relationship between + a clan and its animal ancestor or totem is commonly explained by a + legend that in the beginning an ancestress gave birth to twins, one + of whom was the totemic animal and the other the human ancestor. + Like most totemic clans, the clans of the Dinka are exogamous, that + is, no man may marry a woman of his own clan. The descent of the + clans is in the paternal line; in other words, every man and woman + belongs to his or her father's clan, not to that of his or her + mother. But the Rain clan of the Niel Dinka has for its ancestor, + as we have seen, the supreme god himself, who deigned to be born of + a woman and to live for a long time among men, ruling over them, + till at last he grew very old and disappeared appropriately, like + Romulus, in a great storm of rain. Shrines erected in his honour + appear to be scattered all over the Dinka country and offerings are + made at them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Rain-makers among the + Dinka.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Perhaps without + being unduly rash we may conjecture that the great god of the + Dinka, who gives them the rain, was indeed, what tradition + represents him as having been, a man among men, in fact a human + rain-maker, whom at his <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page032">[pg + 032]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + death the superstition of his fellows promoted to the rank of a + deity above the clouds. Be that as it may, the human rain-maker + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bain</span></span>) is a very important + personage among the Dinka to this day; indeed the men in authority + whom travellers dub chiefs or sheikhs are in fact the actual or + potential rain-makers of the tribe or community.<a id="noteref_63" + name="noteref_63" href="#note_63"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">63</span></span></a> Each + of them is believed to be animated by the spirit of a great + rain-maker, which has come down to him through a succession of + rain-makers; and in virtue of this inspiration a successful + rain-maker enjoys very great power and is consulted on all + important matters. For example, in the Bor tribe of Dinka at the + present time there is an old but active rain-maker named Biyordit, + who is reputed to have immanent in him a great and powerful spirit + called Lerpiu, and by reason of this reputation he exercises + immense influence over all the Dinka of the Bor and Tain tribes. + While the mighty spirit Lerpiu is supposed to be embodied in the + rain-maker, it is also thought to inhabit a certain hut which + serves as a shrine. In front of the hut stands a post to which are + fastened the horns of many bullocks that have been sacrificed to + Lerpiu; and in the hut is kept a very sacred spear which bears the + name of Lerpiu and is said to have fallen from heaven six + generations ago. As fallen stars are also called Lerpiu, we may + suspect that an intimate connexion is supposed to exist between + meteorites and the spirit which animates the rain-maker; nor would + such a connexion seem unnatural to the savage, who observes that + meteorites and rain alike descend from the sky. In spring, about + the month of April, when the new moon is a few days old, a + sacrifice of bullocks is offered to Lerpiu for the purpose of + inducing him to move Dengdit, the great heavenly rain-maker, to + send down rain on the parched and thirsty earth. Two bullocks are + led twice round the shrine and afterwards tied by the rain-maker to + the post in front of it. Then the drums beat and the people, old + and young, men and women, dance round the shrine and sing, while + the beasts are being sacrificed, <span class="tei tei-q">“Lerpiu, + our ancestor, we have brought you a sacrifice. Be <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page033">[pg 033]</span><a name="Pg033" id="Pg033" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> pleased to cause rain to fall.”</span> + The blood of the bullocks is collected in a gourd, boiled in a pot + on the fire, and eaten by the old and important people of the clan. + The horns of the animals are attached to the post in front of the + shrine.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Dinka rain-makers not allowed to + die a natural death.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In spite, or + rather in virtue, of the high honour in which he is held, no Dinka + rain-maker is allowed to die a natural death of sickness or old + age; for the Dinka believe that if such an untoward event were to + happen, the tribe would suffer from disease and famine, and the + herds would not yield their increase. So when a rain-maker feels + that he is growing old and infirm, he tells his children that he + wishes to die. Among the Agar Dinka a large grave is dug and the + rain-maker lies down in it on his right side with his head resting + on a skin. He is surrounded by his friends and relatives, including + his younger children; but his elder children are not allowed to + approach the grave lest in their grief and despair they should do + themselves a bodily injury. For many hours, generally for more than + a day, the rain-maker lies without eating or drinking. From time to + time he speaks to the people, recalling the past history of the + tribe, reminding them how he has ruled and advised them, and + instructing them how they are to act in the future. Then, when he + has concluded his admonition, he tells them that it is finished and + bids them cover him up. So the earth is thrown down on him as he + lies in the grave, and he soon dies of suffocation. Such, with + minor variations, appears to be the regular end of the honourable + career of a rain-maker in all the Dinka tribes. The Khor-Adar Dinka + told Dr. Seligmann that when they have dug the grave for their + rain-maker they strangle him in his house. The father and paternal + uncle of one of Dr. Seligmann's informants had both been + rain-makers and both had been killed in the most regular and + orthodox fashion. Even if a rain-maker is quite young he will be + put to death should he seem likely to perish of disease. Further, + every precaution is taken to prevent a rain-maker from dying an + accidental death, for such an end, though not nearly so serious a + matter as death from illness or old age, would be sure to entail + sickness on the tribe. As soon as a rain-maker is killed, his + valuable spirit is supposed to pass to a suitable successor, + whether a son or other near blood relation.</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page034">[pg 034]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Kings put to death in Unyoro and + other parts of Africa.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the Central + African kingdom of Unyoro down to recent years custom required that + as soon as the king fell seriously ill or began to break up from + age, he should die by his own hand; for, according to an old + prophecy, the throne would pass away from the dynasty if ever the + king were to die a natural death. He killed himself by draining a + poisoned cup. If he faltered or were too ill to ask for the cup, it + was his wife's duty to administer the poison.<a id="noteref_64" + name="noteref_64" href="#note_64"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">64</span></span></a> When + the king of Kibanga, on the Upper Congo, seems near his end, the + sorcerers put a rope round his neck, which they draw gradually + tighter till he dies.<a id="noteref_65" name="noteref_65" href= + "#note_65"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">65</span></span></a> If the + king of Gingero happens to be wounded in war, he is put to death by + his comrades, or, if they fail to kill him, by his kinsfolk, + however hard he may beg for mercy. They say they do it that he may + not die by the hands of his enemies.<a id="noteref_66" name= + "noteref_66" href="#note_66"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">66</span></span></a> The + Jukos are a heathen tribe of the Benue river, a great tributary of + the Niger. In their country <span class="tei tei-q">“the town of + Gatri is ruled by a king who is elected by the big men of the town + as follows. When in the opinion of the big men the king has reigned + long enough, they give out that <span class="tei tei-q">‘the king + is sick’</span>—a formula understood by all to mean that they are + going to kill him, though the intention is never put more plainly. + They then decide who is to be the next king. How long he is to + reign is settled by the influential men at a meeting; the question + is put and answered by each man throwing on the ground a little + piece of stick for each year he thinks the new king should rule. + The king is then told, and a great feast prepared, at which the + king gets drunk on guinea-corn beer. After that he is speared, and + the man who was chosen becomes king. Thus each Juko king knows that + he cannot have very many more years to live, and that he is certain + of his predecessor's fate. This, however, does not seem to frighten + candidates. The <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page035">[pg + 035]</span><a name="Pg035" id="Pg035" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + same custom of king-killing is said to prevail at Quonde and Wukari + as well as at Gatri.”</span><a id="noteref_67" name="noteref_67" + href="#note_67"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">67</span></span></a> In the + three Hausa kingdoms of Gobir, Katsina, and Daura, in Northern + Nigeria, as soon as a king shewed signs of failing health or + growing infirmity, an official who bore the title of Killer of the + Elephant (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kariagiwa</span></span>) appeared and + throttled him by holding his windpipe. The king elect was + afterwards conducted to the centre of the town, called Head of the + Elephant (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kan giwa</span></span>), where he was made to + lie down on a bed. Then a black ox was slaughtered and its blood + allowed to pour all over his body. Next the ox was flayed, and the + remains of the dead king, which had been disembowelled and smoked + for seven days over a slow fire, were wrapt up in the hide and + dragged along the ground to the place of burial, where they were + interred in a circular pit. After his bath of ox blood the new king + had to remain for seven days in his mother's house, undergoing + ablutions daily. On the eighth day he was conducted in state to his + palace. In the kingdom of Daura the new monarch had moreover to + step over the corpse of his predecessor.<a id="noteref_68" name= + "noteref_68" href="#note_68"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">68</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The Matiamvo of Angola.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Matiamvo is + a great king or emperor in the interior of Angola. One of the + inferior kings of the country, by name Challa, gave to a Portuguese + expedition the following account of the manner in which the + Matiamvo comes by his end. <span class="tei tei-q">“It has been + customary,”</span> he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“for our + Matiamvos to die either in war or by a violent death, and the + present Matiamvo must meet this last fate, as, in consequence of + his great exactions, he has lived long enough. When we come to this + understanding, and decide that he should be killed, we invite him + to make war with our enemies, on which occasion we all accompany + him and his family to the war, when we lose some of our people. If + he escapes unhurt, we return to the war again and fight for three + or four days. We then suddenly abandon him and his family to their + fate, leaving him in the enemy's hands. Seeing himself thus + deserted, he causes his throne to be erected, and, sitting down, + calls his family around him. <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page036">[pg 036]</span><a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> He then orders his mother to approach; she + kneels at his feet; he first cuts off her head, then decapitates + his sons in succession, next his wives and relatives, and, last of + all, his most beloved wife, called Anacullo. This slaughter being + accomplished, the Matiamvo, dressed in all his pomp, awaits his own + death, which immediately follows, by an officer sent by the + powerful neighbouring chiefs, Caniquinha and Canica. This officer + first cuts off his legs and arms at the joints, and lastly he cuts + off his head; after which the head of the officer is struck off. + All the potentates retire from the encampment, in order not to + witness his death. It is my duty to remain and witness his death, + and to mark the place where the head and arms have been deposited + by the two great chiefs, the enemies of the Matiamvo. They also + take possession of all the property belonging to the deceased + monarch and his family, which they convey to their own residence. I + then provide for the funeral of the mutilated remains of the late + Matiamvo, after which I retire to his capital and proclaim the new + government. I then return to where the head, legs, and arms have + been deposited, and, for forty slaves, I ransom them, together with + the merchandise and other property belonging to the deceased, which + I give up to the new Matiamvo, who has been proclaimed. This is + what has happened to many Matiamvos, and what must happen to the + present one.”</span><a id="noteref_69" name="noteref_69" href= + "#note_69"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">69</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Zulu kings put to death on the + approach of old age.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It appears to + have been a Zulu custom to put the king to death as soon as he + began to have wrinkles or grey hairs. At least this seems implied + in the following passage written by one who resided for some time + at the court of the notorious Zulu tyrant Chaka, in the early part + of the nineteenth century: <span class="tei tei-q">“The + extraordinary violence of the king's rage with me was mainly + occasioned by that absurd nostrum, the hair oil, with the notion of + which Mr. Farewell had impressed him as being a specific for + removing all indications of age. From the first moment of his + having heard that such a preparation was attainable, he evinced a + solicitude to procure it, and on every occasion never forgot to + remind us of his anxiety respecting it; more especially on our + departure on the mission his injunctions were particularly directed + to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page037">[pg 037]</span><a name= + "Pg037" id="Pg037" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> this object. It will + be seen that it is one of the barbarous customs of the Zoolas in + their choice or election of their kings that he must neither have + wrinkles nor grey hairs, as they are both distinguishing marks of + disqualification for becoming a monarch of a warlike people. It is + also equally indispensable that their king should never exhibit + those proofs of having become unfit and incompetent to reign; it is + therefore important that they should conceal these indications so + long as they possibly can. Chaka had become greatly apprehensive of + the approach of grey hairs; which would at once be the signal for + him to prepare to make his exit from this sublunary world, it being + always followed by the death of the monarch.”</span><a id= + "noteref_70" name="noteref_70" href="#note_70"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">70</span></span></a> The + writer to whom we are indebted for this instructive anecdote of the + hair-oil omits to specify the mode in which a grey-haired and + wrinkled Zulu chief used <span class="tei tei-q">“to make his exit + from this sublunary world”</span>; but on analogy we may conjecture + that he did so by the simple and perfectly sufficient process of + being knocked on the head.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Kings of Sofala put to death on + account of bodily blemishes.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The custom of + putting kings to death as soon as they suffered from any personal + defect prevailed two centuries ago in the Caffre kingdom of Sofala, + to the north of the present Zululand. We have seen that these kings + of Sofala, each of whom bore the official name of Quiteve, were + regarded as gods by their people, being entreated to give rain or + sunshine, according as each might be wanted.<a id="noteref_71" + name="noteref_71" href="#note_71"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">71</span></span></a> + Nevertheless a slight bodily blemish, such as the loss of a tooth, + was considered a sufficient cause for putting one of these god-men + to death, as we learn from the following passage of an old + Portuguese historian: <span class="tei tei-q">“It was formerly the + custom of the kings of this land to commit suicide by taking poison + when any disaster or natural physical defect fell upon them, such + as impotence, infectious disease, the loss of their front teeth, by + which they were disfigured, or any other deformity or affliction. + To put an end to such defects they killed themselves, saying that + the king should be free from any blemish, and if not, it was better + for his honour that he should die and seek another life where he + would be made whole, for there <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page038">[pg 038]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> everything was perfect. But the Quiteve who + reigned when I was in those parts would not imitate his + predecessors in this, being discreet and dreaded as he was; for + having lost a front tooth he caused it to be proclaimed throughout + the kingdom that all should be aware that he had lost a tooth and + should recognise him when they saw him without it, and if his + predecessors killed themselves for such things they were very + foolish, and he would not do so; on the contrary, he would be very + sorry when the time came for him to die a natural death, for his + life was very necessary to preserve his kingdom and defend it from + his enemies; and he recommended his successors to follow his + example.”</span><a id="noteref_72" name="noteref_72" href= + "#note_72"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">72</span></span></a> The + same historian tells us that <span class="tei tei-q">“near the + kingdom of Quiteve is another of which Sedanda is king, the laws + and customs of which are very similar to those of Quiteve, all + these Kaffirs being of the same nation, and these two kingdoms + having formerly been one, as I shall relate hereafter. When I was + in Sofala it happened that King Sedanda was seized with a severe + and contagious leprosy, and seeing that his complaint was + incurable, having named the prince who was to succeed him, he took + poison and died, according to the custom of those kings when they + are afflicted with any physical deformity.”</span><a id= + "noteref_73" name="noteref_73" href="#note_73"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">73</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Kings required to be unblemished. + Courtiers required to imitate their sovereign.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The king of + Sofala who dared to survive the loss of his front tooth was thus a + bold reformer like Ergamenes, king of Ethiopia. We may conjecture + that the ground for putting the Ethiopian kings to death was, as in + the case of the Zulu and Sofala kings, the appearance on their + person of any bodily defect or sign of decay; and that the oracle + which the priests alleged as the authority for the royal execution + was to the effect that great calamities would result from the reign + of a king who had any blemish on his body; just as an oracle warned + Sparta against a <span class="tei tei-q">“lame reign,”</span> that + is, the reign of a lame king.<a id="noteref_74" name="noteref_74" + href="#note_74"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">74</span></span></a> It is + some confirmation of this conjecture that the kings of Ethiopia + were chosen for their size, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page039">[pg 039]</span><a name="Pg039" id="Pg039" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> strength, and beauty long before the custom + of killing them was abolished.<a id="noteref_75" name="noteref_75" + href="#note_75"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">75</span></span></a> To + this day the Sultan of Wadai must have no obvious bodily defect, + and the king of Angoy cannot be crowned if he has a single blemish, + such as a broken or a filed tooth or the scar of an old + wound.<a id="noteref_76" name="noteref_76" href= + "#note_76"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">76</span></span></a> + According to the Book of Acaill and many other authorities no king + who was afflicted with a personal blemish might reign over Ireland + at Tara. Hence, when the great King Cormac Mac Art lost one eye by + an accident, he at once abdicated.<a id="noteref_77" name= + "noteref_77" href="#note_77"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">77</span></span></a> It is + only natural, therefore, to suppose, especially with the other + African examples before us, that any bodily defect or symptom of + old age appearing on the person of the Ethiopian monarch was the + signal for his execution. At a later time it is recorded that if + the king of Ethiopia became maimed in any part of his body all his + courtiers had to suffer the same mutilation.<a id="noteref_78" + name="noteref_78" href="#note_78"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">78</span></span></a> But + this rule may perhaps have been instituted at the time when the + custom of killing the king for any personal defect was abolished; + instead of compelling the king to die because, for example, he had + lost a tooth, all his subjects would be obliged to lose a tooth, + and thus the invidious superiority of the subjects over the king + would be cancelled. A rule of this sort is still observed in the + same region at the court of the Sultans of Darfur. When the Sultan + coughs, every one makes the sound <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">ts + ts</span></span> by striking the tongue against the root of the + upper teeth; when he sneezes, the whole assembly utters a sound + like the cry of the jeko; when he falls off his horse, all his + followers must fall off likewise; if any one of them remains in the + saddle, no matter how high his rank, he is laid on the ground and + beaten.<a id="noteref_79" name="noteref_79" href= + "#note_79"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">79</span></span></a> At the + court of the king of Uganda in central <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page040">[pg 040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Africa, when the king laughs, every one + laughs; when he sneezes, every one sneezes; when he has a cold, + every one pretends to have a cold; when he has his hair cut, so has + everybody.<a id="noteref_80" name="noteref_80" href= + "#note_80"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">80</span></span></a> At the + court of Boni in Celebes it is a rule that whatever the king does + all the courtiers must do. If he stands, they stand; if he sits, + they sit; if he falls off his horse, they fall off their horses; if + he bathes, they bathe, and passers-by must go into the water in the + dress, good or bad, which they happen to have on.<a id="noteref_81" + name="noteref_81" href="#note_81"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">81</span></span></a> When + the emperor of China laughs, the mandarins in attendance laugh + also; when he stops laughing, they stop; when he is sad, their + countenances are chopfallen; <span class="tei tei-q">“you would say + that their faces are on springs, and that the emperor can touch the + springs and set them in motion at pleasure.”</span><a id= + "noteref_82" name="noteref_82" href="#note_82"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">82</span></span></a> But to + return to the death of the divine king.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Kings of Eyeo put to death. + Voluntary death by fire of the old Prussian</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">Kirwaido</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many days' + journey to the north-east of Abomey, the old capital of Dahomey, + lies the kingdom of Eyeo. <span class="tei tei-q">“The Eyeos are + governed by a king, no less absolute than the king of Dahomy, yet + subject to a regulation of state, at once humiliating and + extraordinary. When the people have conceived an opinion of his + ill-government, which is sometimes insidiously infused into them by + the artifice of his discontented ministers, they send a deputation + to him with a present of parrots' eggs, as a mark of its + authenticity, to represent to him that the burden of government + must have so far fatigued him that they consider it full time for + him to repose from his cares and indulge himself with a little + sleep. He thanks his subjects for their attention to his ease, + retires to his own apartment as if to sleep, and there gives + directions to his women to strangle him. This is immediately + executed, and his son quietly <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page041">[pg 041]</span><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ascends the throne upon the usual terms of + holding the reins of government no longer than whilst he merits the + approbation of the people.”</span> About the year 1774, a king of + Eyeo, whom his ministers attempted to remove in the customary + manner, positively refused to accept the proffered parrots' eggs at + their hands, telling them that he had no mind to take a nap, but on + the contrary was resolved to watch for the benefit of his subjects. + The ministers, surprised and indignant at his recalcitrancy, raised + a rebellion, but were defeated with great slaughter, and thus by + his spirited conduct the king freed himself from the tyranny of his + councillors and established a new precedent for the guidance of his + successors.<a id="noteref_83" name="noteref_83" href= + "#note_83"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">83</span></span></a> + However, the old custom seems to have revived and persisted until + late in the nineteenth century, for a Catholic missionary, writing + in 1884, speaks of the practice as if it were still in vogue.<a id= + "noteref_84" name="noteref_84" href="#note_84"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">84</span></span></a> + Another missionary, writing in 1881, thus describes the usage of + the Egbas and the Yorubas of west Africa: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Among the customs of the country one of the most + curious is unquestionably that of judging and punishing the king. + Should he have earned the hatred of his people by exceeding his + rights, one of his councillors, on whom the heavy duty is laid, + requires of the prince that he shall <span class="tei tei-q">‘go to + sleep,’</span> which means simply <span class="tei tei-q">‘take + poison and die.’</span> If his courage fails him at the supreme + moment, a friend renders him this last service, and quietly, + without betraying the secret, they prepare the people for the news + of the king's death. In Yoruba the thing is managed a little + differently. When a son is born to the king of Oyo, they make a + model of the infant's right foot in clay and keep it in the house + of the elders (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ogboni</span></span>). If the king fails to + observe the customs of the country, a messenger, without speaking a + word, shews him his child's foot. The king knows what that means. + He takes poison and goes to sleep.”</span><a id="noteref_85" name= + "noteref_85" href="#note_85"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">85</span></span></a> The + old Prussians acknowledged as their supreme lord a ruler who + governed them in the name of the gods, and was known as God's Mouth + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kirwaido</span></span>). <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page042">[pg 042]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> When he felt himself weak and ill, if + he wished to leave a good name behind him, he had a great heap made + of thorn-bushes and straw, on which he mounted and delivered a long + sermon to the people, exhorting them to serve the gods and + promising to go to the gods and speak for the people. Then he took + some of the perpetual fire which burned in front of the holy + oak-tree, and lighting the pile with it burned himself to + death.<a id="noteref_86" name="noteref_86" href= + "#note_86"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">86</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Voluntary deaths by fire. + Peregrinus at Olympia. Buddhist monks in China.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We need not + doubt the truth of this last tradition. Fanaticism or the mere love + of notoriety has led men in other ages and other lands to court + death in the flames. In antiquity the mountebank Peregrinus, after + bidding for fame in the various characters of a Christian martyr, a + shameless cynic, and a rebel against Rome, ended his disreputable + and vainglorious career by publicly burning himself at the Olympic + festival in the presence of a crowd of admirers and scoffers, among + whom was the satirist Lucian.<a id="noteref_87" name="noteref_87" + href="#note_87"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">87</span></span></a> + Buddhist monks in China sometimes seek to attain Nirvana by the + same method, the flame of their religious zeal being fanned by a + belief that the merit of their death redounds to the good of the + whole community, while the praises which are showered upon them in + their lives, and the prospect of the honours and worship which + await them after death, serve as additional incentives to suicide. + The beautiful mountains of Tien-tai, in the district of Tai-chow, + are, or were till lately, the scene of many such voluntary + martyrdoms. The victims are monks who, weary of the vanities of + earth, have withdrawn even from their monasteries and spent years + alone in one or other of the hermitages which are scattered among + the ravines and precipices of this wild and secluded region. Their + fancy having been wrought and their resolution strung to the + necessary pitch by a life of solitude and brooding contemplation, + they announce their intention and fix the day of their departure + from this world of shadows, always choosing for that purpose a + festival which draws a crowd of worshippers and pilgrims to one of + the many monasteries of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page043">[pg + 043]</span><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the district. Advertisements of the approaching solemnity are + posted throughout the country, and believers are invited to attend + and assist the martyrs with their prayers. From three to five monks + are said thus to commit themselves to the flames every year at + Tien-tai. They prepare by fasting and ablution for the last fiery + trial of their faith. An upright chest containing a seat is placed + in a brick furnace, and the space between the chest and the walls + of the furnace is filled with fuel. The doomed man takes his seat + in the chest; the door is shut on him and barred; fire is applied + to the combustibles, and consumes the candidate for heaven. When + all is over, the charred remains are raked together, worshipped, + and reverently buried in a dagoba or shrine destined for the + preservation and worship of the relics of saints. The victims, it + is said, are not always voluntary. In remote districts unscrupulous + priests have been known to stupefy a clerical brother with drugs + and then burn him publicly, an unwilling martyr, as a means of + spreading the renown of the monastery and thereby attracting the + alms of the faithful. On the twenty-eighth of January 1888 the + Spiritual-hill monastery, distant about a day's journey from the + city of Wen-chow, witnessed the voluntary death by fire of two + monks who bore the euphonious names of Perceptive-intelligence and + Effulgent-glamour. Before they entered the furnaces, the spectators + prayed them to become after death the spiritual guardians of the + neighbourhood, to protect it from all evil influences, and to grant + luck in trade, fine seasons, plentiful harvests, and every other + blessing. The martyrs complaisantly promised to comply with these + requests, and were thereupon worshipped as living Buddhas, while a + stream of gifts poured into the coffers of the monastery.<a id= + "noteref_88" name="noteref_88" href="#note_88"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">88</span></span></a> Among + the Esquimaux of Bering Strait a shaman has been known to burn + himself alive in the expectation of returning to life with much + stronger powers than he had possessed before.<a id="noteref_89" + name="noteref_89" href="#note_89"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">89</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Religious suicides in Russia. + Belief in the approaching end of the world.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the suicides + by fire of Chinese Buddhists and Esquimaux sorcerers have been far + surpassed by the frenzies <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page044">[pg + 044]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of Christian fanaticism. In the seventeenth century the internal + troubles of their unhappy country, viewed in the dim light of + prophecy, created a widespread belief among the Russian people that + the end of the world was at hand, and that the reign of Antichrist + was about to begin. We know from Scripture that the old serpent, + which is the devil, has been or will be shut up under lock and key + for a thousand years,<a id="noteref_90" name="noteref_90" href= + "#note_90"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">90</span></span></a> and + that the number of the Beast is six hundred and sixty-six.<a id= + "noteref_91" name="noteref_91" href="#note_91"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">91</span></span></a> A + simple mathematical calculation, based on these irrefragable data, + pointed to the year one thousand six hundred and sixty-six as the + date when the final consummation of all things and the arrival of + the Beast in question might be confidently anticipated. When the + year came and went and still, to the general surprise, the animal + failed to put in an appearance, the calculations were revised, it + was discovered that an error had crept into them, and the world was + respited for another thirty-three years. But though opinions + differed as to the precise date of the catastrophe, the pious were + unanimous in their conviction of its proximity. Accordingly some of + them ceased to till their fields, abandoned their houses, and on + certain nights of the year expected the sound of the last trump in + coffins which they took the precaution of closing, lest their + senses, or what remained of them, should be overpowered by the + awful vision of the Judgment Day.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Epidemic of suicide. Suicide by + starvation. Suicide by fire.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It would have + been well if the delusion of their disordered intellects had + stopped there. Unhappily in many cases it went much further, and + suicide, universal suicide, was preached by fervent missionaries as + the only means to escape the snares of Antichrist and to pass from + the sins and sorrows of this fleeting world to the eternal joys of + heaven. Whole communities hailed with enthusiasm the gospel of + death, and hastened to put its precepts in practice. An epidemic of + suicide raged throughout northern and north-eastern Russia. At + first the favourite mode of death was by starvation. In the forest + of Vetlouga, for example, an old man founded an establishment for + the use of religious suicides. It was a building without doors and + windows. The aspirants to heaven were lowered into it through a + hole in the roof, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page045">[pg + 045]</span><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the hatch was battened down on them, and men armed with clubs + patrolled the outer walls to prevent the prisoners from escaping. + Hundreds of persons thus died a lingering death. At first the + sounds of devotion issued from the walls; but as time went on these + were replaced by entreaties for food, prayers for mercy, and + finally imprecations on the miscreant who had lured these misguided + beings to destruction and on the parents who had brought them into + the world to suffer such exquisite torments. Thus death by famine + was attended by some obvious disadvantages. It was slow: it opened + the door to repentance: it occasionally admitted of rescue. + Accordingly death by fire was preferred as surer and more + expeditious. Priests, monks, and laymen scoured the villages and + hamlets preaching salvation by the flames, some of them decked in + the spoils of their victims; for the motives of the preachers were + often of the basest sort. They did not spare even the children, but + seduced them by promises of the gay clothes, the apples, the nuts, + the honey they would enjoy in heaven. Sometimes when the people + hesitated, these infamous wretches decided the wavering minds of + their dupes by a false report that the troops were coming to + deliver them up to Antichrist, and so to rob them of a blissful + eternity. Then men, women, and children rushed into the flames. + Sometimes hundreds, and even thousands, thus perished together. An + area was enclosed by barricades, fuel was heaped up in it, the + victims huddled together, fire set to the whole, and the sacrifice + consummated. Any who in their agony sought to escape were driven or + thrown back into the flames, sometimes by their own relations. + These sinister fires generally blazed at night, reddening the sky + till daybreak. In the morning nothing remained but charred bodies + gnawed by prowling dogs; but the stench of burnt human flesh + poisoned the air for days afterwards.<a id="noteref_92" name= + "noteref_92" href="#note_92"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">92</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page046">[pg 046]</span><a name="Pg046" id="Pg046" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">A Jewish Messiah.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As the + Christians expected the arrival of Antichrist in the year 1666, so + the Jews cheerfully anticipated the long-delayed advent of their + Messiah in the same fateful year. A Jew of Smyrna, by name + Sabatei-Sevi, availed himself of this general expectation to pose + as the Messiah in person. He was greeted with enthusiasm. Jews from + many parts of Europe hastened to pay their homage and, what was + still better, their money to the future deliverer of his country, + who in return parcelled out among them, with the greatest + liberality, estates in the Holy Land which did not belong to him. + But the alternative of death by impalement or conversion to + Mohammedanism, which the Sultan submitted to his consideration, + induced him to revise his theological opinions, and on looking into + the matter more closely he discovered that his true mission in life + was to preach the total abolition of the Jewish religion and the + substitution for it of Islam.<a id="noteref_93" name="noteref_93" + href="#note_93"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">93</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a> <a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 3. Kings killed at the End of a + Fixed Term.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Kings put to death after a fixed + term. Suicide of the kings of Quilacare at the end of a reign + of twelve years.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the cases + hitherto described, the divine king or priest is suffered by his + people to retain office until some outward defect, some visible + symptom of failing health or advancing age, warns them that he is + no longer equal to the discharge of his divine duties; but not + until such symptoms have made their appearance is he put to death. + Some peoples, however, appear to have thought it unsafe to wait for + even the slightest symptom of decay and have preferred to kill the + king while he was still in the full vigour of life. Accordingly, + they have fixed a term beyond which he might not reign, and at the + close of which he must die, the term fixed upon being short enough + to exclude the probability of his degenerating physically in the + interval. In some parts of southern India the period fixed was + twelve years. Thus, according to an old traveller, in the province + of Quilacare, about twenty leagues to the north-east of Cape + Comorin, <span class="tei tei-q">“there is a Gentile house of + prayer, in which there is an idol which they hold in great account, + and every twelve <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page047">[pg + 047]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + years they celebrate a great feast to it, whither all the Gentiles + go as to a jubilee. This temple possesses many lands and much + revenue: it is a very great affair. This province has a king over + it, who has not more than twelve years to reign from jubilee to + jubilee. His manner of living is in this wise, that is to say: when + the twelve years are completed, on the day of this feast there + assemble together innumerable people, and much money is spent in + giving food to Bramans. The king has a wooden scaffolding made, + spread over with silken hangings: and on that day he goes to bathe + at a tank with great ceremonies and sound of music, after that he + comes to the idol and prays to it, and mounts on to the + scaffolding, and there before all the people he takes some very + sharp knives, and begins to cut off his nose, and then his ears, + and his lips, and all his members, and as much flesh off himself as + he can; and he throws it away very hurriedly until so much of his + blood is spilled that he begins to faint, and then he cuts his + throat himself. And he performs this sacrifice to the idol, and + whoever desires to reign other twelve years and undertake this + martyrdom for love of the idol, has to be present looking on at + this: and from that place they raise him up as king.”</span><a id= + "noteref_94" name="noteref_94" href="#note_94"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">94</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Custom of the kings of + Calicut.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The king of + Calicut, on the Malabar coast, bears the title of Samorin or + Samory, which in the native language is said to mean <span class= + "tei tei-q">“God on earth.”</span><a id="noteref_95" name= + "noteref_95" href="#note_95"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">95</span></span></a> He + <span class="tei tei-q">“pretends to be of a higher rank than the + Brahmans, and to be inferior only to the invisible gods; a + pretention that was acknowledged by his subjects, but which is held + as absurd and abominable by the Brahmans, by whom he is only + treated as a Sudra.”</span><a id="noteref_96" name="noteref_96" + href="#note_96"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">96</span></span></a> + Formerly the Samorin had to cut his throat in public at the end of + a twelve years' reign. But towards the end of the seventeenth + century the rule had been modified as follows: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Many strange customs were observed in this country in + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page048">[pg 048]</span><a name= + "Pg048" id="Pg048" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> former times, and + some very odd ones are still continued. It was an ancient custom + for the Samorin to reign but twelve years, and no longer. If he + died before his term was expired, it saved him a troublesome + ceremony of cutting his own throat, on a publick scaffold erected + for the purpose. He first made a feast for all his nobility and + gentry, who are very numerous. After the feast he saluted his + guests, and went on the scaffold, and very decently cut his own + throat in the view of the assembly, and his body was, a little + while after, burned with great pomp and ceremony, and the grandees + elected a new Samorin. Whether that custom was a religious or a + civil ceremony, I know not, but it is now laid aside. And a new + custom is followed by the modern Samorins, that jubilee is + proclaimed throughout his dominions, at the end of twelve years, + and a tent is pitched for him in a spacious plain, and a great + feast is celebrated for ten or twelve days, with mirth and jollity, + guns firing night and day, so at the end of the feast any four of + the guests that have a mind to gain a crown by a desperate action, + in fighting their way through 30 or 40,000 of his guards, and kill + the Samorin in his tent, he that kills him succeeds him in his + empire. In anno 1695, one of those jubilees happened, and the tent + pitched near Pennany, a seaport of his, about fifteen leagues to + the southward of Calicut. There were but three men that would + venture on that desperate action, who fell in, with sword and + target, among the guard, and, after they had killed and wounded + many, were themselves killed. One of the desperados had a nephew of + fifteen or sixteen years of age, that kept close by his uncle in + the attack on the guards, and, when he saw him fall, the youth got + through the guards into the tent, and made a stroke at his + Majesty's head, and had certainly despatched him if a large brass + lamp which was burning over his head had not marred the blow; but, + before he could make another, he was killed by the guards; and, I + believe, the same Samorin reigns yet. I chanced to come that time + along the coast and heard the guns for two or three days and nights + successively.”</span><a id="noteref_97" name="noteref_97" href= + "#note_97"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">97</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Fuller account of the Calicut + custom.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The English + traveller, whose account I have quoted, did <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page049">[pg 049]</span><a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> not himself witness the festival he + describes, though he heard the sound of the firing in the distance. + Fortunately, exact records of these festivals and of the number of + men who perished at them have been preserved in the archives of the + royal family at Calicut. In the latter part of the nineteenth + century they were examined by Mr. W. Logan, with the personal + assistance of the reigning king, and from his work it is possible + to gain an accurate conception both of the tragedy and of the scene + where it was periodically enacted down to 1743, when the ceremony + took place for the last time.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">Maha + Makham</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">or Great + Sacrifice at Calicut.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The festival at + which the king of Calicut staked his crown and his life on the + issue of battle was known as the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Maha + Makham</span></span> or Great Sacrifice. It fell every twelfth + year, when the planet Jupiter was in retrograde motion in the sign + of the Crab, and it lasted twenty-eight days, culminating at the + time of the eighth lunar asterism in the month of Makaram. As the + date of the festival was determined by the position of Jupiter in + the sky, and the interval between two festivals was twelve years, + which is roughly Jupiter's period of revolution round the + sun,<a id="noteref_98" name="noteref_98" href= + "#note_98"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">98</span></span></a> we may + conjecture that the splendid planet was supposed to be in a special + sense the king's star and to rule his destiny, the period of its + revolution in heaven corresponding to the period of his reign on + earth. However that may be, the ceremony was observed with great + pomp at the Tirunavayi temple, on the north bank of the Ponnani + River. The spot is close to the present railway line. As the train + rushes by, you can just catch a glimpse of the temple, almost + hidden behind a clump of trees on the river bank. From the western + gateway of the temple a perfectly straight road, hardly raised + above the level of the surrounding rice-fields and shaded by a fine + avenue, runs for half a mile to a high ridge with a precipitous + bank, on which the outlines of three or four terraces can still be + traced. On the topmost of these terraces the king took his stand on + the eventful day. The view which it commands is a fine one. Across + the flat <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page050">[pg + 050]</span><a name="Pg050" id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + expanse of the rice-fields, with the broad placid river winding + through them, the eye ranges eastward to high tablelands, their + lower slopes embowered in woods, while afar off looms the great + chain of the western Ghauts, and in the furthest distance the + Neilgherries or Blue Mountains, hardly distinguishable from the + azure of the sky above.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The attack on the king.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But it was not + to the distant prospect that the king's eyes naturally turned at + this crisis of his fate. His attention was arrested by a spectacle + nearer at hand. For all the plain below was alive with troops, + their banners waving gaily in the sun, the white tents of their + many camps standing sharply out against the green and gold of the + rice-fields. Forty thousand fighting men or more were gathered + there to defend the king. But if the plain swarmed with soldiers, + the road that cuts across it from the temple to the king's stand + was clear of them. Not a soul was stirring on it. Each side of the + way was barred by palisades, and from the palisades on either hand + a long hedge of spears, held by strong arms, projected into the + empty road, their blades meeting in the middle and forming a + glittering arch of steel. All was now ready. The king waved his + sword. At the same moment a great chain of massy gold, enriched + with bosses, was placed on an elephant at his side. That was the + signal. On the instant a stir might be seen half a mile away at the + gate of the temple. A group of swordsmen, decked with flowers and + smeared with ashes, has stepped out from the crowd. They have just + partaken of their last meal on earth, and they now receive the last + blessings and farewells of their friends. A moment more and they + are coming down the lane of spears, hewing and stabbing right and + left at the spearmen, winding and turning and writhing among the + blades as if they had no bones in their bodies. It is all in vain. + One after the other they fall, some nearer the king, some further + off, content to die, not for the shadow of a crown, but for the + mere sake of approving their dauntless valour and swordsmanship to + the world. On the last days of the festival the same magnificent + display of gallantry, the same useless sacrifice of life was + repeated again and again. Yet perhaps no sacrifice is wholly + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page051">[pg 051]</span><a name= + "Pg051" id="Pg051" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> useless which proves + that there are men who prefer honour to life.<a id="noteref_99" + name="noteref_99" href="#note_99"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">99</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Custom of kings in Bengal. Custom + of the kings of Passier. Custom of Slavonic kings.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“It is a singular custom in Bengal,”</span> says an old + native historian of India, <span class="tei tei-q">“that there is + little of hereditary descent in succession to the sovereignty. + There is a throne allotted for the king; there is, in like manner, + a seat or station assigned for each of the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">amirs</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">wazirs</span></span>, and <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mansabdars</span></span>. It is that throne + and these stations alone which engage the reverence of the people + of Bengal. A set of dependents, servants, and attendants are + annexed to each of these situations. When the king wishes to + dismiss or appoint any person, whosoever is placed in the seat of + the one dismissed is immediately attended and obeyed by the whole + establishment of dependents, servants, and retainers annexed to the + seat which he occupies. Nay, this rule obtains even as to the royal + throne itself. Whoever kills the king, and succeeds in placing + himself on that throne, is immediately acknowledged as king; all + the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">amirs</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">wazirs</span></span>, soldiers, and peasants + instantly obey and submit to him, and consider him as being as much + their sovereign as they did their former prince, and obey his + orders implicitly. The people of Bengal say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘We are faithful to the throne; whoever fills the + throne we are obedient and true to it.’</span> ”</span><a id= + "noteref_100" name="noteref_100" href="#note_100"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">100</span></span></a> A + custom of the same sort formerly prevailed in the little kingdom of + Passier, on the northern coast of Sumatra. The old Portuguese + historian De Barros, who informs us of it, remarks with surprise + that no wise man would wish to be king of Passier, since the + monarch was not allowed by his subjects to live long. From time to + time a sort of fury seized the people, and they marched through the + streets of the city chanting with loud voices the fatal words, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The king must die!”</span> When the king + heard that song of death he knew that his hour had come. The man + who struck the fatal blow was of the royal lineage, and as soon as + he had done the deed of blood and seated himself on the throne he + was regarded as the legitimate king, provided <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page052">[pg 052]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> that he contrived to maintain his seat + peaceably for a single day. This, however, the regicide did not + always succeed in doing. When Fernão Peres d'Andrade, on a voyage + to China, put in at Passier for a cargo of spices, two kings were + massacred, and that in the most peaceable and orderly manner, + without the smallest sign of tumult or sedition in the city, where + everything went on in its usual course, as if the murder or + execution of a king were a matter of everyday occurrence. Indeed, + on one occasion three kings were raised to the dangerous elevation + and followed each other on the dusty road of death in a single day. + The people defended the custom, which they esteemed very laudable + and even of divine institution, by saying that God would never + allow so high and mighty a being as a king, who reigned as his + vicegerent on earth, to perish by violence unless for his sins he + thoroughly deserved it.<a id="noteref_101" name="noteref_101" href= + "#note_101"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">101</span></span></a> Far + away from the tropical island of Sumatra a rule of the same sort + appears to have obtained among the old Slavs. When the captives + Gunn and Jarmerik contrived to slay the king and queen of the Slavs + and made their escape, they were pursued by the barbarians, who + shouted after them that if they would only come back they would + reign instead of the murdered monarch, since by a public statute of + the ancients the succession to the throne fell to the king's + assassin. But the flying regicides turned a deaf ear to promises + which they regarded as mere baits to lure them back to destruction; + they continued their flight, and the shouts and clamour of the + barbarians gradually died away in the distance.<a id="noteref_102" + name="noteref_102" href="#note_102"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">102</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Custom of</span> <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">Thalavettiparothiam</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">in + Malabar. Custom of the Sultans of Java.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When kings were + bound to suffer death, whether at their own hands or at the hands + of others, on the expiration of a fixed term of years, it was + natural that they should seek to delegate the painful duty, along + with some of the privileges of sovereignty, to a substitute who + should suffer vicariously in their stead. This expedient appears to + have been resorted to by some of the princes of Malabar. Thus we + are informed by a native authority on that country that + <span class="tei tei-q">“in some places <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page053">[pg 053]</span><a name="Pg053" id="Pg053" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> all powers both executive and judicial were + delegated for a fixed period to natives by the sovereign. This + institution was styled <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Thalavettiparothiam</span></span> or authority + obtained by decapitation. <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Parothiam</span></span> + is the name of a supreme authority of those days. The name of the + office is still preserved in the Cochin state, where the village + headman is called a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Parathiakaran</span></span>. This <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Thalavettiparothiam</span></span> was a + terrible but interesting institution. It was an office tenable for + five years during which its bearer was invested with supreme + despotic powers within his jurisdiction. On the expiry of the five + years the man's head was cut off and thrown up in the air amongst a + large concourse of villagers, each of whom vied with the other in + trying to catch it in its course down. He who succeeded was + nominated to the post for the next five years.”</span><a id= + "noteref_103" name="noteref_103" href="#note_103"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">103</span></span></a> A + similar delegation of the duty of dying for his country was perhaps + practised by the Sultans of Java. At least such a custom would + explain a strange scene which was witnessed at the court of one of + these sultans by the famous traveller Ibn Batuta, a native of + Tangier, who visited the East Indies in the first half of the + fourteenth century. He says: <span class="tei tei-q">“During my + audience with the Sultan I saw a man who held in his hand a knife + like that used by a grape-gleaner. He placed it on his own neck and + spoke for a long time in a language which I did not understand. + After that he seized the knife with both hands at once and cut his + throat. His head fell to the ground, so sharp was the blade and so + great the force with which he used it. I remained dumbfoundered at + his behaviour, but the Sultan said to me, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Does any one do like that in your country?’</span> I + answered, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Never did I see such a + thing.’</span> He smiled and replied, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘These people are our slaves, and they kill themselves + for love of us.’</span> Then he commanded that they should take + away him who had slain himself and should burn him. The Sultan's + officers, the grandees, the troops, and the common people attended + the cremation. The sovereign assigned a liberal pension to the + children of the deceased, to his wife, and to his brothers; + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page054">[pg 054]</span><a name= + "Pg054" id="Pg054" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and they were highly + honoured because of his conduct. A person, who was present at the + audience when the event I have described took place, informed me + that the speech made by the man who sacrificed himself set forth + his devotion to the monarch. He said that he wished to immolate + himself out of affection for the sovereign, as his father had done + for love of the prince's father, and as his grandfather had done + out of regard for the prince's grandfather.”</span><a id= + "noteref_104" name="noteref_104" href="#note_104"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">104</span></span></a> We + may conjecture that formerly the sultans of Java, like the kings of + Quilacare and Calicut, were bound to cut their own throats at the + end of a fixed term of years, but that at a later time they deputed + the painful, though glorious, duty of dying for their country to + the members of a certain family, who received by way of recompense + ample provision during their life and a handsome funeral at + death.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Religious suicides in + India.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A similar mode + of religious suicide seems to have been often adopted in India, + especially in Malabar, during the Middle Ages. Thus we are told by + Friar Jordanus that in the Greater India, by which he seems to mean + Malabar and the neighbouring regions, many sacrifice themselves to + the idols. When they are sick or involved in misfortune, they vow + themselves to the idol in case they are delivered. Then, when they + have recovered, they fatten themselves for one or two years; and + when another festival comes round, they cover themselves with + flowers, crown themselves with white garlands, and go singing and + playing before the idol, when it is carried through the land. + There, after they have shown off a great deal, they take a sword + with two handles, like those used in currying leather, put it to + the back of their neck, and cutting strongly with both hands sever + their heads from their bodies before the idol.<a id="noteref_105" + name="noteref_105" href="#note_105"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">105</span></span></a> + Again, Nicolo Conti, who travelled in the East in the early part of + the fifteenth century, informs us that in the city of Cambaita + <span class="tei tei-q">“many present themselves who have + determined upon self immolation, having on their neck a broad + circular piece of iron, the fore part of which is round + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page055">[pg 055]</span><a name= + "Pg055" id="Pg055" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and the hinder part + extremely sharp. A chain attached to the fore part hangs suspended + upon the breast, into which the victims, sitting down with their + legs drawn up and their neck bent, insert their feet. Then, on the + speaker pronouncing certain words, they suddenly stretch out their + legs, and at the same time drawing up their neck, cut off their own + head, yielding up their lives as a sacrifice to their idols. These + men are regarded as saints.”</span><a id="noteref_106" name= + "noteref_106" href="#note_106"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">106</span></span></a> Among + the Jaintias or Syntengs, a Khasi tribe of Assam, human sacrifices + used to be annually offered on the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sandhi</span></span> day in the month of + Ashwin. Persons often came forward voluntarily and presented + themselves as victims. This they generally did by appearing before + the Rajah on the last day of Shravan and declaring that the goddess + had called them to herself. After due enquiry, if the would-be + victim were found suitable, it was customary for the Rajah to + present him with a golden anklet and to give him permission to live + as he chose and to do what he liked, the royal treasury undertaking + to pay compensation for any damage he might do in the exercise of + his remarkable privileges. But the enjoyment of these privileges + was very short. On the day appointed the voluntary victim, after + bathing and purifying himself, was dressed in new attire, daubed + with red sandal-wood and vermilion, and bedecked with garlands. + Thus arrayed, he sat for a time in meditation and prayer on a dais + in front of the goddess; then he made a sign with his finger, and + the executioner, after uttering the usual formulas, cut off his + head, which was thereafter laid before the goddess on a golden + plate. The lungs were cooked and eaten by such <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Kandra + Yogis</span></span> as were present, and it is said that the royal + family partook of a small quantity of rice cooked in the blood of + the victim. The ceremony was usually witnessed by crowds of + spectators who assembled from all parts of the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page056">[pg 056]</span><a name="Pg056" id="Pg056" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> neighbouring hills. When the supply of + voluntary victims fell short, emissaries were sent out to kidnap + strangers from other territories, and it was the practice of such + man-hunts that led to the annexation of the Jaintia country by the + British.<a id="noteref_107" name="noteref_107" href= + "#note_107"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">107</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Pretence of putting the king's + proxy to death. Man killed at the installation of a king of + Cassange.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When once kings, + who had hitherto been bound to die a violent death at the end of a + term of years, conceived the happy thought of dying by deputy in + the persons of others, they would very naturally put it in + practice; and accordingly we need not wonder at finding so popular + an expedient, or traces of it, in many lands. Thus, for example, + the Bhuiyas are an aboriginal race of north-eastern India, and one + of their chief seats is Keonjhur. At the installation of a Rajah of + Keonjhur a ceremony is observed which has been described as follows + by an English officer who witnessed it: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Then the sword, a very rusty old weapon, is placed in + the Raja's hands, and one of the Bhuiyas, named Anand Kopat, comes + before him, and kneeling sideways, the Raja touches him on the neck + as if about to strike off his head, and it is said that in former + days there was no fiction in this part of the ceremony. The family + of the Kopat hold their lands on the condition that the victim when + required shall be produced. Anand, however, hurriedly arose after + the accolade and disappeared. He must not be seen for three days; + then he presents himself again to the Raja as miraculously restored + to life.”</span><a id="noteref_108" name="noteref_108" href= + "#note_108"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">108</span></span></a> Here + the custom of putting the king's proxy to death has dwindled, + probably under English influence, to a mere pretence; but elsewhere + it survives, or survived till recent times, in full force. + Cassange, a native state in the interior of Angola, is ruled by a + king, who bears the title of Jaga. When a king is about to be + installed in office, some of the chiefs are despatched to find a + human victim, who may not be related by blood or marriage to the + new monarch. When he comes to the king's camp, the victim is + provided with everything he requires, and all his orders are obeyed + as promptly as those of the sovereign. On the day of the ceremony + the king takes <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page057">[pg + 057]</span><a name="Pg057" id="Pg057" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + his seat on a perforated iron stool, his chiefs, councillors, and + the rest of the people forming a great circle round about him. + Behind the king sits his principal wife, together with all his + concubines. An iron gong, with two small bells attached to it, is + then struck by an official, who continues to ring the bells during + the ceremony. The victim is then introduced and placed in front of + the king, but with his back towards him. Armed with a scimitar the + king then cuts open the man's back, extracts his heart, and having + taken a bite out of it, spits it out and gives it to be burned. The + councillors meantime hold the victim's body so that the blood from + the wound spouts against the king's breast and belly, and, pouring + through the hole in the iron stool, is collected by the chiefs in + their hands, who rub their breasts and beards with it, while they + shout, <span class="tei tei-q">“Great is the king and the rites of + the state!”</span> After that the corpse is skinned, cut up, and + cooked with the flesh of an ox, a dog, a hen, and some other + animals. The meal thus prepared is served first to the king, then + to the chiefs and councillors, and lastly to all the people + assembled. Any man who refused to partake of it would be sold into + slavery together with his family.<a id="noteref_109" name= + "noteref_109" href="#note_109"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">109</span></span></a> The + distinction with which the human victim is here treated before his + execution suggests that he is a substitute for the king.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Sacrifice of the king's sons in + Sweden: evidence of a nine years' tenure of the throne.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Scandinavian + traditions contain some hints that of old the Swedish kings reigned + only for periods of nine years, after which they were put to death + or had to find a substitute to die in their stead. Thus Aun or On, + king of Sweden, is said to have sacrificed to Odin for length of + days and to have been answered by the god that he should live so + long as he sacrificed one of his sons every ninth year. He + sacrificed nine of them in this manner, and would have sacrificed + the tenth and last, but the Swedes would not allow him. So he died + and was buried in a mound at Upsala.<a id="noteref_110" name= + "noteref_110" href="#note_110"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">110</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page058">[pg 058]</span><a name= + "Pg058" id="Pg058" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Another indication + of a similar tenure of the crown occurs in a curious legend of the + disposition and banishment of Odin. Offended at his misdeeds, the + other gods outlawed and exiled him, but set up in his place a + substitute, Oller by name, a cunning wizard, to whom they accorded + the symbols both of royalty and of godhead. The deputy bore the + name of Odin, and reigned for nearly ten years, when he was driven + from the throne, while the real Odin came to his own again. His + discomfited rival retired to Sweden and was afterwards slain in an + attempt to repair his shattered fortunes.<a id="noteref_111" name= + "noteref_111" href="#note_111"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">111</span></span></a> As + gods are often merely men who loom large through the mists of + tradition, we may conjecture that this Norse legend preserves a + confused reminiscence of ancient Swedish kings who reigned for nine + or ten years together, then abdicated, delegating to others the + privilege of dying for their country. The great festival which was + held at Upsala every nine years may have been the occasion on which + the king or his deputy was put to death. We know that human + sacrifices formed part of the rites.<a id="noteref_112" name= + "noteref_112" href="#note_112"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">112</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a> <a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 4. Octennial Tenure of the + Kingship.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Limited tenure of the kingship in + ancient Greece. The Spartan kings appear formerly to have held + office for periods of eight years only. The dread of meteors + shared by savages.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are some + grounds for believing that the reign of many ancient Greek kings + was limited to eight years, or at least that at the end of every + period of eight years a new consecration, a fresh outpouring of the + divine grace, was regarded as necessary in order to enable them to + discharge their civil and religious duties. Thus it was a rule of + the Spartan constitution that every eighth year the ephors should + choose a clear and moonless night and sitting down observe the sky + in silence. If during their vigil they saw a meteor or shooting + star, they inferred that the king had sinned against the deity, and + they suspended him from his functions until the Delphic or Olympic + oracle should reinstate him in them. This custom, which has all the + air of great antiquity, was not <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page059">[pg 059]</span><a name="Pg059" id="Pg059" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> suffered to remain a dead letter even in the + last period of the Spartan monarchy; for in the third century + before our era a king, who had rendered himself obnoxious to the + reforming party, was actually deposed on various trumped-up + charges, among which the allegation that the ominous sign had been + seen in the sky took a prominent place.<a id="noteref_113" name= + "noteref_113" href="#note_113"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">113</span></span></a> When + we compare this custom with the evidence to be presently adduced of + an eight years' tenure of the kingship in Greece, we shall probably + agree with K. O. Müller<a id="noteref_114" name="noteref_114" href= + "#note_114"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">114</span></span></a> that + the quaint Spartan practice was much more than a mere antiquarian + curiosity; it was the attenuated survival of an institution which + may once have had great significance, and it throws an important + light on the restrictions and limitations anciently imposed by + religion on the Dorian kingship. What exactly was the import of a + meteor in the opinion of the old Dorians we can hardly hope to + determine; one thing only is clear, they regarded it as a portent + of so ominous and threatening a kind that its appearance under + certain circumstances justified and even required the deposition of + their king. This exaggerated dread of so simple a natural + phenomenon is shared by many savages at the present day; and we + shall hardly err in supposing that the Spartans inherited it from + their barbarous ancestors, who may have watched with consternation, + on many a starry night among the woods of Germany, the flashing of + a meteor <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg + 060]</span><a name="Pg060" id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + through the sky. It may be well, even at the cost of a digression, + to illustrate this primitive superstition by examples.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Superstitions of the Australian + aborigines as to shooting stars.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus, shooting + stars and meteors are viewed with apprehension by the natives of + the Andaman Islands, who suppose them to be lighted faggots hurled + into the air by the malignant spirit of the woods in order to + ascertain the whereabouts of any unhappy wight in his vicinity. + Hence if they happen to be away from their camp when the meteor is + seen, they hide themselves and remain silent for a little before + they venture to resume the work they were at; for example, if they + are out fishing they will crouch at the bottom of the boat.<a id= + "noteref_115" name="noteref_115" href="#note_115"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">115</span></span></a> The + natives of the Tully River in Queensland believe falling stars to + be the fire-sticks carried about by the spirits of dead enemies. + When they see one shooting through the air they take it as a sign + that an enemy is near, and accordingly they shout and make as much + noise as they can; next morning they all go out in the direction in + which the star fell and look for the tracks of their foe.<a id= + "noteref_116" name="noteref_116" href="#note_116"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">116</span></span></a> The + Turrbal tribe of Queensland thought that a falling star was a + medicine-man flying through the air and dropping his fire-stick to + kill somebody; if there was a sick man in the camp, they regarded + him as doomed.<a id="noteref_117" name="noteref_117" href= + "#note_117"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">117</span></span></a> The + Ngarigo of New South Wales believed the fall of a meteor to betoken + the place where their foes were mustering for war.<a id= + "noteref_118" name="noteref_118" href="#note_118"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">118</span></span></a> The + Kaitish tribe of central Australia imagine that the fall of a star + marks the whereabouts of a man who has killed another by means of a + magical pointing-stick or bone. If a member of any group has been + killed in this way, his friends watch for the descent of a meteor, + march in that direction, slay an enemy there, and leave his body + lying on the ground. The friends of the murdered man understand + what has happened, and bury his body where the star fell; for they + recognise the spot by the softness of the earth.<a id="noteref_119" + name="noteref_119" href="#note_119"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">119</span></span></a> The + Mara tribe of northern Australia <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page061">[pg 061]</span><a name="Pg061" id="Pg061" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> suppose a falling star to be one of two + hostile spirits, father and son, who live up in the sky and come + down occasionally to do harm to men. In this tribe the profession + of medicine-man is strictly hereditary in the stock which has the + falling star for its totem;<a id="noteref_120" name="noteref_120" + href="#note_120"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">120</span></span></a> if + these wizards had ever developed into kings, the descent of a + meteor at certain times might have had the same fatal significance + for them as for the kings of Sparta. The Taui Islanders, to the + west of the Bismarck Archipelago, make war in the direction in + which they have observed a star to fall,<a id="noteref_121" name= + "noteref_121" href="#note_121"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">121</span></span></a> + probably for a reason like that which induces the Kaitish to do the + same.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Superstitions of the negroes and + other African races as to shooting stars.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the Baronga + of south Africa see a shooting star they spit on the ground to + avert the evil omen, and cry, <span class="tei tei-q">“Go away! go + away all alone!”</span> By this they mean that the light, which is + so soon to disappear, is not to take them with it, but to go and + die by itself.<a id="noteref_122" name="noteref_122" href= + "#note_122"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">122</span></span></a> So + when a Masai perceives the flash of a meteor he spits several times + and says, <span class="tei tei-q">“Be lost! go in the direction of + the enemy!”</span> after which he adds, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Stay away from me.”</span><a id="noteref_123" name= + "noteref_123" href="#note_123"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">123</span></span></a> The + Namaquas <span class="tei tei-q">“are greatly afraid of the meteor + which is vulgarly called a falling star, for they consider it a + sign that sickness is coming upon the cattle, and to escape it they + will immediately drive them to some other parts of the country. + They call out to the star how many cattle they have, and beg of it + not to send sickness.”</span><a id="noteref_124" name="noteref_124" + href="#note_124"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">124</span></span></a> The + Bechuanas are also much alarmed at the appearance of a meteor. If + they happen to be dancing in the open air at the time, they will + instantly desist and retire hastily to their huts.<a id= + "noteref_125" name="noteref_125" href="#note_125"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">125</span></span></a> The + Ewe negroes of Guinea regard a falling star as a powerful divinity, + and worship it as one of their national gods, by the name of + Nyikpla or Nyigbla. In their opinion the falling star is especially + a war-god who marches at the head of the host and leads it to + victory, riding like Castor and Pollux on horseback. But he is also + a rain-god, and the showers are sent by <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page062">[pg 062]</span><a name="Pg062" id="Pg062" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> him from the sky. Special priests are devoted + to his worship, with a chief priest at their head, who resides in + the capital. They are known by the red staves which they carry and + by the high-pointed caps, woven of threads and palm-leaves, which + they wear on their heads. In times of drought they call upon their + god by night with wild howls. Once a year an ox is sacrificed to + him at the capital, and the priests consume the flesh. On this + occasion the people smear themselves with the pollen of a certain + plant and go in procession through the towns and villages, singing, + dancing, and beating drums.<a id="noteref_126" name="noteref_126" + href="#note_126"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">126</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Superstitions of the American + Indians as to shooting stars.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By some Indians + of California meteors were called <span class="tei tei-q">“children + of the moon,”</span> and whenever young women saw one of them they + fell to the ground and covered their heads, fearing that, if the + meteor saw them, their faces would become ugly and diseased.<a id= + "noteref_127" name="noteref_127" href="#note_127"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">127</span></span></a> The + Tarahumares of Mexico fancy that a shooting star is a dead sorcerer + coming to harm a man who harmed him in life. Hence when they see + one they huddle together and scream for terror.<a id="noteref_128" + name="noteref_128" href="#note_128"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">128</span></span></a> When + a German traveller was living with the Bororos of central Brazil, a + splendid meteor fell, spreading dismay through the Indian village. + It was believed to be the soul of a dead medicine-man, who suddenly + appeared in this form to announce that he wanted meat, and that, as + a preliminary measure, he proposed to visit somebody with an attack + of dysentery. Its appearance was greeted with yells from a hundred + throats: men, women, and children swarmed out of their huts like + ants whose nest has been disturbed; and soon watch-fires blazed, + round which at a little distance groups of dusky figures gathered, + while in the middle, thrown into strong relief by the flickering + light of the fire, two red-painted sorcerers reeled and staggered + in a state of frantic excitement, snorting and spitting towards the + quarter of the sky where the meteor had run its brief but brilliant + course. Pressing his right <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page063">[pg 063]</span><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> hand to his yelling mouth, each of them held + aloft in his extended left, by way of propitiating the angry star, + a bundle of cigarettes. <span class="tei tei-q">“There!”</span> + they seemed to say, <span class="tei tei-q">“all that tobacco will + we give to ward off the impending visitation. Woe to you, if you do + not leave us in peace.”</span><a id="noteref_129" name= + "noteref_129" href="#note_129"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">129</span></span></a> The + Lengua Indians of the Gran Chaco also stand in great fear of + meteors, imagining them to be stones hurled from heaven at the + wicked sorcerers who have done people to death by their + charms.<a id="noteref_130" name="noteref_130" href= + "#note_130"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">130</span></span></a> When + the Abipones beheld a meteor flashing or heard thunder rolling in + the sky, they imagined that one of their medicine-men had died, and + that the flash of light and the peal of thunder were part of his + funeral honours.<a id="noteref_131" name="noteref_131" href= + "#note_131"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">131</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Shooting stars regarded as + demons.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the + Laughlan Islanders see a shooting star they make a great noise, for + they think it is the old woman who lives in the moon coming down to + earth to catch somebody, who may relieve her of her duties in the + moon while she goes away to the happy spirit-land.<a id= + "noteref_132" name="noteref_132" href="#note_132"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">132</span></span></a> In + Vedic India a meteor was believed to be the embodiment of a demon, + and on its appearance certain hymns or incantations, supposed to + possess the power of killing demons, were recited for the purpose + of expiating the prodigy.<a id="noteref_133" name="noteref_133" + href="#note_133"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">133</span></span></a> To + this day in India, when women see a falling star, they spit thrice + to scare the demon.<a id="noteref_134" name="noteref_134" href= + "#note_134"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">134</span></span></a> Some + of the Esthonians at the present time regard shooting stars as evil + spirits.<a id="noteref_135" name="noteref_135" href= + "#note_135"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">135</span></span></a> It is + a Mohammedan belief that falling stars are demons or jinn who have + attempted to scale the sky, and, being repulsed by the angels with + stones, are hurled headlong, flaming, from the celestial vault. + Hence every true believer at sight of a <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page064">[pg 064]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> meteor should say, <span class="tei tei-q">“I + take refuge with God from the stoned devil.”</span><a id= + "noteref_136" name="noteref_136" href="#note_136"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">136</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Shooting stars associated with the + souls of the dead. Supposed relation of the stars to + men.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A widespread + superstition, of which some examples have already been given, + associates meteors or falling stars with the souls of the dead. + Often they are believed to be the spirits of the departed on their + way to the other world. The Maoris imagine that at death the soul + leaves the body and goes to the nether world in the form of a + falling star.<a id="noteref_137" name="noteref_137" href= + "#note_137"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">137</span></span></a> The + Kingsmill Islanders deemed a shooting star an omen of death to some + member of the family which occupied the part of the council-house + nearest to the point of the sky whence the meteor took its flight. + If the star was followed by a train of light, it foretold the death + of a woman; if not, the death of a man.<a id="noteref_138" name= + "noteref_138" href="#note_138"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">138</span></span></a> When + the Wotjobaluk tribe of Victoria see a shooting star, they think it + is falling with the heart of a man who has been caught by a + sorcerer and deprived of his fat.<a id="noteref_139" name= + "noteref_139" href="#note_139"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">139</span></span></a> One + evening when Mr. Howitt was talking with an Australian black, a + bright meteor was seen shooting through the sky. The native watched + it and remarked, <span class="tei tei-q">“An old blackfellow has + fallen down there.”</span><a id="noteref_140" name="noteref_140" + href="#note_140"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">140</span></span></a> Among + the Yerrunthally tribe of Queensland the ideas on this subject were + even more definite. They thought that after death they went to a + place away among the stars, and that to reach it they had to climb + up a rope; when they had clambered up they let go the rope, which, + as it fell from heaven, appeared to people on earth as a falling + star.<a id="noteref_141" name="noteref_141" href= + "#note_141"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">141</span></span></a> The + natives of the Prince of Wales Islands, off Queensland, are + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page065">[pg 065]</span><a name= + "Pg065" id="Pg065" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> much afraid of + shooting stars, for they believe them to be ghosts which, in + breaking up, produce young ones of their own kind.<a id= + "noteref_142" name="noteref_142" href="#note_142"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">142</span></span></a> The + natives of the Gazelle Peninsula in New Britain think that meteors + are the souls of people who have been murdered or eaten; so at the + sight of a meteor flashing they cry out, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The ghost of a murdered man!”</span><a id= + "noteref_143" name="noteref_143" href="#note_143"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">143</span></span></a> + According to the Sulka of New Britain meteors are souls which have + been flung into the air in order to plunge into the sea; and the + train of light which they leave behind them is a burning tail of + dry coco-nut leaves which has been tied to them by other souls, in + order to help them to wing their way through the air.<a id= + "noteref_144" name="noteref_144" href="#note_144"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">144</span></span></a> The + Caffres of South Africa often say that a shooting star is the sign + of the death of some chief, and at sight of it they will spit on + the ground as a mark of friendly feeling towards the dead + man.<a id="noteref_145" name="noteref_145" href= + "#note_145"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">145</span></span></a> + Similarly the Ababua of the Congo valley think that a chief will + die in the village into which a star appears to fall, unless the + danger of death be averted by a particular dance.<a id= + "noteref_146" name="noteref_146" href="#note_146"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">146</span></span></a> In + the opinion of the Masai, the fall of a meteor signifies the death + of some one; at sight of it they pray that the victim may be one of + their enemies.<a id="noteref_147" name="noteref_147" href= + "#note_147"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">147</span></span></a> The + Wambugwe of eastern Africa fancy that the stars are men, of whom + one dies whenever a star is seen to fall.<a id="noteref_148" name= + "noteref_148" href="#note_148"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">148</span></span></a> The + Tinneh Indians and the Tchiglit Esquimaux of north-western America + believe that human life on earth is influenced by the stars, and + they take a shooting star to be a sign that some one has + died.<a id="noteref_149" name="noteref_149" href= + "#note_149"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">149</span></span></a> The + Lolos, an aboriginal tribe of western China, hold that for each + person on earth there is a corresponding star in the sky. Hence + when a man is ill, they sacrifice wine to his star and light four + and twenty lamps outside of his room. On the day after the funeral + they dig a hole in the chamber of death <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page066">[pg 066]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> and pray the dead man's star to descend and + be buried in it. If this precaution were not taken, the star might + fall and hit somebody and hurt him very much.<a id="noteref_150" + name="noteref_150" href="#note_150"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">150</span></span></a> In + classical antiquity there was a popular notion that every human + being had his own star in the sky, which shone bright or dim + according to his good or evil fortune, and fell in the form of a + meteor when he died.<a id="noteref_151" name="noteref_151" href= + "#note_151"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">151</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Modern European beliefs as to + meteors. Various beliefs as to stars and meteors.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Superstitions of + the same sort are still commonly to be met with in Europe. Thus in + some parts of Germany they say that at the birth of a man a new + star is set in the sky, and that as it burns brilliantly or faintly + he grows rich or poor; finally when he dies it drops from the sky + in the likeness of a shooting star.<a id="noteref_152" name= + "noteref_152" href="#note_152"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">152</span></span></a> + Similarly in Brittany, Transylvania, Bohemia, the Abruzzi, the + Romagna, and the Esthonian island of Oesel it is thought by some + that every man has his own particular star in the sky, and that + when it falls in the shape of a meteor he expires.<a id= + "noteref_153" name="noteref_153" href="#note_153"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">153</span></span></a> A + like belief is entertained by Polish Jews.<a id="noteref_154" name= + "noteref_154" href="#note_154"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">154</span></span></a> In + Styria they say that when a shooting star is seen a man has just + died, or a poor soul been released from purgatory.<a id= + "noteref_155" name="noteref_155" href="#note_155"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">155</span></span></a> The + Esthonians believe that if any one sees a falling star on New + Year's night he will die or be visited by a serious illness that + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page067">[pg 067]</span><a name= + "Pg067" id="Pg067" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> year.<a id= + "noteref_156" name="noteref_156" href="#note_156"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">156</span></span></a> In + Belgium and many parts of France the people suppose that a meteor + is a soul which has just quitted the body, sometimes that it is + specially the soul of an unbaptized infant or of some one who has + died without absolution. At sight of it they say that you should + cross yourself and pray, or that if you wish for something while + the star is falling you will be sure to get it.<a id="noteref_157" + name="noteref_157" href="#note_157"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">157</span></span></a> Among + the Vosges Mountains in the warm nights of July it is not uncommon + to see whole showers of shooting stars. It is generally agreed that + these stars are souls, but some difference of opinion exists as to + whether they are souls just taking leave of earth, or tortured by + the fires of purgatory, or on their passage from purgatory to + heaven.<a id="noteref_158" name="noteref_158" href= + "#note_158"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">158</span></span></a> The + last and most cheering of these views is held by the French + peasantry of Beauce and Perche and by the Italian peasantry of the + Abruzzi, and charitable people pray for the deliverance of a soul + at the sight of a falling star.<a id="noteref_159" name= + "noteref_159" href="#note_159"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">159</span></span></a> The + downward direction of its flight might naturally suggest a + different goal; and accordingly other people have seen in the + transient flame of a meteor the descent of a soul from heaven to be + born on earth. In the Punjaub, for example, Hindoos believe that + the length of a soul's residence in the realms of bliss is exactly + proportioned to the sums which the man distributed in charity + during his life; and that when these are exhausted his time in + heaven is up, and down he comes.<a id="noteref_160" name= + "noteref_160" href="#note_160"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">160</span></span></a> In + Polynesia a shooting star was held to be the flight of a spirit, + and to presage the birth of a great prince.<a id="noteref_161" + name="noteref_161" href="#note_161"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">161</span></span></a> The + Mandans of north America fancied that the stars were dead people, + and that when a woman was brought to bed a star fell from heaven, + and entering into her was born as a <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page068">[pg 068]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> child.<a id="noteref_162" name="noteref_162" + href="#note_162"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">162</span></span></a> On + the Biloch frontier of the Punjaub each man is held to have his + star, and he may not journey in particular directions when his star + is in certain positions. If duty compels him to travel in the + forbidden direction, he takes care before setting out to bury his + star, or rather a figure of it cut out of cloth, so that it may not + see what he is doing.<a id="noteref_163" name="noteref_163" href= + "#note_163"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">163</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The fall of the king's + star.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Which, if any, + of these superstitions moved the barbarous Dorians of old to depose + their kings whenever at a certain season a meteor flamed in the + sky, we cannot say. Perhaps they had a vague general notion that + its appearance signified the dissatisfaction of the higher powers + with the state of the commonwealth; and since in primitive society + the king is commonly held responsible for all untoward events, + whatever their origin, the natural course was to relieve him of + duties which he had proved himself incapable of discharging. But it + may be that the idea in the minds of these rude barbarians was more + definite. Possibly, like some people in Europe at the present day, + they thought that every man had his star in the sky, and that he + must die when it fell. The king would be no exception to the rule, + and on a certain night of a certain year, at the end of a cycle, it + might be customary to watch the sky in order to mark whether the + king's star was still in the ascendant or near its setting. The + appearance of a meteor on such a night—of a star precipitated from + the celestial vault—might prove for the king not merely a symbol + but a sentence of death. It might be the warrant for his + execution.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Reasons for limiting a king's + reign to eight years. The octennial cycle based on an attempt + to reconcile solar and lunar time.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If the tenure of + the regal office was formerly limited among the Spartans to eight + years, we may naturally ask, why was that precise period selected + as the measure of a king's reign? The reason is probably to be + found in those astronomical considerations which determined the + early Greek calendar. The difficulty of reconciling lunar with + solar time is one of the standing puzzles which has taxed the + ingenuity of men who are emerging from barbarism. Now an octennial + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page069">[pg 069]</span><a name= + "Pg069" id="Pg069" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> cycle is the + shortest period at the end of which sun and moon really mark time + together after overlapping, so to say, throughout the whole of the + interval. Thus, for example, it is only once in every eight years + that the full moon coincides with the longest or shortest day; and + as this coincidence can be observed with the aid of a simple dial, + the observation is naturally one of the first to furnish a base for + a calendar which shall bring lunar and solar times into tolerable, + though not exact, harmony.<a id="noteref_164" name="noteref_164" + href="#note_164"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">164</span></span></a> But + in early days the proper adjustment of the calendar is a matter of + religious concern, since on it depends a knowledge of the right + seasons for propitiating the deities whose favour is indispensable + to the welfare of the community.<a id="noteref_165" name= + "noteref_165" href="#note_165"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">165</span></span></a> No + wonder, therefore, that the king, as the chief priest of the state, + or as himself a god, should be liable to deposition or death at the + end of an astronomical period. When the great luminaries had run + their course on high, and were about to renew the heavenly race, it + might well be thought that the king should renew his divine + energies, or prove them unabated, under pain of making room for a + more vigorous successor. In southern India, as we have seen, the + king's reign and life terminated with the revolution of the planet + Jupiter round the sun. In Greece, on the other hand, the king's + fate seems to have hung in the balance at the end of every eight + years, ready to fly up and kick the beam as soon as the opposite + scale was loaded with a falling star.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The octennial cycle in relation to + the Greek doctrine of rebirth.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The same train + of thought may explain an ancient Greek custom which appears to + have required that a homicide should be banished his country, and + do penance for a period of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page070">[pg 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> eight or nine years.<a id="noteref_166" name= + "noteref_166" href="#note_166"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">166</span></span></a> With + the beginning of a new cycle or great year, as it was called, it + might be thought that all nature was regenerate, all old scores + wiped out. According to Pindar, the dead whose guilt had been + purged away by an abode of eight years in the nether world were + born again on earth in the ninth year as glorious kings, athletes, + and sages.<a id="noteref_167" name="noteref_167" href= + "#note_167"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">167</span></span></a> The + doctrine may well be an old popular belief rather than a mere + poetical fancy. If so, it would supply a fresh reason for the + banishment of a homicide during the years that the angry ghost of + his victim might at any moment issue from its prison-house and + pounce on him. Once the perturbed spirit had been happily reborn, + he might be supposed to forgive, if not to forget, the man who had + done him an injury in a former life.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The octennial cycle at Cnossus in + Crete. King Minos and Zeus. Sacred marriage of the king and + queen of Cnossus in the form of bull and cow as symbols of the + sun and moon.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whatever its + origin may have been, the cycle of eight years appears to have + coincided with the normal length of the king's reign in other parts + of Greece besides Sparta. Thus Minos, king of Cnossus in Crete, + whose great palace has been unearthed in recent years, is said to + have held office for periods of eight years together. At the end of + each period he retired for a season to the oracular cave on Mount + Ida, and there communed with his divine father Zeus, giving him an + account of his kingship in the years that were past, and receiving + from him instructions for his guidance in those which were to + come.<a id="noteref_168" name="noteref_168" href= + "#note_168"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">168</span></span></a> The + tradition plainly implies <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page071">[pg + 071]</span><a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + that at the end of every eight years the king's sacred powers + needed to be renewed by intercourse with the godhead, and that + without such a renewal he would have forfeited his right to the + throne. We may surmise that among the solemn ceremonies which + marked the beginning or the end of the eight years' cycle the + sacred marriage of the king with the queen played an important + part, and that in this marriage we have the true explanation of the + strange legend of Pasiphae and the bull. It was said that Pasiphae, + the wife of King Minos, fell in love with a wondrous white bull + which rose from the sea, and that in order to gratify her unnatural + passion the artist Daedalus constructed a hollow wooden cow, + covered with a cow's hide, in which the love-sick queen was hidden + while the bull mounted it. The result of their union was the + Minotaur, a monster with the body of a man and the head of a bull, + whom the king shut up in the labyrinth, a building full of such + winding and intricate passages that the prisoner might roam in it + for ever without finding the way out.<a id="noteref_169" name= + "noteref_169" href="#note_169"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">169</span></span></a> The + legend appears to reflect a mythical marriage of the sun and moon, + which was acted as a solemn rite by the king and queen of Cnossus, + wearing the masks of a bull and cow respectively.<a id= + "noteref_170" name="noteref_170" href="#note_170"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">170</span></span></a> To a + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page072">[pg 072]</span><a name= + "Pg072" id="Pg072" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> pastoral people a + bull is the most natural type of vigorous reproductive + energy,<a id="noteref_171" name="noteref_171" href= + "#note_171"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">171</span></span></a> and + as such is a fitting emblem of the sun. Islanders who, like many of + the Cretans, see the sun daily rising from the sea, might readily + compare him to a white bull issuing from the waves. Indeed, we are + expressly told that the Cretans called the sun a bull.<a id= + "noteref_172" name="noteref_172" href="#note_172"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">172</span></span></a> + Similarly in ancient Egypt the sacred bull Mnevis of Heliopolis + (the City of the Sun) was deemed an incarnation of the + Sun-god,<a id="noteref_173" name="noteref_173" href= + "#note_173"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">173</span></span></a> and + for thousands of years the kings of Egypt delighted to be styled + <span class="tei tei-q">“mighty bull”</span>; many of them + inscribed the title on their <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">serekh</span></span> or cognisance, which set + forth their names in their character of descendants of Horus.<a id= + "noteref_174" name="noteref_174" href="#note_174"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">174</span></span></a> The + identification of Pasiphae, <span class="tei tei-q">“she who shines + on all,”</span> with the moon was made long ago by Pausanias, who + saw her image along with that of the sun in a sanctuary on that + wild rocky coast of Messenia where the great range of Taygetus + descends seaward in a long line of naked crags.<a id="noteref_175" + name="noteref_175" href="#note_175"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">175</span></span></a> The + horns of the waxing or waning moon naturally suggest the + resemblance of the luminary to a white cow; hence the ancients + represented the goddess of the moon drawn by a team of white + cattle.<a id="noteref_176" name="noteref_176" href= + "#note_176"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">176</span></span></a> When + we remember that at the court of Egypt the king and queen figured + as god and goddess in solemn masquerades, where the parts of + animal-headed deities were played by masked men and women,<a id= + "noteref_177" name="noteref_177" href="#note_177"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">177</span></span></a> we + need have no difficulty in imagining that similar dramas may have + been performed at the court of a Cretan king, whether we suppose + them to have been imported from Egypt or to have had an independent + origin.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page073">[pg + 073]</span><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The same myth and custom of the + marriage of the sun and moon appear in the stories of Zeus and + Europa, of Minos and Britomartis. The conjunction of the sun + and moon regarded as the best time for marriages. Octennial + marriage of the king and queen as representatives of the sun + and moon.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The stories of + Zeus and Europa, and of Minos and Britomartis or Dictynna appear to + be only different expressions of the same myth, different echoes of + the same custom. The moon rising from the sea was the fair maiden + Europa coming across the heaving billows from the far eastern land + of Phoenicia, borne or pursued by her suitor the solar bull. The + moon setting in the western waves was the coy Britomartis or + Dictynna, who plunged into the sea to escape the warm embrace of + her lover Minos, himself the sun. The story how the drowning maiden + was drawn up in a fisherman's net may well be, as some have + thought, the explanation given by a simple seafaring folk of the + moon's reappearance from the sea in the east after she had sunk + into it in the west.<a id="noteref_178" name="noteref_178" href= + "#note_178"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">178</span></span></a> To + the mythical fancy of the ancients the moon was a coy or a wanton + maiden, who either fled from or pursued the sun every month till + the fugitive was overtaken and the lovers enjoyed each other's + company at the time when the luminaries are in conjunction, namely, + in the interval between the old and the new moon. Hence on the + principles of sympathetic magic that interval was considered the + time most favourable for human marriages. When the sun and moon are + wedded in the sky, men and women should be wedded on earth. And for + the same reason the ancients chose the interlunar day for the + celebration of the Sacred Marriages of gods and goddesses. Similar + beliefs and customs based on them have been noted among other + peoples.<a id="noteref_179" name="noteref_179" href= + "#note_179"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">179</span></span></a> It is + likely, therefore, that a king and queen <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page074">[pg 074]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> who represented the sun and moon may have + been expected to exercise their conjugal rights above all at the + time when the moon was thought to rest in the arms of the sun. + However that may have been, it would be natural that their union + should be consummated with unusual solemnity every eight years, + when the two great luminaries, so to say, meet and mark time + together once more after diverging from each other more or less + throughout the interval. It is true that sun and moon are in + conjunction once every month, but every month their conjunction + takes place at a different point in the sky, until eight revolving + years have brought them together again in the same heavenly bridal + chamber where first they met.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Octennial tribute of youths and + maidens probably required as a means of renewing the sun's fire + by human sacrifices. The Minotaur a bull-headed image of the + sun.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Without being + unduly rash we may surmise that the tribute of seven youths and + seven maidens whom the Athenians were bound to send to Minos every + eight years had some connexion with the renewal of the king's power + for another octennial cycle. Traditions varied as to the fate which + awaited the lads and damsels on their arrival in Crete; but the + common view appears to have been that they were shut up in the + labyrinth, there to be devoured by the Minotaur, or at least to be + imprisoned for life.<a id="noteref_180" name="noteref_180" href= + "#note_180"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">180</span></span></a> + Perhaps they were sacrificed by being roasted alive in a bronze + image of a bull, or of a bull-headed man, in order to renew the + strength of the king and of the sun, whom he personated. This at + all events is suggested by the legend of Talos, a bronze man who + clutched people to his breast and leaped with them into the fire, + so that they were roasted alive. He is said to have been given by + Zeus to Europa, or by Hephaestus to Minos, to guard the island of + Crete, which he patrolled thrice daily.<a id="noteref_181" name= + "noteref_181" href="#note_181"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">181</span></span></a> + According to one account he was a bull,<a id="noteref_182" name= + "noteref_182" href="#note_182"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">182</span></span></a> + according to another he was the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page075">[pg 075]</span><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> sun.<a id="noteref_183" name="noteref_183" + href="#note_183"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">183</span></span></a> + Probably he was identical with the Minotaur, and stripped of his + mythical features was nothing but a bronze image of the sun + represented as a man with a bull's head. In order to renew the + solar fires, human victims may have been sacrificed to the idol by + being roasted in its hollow body or placed on its sloping hands and + allowed to roll into a pit of fire. It was in the latter fashion + that the Carthaginians sacrificed their offspring to Moloch. The + children were laid on the hands of a calf-headed image of bronze, + from which they slid into a fiery oven, while the people danced to + the music of flutes and timbrels to drown the shrieks of the + burning victims.<a id="noteref_184" name="noteref_184" href= + "#note_184"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">184</span></span></a> The + resemblance which the Cretan traditions bear to the Carthaginian + practice suggests that the worship associated with the names of + Minos and the Minotaur may have been powerfully influenced by that + of a Semitic Baal.<a id="noteref_185" name="noteref_185" href= + "#note_185"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">185</span></span></a> In + the tradition of Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum, and his brazen + bull<a id="noteref_186" name="noteref_186" href= + "#note_186"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">186</span></span></a> we + may have an echo of similar rites in Sicily, where the Carthaginian + power struck deep roots.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Dance of the youths and maidens at + Cnossus.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But perhaps the + youths and maidens who were sent across the sea to Cnossus had to + perform certain religious duties before they were cast into the + fiery furnace. The same cunning artist Daedalus who planned the + labyrinth and contrived the wooden cow for Pasiphae was said to + have made a dance for Ariadne, daughter of Minos. It represented + youths and maidens dancing in ranks, the youths armed with golden + swords, the maidens crowned with garlands.<a id="noteref_187" name= + "noteref_187" href="#note_187"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">187</span></span></a> + Moreover, when Theseus landed with Ariadne in Delos on his return + from Crete, he and the young companions whom he had rescued from + the Minotaur are said to have danced a mazy dance in imitation of + the intricate windings of the labyrinth; on account of its sinuous + turns the dance was called <span class="tei tei-q">“the + Crane.”</span><a id="noteref_188" name="noteref_188" href= + "#note_188"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">188</span></span></a> Taken + together, these two traditions suggest that the youths and maidens + who <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg 076]</span><a name= + "Pg076" id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> were sent to Cnossus + had to dance in the labyrinth before they were sacrificed to the + bull-headed image. At all events there are good grounds for + thinking that there was a famous dance which the ancients regularly + associated with the Cretan labyrinth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The game of Troy.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the Romans + that dance appears to have been known from the earliest times by + the name of Troy or the Game of Troy. Tradition ran that it was + imported into Italy by Aeneas, who transmitted it through his son + Ascanius to the Alban kings, who in their turn handed it down to + the Romans. It was performed by bands of armed youths on horseback. + Virgil compares their complicated evolutions to the windings of the + Cretan labyrinth;<a id="noteref_189" name="noteref_189" href= + "#note_189"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">189</span></span></a> and + that the comparison is more than a mere poetical flourish appears + from a drawing on a very ancient Etruscan vase found at + Tragliatella. The drawing represents a procession of seven + beardless warriors dancing, accompanied by two armed riders on + horseback, who are also beardless. An inscription proves that the + scene depicted is the Game of Troy; and attached to the procession + is a figure of the Cretan labyrinth,<a id="noteref_190" name= + "noteref_190" href="#note_190"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">190</span></span></a> the + pattern of which is well known from coins of Cnossus on which it is + often represented.<a id="noteref_191" name="noteref_191" href= + "#note_191"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">191</span></span></a> The + same pattern, identified by an inscription, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Labyrinthus, hic habitat + Minotaurus</span></span>,”</span> is scratched on a wall at + Pompeii; and it is also worked in mosaic on the floor of Roman + apartments, with the figures of Theseus and the Minotaur in the + middle.<a id="noteref_192" name="noteref_192" href= + "#note_192"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">192</span></span></a> Roman + boys appear to have drawn the very same pattern on the ground and + to have played a game on it, probably a miniature Game of + Troy.<a id="noteref_193" name="noteref_193" href= + "#note_193"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">193</span></span></a> + Labyrinths of similar type occur as decorations on the floors of + old churches, where they are known as <span class="tei tei-q">“the + Road of Jerusalem”</span>; they were used for processions. The + garden mazes of the Renaissance were modelled on them. Moreover, + they are found very commonly in the north of Europe, marked out + either by raised bands of turf or by <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page077">[pg 077]</span><a name="Pg077" id="Pg077" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> rows of stones. Such labyrinths may be seen + in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finnland, the south coast of Russian + Lappland, and even in Iceland. They go by various names, such as + Babylon, Wieland's House, Trojeborg, Tröburg, and so forth, some of + which clearly indicate their connexion with the ancient Game of + Troy. They are used for children's games.<a id="noteref_194" name= + "noteref_194" href="#note_194"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">194</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The dance at Cnossus perhaps an + imitation of the sun's course in the sky.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A dance or game + which has thus spread over Europe and survived in a fashion to + modern times must have been very popular, and bearing in mind how + often with the decay of old faiths the serious rites and pageants + of grown people have degenerated into the sports of children, we + may reasonably ask whether Ariadne's Dance or the Game of Troy may + not have had its origin in religious ritual. The ancients connected + it with Cnossus and the Minotaur. Now we have seen reason to hold, + with many other scholars, that Cnossus was the seat of a great + worship of the sun, and that the Minotaur was a representative or + embodiment of the sun-god. May not, then, Ariadne's dance have been + an imitation of the sun's course in the sky? and may not its + intention have been, by means of sympathetic magic, to aid the + great luminary to run his race on high? We have seen that during an + eclipse of the sun the Chilcotin Indians walk in a circle, leaning + on staves, apparently to assist the labouring orb. In Egypt also + the king, who embodied the sun-god, seems to have solemnly walked + round the walls of a temple for the sake of helping the sun on his + way.<a id="noteref_195" name="noteref_195" href= + "#note_195"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">195</span></span></a> If + there is any truth in this conjecture, it would seem to follow that + the sinuous lines of the labyrinth which the dancers followed in + their evolutions may have represented the ecliptic, the sun's + apparent annual path in the sky. It is some confirmation of this + view that on coins of Cnossus the sun or a star appears in the + middle of the labyrinth, the place which on other coins is occupied + by the Minotaur.<a id="noteref_196" name="noteref_196" href= + "#note_196"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">196</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Conclusions as to the king of + Cnossus.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the whole the + foregoing evidence, slight and fragmentary as it is, points to the + conclusion that at Cnossus the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page078">[pg 078]</span><a name="Pg078" id="Pg078" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> king represented the sun-god, and that every + eight years his divine powers were renewed at a great festival, + which comprised, first, the sacrifice of human victims by fire to a + bull-headed image of the sun, and, second, the marriage of the king + disguised as a bull to the queen disguised as a cow, the two + personating respectively the sun and the moon.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Octennial festivals of the + Crowning at Delphi and the Laurel-bearing at Thebes. Both + represented dramatically the slaying of a water-dragon.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whatever may be + thought of these speculations, we know that many solemn rites were + celebrated by the ancient Greeks at intervals of eight years.<a id= + "noteref_197" name="noteref_197" href="#note_197"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">197</span></span></a> + Amongst them, two deserve to be noticed here, because it has been + recently suggested, with some appearance of probability, that they + were based on an octennial tenure of the kingship.<a id= + "noteref_198" name="noteref_198" href="#note_198"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">198</span></span></a> One + was the Festival of the Crowning at Delphi; the other was the + Festival of the Laurel-bearing at Thebes. In their general features + the two festivals seem to have resembled each other very closely. + Both represented dramatically the slaying of a great water-dragon + by a god or hero; in both, the lad who played the part of the + victorious god or hero crowned his brows with a wreath of sacred + laurel and had to submit to a penance and purification for the + slaughter of the beast. At Delphi the legendary slayer of the + dragon was Apollo; at Thebes he was Cadmus.<a id="noteref_199" + name="noteref_199" href="#note_199"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">199</span></span></a> At + both places the legendary penance for the slaughter seems to have + been servitude for eight years.<a id="noteref_200" name= + "noteref_200" href="#note_200"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">200</span></span></a> The + evidence for the rites of the Delphic festival is fairly complete, + but for the Theban festival it has to be eked out by + vase-paintings, which represent Cadmus crowned with laurel + preparing to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page079">[pg + 079]</span><a name="Pg079" id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + attack the dragon or actually in combat with the monster, while + goddesses bend over the champion, holding out wreaths of laurel to + him as the mede of victory.<a id="noteref_201" name="noteref_201" + href="#note_201"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">201</span></span></a> It is + true that in historical times Apollo appears to have ousted Cadmus + from the festival, though not from the myth. But at Thebes the god + was plainly a late intruder, for his temple lay outside the walls, + whereas the most ancient sanctuaries stood in the oldest part of + the city, the low hill which took its name of Cadmea from the + genuine Theban hero Cadmus.<a id="noteref_202" name="noteref_202" + href="#note_202"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">202</span></span></a> It is + not impossible that at Delphi also, and perhaps at other places + where the same drama was acted,<a id="noteref_203" name= + "noteref_203" href="#note_203"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">203</span></span></a> + Apollo may have displaced an old local hero in the honourable + office of dragon-slayer.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Both at Delphi and at Thebes the + dragon seems to have guarded the oracular spring and the + oracular tree. The crown of laurel and the crown of oak. The + Festival of Crowning at Delphi originally identical with the + Pythian games.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Both at Thebes + and at Delphi the dragon guarded a spring,<a id="noteref_204" name= + "noteref_204" href="#note_204"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">204</span></span></a> the + water of which was probably deemed oracular. At Delphi the sacred + spring may have been either Cassotis or the more famed Castaly, + which issues from a narrow gorge, shut in by rocky walls of + tremendous height, a little to the east of Apollo's temple. The + waters of both were thought to be endowed with prophetic + power.<a id="noteref_205" name="noteref_205" href= + "#note_205"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">205</span></span></a> + Probably, too, the monster was supposed to keep watch and ward over + the sacred laurel, from which the victor in the combat wreathed his + brows; for in vase-paintings the Theban dragon appears coiled + beside the holy tree,<a id="noteref_206" name="noteref_206" href= + "#note_206"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">206</span></span></a> and + Euripides describes the Delphic dragon as covered by a leafy + laurel.<a id="noteref_207" name="noteref_207" href= + "#note_207"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">207</span></span></a> At + all <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page080">[pg 080]</span><a name= + "Pg080" id="Pg080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> oracular seats of + Apollo his priestess drank of the sacred spring and chewed the + sacred laurel before she prophesied.<a id="noteref_208" name= + "noteref_208" href="#note_208"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">208</span></span></a> Thus + it would seem that the dragon, which at Delphi is expressly said to + have been the guardian of the oracle,<a id="noteref_209" name= + "noteref_209" href="#note_209"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">209</span></span></a> had + in its custody both the instruments of divination, the holy tree + and the holy water. We are reminded of the dragon or serpent, slain + by Hercules, which guarded the golden apples of the Hesperides in + the happy garden.<a id="noteref_210" name="noteref_210" href= + "#note_210"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">210</span></span></a> But + at Delphi the oldest sacred tree appears, as Mr. A. B. Cook has + pointed out,<a id="noteref_211" name="noteref_211" href= + "#note_211"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">211</span></span></a> to + have been not a laurel but an oak. For we are told that originally + the victors in the Pythian games at Delphi wore crowns of oak + leaves, since the laurel had not yet been created.<a id= + "noteref_212" name="noteref_212" href="#note_212"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">212</span></span></a> Now, + like the Festival of Crowning, the Pythian games were instituted to + commemorate the slaughter of the dragon;<a id="noteref_213" name= + "noteref_213" href="#note_213"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">213</span></span></a> like + it they were originally held every eighth year;<a id="noteref_214" + name="noteref_214" href="#note_214"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">214</span></span></a> the + two festivals were celebrated nearly at the same time of the + year;<a id="noteref_215" name="noteref_215" href= + "#note_215"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">215</span></span></a> and + the representative of Apollo in the one and the victors in the + other were adorned with crowns made from the same sacred + laurel.<a id="noteref_216" name="noteref_216" href= + "#note_216"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">216</span></span></a> In + short, the two festivals appear to have been in origin + substantially identical; the distinction between them may have + arisen when the Delphians decided to hold the Pythian games every + fourth, instead of every eighth year.<a id="noteref_217" name= + "noteref_217" href="#note_217"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">217</span></span></a> We + may fairly suppose, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page081">[pg + 081]</span><a name="Pg081" id="Pg081" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + therefore, that the leaf-crowned victors in the Pythian games, like + the laurel-wreathed boy in the Festival of Crowning, formerly acted + the part of the god himself. But if in the beginning these actors + in the sacred drama wore wreaths of oak instead of laurel, it seems + to follow that the deity whom they personated was the oak-god Zeus + rather than the laurel-god Apollo; from which again we may infer + that Delphi was a sanctuary of Zeus and the oak before it became + the shrine of Apollo and the laurel.<a id="noteref_218" name= + "noteref_218" href="#note_218"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">218</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Substitution of the laurel for the + oak.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But why should + the crown of oak have ceased to be the badge of victory? and why + should a wreath of laurel have taken its place? The abandonment of + the oak crown may have been a consequence of the disappearance of + the oak itself from the neighbourhood of Delphi; in Greece, as in + Italy, the deciduous trees have for centuries been retreating up + the mountain sides before the advance of the evergreens.<a id= + "noteref_219" name="noteref_219" href="#note_219"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">219</span></span></a> When + the last venerable oak, the rustling of whose leaves in the breeze + had long been listened to as oracular, finally succumbed through + age, or was laid low by a storm, the priests may have cast about + for a tree of another sort to take its place. Yet they sought it + neither in the lower woods of the valley nor in the dark forests + which clothe the upper slopes of Parnassus above the frowning + cliffs of Delphi. Legend ran that after the slaughter of the + dragon, Apollo had purged himself from the stain of blood in the + romantic Vale of Tempe, where the Peneus flows smoothly in a narrow + defile between the lofty wooded steeps of Olympus and Ossa. Here + the god crowned himself with a laurel wreath, and thither + accordingly at the Festival of Crowning his human representative + went to pluck the laurel for his brows.<a id="noteref_220" name= + "noteref_220" href="#note_220"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">220</span></span></a> The + custom, though doubtless ancient, can hardly have been original. We + must suppose that in the beginning the dragon-guarded tree, whether + an oak or a laurel, grew at Delphi itself. But why should the + laurel be chosen as a substitute for the oak? Mr. A. B. Cook has + suggested a plausible answer. The laurel leaf resembles so closely + the leaf of the ilex or holm-oak <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page082">[pg 082]</span><a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> in both shape and colour that an untrained + observer may easily confuse the two. The upper surface of both is a + dark glossy green, the lower surface shews a lighter tint. Nothing, + therefore, could be more natural than to make the new wreath out of + leaves which looked so like the old oak leaves that the + substitution might almost pass undetected.<a id="noteref_221" name= + "noteref_221" href="#note_221"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">221</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whether at + Thebes, as at Delphi, the laurel had ousted the oak from the place + of honour at the festival of the Slaying of the Dragon, we cannot + say. The oak has long disappeared from the low hills and flat + ground in the neighbourhood of Thebes, but as late as the second + century of our era there was a forest of ancient oaks not many + miles off at the foot of Mount Cithaeron.<a id="noteref_222" name= + "noteref_222" href="#note_222"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">222</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Hypothesis of octennial kings at + Delphi and Thebes, who personated dragons or serpents. Animals + sacred to royal families. Greek stories of the transformation + of gods into beasts point to a custom of a sacred marriage in + which the actors masqueraded as animals.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It has been + conjectured that in ancient days the persons who wore the wreath of + laurel or oak at the octennial festivals of Delphi and Thebes were + no other than the priestly kings, who personated the god, slew + their predecessors in the guise of dragons, and reigned for a time + in their stead.<a id="noteref_223" name="noteref_223" href= + "#note_223"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">223</span></span></a> The + theory certainly cannot be demonstrated, but there is a good deal + of analogy in its favour. An eight years' tenure of the kingship at + Delphi and Thebes would accord with the similar tenure of the + office at Sparta and Cnossus. And if the kings of Cnossus disguised + themselves as bulls, there seems no reason why the kings of Delphi + and Thebes should not have personated dragons or serpents. In all + these cases the animal whose guise the king assumed would be sacred + to the royal family. At first the relation of the beast to the man + would be direct and simple; the creature would be revered for some + such reason as that for which a savage respects a certain species + of animals, for example, because he believes that his ancestors + were beasts of the same sort, or that the souls of his dead are + lodged in them. In later times the sanctity of the species would be + explained by saying that a god had at some time, and for some + reason or other, assumed the form of the animal. It is probably not + without significance that in Greek mythology the gods in general, + and Zeus in particular, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page083">[pg + 083]</span><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + are commonly said to have submitted to this change of shape for the + purpose of prosecuting a love adventure. Such stories may well + reflect a custom of a Sacred Marriage at which the actors played + the parts of the worshipful animals. With the growth of culture + these local worships, the relics of a barbarous age, would be + explained away by tales of the loves of the gods, and, gradually + falling out of practice, would survive only as myths.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Analogy of the Wolf Society of + Arcadia to the Leopard Society of west Africa.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is said that + at the festival of the Wolf-god Zeus, held every nine years on the + Wolf-mountain in Arcadia, a man tasted of the bowel of a human + victim mixed with the bowels of animals, and having tasted it he + was turned into a wolf, and remained a wolf for nine years, when he + changed back again into a man if in the interval he had abstained + from eating human flesh.<a id="noteref_224" name="noteref_224" + href="#note_224"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">224</span></span></a> The + tradition points to the existence of a society of cannibal + wolf-worshippers, one or more of whom personated, and were supposed + to embody, the sacred animal for periods of nine years together. + Their theory and practice would seem to have agreed with those of + the Human Leopard Societies of western Africa, whose members + disguise themselves in the skins of leopards with sharp claws of + steel. In that guise they attack and kill men in order to eat their + flesh or to extract powerful charms from their bodies.<a id= + "noteref_225" name="noteref_225" href="#note_225"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">225</span></span></a> Their + mode of gaining recruits is like that of the Greek Wolf Society. + When a visitor came to a village inhabited by a Leopard Society, + <span class="tei tei-q">“he was invited to partake of food, in + which was mixed a small quantity of human flesh. The guest all + unsuspectingly partook of the repast, and was afterwards told that + human flesh formed one of the ingredients of the meal, and that it + was then necessary that he should join the society, which was + invariably done.”</span><a id="noteref_226" name="noteref_226" + href="#note_226"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">226</span></span></a> As + the ancient Greeks thought that a man might be turned into a wolf, + so these negroes believe that he can be changed into a leopard; + and, like the Greeks, some of them fancy that if the transformed + man abstains during his transformation from preying <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page084">[pg 084]</span><a name="Pg084" id="Pg084" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> on his fellows he can regain his human + shape, but that if he once laps human blood he must remain a + leopard for ever.<a id="noteref_227" name="noteref_227" href= + "#note_227"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">227</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Legend of the transformation of + Cadmus and Harmonia into serpents. Transmigration of the souls + of the dead into serpents. Kings claim kinship with the most + powerful animals.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The hypothesis + that the ancient kings of Thebes and Delphi had for their sacred + animal the serpent or dragon, and claimed kinship with the + creature, derives some countenance from the tradition that at the + end of their lives Cadmus and his wife Harmonia quitted Thebes and + went to reign over a tribe of Encheleans or Eel-men in Illyria, + where they were both finally transformed into dragons or + serpents.<a id="noteref_228" name="noteref_228" href= + "#note_228"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">228</span></span></a> To + the primitive mind an eel is a water-serpent;<a id="noteref_229" + name="noteref_229" href="#note_229"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">229</span></span></a> it + can hardly, therefore, be an accident that the serpent-killer + afterwards reigned over a tribe of eel-men and himself became a + serpent at last. Moreover, according to one account, his wife + Harmonia was a daughter of the very dragon which he slew.<a id= + "noteref_230" name="noteref_230" href="#note_230"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">230</span></span></a> The + tradition would fit in well with the hypothesis that the dragon or + serpent was the sacred animal of the old royal house of Thebes, and + that the kingdom fell to him who slew his predecessor and married + his daughter. We have seen reason to think that such a mode of + succession to the throne was common in antiquity.<a id= + "noteref_231" name="noteref_231" href="#note_231"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">231</span></span></a> The + story of the final transformation of Cadmus and Harmonia into + snakes may be a relic of a belief that the souls of the dead kings + and queens of Thebes transmigrated into the bodies of serpents, + just as Caffre kings turn at death into boa-constrictors or deadly + black snakes.<a id="noteref_232" name="noteref_232" href= + "#note_232"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">232</span></span></a> + Indeed the notion that the souls of the dead lodge in serpents is + widely spread in Africa and Madagascar.<a id="noteref_233" name= + "noteref_233" href="#note_233"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">233</span></span></a> Other + African tribes believe that their dead kings and chiefs turn into + lions, leopards, hyaenas, pythons, hippopotamuses, or other + creatures, and the animals are respected and spared + accordingly.<a id="noteref_234" name="noteref_234" href= + "#note_234"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">234</span></span></a> In + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page085">[pg 085]</span><a name= + "Pg085" id="Pg085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> like manner the + Semang and other wild tribes of the Malay Peninsula imagine that + the souls of their chiefs, priests, and magicians transmigrate at + death into the bodies of certain wild beasts, such as elephants, + tigers, and rhinoceroses, and that in their bestial form the dead + men extend a benign protection to their living human + kinsfolk.<a id="noteref_235" name="noteref_235" href= + "#note_235"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">235</span></span></a> Even + during their lifetime kings in rude society sometimes claim kinship + with the most formidable beasts of the country. Thus the royal + family of Dahomey specially worships the leopard; some of the + king's wives are distinguished by the title of Leopard Wives, and + on state occasions they wear striped cloths to resemble the + animal.<a id="noteref_236" name="noteref_236" href= + "#note_236"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">236</span></span></a> One + king of Dahomey, on whom the French made war, bore the name of + Shark; hence in art he was represented sometimes with a shark's + body and a human head, sometimes with a human body and the head of + a shark.<a id="noteref_237" name="noteref_237" href= + "#note_237"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">237</span></span></a> The + Trocadero Museum at Paris contains the wooden images of three kings + of Dahomey who reigned during the nineteenth century, and who are + all represented partly in human and partly in animal form. One of + them, Guezo, bore the surname of the Cock, and his image represents + him as a man covered with feathers. His son Guelelé, who succeeded + him on the throne, was surnamed the Lion, and his effigy is that of + a lion rampant with tail raised and hair on his body, but with + human feet and hands. Guelelé was succeeded on the throne by his + son Behanzin, who was surnamed the Shark, and his effigy portrays + him standing upright with the head and body of a fish, the fins and + scales being carefully represented, while his arms and legs are + those of a man.<a id="noteref_238" name="noteref_238" href= + "#note_238"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">238</span></span></a> + Again, a king of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page086">[pg + 086]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Benin was called Panther, and a bronze statue of him, now in the + Anthropological Museum at Berlin, represents him with a panther's + whiskers.<a id="noteref_239" name="noteref_239" href= + "#note_239"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">239</span></span></a> Such + portraits furnish an exact parallel to what I conceive to be the + true story of the Minotaur. On the Gold Coast of Africa a powerful + ruler is commonly addressed as <span class="tei tei-q">“O + Elephant!”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“O Lion!”</span> and + one of the titles of the king of Ashantee, mentioned at great + ceremonies, is <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">borri</span></span>, the name of a venomous + snake.<a id="noteref_240" name="noteref_240" href= + "#note_240"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">240</span></span></a> It + has been argued that King David belonged to a serpent family, and + that the brazen serpent, which down to the time of Hezekiah was + worshipped with fumes of burning incense,<a id="noteref_241" name= + "noteref_241" href="#note_241"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">241</span></span></a> + represented the old sacred animal of his house.<a id="noteref_242" + name="noteref_242" href="#note_242"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">242</span></span></a> In + Europe the bull, the serpent, and the wolf would naturally be on + the list of royal beasts.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The serpent the royal animal at + Athens and Salamis.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If the king's + soul was believed to pass at death into the sacred animal, a custom + might arise of keeping live creatures of the species in captivity + and revering them as the souls of dead rulers. This would explain + the Athenian practice of keeping a sacred serpent on the Acropolis + and feeding it with honey cakes; for the serpent was identified + with Erichthonius or Erechtheus, one of the ancient kings of + Athens, of whose palace some vestiges have been discovered in + recent times. The creature was supposed to guard the citadel. + During the Persian invasion a report that the serpent had left its + honey-cake untasted was one of the strongest reasons which induced + the people to abandon Athens to the enemy; they thought that the + holy reptile had forsaken the city.<a id="noteref_243" name= + "noteref_243" href="#note_243"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">243</span></span></a> + Again, Cecrops, the first king of Athens, <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page087">[pg 087]</span><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> is said to have been half-serpent and + half-man;<a id="noteref_244" name="noteref_244" href= + "#note_244"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">244</span></span></a> in + art he is represented as a man from the waist upwards, while the + lower part of his body consists of the coils of a serpent.<a id= + "noteref_245" name="noteref_245" href="#note_245"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">245</span></span></a> It + has been suggested that like Erechtheus he was identical with the + serpent on the Acropolis.<a id="noteref_246" name="noteref_246" + href="#note_246"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">246</span></span></a> Once + more, we are told that Cychreus gained the kingdom of Salamis by + slaying a snake which ravaged the island,<a id="noteref_247" name= + "noteref_247" href="#note_247"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">247</span></span></a> but + that after his death he, like Cadmus, appeared in the form of the + reptile.<a id="noteref_248" name="noteref_248" href= + "#note_248"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">248</span></span></a> Some + said that he was a man who received the name of Snake on account of + his cruelty.<a id="noteref_249" name="noteref_249" href= + "#note_249"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">249</span></span></a> Such + tales may preserve reminiscences of kings who assumed the style of + serpents in their lifetime and were believed to transmigrate into + serpents after death. Like the dragons of Thebes and Delphi, the + Athenian serpent appears to have been conceived as a creature of + the waters; for the serpent-man Erechtheus was identified with the + water-god Poseidon,<a id="noteref_250" name="noteref_250" href= + "#note_250"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">250</span></span></a> and + in his temple, the Erechtheum, where the serpent lived, there was a + tank which went by the name of <span class="tei tei-q">“the sea of + Erechtheus.”</span><a id="noteref_251" name="noteref_251" href= + "#note_251"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">251</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The wedding of Cadmus and Harmonia + at Thebes may have been a dramatic representation of the + marriage of the sun and moon at the end of the eight years' + cycle.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If the + explanation of the eight years' cycle which I have adopted holds + good for Thebes and Delphi, the octennial festivals held at these + places probably had some reference to the sun and moon, and may + have comprised a sacred marriage of these luminaries. The solar + character of Apollo, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page088">[pg + 088]</span><a name="Pg088" id="Pg088" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + whether original or adventitious, lends some countenance to this + view, but at both Delphi and Thebes the god was apparently an + intruder who usurped the place of an older god or hero at the + festival. At Thebes that older hero was Cadmus. Now Cadmus was a + brother of Europa, who appears to have been a personification of + the moon conceived in the form of a cow.<a id="noteref_252" name= + "noteref_252" href="#note_252"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">252</span></span></a> He + travelled westward seeking his lost sister till he came to Delphi, + where the oracle bade him give up the search and follow a cow which + had the white mark of the full moon on its flank; wherever the cow + fell down exhausted, there he was to take up his abode and found a + city. Following the cow and the directions of the oracle he built + Thebes.<a id="noteref_253" name="noteref_253" href= + "#note_253"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">253</span></span></a> Have + we not here in another form the myth of the moon pursued and at + last overtaken by the sun? and the famous wedding of Cadmus and + Harmonia, to attend which all the gods came down from heaven,<a id= + "noteref_254" name="noteref_254" href="#note_254"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">254</span></span></a> may + it not have been at once the mythical marriage of the great + luminaries and the ritual marriage of the king and queen of Thebes + masquerading, like the king and queen of Cnossus, in the character + of the lights of heaven at the octennial festival which celebrated + and symbolised the conjunction of the sun and moon after their long + separation, their harmony after eight years of discord? A better + name for the bride at such a wedding could hardly have been chosen + than Harmonia.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">This theory confirmed by the + astronomical symbols carried by the Laurel-bearer at the + octennial festival of Laurel-bearing. The Olympic festival + seems to have been based on the octennial cycle. Mythical + marriage of the sun and moon at Olympia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This theory is + supported by a remarkable feature of the festival. At the head of + the procession, immediately in front of the Laurel-bearer, walked a + youth who carried in his hands a staff of olive-wood draped with + laurels and flowers. To the top of the staff was fastened a bronze + globe, with smaller globes hung from it; to the middle of the staff + were attached a globe of medium size and three hundred and + sixty-five purple ribbands, while the lower part of the staff was + swathed in a saffron pall. The largest globe, we are told, + signified the sun, the smaller the moon, and the smallest + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page089">[pg 089]</span><a name= + "Pg089" id="Pg089" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the stars, and the + purple ribbands stood for the course of the year, being equal in + number to the days comprised in it.<a id="noteref_255" name= + "noteref_255" href="#note_255"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">255</span></span></a> The + choir of virgins who followed the Laurel-bearer singing hymns<a id= + "noteref_256" name="noteref_256" href="#note_256"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">256</span></span></a> may + have represented the Muses, who are said to have sung and played at + the marriage of Cadmus and Harmonia; down to late times the very + spot in the market-place was shewn where they had discoursed their + heavenly music.<a id="noteref_257" name="noteref_257" href= + "#note_257"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">257</span></span></a> We + may conjecture that the procession of the Laurel-bearing was + preceded by a dramatic performance of the Slaying of the Dragon, + and that it was followed by a pageant representative of the + nuptials of Cadmus and Harmonia in the presence of the gods. On + this hypothesis Harmonia, the wife of Cadmus, is only another form + of his sister Europa, both of them being personifications of the + moon. Accordingly in the Samothracian mysteries, in which the + marriage of Cadmus and Harmonia appears to have been celebrated, it + was Harmonia and not Europa whose wanderings were dramatically + represented.<a id="noteref_258" name="noteref_258" href= + "#note_258"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">258</span></span></a> The + gods who quitted Olympus to grace the wedding by their presence + were probably represented in the rites, whether celebrated at + Thebes or in Samothrace, by men and women attired as deities. In + like manner at the marriage of a Pharaoh the courtiers masqueraded + in the likeness of the animal-headed Egyptian gods.<a id= + "noteref_259" name="noteref_259" href="#note_259"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">259</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Within + historical times the great Olympic festival was <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page090">[pg 090]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> always held at intervals of four, not + of eight, years. Yet it too would seem to have been based on the + octennial cycle. For it always fell on a full moon, at intervals of + fifty and of forty-nine lunar months alternately.<a id= + "noteref_260" name="noteref_260" href="#note_260"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">260</span></span></a> Thus + the total number of lunar months comprised in two successive + Olympiads was ninety-nine, which is precisely the number of lunar + months in the octennial cycle.<a id="noteref_261" name= + "noteref_261" href="#note_261"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">261</span></span></a> It is + possible that, as K. O. Müller conjectured,<a id="noteref_262" + name="noteref_262" href="#note_262"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">262</span></span></a> the + Olympic games may, like the Pythian, have originally been + celebrated at intervals of eight instead of four years. If that was + so, analogy would lead us to infer that the festival was associated + with a mythical marriage of the sun and moon. A reminiscence of + such a marriage appears to survive in the legend that Endymion, the + son of the first king of Elis, had fifty daughters by the Moon, and + that he set his sons to run a race for the kingdom at + Olympia.<a id="noteref_263" name="noteref_263" href= + "#note_263"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">263</span></span></a> For, + as scholars have already perceived, Endymion is the sunken sun + overtaken by the moon below the horizon, and his fifty daughters by + her are the fifty lunar months of an Olympiad or, more strictly + speaking, of every alternate Olympiad.<a id="noteref_264" name= + "noteref_264" href="#note_264"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">264</span></span></a> If + the Olympic festival always fell, as many authorities have + maintained, at the first full moon after the summer solstice,<a id= + "noteref_265" name="noteref_265" href="#note_265"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">265</span></span></a> the + time would be eminently appropriate for a marriage of the + luminaries, since both of them might then be conceived to be at the + prime of their vigour.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The Olympic victors, male and + female, may originally have represented Zeus and Hera or the + Sun and Moon, and have reigned as divine king and queen for + four or eight years.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It has been + ingeniously argued by Mr. A. B. Cook<a id="noteref_266" name= + "noteref_266" href="#note_266"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">266</span></span></a> that + the Olympic victors in the chariot-race were the lineal successors + of the old rulers, the living embodiments of Zeus, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page091">[pg 091]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> whose claims to the kingdom were + decided by a race, as in the legend of Endymion and his sons, and + who reigned for a period of four, perhaps originally of eight + years, after which they had again, like Oenomaus, to stake their + right to the throne on the issue of a chariot-race. Certainly the + four-horse car in which they raced assimilated them to the sun-god, + who was commonly supposed to drive through the sky in a similar + fashion;<a id="noteref_267" name="noteref_267" href= + "#note_267"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">267</span></span></a> while + the crown of sacred olive which decked their brows<a id= + "noteref_268" name="noteref_268" href="#note_268"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">268</span></span></a> + likened them to the great god Zeus himself, whose glorious image at + Olympia wore a similar wreath.<a id="noteref_269" name= + "noteref_269" href="#note_269"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">269</span></span></a> But + if the olive-crowned victor in the men's race at Olympia + represented Zeus, it becomes probable that the olive-crowned victor + in the girls' race, which was held every fourth year at Olympia in + honour of Hera,<a id="noteref_270" name="noteref_270" href= + "#note_270"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">270</span></span></a> + represented in like manner the god's wife; and that in former days + the two together acted the part of the god and goddess in that + sacred marriage of Zeus and Hera which is known to have been + celebrated in many parts of Greece.<a id="noteref_271" name= + "noteref_271" href="#note_271"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">271</span></span></a> This + conclusion is confirmed by the legend that the girls' race was + instituted by Hippodamia in gratitude for her marriage with + Pelops;<a id="noteref_272" name="noteref_272" href= + "#note_272"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">272</span></span></a> for + if Pelops as victor in the chariot-race represented Zeus, his bride + would naturally play the part of Hera. But under the names of Zeus + and Hera the pair of Olympic victors would seem to have really + personated the Sun and Moon, who were the true heavenly bridegroom + and bride of the ancient octennial festival.<a id="noteref_273" + name="noteref_273" href="#note_273"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">273</span></span></a> In + the decline of ancient civilisation the old myth of the marriage of + the great luminaries <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page092">[pg + 092]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + was revived by the crazy fanatic and libertine, the emperor + Heliogabalus, who fetched the image of Astarte, regarded as the + moon-goddess, from Carthage to Rome and wedded it to the image of + the Syrian sun-god, commanding all men at Rome and throughout Italy + to celebrate with joy and festivity the solemn nuptials of the God + of the Sun with the Goddess of the Moon.<a id="noteref_274" name= + "noteref_274" href="#note_274"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">274</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a> <a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 5. Funeral Games.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Tradition that the great games of + Greece originated in funeral celebrations.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But a different + and at first sight inconsistent explanation of the Olympic festival + deserves to be considered. Some of the ancients held that all the + great games of Greece—the Olympic, the Nemean, the Isthmian, and + the Pythian—were funeral games celebrated in honour of the + dead.<a id="noteref_275" name="noteref_275" href= + "#note_275"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">275</span></span></a> Thus + the Olympic games were supposed to have been founded in honour of + Pelops,<a id="noteref_276" name="noteref_276" href= + "#note_276"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">276</span></span></a> the + great legendary hero, who had a sacred precinct at Olympia, where + he was honoured above all the other heroes and received annually + the sacrifice of a black ram.<a id="noteref_277" name="noteref_277" + href="#note_277"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">277</span></span></a> Once + a year, too, all the lads of Peloponnese are said to have lashed + themselves on his grave at Olympia, till the blood streamed down + their backs as a libation to the departed hero.<a id="noteref_278" + name="noteref_278" href="#note_278"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">278</span></span></a> + Similarly at Roman funerals the women scratched their faces till + they bled for the purpose, as Varro tells us, of pleasing the + ghosts with the sight of the flowing blood.<a id="noteref_279" + name="noteref_279" href="#note_279"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">279</span></span></a> So, + too, among the aborigines of Australia mourners sometimes cut and + hack themselves and allow the streaming blood to drip on the dead + body of their kinsman or into the grave.<a id="noteref_280" name= + "noteref_280" href="#note_280"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">280</span></span></a> Among + the eastern islanders of Torres Straits in like manner youths who + had lately been initiated and girls who had attained to puberty + used to have the lobes of their ears cut as a mourning ceremony, + and the flowing blood was <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page093">[pg + 093]</span><a name="Pg093" id="Pg093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + allowed to drip on the feet of the corpse as a mark of pity or + sorrow; moreover, young adults of both sexes had patterns cut in + their flesh with a sharp shell so that the blood fell on the dead + body.<a id="noteref_281" name="noteref_281" href= + "#note_281"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">281</span></span></a> The + similarity of these savage rites to the Greek custom observed at + the grave of Pelops suggests that the tomb was not a mere cenotaph, + but that it contained the actual remains of the dead hero, though + these have not been discovered by the German excavators of Olympia. + In like manner the Nemean games are said to have been celebrated in + honour of the dead Opheltes, whose grave was shewn at Nemea.<a id= + "noteref_282" name="noteref_282" href="#note_282"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">282</span></span></a> + According to tradition, the Isthmian games were instituted in + honour of the dead Melicertes, whose body had been washed ashore at + the Isthmus of Corinth. It is said that when this happened a famine + fell upon the Corinthians, and an oracle declared that the evil + would not cease until the people paid due obsequies to the remains + of the drowned Melicertes and honoured him with funeral games. The + Corinthians complied with the injunction for a short time; but as + soon as they omitted to celebrate the games, the famine broke out + afresh, and the oracle informed them that the honours paid to + Melicertes must be eternal.<a id="noteref_283" name="noteref_283" + href="#note_283"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">283</span></span></a> + Lastly, the Pythian games are said to have been celebrated in + honour of the dead dragon or serpent Python.<a id="noteref_284" + name="noteref_284" href="#note_284"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">284</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The tradition is confirmed by + Greek practice, for in historical times games were instituted + to do honour to many famous men in Greece.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These Greek + traditions as to the funeral origin of the great games are strongly + confirmed by Greek practice in historical times. Thus in the + Homeric age funeral games, including chariot-races, foot-races, + wrestling, boxing, spear-throwing, quoit-throwing, and archery, + were celebrated in honour of dead kings and heroes at their + barrows.<a id="noteref_285" name="noteref_285" href= + "#note_285"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">285</span></span></a> In + the fifth century before Christ, when Miltiades, the victor of + Marathon, died in the Thracian Chersonese, the people offered + sacrifices to him as their founder and instituted <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page094">[pg 094]</span><a name="Pg094" id="Pg094" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> equestrian and athletic games in his + honour, in which no citizen of Lampsacus was allowed to + contend.<a id="noteref_286" name="noteref_286" href= + "#note_286"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">286</span></span></a> Near + the theatre at Sparta there were two graves; one contained the + bones of the gallant Leonidas which had been brought back from the + pass of Thermopylae to rest in Spartan earth; the other held the + dust of King Pausanias, who commanded the Greek armies on the great + day when they routed the Persian host at Plataea, but who lived to + tarnish his laurels and to die a traitor's death. Every year + speeches were spoken over these graves and games were held in which + none but Spartans might compete.<a id="noteref_287" name= + "noteref_287" href="#note_287"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">287</span></span></a> + Perhaps in the case of Pausanias the games were intended rather to + avert his anger than to do him honour; for we are told that wizards + were fetched even from Italy to lay the traitor's unquiet + ghost.<a id="noteref_288" name="noteref_288" href= + "#note_288"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">288</span></span></a> + Again, when the Spartan general Brasidas, defending Amphipolis in + Thrace against the Athenians, fell mortally wounded before the city + and just lived, like Wolfe on the Heights of Abraham, to learn that + his men were victorious, all the allies in arms followed the dead + soldier to the grave; and the grateful citizens fenced his tomb + about, sacrificed to him as a hero, and decreed that his memory + should be honoured henceforth with games and annual + sacrifices.<a id="noteref_289" name="noteref_289" href= + "#note_289"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">289</span></span></a> So, + too, when Timoleon, the saviour of Syracuse, died in the city which + he had delivered from tyrants within and defended against enemies + without, vast multitudes of men and women, crowned with garlands + and clad in clean raiment, attended all that was mortal of their + benefactor to the funeral pyre, the voices of praise and + benediction mingling with the sound of lamentations and sobs; and + when at last the bier was laid on the pyre a herald chosen for his + sonorous voice proclaimed that the people of Syracuse were burying + Timoleon, and that they would honour him for all time to come with + musical, equestrian, and athletic games, because he had put down + the tyrants, conquered the foreign foe, rebuilt the cities that had + been laid waste, and restored their free constitutions to the + Sicilians.<a id="noteref_290" name="noteref_290" href= + "#note_290"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">290</span></span></a> In + dedicating the great Mausoleum at Halicarnassus <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page095">[pg 095]</span><a name="Pg095" id="Pg095" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to the soul of her dead husband + Mausolus, his widow Artemisia instituted a contest of eloquence in + his memory, prizes of money and other valuables being offered to + such as should pronounce the most splendid panegyrics on the + departed. Isocrates himself is said to have entered for the prize + but to have been vanquished by his pupil Theopompus.<a id= + "noteref_291" name="noteref_291" href="#note_291"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">291</span></span></a> + Alexander the Great prepared to pay honour to his dead friend + Hephaestion by celebrating athletic and musical contests on a + greater scale than had ever been witnessed before, and for this + purpose he actually assembled three thousand competitors, who + shortly afterwards contended at the funeral games of the great + conqueror himself.<a id="noteref_292" name="noteref_292" href= + "#note_292"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">292</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The Greeks also instituted games + in honour of large numbers of men who had perished in battle or + a massacre.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nor were the + Greeks in the habit of instituting games in honour only of a few + distinguished individuals; they sometimes established them to + perpetuate the memory or to appease the ghosts of large numbers of + men who had perished on the field of battle or been massacred in + cold blood. When the Carthaginians and Tyrrhenians together had + beaten the Phocaeans in a sea-fight, they landed their prisoners + near Agylla in Etruria and stoned them all to death. After that, + whenever the people of Agylla or their oxen or their sheep passed + the scene of the massacre, they were attacked by a strange malady, + which distorted their bodies and deprived them of the use of their + limbs. So they consulted the Delphic oracle, and the priestess told + them that they must offer great sacrifices to the dead Phocaeans + and institute equestrian and athletic games in their honour,<a id= + "noteref_293" name="noteref_293" href="#note_293"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">293</span></span></a> no + doubt to appease the angry ghosts of the murdered men, who were + supposed to be doing the mischief. At Plataea down to the second + century of our era might be seen the graves of the men who fell in + the great battle with the Persians. Sacrifices were offered to them + every year with great solemnity. The chief magistrate of Plataea, + clad in a purple robe, washed with his own hands the tombstones and + anointed them with scented oil. He slaughtered a black bull over a + burning pyre and called upon the dead warriors to come and partake + of the banquet and the blood. Then filling a bowl of wine and + pouring a libation he said, <span class="tei tei-q">“I drink + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page096">[pg 096]</span><a name= + "Pg096" id="Pg096" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to the men who died + for the freedom of Greece.”</span> Moreover, games were celebrated + every fourth year in honour of these heroic dead, the principal + prizes being offered for a race in armour.<a id="noteref_294" name= + "noteref_294" href="#note_294"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">294</span></span></a> At + Athens funeral games were held in the Academy to commemorate the + men slain in war who were buried in the neighbouring Ceramicus, and + sacrifices were offered to them at a pit: the games were + superintended and the sacrifices offered by the Polemarch or + minister of war.<a id="noteref_295" name="noteref_295" href= + "#note_295"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">295</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Funeral games have been celebrated + in honour of the dead by other peoples both in ancient and + modern times.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Similar honours + have been paid to the spirits of the departed by many other peoples + both ancient and modern. Thus in antiquity the Thracians burned or + buried their dead, and having raised mounds over their remains they + held games of all kinds on the spot, assigning the principal prizes + to victory in single combat.<a id="noteref_296" name="noteref_296" + href="#note_296"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">296</span></span></a> At + Rome funeral games were celebrated and gladiators fought in honour + of distinguished men who had just died. The games were sometimes + held in the forum. Thus in the year 216 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, when Marcus Aemilius + Lepidus died, who had been twice consul, his three sons celebrated + funeral games in the forum for three days, and two-and-twenty pairs + of gladiators fought on the occasion.<a id="noteref_297" name= + "noteref_297" href="#note_297"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">297</span></span></a> + Again, in the year 200 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> funeral games were + held for four days in the forum, and five-and-twenty pairs of + gladiators fought in honour of the deceased M. Valerius Laevinus, + the expense of the ceremonies being defrayed by the two sons of the + dead man.<a id="noteref_298" name="noteref_298" href= + "#note_298"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">298</span></span></a> Once + more, when the Pontifex Maximus, Publicius Licinius Crassus, died + at the beginning of the year 183 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, funeral games were + celebrated in his honour for three days, a hundred and twenty + gladiators fought, and the ceremonies concluded with a banquet, for + which the tables were spread in the forum.<a id="noteref_299" name= + "noteref_299" href="#note_299"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">299</span></span></a> These + games and combats were doubtless intended to please and soothe the + ghost of the recently departed, just as we saw that Roman women + lacerated their faces for a similar purpose. Similarly, when the + Southern Nicobarese dig up the bones of their dead, clean them, and + bury them again, they hold a feast at which sham-fights with + quarter-staves take place <span class="tei tei-q">“to gratify the + departed <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page097">[pg + 097]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + spirit.”</span><a id="noteref_300" name="noteref_300" href= + "#note_300"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">300</span></span></a> In + Futuna, an island of the South Pacific, when a death has taken + place friends express their grief by cutting their faces, breast, + and arms with shells, and at the funeral festival which follows + pairs of boxers commonly engage in combats by way of honouring the + deceased.<a id="noteref_301" name="noteref_301" href= + "#note_301"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">301</span></span></a> In + Laos, a province of Siam, boxers are similarly engaged to bruise + each other at the festival which takes place when the remains of a + chief or other important person are cremated. The festival lasts + three days, but it is while the pyre is actually blazing that the + combatants are expected to batter each other's heads with the + utmost vigour.<a id="noteref_302" name="noteref_302" href= + "#note_302"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">302</span></span></a> Among + the Kirghiz the anniversary of the death of a rich man is + celebrated with a great feast and with horse-races, + shooting-matches, and wrestling-matches. It is said that thousands + of sheep and hundreds of horses, besides slaves, coats of mail, and + a great many other objects, are sometimes distributed as prizes + among the winners.<a id="noteref_303" name="noteref_303" href= + "#note_303"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">303</span></span></a> The + Bashkirs, a Tartar people of mixed extraction, bury their dead, and + always end the obsequies with horse-races.<a id="noteref_304" name= + "noteref_304" href="#note_304"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">304</span></span></a> Among + some of the North American Indians contests in running, shooting, + and so forth formed part of the funeral celebration.<a id= + "noteref_305" name="noteref_305" href="#note_305"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">305</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Funeral games among the Bedouins + and among the peoples of the Caucasus.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Bedouins of + the Sinaitic peninsula observe a great annual festival at the grave + of the prophet Salih, and camel-races are included in the + ceremonies. At the end of the races a procession takes place round + the prophet's grave, after which the sacrificial victims are led to + the door of the mortuary chapel, their ears are cut off, and the + doorposts are smeared with their streaming blood.<a id= + "noteref_306" name="noteref_306" href="#note_306"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">306</span></span></a> The + custom of holding funeral <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page098">[pg + 098]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + games in honour of the dead appears to be common among the people + of the Caucasus. Thus in Circassia the anniversary of the death of + a distinguished warrior or chief is celebrated for years with + horse-races, foot-races, and various kinds of martial and athletic + exercises, for which prizes are awarded to the successful + competitors.<a id="noteref_307" name="noteref_307" href= + "#note_307"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">307</span></span></a> Among + the Chewsurs, another people of the Caucasus, horse-races are held + at the funeral of a rich man, and prizes of cattle and sheep are + given to the winners; poorer folk content themselves with a + competition in shooting and with more modest prizes. Similar + celebrations take place on the anniversary of the death.<a id= + "noteref_308" name="noteref_308" href="#note_308"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">308</span></span></a> In + like manner shooting-matches form a feature of an annual Festival + of All Souls, when the spirits of departed Chewsurs are believed to + revisit their old village. Adults and children alike take part in + the matches, the adults shooting with guns and the children with + bows and arrows. The prizes consist of loaves, stockings, gloves, + and so forth.<a id="noteref_309" name="noteref_309" href= + "#note_309"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">309</span></span></a> Among + the Abchases, another people of the Caucasus, two years after a + death a memorial feast is held in honour of the deceased, at which + animals are killed and measures taken to appease the soul of the + departed. For they believe that if the ghost is discontented he can + injure them and their property. The horse of the deceased figures + prominently at the festival. After the guests have feasted at a + long table spread in the open air, the young men perform evolutions + on horseback which are said to recall the tournaments of the Middle + Ages, and children of eight or nine years of age ride races on + horseback.<a id="noteref_310" name="noteref_310" href= + "#note_310"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">310</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Games periodically held in honour + of some famous man might in time assume the character of a + great fair. The great Irish fairs of Tailltin and Carman, in + which horse-races played a prominent part, are said to have + been instituted in honour of the dead.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus it appears + that many different peoples have been in the habit of holding + games, including horse-races, in honour of the dead; and as the + ancient Greeks unquestionably did so within historical times for + men whose existence is as little open to question as that of + Wellington and Napoleon, we cannot dismiss as improbable the + tradition that the Olympic <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page099">[pg 099]</span><a name="Pg099" id="Pg099" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> and perhaps other great Greek games were + instituted to commemorate real men who once lived, died, and were + buried on the spot where the festivals were afterwards held. When + the person so commemorated had been great and powerful in his + lifetime, his ghost would be deemed great and powerful after death, + and the games celebrated in his honour might naturally attract + crowds of spectators. The need of providing food and accommodation + for the multitude which assembled on these occasions would in turn + draw numbers of hucksters and merchants to the spot, and thus what + in its origin had been a solemn religious ceremony might gradually + assume more and more the character of a fair, that is, of a + concourse of people brought together mainly for purposes of trade + and amusement. This theory might account for the origin not only of + the Olympic and other Greek games, but also for that of the great + fairs or public assemblies of ancient Ireland which have been + compared, not without reason, to the Greek games. Indeed the two + most famous of these Irish festivals, in which horse-races played a + prominent part, are actually said to have been instituted in honour + of the dead. Most celebrated of all was the fair of Tailltiu or + Tailltin, held at a place in the county of Meath which is now + called Teltown on the Blackwater, midway between Navan and Kells. + The festival lasted for a fortnight before Lammas (the first of + August) and a fortnight after it. Among the manly sports and + contests which formed a leading feature of the fair horse-races + held the principal place. But trade was not neglected, and among + the wares brought to market were marriageable women, who, according + to a tradition which survived into the nineteenth century, were + bought and sold as wives for one year. The very spot where the + marriages took place is still pointed out by the peasantry; they + call it <span class="tei tei-q">“Marriage Hollow.”</span> + Multitudes flocked to the fair not only from all parts of Ireland, + but even from Scotland; it is officially recorded that in the year + 1169 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> the horses and + chariots alone, exclusive of the people on foot, extended in a + continuous line for more than six English miles, from Tailltin to + Mullach-Aiti, now the Hill of Lloyd near Kells. The Irish + historians relate that the fair of Tailltin was instituted by Lug + in honour of his foster-mother Tailltiu, <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page100">[pg 100]</span><a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> whom he buried under a great sepulchral mound + on the spot, ordering that a commemorative festival with games and + sports should be celebrated there annually for ever.<a id= + "noteref_311" name="noteref_311" href="#note_311"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">311</span></span></a> The + other great fair of ancient Ireland was held only once in three + years at Carman, now called Wexford, in Leinster. It began on + Lammas Day (the first of August) and lasted six days. A horse-race + took place on each day of the festival. In different parts of the + green there were separate markets for victuals, for cattle and + horses, and for gold and precious stuffs of the merchants. Harpers + harped and pipers piped for the entertainment of the crowds, and in + other parts of the fair bards recited in the ears of rapt listeners + old romantic tales of forays and cattle-raids, of battles and + murders, of love and courtship and marriage. Prizes were awarded to + the best performers in every art. In the Book of Ballymote the fair + of Carman or Garman is said to have been founded in accordance with + the dying wish of a chief named Garman, who was buried on the spot, + after begging that a fair of mourning (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">aenach + n-guba</span></span>) should be instituted for him and should bear + his name for ever. <span class="tei tei-q">“It was considered an + institution of great importance, and among the blessings promised + to the men of Leinster from holding it and duly celebrating the + established games, were plenty of corn, fruit and milk, abundance + of fish in their lakes and rivers, domestic prosperity, and + immunity from the yoke of any other province. On the other hand, + the evils to follow from the neglect of this institution were to be + failure and early greyness on them and their kings.”</span><a id= + "noteref_312" name="noteref_312" href="#note_312"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">312</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Indeed most of the great Irish + fairs are said to have originated in funeral games.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nor were these + two great fairs the only ancient Irish festivals of the sort which + are reported to have been founded in honour of the dead. The annual + fair at Emain is said to have been established to lament the death + of Queen Macha <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg + 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of the Golden Hair, who had her palace on the spot.<a id= + "noteref_313" name="noteref_313" href="#note_313"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">313</span></span></a> In + short <span class="tei tei-q">“most of the great meetings, by + whatever name known, had their origin in funeral games. Tara, + Tailltenn, Tlachtga, Ushnagh, Cruachan, Emain Macha and other less + prominent meeting-places, are well known as ancient pagan + cemeteries, in all of which many illustrious semi-historical + personages were interred: and many sepulchral monuments remain in + them to this day.”</span><a id="noteref_314" name="noteref_314" + href="#note_314"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">314</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“There was a notion that Carman was a + cemetery, that there kings and queens had been buried, and that the + games and horse-races, which formed the principal attraction of the + fair, had been instituted in honour of the dead folk on whose + graves the feet of the assembled multitude were treading. The same + view is taken of the fairs of Tailltiu and Cruachan: Tailltiu and + Cruachan were cemeteries before they served periodically as places + of assembly for business and pleasure.”</span><a id="noteref_315" + name="noteref_315" href="#note_315"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">315</span></span></a> The + tombs of the first kings of Ulster were at Tailltin.<a id= + "noteref_316" name="noteref_316" href="#note_316"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">316</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The great Irish fairs were held on + the first of August (Lammas), which seems to have been an old + harvest festival of first-fruits.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If we ask + whether the tradition as to the funeral origin of these great Irish + fairs is true or false, it is important to observe the date at + which they were commonly celebrated. The date was the first of + August, or Lugnasad, that is, the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nasad</span></span> or games of Lug, as the + day is still called in every part of Ireland.<a id="noteref_317" + name="noteref_317" href="#note_317"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">317</span></span></a> This + was the date of the great fair of Cruachan<a id="noteref_318" name= + "noteref_318" href="#note_318"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">318</span></span></a> as + well as of Tailltin and Carman. Now the first of August is our + Lammas Day, a name derived from the Anglo-Saxon <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hlafmaesse</span></span>, that is, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Loaf-mass”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Bread-mass,”</span> and the name marks the day as a + mass or feast of thanksgiving for the first-fruits of the + corn-harvest, which in England and Ireland usually ripen about that + time. The feast <span class="tei tei-q">“seems to have been + observed with bread of new wheat, and therefore in some parts of + England, and even in some near Oxford, the tenants are bound to + bring in wheat of that year to their lord, on or before the first + of August.”</span><a id="noteref_319" name="noteref_319" href= + "#note_319"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">319</span></span></a> But + if the festival of the first of August was in its origin an + offering of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page102">[pg + 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + first-fruits of the corn-harvest, we can easily understand the + great importance which the ancient Irish attached to it, and why + they should have thought that its observance ensured a plentiful + crop of corn as well as abundance of fruit and milk and fish, + whereas the neglect of the festival would entail the failure of + these things and cause the hair of their kings to turn prematurely + grey.<a id="noteref_320" name="noteref_320" href= + "#note_320"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">320</span></span></a> For + it is a widespread custom among primitive agricultural peoples to + offer the first-fruits of the harvest to divine beings, whether + gods or spirits, before any person may eat of the new crops,<a id= + "noteref_321" name="noteref_321" href="#note_321"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">321</span></span></a> and + wherever such customs are observed we may assume that an omission + to offer the first-fruits must be supposed to endanger the crops + and the general prosperity of the community, by exciting the wrath + of the gods or spirits, who conceive themselves to be robbed of + their dues. Now among the divine beings who are thus propitiated + the souls of dead ancestors take in many tribes a prominent or even + exclusive place, and that these ancestors are not creations of the + mythical fancy but were once men of flesh and blood is sometimes + demonstrated by the substantial evidence of their skulls, to which + the offerings are made and in which the spirits are supposed to + take up their abode for the purpose of partaking of the food + presented to them. Sometimes the ceremony is designated by the + expressive name of <span class="tei tei-q">“feeding the + dead.”</span><a id="noteref_322" name="noteref_322" href= + "#note_322"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">322</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">If the great Irish fairs were + instituted in honour of the dead, we can understand why their + observance was supposed to ensure plenty of corn, fruit, milk, + and fish.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All this tends + to support the traditional explanation of the great Irish fairs + held at the beginning of August, when the first corn is ripe; for + if these festivals were indeed celebrated, as they are said to have + been, at cemeteries where kings and other famous men were buried, + and if the horse-races and other games, which formed the most + prominent feature of the celebrations, were indeed instituted, as + they are said to have been, in honour of dead men and women, we can + perfectly understand why the observance of the festivals and the + games was supposed to ensure a plentiful harvest and abundance of + fruit and fish, whereas the neglect to celebrate them was believed + to entail the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page103">[pg + 103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + failure of these things. So long as the spirits of the dead men and + women, who were buried on the spot, received the homage of their + descendants in the shape of funeral games and perhaps of + first-fruits, so long would they bless their people with plenty by + causing the earth to bring forth its fruits, the cows to yield + milk, and the waters to swarm with fish; whereas if they deemed + themselves slighted and neglected, they would avenge their wrongs + by cutting off the food supply and afflicting the people with + dearth and other calamities. Among these threatened calamities the + premature greyness of the kings is specially mentioned, and was + probably deemed not the least serious; for we have seen that the + welfare of the whole people is often deemed to be bound up with the + physical vigour of the king, and that the appearance of grey hairs + on his head and wrinkles on his face is sometimes viewed with + apprehension and proves the signal for putting him to death.<a id= + "noteref_323" name="noteref_323" href="#note_323"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">323</span></span></a> + Similarly the Abchases of the Caucasus imagine that if they do not + honour a dead man by horse-races and other festivities, his ghost + will be angry with them and visit his displeasure on their persons + and their property.<a id="noteref_324" name="noteref_324" href= + "#note_324"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">324</span></span></a> In + this connexion it is significant that the celebration of the + Isthmian games at Corinth in honour of the dead Melicertes is said + to have been instituted for the purpose of staying a famine, and + that the intermission of the games was immediately followed by a + fresh visitation of the calamity.<a id="noteref_325" name= + "noteref_325" href="#note_325"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">325</span></span></a> + Analogy suggests that the famine may have been ascribed to the + anger of the ghost of Melicertes at the neglect of his funeral + honours.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">But the theory of the funeral + origin of the Olympic games does not explain all the legends + connected with them. Suggested theory of the origin of the + Olympic games.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus on the + whole the theory of the funeral origin of the great Greek games is + supported not only by Greek tradition and Greek custom but by the + evidence of parallel customs observed in many lands. Yet the theory + seems hardly adequate to explain all the features in the legends of + the foundation and early history of the Olympic games. For if these + contests were instituted merely to please and propitiate the soul + of a prince named Pelops who was buried on the spot, what are we to + make of the tradition that the foot-race was founded in order to + determine the successor to <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page104">[pg 104]</span><a name="Pg104" id="Pg104" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the kingdom?<a id="noteref_326" name= + "noteref_326" href="#note_326"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">326</span></span></a> or of + the similar, though not identical, tradition that the kingdom and + the hand of the king's daughter were awarded as the prize to him + who could vanquish the king in a chariot race, while death was the + penalty inflicted on the beaten charioteer?<a id="noteref_327" + name="noteref_327" href="#note_327"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">327</span></span></a> Such + legends can hardly have been pure fictions; they probably reflect + some real custom observed at Olympia. We may perhaps combine them + with the tradition of the funeral origin of the games by supposing + that victory in the race entitled the winner to reign as a divine + king, the embodiment of a god, for a term of years, whether four or + eight years according to the interval between successive + celebrations of the festival; that when the term had expired the + human god must again submit his title to the crown to the hazard of + a race for the purpose of proving that his bodily vigour was + unimpaired; that if he failed to do so he lost both his kingdom and + his life; and lastly that the spirits of these divine kings, like + those of the divine kings of the Shilluk, were worshipped with + sacrifices at their graves and were thought to delight in the + spectacle of the games which reminded them of the laurels they had + themselves won long ago, amid the plaudits of a vast multitude, in + the sunshine and dust of the race-course, before they joined the + shadowy company of ghosts in the darkness and silence of the tomb. + The theory would explain the existence of the sacred precinct of + Pelops at Olympia, where the black rams, the characteristic + offerings to the dead,<a id="noteref_328" name="noteref_328" href= + "#note_328"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">328</span></span></a> were + sacrificed to the hero, and where the young men lashed themselves + till the blood dripped from their backs on the ground—a sight + well-pleasing to the grim bloodthirsty ghost lurking unseen below. + Perhaps, too, the theory may explain the high mound, at some + distance from Olympia, which passed for the grave of the suitors of + Hippodamia, to whose shades Pelops is said to have sacrificed as to + heroes every year.<a id="noteref_329" name="noteref_329" href= + "#note_329"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">329</span></span></a> It is + possible that the men buried in this great barrow were not, as + tradition had it, the suitors who contended in the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page105">[pg 105]</span><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> chariot-race for the hand of Hippodamia + and being defeated were slain by her relentless father; they may + have been men who, like Pelops himself, had won the kingdom and a + bride in the chariot-race, and, after enjoying the regal dignity + and posing as incarnate deities for a term of years, had been + finally defeated in the race and put to death.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The Olympic games not a harvest + festival, but based on astronomical considerations.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whatever may be + thought of these speculations, the great Olympic festival cannot + have been, like our Lammas, a harvest festival: the quadrennial + period of the celebration and the season of the year at which it + fell, about halfway between the corn-reaping of early summer and + the vintage of mid-autumn, alike exclude the supposition and alike + point to an astronomical, not an agricultural, basis of the + solemnity. Accordingly we seem driven to conclude that if the + winners, male and female, in the Olympic games indeed represented + divinities, these divinities must have been personifications of + astronomical, not agricultural, powers; in short that the victors + posed as embodiments of the Sun and Moon, then at the prime of + their radiant power and glory, whose meeting in the heavenly + bridechamber of the sky after years of separation was mimicked and + magically promoted by the nuptials of their human representatives + on earth.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a> <a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 6. The Slaughter of the + Dragon.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Widespread myth of the slaughter + of a great dragon. The Babylonian story of the slaying of + Tiamat by Marduk is a myth of the creation of cosmos out of + chaos.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the foregoing + discussion it has been suggested that Delphi, Thebes, Salamis, and + Athens were once ruled by kings who had, in modern language, a + serpent or dragon for their crest, and were believed to migrate at + death into the bodies of the beasts. But these legends of the + dragon admit of another and, at first sight at least, discrepant + explanation. It is difficult to separate them from those similar + tales of the slaughter of a great dragon which are current in many + lands, and have commonly been interpreted as nature-myths, in other + words, as personifications of physical phenomena. Of such tales the + oldest known versions are the ancient Babylonian and the ancient + Indian. The Babylonian myth relates how in the beginning the mighty + god Marduk fought and killed the great dragon Tiamat, an embodiment + of the primaeval watery chaos, and how after his victory he created + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page106">[pg 106]</span><a name= + "Pg106" id="Pg106" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the present heaven + and earth by splitting the huge carcase of the monster into halves + and setting one of them up to form the sky, while the other half + apparently he used to fashion the earth. Thus the story is a myth + of creation. In language which its authors doubtless understood + literally, but which more advanced thinkers afterwards interpreted + figuratively, it describes how confusion was reduced to order, how + a cosmos emerged from chaos.<a id="noteref_330" name="noteref_330" + href="#note_330"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">330</span></span></a> The + account of creation given in the first chapter of Genesis, which + has been so much praised for its simple grandeur and sublimity, is + merely a rationalised version of the old myth of the fight with the + dragon,<a id="noteref_331" name="noteref_331" href= + "#note_331"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">331</span></span></a> a + myth which for crudity of thought deserves to rank with the quaint + fancies of the lowest savages.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Indian story of the slaying of + Vṛtra by Indra. The story may be a myth descriptive of the + beginning of the rainy season in India.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Again, the + Indian myth embodied in the hymns of the Rigveda tells how the + strong and valiant god Indra conquered a great dragon or serpent + named Vṛtra, which had obstructed the waters so that they could not + flow. He slew the monster with his bolt, and then the pent-up + springs gushed in rivers to the sea. And what he did once, he + continues to do. Again and again he renews the conflict; again and + again he slays the dragon and releases the imprisoned waters. + Prayers are addressed to him that he would be pleased to do so in + the future. Even priests on <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page107">[pg 107]</span><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> earth sometimes associate themselves with + Indra in his battles with the dragon. The worshipper is said to + have placed the bolt in the god's hands, and the sacrifice is + spoken of as having helped the weapon to slay the monster.<a id= + "noteref_332" name="noteref_332" href="#note_332"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">332</span></span></a> Thus + the feat attributed to Indra would seem to be a mythical account + not so much of creation as of some regularly recurring phenomenon. + It has been plausibly interpreted as a description of the bursting + of the first storms of rain and thunder after the torrid heat of an + Indian summer.<a id="noteref_333" name="noteref_333" href= + "#note_333"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">333</span></span></a> At + such times all nature, exhausted by the drought, longs for coolness + and moisture. Day after day men and cattle may be tormented by the + sight of clouds that gather and then pass away without disburdening + themselves of their contents. At last the long-drawn struggle + between the rival forces comes to a crisis. The sky darkens, + thunder peals, lightning flashes, and the welcome rain descends in + sheets, drenching the parched earth and flooding the rivers. Such a + battle of the elements might well present itself to the primitive + mind in the guise of a conflict between a maleficent dragon of + drought and a beneficent god of thunder and rain. The cloud-dragon + has swallowed the waters and keeps them shut up in the black coils + of his sinuous body; the god cleaves the monster's belly with his + thunder-bolt, and the imprisoned waters escape, in the form of + dripping rain and rushing stream.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Similarly the other tales of the + slaughter of the dragon may be mythical descriptions of the + changes of the seasons.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In other + countries a similar myth might, with appropriate variations of + detail, express in like manner the passage of one season into + another. For example, in more rigorous climates the dragon might + stand for the dreary winter and the dragon-slayer for the genial + summer. The myths of Apollo and the Python, of St. George and the + Dragon have thus been interpreted as symbolising the victory of + summer over winter.<a id="noteref_334" name="noteref_334" href= + "#note_334"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">334</span></span></a> + Similarly it has been held with much probability that the + Babylonian legend of Marduk and Tiamat reflects the annual change + which transforms the valley of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page108">[pg 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Euphrates in spring. During the winter the + wide Babylonian plain, flooded by the heavy rains, looks like a + sea, for which the Babylonian word is <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tiamtu</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tiamat</span></span>. Then comes the spring, + when with the growing power of the sun the clouds vanish, the + waters subside, and dry land and vegetation appear once more. On + this hypothesis the dragon Tiamat represents the clouds, the rain, + the floods of winter, while Marduk stands for the vernal or summer + sun which dispels the powers of darkness and moisture.<a id= + "noteref_335" name="noteref_335" href="#note_335"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">335</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The cosmogonical significance of + the Babylonian myth may have been an after-thought, the early + philosophers picturing the creation of the world on the analogy + of the change from winter to summer.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But if the + combat of Marduk and Tiamat was primarily a mythical description of + the Babylonian spring, it would seem that its cosmogonical + significance as an account of creation must have been an + after-thought. The early philosophers who meditated on the origin + of things may have pictured to themselves the creation or evolution + of the world on the analogy of the great changes which outside the + tropics pass over the face of nature every year. In these changes + it is not hard to discern or to imagine a conflict between two + hostile forces or principles, the principle of construction or of + life and the principle of destruction or of death, victory + inclining now to the one and now to the other, according as winter + yields to spring or summer fades into autumn. It would be natural + enough to suppose that the same mighty rivals which still wage war + on each other had done so from the beginning, and that the + formation of the universe as it now exists had resulted from the + shock of their battle. On this theory the creation of the world is + repeated every spring, and its dissolution is threatened every + autumn: the one is proclaimed by summer's gay heralds, the opening + flowers; the other is whispered by winter's sad harbingers, the + yellow leaves. Here as elsewhere the old creed is echoed by the + poet's fancy:—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Non + alios prima crescentis origine mundi</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Inluxisse dies aliumve + habuisse tenorem</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Crediderim: ver illud + erat, ver magnus agebat</span></span> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page109">[pg + 109]</span><a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Orbis, et hibernis + parcebant flatibus Euri:</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Cum primae lucem pecudes + hausere, virumque</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Ferrea progenies duris + caput extulit arvis,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Inmissaeque ferae silvis + et sidera caelo.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_336" name= + "noteref_336" href="#note_336"><span class="tei tei-noteref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">336</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Thus ceremonies intended to hasten + the departure of winter are in a sense attempts to repeat the + creation of the world.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus the + ceremonies which in many lands have been performed to hasten the + departure of winter or stay the flight of summer are in a sense + attempts to create the world afresh, to <span class= + "tei tei-q">“re-mould it nearer to the Heart's desire.”</span> But + if we would set ourselves at the point of view of the old sages who + devised means so feeble to accomplish a purpose so immeasurably + vast, we must divest ourselves of our modern conceptions of the + immensity of the universe and of the pettiness and insignificance + of man's place in it. We must imagine the infinitude of space + shrunk to a few miles, the infinitude of time contracted to a few + generations. To the savage the mountains that bound the visible + horizon, or the sea that stretches away to meet it, is the world's + end. Beyond these narrow limits his feet have never strayed, and + even his imagination fails to conceive what lies across the waste + of waters or the far blue hills. Of the future he hardly thinks, + and of the past he knows only what has been handed down to him by + word of mouth from his savage forefathers. To suppose that a world + thus circumscribed in space and time was created by the efforts or + the fiat of a being like himself imposes no great strain on his + credulity; and he may without much difficulty imagine that he + himself can annually repeat the work of creation by his charms and + incantations. And once a horde of savages had instituted magical + ceremonies for the renewal or preservation of all things, the force + of custom and tradition would tend to maintain them in practice + long after the old narrow ideas of the universe had been superseded + by more adequate conceptions, and the tribe had expanded into a + nation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">In Babylon and India the myth of + the slaughter of the dragon may have been acted as a magical + ceremony to hasten the advent of summer or of the rainy season. + New-year festival of Zagmuk at Babylon.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Neither in + Babylonia nor in India, indeed, so far as I am aware, is there any + direct evidence that the story of the Slaughter of the Dragon was + ever acted as a miracle-play or magical rite for the sake of + bringing about those natural events which it describes in + figurative language. But analogy leads us to conjecture that in + both countries the myth may <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page110">[pg 110]</span><a name="Pg110" id="Pg110" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> have been recited, if not acted, as an + incantation, for the purpose I have indicated. At Babylon the + recitation may have formed part of the great New Year festival of + Marduk, which under the name of Zagmuk was celebrated with great + pomp about the vernal equinox.<a id="noteref_337" name= + "noteref_337" href="#note_337"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">337</span></span></a> In + this connexion it may not be without significance that one version + of the Babylonian legend of creation has been found inscribed on a + tablet, of which the reverse exhibits an incantation intended to be + recited for the purification of the temple of E-zida in + Borsippa.<a id="noteref_338" name="noteref_338" href= + "#note_338"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">338</span></span></a> Now + E-zida was the temple of Nabu or Nebo, a god closely associated, if + not originally identical, with Marduk; indeed Hammurabi, the great + king of Babylon, dedicated the temple in question to Marduk and not + to Nabu.<a id="noteref_339" name="noteref_339" href= + "#note_339"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">339</span></span></a> It + seems not improbable, therefore, that the creation legend, in which + Marduk played so important a part, was recited as an incantation at + the purification of the temple E-zida. The ceremony perhaps took + place at the Zagmuk festival, when the image of Nabu was solemnly + brought in procession from his temple in Borsippa to the great + temple of Marduk in Babylon.<a id="noteref_340" name="noteref_340" + href="#note_340"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">340</span></span></a> + Moreover, it was believed that at this great festival the fates + were determined by Marduk or Nabu for the ensuing year.<a id= + "noteref_341" name="noteref_341" href="#note_341"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">341</span></span></a> Now, + the creation myth relates how, after he had slain the dragon, + Marduk wrested the tablets of destiny from Ningu, the paramour of + Tiamat, sealed them with a seal, and laid them on his breast.<a id= + "noteref_342" name="noteref_342" href="#note_342"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">342</span></span></a> We + may conjecture that the dramatic representation of this + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page111">[pg 111]</span><a name= + "Pg111" id="Pg111" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> incident formed part + of the annual determination of the fates at Zagmuk. In short, it + seems probable that the whole myth of creation was annually recited + and acted at this great spring festival as a charm to dispel the + storms and floods of winter, and to hasten the coming of + summer.<a id="noteref_343" name="noteref_343" href= + "#note_343"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">343</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Part played by the king in the + drama of the Slaughter of the Dragon.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Wherever sacred + dramas of this sort were acted as magical rites for the regulation + of the seasons, it would be natural that the chief part should be + played by the king, at first in his character of head magician, and + afterwards as representative and embodiment of the beneficent god + who vanquishes the powers of evil. If, therefore, the myth of the + Slaughter of the Dragon was ever acted with this intention, the + king would appropriately figure in the play as the victorious + champion, while the defeated monster would be represented by an + actor of inferior rank. But it is possible that under certain + circumstances the distribution of parts in the drama might be + somewhat different. Where the tenure of the regal office was + limited to a fixed time, at the end of which the king was + inexorably put to death, the fatal part of the dragon might be + assigned to the monarch as the representative of the old order, the + old year, or the old cycle which was passing away, while the part + of the victorious god or hero might be supported by his successor + and executioner.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Suggested reconciliation of the + totemic with the cosmological interpretation of the Slaughter + of the Dragon.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">An hypothesis of + this latter sort would to a certain extent reconcile the two + apparently discrepant interpretations of the myth which have been + discussed in the preceding pages, and which for the sake of + distinction may be called the totemic and the cosmological + interpretations respectively. The serpent or dragon might be the + sacred animal or totem of the royal house at the same time that it + stood mythically for certain cosmological phenomena, whether + moisture or drought, cold or heat, winter or summer. In like manner + any other species of animal which served as the totem of the royal + family might simultaneously possess a cosmological significance as + the symbol of an elemental power. Thus at Cnossus, as we have seen + reason to think, the bull was at <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page112">[pg 112]</span><a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> once the king's crest and an emblem of the + sun. Similarly in Egypt the hawk was the symbol both of the sun and + of the king. The oldest royal capital known to us was Hieraconpolis + or Hawk-town, and the first Egyptian king of whom we hear had for + his only royal title the name of hawk.<a id="noteref_344" name= + "noteref_344" href="#note_344"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">344</span></span></a> At + the same time the hawk was with the Egyptians an emblem of the + sun.<a id="noteref_345" name="noteref_345" href= + "#note_345"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">345</span></span></a> Hawks + were kept in the sun-god's temple, and the deity himself was + commonly represented in art as a man with a hawk's head and the + disc of the sun above it.<a id="noteref_346" name="noteref_346" + href="#note_346"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">346</span></span></a> + However, I am fully sensible of the slipperiness and uncertainty of + the ground I am treading, and it is with great diffidence that I + submit these speculations to the judgment of my readers. The + subject of ancient mythology is involved in dense mists which it is + not always possible to penetrate and illumine even with the lamp of + the Comparative Method. Demonstration in such matters is rarely, if + ever, attainable; the utmost that a candid enquirer can claim for + his conclusions is a reasonable degree of probability. Future + researches may clear up the obscurity which still rests on the myth + of the Slaughter of the Dragon, and may thereby ascertain what + measure of truth, if any, there is in the suggested + interpretations.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a> <a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 7. Triennial Tenure of the + Kingship.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the province + of Lagos, which forms part of Southern Nigeria, the Ijebu tribe of + the Yoruba race is divided into two branches, which are known + respectively as the Ijebu Ode and the Ijebu Remon. The Ode branch + of the tribe is ruled by a chief who bears the title of Awujale and + is surrounded by a great deal of mystery. Down to recent times his + face might not be seen even by his own subjects, and if + circumstances obliged him to communicate with them he did so + through a screen which hid him from view. The other or Remon branch + of the Ijebu tribe is governed by a chief, who ranks below the + Awujale. Mr. John Parkinson <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page113">[pg 113]</span><a name="Pg113" id="Pg113" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> was informed that in former times this + subordinate chief used to be killed with ceremony after a rule of + three years. As the country is now under British protection the + custom of putting the chief to death at the end of a three years' + reign has long been abolished, and Mr. Parkinson was unable to + ascertain any particulars on the subject.<a id="noteref_347" name= + "noteref_347" href="#note_347"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">347</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a> <a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 8. Annual Tenure of the + Kingship.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Evidence of an annual tenure of + the kingship at Babylon. Further, it would seem that in very + early times the kings of Babylon were put to death at the end + of a year's reign. The mock king put to death at the festival + of the Sacaea was probably a substitute for the real + king.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Babylon, + within historical times, the tenure of the kingly office was in + practice lifelong, yet in theory it would seem to have been merely + annual. For every year at the festival of Zagmuk the king had to + renew his power by seizing the hands of the image of Marduk in his + great temple of Esagil at Babylon. Even when Babylon passed under + the power of Assyria, the monarchs of that country were expected to + legalise their claim to the throne every year by coming to Babylon + and performing the ancient ceremony at the New-year festival, and + some of them found the obligation so burdensome that rather than + discharge it they renounced the title of king altogether and + contented themselves with the humbler one of Governor.<a id= + "noteref_348" name="noteref_348" href="#note_348"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">348</span></span></a> + Further, it would appear that in remote times, though not within + the historical period, the kings of Babylon or their barbarous + predecessors forfeited not merely their crown but their life at the + end of a year's tenure of office. At least this is the conclusion + to which the following evidence seems to point. According to the + historian Berosus, who as a Babylonian priest spoke with ample + knowledge, there was annually celebrated in Babylon a festival + called the Sacaea. It began on the sixteenth day of the month Lous, + and lasted for five days. During these five days masters and + servants changed places, the servants giving orders and the masters + obeying them. A <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page114">[pg + 114]</span><a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + prisoner condemned to death was dressed in the king's robes, seated + on the king's throne, allowed to issue whatever commands he + pleased, to eat, drink, and enjoy himself, and to lie with the + king's concubines. But at the end of the five days he was stripped + of his royal robes, scourged, and hanged or impaled. During his + brief term of office he bore the title of Zoganes.<a id= + "noteref_349" name="noteref_349" href="#note_349"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">349</span></span></a> This + custom might perhaps have been explained as merely a grim jest + perpetrated in a season of jollity at the expense of an unhappy + criminal. But one circumstance—the leave given to the mock king to + enjoy the king's concubines—is decisive against this + interpretation. Considering the jealous seclusion of an oriental + despot's harem we may be quite certain that permission to invade it + would never have been granted by the despot, least of all to a + condemned criminal, except for the very gravest cause. This cause + could hardly be other than that the condemned man was about to die + in the king's stead, and that to make the substitution perfect it + was necessary he should enjoy the full rights of royalty during his + brief reign. There is nothing surprising in this substitution. The + rule that the king must be put to death either on the appearance of + any symptom of bodily decay or at the end of a fixed period is + certainly one which, sooner or later, the kings would seek to + abolish or modify. We have seen that in Ethiopia, Sofala, and Eyeo + the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page115">[pg 115]</span><a name= + "Pg115" id="Pg115" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> rule was boldly set + aside by enlightened monarchs; and that in Calicut the old custom + of killing the king at the end of twelve years was changed into a + permission granted to any one at the end of the twelve years' + period to attack the king, and, in the event of killing him, to + reign in his stead; though, as the king took care at these times to + be surrounded by his guards, the permission was little more than a + form. Another way of modifying the stern old rule is seen in the + Babylonian custom just described. When the time drew near for the + king to be put to death (in Babylon this appears to have been at + the end of a single year's reign) he abdicated for a few days, + during which a temporary king reigned and suffered in his stead. At + first the temporary king may have been an innocent person, possibly + a member of the king's own family; but with the growth of + civilisation the sacrifice of an innocent person would be revolting + to the public sentiment, and accordingly a condemned criminal would + be invested with the brief and fatal sovereignty. In the sequel we + shall find other examples of a dying criminal representing a dying + god. For we must not forget that, as the case of the Shilluk kings + clearly shews,<a id="noteref_350" name="noteref_350" href= + "#note_350"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">350</span></span></a> the + king is slain in his character of a god or a demigod, his death and + resurrection, as the only means of perpetuating the divine life + unimpaired, being deemed necessary for the salvation of his people + and the world.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The festival of the Sacaea was + perhaps identical with Zagmuk. Festival of Zagmuk in Assyria. + Trace of an annual tenure of the kingship in Assyria.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If at Babylon + before the dawn of history the king himself used to be slain at the + festival of the Sacaea, it is natural to suppose that the Sacaea + was no other than Zagmuk or Zakmuk, the great New-year festival at + which down to historical times the king's power had to be formally + renewed by a religious ceremony in the temple of Marduk. The theory + of the identity of the festivals is indeed strongly supported by + many considerations and has been accepted by some eminent + scholars,<a id="noteref_351" name="noteref_351" href= + "#note_351"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">351</span></span></a> but + it has to encounter a serious chronological difficulty, since + Zagmuk fell about the equinox <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page116">[pg 116]</span><a name="Pg116" id="Pg116" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> in spring, whereas the Sacaea according to + Berosus was held on the sixteenth of the month Lous, which was the + tenth month of the Syro-Macedonian calendar and appears to have + nearly coincided with July. The question of the sameness or + difference of these festivals will be discussed later on.<a id= + "noteref_352" name="noteref_352" href="#note_352"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">352</span></span></a> Here + it is to be observed that Zagmuk was apparently celebrated in + Assyria as well as in Babylonia. For at the end of his great + inscription Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, expresses a wish that it + may be granted to him to muster all his riding-horses and so forth + every year at Zagmuk in his palace.<a id="noteref_353" name= + "noteref_353" href="#note_353"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">353</span></span></a> But + whether the power of the Assyrian kings had, like that of the + Babylonian monarchs, to be annually renewed at this festival, we do + not know. However, a trace of an annual tenure of the kingly office + in Assyria may perhaps, as Dr. C. Brockelmann thinks,<a id= + "noteref_354" name="noteref_354" href="#note_354"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">354</span></span></a> be + detected in the rule that an Assyrian king regularly gave his name + only to a single year of his reign, while all the other years were + named after certain officers and provincial governors, about thirty + in number, who were appointed for this purpose and succeeded each + other according to a fixed rotation.<a id="noteref_355" name= + "noteref_355" href="#note_355"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">355</span></span></a> But + we know too little about <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page117">[pg + 117]</span><a name="Pg117" id="Pg117" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the institution of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">limu</span></span> or eponymate to allow us to + press this argument for an annual tenure of the kingship in + Assyria.<a id="noteref_356" name="noteref_356" href= + "#note_356"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">356</span></span></a> A + reminiscence of Zagmuk seems to linger in the belief of the Yezidis + that on New-year's day God sits on his throne arranging the decrees + for the coming year, assigning to dignitaries their various + offices, and delivering to them their credentials under his + signature and seal.<a id="noteref_357" name="noteref_357" href= + "#note_357"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">357</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Slaves sacrificed instead of their + masters in West Africa.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The view that at + Babylon the condemned prisoner who wore the royal robes was slain + as a substitute for the king may be supported by the practice of + West Africa, where at the funeral of a king slaves used sometimes + to be dressed up as ministers of state and then sacrificed in that + character instead of the real ministers, their masters, who + purchased for a sum of money the privilege of thus dying by proxy. + Such vicarious sacrifices were witnessed by Catholic missionaries + at Porto Novo on the Slave Coast.<a id="noteref_358" name= + "noteref_358" href="#note_358"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">358</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Trace of custom of killing the + kings of Hawaii at the end of a year's reign.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A vestige of a + practice of putting the king to death at the end of a year's reign + appears to have survived in the festival called Macahity, which + used to be celebrated in Hawaii during the last month of the year. + About a hundred years ago a Russian voyager described the custom as + follows: <span class="tei tei-q">“The taboo Macahity is not unlike + to our festival of Christmas. It continues a whole month, during + which the people amuse themselves with dances, plays, and + sham-fights <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg + 118]</span><a name="Pg118" id="Pg118" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of every kind. The king must open this festival wherever he is. On + this occasion his majesty dresses himself in his richest cloak and + helmet, and is paddled in a canoe along the shore, followed + sometimes by many of his subjects. He embarks early, and must + finish his excursion at sun-rise. The strongest and most expert of + the warriors is chosen to receive him on his landing. This warrior + watches the canoe along the beach; and as soon as the king lands, + and has thrown off his cloak, he darts his spear at him, from a + distance of about thirty paces, and the king must either catch the + spear in his hand, or suffer from it: there is no jesting in the + business. Having caught it, he carries it under his arm, with the + sharp end downwards, into the temple or heavoo. On his entrance, + the assembled multitude begin their sham-fights, and immediately + the air is obscured by clouds of spears, made for the occasion with + blunted ends. Hamamea [the king] has been frequently advised to + abolish this ridiculous ceremony, in which he risks his life every + year; but to no effect. His answer always is, that he is as able to + catch a spear as any one on the island is to throw it at him. + During the Macahity, all punishments are remitted throughout the + country; and no person can leave the place in which he commences + these holidays, let the affair be ever so important.”</span><a id= + "noteref_359" name="noteref_359" href="#note_359"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">359</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc23" id="toc23"></a> <a name="pdf24" id="pdf24"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 9. Diurnal Tenure of the + Kingship.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The reign and life of the king + limited to a single day in Ngoio, a province of Congo.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That a king + should regularly have been put to death at the close of a year's + reign will hardly appear improbable when we learn that to this day + there is still a kingdom in which the reign and the life of the + sovereign are limited to a single day. In Ngoio, a province of the + ancient kingdom of Congo in West Africa, the rule obtains that the + chief who assumes the cap of sovereignty is always killed on the + night <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page119">[pg 119]</span><a name= + "Pg119" id="Pg119" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> after his + coronation. The right of succession lies with the chief of the + Musurongo; but we need not wonder that he does not exercise it, and + that the throne stands vacant. <span class="tei tei-q">“No one + likes to lose his life for a few hours' glory on the Ngoio + throne.”</span><a id="noteref_360" name="noteref_360" href= + "#note_360"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">360</span></span></a></p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page120">[pg 120]</span><a name= + "Pg120" id="Pg120" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc25" id="toc25"></a> <a name="pdf26" id="pdf26"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter III. The Slaying Of The King In + Legend.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Reminiscences of a custom of + regicide in popular tales. Story how Lancelot came to a city + where the king had to perish in the fire on New Year's + Day.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If a custom of + putting kings to death at the end of a set term has prevailed in many + lands, it is natural enough that reminiscences of it should survive + in tradition long after the custom itself has been abolished. In the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">High + History of the Holy Graal</span></span> we read how Lancelot roamed + through strange lands and forests seeking adventures till he came to + a fair and wide plain lying without a city that seemed of right great + lordship. As he rode across the plain the people came forth from the + city to welcome him with the sound of flutes and viols and many + instruments of music. When he asked them what meant all this joy, + <span class="tei tei-q">“ <span class="tei tei-q">‘Sir,’</span> said + they, <span class="tei tei-q">‘all this joy is made along of you, and + all these instruments of music are moved to joy and sound of gladness + for your coming.’</span> <span class="tei tei-q">‘But wherefore for + me?’</span> saith Lancelot. <span class="tei tei-q">‘That shall you + know well betimes,’</span> say they. <span class="tei tei-q">‘This + city began to burn and to melt in one of the houses from the very + same hour that our king was dead, nor might the fire be quenched, nor + ever will be quenched until such time as we have a king that shall be + lord of the city and of the honour thereunto belonging, and on New + Year's Day behoveth him to be crowned in the midst of the fire, and + then shall the fire be quenched, for otherwise may it never be put + out nor extinguished. Wherefore have we come to meet you to give you + the royalty, for we have been told that you are a good + knight.’</span> <span class="tei tei-q">‘Lords,’</span> saith + Lancelot, <span class="tei tei-q">‘of such a kingdom have I no need, + and God defend me from it.’</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Sir,’</span> say they, <span class="tei tei-q">‘you may + not be defended thereof, for you come into this land at hazard, and + great grief would it be that so good a land as you see this + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page121">[pg 121]</span><a name="Pg121" + id="Pg121" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> is were burnt and melted away + by the default of one single man, and the lordship is right great, + and this will be right great worship to yourself, that on New Year's + Day you should be crowned in the fire and thus save this city and + this great people, and thereof shall you have great praise.’</span> + Much marvelleth Lancelot of this that they say. They come round about + him on all sides and lead him into the city. The ladies and damsels + are mounted to the windows of the great houses and make great joy, + and say the one to another, <span class="tei tei-q">‘Look at the new + king here that they are leading in. Now will he quench the fire on + New Year's Day.’</span> <span class="tei tei-q">‘Lord!’</span> say + the most part, <span class="tei tei-q">‘what great pity is it of so + comely a knight that he shall end on such-wise!’</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Be still!’</span> say the others. <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Rather should there be great joy that so fair city as is + this should be saved by his death, for prayer will be made throughout + all the kingdom for his soul for ever!’</span> Therewith they lead + him to the palace with right great joy and say that they will crown + him. Lancelot found the palace all strown with rushes and hung about + with curtains of rich cloths of silk, and the lords of the city all + apparelled to do him homage. But he refuseth right stoutly, and saith + that their king nor their lord will he never be in no such sort. + Thereupon behold you a dwarf that entereth into the city, leading one + of the fairest dames that be in any kingdom, and asketh whereof this + joy and this murmuring may be. They tell him they are fain to make + the knight king, but that he is not minded to allow them, and they + tell him the whole manner of the fire. The dwarf and the damsel are + alighted, then they mount up to the palace. The dwarf calleth the + provosts of the city and the greater lords. <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Lords,’</span> saith he, <span class="tei tei-q">‘sith + that this knight is not willing to be king, I will be so willingly, + and I will govern the city at your pleasure and do whatsoever you + have devised to do.’</span> <span class="tei tei-q">‘In faith, sith + that the knight refuseth this honour and you desire to have it, + willingly will we grant it you, and he may go his way and his road, + for herein do we declare him wholly quit.’</span> Therewithal they + set the crown on the dwarf's head, and Lancelot maketh great joy + thereof. He taketh his leave, and they commend him to God, and so + remounteth he on his horse and goeth his way through the midst of the + city <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg 122]</span><a name= + "Pg122" id="Pg122" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> all armed. The dames + and damsels say that he would not be king for that he had no mind to + die so soon.”</span><a id="noteref_361" name="noteref_361" href= + "#note_361"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">361</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Story of King Vikramditya of Ujjain + in India. Kings of Ujjain devoured by a demon after a reign of a + single day.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A story of the + same sort is told of Ujjain, the ancient capital of Malwa in western + India, where the renowned King Vikramaditya is said to have held his + court, gathering about him a circle of poets and scholars.<a id= + "noteref_362" name="noteref_362" href="#note_362"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">362</span></span></a> + Tradition has it that once on a time an arch-fiend, with a legion of + devils at his command, took up his abode in Ujjain, the inhabitants + of which he vexed and devoured. Many had fallen a prey to him, and + others had abandoned the country to save their lives. The once + populous city was fast being converted into a desert. At last the + principal citizens, meeting in council, besought the fiend to reduce + his rations to one man a day, who would be duly delivered up to him + in order that the rest might enjoy a day's repose. The demon closed + with the offer, but required that the man whose turn it was to be + sacrificed should mount the throne and exercise the royal power for a + single day, all the grandees of the kingdom submitting to his + commands, and everybody yielding him the most absolute obedience. + Necessity obliged the citizens to accept these hard terms; their + names were entered on a list; every day one of them in his turn ruled + from morning to night, and was then devoured by the demon.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Vikramaditya puts an end to the + custom by vanquishing the demon, after which he reigns as king of + Ujjain.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now it happened by + great good luck that a caravan of merchants from Gujerat halted on + the banks of a river not far from the city. They were attended by a + servant who was no other than Vikramaditya. At nightfall the jackals + began to howl as usual, and one of them said in his own tongue, + <span class="tei tei-q">“In two hours a human corpse will shortly + float down this river, with four rubies of great price at his belt, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page123">[pg 123]</span><a name="Pg123" + id="Pg123" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and a turquois ring on his + finger. He who will give me that corpse to devour will bear sway over + the seven lands.”</span> Vikramaditya, knowing the language of birds + and beasts, understood what the jackal said, gave the corpse to the + beast to devour, and took possession of the ring and the rubies. Next + day he entered the town, and, traversing the streets, observed a + troop of horse under arms, forming a royal escort, at the door of a + potter's house. The grandees of the city were there, and with them + was the garrison. They were in the act of inducing the son of the + potter to mount an elephant and proceed in state to the palace. But + strange to say, instead of being pleased at the honour conferred on + their son, the potter and his wife stood on the threshold weeping and + sobbing most bitterly. Learning how things stood, the chivalrous + Vikramaditya was touched with pity, and offered to accept the fatal + sovereignty instead of the potter's son, saying that he would either + deliver the people from the tyranny of the demon or perish in the + attempt. Accordingly he donned the kingly robes, assumed all the + badges of sovereignty, and, mounting the elephant, rode in great pomp + to the palace, where he seated himself on the throne, while the + dignitaries of the kingdom discharged their duties in his presence. + At night the fiend arrived as usual to eat him up. But Vikramaditya + was more than a match for him, and after a terrific combat the fiend + capitulated and agreed to quit the city. Next morning the people on + coming to the palace were astonished to find Vikramaditya still + alive. They thought he must be no common mortal, but some superhuman + being, or the descendant of a great king. Grateful to him for their + deliverance they bestowed the kingdom on him, and he reigned happily + over them.<a id="noteref_363" name="noteref_363" href= + "#note_363"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">363</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Yearly human sacrifices formerly + offered at Ujjain.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to one + account, the dreadful being who ravaged Ujjain and devoured a king + every day was the bloodthirsty goddess Kali. When she quitted the + city she left behind her two sisters, whose quaint images still frown + on <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg 124]</span><a name= + "Pg124" id="Pg124" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the spectator from the + pillared portal known as Vikramaditya's Gate at Ujjain. To these her + sisters she granted the privilege of devouring as many human beings + as they pleased once every twelve years. That tribute they still + exact, though the European in his blindness attributes the deaths to + cholera. But in addition seven girls and five buffaloes were to be + sacrificed to them every year, and these sacrifices used to be + offered regularly until the practice was put down by the English + Government. It is said that the men who gave their five-year-old + daughters to be slain received grants of land as a reward of their + piety. Nowadays only buffaloes are killed at the Daçaratha festival, + which is held in October on the ninth day of the month Açvina. The + heads of the animals are buried at Vikramaditya's gateway, and those + of the last year's victims are taken up. The girls who would formerly + have been sacrificed are now released, but they are not allowed to + marry, and their fathers still receive grants of lands just as if the + cruel sacrifice had been consummated.<a id="noteref_364" name= + "noteref_364" href="#note_364"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">364</span></span></a> The + persistence of these bloody rites at Ujjain down to recent times + raises a presumption that the tradition of the daily sacrifice of a + king in the same city was not purely mythical.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Story of the birth of Vikramaditya. + His father Gandharva-Sena was an ass by day and a man by night, + until his ass's skin was burnt, when he left his wife for + ever.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is worth while + to consider another of the stories which are told of King + Vikramaditya. His birth is said to have been miraculous, for his + father was Gandharva-Sena, who was the son of the great god Indra. + One day Gandharva-Sena had the misfortune to offend his divine + father, who was so angry that he cursed his son and banished him from + heaven to earth, there to remain under the form of an ass by day and + of a man by night until a powerful king should burn his ass's body, + after which Gandharva-Sena would regain his proper shape and return + to the upper world. All this happened according to the divine word. + In the shape of an ass the son of the god rendered an important + service to the King of Dhara, and received the hand of the king's + daughter as his reward. By day he was an ass and ate hay <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page125">[pg 125]</span><a name="Pg125" id="Pg125" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in the stables; by night he was a man and + enjoyed the company of the princess his wife. But the king grew tired + of the taunts of his enemies, as well as of the gibes which were + levelled by unfeeling wits at his asinine son-in-law. So one night, + while Gandharva-Sena in human shape was with his wife, the king got + hold of the ass's body which his son-in-law had temporarily quitted, + and throwing it on a fire burned it to ashes. On the instant + Gandharva-Sena appeared to him, and thanking him for undoing the + spell announced that he was about to return to heaven, but that his + wife was with child by him, and that she would bring forth a son who + would bear the name of Vikramaditya and be endowed with the strength + of a thousand elephants. The deserted wife was filled with sorrow at + his departure, and died in giving birth to Vikramaditya.<a id= + "noteref_365" name="noteref_365" href="#note_365"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">365</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Stories of the type of Beauty and + the Beast, which tell how human beings are married to beasts or + to animals which temporarily assume human form.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This story belongs + to a widely diffused type of tale which in England is known by the + name of Beauty and the Beast. It relates how a beast, doffing its + animal shape, lives as a human husband or wife with a human spouse. + Often, though not always, their marriage has a tragic ending. The + couple live lovingly together for years and children are born to + them. But it is a condition of their union that the transformed + husband or wife should never be reminded of his or her old life in + furry, feathered, or finny form. At last one unhappy day the fairy + spouse finds his or her beast skin, which had been carefully hidden + away by her or his loving partner; or husband and wife quarrel and + the real man or woman taunts the other with her or his kinship with + the beasts. The sight of the once familiar skin awakens old memories + and stirs yearnings that had been long suppressed: the cruel words + undo the kindness of years. The sometime animal resumes its native + shape and disappears, and the human husband or wife is left + lamenting. Sometimes, as in the story of Gandharva-Sena, the + destruction of the beast's skin causes the fairy mate to vanish for + ever; sometimes it enables him or her to remain thenceforth in human + form <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page126">[pg 126]</span><a name= + "Pg126" id="Pg126" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> with the human wife or + husband. Tales of this sort are told by savages in many parts of the + world, and many of them have survived in the folk-lore of civilised + peoples. With their implied belief that beasts can turn into men or + men into beasts, they must clearly have originated among savages who + see nothing incredible in such transformations.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Stories of this kind are told by + savages to explain why they abstain from eating certain animals. + Dyak stories of this type.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now it is to be + observed that stories of this sort are told by savage tribes to + explain why they abstain from eating certain creatures. The reason + they assign for the abstinence is that they themselves are descended + from a creature of that sort, who was changed for a time into human + shape and married a human husband or wife. Thus in the rivers of + Sarawak there is a certain fish called a <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">puttin</span></span>, which some of the Dyaks + will on no account eat, saying that if they did so they would be + eating their relations. Tradition runs that a solitary old man went + out fishing and caught a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">puttin</span></span>, which he dragged out of + the water and laid down in his boat. On turning round he perceived + that it had changed into a very pretty girl. He thought she would + make a charming wife for his son, so he took her home and brought her + up till she was of an age to marry. She consented to be his son's + wife, but cautioned her husband to use her well. Some time after + marriage, however, he was angry and struck her. She screamed and + rushed away into the water, leaving behind her a beautiful daughter + who became the mother of the race. Other Dyak tribes tell similar + stories of their ancestors.<a id="noteref_366" name="noteref_366" + href="#note_366"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">366</span></span></a> Thus + the Sea Dyaks relate how the white-headed hawk married a Sea Dyak + woman, and how he gave all his daughters in marriage to the various + omen-birds. Hence if a Sea Dyak kills an omen-bird by mistake, he + wraps it in a cloth and buries it carefully in the earth along with + rice, flesh, and money, entreating the bird not to be vexed, and to + forgive him, because it was all an accident.<a id="noteref_367" name= + "noteref_367" href="#note_367"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">367</span></span></a> Again, + a Kalamantan chief and all his people refrain from killing and eating + deer of a certain species (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">cervulus + muntjac</span></span>), because one of their <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page127">[pg 127]</span><a name="Pg127" id="Pg127" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ancestors became a deer of that kind, and as + they cannot distinguish his incarnation from common deer they spare + them all.<a id="noteref_368" name="noteref_368" href= + "#note_368"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">368</span></span></a> In + these latter cases the legends explaining the kinship of the men with + the animals are not given in full; we can only conjecture, therefore, + that they conform to the type here discussed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Story told by the Sea Dyaks to + explain how they came to plant rice and to revere the omen-birds. + It describes how the young chief Siu married a woman of the + bird-family, and promised her never to hurt or even touch a + bird.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Sea Dyaks also + tell a story of the same sort to explain how they first came to plant + rice and to revere the omen-birds which play so important a part in + Dyak life. Long, long ago, so runs the tale, when rice was yet + unknown, and the Dyaks lived on tapioca, yams, potatoes, and such + fruits as they could procure, a handsome young chief named Siu went + out into the forest with his blow-pipe to shoot birds. He wandered + without seeing a bird or meeting an animal till the sun was sinking + in the west. Then he came to a wild fig-tree covered with ripe fruit, + which a swarm of birds of all kinds were busy pecking at. Never in + his life had he seen so many birds together! It seemed as if all the + fowls of the forest were gathered in the boughs of that tree. He + killed a great many with the poisoned darts of his blow-pipe, and + putting them in his basket started for home. But he lost his way in + the wood, and the night had fallen before he saw the lights and heard + the usual sounds of a Dyak house. Hiding his blow-pipe and the dead + birds in the jungle, he went up the ladder into the house, but what + was his surprise to find it apparently deserted. There was no one in + the long verandah, and of the people whose voices he had heard a + minute before not one was to be seen. Only in one of the many rooms, + dimly lighted, he found a beautiful girl, who prepared for him his + evening meal. Now though Siu did not know it, the house was the house + of the great Singalang Burong, the Ruler of the Spirit World. He + could turn himself and his followers into any shape. When they went + forth against an enemy they took the form of birds for the sake of + speed, and flew over the tall trees, the broad rivers, and even the + sea. But in his own house and among his own people Singalang Burong + appeared as a man. He had eight daughters, and the girl who cooked + Siu's food for him was the youngest. The <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page128">[pg 128]</span><a name="Pg128" id="Pg128" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> reason why the house was so still and deserted + was that the people were in mourning for some of their relatives who + had just been killed, and the men had gone out to take human heads in + revenge. Siu stayed in the house for a week, and then the girl, whose + pet name was Bunsu Burong or <span class="tei tei-q">“the youngest of + the bird family,”</span> agreed to marry him; but she said he must + promise never to kill or hurt a bird or even to hold one in his + hands; for if he did, she would be his wife no more. Siu promised, + and together they returned to his people.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">But one day he broke his word, and + his bird-wife left him and returned to the bird-people.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There they lived + happily, and in time Siu's wife bore him a son whom they named + Seragunting. One day when the boy had grown wonderfully tall and + strong for his years and was playing with his fellows, a man brought + some birds which he had caught in a trap. Forgetting the promise he + had made to his wife, Siu asked the man to shew him the birds, and + taking one of them in his hand he stroked it. His wife saw it and was + sad at heart. She took the pitchers and went as though she would + fetch water from the well. But she never came back. Siu and his son + sought her, sorrowing, for days. At last after many adventures they + came to the house of the boy's grandfather, Singalang Burong, the + Ruler of the Spirit World. There they found the lost wife and mother, + and there they stayed for a time. But the heart of Siu yearned to his + old home. He would fain have persuaded his wife to return with him, + but she would not. So at last he and his son went back alone. But + before he went he learned from his father-in-law how to plant rice, + and how to revere the sacred birds and to draw omens from them. These + birds were named after the sons-in-law of the Ruler of the Spirit + World and were the appointed means whereby he made known his wishes + to mankind. That is how the Sea Dyaks learned to plant rice and to + honour the omen-birds.<a id="noteref_369" name="noteref_369" href= + "#note_369"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">369</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Stories of the same sort are told by + the Tshi-speaking negroes of the Gold Coast to explain why they + do not eat their totemic animals.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Stories of the + same kind meet us on the west coast of Africa. Thus the Tshi-speaking + negroes of the Gold Coast <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page129">[pg + 129]</span><a name="Pg129" id="Pg129" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> are + divided into a number of great families or clans, mostly named after + animals or plants, and the members of a clan refrain from eating + animals of the species whose name they bear. In short, the various + animals or plants are the totems of their respective clans. Now some + of the more recent of these clans possess traditions of their origin, + and in such cases the founder of the family, from whom the name is + derived, is always represented as having been a beast, bird, or fish, + which possessed the power of assuming human shape at will. Thus, for + instance, at the town of Chama there resides a family or clan who + take their name from the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sarfu</span></span> or horse-mackerel, which + they may not eat because they are descended from a horse-mackerel. + One day, so runs the story, a native of Chama who had lost his wife + was walking sadly on the beach, when he met a beautiful young woman + whom he persuaded to be his wife. She consented, but told him that + her home lay in the sea, that her people were fishes, and that she + herself was a fish, and she made him swear that he would never allude + to her old home and kinsfolk. All went well for a time till her + husband took a second wife, who quarrelled with the first wife and + taunted her with being a fish. That grieved her so that she bade her + husband good-bye and plunged into the sea with her youngest child in + her arms. But she left her two elder children behind, and from them + are descended the Horse-mackerel people of Chama. A similar story is + told of another family in the town of Appam. Their ancestor caught a + fine fish of the sort called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">appei</span></span>, which turned into a + beautiful woman and became his wife. But she told him that in future + neither they nor their descendants might eat the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">appei</span></span> fish or else they would at + once return to the sea. The family, duly observing the prohibition, + increased and multiplied till they occupied the whole country, which + was named after them Appeim or Appam.<a id="noteref_370" name= + "noteref_370" href="#note_370"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">370</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Stories of this sort were probably + at first always told to explain the totemic belief in the kinship + of certain families with certain species of animals. When husband + and wife had different totems, a violation of the totemic taboos + by husband or wife might lead to the separation of the spouses. + This would explain the separation of husband and wife in the type + of tale here discussed.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We may surmise + that stories of this sort, wherever found, had a similar origin; in + other words, that they reflect and are intended to explain a real + belief in the kinship of certain families with certain species of + animals. Hence if the name <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page130">[pg + 130]</span><a name="Pg130" id="Pg130" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + totemism may be used to include all such beliefs and the practices + based on them, the origin of this type of story may be said to be + totemic.<a id="noteref_371" name="noteref_371" href= + "#note_371"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">371</span></span></a> Now, + wherever the totemic clans have become exogamous, that is, wherever a + man is always obliged to marry a woman of a totem different from his + own, it is obvious that husband and wife will always have to observe + different totemic taboos, and that a want of respect shewn by one of + them for the sacred animal or plant of the other would tend to + domestic jars, which might often lead to the permanent separation of + the spouses, the offended wife or husband returning to her or his + native clan of the fish-people, the bird-people, or what not. That, I + take it, was the origin of the sad story of the man or woman happily + mated with a transformed animal and then parted for ever. Such tales, + if I am right, were not wholly fictitious. Totemism may have broken + many loving hearts. But when that ancient <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page131">[pg 131]</span><a name="Pg131" id="Pg131" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> system of society had fallen into disuse, and + the ideas on which it was based had ceased to be understood, the + quaint stories of mixed marriages to which it had given birth would + not be at once forgotten. They would continue to be told, no longer + indeed as myths explanatory of custom, but merely as fairy tales for + the amusement of the listeners. The barbarous features of the old + legends, which now appeared too monstrously incredible even for + story-tellers, would be gradually discarded and replaced by others + which fitted in better with the changed beliefs of the time. Thus in + particular the animal husband or animal wife of the story might drop + the character of a beast to assume that of a fairy. This is the stage + of decay exhibited by the two most famous tales of the class in + question, the Greek fable of Cupid and Psyche and the Indian story of + King Pururavas and the nymph Urvasi, though in the latter we can + still detect hints that the fairy wife was once a bird-woman.<a id= + "noteref_372" name="noteref_372" href="#note_372"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">372</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page132">[pg 132]</span><a name="Pg132" id="Pg132" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The story of the parentage of + Vikramaditya may point to a line of kings who had the ass for + their crest or totem. Similarly the Maharajahs of Nagpur have the + cobra for their crest and the origin of the crest is explained by + a story of the type of Beauty and the Beast.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It would, no + doubt, be a mistake to suppose that totemism, or a system of taboos + resembling it, must have existed wherever such stories are told; for + it is certain that popular tales spread by diffusion from tribe to + tribe and nation to nation, till they may be handed down by oral + tradition among people who neither practise nor even understand the + customs in which the stories originated. Yet the legend of the + miraculous parentage of Vikramaditya may very well have been based on + the existence at Ujjain of a line of rajahs who had the ass for their + crest or totem.<a id="noteref_373" name="noteref_373" href= + "#note_373"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">373</span></span></a> Such a + custom is not without analogy in India. The crest of the Maharajah of + Nagpur is a cobra with a human face under its expanded hood, + surrounded by all the insignia of royalty. Moreover, the Rajah and + the chief members of his family always wear turbans so arranged that + they resemble a coiled serpent with its head projecting over the + wearer's brow. To explain this serpent badge a tale is told which + conforms to the type of Beauty and the Beast. Once upon a time a Nag + or serpent named Pundarika took upon himself the likeness of a + Brahman, and repaired in that guise to the house of a real Brahman at + Benares, in order to perfect himself in a knowledge of the sacred + books. The teacher was so pleased with the progress made by his pupil + that he gave him his only child, the beautiful Parvati, to wife. But + the subtle serpent, though he could assume any form at pleasure, was + unable to rid himself of his forked tongue and foul breath. To + conceal these personal blemishes from his wife he always slept with + his back to her. One night, however, she got round him and discovered + his unpleasant peculiarities. She questioned him sharply, and to + divert her attention he proposed that they should make a pilgrimage + to Juggernaut. The idea of visiting that fashionable watering-place + so raised the lady's spirits that she quite forgot to pursue the + enquiry. However, on their way home her curiosity revived, and she + repeated her questions under circumstances which rendered it + impossible for the serpent, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page133">[pg + 133]</span><a name="Pg133" id="Pg133" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> as + a tender husband, to evade them, though well he knew that the + disclosure he was about to make would sever him, the immortal, at + once and for ever from his mortal wife. He related the wondrous tale, + and, plunging into a pool, disappeared from sight. His poor wife was + inconsolable at his hurried departure, and in the midst of her grief + and remorse her child was born. But instead of rejoicing at the + birth, she made for herself a funeral pyre and perished in the + flames. At that moment a Brahman appeared on the scene, and perceived + the forsaken babe lying sheltered and guarded by a great hooded + snake. It was the serpent father protecting his child. Addressing the + Brahman, he narrated his history, and foretold that the child should + be called Phani-Makuta Raya, that is, <span class="tei tei-q">“the + snake crowned,”</span> and that he should reign as rajah over the + country to be called Nagpur. That is why the rajahs of Nagpur have + the serpent for their crest.<a id="noteref_374" name="noteref_374" + href="#note_374"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">374</span></span></a> Again, + the rajahs of Manipur trace their descent from a divine snake. At his + installation a rajah of Manipur used to have to pass with great + solemnity between two massive dragons of stone which stood in front + of the coronation house. Somewhere inside the building was a + mysterious chamber, and in the chamber was a pipe, which, according + to the popular belief, led down to the depths of a cavern where + dwells the snake god, the ancestor of the royal family. The length + and prosperity of the rajah's reign were believed to depend on the + length of time he could sit on the pipe enduring the fiery breath of + his serpentine forefather in the place below. Women are specially + devoted to the worship of the ancestral snake, and great reverence is + paid them in virtue of their sacred office.<a id="noteref_375" name= + "noteref_375" href="#note_375"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">375</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The parallelism + between the legends of Nagpur and Ujjain may be allowed to strengthen + my conjecture that, if we have a race of royal serpents in the one + place, there may well have been a race of royal asses in the other; + indeed such dynasties have perhaps not been so rare as might be + supposed.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page134">[pg 134]</span><a name= + "Pg134" id="Pg134" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc27" id="toc27"></a> <a name="pdf28" id="pdf28"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter IV. The Supply Of + Kings.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Stories of the type of Beauty and + the Beast are not mere fictions, but rest on a real basis of + belief and custom. Similarly the legend of kings who were + sacrificed after a reign of a single day has its analogy in + actual custom. Such stories indicate that the supply of kings may + have been maintained by compelling men to accept the fatal + sovereignty.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Tales of the + foregoing sort might be dismissed as fictions designed to amuse a + leisure hour, were it not for their remarkable agreement with beliefs + and customs which, as we have seen, still exist, or are known to have + existed in former times. That agreement can hardly be accidental. We + seem to be justified, therefore, in assuming that stories of the kind + really rest on a basis of facts, however much these facts may have + been distorted or magnified in passing through the mind of the + story-teller, who is naturally more concerned to amuse than instruct + his hearers. Even the legend of a line of kings of whom each reigned + for a single day, and was sacrificed at night for the good of the + people, will hardly seem incredible when we remember that to this day + a kingdom is held on a similar tenure in west Africa, though under + modern conditions the throne stands vacant.<a id="noteref_376" name= + "noteref_376" href="#note_376"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">376</span></span></a> And + while it would be vain to rely on such stories for exact historical + details, yet they may help us in a general way to understand the + practical working of an institution which to civilised men seems at + first sight to belong to the cloudland of fancy rather than to the + sober reality of the workaday world. Remark, for example, how in + these stories the supply of kings is maintained. In the Indian + tradition all the men of the city are put on a list, and each of + them, when his turn comes, is forced to reign for a day and to die + the death. It is not left to his choice to decide whether he will + accept the fatal sovereignty or not. In the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">High History of the + Holy Grail</span></span> the mode of filling the vacant <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page135">[pg 135]</span><a name="Pg135" id="Pg135" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> throne is different. A stranger, not a + citizen, is seized and compelled to accept office. In the end, no + doubt, the dwarf volunteers to be king, thus saving Lancelot's life; + but the narrative plainly implies that if a substitute had not thus + been found, Lancelot would have been obliged, whether he would or + not, to wear the crown and to perish in the fire.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Our conceptions of the primitive + kingship are apt to be coloured and falsified by ideas borrowed + from the very different monarchies of modern Europe.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In thus + representing the succession to a throne as compulsory, the stories + may well preserve a reminiscence of a real custom. To us, indeed, who + draw our ideas of kingship from the hereditary and highly privileged + monarchies of civilised Europe, the notion of thrusting the crown + upon reluctant strangers or common citizens of the lowest rank is apt + to appear fantastic and absurd. But that is merely because we fail to + realise how widely the modern type of kingship has diverged from the + ancient pattern. In early times the duties of sovereignty are more + conspicuous than its privileges. At a certain stage of development + the chief or king is rather the minister or servant than the ruler of + his people. The sacred functions which he is expected to discharge + are deemed essential to the welfare, and even the existence, of the + community, and at any cost some one must be found to perform them. + Yet the burdens and restrictions of all sorts incidental to the early + kingship are such that not merely in popular tales, but in actual + practice, compulsion has sometimes been found necessary to fill + vacancies, while elsewhere the lack of candidates has caused the + office to fall into abeyance, or even to be abolished + altogether.<a id="noteref_377" name="noteref_377" href= + "#note_377"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">377</span></span></a> And + where death stared the luckless monarch in the face at the end of a + brief reign of a few months or days, we need not wonder that gaols + had to be swept and the dregs of society raked to find a king.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">In other races and other ages many + men may have been willing to accept a kingdom on condition of + being killed at the end of a short reign. Various causes have + contributed to intensify the fear of death in modern + Europe.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet we should + doubtless err if we supposed that under such hard conditions men + could never be found ready and even eager to accept the sovereignty. + A variety of causes has led the modern nations of western Europe to + set on human life—their own life and that of others—a higher value + than is put upon it by many other races. The result is a fear of + death which is certainly not shared in the same <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page136">[pg 136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> degree of intensity by some peoples whom + we in our self-complacency are accustomed to regard as our inferiors. + Among the causes which thus tend to make us cowards may be numbered + the spread of luxury and the doctrines of a gloomy theology, which by + proclaiming the eternal damnation and excruciating torments of the + vast majority of mankind has added incalculably to the dread and + horror of death. The growth of humaner sentiments, which seldom fails + to effect a corresponding amelioration in the character even of the + gods, has indeed led many Protestant divines of late years to temper + the rigour of the divine justice with a large infusion of mercy by + relegating the fires of hell to a decent obscurity or even + extinguishing them altogether. But these lurid flames appear to blaze + as fiercely as ever in the more conservative theology of the Catholic + Church.<a id="noteref_378" name="noteref_378" href= + "#note_378"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">378</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Evidence of the comparative + indifference to death displayed by other races. Absence of the + fear of death in India and Annam.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It would be easy + to accumulate evidence of the indifference or apathy exhibited in + presence of death by races whom we commonly brand as lower. A few + examples must here suffice. Speaking of the natives of India an + English writer observes: <span class="tei tei-q">“We place the + highest value on life, while they, being blessed with a comfortable + fatalism, which assumes that each man's destiny is written on his + forehead in invisible characters, and being besides untroubled with + any doubts or thoughts as to the nature of their reception in the + next world, take matters of life and death a great deal more + unconcernedly, and, compared with our ideas, they may be said to + present an almost apathetic indifference on these + subjects.”</span><a id="noteref_379" name="noteref_379" href= + "#note_379"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">379</span></span></a> To the + same effect another English writer remarks that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the absence of that fear of death, which is so powerful + in the hearts of civilised men, is the most remarkable trait in the + Hindu character.”</span><a id="noteref_380" name="noteref_380" href= + "#note_380"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">380</span></span></a> Among + the natives of Annam, according to a Catholic missionary, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the subject of death has nothing alarming + for anybody. In presence of a sick man people will speak of his + approaching end <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page137">[pg + 137]</span><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and + of his funeral as readily as of anything else. Hence we never need to + take the least verbal precaution in warning the sick to prepare + themselves to receive the last sacraments. Some time ago I was + summoned to a neophyte whose death, though certain, was still + distant. On entering the house I found a woman seated at his bedside + sewing the mourning dresses of the family. Moreover, the carpenter + was fitting together the boards of the coffin quite close to the door + of the house, so that the dying man could observe the whole + proceeding from his bed. The worthy man superintended personally all + these details and gave directions for each of the operations. He even + had for his pillow part of the mourning costume which was already + finished. I could tell you a host of anecdotes of the same + sort.”</span> Among these people it is a mark of filial piety to + present a father or mother with a coffin; the presentation is the + occasion of a family festival to which all friends are invited. + Pupils display their respect for their masters in the same fashion. + Bishop Masson, whose letter I have just quoted, was himself presented + with a fine coffin by some of his converts as a New Year gift and a + token of their respect and affection; they invited his attention + particularly to the quality of the wood and the beauty of the + workmanship.<a id="noteref_381" name="noteref_381" href= + "#note_381"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">381</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Absence of the fear of death among + the American Indians.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With regard to the + North American Indians a writer who knew them well has said that + among them <span class="tei tei-q">“the idea of immortality is + strongly dwelt upon. It is not spoken of as a supposition or a mere + belief, not fixed. It is regarded as an actuality,—as something known + and approved by the judgment of the nation. During the whole period + of my residence and travels in the Indian country, I never knew and + never heard of an Indian who did not believe in it, and in the + reappearance of the body in a future state. However mistaken they are + on the subject of accountabilities for acts done in the present life, + no small part of their entire mythology, and the belief that sustains + the man in his vicissitudes and wanderings here, arises from the + anticipation of ease and enjoyment in a future condition, after the + soul has left the body. The resignation, nay, the alacrity with which + an <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg 138]</span><a name= + "Pg138" id="Pg138" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Indian frequently lies + down and surrenders life, is to be ascribed to this prevalent belief. + He does not fear to go to a land which, all his life long, he has + heard abounds in rewards without punishments.”</span><a id= + "noteref_382" name="noteref_382" href="#note_382"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">382</span></span></a> Another + traveller, who saw much of the South American Indians, asserts that + they surpass the beasts in their insensibility to hardship and pain, + never complaining in sickness nor even when they are being killed, + and exhibiting in their last moments an apathetic indifference + untroubled by any misgiving as to the future.<a id="noteref_383" + name="noteref_383" href="#note_383"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">383</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Apathy of savages under sentence of + death.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Wholesale + butcheries of human beings were perpetrated till lately in the name + of religion in the west African kingdom of Dahomey. As to the + behaviour of the victims we are told that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“almost invariably, those doomed to die exhibit the + greatest coolness and unconcern. The natural dread of death which the + instinct of self-preservation has implanted in every breast, often + leads persons who are liable to be seized for immolation to endeavour + to escape; but once they are seized and bound, they resign themselves + to their fate with the greatest apathy. This is partly due to the + less delicate nervous system of the negro; but one reason, and that + not the least, is that they have nothing to fear. As has been said, + they have but to undergo a surgical operation and a change of place + of residence; there is no uncertain future to be faced, and, above + all, there is an entire absence of that notion of a place of terrible + punishment which makes so many Europeans cowards when face to face + with death.”</span><a id="noteref_384" name="noteref_384" href= + "#note_384"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">384</span></span></a> One of + the earliest European settlers on the coast of Brazil has remarked on + the indifference exhibited by the Indian prisoners who were about to + be massacred by their enemies. He conversed with the captives, men + young, strong, and handsome. To his question whether they did not + fear the death that was so near and so appalling, they replied with + laughter and mockery. When he spoke of ransoming them from their + foes, they jeered at the cowardice of Europeans.<a id="noteref_385" + name="noteref_385" href="#note_385"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">385</span></span></a> The + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page139">[pg 139]</span><a name="Pg139" + id="Pg139" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Khonds of India practised an + extensive system of human sacrifice, of which we shall hear more in + the sequel. The victims, known as Meriahs, were kept for years to be + sacrificed, and their manner of death was peculiarly horrible, since + they were hacked to pieces or slowly roasted alive. Yet when these + destined victims were rescued by the English officers who were + engaged in putting down the custom, they generally availed themselves + of any opportunity to escape from their deliverers and returned to + their fate.<a id="noteref_386" name="noteref_386" href= + "#note_386"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">386</span></span></a> In + Uganda there were formerly many sacrificial places where human + victims used to be slaughtered or burned to death, sometimes in + hundreds, from motives of superstition. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Those who have taken part in these executions bear + witness how seldom a victim, whether man or woman, raised his voice + to protest or appeal against the treatment meted out to him. The + victims went to death (so they thought) to save their country and + race from some calamity, and they laid down their lives without a + murmur or a struggle.”</span><a id="noteref_387" name="noteref_387" + href="#note_387"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">387</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Further, men of other races often + sacrifice their lives voluntarily for reasons which seem to us + wholly inadequate. Thus people have freely allowed themselves to + be killed in order to accompany their dead ruler to the other + world.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But it is not + merely that men of other races and other religions submit to + inevitable death with an equanimity which modern Europeans in general + cannot match; they often actually seek and find it for reasons which + seem to us wholly inadequate. The motives which lead them to + sacrifice their lives are very various. Among them religious + fanaticism has probably been one of the commonest, and in the + preceding pages we have met with many instances of voluntary deaths + incurred under its powerful impulse.<a id="noteref_388" name= + "noteref_388" href="#note_388"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">388</span></span></a> But + more secular motives, such as loyalty, revenge, and an excessive + sensibility on the point of honour, have also driven multitudes to + throw away their lives with a levity which may strike the average + modern Englishman as bordering on insanity. It may be well to + illustrate this comparative indifference to death by a few + miscellaneous examples drawn from different races. Thus, when the + king of Benin <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page140">[pg + 140]</span><a name="Pg140" id="Pg140" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + died and was about to be lowered into the earth, his favourites and + servants used to compete with each other for the privilege of being + buried alive with his body in order that they might attend and + minister to him in the other world. After the dispute was settled and + the tomb had closed over the dead and the living, sentinels were set + to watch it day and night. Next day the sepulchre would be opened and + some one would call down to the entombed men to know what they were + doing and whether any of them had gone to serve the king. The answer + was commonly, <span class="tei tei-q">“No, not yet.”</span> The third + day the same question would be put, and a voice would reply that + so-and-so had gone to join his Majesty. The first to die was deemed + the happiest. In four or five days when no answer came up to the + question, and all was silent in the grave, the heir to the throne was + informed, and he signalised his accession by kindling a fire on the + tomb, roasting flesh at it, and distributing the meat to the + people.<a id="noteref_389" name="noteref_389" href= + "#note_389"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">389</span></span></a> The + daughter of a Mbaya chief in South America, having been happily + baptized at the very point of death, was accorded Christian burial in + the church by the Jesuit missionary who had rescued her like a brand + from the burning. But an old heathen woman of the tribe took it sadly + to heart that her chief's daughter should not be honoured with the + usual human sacrifices. So, drawing an Indian aside, she implored him + to be so kind as to knock her on the head, that she might go and + serve her young mistress in the Land of Souls. The savage obligingly + complied with her request, and the whole horde begged the missionary + that her body might be buried with that of the chief's daughter. The + Jesuit sternly refused. He informed them that the girl was now with + the angels, and stood in need of no such attendant. As for the old + woman, he observed grimly that she had gone to a very different place + and would move in a very different circle of society.<a id= + "noteref_390" name="noteref_390" href="#note_390"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">390</span></span></a> When + Otho committed suicide after the battle of Bedriacum, some of his + soldiers slew themselves at his pyre, and their example was + afterwards followed by many of their <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page141">[pg 141]</span><a name="Pg141" id="Pg141" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> comrades in the armies which had marched with + Otho to meet Vitellius; their motive was not fear of the conqueror, + but purely loyalty and devotion to their emperor.<a id="noteref_391" + name="noteref_391" href="#note_391"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">391</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">In the East, persons sometimes + commit suicide in order to avenge themselves on their enemies. + Law of retaliation in a robber caste of southern India.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the East that + indifference to human life which seems so strange to the Western mind + often takes a peculiar form. A man will sometimes kill himself merely + in order to be revenged on his foe, believing that his ghost will + haunt and torment the survivor, or expecting that punishment of some + sort will overtake the wretch who drove him to this extreme + step.<a id="noteref_392" name="noteref_392" href= + "#note_392"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">392</span></span></a> Among + some peoples etiquette requires that if a man commits suicide for + this purpose, his enemy should at once follow his example. To take a + single example. There is a caste of robbers in southern India among + whom <span class="tei tei-q">“the law of retaliation prevails in all + its rigour. If a quarrel takes place, and somebody tears out his own + eye or kills himself, his adversary must do the same either to + himself or to one of his relations. The women carry this barbarity + still further. For a slight affront put on them, a sharp word said to + them, they will go and smash their head against the door of her who + offended them, and the latter is obliged immediately to do the same. + If a woman poisons herself by drinking the juice of a poisonous herb, + the other woman who drove her to this violent death must poison + herself likewise; else her house will be burned, her cattle carried + off, and injuries of all kinds done her until satisfaction is given. + They extend this cruelty even to their own children. Not long ago, a + few steps from the church in which I have the honour to write to you, + two of these barbarians having quarrelled, one of them ran to his + house, took from it a child of about four years, and crushed its head + between two stones in the presence of his enemy. The latter, without + exhibiting any emotion, took his nine-years' old daughter, and, + plunging a dagger into her breast, said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Your child was only four years old, mine was nine years + old. Give me a victim to equal her.’</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Certainly,’</span> replied the other, and seeing at his + side his eldest son, who was ready to be married, he stabbed him four + or five times with his dagger; <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page142">[pg 142]</span><a name="Pg142" id="Pg142" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> and, not content with shedding the blood of his + two sons, he killed his wife too, in order to oblige his enemy to + murder his wife in like manner. Lastly, a little girl and a baby at + the breast had also their throats cut, so that in a single day seven + persons were sacrificed to the vengeance of two bloodthirsty men, + more cruel than the most ferocious brutes. I have actually in my + church a young man who sought refuge among us, wounded by a + spear-thrust which his father inflicted on him in order to kill him + and thus oblige his foe to slay his own son in like manner. The + barbarian had already stabbed two of his children on other occasions + for the same purpose. Such atrocious examples will seem to you to + partake more of fable than of truth; but believe me that far from + exaggerating, I could produce many others not less + tragical.”</span><a id="noteref_393" name="noteref_393" href= + "#note_393"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">393</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Contempt of death exhibited in + antiquity by the Thracians and the Gauls.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The same contempt + of death which many races have exhibited in modern times was + displayed in antiquity by the hardy natives of Europe before + Christianity had painted the world beyond the grave in colours at + which even their bold spirits quailed. Thus, for example, at their + banquets the rude Thracians used to suspend a halter over a movable + stone and cast lots among themselves. The man on whom the lot fell + mounted the stone with a scimitar in his hand and thrust his head + into the noose. A comrade then rolled the stone from under him, and + while he did so the other attempted to sever the rope with his + scimitar. If he succeeded he dropped to the ground and was saved; if + he failed, he was hanged, and his dying struggles were greeted with + peals of laughter by his fellows, who regarded the whole thing as a + capital joke.<a id="noteref_394" name="noteref_394" href= + "#note_394"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">394</span></span></a> The + Greek traveller Posidonius, who visited Gaul early in the first + century before our era, records that among the Celts men were to be + found who for a sum of money or a number of jars of wine, which they + distributed among their kinsmen or friends, would allow themselves to + be publicly slaughtered in a theatre. They <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page143">[pg 143]</span><a name="Pg143" id="Pg143" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> lay down on their backs upon a shield and a man + came and cut their throats with a sword.<a id="noteref_395" name= + "noteref_395" href="#note_395"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">395</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">In ancient Rome there were men + willing to be beheaded for a sum of five</span> <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-size: 80%; font-style: italic">minae</span></span><span style="font-size: 80%">.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A Greek author, + Euphorion of Chalcis, who lived in the age when the eyes of all the + world were turned on the great conflict between Rome and Carthage for + the mastery of the Mediterranean, tells us that at Rome it was + customary to advertise for men who would consent to be beheaded with + an axe in consideration of receiving a sum of five <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">minae</span></span>, or about twenty pounds of + our money, to be paid after their death to their heirs. Apparently + there was no lack of applicants for this hard-earned bounty; for we + are informed that several candidates would often compete for the + privilege, each of them arguing that he had the best right to be + cudgelled to death.<a id="noteref_396" name="noteref_396" href= + "#note_396"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">396</span></span></a> Why + were these men invited to be beheaded for twenty pounds a piece? and + why in response to the invitation did they gratuitously, as it would + seem, express their readiness to suffer a much more painful death + than simple decapitation? The reasons are not stated by Euphorion in + the brief extract quoted from his work by Athenaeus, the Greek writer + who has also preserved for us the testimony of Posidonius to the + Gallic recklessness of life. But the connexion in which Athenaeus + cites both these passages suggests that the intention of the Roman as + of the Gallic practice was merely to minister to the brutal pleasure + of the spectators; for he inserts his account of the customs in a + dissertation on banquets, and he had just before described how hired + ruffians fought and butchered each other at Roman dinner-parties for + the amusement of the tipsy guests.<a id="noteref_397" name= + "noteref_397" href="#note_397"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">397</span></span></a> Or + perhaps the men were wanted to be slaughtered at funerals, for we + know that at Rome a custom formerly prevailed of sacrificing human + beings at the tomb: the victims were commonly captives or + slaves,<a id="noteref_398" name="noteref_398" href= + "#note_398"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">398</span></span></a> but + they may sometimes have <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page144">[pg + 144]</span><a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + been obtained by advertisement from among the class of needy freemen. + Such wretches in bidding against each other may have pleaded as a + reason for giving them the preference that they really deserved for + their crimes to die a slow and painful death under the cudgel of the + executioner. This explanation of the custom, which I owe to my friend + Mr. W. Wyse, is perhaps the most probable. But it is also possible, + though the language of Euphorion does not lend itself so well to this + interpretation, that a cudgelling preceded decapitation as part of + the bargain. If that was so, it would seem that the men were wanted + to die as substitutes for condemned criminals; for in old Rome + capital punishment was regularly inflicted in this fashion, the + malefactors being tied up to a post and scourged with rods before + they were beheaded with an axe.<a id="noteref_399" name="noteref_399" + href="#note_399"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">399</span></span></a> There + is nothing improbable in the view that persons could be hired to + suffer the extreme penalty of the law instead of the real culprits. + We shall see that a voluntary substitution of the same sort is + reported on apparently good authority to be still occasionally + practised in China. However, it is immaterial to our purpose whether + these men perished to save others, to adorn a funeral, or merely to + gratify the Roman lust for blood. The one thing that concerns us is + that in the great age of Rome there were to be found Romans willing, + nay, eager to barter their lives for a paltry sum of money of which + they were not even to have the enjoyment. No wonder that men made of + that stuff founded a great empire, and spread the terror of the Roman + arms from the Grampians to the tropics.<a id="noteref_400" name= + "noteref_400" href="#note_400"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">400</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Chinese indifference to + death.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The comparative + indifference with which the Chinese regard their lives is attested by + the readiness with which they commit suicide on grounds which often + seem to the European extremely trifling.<a id="noteref_401" name= + "noteref_401" href="#note_401"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">401</span></span></a> A still + more striking proof <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page145">[pg + 145]</span><a name="Pg145" id="Pg145" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + their apathy in this respect is furnished by the readiness with which + in China a man can be induced to suffer death for a sum of money to + be paid to his relatives. Thus, for example, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“one of the most wealthy of the aboriginal tribes, called + Shurii-Kia-Miau, is remarkable for the practice of a singular and + revolting religious ceremony. The people possess a large temple, in + which is an idol in the form of a dog. They resort to this shrine on + a certain day every year to worship. At this annual religious + festival it is, I believe, customary for the wealthy members of the + tribe to entertain their poorer brethren at a banquet given in honour + of one who has agreed, for a sum of money paid to his family, to + allow himself to be offered as a sacrifice on the altar of the dog + idol. At the end of the banquet the victim, having drunk wine freely, + is put to death before the idol. This people believe that, were they + to neglect this rite, they would be visited with pestilence, famine, + or the sword.”</span><a id="noteref_402" name="noteref_402" href= + "#note_402"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">402</span></span></a> + Further, it is said that in China a man condemned to death can + procure a substitute, who, for a small sum, will voluntarily consent + to be executed in his stead. The money goes to the substitute's + kinsfolk, and since to increase the family prosperity at the expense + of personal suffering is regarded by the Chinese as an act of the + highest virtue, there is reported to be, just as there used to be in + ancient Rome, quite a competition among the candidates for death. + Such a substitution is even recognised by the Chinese authorities, + except in the case of certain grave crimes, as for instance + parricide. The local mandarin is probably not averse to the + arrangement, for he is said to make a pecuniary profit by the + transaction, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page146">[pg + 146]</span><a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + engaging a substitute for a less sum than he received from the + condemned man, and pocketing the difference.<a id="noteref_403" name= + "noteref_403" href="#note_403"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">403</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">We must not judge of all men's love + of life by our own.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The foregoing + evidence may suffice to convince us that we should commit a grievous + error were we to judge all men's love of life by our own, and to + assume that others cannot hold cheap what we count so dear. We shall + never understand the long course of human history if we persist in + measuring mankind in all ages and in all countries by the standard, + perhaps excellent but certainly narrow, of the modern English middle + class with their love of material comfort and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“their passionate, absorbing, almost bloodthirsty + clinging to life.”</span> That class, of which I may say, in the + words of Matthew Arnold, that I am myself a feeble unit, doubtless + possesses many estimable qualities, but among them can hardly be + reckoned the rare and delicate gift of historical imagination, the + power of entering into the thoughts and feelings of men of other ages + and other countries, of conceiving that they may regulate their life + by principles which do not square with ours, and may throw it away + for objects which to us might seem ridiculously inadequate.<a id= + "noteref_404" name="noteref_404" href="#note_404"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">404</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Hence it is probable that in some + races and at some periods of history it would be easy to find men + willing to accept a kingdom on condition of being killed at the + end of a short reign.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To return, + therefore, to the point from which we started, we may safely assume + that in some races, and at some periods of history, though certainly + not in the well-to-do classes of England to-day, it might be easy to + find men who would willingly accept a kingdom with the certainty of + being put to death after a reign of a year or less. Where men are + ready, as they have been in Gaul, in Rome, and in China, to + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page147">[pg 147]</span><a name="Pg147" + id="Pg147" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> yield up their lives at once + for a paltry sum of which they are themselves to reap no benefit, + would they not be willing to purchase at the same price a year's + tenure of a throne? Among people of that sort the difficulty would + probably be not so much to find a candidate for the crown as to + decide between the conflicting claims of a multitude of competitors. + In point of fact we have heard of a Shilluk clamouring to be made + king on condition of being killed at the end of a brief reign of a + single day, and we have read how in Malabar a crowd scrambled for the + bloody head which entitled the lucky man who caught it to be + decapitated after five years of unlimited enjoyment, and how at + Calicut many men used to rush cheerfully on death, not for a kingship + of a year, or even of an hour, but merely for the honour of + displaying their valour in a fruitless attack on the king.<a id= + "noteref_405" name="noteref_405" href="#note_405"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">405</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg 148]</span><a name= + "Pg148" id="Pg148" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc29" id="toc29"></a> <a name="pdf30" id="pdf30"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter V. Temporary Kings.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Annual abdication of kings and their + places temporarily taken by nominal sovereigns. Temporary kings + in Cambodia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In some places the + modified form of the old custom of regicide which appears to have + prevailed at Babylon<a id="noteref_406" name="noteref_406" href= + "#note_406"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">406</span></span></a> has + been further softened down. The king still abdicates annually for a + short time and his place is filled by a more or less nominal + sovereign; but at the close of his short reign the latter is no + longer killed, though sometimes a mock execution still survives as a + memorial of the time when he was actually put to death. To take + examples. In the month of Méac (February) the king of Cambodia + annually abdicated for three days. During this time he performed no + act of authority, he did not touch the seals, he did not even receive + the revenues which fell due. In his stead there reigned a temporary + king called Sdach Méac, that is, King February. The office of + temporary king was hereditary in a family distantly connected with + the royal house, the sons succeeding the fathers and the younger + brothers the elder brothers, just as in the succession to the real + sovereignty. On a favourable day fixed by the astrologers the + temporary king was conducted by the mandarins in triumphal + procession. He rode one of the royal elephants, seated in the royal + palanquin, and escorted by soldiers who, dressed in appropriate + costumes, represented the neighbouring peoples of Siam, Annam, Laos, + and so on. In place of the golden crown he wore a peaked white cap, + and his regalia, instead of being of gold encrusted with diamonds, + were of rough wood. After paying homage to the real king, from whom + he received the sovereignty for three days, together with all + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page149">[pg 149]</span><a name="Pg149" + id="Pg149" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the revenues accruing during + that time (though this last custom has been omitted for some time), + he moved in procession round the palace and through the streets of + the capital. On the third day, after the usual procession, the + temporary king gave orders that the elephants should trample under + foot the <span class="tei tei-q">“mountain of rice,”</span> which was + a scaffold of bamboo surrounded by sheaves of rice. The people + gathered up the rice, each man taking home a little with him to + secure a good harvest. Some of it was also taken to the king, who had + it cooked and presented to the monks.<a id="noteref_407" name= + "noteref_407" href="#note_407"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">407</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Temporary kings in Siam in former + days.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Siam on the + sixth day of the moon in the sixth month (the end of April) a + temporary king is appointed, who for three days enjoys the royal + prerogatives, the real king remaining shut up in his palace. This + temporary king sends his numerous satellites in all directions to + seize and confiscate whatever they can find in the bazaar and open + shops; even the ships and junks which arrive in harbour during the + three days are forfeited to him and must be redeemed. He goes to a + field in the middle of the city, whither they bring a gilded plough + drawn by gaily-decked oxen. After the plough has been anointed and + the oxen rubbed with incense, the mock king traces nine furrows with + the plough, followed by aged dames of the palace scattering the first + seed of the season. As soon as the nine furrows are drawn, the crowd + of spectators rushes in and scrambles for the seed which has just + been sown, believing that, mixed with the seed-rice, it will ensure a + plentiful crop. Then the oxen are unyoked, and rice, maize, sesame, + sago, bananas, sugar-cane, melons, and so on, are set before them; + whatever they eat first will, it is thought, be dear in the year + following, though some people interpret the omen in the opposite + sense. During this time the temporary king stands leaning against a + tree with his right foot resting on his left knee. From standing thus + on one foot he is popularly known as King Hop; but his official title + is Phaya Phollathep, <span class="tei tei-q">“Lord of the Heavenly + Hosts.”</span><a id="noteref_408" name="noteref_408" href= + "#note_408"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">408</span></span></a> He is a + sort of Minister of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page150">[pg + 150]</span><a name="Pg150" id="Pg150" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Agriculture; all disputes about fields, rice, and so forth, are + referred to him. There is moreover another ceremony in which he + personates the king. It takes place in the second month (which falls + in the cold season) and lasts three days. He is conducted in + procession to an open place opposite the Temple of the Brahmans, + where there are a number of poles dressed like May-poles, upon which + the Brahmans swing. All the while that they swing and dance, the Lord + of the Heavenly Hosts has to stand on one foot upon a seat which is + made of bricks plastered over, covered with a white cloth, and hung + with tapestry. He is supported by a wooden frame with a gilt canopy, + and two Brahmans stand one on each side of him. The dancing Brahmans + carry buffalo horns with which they draw water from a large copper + caldron and sprinkle it on the spectators; this is supposed to bring + good luck, causing the people to dwell in peace and quiet, health and + prosperity. The time during which the Lord of the Heavenly Hosts has + to stand on one foot is about three hours. This is thought + <span class="tei tei-q">“to prove the dispositions of the Devattas + and spirits.”</span> If he lets his foot down <span class= + "tei tei-q">“he is liable to forfeit his property and have his family + enslaved by the king; as it is believed to be a bad omen, portending + destruction to the state, and instability to the throne. But if he + stand firm he is believed to have gained a victory over evil spirits, + and he has moreover the privilege, ostensibly at least, of seizing + any ship which may enter the harbour during these three days, and + taking its contents, and also of entering any open shop in the town + and carrying away what he chooses.”</span><a id="noteref_409" name= + "noteref_409" href="#note_409"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">409</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page151">[pg 151]</span><a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Modern custom of temporary kings in + Siam.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such were the + duties and privileges of the Siamese King Hop down to about the + middle of the nineteenth century or later. Under the reign of the + late enlightened monarch this quaint personage was to some extent + both shorn of the glories and relieved of the burden of his office. + He still watches, as of old, the Brahmans rushing through the air in + a swing suspended between two tall masts, each some ninety feet high; + but he is allowed to sit instead of stand, and, although public + opinion still expects him to keep his right foot on his left knee + during the whole of the ceremony, he would incur no legal penalty + were he, to the great chagrin of the people, to put his weary foot to + the ground. Other signs, too, tell of the invasion of the East by the + ideas and civilisation of the West. The thoroughfares that lead to + the scene of the performance are blocked with carriages: lamp-posts + and telegraph posts, to which eager spectators cling like monkeys, + rise above the dense crowd; and, while a tatterdemalion band of the + old style, in gaudy garb of vermilion and yellow, bangs and tootles + away on drums and trumpets of an antique pattern, the procession of + barefooted soldiers in brilliant uniforms steps briskly along to the + lively strains of a modern military band playing <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Marching through Georgia.”</span><a id="noteref_410" + name="noteref_410" href="#note_410"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">410</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Temporary kings in Samaracand and + Upper Egypt.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the first day + of the sixth month, which was regarded as the beginning of the year, + the king and people of Samaracand used to put on new clothes and cut + their hair and beards. Then they repaired to a forest near the + capital where they shot arrows on horseback for seven days. On the + last day the target was a gold coin, and he who hit it had the right + to be king for one day.<a id="noteref_411" name="noteref_411" href= + "#note_411"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">411</span></span></a> In + Upper Egypt on the first day of the solar year by Coptic reckoning, + that is, on the tenth of September, when the Nile has generally + reached its highest point, the regular government is suspended for + three days and every town chooses its own ruler. This <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page152">[pg 152]</span><a name="Pg152" id="Pg152" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> temporary lord wears a sort of tall + fool's cap and a long flaxen beard, and is enveloped in a strange + mantle. With a wand of office in his hand and attended by men + disguised as scribes, executioners, and so forth, he proceeds to the + Governor's house. The latter allows himself to be deposed; and the + mock king, mounting the throne, holds a tribunal, to the decisions of + which even the governor and his officials must bow. After three days + the mock king is condemned to death; the envelope or shell in which + he was encased is committed to the flames, and from its ashes the + Fellah creeps forth.<a id="noteref_412" name="noteref_412" href= + "#note_412"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">412</span></span></a> The + custom perhaps points to an old practice of burning a real king in + grim earnest. In Uganda the brothers of the king used to be burned, + because it was not lawful to shed the royal blood.<a id="noteref_413" + name="noteref_413" href="#note_413"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">413</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Temporary kings in Morocco.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Mohammedan + students of Fez, in Morocco, are allowed to appoint a sultan of their + own, who reigns for a few weeks, and is known as <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Sultan + t-tulba</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“the Sultan of the + Scribes.”</span> This brief authority is put up for auction and + knocked down to the highest bidder. It brings some substantial + privileges with it, for the holder is freed from taxes thenceforward, + and he has the right of asking a favour from the real sultan. That + favour is seldom refused; it usually consists in the release of a + prisoner. Moreover, the agents of the student-sultan levy fines on + the shopkeepers and householders, against whom they trump up various + humorous charges. The temporary sultan is surrounded with the pomp of + a real court, and parades the streets in state with music and + shouting, while a royal umbrella is held over his head. With the + so-called fines and free-will offerings, to which the real sultan + adds a liberal supply of provisions, the students have enough to + furnish forth a magnificent banquet; and altogether they enjoy + themselves thoroughly, indulging in all kinds of games and + amusements. For the first seven days the mock sultan remains in the + college; then he goes about a mile out of the town and encamps on the + bank of the river, attended by the students and not a few of the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page153">[pg 153]</span><a name="Pg153" + id="Pg153" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> citizens. On the seventh day + of his stay outside the town he is visited by the real sultan, who + grants him his request and gives him seven more days to reign, so + that the reign of <span class="tei tei-q">“the Sultan of the + Scribes”</span> nominally lasts three weeks. But when six days of the + last week have passed the mock sultan runs back to the town by night. + This temporary sultanship always falls in spring, about the beginning + of April. Its origin is said to have been as follows. When Mulai + Rasheed II. was fighting for the throne in 1664 or 1665, a certain + Jew usurped the royal authority at Taza. But the rebellion was soon + suppressed through the loyalty and devotion of the students. To + effect their purpose they resorted to an ingenious stratagem. Forty + of them caused themselves to be packed in chests which were sent as a + present to the usurper. In the dead of night, while the unsuspecting + Jew was slumbering peacefully among the packing-cases, the lids were + stealthily raised, the brave forty crept forth, slew the usurper, and + took possession of the city in the name of the real sultan, who, to + mark his gratitude for the help thus rendered him in time of need, + conferred on the students the right of annually appointing a sultan + of their own.<a id="noteref_414" name="noteref_414" href= + "#note_414"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">414</span></span></a> The + narrative has all the air of a fiction devised to explain an old + custom, of which the real meaning and origin had been forgotten.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Temporary king in Cornwall.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A custom of + annually appointing a mock king for a single day was observed at + Lostwithiel in Cornwall down to the sixteenth century. On + <span class="tei tei-q">“little Easter Sunday”</span> the freeholders + of the town and manor assembled together, either in person or by + their deputies, and one among them, as it fell to his lot by turn, + gaily attired and gallantly mounted, with a crown on his head, a + sceptre in his hand, and a sword borne before him, rode through the + principal street to the church, dutifully attended by all the rest on + horseback. The clergyman in his best robes received him at the + churchyard stile and conducted him to hear divine service. On leaving + the church he repaired, with the same pomp, to a <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page154">[pg 154]</span><a name="Pg154" id="Pg154" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> house provided for his reception. Here a + feast awaited him and his suite, and being set at the head of the + table he was served on bended knees, with all the rites due to the + estate of a prince. The ceremony ended with the dinner, and every man + returned home.<a id="noteref_415" name="noteref_415" href= + "#note_415"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">415</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Temporary kings at the beginning of + a reign.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sometimes the + temporary king occupies the throne, not annually, but once for all at + the beginning of each reign. Thus in the kingdom of Jambi, in + Sumatra, it is the custom that at the beginning of a new reign a man + of the people should occupy the throne and exercise the royal + prerogatives for a single day. The origin of the custom is explained + by a tradition that there were once five royal brothers, the four + elder of whom all declined the throne on the ground of various bodily + defects, leaving it to their youngest brother. But the eldest + occupied the throne for one day, and reserved for his descendants a + similar privilege at the beginning of every reign. Thus the office of + temporary king is hereditary in a family akin to the royal + house.<a id="noteref_416" name="noteref_416" href= + "#note_416"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">416</span></span></a> In + Bilaspur it seems to be the custom, after the death of a Rajah, for a + Brahman to eat rice out of the dead Rajah's hand, and then to occupy + the throne for a year. At the end of the year the Brahman receives + presents and is dismissed from the territory, being forbidden + apparently to return. <span class="tei tei-q">“The idea seems to be + that the spirit of the Rájá enters into the Bráhman who eats the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">khír</span></span> (rice and milk) out of his + hand when he is dead, as the Brahman is apparently carefully watched + during the whole year, and not allowed to go away.”</span> The same + or a similar custom is believed to obtain among the hill states about + Kangra.<a id="noteref_417" name="noteref_417" href= + "#note_417"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">417</span></span></a> The + custom of banishing the Brahman who represents the king may be a + substitute for putting him to death. At the installation of a prince + of Carinthia a peasant, in whose family the office <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page155">[pg 155]</span><a name="Pg155" id="Pg155" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> was hereditary, ascended a marble stone + which stood surrounded by meadows in a spacious valley; on his right + stood a black mother-cow, on his left a lean ugly mare. A rustic + crowd gathered about him. Then the future prince, dressed as a + peasant and carrying a shepherd's staff, drew near, attended by + courtiers and magistrates. On perceiving him the peasant called out, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Who is this whom I see coming so proudly + along?”</span> The people answered, <span class="tei tei-q">“The + prince of the land.”</span> The peasant was then prevailed on to + surrender the marble seat to the prince on condition of receiving + sixty pence, the cow and mare, and exemption from taxes. But before + yielding his place he gave the prince a light blow on the + cheek.<a id="noteref_418" name="noteref_418" href= + "#note_418"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">418</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The temporary kings discharge divine + or magical functions.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some points about + these temporary kings deserve to be specially noticed before we pass + to the next branch of the evidence. In the first place, the Cambodian + and Siamese examples shew clearly that it is especially the divine or + magical functions of the king which are transferred to his temporary + substitute. This appears from the belief that by keeping up his foot + the temporary king of Siam gained a victory over the evil spirits, + whereas by letting it down he imperilled the existence of the state. + Again, the Cambodian ceremony of trampling down the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“mountain of rice,”</span> and the Siamese ceremony of + opening the ploughing and sowing, are charms to produce a plentiful + harvest, as appears from the belief that those who carry home some of + the trampled rice, or of the seed sown, will thereby secure a good + crop. Moreover, when the Siamese representative of the king is + guiding the plough, the people watch him anxiously, not to see + whether he drives a straight furrow, but to mark the exact point on + his leg to which the skirt of his silken robe reaches; for on that is + supposed to hang the state of the weather and the crops during the + ensuing season. If the Lord of the Heavenly Hosts hitches + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page156">[pg 156]</span><a name="Pg156" + id="Pg156" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> up his garment above his knee, + the weather will be wet and heavy rains will spoil the harvest. If he + lets it trail to his ankle, a drought will be the consequence. But + fine weather and heavy crops will follow if the hem of his robe hangs + exactly half-way down the calf of his leg.<a id="noteref_419" name= + "noteref_419" href="#note_419"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">419</span></span></a> So + closely is the course of nature, and with it the weal or woe of the + people, dependent on the minutest act or gesture of the king's + representative. But the task of making the crops grow, thus deputed + to the temporary kings, is one of the magical functions regularly + supposed to be discharged by kings in primitive society. The rule + that the mock king must stand on one foot upon a raised seat in the + rice-field was perhaps originally meant as a charm to make the crop + grow high; at least this was the object of a similar ceremony + observed by the old Prussians. The tallest girl, standing on one foot + upon a seat, with her lap full of cakes, a cup of brandy in her right + hand and a piece of elm-bark or linden-bark in her left, prayed to + the god Waizganthos that the flax might grow as high as she was + standing. Then, after draining the cup, she had it refilled, and + poured the brandy on the ground as an offering to Waizganthos, and + threw down the cakes for his attendant sprites. If she remained + steady on one foot throughout the ceremony, it was an omen that the + flax crop would be good; but if she let her foot down, it was feared + that the crop might fail.<a id="noteref_420" name="noteref_420" href= + "#note_420"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">420</span></span></a> The + same significance perhaps attaches to the swinging of the Brahmans, + which the Lord of the Heavenly Hosts had formerly to witness standing + on one foot. On the principles of homoeopathic or imitative magic it + might <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page157">[pg 157]</span><a name= + "Pg157" id="Pg157" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> be thought that the + higher the priests swing the higher will grow the rice. For the + ceremony is described as a harvest festival,<a id="noteref_421" name= + "noteref_421" href="#note_421"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">421</span></span></a> and + swinging is practised by the Letts of Russia with the avowed + intention of influencing the growth of the crops. In the spring and + early summer, between Easter and St. John's Day (the summer + solstice), every Lettish peasant is said to devote his leisure hours + to swinging diligently; for the higher he rises in the air the higher + will his flax grow that season.<a id="noteref_422" name="noteref_422" + href="#note_422"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">422</span></span></a> The + gilded plough with which the Siamese mock king opens the ploughing + may be compared with the bronze ploughs which the Etruscans employed + at the ceremony of founding cities;<a id="noteref_423" name= + "noteref_423" href="#note_423"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">423</span></span></a> in both + cases the use of bare iron was probably forbidden on superstitious + grounds.<a id="noteref_424" name="noteref_424" href= + "#note_424"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">424</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Temporary kings substituted in + certain emergencies for Shahs of Persia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the foregoing + cases the temporary king is appointed annually in accordance with a + regular custom. But in other cases the appointment is made only to + meet a special emergency, such as to relieve the real king from some + actual or threatened evil by diverting it to a substitute, who takes + his place on the throne for a short time. The history of Persia + furnishes instances of such occasional substitutes for the Shah. Thus + Shah Abbas the Great, the most eminent of all the kings of Persia, + who reigned from 1586 to 1628 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>, being warned by his + astrologers in the year 1591 that a serious danger impended over him, + attempted to avert the omen by abdicating the throne and appointing a + certain unbeliever named Yusoofee, probably a Christian, to reign in + his stead. The substitute was accordingly crowned, and for three + days, if we may trust the Persian historians, he enjoyed not only the + name and the state but the power of the king. At the end of his brief + reign he was put to death: the decree of the stars was fulfilled by + this sacrifice; and Abbas, who reascended his throne in a most + propitious hour, was promised by his astrologers a long and glorious + reign.<a id="noteref_425" name="noteref_425" href= + "#note_425"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">425</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page158">[pg 158]</span><a name="Pg158" + id="Pg158" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Again, Shah Sufi II., who + reigned from 1668 to 1694 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span>, was crowned a second + time and changed his name to Sulaiman or Soliman under the following + circumstances: <span class="tei tei-q">“The King, a few days after, + was out of danger, but the matter was to restore him to perfect + health. Having been always in a languishing condition, and his + physicians never able to discover the cause of his distemper, he + suspected that their ignorance retarded his recovery, and two or + three of them were therefore ill treated. At length the other + physicians, fearing it might be their own turn next, bethought + themselves, that Persia being at the same time afflicted with a + scarcity of provisions and the King's sickness, the fault must be in + the astrologers, who had not chosen a favourable hour when the King + was set upon the throne, and therefore persuaded him that the + ceremony must be perform'd again, and he change his name in a more + lucky minute. The King and his council approving of their notion, the + physicians and astrologers together expected the first unfortunate + day, which, according to their superstition, was to be followed in + the evening by a propitious hour. Among the Gavres, or original + Persians, Worshippers of Fire, there are some who boast their descent + from the Rustans, who formerly reigned over Persia and Parthia. On + the morning of the aforesaid unlucky day, they took one of these + Gavres of that Blood-royal, and having plac'd him on the throne, with + his back against a figure that represented him to the life, all the + great men of the court came to attend him, as if he had been their + king, performing all that he commanded. This scene lasted till the + favourable hour, which was a little before sun-setting, and then an + officer of the court came behind and cut off the head of the wooden + statue with his cymiter, the Gaure then starting up and running away. + That very moment the King came into the hall, and the Sofy's cap + being set on his head, and his sword girt to his side, he sat down on + the throne, changing his name for that of Soliman, which was + perform'd with the usual ceremonies, the drums beating and trumpets + sounding as before. It was requisite to act this farce, in order to + satisfy the law, which requires that in order to change his name and + take possession of the throne again he must expel a <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page159">[pg 159]</span><a name="Pg159" id="Pg159" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> prince that had usurped it upon some + pretensions; and therefore they made choice of a Gaure, who pretended + to be descended from the ancient kings of Persia, and was besides of + a different religion from that of the government.”</span><a id= + "noteref_426" name="noteref_426" href="#note_426"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">426</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page160">[pg 160]</span><a name= + "Pg160" id="Pg160" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc31" id="toc31"></a> <a name="pdf32" id="pdf32"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VI. Sacrifice Of The King's + Son.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The temporary kings are sometimes + related by blood to the real kings.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A point to notice + about the temporary kings described in the foregoing chapter is that + in two places (Cambodia and Jambi) they come of a stock which is + believed to be akin to the royal family. If the view here taken of + the origin of these temporary kingships is correct, we can easily + understand why the king's substitute should sometimes be of the same + race as the king. When the king first succeeded in getting the life + of another accepted as a sacrifice instead of his own, he would have + to shew that the death of that other would serve the purpose quite as + well as his own would have done. Now it was as a god or demigod that + the king had to die; therefore the substitute who died for him had to + be invested, at least for the occasion, with the divine attributes of + the king. This, as we have just seen, was certainly the case with the + temporary kings of Siam and Cambodia; they were invested with the + supernatural functions, which in an earlier stage of society were the + special attributes of the king. But no one could so well represent + the king in his divine character as his son, who might be supposed to + share the divine afflatus of his father. No one, therefore, could so + appropriately die for the king and, through him, for the whole + people, as the king's son.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Tradition of On, King of Sweden, and + the sacrifice of his nine sons.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to + tradition, Aun or On, King of Sweden, sacrificed nine of his sons to + Odin at Upsala in order that his own life might be spared. After he + had sacrificed his second son he received from the god an answer that + he should live so long as he gave him one of his sons every ninth + year. When he had sacrificed his seventh son, he still <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page161">[pg 161]</span><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> lived, but was so feeble that he could + not walk but had to be carried in a chair. Then he offered up his + eighth son, and lived nine years more, lying in his bed. After that + he sacrificed his ninth son, and lived another nine years, but so + that he drank out of a horn like a weaned child. He now wished to + sacrifice his only remaining son to Odin, but the Swedes would not + allow him. So he died and was buried in a mound at Upsala. The poet + Thiodolf told the king's history in verse:—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">In + Upsal's town the cruel king</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Slaughtered his sons at Odin's + shrine—</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Slaughtered his sons with cruel + knife,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">To get from Odin length of + life.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">He lived until he had to + turn</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">His toothless mouth to the deer's + horn;</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">And he who shed his children's + blood</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Sucked through the ox's horn his + food.</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">At length fell Death has tracked + him down,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Slowly but sure, in Upsal's + town.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_427" name="noteref_427" href="#note_427"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">427</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Tradition of King Athamas and his + children. Male descendants of King Athamas liable to be + sacrificed.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In ancient Greece + there seems to have been at least one kingly house of great antiquity + of which the eldest sons were always liable to be sacrificed in room + of their royal sires. When Xerxes was marching through Thessaly at + the head of his mighty host to attack the Spartans at Thermopylae, he + came to the town of Alus. Here he was shewn the sanctuary of + Laphystian Zeus, about which his guides told him a strange tale. It + ran somewhat as follows. Once upon a time the king of the country, by + name Athamas, married a wife Nephele, and had by her a son called + Phrixus and a daughter named Helle. Afterwards he took to himself a + second wife called Ino, by whom he had two sons, Learchus and + Melicertes. But his second wife was jealous of her step-children, + Phrixus and Helle, and plotted their death. She went about very + cunningly to compass her bad end. First of all she persuaded the + women of the country to roast the seed corn secretly before it was + committed to the ground. So next year no crops came <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page162">[pg 162]</span><a name="Pg162" id="Pg162" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> up and the people died of famine. Then + the king sent messengers to the oracle at Delphi to enquire the cause + of the dearth. But the wicked step-mother bribed the messenger to + give out as the answer of the god that the dearth would never cease + till the children of Athamas by his first wife had been sacrificed to + Zeus. When Athamas heard that, he sent for the children, who were + with the sheep. But a ram with a fleece of gold opened his lips, and + speaking with the voice of a man warned the children of their danger. + So they mounted the ram and fled with him over land and sea. As they + flew over the sea, the girl slipped from the animal's back, and + falling into water was drowned. But her brother Phrixus was brought + safe to the land of Colchis, where reigned a child of the Sun. + Phrixus married the king's daughter, and she bore him a son + Cytisorus. And there he sacrificed the ram with the golden fleece to + Zeus the God of Flight; but some will have it that he sacrificed the + animal to Laphystian Zeus. The golden fleece itself he gave to his + wife's father, who nailed it to an oak tree, guarded by a sleepless + dragon in a sacred grove of Ares. Meanwhile at home an oracle had + commanded that King Athamas himself should be sacrificed as an + expiatory offering for the whole country. So the people decked him + with garlands like a victim and led him to the altar, where they were + just about to sacrifice him when he was rescued either by his + grandson Cytisorus, who arrived in the nick of time from Colchis, or + by Hercules, who brought tidings that the king's son Phrixus was yet + alive. Thus Athamas was saved, but afterwards he went mad, and + mistaking his son Learchus for a wild beast shot him dead. Next he + attempted the life of his remaining son Melicertes, but the child was + rescued by his mother Ino, who ran and threw herself and him from a + high rock into the sea. Mother and son were changed into marine + divinities, and the son received special homage in the isle of + Tenedos, where babes were sacrificed to him. Thus bereft of wife and + children the unhappy Athamas quitted his country, and on enquiring of + the oracle where he should dwell was told to take up his abode + wherever he should be entertained by wild beasts. He fell in with a + pack of wolves devouring sheep, and when they saw him they + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page163">[pg 163]</span><a name="Pg163" + id="Pg163" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> fled and left him the bleeding + remnants of their prey. In this way the oracle was fulfilled. But + because King Athamas had not been sacrificed as a sin-offering for + the whole country, it was divinely decreed that the eldest male scion + of his family in each generation should be sacrificed without fail, + if ever he set foot in the town-hall, where the offerings were made + to Laphystian Zeus by one of the house of Athamas. Many of the + family, Xerxes was informed, had fled to foreign lands to escape this + doom; but some of them had returned long afterwards, and being caught + by the sentinels in the act of entering the town-hall were wreathed + as victims, led forth in procession, and sacrificed.<a id= + "noteref_428" name="noteref_428" href="#note_428"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">428</span></span></a> These + instances appear to have been notorious, if not frequent; for the + writer of a dialogue attributed to Plato, after speaking of the + immolation of human victims by the Carthaginians, adds that such + practices were not unknown among the Greeks, and he refers with + horror to the sacrifices offered on Mount Lycaeus and by the + descendants of Athamas.<a id="noteref_429" name="noteref_429" href= + "#note_429"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">429</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Family of royal descent liable to be + sacrificed at Orchomenus.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The suspicion that + this barbarous custom by no means fell into disuse even in later days + is strengthened by a case of human sacrifice which occurred in + Plutarch's time at Orchomenus, a very ancient city of Boeotia, + distant only a few miles across the plain from the historian's + birthplace. Here dwelt a family of which the men went by the name of + Psoloeis or <span class="tei tei-q">“Sooty,”</span> and the women by + the name of Oleae or <span class="tei tei-q">“Destructive.”</span> + Every year at the festival of the Agrionia the priest of Dionysus + pursued these women with a drawn sword, and if he overtook one of + them he had the right to slay her. In Plutarch's lifetime the right + was actually exercised by a priest Zoilus. Now the family thus liable + to furnish at least one human victim every year was of <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page164">[pg 164]</span><a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> royal descent, for they traced their + lineage to Minyas, the famous old king of Orchomenus, the monarch of + fabulous wealth, whose stately treasury, as it is called, still + stands in ruins at the point where the long rocky hill of Orchomenus + melts into the vast level expanse of the Copaic plain. Tradition ran + that the king's three daughters long despised the other women of the + country for yielding to the Bacchic frenzy, and sat at home in the + king's house scornfully plying the distaff and the loom, while the + rest, wreathed with flowers, their dishevelled locks streaming to the + wind, roamed in ecstasy the barren mountains that rise above + Orchomenus, making the solitude of the hills to echo to the wild + music of cymbals and tambourines. But in time the divine fury + infected even the royal damsels in their quiet chamber; they were + seized with a fierce longing to partake of human flesh, and cast lots + among themselves which should give up her child to furnish a cannibal + feast. The lot fell on Leucippe, and she surrendered her son + Hippasus, who was torn limb from limb by the three. From these + misguided women sprang the Oleae and the Psoloeis, of whom the men + were said to be so called because they wore sad-coloured raiment in + token of their mourning and grief.<a id="noteref_430" name= + "noteref_430" href="#note_430"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">430</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Thessalian and Boeotian kings seem + to have sacrificed their sons to Laphystian Zeus instead of + themselves.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now this practice + of taking human victims from a family of royal descent at Orchomenus + is all the more significant because Athamas himself is said to have + reigned in the land of Orchomenus even before the time of Minyas, and + because over against the city there rises Mount Laphystius, on which, + as at Alus in Thessaly, there was a sanctuary of Laphystian Zeus, + where, according to tradition, Athamas purposed to sacrifice his two + children Phrixus and Helle.<a id="noteref_431" name="noteref_431" + href="#note_431"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">431</span></span></a> On the + whole, comparing the traditions about Athamas with the custom that + obtained with regard to his descendants in historical times, we may + fairly infer that in Thessaly and probably in Boeotia there reigned + of old a dynasty of which the kings were liable <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page165">[pg 165]</span><a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to be sacrificed for the good of the + country to the god called Laphystian Zeus, but that they contrived to + shift the fatal responsibility to their offspring, of whom the eldest + son was regularly destined to the altar. As time went on, the cruel + custom was so far mitigated that a ram was accepted as a vicarious + sacrifice in room of the royal victim, provided always that the + prince abstained from setting foot in the town-hall where the + sacrifices were offered to Laphystian Zeus by one of his + kinsmen.<a id="noteref_432" name="noteref_432" href= + "#note_432"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">432</span></span></a> But if + he were rash enough to enter the place of doom, to thrust himself + wilfully, as it were, on the notice of the god who had good-naturedly + winked at the substitution of a ram, the ancient obligation which had + been suffered to lie in abeyance recovered all its force, and there + was no help for it but he must die. The tradition which associated + the sacrifice of the king or his children with a great dearth points + clearly to the belief, so common among primitive folk, that the king + is responsible for the weather and the crops, and that he may justly + pay with his life for the inclemency of the one or the failure of the + other. Athamas and his line, in short, appear to have united divine + or magical with royal functions; and this view is strongly supported + by the claims to divinity which Salmoneus, the brother of Athamas, is + said to have set up. We have seen that this presumptuous mortal + professed to be no other than Zeus himself, and to wield the thunder + and lightning, of which he made a trumpery imitation by the help of + tinkling kettles and blazing torches.<a id="noteref_433" name= + "noteref_433" href="#note_433"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">433</span></span></a> If we + may judge from analogy, his mock thunder and lightning were no mere + scenic exhibition designed to deceive and impress the beholders; they + were <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg 166]</span><a name= + "Pg166" id="Pg166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> enchantments practised + by the royal magician for the purpose of bringing about the celestial + phenomena which they feebly mimicked.<a id="noteref_434" name= + "noteref_434" href="#note_434"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">434</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Sacrifice of kings' sons among the + Semites. Sacrifice of children to Baal among the Semites.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the Semites + of Western Asia the king, in a time of national danger, sometimes + gave his own son to die as a sacrifice for the people. Thus Philo of + Byblus, in his work on the Jews, says: <span class="tei tei-q">“It + was an ancient custom in a crisis of great danger that the ruler of a + city or nation should give his beloved son to die for the whole + people, as a ransom offered to the avenging demons; and the children + thus offered were slain with mystic rites. So Cronus, whom the + Phoenicians call Israel, being king of the land and having an + only-begotten son called Jeoud (for in the Phoenician tongue Jeoud + signifies <span class="tei tei-q">‘only-begotten’</span>), dressed + him in royal robes and sacrificed him upon an altar in a time of war, + when the country was in great danger from the enemy.”</span><a id= + "noteref_435" name="noteref_435" href="#note_435"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">435</span></span></a> When + the king of Moab was besieged by the Israelites and hard beset, he + took his eldest son, who should have reigned in his stead, and + offered him for a burnt offering on the wall.<a id="noteref_436" + name="noteref_436" href="#note_436"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">436</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But amongst the + Semites the practice of sacrificing their children was not confined + to kings.<a id="noteref_437" name="noteref_437" href= + "#note_437"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">437</span></span></a> In + times of great <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page167">[pg + 167]</span><a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + calamity, such as pestilence, drought, or defeat in war, the + Phoenicians used to sacrifice one of their dearest to Baal. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Phoenician history,”</span> says an ancient + writer, <span class="tei tei-q">“is full of such + sacrifices.”</span><a id="noteref_438" name="noteref_438" href= + "#note_438"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">438</span></span></a> The + writer of a dialogue ascribed to Plato observes that the + Carthaginians immolated human beings as if it were right and lawful + to do so, and some of them, he adds, even sacrificed their own sons + to Baal.<a id="noteref_439" name="noteref_439" href= + "#note_439"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">439</span></span></a> When + Gelo, tyrant of Syracuse, defeated the Carthaginians in the great + battle of Himera he required as a condition of peace that they should + sacrifice their children to Baal no longer.<a id="noteref_440" name= + "noteref_440" href="#note_440"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">440</span></span></a> But the + barbarous custom was too inveterate and too agreeable to Semitic + modes of thought to be so easily eradicated, and the humane + stipulation of the Greek despot probably remained a dead letter. At + all events the history of this remarkable people, who combined in so + high a degree the spirit of commercial enterprise with a blind + attachment to a stern and gloomy religion, is stained in later times + with instances of the same cruel superstition. When the Carthaginians + were defeated and besieged by Agathocles, they ascribed their + disasters to the wrath of Baal; for whereas in former times they had + been wont to sacrifice to him their own offspring, they had latterly + fallen into the habit of buying children and rearing them to be + victims. So, to appease the angry god, two hundred children of the + noblest families were picked out for sacrifice, and the tale of + victims was swelled by not less than three hundred more who + volunteered to die for the fatherland. They were sacrificed by being + placed, one by one, on the sloping hands of the brazen image, from + which they rolled into a pit of fire.<a id="noteref_441" name= + "noteref_441" href="#note_441"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">441</span></span></a> + Childless people among the Carthaginians bought children from poor + parents and slaughtered them, says Plutarch, as if they were lambs or + chickens; and the mother had to stand by and see it done without a + tear or a groan, for if she wept or moaned she lost all the credit + and the child was sacrificed none the less. But all the place in + front of the image was filled with a tumultuous music of fifes and + drums to drown the shrieks <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg + 168]</span><a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + the victims.<a id="noteref_442" name="noteref_442" href= + "#note_442"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">442</span></span></a> Infants + were publicly sacrificed by the Carthaginians down to the + proconsulate of Tiberius, who crucified the priests on the trees + beside their temples. Yet the practice still went on secretly in the + lifetime of Tertullian.<a id="noteref_443" name="noteref_443" href= + "#note_443"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">443</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Canaanite and Hebrew custom of + burning children in honour of Baal or Moloch. Sacrifices of + children in Tophet.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the + Canaanites or aboriginal inhabitants of Palestine, whom the invading + Israelites conquered but did not exterminate, the grisly custom of + burning their children in honour of Baal or Moloch seems to have been + regularly practised.<a id="noteref_444" name="noteref_444" href= + "#note_444"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">444</span></span></a> To the + best representatives of the Hebrew people, the authors of their noble + literature, such rites were abhorrent, and they warned their + fellow-countrymen against participating in them. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“When thou art come into the land which the Lord thy God + giveth thee, thou shalt not learn to do after the abominations of + those nations. There shall not be found with thee any one that maketh + his son or his daughter to pass through the fire, one that useth + divination, one that practiseth augury, or an enchanter, or a + sorcerer, or a charmer, or a consulter with a familiar spirit, or a + wizard, or a necromancer. For whosoever doeth these things is an + abomination unto the Lord: and because of these abominations the Lord + thy God doth drive them out from before thee.”</span><a id= + "noteref_445" name="noteref_445" href="#note_445"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">445</span></span></a> Again + we read: <span class="tei tei-q">“And thou shalt not give any of thy + seed to pass through the fire to Molech.”</span><a id="noteref_446" + name="noteref_446" href="#note_446"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">446</span></span></a> + Whatever effect these warnings may have had in the earlier days of + Israelitish history, there is abundant evidence that in later times + the Hebrews lapsed, or rather perhaps relapsed, into that congenial + mire of superstition from which the higher spirits of the nation + struggled—too often in vain—to rescue them. The Psalmist laments that + his erring countrymen <span class="tei tei-q">“mingled themselves + with the nations, and learned their works: and they served their + idols; which became a snare <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page169">[pg + 169]</span><a name="Pg169" id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + unto them: yea, they sacrificed their sons and their daughters unto + demons, and shed innocent blood, even the blood of their sons and of + their daughters, whom they sacrificed unto the idols of Canaan; and + the land was polluted with blood.”</span><a id="noteref_447" name= + "noteref_447" href="#note_447"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">447</span></span></a> When + the Hebrew annalist has recorded how Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, + besieged Samaria for three years and took it and carried Israel away + into captivity, he explains that this was a divine punishment + inflicted on his people for having fallen in with the evil ways of + the Canaanites. They had built high places in all their cities, and + set up pillars and sacred poles (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">asherim</span></span>) upon every high hill and + under every green tree; and there they burnt incense after the manner + of the heathen. <span class="tei tei-q">“And they forsook all the + commandments of the Lord their God, and made them molten images, even + two calves, and made an Asherah, and worshipped all the host of + heaven, and served Baal. And they caused their sons and their + daughters to pass through the fire, and used divination and + enchantments.”</span><a id="noteref_448" name="noteref_448" href= + "#note_448"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">448</span></span></a> At + Jerusalem in these days there was a regularly appointed place where + parents burned their children, both boys and girls, in honour of Baal + or Moloch. It was in the valley of Hinnom, just outside the walls of + the city, and bore the name, infamous ever since, of Tophet. The + practice is referred to again and again with sorrowful indignation by + the prophets.<a id="noteref_449" name="noteref_449" href= + "#note_449"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">449</span></span></a> The + kings of Judah set an example to their people by burning their own + children at the usual place. Thus of Ahaz, who reigned sixteen years + at Jerusalem, we are told that <span class="tei tei-q">“he burnt + incense in the valley of Hinnom, and burnt his children <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg 170]</span><a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in the fire.”</span><a id="noteref_450" + name="noteref_450" href="#note_450"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">450</span></span></a> Again, + King Manasseh, whose long reign covered fifty-five years, + <span class="tei tei-q">“made his children to pass through the fire + in the valley of Hinnom.”</span><a id="noteref_451" name= + "noteref_451" href="#note_451"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">451</span></span></a> + Afterwards in the reign of the good king Josiah the idolatrous + excesses of the people were repressed, at least for a time, and among + other measures of reform Tophet was defiled by the King's orders, + <span class="tei tei-q">“that no man might make his son or his + daughter to pass through the fire to Molech.”</span><a id= + "noteref_452" name="noteref_452" href="#note_452"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">452</span></span></a> Whether + the place was ever used again for the same dark purpose as before + does not appear. Long afterwards, under the sway of a milder faith, + there was little in the valley to recall the tragic scenes which it + had so often witnessed. Jerome describes it as a pleasant and shady + spot, watered by the rills of Siloam and laid out in delightful + gardens.<a id="noteref_453" name="noteref_453" href= + "#note_453"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">453</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Did the Hebrews borrow the custom + from the Canaanites? Custom of the Sepharvites.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It would be + interesting, though it might be fruitless, to enquire how far the + Hebrew prophets and psalmists were right in their opinion that the + Israelites learned these and other gloomy superstitions only through + contact with the old inhabitants of the land, that the primitive + purity of faith and morals which they brought with them from the free + air of the desert was tainted and polluted by the grossness and + corruption of the heathen in the fat land of Canaan. When we + remember, however, that the Israelites were of the same Semitic stock + as the population they conquered and professed to despise,<a id= + "noteref_454" name="noteref_454" href="#note_454"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">454</span></span></a> and + that the practice of human sacrifice is attested for many branches of + the Semitic race, we shall, perhaps, incline to surmise that the + chosen people may have brought with them into Palestine the seeds + which afterwards sprang up and bore such ghastly fruit in the valley + of Hinnom. It is at least significant of the prevalence of such + customs among the Semites that no sooner were the native + child-burning Israelites carried off by King Shalmaneser to Assyria + than their place was <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page171">[pg + 171]</span><a name="Pg171" id="Pg171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + taken by colonists who practised precisely the same rites in honour + of deities who probably differed in little but name from those + revered by the idolatrous Hebrews. <span class="tei tei-q">“The + Sepharvites,”</span> we are told, <span class="tei tei-q">“burnt + their children in the fire to Adrammelech and Anammelech, the gods of + Sepharvaim.”</span><a id="noteref_455" name="noteref_455" href= + "#note_455"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">455</span></span></a> The + pious Jewish historian, who saw in Israel's exile God's punishment + for sin, has suggested no explanation of that mystery in the divine + economy which suffered the Sepharvites to continue on the same spot + the very same abominations for which the erring Hebrews had just been + so signally chastised.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Only the firstborn children were + burned.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We have still to + ask which of their children the Semites picked out for sacrifice; for + that a choice was made and some principle of selection followed, may + be taken for granted. A people who burned all their children + indiscriminately would soon extinguish themselves, and such an excess + of piety is probably rare, if not unknown. In point of fact it seems, + at least among the Hebrews, to have been only the firstborn child + that was doomed to the flames. The prophet Micah asks, in a familiar + passage, <span class="tei tei-q">“Wherewith shall I come before the + Lord, and bow myself before the high God? shall I come before him + with burnt offerings, with calves of a year old? Will the Lord be + pleased with thousands of rams, or with ten thousands of rivers of + oil? shall I give my firstborn for my transgression, the fruit of my + body for the sin of my soul?”</span> These were the questions which + pious and doubting hearts were putting to themselves in the days of + the prophet. The prophet's own answer is not doubtful. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“He hath shewed thee, O man, what is good; and what doth + the Lord require of thee, but to do justly and to love mercy, and to + walk humbly with thy God?”</span><a id="noteref_456" name= + "noteref_456" href="#note_456"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">456</span></span></a> It is a + noble answer and one which only elect spirits in that or, perhaps, in + any age have given. In Israel the vulgar answer was given on bloody + altars and in the smoke and flames of Tophet, and the form in which + the prophet's question is cast—<span class="tei tei-q">“Shall I give + my firstborn for my transgression?”</span>—shews plainly on which of + the children the duty of atoning for the sins of their father was + supposed to fall. A passage in Ezekiel points <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page172">[pg 172]</span><a name="Pg172" id="Pg172" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> no less clearly to the same conclusion. + The prophet represents God as saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“I gave + them statutes that were not good, and judgments wherein they should + not live; and I polluted them in their own gifts, in that they caused + to pass through the fire all that openeth the womb, that I might make + them desolate.”</span> That the writer was here thinking specially of + the sacrifice of children is proved by his own words a little later + on. <span class="tei tei-q">“When ye offer your gifts, when ye make + your sons to pass through the fire, do ye pollute yourselves with all + your idols, unto this day?”</span><a id="noteref_457" name= + "noteref_457" href="#note_457"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">457</span></span></a> + Further, that by the words <span class="tei tei-q">“to pass through + the fire all that openeth the womb”</span> he referred only to the + firstborn can easily be shewn by the language of Scripture in + reference to that law of the consecration of firstlings which Ezekiel + undoubtedly had in his mind when he wrote this passage. Thus we find + that law enunciated in the following terms: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying, Sanctify unto me + all the firstborn, whatsoever openeth the womb among the children of + Israel, both of man and of beast: it is mine.”</span><a id= + "noteref_458" name="noteref_458" href="#note_458"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">458</span></span></a> Again, + it is written: <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou shalt set apart unto the + Lord all that openeth the womb, and every firstling which thou hast + that cometh of a beast; the males shall be the Lord's.”</span><a id= + "noteref_459" name="noteref_459" href="#note_459"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">459</span></span></a> Once + more: <span class="tei tei-q">“All that openeth the womb is mine; and + all thy cattle that is male, the firstlings of ox and + sheep.”</span><a id="noteref_460" name="noteref_460" href= + "#note_460"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">460</span></span></a> This + ancient Hebrew custom of the consecration to God of all male + firstlings, whether of man or beast, was merely the application to + the animal kingdom of the law that all first fruits whatsoever belong + to the deity and must be made over to him or his representatives. + That general law is thus stated by the Hebrew legislator: + <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou shalt not delay to offer of the + abundance of thy fruits, and of thy liquors. The firstborn of thy + sons shalt thou give unto me. Likewise shalt thou do with thine oxen, + and with thy sheep: seven days it shall be with its dam; and on the + eighth day thou shalt give it me.”</span><a id="noteref_461" name= + "noteref_461" href="#note_461"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">461</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Hebrew sacrifice of firstlings: + redemption of the firstlings of men and asses.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus the god of + the Hebrews plainly regarded the first-born <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page173">[pg 173]</span><a name="Pg173" id="Pg173" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of men and the firstlings of animals as his + own, and required that they should be made over to him. But how? Here + a distinction was drawn between sheep, oxen, and goats on the one + hand and men and asses on the other; the firstlings of the former + were always sacrificed, the firstlings of the latter were generally + redeemed. <span class="tei tei-q">“The firstling of an ox, or the + firstling of a sheep, or the firstling of a goat, thou shalt not + redeem; they are holy: thou shalt sprinkle their blood upon the + altar, and shalt burn their fat for an offering made by fire for a + sweet savour unto the Lord.”</span> The flesh went to the + Levites,<a id="noteref_462" name="noteref_462" href= + "#note_462"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">462</span></span></a> who + consumed it, no doubt, instead of the deity whom they represented. On + the other hand, the ass was not sacrificed by the Israelites, + probably because they did not eat the animal themselves, and hence + concluded that God did not do so either. In the matter of diet the + taste of gods generally presents a striking resemblance to that of + their worshippers. Still the firstling ass, like all other + firstlings, was sacred to the deity, and since it was not sacrificed + to him, he had to receive an equivalent for it. In other words, the + ass had to be redeemed, and the price of the redemption was a lamb + which was burnt as a vicarious sacrifice instead of the ass, on the + hypothesis, apparently, that roast lamb is likely to be more + palatable to the Supreme Being than roast donkey. If the ass was not + redeemed, it had to be killed by having its neck broken.<a id= + "noteref_463" name="noteref_463" href="#note_463"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">463</span></span></a> The + firstlings of other unclean animals and of men were redeemed for five + shekels a head, which were paid to the Levites.<a id="noteref_464" + name="noteref_464" href="#note_464"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">464</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Sacrifice of firstborn children + perhaps regarded as an act of heroic virtue.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We can now readily + understand why so many of the Hebrews, at least in the later days of + their history, sacrificed their firstborn children, and why + tender-hearted parents, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page174">[pg + 174]</span><a name="Pg174" id="Pg174" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + whose affection for their offspring exceeded their devotion to the + deity, may often have been visited with compunction, and even + tormented with feelings of bitter self-reproach and shame at their + carnal weakness in suffering the beloved son to live, when they saw + others, with an heroic piety which they could not emulate, calmly + resigning their dear ones to the fire, through which, as they firmly + believed, they passed to God, to reap, perhaps, in endless bliss in + heaven the reward of their sharp but transient sufferings on earth. + From infancy they had been bred up in the belief that the firstborn + was sacred to God, and though they knew that he had waived his right + to them in consideration of the receipt of five shekels a head, they + could, hardly view this as anything but an act of gracious + condescension, of generous liberality on the part of the divinity who + had stooped to accept so trifling a sum instead of the life which + really belonged to him. <span class="tei tei-q">“Surely,”</span> they + might argue, <span class="tei tei-q">“God would be better pleased if + we were to give him not the money but the life, not the poor paltry + shekels, but what we value most, our first and best-loved child. If + we hold that life so dear, will not he also? It is his. Why should we + not give him his own?”</span> It was in answer to anxious questions + such as these, and to quite truly conscientious scruples of this sort + that the prophet Micah declared that what God required of his true + worshippers was not sacrifice but justice and mercy and humility. It + is the answer of morality to religion—of the growing consciousness + that man's duty is not to propitiate with vain oblations those + mysterious powers of the universe of which he can know little or + nothing, but to be just and merciful in his dealings with his fellows + and to humbly trust, though he cannot know, that by acting thus he + will best please the higher powers, whatever they may be.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Tradition of the origin of the + Passover.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But while morality + ranges itself on the side of the prophet, it may be questioned + whether history and precedent were not on the side of his + adversaries. If the firstborn of men and cattle were alike sacred to + God, and the firstborn of cattle were regularly sacrificed, while the + firstborn of men were ransomed by a money payment, has not this last + provision the appearance of being a later mitigation of an older and + harsher custom which <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page175">[pg + 175]</span><a name="Pg175" id="Pg175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + doomed firstborn children, like firstling lambs and calves and goats, + to the altar or the fire? The suspicion is greatly strengthened by + the remarkable tradition told to account for the sanctity of the + firstborn. When Israel was in bondage in Egypt, so runs the + tradition, God resolved to deliver them from captivity, and to lead + them to the Promised Land. But the Egyptians were loth to part with + their bondmen and thwarted the divine purpose by refusing to let the + Israelites go. Accordingly God afflicted these cruel taskmasters with + one plague after another, but all in vain, until at last he made up + his mind to resort to a strong measure, which would surely have the + desired effect. At dead of night he would pass through the land + killing all the firstborn of the Egyptians, both man and beast; not + one of them would be left alive in the morning. But the Israelites + were warned of what was about to happen and told to keep indoors that + night, and to put a mark on their houses, so that when he passed down + the street on his errand of slaughter, God might know them at sight + from the houses of the Egyptians and not turn in and massacre the + wrong children and animals. The mark was to be the blood of a lamb + smeared on the lintel and side posts of the door. In every house the + lamb, whose red blood was to be the badge of Israel that night, as + the white scarves were the badge of the Catholics on the night of St. + Bartholomew, was to be killed at evening and eaten by the household, + with very peculiar rites, during the hours of darkness while the + butchery was proceeding: none of the flesh was to see the morning + light: whatever the family could not eat was to be burned with fire. + All this was done. The massacre of Egyptian children and animals was + successfully perpetrated and had the desired effect; and to + commemorate this great triumph God ordained that all the firstborn of + man and beast among the Israelites should be sacred to him ever + afterwards in the manner already described, the edible animals to be + sacrificed, and the uneatable, especially men and asses, to be + ransomed by a substitute or by a pecuniary payment of so much a head. + And a festival was to be celebrated every spring with rites exactly + like those which were observed on the night of the great slaughter. + The <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page176">[pg 176]</span><a name= + "Pg176" id="Pg176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> divine command was + obeyed, and the festival thus instituted was the Passover.<a id= + "noteref_465" name="noteref_465" href="#note_465"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">465</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Originally the firstborn children + seem to have been regularly sacrificed: their redemption was a + later mitigation of the rule.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The one thing that + looms clear through the haze of this weird tradition is the memory of + a great massacre of firstborn. This was the origin, we are told, both + of the sanctity of the firstborn and of the feast of the Passover. + But when we are further told that the people whose firstborn were + slaughtered on that occasion were not the Hebrews but their enemies, + we are at once met by serious difficulties. Why, we may ask, should + the Israelites kill the firstlings of their cattle for ever because + God once killed those of the Egyptians? and why should every Hebrew + father have to pay God a ransom for his firstborn child because God + once slew all the firstborn children of the Egyptians? In this form + the tradition offers no intelligible explanation of the custom. But + it at once becomes clear and intelligible when we assume that in the + original version of the story it was the Hebrew firstborn that were + slain; that in fact the slaughter of the firstborn children was + formerly, what the slaughter of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page177">[pg 177]</span><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the firstborn cattle always continued to be, + not an isolated butchery but a regular custom, which with the growth + of more humane sentiments was afterwards softened into the vicarious + sacrifice of a lamb and the payment of a ransom for each child. Here + the reader may be reminded of another Hebrew tradition in which the + sacrifice of the firstborn child is indicated still more clearly. + Abraham, we are informed, was commanded by God to offer up his + firstborn son Isaac as a burnt sacrifice, and was on the point of + obeying the divine command, when God, content with this proof of his + faith and obedience, substituted for the human victim a ram, which + Abraham accordingly sacrificed instead of his son.<a id="noteref_466" + name="noteref_466" href="#note_466"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">466</span></span></a> Putting + the two traditions together and observing how exactly they dovetail + into each other and into the later Hebrew practice of actually + sacrificing the firstborn children by fire to Baal or Moloch, we can + hardly resist the conclusion that, before the practice of redeeming + them was introduced, the Hebrews, like the other branches of the + Semitic race, regularly sacrificed their firstborn children by the + fire or the knife. The Passover, if this view is right, was the + occasion when the awful sacrifice was offered; and the tradition of + its origin has preserved in its main outlines a vivid memory of the + horrors of these fearful nights. They must have been like the nights + called Evil on the west coast of Africa, when the people kept + indoors, because the executioners were going about the streets and + the heads of the human victims were falling in the king's + palace.<a id="noteref_467" name="noteref_467" href= + "#note_467"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">467</span></span></a> But + seen in the lurid light of superstition or of legend they were no + common mortals, no vulgar executioners, who did the dreadful work at + the first Passover. The Angel of Death was abroad that night; into + every house he entered, and a sound of lamentation followed him as he + came forth with his dripping sword. The blood that bespattered the + lintel and door-posts would at first be the blood of the firstborn + child of the house; and when the blood of a lamb was afterwards + substituted, we may suppose that it was intended not so much to + appease as to cheat the ghastly visitant. Seeing the red drops in + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page178">[pg 178]</span><a name="Pg178" + id="Pg178" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the doorway he would say to + himself, <span class="tei tei-q">“That is the blood of their child. I + need not turn in there. I have many yet to slay before the morning + breaks grey in the east.”</span> And he would pass on in haste. And + the trembling parents, as they clasped their little one to their + breast, might fancy that they heard his footfalls growing fainter and + fainter down the street. In plain words, we may surmise that the + slaughter was originally done by masked men, like the Mumbo Jumbos + and similar figures of west Africa, who went from house to house and + were believed by the uninitiated to be the deity or his divine + messengers come in person to carry off the victims. When the leaders + had decided to allow the sacrifice of animals instead of children, + they would give the people a hint that if they only killed a lamb and + smeared its blood on the door-posts, the bloodthirsty but + near-sighted deity would never know the difference.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Attempts to outwit a malignant + spirit.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The attempt to + outwit a malignant and dangerous spirit is common, and might be + illustrated by many examples. Some instances will be noticed in a + later part of this work. Here a single one may suffice. The Malays + believe in a Spectral Huntsman, who ranges the forest with a pack of + ghostly dogs, and whose apparition bodes sickness or death. Certain + birds which fly in flocks by night uttering a loud and peculiar note + are supposed to follow in his train. Hence when Perak peasants hear + the weird sound, they run out and make a clatter with a knife on a + wooden platter, crying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Great-grandfather, + bring us their hearts!”</span> The Spectral Huntsman, hearing these + words, will take the supplicants for followers of his own asking to + share his bag. So he will spare the household and pass on, and the + tumult of the wild hunt will die away in the darkness and the + distance.<a id="noteref_468" name="noteref_468" href= + "#note_468"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">468</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The custom of sacrificing all the + firstborn, whether of animals or men, was probably a very ancient + Semitic institution.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If this be indeed + the origin of the Passover and of the sanctity of the firstborn among + the Hebrews, the whole of the Semitic evidence on the subject is seen + to fall into line at once. The children whom the Carthaginians, + Phoenicians, Canaanites, Moabites, Sepharvites, and probably other + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page179">[pg 179]</span><a name="Pg179" + id="Pg179" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> branches of the Semitic race + burnt in the fire would be their firstborn only, although in general + ancient writers have failed to indicate this limitation of the + custom. For the Moabites, indeed, the limitation is clearly + indicated, if not expressly stated, when we read that the king of + Moab offered his eldest son, who should have reigned after him, as a + burnt sacrifice on the wall.<a id="noteref_469" name="noteref_469" + href="#note_469"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">469</span></span></a> For the + Phoenicians it comes out less distinctly in the statement of Porphyry + that the Phoenicians used to sacrifice one of their dearest to Baal, + and in the legend recorded by Philo of Byblus that Cronus sacrificed + his only-begotten son.<a id="noteref_470" name="noteref_470" href= + "#note_470"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">470</span></span></a> We may + suppose that the custom of sacrificing the firstborn both of men and + animals was a very ancient Semitic institution, which many branches + of the race kept up within historical times; but that the Hebrews, + while they maintained the custom in regard to domestic cattle, were + led by their loftier morality to discard it in respect of children, + and to replace it by a merciful law that firstborn children should be + ransomed instead of sacrificed.<a id="noteref_471" name="noteref_471" + href="#note_471"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">471</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Sacrifice of firstborn children + among various races.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The conclusion + that the Hebrew custom of redeeming the firstborn is a modification + of an older custom of sacrificing them has been mentioned by some + very distinguished scholars only to be rejected on the ground, + apparently, of its extreme improbability.<a id="noteref_472" name= + "noteref_472" href="#note_472"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">472</span></span></a> To me + the converging lines of evidence which point to this conclusion seem + too numerous and too distinct to be thus lightly brushed aside. And + the argument from improbability can easily be rebutted by pointing to + other peoples who are known to have practised or to be still + practising a custom of the same sort. In some tribes of New South + Wales the firstborn child of every woman was eaten by the tribe as + part of a religious <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg + 180]</span><a name="Pg180" id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + ceremony.<a id="noteref_473" name="noteref_473" href= + "#note_473"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">473</span></span></a> Among + the aborigines on the lower portions of the Paroo and Warrego rivers, + which join the Darling River in New South Wales, girls used to become + wives when they were mere children and to be mothers at fourteen, and + the old custom was to kill the firstborn child by + strangulation.<a id="noteref_474" name="noteref_474" href= + "#note_474"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">474</span></span></a> Again, + among the tribes about Maryborough in Queensland a girl's first child + was almost always exposed and left to perish.<a id="noteref_475" + name="noteref_475" href="#note_475"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">475</span></span></a> In the + tribes about Beltana, in South Australia, girls were married at + fourteen, and it was customary to destroy their firstborn.<a id= + "noteref_476" name="noteref_476" href="#note_476"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">476</span></span></a> The + natives of Rook, an island off the east coast of New Guinea, used to + kill all their firstborn children; they prided themselves on their + humanity in burying the murdered infants instead of eating them as + their barbarous neighbours did. They spared the second child but + killed the third, and so on alternately with the rest of their + offspring.<a id="noteref_477" name="noteref_477" href= + "#note_477"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">477</span></span></a> Chinese + history reports that in a state called Khai-muh, to the east of Yueh, + it was customary to devour the firstborn sons,<a id="noteref_478" + name="noteref_478" href="#note_478"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">478</span></span></a> and + further, that to the west of Kiao-chi or Tonquin <span class= + "tei tei-q">“there was a realm of man-eaters, where the firstborn son + was, as a rule, chopped into pieces and eaten, and his younger + brothers were nevertheless regarded to have fulfilled their fraternal + duties towards him. And if he proved to be appetizing food, they sent + some of his flesh to their chieftains, who, exhilarated, gave the + father a reward.”</span><a id="noteref_479" name="noteref_479" href= + "#note_479"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">479</span></span></a> In + India, down to the beginning of the nineteenth century, the custom of + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page181">[pg 181]</span><a name="Pg181" + id="Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> sacrificing a firstborn child + to the Ganges was common.<a id="noteref_480" name="noteref_480" href= + "#note_480"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">480</span></span></a> Again, + we are told that among the Hindoos <span class="tei tei-q">“the + firstborn has always held a peculiarly sacred position, especially if + born in answer to a vow to parents who have long been without + offspring, in which case sacrifice of the child was common in India. + The Mairs used to sacrifice a firstborn son to Mata, the small-pox + goddess.”</span><a id="noteref_481" name="noteref_481" href= + "#note_481"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">481</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Sacrifice of firstborn children + among the Borans and other tribes to the south of Abyssinia. + Firstborn male children put to death in Uganda.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Borans, on the + southern borders of Abyssinia, propitiate a sky-spirit called Wak by + sacrificing their children and cattle to him. Among them when a man + of any standing marries, he becomes a Raba, as it is called, and for + a certain period after marriage, probably four to eight years, he + must leave any children that are born to him to die in the bush. No + Boran cares to contemplate the fearful calamities with which Wak + would visit him if he failed to discharge this duty. After he ceases + to be a Raba, a man is circumcised and becomes a Gudda. The + sky-spirit has no claim on the children born after their father's + circumcision, but they are sent away at a very early age to be reared + by the Wata, a low caste of hunters. They remain with these people + till they are grown up, and then return to their families.<a id= + "noteref_482" name="noteref_482" href="#note_482"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">482</span></span></a> In this + remarkable custom it would appear that the circumcision of the father + is regarded as an atoning sacrifice which redeems the rest of his + children from the spirit to whom they would otherwise belong. The + obscure story told by the Israelites to explain the origin of + circumcision seems also to suggest that the custom was supposed to + save the life of the child by giving the deity a substitute for + it.<a id="noteref_483" name="noteref_483" href= + "#note_483"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">483</span></span></a> Again, + the Kerre, Banna, and Bashada, three tribes in the valley of the Omo + River, to the south of Abyssinia, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page182">[pg 182]</span><a name="Pg182" id="Pg182" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> are in the habit of strangling their firstborn + children and throwing the bodies away. The Kerre cast the bodies into + the river Omo, where they are devoured by crocodiles; the other two + tribes leave them in the forest to be eaten by the hyaenas. The only + explanation they give of the custom is that it was decreed by their + ancestors. Captain C. H. Stigand enquired into the practice very + carefully and was told that <span class="tei tei-q">“for a certain + number of years after marriage children would be thrown away, and + after that they would be kept. The number of the first children who + were strangled, and the period of years during which this was done, + appears to be variable, but I could not understand what regulated it. + There was one point, however, about which they were certain, and that + was that the first-born of all, rich, poor, high and low, had to be + strangled and thrown away. The chief of the Kerre said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘If I had a child now, it would have to be thrown + away,’</span> laughing as if it were a great joke. What amused him + really was that I should be so interested in their custom.”</span> So + far as Captain Stigand could ascertain, there is no idea of + sacrificing the children to the crocodiles by throwing them into the + river. If a Kerre man has a first child born to him while he is on a + journey away from the river, he will throw the infant away in the + forest.<a id="noteref_484" name="noteref_484" href= + "#note_484"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">484</span></span></a> In + Uganda if the firstborn child of a chief or any important person is a + son, the midwife strangles it and reports that the infant was + still-born. <span class="tei tei-q">“This is done to ensure the life + of the father; if he has a son born first he will soon die, and the + child inherit all he has.”</span><a id="noteref_485" name= + "noteref_485" href="#note_485"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">485</span></span></a> Amongst + the people of Senjero in eastern Africa we are told that many + families must offer up their firstborn sons as sacrifices, because + once upon a time, when summer and winter were jumbled together in a + bad season, and the fruits of the earth would not ripen, the + soothsayers enjoined it. At that time a great pillar of iron is said + to have stood at the entrance of the capital, which in accordance + with the advice of the soothsayers was broken down by order of the + king, whereupon <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page183">[pg + 183]</span><a name="Pg183" id="Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + seasons became regular again. To avert the recurrence of such a + calamity the wizards commanded the king to pour human blood once a + year on the base of the broken shaft of the pillar, and also upon the + throne. Since then certain families have been obliged to deliver up + their firstborn sons, who were sacrificed at an appointed time.<a id= + "noteref_486" name="noteref_486" href="#note_486"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">486</span></span></a> Among + some tribes of south-eastern Africa there is a rule that when a + woman's husband has been killed in battle and she marries again, the + first child she gives birth to after her second marriage must be put + to death, whether she has it by her first or her second husband. Such + a child is called <span class="tei tei-q">“the child of the + assegai,”</span> and if it were not killed, death or an accident + would be sure to befall the second spouse, and the woman herself + would be barren. The notion is that the woman must have had some + share in the misfortune that overtook her first husband, and that the + only way of removing the malign influence is to slay <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the child of the assegai.”</span><a id="noteref_487" + name="noteref_487" href="#note_487"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">487</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Sacrifice of firstborn children in + Europe and America. Sacrifice of firstborn children to the sun. + Sacrifice of children in Peru.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The heathen + Russians often sacrificed their firstborn to the god Perun.<a id= + "noteref_488" name="noteref_488" href="#note_488"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">488</span></span></a> It is + said that on Mag Slacht or <span class="tei tei-q">“plain of + prostrations,”</span> near the present village of Ballymagauran, in + the County Cavan, there used to stand a great idol called Cromm + Cruach, covered with gold, to which the ancient Irish sacrificed + <span class="tei tei-q">“the firstlings of every issue and the chief + scions of every clan”</span> in order to obtain plenty of corn, + honey, and milk. Round about the golden image, which was spoken of as + the king idol of Erin, stood twelve other idols of stone.<a id= + "noteref_489" name="noteref_489" href="#note_489"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">489</span></span></a> The + Kutonaqa Indians of British Columbia <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page184">[pg 184]</span><a name="Pg184" id="Pg184" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> worship the sun and sacrifice their firstborn + children to him. When a woman is with child she prays to the sun, + saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“I am with child. When it is born I + shall offer it to you. Have pity upon us.”</span> Thus they expect to + secure health and good fortune for their families.<a id="noteref_490" + name="noteref_490" href="#note_490"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">490</span></span></a> Among + the Coast Salish Indians of the same region the first child is often + sacrificed to the sun in order to ensure the health and prosperity of + the whole family.<a id="noteref_491" name="noteref_491" href= + "#note_491"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">491</span></span></a> The + Indians of Florida sacrificed their firstborn male children.<a id= + "noteref_492" name="noteref_492" href="#note_492"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">492</span></span></a> Among + the Indians of north Carolina down to the early part of the + eighteenth century a remarkable ceremony was performed, which seems + to be most naturally interpreted as a modification of an older custom + of putting the king's son to death, perhaps as a substitute for his + father. It is thus described by a writer of that period: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“They have a strange custom or ceremony amongst them, to + call to mind the persecutions and death of the kings their ancestors + slain by their enemies at certain seasons, and particularly when the + savages have been at war with any nation, and return from their + country without bringing home some prisoners of war, or the heads of + their enemies. The king causes as a perpetual remembrance of all his + predecessors to beat and wound the best beloved of all his children + with the same weapons wherewith they had been kill'd in former times, + to the end that by renewing the wound, their death should be lamented + afresh. The king and his nation being assembled on these occasions, a + feast is prepared, and the Indian who is authorised to wound the + king's son, runs about the house like a distracted person crying and + making a most hideous noise all the time with the weapon in his hand, + wherewith he wounds the king's son; this he performs three several + times, during which interval he presents the king with victuals or + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">cassena</span></span>, and it is very strange to + see the Indian that is thus struck never offers to stir till he is + wounded the third time, after <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page185">[pg 185]</span><a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> which he falls down backwards stretching out + his arms and legs as if he had been ready to expire; then the rest of + the king's sons and daughters, together with the mother and vast + numbers of women and girls, fall at his feet and lament and cry most + bitterly. During this time the king and his retinue are feasting, yet + with such profound silence for some hours, that not one word or even + a whisper is to be heard amongst them. After this manner they + continue till night, which ends in singing, dancing, and the greatest + joy imaginable.”</span><a id="noteref_493" name="noteref_493" href= + "#note_493"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">493</span></span></a> In this + account the description of the frantic manner assumed by the person + whose duty it was to wound the king's son reminds us of the frenzy of + King Athamas when he took or attempted the lives of his + children.<a id="noteref_494" name="noteref_494" href= + "#note_494"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">494</span></span></a> The + same feature is said to have characterised the sacrifice of children + in Peru. <span class="tei tei-q">“When any person of note was sick + and the priest said he must die, they sacrificed his son, desiring + the idol to be satisfied with him and not to take away his father's + life. The ceremonies used at these sacrifices were strange, for they + behaved themselves like mad men. They believed that all calamities + were occasioned by sin, and that sacrifices were the + remedy.”</span><a id="noteref_495" name="noteref_495" href= + "#note_495"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">495</span></span></a> An + early Spanish historian of the conquest of Peru, in describing the + Indians of the Peruvian valleys between San-Miguel and Caxamalca, + records that <span class="tei tei-q">“they have disgusting sacrifices + and temples of idols which they hold in great veneration; they offer + them their most precious possessions. Every month they sacrifice + their own children and smear with the blood of the victims the face + of the idols and the doors of the temples.”</span><a id="noteref_496" + name="noteref_496" href="#note_496"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">496</span></span></a> In + Puruha, a province of Quito, it used to be customary to sacrifice the + firstborn children to the gods. Their remains were dried, enclosed in + vessels of metal or stone, and kept in the houses.<a id="noteref_497" + name="noteref_497" href="#note_497"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">497</span></span></a> The + Ximanas and Cauxanas, two Indian tribes <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page186">[pg 186]</span><a name="Pg186" id="Pg186" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> in the upper valley of the Amazon, kill all + their firstborn children.<a id="noteref_498" name="noteref_498" href= + "#note_498"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">498</span></span></a> If the + firstborn is a girl, the Lengua Indians invariably put it to + death.<a id="noteref_499" name="noteref_499" href= + "#note_499"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">499</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 80%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 80%">sacred spring</span><span style= + "font-size: 80%">”</span></span> <span style="font-size: 80%">in + ancient Italy.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the ancient + Italian peoples, especially of the Sabine stock, it was customary in + seasons of great peril or public calamity, as when the crops had + failed or a pestilence was raging, to vow that they would sacrifice + to the gods every creature, whether man or beast, that should be born + in the following spring. To the creatures thus devoted to sacrifice + the name of <span class="tei tei-q">“the sacred spring”</span> was + applied. <span class="tei tei-q">“But since,”</span> says Festus, + <span class="tei tei-q">“it seemed cruel to slay innocent boys and + girls, they were kept till they had grown up, then veiled and driven + beyond the boundaries.”</span><a id="noteref_500" name="noteref_500" + href="#note_500"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">500</span></span></a> Several + Italian peoples, for example the Piceni, Samnites, and Hirpini, + traced their origin to a <span class="tei tei-q">“sacred + spring,”</span> that is, to the consecrated youth who had swarmed off + from the parent stock in consequence of such a vow.<a id= + "noteref_501" name="noteref_501" href="#note_501"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">501</span></span></a> When + the Romans were engaged in a life-and-death struggle with Hannibal + after their great defeat at the Trasimene Lake, they vowed to offer a + <span class="tei tei-q">“sacred spring”</span> if victory should + attend their arms and the commonwealth should retrieve its shattered + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page187">[pg 187]</span><a name="Pg187" + id="Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> fortunes. But the vow extended + only to all the offspring of sheep, goats, oxen, and swine that + should be brought forth on Italian mountains, plains, and meadows the + following spring.<a id="noteref_502" name="noteref_502" href= + "#note_502"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">502</span></span></a> On a + later occasion, when the Romans pledged themselves again by a similar + vow, it was decided that by the <span class="tei tei-q">“sacred + spring”</span> should be meant all the cattle born between the first + day of March and the last day of April.<a id="noteref_503" name= + "noteref_503" href="#note_503"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">503</span></span></a> + Although in later times the Italian peoples appear to have resorted + to measures of this sort only in special emergencies, there was a + tradition that in former times the consecration of the firstborn to + the gods had been an annual custom.<a id="noteref_504" name= + "noteref_504" href="#note_504"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">504</span></span></a> + Accordingly, it seems not impossible that originally the Italians + may, like the Hebrews and perhaps the Semites in general, have been + in the habit of dedicating all the firstborn, whether of man or + beast, and sacrificing them at a great festival in spring.<a id= + "noteref_505" name="noteref_505" href="#note_505"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">505</span></span></a> The + custom of the <span class="tei tei-q">“sacred spring”</span> was not + confined to the Italians, but was practised by many other peoples, + both Greeks and barbarians, in antiquity.<a id="noteref_506" name= + "noteref_506" href="#note_506"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">506</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Different motives may have led to + the practice of killing the firstborn. A belief in the rebirth of + souls may in some cases have operated to produce infanticide, + especially of the firstborn. The Hindoos believe that a man is + reborn in his son, while at the same time he dies in his own + person.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus it would seem + that a custom of putting to death all firstborn children has + prevailed in many parts of the world. What was the motive which led + people to practise a custom which to us seems at once so cruel and so + foolish? It cannot have been the purely prudential consideration of + adjusting the numbers of the tribe to the amount of the food-supply; + for, in the first place, savages do not take such thought for the + morrow,<a id="noteref_507" name="noteref_507" href= + "#note_507"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">507</span></span></a> and, in + the second place, if <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page188">[pg + 188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + they did, they would be likely to kill the later born children rather + than the firstborn. The foregoing evidence suggests that the custom + may have been practised by different peoples from different motives. + With the Semites, the Italians, and their near kinsmen the Irish the + sacrifice or at least the consecration of the firstborn seems to have + been viewed as a tribute paid to the gods, who were thus content to + receive a part though they might justly have claimed the whole. In + some cases the death of the child appears to be definitely regarded + as a substitute for the death of the father, who obtains a new lease + of life by the sacrifice of his offspring. This comes out clearly in + the tradition of Aun, King of Sweden, who sacrificed one of his sons + every nine years to Odin in order to prolong his own life.<a id= + "noteref_508" name="noteref_508" href="#note_508"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">508</span></span></a> And in + Peru also the son died that the father might live.<a id="noteref_509" + name="noteref_509" href="#note_509"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">509</span></span></a> But in + some cases it would seem that the child has been killed, not so much + as a substitute for the father, as because it is supposed to endanger + his life by absorbing his spiritual essence or vital energy. In fact, + a belief in the transmigration or rebirth of souls has operated to + produce a regular custom of infanticide, especially infanticide of + the firstborn. At Whydah, on the Slave coast of West Africa, where + the doctrine of reincarnation is firmly held, it has happened that a + child has been put to death because the fetish doctors declared it to + be the king's father come to life again. The king naturally could not + submit to be pushed from the throne by his predecessor in this + fashion; so he compelled his supposed parent to return to the world + of the dead from which he had very inopportunely effected his + escape.<a id="noteref_510" name="noteref_510" href= + "#note_510"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">510</span></span></a> The + Hindoos are of opinion that a man is literally reborn in the person + of his son. Thus in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Laws of Manu</span></span> we read that + <span class="tei tei-q">“the husband, after conception by his wife, + becomes an embryo and is born again of her; for that is the wifehood + of a wife, that he is born again by her.”</span><a id="noteref_511" + name="noteref_511" href="#note_511"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">511</span></span></a> Hence + after the birth <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page189">[pg + 189]</span><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + a son the father is clearly in a very delicate position. Since he is + his own son, can he himself, apart from his son, be said to exist? + Does he not rather die in his own person as soon as he comes to life + in the person of his son? This appears to be the opinion of the + subtle Hindoo, for in some sections of the Khatris, a mercantile + caste of the Punjaub, funeral rites are actually performed for the + father in the fifth month of his wife's pregnancy. But apparently he + is allowed, by a sort of legal fiction, to come to life again in his + own person; for after the birth of his first son he is formally + remarried to his wife, which may be regarded as a tacit admission + that in the eye of the law at least he is alive.<a id="noteref_512" + name="noteref_512" href="#note_512"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">512</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Painful dilemma of a father.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now to people who + thus conceive the relation of father and son it is plain that + fatherhood must appear a very dubious privilege; for if you die in + begetting a son, can you be quite sure of coming to life again? His + existence is at the best a menace to yours, and at the worst it may + involve your extinction. The danger seems to lie especially in the + birth of your first son; if only you can tide that over, you are, + humanly speaking, safe. In fact, it comes to this, Are you to live? + or is he? It is a painful dilemma. Parental affection urges you to + die that he may live. Self-love whispers, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Live and let him die. You are in the flower of your age. + You adorn the circle in which you move. You are useful, nay, + indispensable, to society. He is a mere babe. He never will be + missed.”</span> Such a train of thought, preposterous as it seems to + us, might easily lead to a custom of killing the firstborn.<a id= + "noteref_513" name="noteref_513" href="#note_513"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">513</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page190">[pg 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The same notion of the rebirth of + the father in the son would explain why in Polynesia infants + succeeded to the chieftainship as soon as they were born, their + fathers abdicating in their favour.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Further, the same + notion of the rebirth of the father in his eldest son would explain + the remarkable rule of succession which prevailed in Polynesia and + particularly in Tahiti, where as soon as the king had a son born to + him he was obliged to abdicate the throne in favour of the infant. + Whatever might be the king's age, his influence in the state, or the + political situation of affairs, no sooner was the child born than the + monarch became a subject: the infant was at once proclaimed the + sovereign of the people: the royal name was conferred upon him, and + his father was the first to do him homage, by saluting his feet and + declaring him king. All matters, however, of importance which + concerned either the internal welfare or the foreign relations of the + country continued to be transacted by the father and his councillors; + but every edict was issued in the name and on the behalf of the + youthful monarch, and though the whole of the executive government + might remain in the hands of the father, he only acted as regent for + his son, and was regarded as such by the nation. The lands and other + sources of revenue were appropriated to the maintenance of the infant + ruler, his household, and his attendants; the insignia of royal + authority were transferred to him, and his father rendered him all + those marks of humble respect which he had hitherto exacted from his + subjects. This custom of succession was not confined to the family of + the sovereign, it extended also to the nobles and the landed gentry; + they, too, had to resign their rank, honours, and possessions on the + birth of a son. A man who but yesterday was a baron, not to be + approached by his inferiors till they had ceremoniously bared the + whole of the upper part of their bodies, was to-day reduced to the + rank of a mere commoner with none to do him reverence, if in the + night time his wife had given birth to a son, and the child had been + suffered to live. The father indeed still continued to administer the + estate, but he did so for the benefit of the infant, to whom it now + belonged, and to whom all the marks of respect were at once + transferred.<a id="noteref_514" name="noteref_514" href= + "#note_514"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">514</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page191">[pg 191]</span><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Such a rule of succession might + easily lead to a practice of infanticide. Prevalence of + infanticide in Polynesia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This singular + usage becomes intelligible if the spirit of the father was supposed + to quit him at the birth of his first son and to reappear in the + infant. Such a belief and such a practice would, it is obvious, + supply a powerful motive to infanticide, since a father could not + rear his firstborn son without thereby relinquishing the honours and + possessions to which he had been accustomed. The sacrifice was a + heavy one, and we need not wonder if many men refused to make it. + Certainly infanticide was practised in Polynesia to an extraordinary + extent. The first missionaries estimated that not less than + two-thirds of the children were murdered by their parents, and this + estimate has been confirmed by a careful enquirer. It would seem that + before the introduction of Christianity there was not a single mother + in the islands who was not also a murderess, having imbrued her hands + in the blood of her offspring. Three native women, the eldest not + more than forty years of age, happened once to be in a room where the + conversation turned on infanticide, and they confessed to having + destroyed not less than twenty-one infants between them.<a id= + "noteref_515" name="noteref_515" href="#note_515"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">515</span></span></a> It + would doubtless be a gross mistake to lay the whole blame of these + massacres on the doctrine of reincarnation, but we can hardly doubt + that it instigated a great many. Once more we perceive the fatal + consequences that may flow in practice from a theoretical error.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">In some places the father either + abdicates when his son attains to manhood or is forcibly deposed + by him.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In some places the + abdication of the father does not take place until the son is grown + up. This was the general practice in Fiji.<a id="noteref_516" name= + "noteref_516" href="#note_516"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">516</span></span></a> In + Raratonga as soon as a son reached manhood, he would fight and + wrestle with his father for the mastery, and if he obtained it he + would take forcible possession of the farm and drive his parent in + destitution from home.<a id="noteref_517" name="noteref_517" href= + "#note_517"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">517</span></span></a> Among + the Corannas of South Africa the youthful son of a chief is hardly + allowed to walk, but has to idle away his time in the hut and to + drink much milk in order that he may grow strong. When he has + attained to manhood his <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page192">[pg + 192]</span><a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + father produces two short, bullet-headed sticks and presents one to + his son, while he keeps the other for himself. Armed with these + weapons the two often fight, and when the son succeeds in knocking + his parent down he is acknowledged chief of the kraal.<a id= + "noteref_518" name="noteref_518" href="#note_518"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">518</span></span></a> But + such customs probably do not imply the theory of rebirth; they may + only be applications of the principle that might is right. Still they + would equally supply the father with a motive for killing the infant + son who, if suffered to live, would one day strip him of his rank and + possessions.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The custom of the deposition of the + father by his son may perhaps be traced in Greek myth and legend. + Cronus and his children.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Perhaps customs of + this sort have left traces of themselves in Greek myth and legend. + Cronus or Saturn, as the Romans called him, is said to have been the + youngest son of the sky-god Uranus, and to have mutilated his father + and reigned in his stead as king of gods and men. Afterwards he was + warned by an oracle that he himself should be deposed by his son. To + prevent that catastrophe Cronus swallowed his children, one after the + other, as soon as they were born. Only the youngest of them, Zeus, + was saved through a trick of his mother's, and in time he fulfilled + the oracle by banishing his father and sitting on his throne. But + Zeus in his turn was told that his wife Metis would give birth to a + son who would supplant him in the kingdom of heaven. Accordingly, to + rid himself of his future rival he resorted to a device like that + which his father Cronus had employed for a similar purpose. Only + instead of waiting till the child was born and then devouring it, he + made assurance doubly sure by swallowing his wife with the unborn + babe in her womb.<a id="noteref_519" name="noteref_519" href= + "#note_519"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">519</span></span></a> Such + barbarous myths become intelligible if we suppose that they took + their rise among people who were accustomed to see grown-up sons + supplanting their fathers by force, and fathers murdering and perhaps + eating their infants in order to secure themselves against their + future rivalry. We have met with instances of savage tribes who are + said to devour their firstborn children.<a id="noteref_520" name= + "noteref_520" href="#note_520"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">520</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page193">[pg 193]</span><a name="Pg193" id="Pg193" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Legend of Oedipus, who slew his + father and married his mother. Marriage with a widowed queen + sometimes forms a legitimate title to the kingdom. Marriage with + a stepmother or a sister, a mode of securing the succession of + the king's own children, and so of transferring the inheritance + from the female to the male line. Brother and sister marriages in + royal families.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The legend that + Laius, king of Thebes, exposed his infant son Oedipus, who afterwards + slew his father and sat on the throne, may well be a reminiscence of + a state of things in which father and son regularly plotted against + each other. The other feature of the story, to wit the marriage of + Oedipus with the widowed queen, his mother, fits in very well with + the rule which has prevailed in some countries that a valid title to + the throne is conferred by marriage with the late king's widow. That + custom probably arose, as I have endeavoured to shew,<a id= + "noteref_521" name="noteref_521" href="#note_521"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">521</span></span></a> in an + age when the blood-royal ran in the female line, and when the king + was a man of another family, often a stranger and foreigner, who + reigned only in virtue of being the consort of a native princess, and + whose sons never succeeded him on the throne. But in process of time, + when fathers had ceased to regard the birth of a son as a menace to + their life, or at least to their regal power, kings would naturally + scheme to secure the succession for their own male offspring, and + this new practice could be reconciled with the old one by marrying + the king's son either to his own sister or, after his father's + decease, to his stepmother. We have seen marriage with a stepmother + actually enjoined for this very purpose by some of the Saxon + kings.<a id="noteref_522" name="noteref_522" href= + "#note_522"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">522</span></span></a> And on + this hypothesis we can understand why the custom of marriage with a + full or a half sister has prevailed in so many royal families.<a id= + "noteref_523" name="noteref_523" href="#note_523"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">523</span></span></a> It was + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page194">[pg 194]</span><a name="Pg194" + id="Pg194" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> introduced, we may suppose, + for the purpose of giving the king's son the right of succession + hitherto enjoyed, under a system of female kinship, either by the son + of the king's sister or by the husband of the king's daughter; for + under the new rule the heir to the throne united both these + characters, being at once the son of the king's sister and, through + marriage with his own sister, the husband of the king's daughter. + Thus the custom of brother and sister marriage in royal houses marks + a transition from female to male descent of the crown.<a id= + "noteref_524" name="noteref_524" href="#note_524"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">524</span></span></a> In this + connexion it may be significant that Cronus and Zeus themselves + married their full sisters Rhea and Hera, a tradition which naturally + proved a stone of stumbling to generations who had forgotten the + ancient rule of policy which dictated such incestuous unions, and who + had so far inverted the true relations of gods and men as to expect + their deities to be edifying models of the new virtues instead of + warning examples of the old vices.<a id="noteref_525" name= + "noteref_525" href="#note_525"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">525</span></span></a> They + failed to understand that men create their gods in their own + likeness, and that when the creator is a savage, his creatures the + gods are savages also.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Kings' sons sacrificed instead of + their fathers. Substitution of condemned criminals.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With the preceding + evidence before us we may safely infer that a custom of allowing a + king to kill his son, as a substitute or vicarious sacrifice for + himself, would be in no way exceptional or surprising, at least in + Semitic lands, where indeed religion seems at one time to have + recommended or enjoined every man, as a duty that he owed to his god, + to take the life of his eldest son. And it would be entirely in + accordance with analogy if, long after the barbarous custom had been + dropped by others, it continued to be observed by kings, who remain + in many respects the representatives of a vanished world, solitary + pinnacles that topple over the rising waste of waters under which the + past lies buried. We have seen that in Greece two families of royal + descent <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page195">[pg 195]</span><a name= + "Pg195" id="Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> remained liable to + furnish human victims from their number down to a time when the rest + of their fellow countrymen and countrywomen ran hardly more risk of + being sacrificed than passengers in Cheapside at present run of being + hurried into St. Paul's or Bow Church and immolated on the altar. A + final mitigation of the custom would be to substitute condemned + criminals for innocent victims. Such a substitution is known to have + taken place in the human sacrifices annually offered in Rhodes to + Baal,<a id="noteref_526" name="noteref_526" href= + "#note_526"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">526</span></span></a> and we + have seen good grounds for believing that the criminal, who perished + on the cross or the gallows at Babylon, died instead of the king in + whose royal robes he had been allowed to masquerade for a few + days.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg 196]</span><a name= + "Pg196" id="Pg196" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc33" id="toc33"></a> <a name="pdf34" id="pdf34"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VII. Succession To The + Soul.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">A custom of putting kings to death + at short intervals might extinguish the families from which the + kings were drawn; but this tendency would be no bar to the + observance of the custom. Many races have indulged in practices + which tend directly to their extinction.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To the view that + in early times, and among barbarous races, kings have frequently been + put to death at the end of a short reign, it may be objected that + such a custom would tend to the extinction of the royal family. The + objection may be met by observing, first, that the kingship is often + not confined to one family, but may be shared in turn by + several;<a id="noteref_527" name="noteref_527" href= + "#note_527"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">527</span></span></a> second, + that the office is frequently not hereditary, but is open to men of + any family, even to foreigners, who may fulfil the requisite + conditions, such as marrying a princess or vanquishing the king in + battle;<a id="noteref_528" name="noteref_528" href= + "#note_528"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">528</span></span></a> and, + third, that even if the custom did tend to the extinction of a + dynasty, that is not a consideration which would prevent its + observance among people less provident of the future and less heedful + of human life than ourselves. Many races, like many individuals have + indulged in practices which must in the end destroy them. Not to + mention such customs as collective suicide and the prohibition of + marriage,<a id="noteref_529" name="noteref_529" href= + "#note_529"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">529</span></span></a> both of + which may be set down to religious mania, we have seen that the + Polynesians killed two-thirds of their children.<a id="noteref_530" + name="noteref_530" href="#note_530"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">530</span></span></a> In some + parts of East Africa the proportion of infants massacred at birth is + said to be the same. Only children born in certain presentations are + allowed to live.<a id="noteref_531" name="noteref_531" href= + "#note_531"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">531</span></span></a> The + Jagas, a conquering tribe in Angola, are reported to have put to + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page197">[pg 197]</span><a name="Pg197" + id="Pg197" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> death all their children, + without exception, in order that the women might not be cumbered with + babies on the march. They recruited their numbers by adopting boys + and girls of thirteen or fourteen years of age, whose parents they + had killed and eaten.<a id="noteref_532" name="noteref_532" href= + "#note_532"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">532</span></span></a> Among + the Mbaya Indians of South America the women used to murder all their + children except the last, or the one they believed to be the last. If + one of them had another child afterwards, she killed it.<a id= + "noteref_533" name="noteref_533" href="#note_533"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">533</span></span></a> We need + not wonder that this practice entirely destroyed a branch of the + Mbaya nation, who had been for many years the most formidable enemies + of the Spaniards.<a id="noteref_534" name="noteref_534" href= + "#note_534"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">534</span></span></a> Among + the Lengua Indians of the Gran Chaco the missionaries discovered what + they describe as <span class="tei tei-q">“a carefully planned system + of racial suicide, by the practice of infanticide by abortion, and + other methods.”</span><a id="noteref_535" name="noteref_535" href= + "#note_535"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">535</span></span></a> Nor is + infanticide the only mode in which a savage tribe commits suicide. A + lavish use of the poison ordeal may be equally effective. Some time + ago a small tribe named Uwet came down from the hill country, and + settled on the left branch of the Calabar river in West Africa. When + the missionaries first visited the place, they found the population + considerable, distributed into three villages. Since then the + constant use of the poison ordeal has almost extinguished the tribe. + On one occasion the whole population took poison to prove their + innocence. About half perished on the spot, and the remnant, we are + told, still continuing their superstitious practice, must soon become + extinct.<a id="noteref_536" name="noteref_536" href= + "#note_536"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">536</span></span></a> With + such examples before us we need not hesitate to believe that many + tribes have felt no scruple or delicacy in observing a custom which + tends to wipe out a single family. To attribute such scruples to them + is to commit the common, the perpetually repeated mistake of + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page198">[pg 198]</span><a name="Pg198" + id="Pg198" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> judging the savage by the + standard of European civilisation. If any of my readers set out with + the notion that all races of men think and act much in the same way + as educated Englishmen, the evidence of superstitious belief and + custom collected in the volumes of this work should suffice to + disabuse him of so erroneous a prepossession.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Transmission of the soul of the + slain king to his successor. Transmission of the souls of chiefs + to their sons in Nias.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The explanation + here given of the custom of killing divine persons assumes, or at + least is readily combined with, the idea that the soul of the slain + divinity is transmitted to his successor. Of this transmission I have + no direct proof except in the case of the Shilluk, among whom the + practice of killing the divine king prevails in a typical form, and + with whom it is a fundamental article of faith that the soul of the + divine founder of the dynasty is immanent in every one of his slain + successors.<a id="noteref_537" name="noteref_537" href= + "#note_537"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">537</span></span></a> But if + this is the only actual example of such a belief which I can adduce, + analogy seems to render it probable that a similar succession to the + soul of the slain god has been supposed to take place in other + instances, though direct evidence of it is wanting. For it has been + already shewn that the soul of the incarnate deity is often supposed + to transmigrate at death into another incarnation;<a id="noteref_538" + name="noteref_538" href="#note_538"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">538</span></span></a> and if + this takes place when the death is a natural one, there seems no + reason why it should not take place when the death has been brought + about by violence. Certainly the idea that the soul of a dying person + may be transmitted to his successor is perfectly familiar to + primitive peoples. In Nias the eldest son usually succeeds his father + in the chieftainship. But if from any bodily or mental defect the + eldest son is disqualified for ruling, the father determines in his + lifetime which of his sons shall succeed him. In order, however, to + establish his right of succession, it is necessary that the son upon + whom his father's choice falls shall catch in his mouth or in a bag + the last breath, and with it the soul, of the dying chief. For + whoever catches his last breath is chief equally with the appointed + successor. Hence the other brothers, and sometimes also strangers, + crowd round the dying man to catch his soul as it passes. The houses + in Nias are raised above the ground on posts, and it has <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page199">[pg 199]</span><a name="Pg199" id="Pg199" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> happened that when the dying man lay with + his face on the floor, one of the candidates has bored a hole in the + floor and sucked in the chief's last breath through a bamboo tube. + When the chief has no son, his soul is caught in a bag, which is + fastened to an image made to represent the deceased; the soul is then + believed to pass into the image.<a id="noteref_539" name= + "noteref_539" href="#note_539"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">539</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Succession to the soul among the + American Indians and other races.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Amongst the + Takilis or Carrier Indians of North-West America, when a corpse was + burned the priest pretended to catch the soul of the deceased in his + hands, which he closed with many gesticulations. He then communicated + the captured soul to the dead man's successor by throwing his hands + towards and blowing upon him. The person to whom the soul was thus + communicated took the name and rank of the deceased. On the death of + a chief the priest thus filled a responsible and influential + position, for he might transmit the soul to whom he would, though + doubtless he generally followed the regular line of succession.<a id= + "noteref_540" name="noteref_540" href="#note_540"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">540</span></span></a> In + Guatemala, when a great man lay at the point of death, they put a + precious stone between his lips to receive the parting soul, and this + was afterwards kept as a memorial by his nearest kinsman or most + intimate friend.<a id="noteref_541" name="noteref_541" href= + "#note_541"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">541</span></span></a> + Algonquin women who wished to become mothers flocked to the side of a + dying person in the hope of receiving and being impregnated by the + passing soul. Amongst the Seminoles of Florida when a woman died in + childbed the infant was held over her face to receive her parting + spirit.<a id="noteref_542" name="noteref_542" href= + "#note_542"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">542</span></span></a> When + infants died within a month or two of birth, the Huron Indians did + not lay them in bark coffins on poles, as they did with other + corpses, but buried them beside the paths, in order that they might + secretly enter into the wombs of passing women and be born + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page200">[pg 200]</span><a name="Pg200" + id="Pg200" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> again.<a id="noteref_543" + name="noteref_543" href="#note_543"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">543</span></span></a> The + Tonquinese cover the face of a dying person with a handkerchief, and + at the moment when he breathes his last, they fold up the + handkerchief carefully, thinking that they have caught the soul in + it.<a id="noteref_544" name="noteref_544" href= + "#note_544"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">544</span></span></a> The + Romans caught the breath of dying friends in their mouths, and so + received into themselves the soul of the departed.<a id="noteref_545" + name="noteref_545" href="#note_545"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">545</span></span></a> The + same custom is said to be still practised in Lancashire.<a id= + "noteref_546" name="noteref_546" href="#note_546"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">546</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Succession to the soul in Africa. + Inspired representatives of dead kings in Africa.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the seventh day + after the death of a king of Gingiro the sorcerers bring to his + successor, wrapt in a piece of silk, a worm which they say comes from + the nose of the dead king; and they make the new king kill the worm + by squeezing its head between his teeth.<a id="noteref_547" name= + "noteref_547" href="#note_547"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">547</span></span></a> The + ceremony seems to be intended to convey the spirit of the deceased + monarch to his successor. The Danakil or Afars of eastern Africa + believe that the soul of a magician will be born again in the first + male descendant of the man who was most active in attending on the + dying magician in his last hours. Hence when a magician is ill he + receives many attentions.<a id="noteref_548" name="noteref_548" href= + "#note_548"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">548</span></span></a> In + Uganda the spirit of the king who had been the last to die manifested + itself from time to time in the person of a priest, who was prepared + for the discharge of this exalted function by a peculiar ceremony. + When the body of the king had been embalmed and had lain for five + months in the tomb, which was a house built specially for it, the + head was severed from the body and laid in an ant-hill. Having been + stript of flesh by the insects, the skull was washed in a particular + river (the Ndyabuworu) and filled with native beer. One of the late + king's priests then drank the beer out of the skull and thus became + himself a vessel meet to receive the spirit of the deceased monarch. + The skull was afterwards replaced in the tomb, but the lower jaw was + separated from it and deposited in a jar; and this jar, being swathed + in bark-cloth and decorated with beads <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page201">[pg 201]</span><a name="Pg201" id="Pg201" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> so as to look like a man, henceforth + represented the late king. A house was built for its reception in the + shape of a beehive and divided into two rooms, an inner and an outer. + Any person might enter the outer room, but in the inner room the + spirit of the dead king was supposed to dwell. In front of the + partition was set a throne covered with lion and leopard skins, and + fenced off from the rest of the chamber by a rail of spears, shields, + and knives, most of them made of copper and brass, and beautifully + worked. When the priest, who had fitted himself to receive the king's + spirit, desired to converse with the people in the king's name, he + went to the throne and addressing the spirit in the inner room + informed him of the business in hand. Then he smoked one or two pipes + of tobacco, and in a few minutes began to rave, which was a sign that + the spirit had entered into him. In this condition he spoke with the + voice and made known the wishes of the late king. When he had done + so, the spirit left him and returned into the inner room, and he + himself departed a mere man as before.<a id="noteref_549" name= + "noteref_549" href="#note_549"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">549</span></span></a> Every + year at the new moon of September the king of Sofala in eastern + Africa used to perform obsequies for the kings, his predecessors, on + the top of a high mountain, where they were buried. In the course of + the lamentations for the dead, the soul of the king who had died last + used to enter into a man who imitated the deceased monarch, both in + voice and gesture. The living king conversed with this man as with + his dead father, consulting him in regard to the affairs of the + kingdom and receiving his oracular replies.<a id="noteref_550" name= + "noteref_550" href="#note_550"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">550</span></span></a> These + examples shew that provision is often made for the ghostly succession + of kings and chiefs. In the Hausa kingdom of Daura, in Northern + Nigeria, where the kings used regularly to be put to death on the + first symptoms of failing health, the new king had to step over the + corpse of his predecessor and to be bathed in the blood of a black + ox, the skin of which then served as a shroud for the body of the + late king.<a id="noteref_551" name="noteref_551" href= + "#note_551"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">551</span></span></a> The + ceremony <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg + 202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> may + well have been intended to convey the spirit of the dead king to his + successor. Certainly we know that many primitive peoples attribute a + magical virtue to the act of stepping over a person.<a id= + "noteref_552" name="noteref_552" href="#note_552"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">552</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Right of succession to the kingdom + conferred by possession of personal relics of dead kings. + Sometimes a king has to eat a portion of his predecessor.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sometimes it would + appear that the spiritual link between a king and the souls of his + predecessors is formed by the possession of some part of their + persons. In southern Celebes, as we have seen, the regalia often + consist of corporeal portions of deceased rajahs, which are treasured + as sacred relics and confer the right to the throne.<a id= + "noteref_553" name="noteref_553" href="#note_553"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">553</span></span></a> + Similarly among the Sakalavas of southern Madagascar a vertebra of + the neck, a nail, and a lock of hair of a deceased king are placed in + a crocodile's tooth and carefully kept along with the similar relics + of his predecessors in a house set apart for the purpose. The + possession of these relics constitutes the right to the throne. A + legitimate heir who should be deprived of them would lose all his + authority over the people, and on the contrary a usurper who should + make himself master of the relics would be acknowledged king without + dispute. It has sometimes happened that a relation of the reigning + monarch has stolen the crocodile teeth with their precious contents, + and then had himself proclaimed king. Accordingly, when the Hovas + invaded the country, knowing the superstition of the natives, they + paid less attention to the living king than to the relics of the + dead, which they publicly exhibited under a strong guard on pretext + of paying them the honours that were their due.<a id="noteref_554" + name="noteref_554" href="#note_554"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">554</span></span></a> In + antiquity, when a king of the Panebian Libyans died, his people + buried the body but cut off the head, and having covered it with gold + they dedicated it in a sanctuary.<a id="noteref_555" name= + "noteref_555" href="#note_555"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">555</span></span></a> Among + the Masai of East Africa, when an important chief has been dead and + buried for a year, his eldest son or other <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page203">[pg 203]</span><a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> successor removes the skull of the deceased, + while he at the same time offers a sacrifice and a libation with + goat's blood, milk, and honey. He then carefully secrets the skull, + the possession of which is understood to confirm him in power and to + impart to him some of the wisdom of his predecessor.<a id= + "noteref_556" name="noteref_556" href="#note_556"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">556</span></span></a> When + the Alake or king of Abeokuta in West Africa dies, the principal men + decapitate his body, and placing the head in a large earthen vessel + deliver it to the new sovereign; it becomes his fetish and he is + bound to pay it honours.<a id="noteref_557" name="noteref_557" href= + "#note_557"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">557</span></span></a> + Similarly, when the Jaga or King of Cassange, in Angola, has departed + this life, an official extracts a tooth from the deceased monarch and + presents it to his successor, who deposits it along with the teeth of + former kings in a box, which is the sole property of the crown and + without which no Jaga can legitimately exercise the regal + power.<a id="noteref_558" name="noteref_558" href= + "#note_558"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">558</span></span></a> + Sometimes, in order apparently that the new sovereign may inherit + more surely the magical and other virtues of the royal line, he is + required to eat a piece of his dead predecessor. Thus at Abeokuta not + only was the head of the late king presented to his successor, but + the tongue was cut out and given him to eat. Hence, when the natives + wish to signify that the sovereign reigns, they say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“He has eaten the king.”</span><a id="noteref_559" name= + "noteref_559" href="#note_559"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">559</span></span></a> A + custom of the same sort is still practised at Ibadan, a large town in + the interior of Lagos, West Africa. When the king dies his head is + cut off and sent to his nominal suzerain, the Alafin of Oyo, the + paramount king of Yoruba land; but his heart is eaten by his + successor. This ceremony was performed a few years ago at the + accession of a new king of Ibadan.<a id="noteref_560" name= + "noteref_560" href="#note_560"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">560</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page204">[pg 204]</span><a name="Pg204" id="Pg204" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Succession to the soul of the slain + king or priest.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Taking the whole + of the preceding evidence into account, we may fairly suppose that + when the divine king or priest is put to death his spirit is believed + to pass into his successor. In point of fact we have seen that among + the Shilluk of the White Nile, who regularly kill their divine kings, + every king on his accession has to perform a ceremony which appears + designed to convey to him the same sacred and worshipful spirit which + animated all his predecessors, one after the other, on the + throne.<a id="noteref_561" name="noteref_561" href= + "#note_561"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">561</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page205">[pg 205]</span><a name= + "Pg205" id="Pg205" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc35" id="toc35"></a> <a name="pdf36" id="pdf36"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Chapter VIII. The Killing Of The + Tree-Spirit.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc37" id="toc37"></a> <a name="pdf38" id="pdf38"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 1. The Whitsuntide + Mummers.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The single combat of the King of + the Wood at Nemi was probably a mitigation of an older custom + of putting him to death at the end of a fixed period.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It remains to + ask what light the custom of killing the divine king or priest + sheds upon the special subject of our enquiry. In the first part of + this work we saw reason to suppose that the King of the Wood at + Nemi was regarded as an incarnation of a tree-spirit or of the + spirit of vegetation, and that as such he would be endowed, in the + belief of his worshippers, with a magical power of making the trees + to bear fruit, the crops to grow, and so on.<a id="noteref_562" + name="noteref_562" href="#note_562"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">562</span></span></a> His + life must therefore have been held very precious by his + worshippers, and was probably hedged in by a system of elaborate + precautions or taboos like those by which, in so many places, the + life of the man-god has been guarded against the malignant + influence of demons and sorcerers. But we have seen that the very + value attached to the life of the man-god necessitates his violent + death as the only means of preserving it from the inevitable decay + of age. The same reasoning would apply to the King of the Wood; he, + too, had to be killed in order that the divine spirit, incarnate in + him, might be transferred in its integrity to his successor. The + rule that he held office till a stronger should slay him might be + supposed to secure both the preservation of his divine life in full + vigour and its transference to a suitable successor as soon as that + vigour began to be impaired. For so long as he could maintain his + position by the strong hand, it might be inferred that his natural + force was not abated; whereas his <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page206">[pg 206]</span><a name="Pg206" id="Pg206" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> defeat and death at the hands of another + proved that his strength was beginning to fail and that it was time + his divine life should be lodged in a less dilapidated tabernacle. + This explanation of the rule that the King of the Wood had to be + slain by his successor at least renders that rule perfectly + intelligible. It is strongly supported by the theory and practice + of the Shilluk, who put their divine king to death at the first + signs of failing health, lest his decrepitude should entail a + corresponding failure of vital energy on the corn, the cattle, and + men.<a id="noteref_563" name="noteref_563" href= + "#note_563"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">563</span></span></a> + Moreover, it is countenanced by the analogy of the Chitomé, upon + whose life the existence of the world was supposed to hang, and who + was therefore slain by his successor as soon as he shewed signs of + breaking up. Again, the terms on which in later times the King of + Calicut held office are identical with those attached to the office + of King of the Wood, except that whereas the former might be + assailed by a candidate at any time, the King of Calicut might only + be attacked once every twelve years. But as the leave granted to + the King of Calicut to reign so long as he could defend himself + against all comers was a mitigation of the old rule which set a + fixed term to his life,<a id="noteref_564" name="noteref_564" href= + "#note_564"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">564</span></span></a> so we + may conjecture that the similar permission granted to the King of + the Wood was a mitigation of an older custom of putting him to + death at the end of a definite period. In both cases the new rule + gave to the god-man at least a chance for his life, which under the + old rule was denied him; and people probably reconciled themselves + to the change by reflecting that so long as the god-man could + maintain himself by the sword against all assaults, there was no + reason to apprehend that the fatal decay had set in.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Custom of killing the human + representatives of the tree-spirit.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The conjecture + that the King of the Wood was formerly put to death at the expiry + of a fixed term, without being allowed a chance for his life, will + be confirmed if evidence can be adduced of a custom of periodically + killing his counterparts, the human representatives of the + tree-spirit, in Northern Europe. Now in point of fact such a custom + has left unmistakable traces of itself in the rural festivals of + the peasantry. To take examples.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Bavarian customs of beheading the + representatives of the tree-spirit at Whitsuntide.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Niederpöring, + in Lower Bavaria, the Whitsuntide <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page207">[pg 207]</span><a name="Pg207" id="Pg207" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> representative of the tree-spirit—the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pfingstl</span></span> as he was called—was + clad from top to toe in leaves and flowers. On his head he wore a + high pointed cap, the ends of which rested on his shoulders, only + two holes being left in it for his eyes. The cap was covered with + water-flowers and surmounted with a nosegay of peonies. The sleeves + of his coat were also made of water-plants, and the rest of his + body was enveloped in alder and hazel leaves. On each side of him + marched a boy holding up one of the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pfingstl's</span></span> arms. These two boys + carried drawn swords, and so did most of the others who formed the + procession. They stopped at every house where they hoped to receive + a present; and the people, in hiding, soused the leaf-clad boy with + water. All rejoiced when he was well drenched. Finally he waded + into the brook up to his middle; whereupon one of the boys, + standing on the bridge, pretended to cut off his head.<a id= + "noteref_565" name="noteref_565" href="#note_565"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">565</span></span></a> At + Wurmlingen, in Swabia, a score of young fellows dress themselves on + Whit-Monday in white shirts and white trousers, with red scarves + round their waists and swords hanging from the scarves. They ride + on horseback into the wood, led by two trumpeters blowing their + trumpets. In the wood they cut down leafy oak branches, in which + they envelop from head to foot him who was the last of their number + to ride out of the village. His legs, however, are encased + separately, so that he may be able to mount <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page208">[pg 208]</span><a name="Pg208" id="Pg208" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> his horse again. Further, they give him + a long artificial neck, with an artificial head and a false face on + the top of it. Then a May-tree is cut, generally an aspen or beech + about ten feet high; and being decked with coloured handkerchiefs + and ribbons it is entrusted to a special <span class= + "tei tei-q">“May-bearer.”</span> The cavalcade then returns with + music and song to the village. Amongst the personages who figure in + the procession are a Moorish king with a sooty face and a crown on + his head, a Dr. Iron-Beard, a corporal, and an executioner. They + halt on the village green, and each of the characters makes a + speech in rhyme. The executioner announces that the leaf-clad man + has been condemned to death, and cuts off his false head. Then the + riders race to the May-tree, which has been set up a little way + off. The first man who succeeds in wrenching it from the ground as + he gallops past keeps it with all its decorations. The ceremony is + observed every second or third year.<a id="noteref_566" name= + "noteref_566" href="#note_566"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">566</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Killing the Wild Man in Saxony and + Bohemia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Saxony and + Thüringen there is a Whitsuntide ceremony called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“chasing the Wild Man out of the bush,”</span> or + <span class="tei tei-q">“fetching the Wild Man out of the + Wood.”</span> A young fellow is enveloped in leaves or moss and + called the Wild Man. He hides in the wood and the other lads of the + village go out to seek him. They find him, lead him captive out of + the wood, and fire at him with blank muskets. He falls like dead to + the ground, but a lad dressed as a doctor bleeds him, and he comes + to life again. At this they rejoice, and, binding him fast on a + waggon, take him to the village, where they tell all the people how + they have caught the Wild Man. At every house they receive a + gift.<a id="noteref_567" name="noteref_567" href= + "#note_567"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">567</span></span></a> In + the Erzgebirge the following custom was annually observed at + Shrovetide about the beginning of the seventeenth century. Two men + disguised as Wild Men, the one in brushwood and moss, the other in + straw, were led about the streets, and at last taken to the + market-place, where they were chased up and down, shot and stabbed. + Before falling they reeled about with strange gestures and spirted + blood on the people <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page209">[pg + 209]</span><a name="Pg209" id="Pg209" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + from bladders which they carried. When they were down the huntsmen + placed them on boards and carried them to the ale-house, the miners + marching beside them and winding blasts on their mining tools as if + they had taken a noble head of game.<a id="noteref_568" name= + "noteref_568" href="#note_568"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">568</span></span></a> A + very similar Shrovetide custom is still observed near Schluckenau + in Bohemia. A man dressed up as a Wild Man is chased through + several streets till he comes to a narrow lane across which a cord + is stretched. He stumbles over the cord and, falling to the ground, + is overtaken and caught by his pursuers. The executioner runs up + and stabs with his sword a bladder filled with blood which the Wild + Man wears round his body; so the Wild Man dies, while a stream of + blood reddens the ground. Next day a straw-man, made up to look + like the Wild Man, is placed on a litter, and, accompanied by a + great crowd, is taken to a pool into which it is thrown by the + executioner. The ceremony is called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“burying the Carnival.”</span><a id="noteref_569" name= + "noteref_569" href="#note_569"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">569</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Beheading the King on Whit-Monday + in Bohemia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Semic + (Bohemia) the custom of beheading the King is observed on + Whit-Monday. A troop of young people disguise themselves; each is + girt with a girdle of bark and carries a wooden sword and a trumpet + of willow-bark. The King wears a robe of tree-bark adorned with + flowers, on his head is a crown of bark decked with flowers and + branches, his feet are wound about with ferns, a mask hides his + face, and for a sceptre he has a hawthorn switch in his hand. A lad + leads him through the village by a rope fastened to his foot, while + the rest dance about, blow their trumpets, and whistle. In every + farmhouse the King is chased round the room, and one of the troop, + amid much noise and outcry strikes with his sword a blow on the + King's robe of bark till it rings again. Then a gratuity is + demanded.<a id="noteref_570" name="noteref_570" href= + "#note_570"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">570</span></span></a> The + ceremony of decapitation, which is here somewhat slurred over, is + carried out with a greater semblance of reality in other parts of + Bohemia. Thus in some villages of the Königgrätz district on + Whit-Monday the girls assemble under one lime-tree and the young + men under another, all dressed <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page210">[pg 210]</span><a name="Pg210" id="Pg210" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> in their best and tricked out with ribbons. + The young men twine a garland for the Queen, and the girls another + for the King. When they have chosen the King and Queen they all go + in procession, two and two, to the ale-house, from the balcony of + which the crier proclaims the names of the King and Queen. Both are + then invested with the insignia of their office and are crowned + with the garlands, while the music plays up. Then some one gets on + a bench and accuses the King of various offences, such as + ill-treating the cattle. The King appeals to witnesses and a trial + ensues, at the close of which the judge, who carries a white wand + as his badge of office, pronounces a verdict of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Guilty”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“Not + guilty.”</span> If the verdict is <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Guilty,”</span> the judge breaks his wand, the King + kneels on a white cloth, all heads are bared, and a soldier sets + three or four hats, one above the other, on his Majesty's head. The + judge then pronounces the word <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Guilty”</span> thrice in a loud voice, and orders the + crier to behead the King. The crier obeys by striking off the + King's hats with his wooden sword.<a id="noteref_571" name= + "noteref_571" href="#note_571"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">571</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Beheading the King on Whit-Monday + in Bohemia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But perhaps, for + our purpose, the most instructive of these mimic executions is the + following Bohemian one, which has been in part described + already.<a id="noteref_572" name="noteref_572" href= + "#note_572"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">572</span></span></a> In + some places of the Pilsen district (Bohemia) on Whit-Monday the + King is dressed in bark, ornamented with flowers and ribbons; he + wears a crown of gilt paper and rides a horse, which is also decked + with flowers. Attended by a judge, an executioner, and other + characters, and followed by a train of soldiers, all mounted, he + rides to the village square, where a hut or arbour of green boughs + has been erected under the May-trees, which are firs, freshly cut, + peeled to the top, and dressed with flowers and ribbons. After the + dames and maidens of the village have been criticised and a frog + beheaded, in the way already described, the cavalcade rides to a + place previously determined upon, in a straight, broad street. Here + they draw up in two lines and the King takes to flight. He is given + a short start and rides off at full speed, pursued by the whole + troop. If they fail to catch him he remains King for another year, + and his companions <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page211">[pg + 211]</span><a name="Pg211" id="Pg211" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + must pay his score at the ale-house in the evening. But if they + overtake and catch him he is scourged with hazel rods or beaten + with the wooden swords and compelled to dismount. Then the + executioner asks, <span class="tei tei-q">“Shall I behead this + King?”</span> The answer is given, <span class="tei tei-q">“Behead + him”</span>; the executioner brandishes his axe, and with the + words, <span class="tei tei-q">“One, two, three, let the King + headless be!”</span> he strikes off the King's crown. Amid the loud + cries of the bystanders the King sinks to the ground; then he is + laid on a bier and carried to the nearest farmhouse.<a id= + "noteref_573" name="noteref_573" href="#note_573"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">573</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The leaf-clad mummers in these + customs represent the tree-spirit or spirit of + vegetation.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In most of the + personages who are thus slain in mimicry it is impossible not to + recognise representatives of the tree-spirit or spirit of + vegetation, as he is supposed to manifest himself in spring. The + bark, leaves, and flowers in which the actors are dressed, and the + season of the year at which they appear, shew that they belong to + the same class as the Grass King, King of the May, + Jack-in-the-Green, and other representatives of the vernal spirit + of vegetation which we examined in the first part of this + work.<a id="noteref_574" name="noteref_574" href= + "#note_574"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">574</span></span></a> As if + to remove any possible doubt on this head, we find that in two + cases<a id="noteref_575" name="noteref_575" href= + "#note_575"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">575</span></span></a> these + slain men are brought into direct connexion with May-trees, which + are the impersonal, as the May King, Grass King, and so forth, are + the personal representatives of the tree-spirit. The drenching of + the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pfingstl</span></span> with water and his + wading up to the middle into the brook are, therefore, no doubt + rain-charms like those which have been already described.<a id= + "noteref_576" name="noteref_576" href="#note_576"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">576</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The tree-spirit is killed in order + to prevent its decay and ensure its revival in a vigorous + successor.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But if these + personages represent, as they certainly do, the spirit of + vegetation in spring, the question arises, Why kill them? What is + the object of slaying the spirit of vegetation at any time and + above all in spring, when his services are most wanted? The only + probable answer to this question seems to be given in the + explanation already proposed of the custom of killing the divine + king or priest. The divine life, incarnate in a material and mortal + body, is liable to be tainted and corrupted by the weakness of the + frail <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page212">[pg 212]</span><a name= + "Pg212" id="Pg212" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> medium in which it + is for a time enshrined; and if it is to be saved from the + increasing enfeeblement which it must necessarily share with its + human incarnation as he advances in years, it must be detached from + him before, or at least as soon as, he exhibits signs of decay, in + order to be transferred to a vigorous successor. This is done by + killing the old representative of the god and conveying the divine + spirit from him to a new incarnation. The killing of the god, that + is, of his human incarnation, is therefore merely a necessary step + to his revival or resurrection in a better form. Far from being an + extinction of the divine spirit, it is only the beginning of a + purer and stronger manifestation of it. If this explanation holds + good of the custom of killing divine kings and priests in general, + it is still more obviously applicable to the custom of annually + killing the representative of the tree-spirit or spirit of + vegetation in spring. For the decay of plant life in winter is + readily interpreted by primitive man as an enfeeblement of the + spirit of vegetation; the spirit has, he thinks, grown old and weak + and must therefore be renovated by being slain and brought to life + in a younger and fresher form. Thus the killing of the + representative of the tree-spirit in spring is regarded as a means + to promote and quicken the growth of vegetation. For the killing of + the tree-spirit is associated always (we must suppose) implicitly, + and sometimes explicitly also, with a revival or resurrection of + him in a more youthful and vigorous form. So in the Saxon and + Thüringen custom, after the Wild Man has been shot he is brought to + life again by a doctor;<a id="noteref_577" name="noteref_577" href= + "#note_577"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">577</span></span></a> and + in the Wurmlingen ceremony there figures a Dr. Iron-Beard, who + probably once played a similar part; certainly in another spring + ceremony, which will be described presently, Dr. Iron-Beard + pretends to restore a dead man to life. But of this revival or + resurrection of the god we shall have more to say anon.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Resemblances between these North + European customs and the rites of Nemi.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The points of + similarity between these North European personages and the subject + of our enquiry—the King of the Wood or priest of Nemi—are + sufficiently striking. In these northern maskers we see kings, + whose dress of bark and leaves, along with the hut of green boughs + and the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page213">[pg + 213]</span><a name="Pg213" id="Pg213" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + fir-trees under which they hold their court, proclaim them + unmistakably as, like their Italian counterpart, Kings of the Wood. + Like him they die a violent death, but like him they may escape + from it for a time by their bodily strength and agility; for in + several of these northern customs the flight and pursuit of the + king is a prominent part of the ceremony, and in one case at least + if the king can outrun his pursuers he retains his life and his + office for another year. In this last case the king in fact holds + office on condition of running for his life once a year, just as + the King of Calicut in later times held office on condition of + defending his life against all comers once every twelve years, and + just as the priest of Nemi held office on condition of defending + himself against any assault at any time. In every one of these + instances the life of the god-man is prolonged on condition of his + shewing, in a severe physical contest of fight or flight, that his + bodily strength is not decayed, and that, therefore, the violent + death, which sooner or later is inevitable, may for the present be + postponed. With regard to flight it is noticeable that flight + figured conspicuously both in the legend and in the practice of the + King of the Wood. He had to be a runaway slave in memory of the + flight of Orestes, the traditional founder of the worship; hence + the Kings of the Wood are described by an ancient writer as + <span class="tei tei-q">“both strong of hand and fleet of + foot.”</span><a id="noteref_578" name="noteref_578" href= + "#note_578"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">578</span></span></a> + Perhaps if we knew the ritual of the Arician grove fully we might + find that the king was allowed a chance for his life by flight, + like his Bohemian brother. I have already conjectured that the + annual flight of the priestly king at Rome (<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">regifugium</span></span>) was at first a + flight of the same kind; in other words, that he was originally one + of those divine kings who are either put to death after a fixed + period or allowed to prove by the strong hand or the fleet foot + that their divinity is vigorous and unimpaired.<a id="noteref_579" + name="noteref_579" href="#note_579"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">579</span></span></a> One + more point of resemblance may be noted between the Italian King of + the Wood and his northern counterparts. In Saxony and Thüringen the + representative of the tree-spirit, after being killed, is brought + to life again by a doctor. This is exactly what legend affirmed to + have <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page214">[pg 214]</span><a name= + "Pg214" id="Pg214" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> happened to the + first King of the Wood at Nemi, Hippolytus or Virbius, who after he + had been killed by his horses was restored to life by the physician + Aesculapius.<a id="noteref_580" name="noteref_580" href= + "#note_580"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">580</span></span></a> Such + a legend tallies well with the theory that the slaying of the King + of the Wood was only a step to his revival or resurrection in his + successor.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc39" id="toc39"></a> <a name="pdf40" id="pdf40"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 2. Mock Human + Sacrifices.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The mock killing of the leaf-clad + mummers is probably a substitute for an old custom of killing + them in earnest. Substitution of mock human sacrifices for real + ones.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the preceding + discussion it has been assumed that the mock killing of the Wild + Man and of the King in North European folk-custom is a modern + substitute for an ancient custom of killing them in earnest. Those + who best know the tenacity of life possessed by folk-custom and its + tendency, with the growth of civilisation, to dwindle from solemn + ritual into mere pageant and pastime, will be least likely to + question the truth of this assumption. That human sacrifices were + commonly offered by the ancestors of the civilised races of North + Europe, Celts, Teutons, and Slavs, is certain.<a id="noteref_581" + name="noteref_581" href="#note_581"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">581</span></span></a> It is + not, therefore, surprising that the modern peasant should do in + mimicry what his forefathers did in reality. We know as a matter of + fact that in other parts of the world mock human sacrifices have + been substituted for real ones. Thus in Minahassa, a district of + Celebes, human victims used to be regularly sacrificed at certain + festivals, but through Dutch influence the custom was abolished and + a sham sacrifice substituted for it. The victim was seated in a + chair and all the usual preparations were made for sacrificing him, + but at the critical moment, when the chief priest had heaved up his + flashing swords (for he wielded two of them) to deal the fatal + stroke, his assistants sprang forward, their hands wrapt in cloths, + to grasp and arrest the descending blades. The precaution was + necessary, for the priest was wound up to such a pitch of + excitement that if left alone he might have consummated + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page215">[pg 215]</span><a name= + "Pg215" id="Pg215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the sacrifice. + Afterwards an effigy, made out of the stem of a banana-tree, was + substituted for the human victim; and the blood, which might not be + wanting, was supplied by fowls.<a id="noteref_582" name= + "noteref_582" href="#note_582"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">582</span></span></a> Near + the native town of Luba, in western Busoga, a district of central + Africa, there is a sacred tree of the species known as <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Parinarium</span></span>. Its glossy white + trunk shoots up to a height of a hundred feet before it sends out + branches. The tree is surrounded by small fetish huts and curious + arcades. Once when the dry season was drawing to an end and the new + crops were not yet ripe, the Basoga suffered from hunger. So they + came to the sacred tree in canoes, of which the prows were decked + with wreaths of yellow acacia blossom and other flowers. Landing on + the shore they stripped themselves of their clothing and wrapped + ropes made of green creepers and leaves round their arms and necks. + At the foot of the tree they danced to an accompaniment of song. + Then a little girl, about ten years old, was brought and laid at + the base of the tree as if she were to be sacrificed. Every detail + of the sacrifice was gone through in mimicry. A slight cut was made + in the child's neck, and she was then caught up and thrown into the + lake, where a man stood ready to save her from drowning. By native + custom the girl on whom this ceremony had been performed was + dedicated to a life of perpetual virginity.<a id="noteref_583" + name="noteref_583" href="#note_583"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">583</span></span></a> + Captain Bourke was informed by an old chief that the Indians of + Arizona used to offer human sacrifices at the Feast of Fire when + the days are shortest. The victim had his throat cut, his breast + opened, and his heart taken out by one of the priests. This custom + was abolished by the Mexicans, but for a long time afterwards a + modified form of it was secretly observed as follows. The victim, + generally a young man, had his throat cut, and blood was allowed to + flow freely; but the medicine-men sprinkled <span class= + "tei tei-q">“medicine”</span> on the gash, which soon healed up, + and the man recovered.<a id="noteref_584" name="noteref_584" href= + "#note_584"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">584</span></span></a> So in + the ritual of Artemis at Halae in Attica, a man's <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page216">[pg 216]</span><a name="Pg216" id="Pg216" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> throat was cut and the blood allowed to + gush out, but he was not killed.<a id="noteref_585" name= + "noteref_585" href="#note_585"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">585</span></span></a> At + the funeral of a chief in Nias slaves are sacrificed; a little of + their hair is cut off, and then they are beheaded. The victims are + generally purchased for the purpose, and their number is + proportioned to the wealth and power of the deceased. But if the + number required is excessively great or cannot be procured, some of + the chiefs own slaves undergo a sham sacrifice. They are told, and + believe, that they are about to be decapitated; their heads are + placed on a log and their necks struck with the back of a sword. + The fright drives some of them crazy.<a id="noteref_586" name= + "noteref_586" href="#note_586"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">586</span></span></a> When + a Hindoo has killed or ill-treated an ape, a bird of prey of a + certain kind, or a cobra capella, in the presence of the + worshippers of Vishnu, he must expiate his offence by the pretended + sacrifice and resurrection of a human being. An incision is made in + the victim's arm, the blood flows, he grows faint, falls, and + feigns to die. Afterwards he is brought to life by being sprinkled + with blood drawn from the thigh of a worshipper of Vishnu. The + crowd of spectators is fully convinced of the reality of this + simulated death and resurrection.<a id="noteref_587" name= + "noteref_587" href="#note_587"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">587</span></span></a> The + Malayans, a caste of Southern India, act as devil dancers for the + purpose of exorcising demons who have taken possession of people. + One of their ceremonies, <span class="tei tei-q">“known as + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ucchav[-e]li</span></span>, has several forms, + all of which seem to be either survivals, or at least imitations of + human sacrifice. One of these consists of a mock living burial of + the principal performer, who is placed in a pit, which is covered + with planks, on the top of which a sacrifice is performed, with a + fire kindled with jack wood (<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Artocarpus integrifolia</span></span>) and a + plant called erinna. In another variety, the Malayan cuts his left + forearm, and smears his face with the blood thus + drawn.”</span><a id="noteref_588" name="noteref_588" href= + "#note_588"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">588</span></span></a> In + Samoa, where every family had its god incarnate in one or more + species of animals, any disrespect shewn to the worshipful + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page217">[pg 217]</span><a name= + "Pg217" id="Pg217" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> animal, either by + members of the kin or by a stranger in their presence, had to be + atoned for by pretending to bake one of the family in a cold oven + as a burnt sacrifice to appease the wrath of the offended god. For + example, if a stranger staying in a household whose god was + incarnate in cuttle-fish were to catch and cook one of these + creatures, or if a member of the family had been present where a + cuttle-fish was eaten, the family would meet in solemn conclave and + choose a man or woman to go and lie down in a cold oven, where he + would be covered over with leaves, just as if he were really being + baked. While this mock sacrifice was being carried out the family + prayed: <span class="tei tei-q">“O bald-headed Cuttle-fish! forgive + what has been done, it was all the work of a stranger.”</span> If + they had not thus abased themselves before the divine cuttle-fish, + he would undoubtedly have come and been the death of somebody by + making a cuttle-fish to grow in his inside.<a id="noteref_589" + name="noteref_589" href="#note_589"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">589</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Mock human sacrifices carried out + in effigy.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sometimes, as in + Minahassa, the pretended sacrifice is carried out, not on a living + person, but on an effigy. At the City of the Sun in ancient Egypt + three men used to be sacrificed every day, after the priests had + stripped and examined them, like calves, to see whether they were + without blemish and fit for the altar. But King Amasis ordered + waxen images to be substituted for the human victims.<a id= + "noteref_590" name="noteref_590" href="#note_590"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">590</span></span></a> An + Indian law-book, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Calica Puran</span></span>, prescribes that + when the sacrifice of lions, tigers, or human beings is required, + an image of a lion, tiger, or man shall be made with butter, paste, + or barley meal, and sacrificed instead.<a id="noteref_591" name= + "noteref_591" href="#note_591"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">591</span></span></a> Some + of the Gonds of India formerly offered human sacrifices; they now + sacrifice straw-men, which are found to answer the purpose just as + well.<a id="noteref_592" name="noteref_592" href= + "#note_592"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">592</span></span></a> + Colonel Dalton was told that in some of their villages the Bhagats + <span class="tei tei-q">“annually make an image of a man in wood, + put clothes and ornaments on it, and present it before the altar of + a Mahádeo. The person who officiates as priest on the occasion + says: <span class="tei tei-q">‘O Mahádeo, we sacrifice this man to + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page218">[pg 218]</span><a name= + "Pg218" id="Pg218" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> you according to + ancient customs. Give us rain in due season, and a plentiful + harvest.’</span> Then with one stroke of the axe the head of the + image is struck off, and the body is removed and + buried.”</span><a id="noteref_593" name="noteref_593" href= + "#note_593"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">593</span></span></a> + Formerly, when a Siamese army was about to take the field a + condemned criminal representing the enemy was put to death, but a + humane king caused a puppet to be substituted for the man. The + effigy is felled by the blow of an axe, and if it drops at the + first stroke, the omen is favourable.<a id="noteref_594" name= + "noteref_594" href="#note_594"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">594</span></span></a> In + the East Indian island of Siaoo or Siauw, one of the Sangi group, a + child stolen from a neighbouring island used to be sacrificed every + year to the spirit of a volcano in order that there might be no + eruption. The victim was slowly tortured to death in the temple by + a priestess, who cut off the child's ears, nose, fingers, and so + on, then consummated the sacrifice by splitting open the breast. + The spectacle was witnessed by hundreds of people, and feasting and + cock-fighting went on for nine days afterwards. In course of time + the annual human victim was replaced by a wooden puppet, which was + cut to pieces in the same manner.<a id="noteref_595" name= + "noteref_595" href="#note_595"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">595</span></span></a> The + Kayans of Borneo used to kill slaves at the death of a chief and + nail them to the tomb, in order that they might accompany the chief + on his long journey to the other world and paddle the canoe in + which he must travel. This is no longer done, but instead they put + up a wooden figure of a man at the head and another of a woman at + the foot of the chief's coffin as it lies in state before the + funeral. And a small wooden image of a man is usually fixed on the + top of the tomb to row the canoe for the dead chief.<a id= + "noteref_596" name="noteref_596" href="#note_596"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">596</span></span></a> In + ancient times human sacrifices used to be offered at the graves of + Mikados and princes of Japan, the personal attendants of the + deceased being buried alive within the precincts of the tomb. But a + humane emperor ordered that clay images should thenceforth be + substituted for live men and women. One of these images is now in + the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page219">[pg 219]</span><a name= + "Pg219" id="Pg219" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> British + Museum.<a id="noteref_597" name="noteref_597" href= + "#note_597"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">597</span></span></a> The + Toboongkoos of central Celebes, who are reported still to carry + home as trophies the heads of their slain enemies, resort to the + following cure for certain kinds of sickness. The heathen priestess + cuts the likeness of a human head out of the sheath of a sago-leaf + and sets it up on three sticks in the courtyard of the house. The + patient, arrayed in his or her best clothes, is then brought down + into the court and remains there while women dance and sing round + the artificial head, and men perform sham fights with shield, + spear, and bow, just as they did, or perhaps still do, when they + have brought back a human head from a raid. After that the sick man + is taken back to the house, and an improvement in his health is + confidently expected.<a id="noteref_598" name="noteref_598" href= + "#note_598"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">598</span></span></a> In + this ceremony the sham head is doubtless a substitute for a real + one.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Mimic sacrifices of various kinds. + Mimic sacrifices of fingers. Mimic rite of circumcision.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With these mock + sacrifices of human lives we may compare mimic sacrifices of other + kinds. In southern India, as in many parts of the world, it used to + be customary to sacrifice joints of the fingers on certain + occasions. Thus among the Morasas, when a grandchild was born in + the family, the wife of the eldest son of the grandfather must have + the last two joints of the third and fourth fingers of her right + hand amputated at a temple of Bhairava. The amputation was + performed by the village carpenter with a chisel. Nowadays, the + custom having been forbidden by the English Government, the + sacrifice is performed in mimicry. Some people stick gold or silver + pieces with flour paste to the ends of their fingers and then cut + or pull them off. Others tie flowers round the fingers that used to + be amputated, and go through a pantomime of cutting the fingers by + putting a chisel on the joint and then taking it away. Others again + twist gold wires in the shape of rings round their fingers. These + the carpenter removes and appropriates.<a id="noteref_599" name= + "noteref_599" href="#note_599"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">599</span></span></a> In + Niué or Savage Island, in the South <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page220">[pg 220]</span><a name="Pg220" id="Pg220" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Pacific, the following custom continued till + lately to be observed. When a boy was a few weeks old the men + assembled, and a feast was made. On the village square an awning + was rigged up, and the child was laid on the ground under it. An + old man then approached it, and performed the operation of + circumcision on the infant in dumb show with his forefinger. No + child was regarded as a full-born member of the tribe till he had + been subjected to this rite. The natives say that real circumcision + was never performed in their island; but as it was commonly + practised in Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa, we may assume that its + imitation in Niué was a substitute, introduced at some time or + other, for the actual operation.<a id="noteref_600" name= + "noteref_600" href="#note_600"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">600</span></span></a> + Similarly when an adult Hindoo joins the sect of the Daira or + Mahadev Mohammedans in Mysore, a mock rite of circumcision is + performed on him instead of the real operation. A betel leaf is + wrapped round the male member of the neophyte and the loose end of + the leaf is snipped off instead of the prepuce.<a id="noteref_601" + name="noteref_601" href="#note_601"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">601</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc41" id="toc41"></a> <a name="pdf42" id="pdf42"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 3. Burying the + Carnival.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">It has been customary to kill + animal gods and corn gods as well as tree-spirits.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus far I have + offered an explanation of the rule which required that the priest + of Nemi should be slain by his successor. The explanation claims to + be no more than probable; our scanty knowledge of the custom and of + its <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page221">[pg 221]</span><a name= + "Pg221" id="Pg221" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> history forbids it + to be more. But its probability will be augmented in proportion to + the extent to which the motives and modes of thought which it + assumes can be proved to have operated in primitive society. + Hitherto the god with whose death and resurrection we have been + chiefly concerned has been the tree-god. But if I can shew that the + custom of killing the god and the belief in his resurrection + originated, or at least existed, in the hunting and pastoral stage + of society, when the slain god was an animal, and that it survived + into the agricultural stage, when the slain god was the corn or a + human being representing the corn, the probability of my + explanation will have been considerably increased. This I shall + attempt to do in the sequel, and in the course of the discussion I + hope to clear up some obscurities which still remain, and to answer + some objections which may have suggested themselves to the + reader.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Customs of burying the Carnival + and carrying out Death.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We start from + the point at which we left off—the spring customs of European + peasantry. Besides the ceremonies already described there are two + kindred sets of observances in which the simulated death of a + divine or supernatural being is a conspicuous feature. In one of + them the being whose death is dramatically represented is a + personification of the Carnival; in the other it is Death himself. + The former ceremony falls naturally at the end of the Carnival, + either on the last day of that merry season, namely Shrove Tuesday, + or on the first day of Lent, namely Ash Wednesday. The date of the + other ceremony—the Carrying or Driving out of Death, as it is + commonly called—is not so uniformly fixed. Generally it is the + fourth Sunday in Lent, which hence goes by the name of Dead Sunday; + but in some places the celebration falls a week earlier, in others, + as among the Czechs of Bohemia, a week later, while in certain + German villages of Moravia it is held on the first Sunday after + Easter. Perhaps, as has been suggested, the date may originally + have been variable, depending on the appearance of the first + swallow or some other herald of the spring. Some writers regard the + ceremony as Slavonic in its origin. Grimm thought it was a festival + of the New Year with the old Slavs, who began <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page222">[pg 222]</span><a name="Pg222" id="Pg222" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> their year in March.<a id="noteref_602" + name="noteref_602" href="#note_602"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">602</span></span></a> We + shall first take examples of the mimic death of the Carnival, which + always falls before the other in the calendar.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Effigy of the Carnival burnt at + Frosinone in Latium.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Frosinone, in + Latium, about half-way between Rome and Naples, the dull monotony + of life in a provincial Italian town is agreeably broken on the + last day of the Carnival by the ancient festival known as the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Radica</span></span>. About four o'clock in + the afternoon the town band, playing lively tunes and followed by a + great crowd, proceeds to the Piazza del Plebiscito, where is the + Sub-Prefecture as well as the rest of the Government buildings. + Here, in the middle of the square, the eyes of the expectant + multitude are greeted by the sight of an immense car decked with + many-coloured festoons and drawn by four horses. Mounted on the car + is a huge chair, on which sits enthroned the majestic figure of the + Carnival, a man of stucco about nine feet high with a rubicund and + smiling countenance. Enormous boots, a tin helmet like those which + grace the heads of officers of the Italian marine, and a coat of + many colours embellished with strange devices, adorn the outward + man of this stately personage. His left hand rests on the arm of + the chair, while with his right he gracefully salutes the crowd, + being moved to this act of civility by a string which is pulled by + a man who modestly shrinks from publicity under the mercy-seat. And + now the crowd, surging excitedly round the car, gives vent to its + feelings in wild cries of joy, gentle and simple being mixed up + together and all dancing furiously the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Saltarello</span></span>. A special feature of + the festival is that every one must carry in his hand what is + called a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">radica</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-q">“root”</span>), by which is meant a huge leaf of the + aloe or rather the agave. Any one who ventured into the crowd + without <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page223">[pg + 223]</span><a name="Pg223" id="Pg223" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + such a leaf would be unceremoniously hustled out of it, unless + indeed he bore as a substitute a large cabbage at the end of a long + stick or a bunch of grass curiously plaited. When the multitude, + after a short turn, has escorted the slow-moving car to the gate of + the Sub-Prefecture, they halt, and the car, jolting over the uneven + ground, rumbles into the courtyard. A hush now falls on the crowd, + their subdued voices sounding, according to the description of one + who has heard them, like the murmur of a troubled sea. All eyes are + turned anxiously to the door from which the Sub-Prefect himself and + the other representatives of the majesty of the law are expected to + issue and pay their homage to the hero of the hour. A few moments + of suspense and then a storm of cheers and hand-clapping salutes + the appearance of the dignitaries, as they file out and, descending + the staircase, take their place in the procession. The hymn of the + Carnival is now thundered out, after which, amid a deafening roar, + aloe leaves and cabbages are whirled aloft and descend impartially + on the heads of the just and the unjust, who lend fresh zest to the + proceedings by engaging in a free fight. When these preliminaries + have been concluded to the satisfaction of all concerned, the + procession gets under weigh. The rear is brought up by a cart laden + with barrels of wine and policemen, the latter engaged in the + congenial task of serving out wine to all who ask for it, while a + most internecine struggle, accompanied by a copious discharge of + yells, blows, and blasphemy, goes on among the surging crowd at the + cart's tail in their anxiety not to miss the glorious opportunity + of intoxicating themselves at the public expense. Finally, after + the procession has paraded the principal streets in this majestic + manner, the effigy of Carnival is taken to the middle of a public + square, stripped of his finery, laid on a pile of wood, and burnt + amid the cries of the multitude, who thundering out once more the + song of the Carnival fling their so-called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“roots”</span> on the pyre and give themselves up + without restraint to the pleasures of the dance.<a id="noteref_603" + name="noteref_603" href="#note_603"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">603</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page224">[pg 224]</span><a name="Pg224" id="Pg224" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Burying the Carnival in the + Abruzzi.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the Abruzzi a + pasteboard figure of the Carnival is carried by four grave-diggers + with pipes in their mouths and bottles of wine slung at their + shoulder-belts. In front walks the wife of the Carnival, dressed in + mourning and dissolved in tears. From time to time the company + halts, and while the wife addresses the sympathising public, the + grave-diggers refresh the inner man with a pull at the bottle. In + the open square the mimic corpse is laid on a pyre, and to the roll + of drums, the shrill screams of the women, and the gruffer cries of + the men a light is set to it. While the figure burns, chestnuts are + thrown about among the crowd. Sometimes the Carnival is represented + by a straw-man at the top of a pole which is borne through the town + by a troop of mummers in the course of the afternoon. When evening + comes on, four of the mummers hold out a quilt or sheet by the + corners, and the figure of the Carnival is made to tumble into it. + The procession is then resumed, the performers weeping crocodile + tears and emphasising the poignancy of their grief by the help of + saucepans and dinner bells. Sometimes, again, in the Abruzzi the + dead Carnival is personified by a living man who lies in a coffin, + attended by another who acts the priest and dispenses holy water in + great profusion from a bathing tub.<a id="noteref_604" name= + "noteref_604" href="#note_604"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">604</span></span></a> In + Malta the death of the Carnival used to be mourned by women on the + last day of the merry festival. Clad from head to foot in black + mantles, they carried through the streets of the city the linen + effigy of a corpse, stuffed with straw or hay and decked with + leaves and oranges. As they carried it, they chanted dirges, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page225">[pg 225]</span><a name= + "Pg225" id="Pg225" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> stopping after every + verse to howl like professional mourners. The custom came to an end + about the year 1737.<a id="noteref_605" name="noteref_605" href= + "#note_605"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">605</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Burial of the Carnival at Lerida + in Spain.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Lerida, in + Catalonia, the funeral of the Carnival was witnessed by an English + traveller in 1877. On the last Sunday of the Carnival a grand + procession of infantry, cavalry, and maskers of many sorts, some on + horseback and some in carriages, escorted the grand car of His + Grace Pau Pi, as the effigy was called, in triumph through the + principal streets. For three days the revelry ran high, and then at + midnight on the last day of the Carnival the same procession again + wound through the streets, but under a different aspect and for a + different end. The triumphal car was exchanged for a hearse, in + which reposed the effigy of his dead Grace: a troop of maskers, who + in the first procession had played the part of Students of Folly + with many a merry quip and jest, now, robed as priests and bishops, + paced slowly along holding aloft huge lighted tapers and singing a + dirge. All the mummers wore crape, and all the horsemen carried + blazing flambeaux. Down the high street, between the lofty, + many-storeyed and balconied houses, where every window, every + balcony, every housetop was crammed with a dense mass of + spectators, all dressed and masked in fantastic gorgeousness, the + procession took its melancholy way. Over the scene flashed and + played the shifting cross-lights and shadows from the moving + torches: red and blue Bengal lights flared up and died out again; + and above the trampling of the horses and the measured tread of the + marching multitude rose the voices of the priests chanting the + requiem, while the military bands struck in with the solemn roll of + the muffled drums. On reaching the principal square the procession + halted, a burlesque funeral oration was pronounced over the defunct + Pau Pi, and the lights were extinguished. Immediately the devil and + his angels darted from the crowd, seized the body and fled away + with it, hotly pursued by the whole multitude, yelling, screaming, + and cheering. Naturally the fiends were overtaken and dispersed; + and the sham corpse, rescued from their clutches, was laid in a + grave that had been made ready for its <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page226">[pg 226]</span><a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> reception. Thus the Carnival of 1877 at + Lerida died and was buried.<a id="noteref_606" name="noteref_606" + href="#note_606"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">606</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Funeral of the Carnival in France. + Execution of Shrove Tuesday in the Ardennes and + Franche-Comté.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A ceremony of + the same sort is observed in Provence on Ash Wednesday. An effigy + called Caramantran, whimsically attired, is drawn in a chariot or + borne on a litter, accompanied by the populace in grotesque + costumes, who carry gourds full of wine and drain them with all the + marks, real or affected, of intoxication. At the head of the + procession are some men disguised as judges and barristers, and a + tall gaunt personage who masquerades as Lent; behind them follow + young people mounted on miserable hacks and attired as mourners who + pretend to bewail the fate that is in store for Caramantran. In the + principal square the procession halts, the tribunal is constituted, + and Caramantran placed at the bar. After a formal trial he is + sentenced to death amid the groans of the mob; the barrister who + defended him embraces his client for the last time: the officers of + justice do their duty: the condemned is set with his back to a wall + and hurried into eternity under a shower of stones. The sea or a + river receives his mangled remains.<a id="noteref_607" name= + "noteref_607" href="#note_607"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">607</span></span></a> At + Lussac in the department of Vienne young people, attired in long + mourning robes and with woebegone countenances, carry an effigy + down to the river on Ash Wednesday and throw it into the river, + crying, <span class="tei tei-q">“Carnival is dead! Carnival is + dead!”</span><a id="noteref_608" name="noteref_608" href= + "#note_608"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">608</span></span></a> + Throughout nearly the whole of the Ardennes it was and still is + customary on Ash Wednesday to burn an effigy which is supposed to + represent the Carnival, while appropriate verses are sung round + about the blazing figure. Very often an attempt is made to fashion + the effigy in the likeness of the husband who is reputed to be + least faithful to his wife of any in the village. As might perhaps + have been anticipated, the distinction of being selected for + portraiture under these painful circumstances has a slight tendency + to breed domestic jars, especially when the portrait is burnt in + front of the house <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page227">[pg + 227]</span><a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + of the gay deceiver whom it represents, while a powerful chorus of + caterwauls, groans, and other melodious sounds bears public + testimony to the opinion which his friends and neighbours entertain + of his private virtues. In some villages of the Ardennes a young + man of flesh and blood, dressed up in hay and straw, used to act + the part of Shrove Tuesday (<span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">Mardi + Gras</span></span>), as the personification of the Carnival is + often called in France after the last day of the period which he + personates. He was brought before a mock tribunal, and being + condemned to death was placed with his back to a wall, like a + soldier at a military execution, and fired at with blank + cartridges. At Vrigne-aux-Bois one of these harmless buffoons, + named Thierry, was accidentally killed by a wad that had been left + in a musket of the firing-party. When poor Shrove Tuesday dropped + under the fire, the applause was loud and long, he did it so + naturally; but when he did not get up again, they ran to him and + found him a corpse. Since then there have been no more of these + mock executions in the Ardennes.<a id="noteref_609" name= + "noteref_609" href="#note_609"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">609</span></span></a> In + Franche-Comté people used to make an effigy of Shrove Tuesday on + Ash Wednesday, and carry it about the streets to the accompaniment + of songs. Then they brought it to the public square, where the + offender was tried in front of the town-hall. Judges muffled in old + red curtains and holding big books in their hands pronounced + sentence of death. The mode of execution varied with the place. + Sometimes it was burning, sometimes drowning, sometimes + decapitation. In the last case the effigy was provided with tubes + of blood, which spouted gore at the critical moment, making a + profound impression on the minds of children, some of whom wept + bitterly at the sight. Meantime the onlookers uttered piercing + cries and appeared to be plunged in the deepest grief. The + proceedings generally wound up in the evening with a ball, which + the young married people were obliged to provide for the public + entertainment; otherwise their slumbers were apt to be disturbed by + the discordant notes of a cat's concert chanted under their + windows.<a id="noteref_610" name="noteref_610" href= + "#note_610"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">610</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page228">[pg 228]</span><a name="Pg228" id="Pg228" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Burial of Shrove Tuesday in + Normandy. Burning Shrove Tuesday at Saint-Lô.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Normandy on + the evening of Ash Wednesday it used to be the custom to hold a + celebration called the Burial of Shrove Tuesday. A squalid effigy + scantily clothed in rags, a battered old hat crushed down on his + dirty face, his great round paunch stuffed with straw, represented + the disreputable old rake who after a long course of dissipation + was now about to suffer for his sins. Hoisted on the shoulders of a + sturdy fellow, who pretended to stagger under the burden, this + popular personification of the Carnival promenaded the streets for + the last time in a manner the reverse of triumphal. Preceded by a + drummer and accompanied by a jeering rabble, among whom the urchins + and all the tag-rag and bobtail of the town mustered in great + force, the figure was carried about by the flickering light of + torches to the discordant din of shovels and tongs, pots and pans, + horns and kettles, mingled with hootings, groans, and hisses. From + time to time the procession halted, and a champion of morality + accused the broken-down old sinner of all the excesses he had + committed and for which he was now about to be burned alive. The + culprit, having nothing to urge in his own defence, was thrown on a + heap of straw, a torch was put to it, and a great blaze shot up, to + the delight of the children who frisked round it screaming out some + old popular verses about the death of the Carnival. Sometimes the + effigy was rolled down the slope of a hill before being + burnt.<a id="noteref_611" name="noteref_611" href= + "#note_611"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">611</span></span></a> At + Saint-Lô the ragged effigy of Shrove Tuesday was followed by his + widow, a big burly lout dressed as a woman with a crape veil, who + emitted sounds of lamentation and woe in a stentorian voice. After + being carried about the streets on a litter attended by a crowd of + maskers, the figure was thrown into the River Vire. The final scene + has been graphically described by Madame Octave Feuillet as she + witnessed it in her childhood some fifty years ago. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“My parents invited friends to see, from the top of the + tower of Jeanne Couillard, the funeral procession passing. It was + there that, quaffing lemonade—the only refreshment allowed because + of the fast—we <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page229">[pg + 229]</span><a name="Pg229" id="Pg229" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + witnessed at nightfall a spectacle of which I shall always preserve + a lively recollection. At our feet flowed the Vire under its old + stone bridge. On the middle of the bridge lay the figure of Shrove + Tuesday on a litter of leaves, surrounded by scores of maskers + dancing, singing, and carrying torches. Some of them in their + motley costumes ran along the parapet like fiends. The rest, worn + out with their revels, sat on the posts and dozed. Soon the dancing + stopped, and some of the troop, seizing a torch, set fire to the + effigy, after which they flung it into the river with redoubled + shouts and clamour. The man of straw, soaked with resin, floated + away burning down the stream of the Vire, lighting up with its + funeral fires the woods on the bank and the battlements of the old + castle in which Louis XI. and Francis I. had slept. When the last + glimmer of the blazing phantom had vanished, like a falling star, + at the end of the valley, every one withdrew, crowd and maskers + alike, and we quitted the ramparts with our guests. As we returned + home my father sang gaily the old popular song:—</span></p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Shrove Tuesday is dead + and his wife has got</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + His shabby pocket-handkerchief and his cracked old + pot.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + Sing high, sing low,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Shrove Tuesday will come + back no more.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">”</span></span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q"><span class="tei tei-q">‘He will come back! He will + come back!’</span> we cried warmly, clapping our hands; and he did + come back next year, and I think I should see him still if, after + the lapse of half a century, I returned to the land of my + birth.”</span><a id="noteref_612" name="noteref_612" href= + "#note_612"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">612</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Burial of Shrove Tuesday or the + Carnival in Brittany.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Upper + Brittany the burial of Shrove Tuesday or the Carnival is sometimes + performed in a ceremonious manner. Four young fellows carry a + straw-man or one of their companions, and are followed by a funeral + procession. A show is made of depositing the pretended corpse in + the grave, after which the bystanders make believe to mourn, crying + out in melancholy tones, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ah! my poor + little Shrove Tuesday!”</span> The boy who played the part of + Shrove Tuesday bears the name for the whole year.<a id= + "noteref_613" name="noteref_613" href="#note_613"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">613</span></span></a> At + Lesneven in Lower Brittany it was formerly the custom on Ash + Wednesday to burn a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page230">[pg + 230]</span><a name="Pg230" id="Pg230" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + straw-man, covered with rags, after he had been promenaded about + the town. He was followed by a representative of Shrove Tuesday + clothed with sardines and cods' tails.<a id="noteref_614" name= + "noteref_614" href="#note_614"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">614</span></span></a> At + Pontaven in Finistère an effigy representing the Carnival used to + be thrown from the quay into the sea on the morning of Ash + Wednesday.<a id="noteref_615" name="noteref_615" href= + "#note_615"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">615</span></span></a> At La + Rochelle the porters and sailors carried about a man of straw + representing Shrove Tuesday, then burned it on Ash Wednesday and + flung the ashes into the sea.<a id="noteref_616" name="noteref_616" + href="#note_616"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">616</span></span></a> In + Saintonge and Aunis, which correspond roughly to the modern + departments of Charente, children used to drown or burn a figure of + the Carnival on the morning of Ash Wednesday.<a id="noteref_617" + name="noteref_617" href="#note_617"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">617</span></span></a> The + beginning of Lent in England was formerly marked by a custom which + has now fallen into disuse. A figure, made up of straw and cast-off + clothes, was drawn or carried through the streets amid much noise + and merriment; after which it was either burnt, shot at, or thrown + down a chimney. This image went by the name of Jack o' Lent, and + was by some supposed to represent Judas Iscariot.<a id= + "noteref_618" name="noteref_618" href="#note_618"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">618</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Burying the Carnival in Germany + and Austria.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A Bohemian form + of the custom of <span class="tei tei-q">“Burying the + Carnival”</span> has been already described.<a id="noteref_619" + name="noteref_619" href="#note_619"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">619</span></span></a> The + following Swabian form is obviously similar. In the neighbourhood + of Tübingen on Shrove Tuesday a straw-man, called the Shrovetide + Bear, is made up; he is dressed in a pair of old trousers, and a + fresh black-pudding or two squirts filled with blood are inserted + in his neck. After a formal condemnation he is beheaded, laid in a + coffin, and on Ash Wednesday is buried in the churchyard. This is + called <span class="tei tei-q">“Burying the Carnival.”</span><a id= + "noteref_620" name="noteref_620" href="#note_620"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">620</span></span></a> + Amongst some of the Saxons of Transylvania the Carnival is hanged. + Thus at Braller on Ash Wednesday or Shrove Tuesday two white and + two chestnut horses draw a sledge on which is placed a straw-man + swathed in a white cloth; <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page231">[pg + 231]</span><a name="Pg231" id="Pg231" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + beside him is a cart-wheel which is kept turning round. Two lads + disguised as old men follow the sledge lamenting. The rest of the + village lads, mounted on horseback and decked with ribbons, + accompany the procession, which is headed by two girls crowned with + evergreen and drawn in a waggon or sledge. A trial is held under a + tree, at which lads disguised as soldiers pronounce sentence of + death. The two old men try to rescue the straw-man and to fly with + him, but to no purpose; he is caught by the two girls and handed + over to the executioner, who hangs him on a tree. In vain the old + men try to climb up the tree and take him down; they always tumble + down, and at last in despair they throw themselves on the ground + and weep and howl for the hanged man. An official then makes a + speech in which he declares that the Carnival was condemned to + death because he had done them harm, by wearing out their shoes and + making them tired and sleepy.<a id="noteref_621" name="noteref_621" + href="#note_621"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">621</span></span></a> At + the <span class="tei tei-q">“Burial of Carnival”</span> in + Lechrain, a man dressed as a woman in black clothes is carried on a + litter or bier by four men; he is lamented over by men disguised as + women in black clothes, then thrown down before the village + dung-heap, drenched with water, buried in the dung-heap, and + covered with straw.<a id="noteref_622" name="noteref_622" href= + "#note_622"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">622</span></span></a> + Similarly in Schörzingen, near Schömberg, the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Carnival (Shrovetide) Fool”</span> was carried all + about the village on a bier, preceded by a man dressed in white, + and followed by a devil who was dressed in black and carried + chains, which he clanked. One of the train collected gifts. After + the procession the Fool was buried under straw and dung.<a id= + "noteref_623" name="noteref_623" href="#note_623"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">623</span></span></a> In + Rottweil the <span class="tei tei-q">“Carnival Fool”</span> is made + drunk on Ash Wednesday and buried under straw amid loud + lamentation.<a id="noteref_624" name="noteref_624" href= + "#note_624"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">624</span></span></a> In + Wurmlingen the Fool is represented by a young fellow enveloped in + straw, who is led about the village by a rope as a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Bear”</span> on Shrove Tuesday and the preceding day. + He dances to the flute. Then on Ash Wednesday a straw-man is made, + placed on a trough, carried out of the village to the sound of + drums and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page232">[pg + 232]</span><a name="Pg232" id="Pg232" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + mournful music, and buried in a field.<a id="noteref_625" name= + "noteref_625" href="#note_625"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">625</span></span></a> In + Altdorf and Weingarten on Ash Wednesday the Fool, represented by a + straw-man, is carried about and then thrown into the water to the + accompaniment of melancholy music. In other villages of Swabia the + part of fool is played by a live person, who is thrown into the + water after being carried about in procession.<a id="noteref_626" + name="noteref_626" href="#note_626"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">626</span></span></a> At + Balwe, in Westphalia, a straw-man is made on Shrove Tuesday and + thrown into the river amid rejoicings. This is called, as usual, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Burying the Carnival.”</span><a id= + "noteref_627" name="noteref_627" href="#note_627"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">627</span></span></a> At + Burgebrach, in Bavaria, it used to be customary, as a public + pastime, to hold a sort of court of justice on Ash Wednesday. The + accused was a straw-man, on whom was laid the burden of all the + notorious transgressions that had been committed in the course of + the year. Twelve chosen maidens sat in judgment and pronounced + sentence, and a single advocate pleaded the cause of the public + scapegoat. Finally the effigy was burnt, and thus all the offences + that had created a scandal in the community during the year were + symbolically atoned for. We can hardly doubt that this custom of + burning a straw-man on Ash Wednesday for the sins of a whole year + is only another form of the custom, observed on the same day in so + many other places, of burning an effigy which is supposed to embody + and to be responsible for all the excesses committed during the + licence of the Carnival.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Burning the Carnival in Greece. + Esthonian custom on Shrove Tuesday.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Greece a + ceremony of the same sort was witnessed at Pylos by Mr. E. L. + Tilton in 1895. On the evening of the first day of the Greek Lent, + which fell that year on the twenty-fifth of February, an effigy + with a grotesque mask for a face was borne about the streets on a + bier, preceded by a mock priest with long white beard. Other + functionaries surrounded the bier and two torch-bearers walked in + advance. The procession moved slowly to melancholy music played by + a pipe and drum. A final halt was made in the public square, where + a circular space was kept clear of the surging crowd. Here a + bonfire was kindled, and round it the priest led a wild dance to + the same droning music. When the frenzy was at <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page233">[pg 233]</span><a name="Pg233" id="Pg233" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> its height, the chief performer put tow + on the effigy and set fire to it, and while it blazed he resumed + his mad career, brandishing torches and tearing off his venerable + beard to add fuel to the flames.<a id="noteref_628" name= + "noteref_628" href="#note_628"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">628</span></span></a> On + the evening of Shrove Tuesday the Esthonians make a straw figure + called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">metsik</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“wood-spirit”</span>; one year it is dressed with a + man's coat and hat, next year with a hood and a petticoat. This + figure is stuck on a long pole, carried across the boundary of the + village with loud cries of joy, and fastened to the top of a tree + in the wood. The ceremony is believed to be a protection against + all kinds of misfortune.<a id="noteref_629" name="noteref_629" + href="#note_629"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">629</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Resurrection enacted in these + ceremonies.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sometimes at + these Shrovetide or Lenten ceremonies the resurrection of the + pretended dead person is enacted. Thus, in some parts of Swabia on + Shrove Tuesday Dr. Iron-Beard professes to bleed a sick man, who + thereupon falls as dead to the ground; but the doctor at last + restores him to life by blowing air into him through a tube.<a id= + "noteref_630" name="noteref_630" href="#note_630"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">630</span></span></a> In + the Harz Mountains, when Carnival is over, a man is laid on a + baking-trough and carried with dirges to a grave; but in the grave + a glass of brandy is buried instead of the man. A speech is + delivered and then the people return to the village-green or + meeting-place, where they smoke the long clay pipes which are + distributed at funerals. On the morning of Shrove Tuesday in the + following year the brandy is dug up and the festival begins by + every one tasting the spirit which, as the phrase goes, has come to + life again.<a id="noteref_631" name="noteref_631" href= + "#note_631"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">631</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc43" id="toc43"></a> <a name="pdf44" id="pdf44"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 4. Carrying out Death.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Carrying out Death in + Bavaria.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The ceremony of + <span class="tei tei-q">“Carrying out Death”</span> presents much + the same features as <span class="tei tei-q">“Burying the + Carnival”</span>; except that the carrying out of Death is + generally followed by a ceremony, or at least accompanied by a + profession, of bringing in Summer, Spring, or Life. Thus in Middle + Franken, a province of Bavaria, on the fourth Sunday in Lent, the + village urchins used to make a straw effigy of Death, which + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page234">[pg 234]</span><a name= + "Pg234" id="Pg234" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> they carried about + with burlesque pomp through the streets, and afterwards burned with + loud cries beyond the bounds.<a id="noteref_632" name="noteref_632" + href="#note_632"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">632</span></span></a> The + Frankish custom is thus described by a writer of the sixteenth + century: <span class="tei tei-q">“At Mid-Lent, the season when the + church bids us rejoice, the young people of my native country make + a straw image of Death, and fastening it to a pole carry it with + shouts to the neighbouring villages. By some they are kindly + received, and after being refreshed with milk, peas, and dried + pears, the usual food of that season, are sent home again. Others, + however, treat them with anything but hospitality; for, looking on + them as harbingers of misfortune, to wit of death, they drive them + from their boundaries with weapons and insults.”</span><a id= + "noteref_633" name="noteref_633" href="#note_633"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">633</span></span></a> In + the villages near Erlangen, when the fourth Sunday in Lent came + round, the peasant girls used to dress themselves in all their + finery with flowers in their hair. Thus attired they repaired to + the neighbouring town, carrying puppets which were adorned with + leaves and covered with white cloths. These they took from house to + house in pairs, stopping at every door where they expected to + receive something, and singing a few lines in which they announced + that it was Mid-Lent and that they were about to throw Death into + the water. When they had collected some trifling gratuities they + went to the river Regnitz and flung the puppets representing Death + into the stream. This was done to ensure a fruitful and prosperous + year; further, it was considered a safeguard against pestilence and + sudden death.<a id="noteref_634" name="noteref_634" href= + "#note_634"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">634</span></span></a> At + Nuremberg girls of seven to eighteen years of age go through the + streets bearing a little open coffin, in which is a doll hidden + under a shroud. Others carry a beech branch, with an apple fastened + to it for a head, in an open box. They sing, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“We carry Death into the water, it is well,”</span> or + <span class="tei tei-q">“We carry Death into the water, carry him + in and out again.”</span><a id="noteref_635" name="noteref_635" + href="#note_635"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">635</span></span></a> In + other parts of Bavaria the ceremony took place on the Saturday + before the fifth Sunday in Lent, and the performers were boys or + girls, according to the sex of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page235">[pg 235]</span><a name="Pg235" id="Pg235" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the last person who died in the village. The + figure was thrown into water or buried in a secret place, for + example under moss in the forest, that no one might find Death + again. Then early on Sunday morning the children went from house to + house singing a song in which they announced the glad tidings that + Death was gone.<a id="noteref_636" name="noteref_636" href= + "#note_636"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">636</span></span></a> In + some parts of Bavaria down to 1780 it was believed that a fatal + epidemic would ensue if the custom of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Carrying out Death”</span> were not observed.<a id= + "noteref_637" name="noteref_637" href="#note_637"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">637</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Carrying out Death in + Thüringen.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In some villages + of Thüringen, on the fourth Sunday of Lent, the children used to + carry a puppet of birchen twigs through the village, and then threw + it into a pool, while they sang, <span class="tei tei-q">“We carry + the old Death out behind the herdsman's old house; we have got + Summer, and Kroden's (?) power is destroyed.”</span><a id= + "noteref_638" name="noteref_638" href="#note_638"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">638</span></span></a> At + Debschwitz or Dobschwitz, near Gera, the ceremony of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Driving out Death”</span> is or was annually observed + on the first of March. The young people make up a figure of straw + or the like materials, dress it in old clothes, which they have + begged from houses in the village, and carry it out and throw it + into the river. On returning to the village they break the good + news to the people, and receive eggs and other victuals as a + reward. The ceremony is or was supposed to purify the village and + to protect the inhabitants from sickness and plague. In other + villages of Thüringen, in which the population was originally + Slavonic, the carrying out of the puppet is accompanied with the + singing of a song, which begins, <span class="tei tei-q">“Now we + carry Death out of the village and Spring into the + village.”</span><a id="noteref_639" name="noteref_639" href= + "#note_639"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">639</span></span></a> At + the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth century + the custom was observed in Thüringen as follows. The boys and girls + made an effigy of straw or the like materials, but the shape of the + figure varied from year to year. In one year it would represent an + old man, in the next an old woman, in the third a young man, and in + the fourth a maiden, and the dress of the figure varied with the + character <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page236">[pg + 236]</span><a name="Pg236" id="Pg236" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + it personated. There used to be a sharp contest as to where the + effigy was to be made, for the people thought that the house from + which it was carried forth would not be visited with death that + year. Having been made, the puppet was fastened to a pole and + carried by a girl if it represented an old man, but by a boy if it + represented an old woman. Thus it was borne in procession, the + young people holding sticks in their hands and singing that they + were driving out Death. When they came to water they threw the + effigy into it and ran hastily back, fearing that it might jump on + their shoulders and wring their necks. They also took care not to + touch it, lest it should dry them up. On their return they beat the + cattle with the sticks, believing that this would make the animals + fat or fruitful. Afterwards they visited the house or houses from + which they had carried the image of Death, where they received a + dole of half-boiled peas.<a id="noteref_640" name="noteref_640" + href="#note_640"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">640</span></span></a> The + custom of <span class="tei tei-q">“Carrying out Death”</span> was + practised also in Saxony. At Leipsic the bastards and public women + used to make a straw effigy of Death every year at Mid-Lent. This + they carried through all the streets with songs and shewed it to + the young married women. Finally they threw it into the river + Parthe. By this ceremony they professed to make the young wives + fruitful, to purify the city, and to protect the inhabitants for + that year from plague and other epidemics.<a id="noteref_641" name= + "noteref_641" href="#note_641"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">641</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Carrying out Death in + Silesia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ceremonies of + the same sort are observed at Mid-Lent in Silesia. Thus in many + places the grown girls with the help of the young men dress up a + straw figure with women's clothes and carry it out of the village + towards the setting sun. At the boundary they strip it of its + clothes, tear it in pieces, and scatter the fragments about the + fields. This is called <span class="tei tei-q">“Burying + Death.”</span> As they carry the image out, they sing that they are + about to bury death under an oak, that <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page237">[pg 237]</span><a name="Pg237" id="Pg237" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> he may depart from the people. Sometimes the + song runs that they are bearing death over hill and dale to return + no more. In the Polish neighbourhood of Gross-Strehlitz the puppet + is called Goik. It is carried on horseback and thrown into the + nearest water. The people think that the ceremony protects them + from sickness of every sort in the coming year. In the districts of + Wohlau and Guhrau the image of Death used to be thrown over the + boundary of the next village. But as the neighbours feared to + receive the ill-omened figure, they were on the look-out to repel + it, and hard knocks were often exchanged between the two parties. + In some Polish parts of Upper Silesia the effigy, representing an + old woman, goes by the name of Marzana, the goddess of death. It is + made in the house where the last death occurred, and is carried on + a pole to the boundary of the village, where it is thrown into a + pond or burnt. At Polkwitz the custom of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Carrying out Death”</span> fell into abeyance; but an + outbreak of fatal sickness which followed the intermission of the + ceremony induced the people to resume it.<a id="noteref_642" name= + "noteref_642" href="#note_642"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">642</span></span></a> Some + of the Moravians of Silesia make three puppets on this occasion: + one represents a man, another a bride, and the third a bridesmaid. + The first is carried by the boys, the two last by the girls. + Formerly these effigies were torn to pieces at a brook; now they + are brought home again.<a id="noteref_643" name="noteref_643" href= + "#note_643"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">643</span></span></a> In + this last custom two of the figures are clearly conceived as bride + and bridegroom.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Carrying out Death in + Bohemia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Bohemia the + children go out with a straw-man, representing Death, to the end of + the village, where they burn it, singing—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Now carry we Death out + of the village,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + The new Summer into the village,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + Welcome, dear Summer,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Green little + corn.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_644" name= + "noteref_644" href="#note_644"><span class="tei tei-noteref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">644</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Tabor in + Bohemia the figure of Death is carried out of the town and flung + from a high rock into the water, while they sing—</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page238">[pg 238]</span><a name="Pg238" id="Pg238" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Death swims on the + water,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + Summer will soon be here,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + We carried Death away for you,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + We brought the Summer.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + And do thou, O holy Marketa,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + Give us a good year</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">For wheat and for + rye.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_645" name= + "noteref_645" href="#note_645"><span class="tei tei-noteref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">645</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In other parts + of Bohemia they carry Death to the end of the village, singing—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">We carry Death out of + the village,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + And the New Year into the village.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + Dear Spring, we bid you welcome,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Green grass, we bid you + welcome.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Behind the + village they erect a pyre, on which they burn the straw figure, + reviling and scoffing at it the while. Then they return, + singing—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">We have carried away + Death,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + And brought Life back.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + He has taken up his quarters in the village,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Therefore sing joyous + songs.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_646" name= + "noteref_646" href="#note_646"><span class="tei tei-noteref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">646</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Carrying out Death in + Moravia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In some German + villages of Moravia, as in Jassnitz and Seitendorf, the young folk + assemble on the third Sunday in Lent and fashion a straw-man, who + is generally adorned with a fur cap and a pair of old leathern + hose, if such are to be had. The effigy is then hoisted on a pole + and carried by the lads and lasses out into the open fields. On the + way they sing a song, in which it is said that they are carrying + Death away and bringing dear Summer into the house, and with Summer + the May and the flowers. On reaching an appointed place they dance + in a circle round the effigy with loud shouts and screams, then + suddenly rush at it and tear it to pieces with their hands. Lastly, + the pieces are thrown together in a heap, the pole is broken, and + fire is set to the whole. While it burns the troop dances merrily + round it, rejoicing at the victory won by Spring; and when the fire + has nearly died out they go to the householders to beg for a + present of eggs wherewith to hold a <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page239">[pg 239]</span><a name="Pg239" id="Pg239" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> feast, taking care to give as a reason for + the request that they have carried Death out and away.<a id= + "noteref_647" name="noteref_647" href="#note_647"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">647</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The effigy of Death feared and + abhorred.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The preceding + evidence shews that the effigy of Death is often regarded with fear + and treated with marks of hatred and abhorrence. Thus the anxiety + of the villagers to transfer the figure from their own to their + neighbours' land, and the reluctance of the latter to receive the + ominous guest, are proof enough of the dread which it inspires. + Further, in Lusatia and Silesia the puppet is sometimes made to + look in at the window of a house, and it is believed that some one + in the house will die within the year unless his life is redeemed + by the payment of money.<a id="noteref_648" name="noteref_648" + href="#note_648"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">648</span></span></a> + Again, after throwing the effigy away, the bearers sometimes run + home lest Death should follow them, and if one of them falls in + running, it is believed that he will die within the year.<a id= + "noteref_649" name="noteref_649" href="#note_649"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">649</span></span></a> At + Chrudim, in Bohemia, the figure of Death is made out of a cross, + with a head and mask stuck at the top, and a shirt stretched out on + it. On the fifth Sunday in Lent the boys take this effigy to the + nearest brook or pool, and standing in a line throw it into the + water. Then they all plunge in after it; but as soon as it is + caught no one more may enter the water. The boy who did not enter + the water or entered it last will die within the year, and he is + obliged to carry the Death back to the village. The effigy is then + burned.<a id="noteref_650" name="noteref_650" href= + "#note_650"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">650</span></span></a> On + the other hand, it is believed that no one will die within the year + in the house out of which the figure of Death has been + carried;<a id="noteref_651" name="noteref_651" href= + "#note_651"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">651</span></span></a> and + the village out of which Death has been driven is sometimes + supposed to be protected against sickness and plague.<a id= + "noteref_652" name="noteref_652" href="#note_652"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">652</span></span></a> In + some villages of Austrian Silesia on the Saturday before Dead + Sunday an effigy is made of old clothes, hay, and straw, for the + purpose of driving Death out of the village. On Sunday the people, + armed with sticks <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page240">[pg + 240]</span><a name="Pg240" id="Pg240" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + and straps, assemble before the house where the figure is lodged. + Four lads then draw the effigy by cords through the village amid + exultant shouts, while all the others beat it with their sticks and + straps. On reaching a field which belongs to a neighbouring village + they lay down the figure, cudgel it soundly, and scatter the + fragments over the field. The people believe that the village from + which Death has been thus carried out will be safe from any + infectious disease for the whole year.<a id="noteref_653" name= + "noteref_653" href="#note_653"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">653</span></span></a> In + Slavonia the figure of Death is cudgelled and then rent in + two.<a id="noteref_654" name="noteref_654" href= + "#note_654"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">654</span></span></a> In + Poland the effigy, made of hemp and straw, is flung into a pool or + swamp with the words <span class="tei tei-q">“The devil take + thee.”</span><a id="noteref_655" name="noteref_655" href= + "#note_655"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">655</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc45" id="toc45"></a> <a name="pdf46" id="pdf46"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 5. Sawing the Old + Woman.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Sawing the Old Woman at Mid-Lent + in Italy.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The custom of + <span class="tei tei-q">“Sawing the Old Woman,”</span> which is or + used to be observed in Italy, France, and Spain on the fourth + Sunday in Lent, is doubtless, as Grimm supposes, merely another + form of the custom of <span class="tei tei-q">“Carrying out + Death.”</span> A great hideous figure representing the oldest woman + of the village was dragged out and sawn in two, amid a prodigious + noise made with cow-bells, pots and pans, and so forth.<a id= + "noteref_656" name="noteref_656" href="#note_656"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">656</span></span></a> In + Palermo the representation used to be still more lifelike. At + Mid-Lent an old woman was drawn through the streets on a cart, + attended by two men dressed in the costume of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Compagnia de' + Bianchi</span></span>, a society or religious order whose function + it was to attend and console prisoners condemned to death. A + scaffold was erected in a public square; the old woman mounted it, + and two mock executioners proceeded, amid a storm of huzzas and + hand-clapping, to saw through her neck, or rather through a bladder + of blood which had been previously fitted to it. The blood gushed + out and the old woman pretended to swoon and die. The last of these + mock executions took place in 1737.<a id="noteref_657" name= + "noteref_657" href="#note_657"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">657</span></span></a> In + Florence, during <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page241">[pg + 241]</span><a name="Pg241" id="Pg241" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Old Woman was + represented by a figure stuffed with walnuts and dried figs and + fastened to the top of a ladder. At Mid-Lent this effigy was sawn + through the middle under the <span lang="it" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="it"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Loggie</span></span> of the Mercato Nuovo, and + as the dried fruits tumbled out they were scrambled for by the + crowd. A trace of the custom is still to be seen in the practice, + observed by urchins, of secretly pinning paper ladders to the + shoulders of women of the lower classes who happen to shew + themselves in the streets on the morning of Mid-Lent.<a id= + "noteref_658" name="noteref_658" href="#note_658"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">658</span></span></a> A + similar custom is observed by urchins in Rome; and at Naples on the + first of April boys cut strips of cloth into the shape of saws, + smear them with gypsum, and strike passers-by with their "saws" on + the back, thus imprinting the figure of a saw upon their + clothes.<a id="noteref_659" name="noteref_659" href= + "#note_659"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">659</span></span></a> At + Montalto, in Calabria, boys go about at Mid-Lent with little saws + made of cane and jeer at old people, who therefore generally stay + indoors on that day. The Calabrian women meet together at this time + and feast on figs, chestnuts, honey, and so forth; this they call + <span class="tei tei-q">“Sawing the Old Woman”</span>—a + reminiscence probably of a custom like the old Florentine + one.<a id="noteref_660" name="noteref_660" href= + "#note_660"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">660</span></span></a> In + Lombardy the Thursday of Mid-Lent is known as the Day of the Old + Wives (<span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "it"><span style="font-style: italic">il giorno delle + vecchie</span></span>). The children run about crying out for the + oldest woman, whom they wish to burn; and failing to possess + themselves of the original, they make a puppet representing her, + which in the evening is consumed on a bonfire. On the Lake of Garda + the blaze of light flaring at different points on the hills + produces a picturesque effect.<a id="noteref_661" name= + "noteref_661" href="#note_661"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">661</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Sawing the Old Woman at Mid-Lent + in France.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Berry, a + region of central France, the custom of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Sawing the Old Woman”</span> at Mid-Lent used to be + popular, and has probably not wholly died out even now. Here the + name of <span class="tei tei-q">“Fairs of the old Wives”</span> was + given to certain fairs held in Lent, at which children were made to + believe that they would see the Old Woman of Mid-Lent split or sawn + asunder. At Argenton and Cluis-Dessus, when Mid-Lent has come, + children of ten or twelve years of age scour the streets with + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page242">[pg 242]</span><a name= + "Pg242" id="Pg242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> wooden swords, + pursue the old crones whom they meet, and even try to break into + the houses where ancient dames are known to live. Passers-by, who + see the children thus engaged, say, <span class="tei tei-q">“They + are going to cut or sabre the Old Woman.”</span> Meantime the old + wives take care to keep out of sight as much as possible. When the + children of Cluis-Dessus have gone their rounds, and the day draws + towards evening, they repair to Cluis-Dessous, where they mould a + rude figure of an old woman out of clay, hew it in pieces with + their wooden swords, and throw the bits into the river. At Bourges + on the same day, an effigy representing an old woman was formerly + sawn in two on the crier's stone in a public square. About the + middle of the nineteenth century, in the same town and on the same + day, hundreds of children assembled at the Hospital <span class= + "tei tei-q">“to see the old woman split or divided in two.”</span> + A religious service was held in the building on this occasion, + which attracted many idlers. In the streets it was not uncommon to + hear cries of <span class="tei tei-q">“Let us cleave the Old Wife! + let us cleave the oldest woman of the ward!”</span> At Tulle, on + the day of Mid-Lent, the people used to enquire after the oldest + woman in the town, and to tell the children that at mid-day + punctually she was to be sawn in two at Puy-Saint-Clair.<a id= + "noteref_662" name="noteref_662" href="#note_662"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">662</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Sawing the Old Woman at Mid-Lent + in Spain and among the Slavs.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Barcelona on + the fourth Sunday in Lent boys run about the streets, some with + saws, others with billets of wood, others again with cloths in + which they collect gratuities. They sing a song in which it is said + that they are looking for the oldest woman of the city for the + purpose of sawing her in two in honour of Mid-Lent; at last, + pretending to have found her, they saw something in two and burn + it. A like custom is found amongst the South Slavs. In Lent the + Croats tell their children that at noon an old woman is being sawn + in two outside the gates; and in Carniola also the saying is + current that at Mid-Lent an old woman is taken out of the village + and sawn in two. The North Slavonian expression for keeping + Mid-Lent is <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bábu rezati</span></span>, that is, + <span class="tei tei-q">“sawing the Old Wife.”</span><a id= + "noteref_663" name="noteref_663" href="#note_663"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">663</span></span></a> In + the Graubünden Canton of Switzerland, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page243">[pg 243]</span><a name="Pg243" id="Pg243" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> on <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Invocavit</span></span> Sunday, grown people + used to assemble in the ale-house and there saw in two a straw + puppet which they called Mrs. Winter or the Ugly Woman + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">bagorda</span></span>), while the children in + the streets teased each other with wooden saws.<a id="noteref_664" + name="noteref_664" href="#note_664"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">664</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Sawing the Old Woman on Palm + Sunday among the gypsies.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the + gypsies of south-eastern Europe the custom of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sawing the Old Woman in two”</span> is observed in a + very graphic form, not at Mid-Lent, but on the afternoon of Palm + Sunday. The Old Woman, represented by a puppet of straw dressed in + women's clothes, is laid across a beam in some open place and + beaten with clubs by the assembled gypsies, after which it is sawn + in two by a young man and a maiden, both of whom wear a disguise. + While the effigy is being sawn through, the rest of the company + dance round it singing songs of various sorts. The remains of the + figure are finally burnt, and the ashes thrown into a stream. The + ceremony is supposed by the gypsies themselves to be observed in + honour of a certain Shadow Queen; hence Palm Sunday goes by the + name Shadow Day among all the strolling gypsies of eastern and + southern Europe. According to the popular belief, this Shadow + Queen, of whom the gypsies of to-day have only a very vague and + confused conception, vanishes underground at the appearance of + spring, but comes forth again at the beginning of winter to plague + mankind during that inclement season with sickness, hunger, and + death. Among the vagrant gypsies of southern Hungary the effigy is + regarded as an expiatory and thank offering made to the Shadow + Queen for having spared the people during the winter. In + Transylvania the gypsies who live in tents clothe the puppet in the + cast-off garments of the woman who has last become a widow. The + widow herself gives the clothes gladly for this purpose, because + she thinks that being burnt they will pass into the possession of + her departed husband, who will thus have no excuse for returning + from the spirit-land to visit her. The ashes are thrown by the + Transylvanian gypsies on the first graveyard that they pass on + their journey.<a id="noteref_665" name="noteref_665" href= + "#note_665"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">665</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page244">[pg 244]</span><a name= + "Pg244" id="Pg244" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> In this gypsy custom + the equivalence of the effigy of the Old Woman to the effigy of + Death in the customs we have just been considering comes out very + clearly, thus strongly confirming the opinion of Grimm that the + practice of <span class="tei tei-q">“sawing the Old Woman”</span> + is only another form of the practice of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“carrying out Death.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Seven-legged effigies of Lent in + Spain.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The same perhaps + may be said of a somewhat different form which the custom assumes + in parts of Spain and Italy. In Spain it is sometimes usual on Ash + Wednesday to fashion an effigy of stucco or pasteboard representing + a hideous old woman with seven legs, wearing a crown of sorrel and + spinach, and holding a sceptre in her hand. The seven skinny legs + stand for the seven weeks of the Lenten fast which begins on Ash + Wednesday. This monster, proclaimed Queen of Lent amid the chanting + of lugubrious songs, is carried in triumph through the crowded + streets and public places. On reaching the principal square the + people put out their torches, cease shouting, and disperse. Their + revels are now ended, and they take a vow to hold no more merry + meetings until all the legs of the old woman have fallen one by one + and she has been beheaded. The effigy is then deposited in some + place appointed for the purpose, where the public is admitted to + see it during the whole of Lent. Every week, on Saturday evening, + one of the Queen's legs is pulled off; and on Holy Saturday, when + from every church tower the joyous clangour of the bells proclaims + the glad tidings that Christ is risen, the mutilated body of the + fallen Queen is carried with great solemnity to the principal + square and publicly beheaded.<a id="noteref_666" name="noteref_666" + href="#note_666"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">666</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Seven-legged effigies of Lent in + Italy.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A custom of the + same sort prevails in various parts of Italy. Thus in the Abruzzi + they hang a puppet of tow, representing Lent, to a cord, which + stretches across the street from one window to another. Seven + feathers are attached to the figure, and in its hand it grasps a + distaff and spindle. Every Saturday in Lent one of the seven + feathers is plucked out, and on Holy Saturday, while the bells are + ringing, a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page245">[pg + 245]</span><a name="Pg245" id="Pg245" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + string of chestnuts is burnt for the purpose of sending Lent and + its meagre fare to the devil. In houses, too, it is usual to amuse + children by cutting the figure of an old woman with seven legs out + of pasteboard and sticking it beside the chimney. The old woman + represents Lent, and her seven legs are the seven weeks of the + fast; every Saturday one of the legs is amputated. At Mid-Lent the + effigy is cut through the middle, and the part of which the feet + have been already amputated is removed. Sometimes the figure is + stuffed with sweets, dried fruits, and halfpence, for which the + street urchins scramble when the puppet is bisected.<a id= + "noteref_667" name="noteref_667" href="#note_667"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">667</span></span></a> In + the Sorrentine peninsula Lent is similarly represented by the + effigy of a wrinkled old hag with a spindle and distaff, which is + fastened to a balcony or a window. Attached to the figure is an + orange with as many feathers stuck into it as there are weeks in + Lent, and at the end of each week one of the feathers is plucked + out. At Mid-Lent the puppet is sawn in two, an operation which is + sometimes attended by a gush of blood from a bladder concealed in + the interior of the figure. Any old women who shew themselves in + the streets on that day are exposed to jibes and jests, and may be + warned that they ought to remain at home.<a id="noteref_668" name= + "noteref_668" href="#note_668"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">668</span></span></a> At + Castellammare, to the south of Naples, an English lady observed a + rude puppet dangling from a string which spanned one of the narrow + streets of the old town, being fastened at either end, high + overhead, to the upper part of the many-storied houses. The puppet, + about a foot long, was dressed all in black, rather like a nun, and + from the skirts projected five or six feathers which bore a certain + resemblance to legs. A peasant being asked what these things meant, + replied with Italian vagueness, <span class="tei tei-q">“It is only + Lent.”</span> Further enquiries, however, elicited the information + that at the end of every week in Lent one of the feather legs was + pulled off the puppet, and that the puppet was finally destroyed on + the last day of Lent.<a id="noteref_669" name="noteref_669" href= + "#note_669"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">669</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page246">[pg 246]</span><a name= + "Pg246" id="Pg246" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc47" id="toc47"></a> <a name="pdf48" id="pdf48"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 6. Bringing in Summer.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The custom of carrying out Death + is often followed by the ceremony of bringing in Summer, in + which the Summer is represented by a tree or branches.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the preceding + ceremonies the return of Spring, Summer, or Life, as a sequel to + the expulsion of Death, is only implied or at most announced. In + the following ceremonies it is plainly enacted. Thus in some parts + of Bohemia the effigy of Death is drowned by being thrown into the + water at sunset; then the girls go out into the wood and cut down a + young tree with a green crown, hang a doll dressed as a woman on + it, deck the whole with green, red, and white ribbons, and march in + procession with their <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Líto</span></span> (Summer) into the village, + collecting gifts and singing—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Death swims in the + water,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + Spring comes to visit us,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + With eggs that are red,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + With yellow pancakes.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + We carried Death out of the village,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">We are carrying Summer + into the village.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_670" name= + "noteref_670" href="#note_670"><span class="tei tei-noteref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">670</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In many Silesian + villages the figure of Death, after being treated with respect, is + stript of its clothes and flung with curses into the water, or torn + to pieces in a field. Then the young folk repair to a wood, cut + down a small fir-tree, peel the trunk, and deck it with festoons of + evergreens, paper roses, painted egg-shells, motley bits of cloth, + and so forth. The tree thus adorned is called Summer or May. Boys + carry it from house to house singing appropriate songs and begging + for presents. Among their songs is the following:—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">We have carried Death + out,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + We are bringing the dear Summer back,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + The Summer and the May</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">And all the flowers + gay.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sometimes they + also bring back from the wood a prettily adorned figure, which goes + by the name of Summer, May, or the Bride; in the Polish districts + it is called Dziewanna, the goddess of spring.<a id="noteref_671" + name="noteref_671" href="#note_671"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">671</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page247">[pg 247]</span><a name="Pg247" id="Pg247" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Eisenach on + the fourth Sunday in Lent young people used to fasten a straw-man, + representing Death, to a wheel, which they trundled to the top of a + hill. Then setting fire to the figure they allowed it and the wheel + to roll down the slope. Next they cut a tall fir-tree, tricked it + out with ribbons, and set it up in the plain. The men then climbed + the tree to fetch down the ribbons.<a id="noteref_672" name= + "noteref_672" href="#note_672"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">672</span></span></a> In + Upper Lusatia the figure of Death, made of straw and rags, is + dressed in a veil furnished by the last bride and a shirt provided + by the house in which the last death took place. Thus arrayed the + figure is stuck on the end of a long pole and carried at full speed + by the tallest and strongest girl, while the rest pelt the effigy + with sticks and stones. Whoever hits it will be sure to live + through the year. In this way Death is carried out of the village + and thrown into the water or over the boundary of the next village. + On their way home each one breaks a green branch and carries it + gaily with him till he reaches the village, when he throws it away. + Sometimes the young people of the next village, upon whose land the + figure has been thrown, run after them and hurl it back, not + wishing to have Death among them. Hence the two parties + occasionally come to blows.<a id="noteref_673" name="noteref_673" + href="#note_673"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">673</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">New potency of life ascribed to + the image of Death. Carrying out Death at Braller in + Transylvania.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In these cases + Death is represented by the puppet which is thrown away, Summer or + Life by the branches or trees which are brought back. But sometimes + a new potency of life seems to be attributed to the image of Death + itself, and by a kind of resurrection it becomes the instrument of + the general revival. Thus in some parts of Lusatia women alone are + concerned in carrying out Death, and suffer no male to meddle with + it. Attired in mourning, which they wear the whole day, they make a + puppet of straw, clothe it in a white shirt, and give it a broom in + one hand and a scythe in the other. Singing songs and pursued by + urchins throwing stones, they carry the puppet to the village + boundary, where they tear it in pieces. Then they cut down a fine + tree, hang the shirt on it, and carry it home singing.<a id= + "noteref_674" name="noteref_674" href="#note_674"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">674</span></span></a> On + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page248">[pg 248]</span><a name= + "Pg248" id="Pg248" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the Feast of + Ascension the Saxons of Braller, a village of Transylvania, not far + from Hermannstadt, observe the ceremony of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Carrying out Death”</span> in the following manner. + After morning service all the school-girls repair to the house of + one of their number, and there dress up the Death. This is done by + tying a threshed-out sheaf of corn into a rough semblance of a head + and body, while the arms are simulated by a broomstick thrust + through it horizontally. The figure is dressed in the holiday + attire of a young peasant woman, with a red hood, silver brooches, + and a profusion of ribbons at the arms and breast. The girls bustle + at their work, for soon the bells will be ringing to vespers, and + the Death must be ready in time to be placed at the open window, + that all the people may see it on their way to church. When vespers + are over, the longed-for moment has come for the first procession + with the Death to begin; it is a privilege that belongs to the + school-girls alone. Two of the older girls seize the figure by the + arms and walk in front: all the rest follow two and two. Boys may + take no part in the procession, but they troop after it gazing with + open-mouthed admiration at the <span class="tei tei-q">“beautiful + Death.”</span> So the procession goes through all the streets of + the village, the girls singing the old hymn that begins—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Gott mein Vater, deine + Liebe</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Reicht so weit der + Himmel ist,</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">to a tune that + differs from the ordinary one. When the procession has wound its + way through every street, the girls go to another house, and having + shut the door against the eager prying crowd of boys who follow at + their heels, they strip the Death and pass the naked truss of straw + out of the window to the boys, who pounce on it, run out of the + village with it without singing, and fling the dilapidated effigy + into the neighbouring brook. This done, the second scene of the + little drama begins. While the boys were carrying away the Death + out of the village, the girls remained in the house, and one of + them is now dressed in all the finery which had been worn by the + effigy. Thus arrayed she is led in procession through all the + streets to the singing of the same hymn as before. When the + procession is over <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page249">[pg + 249]</span><a name="Pg249" id="Pg249" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + they all betake themselves to the house of the girl who played the + leading part. Here a feast awaits them from which also the boys are + excluded. It is a popular belief that the children may safely begin + to eat gooseberries and other fruit after the day on which Death + has thus been carried out; for Death, which up to that time lurked + especially in gooseberries, is now destroyed. Further, they may now + bathe with impunity out of doors.<a id="noteref_675" name= + "noteref_675" href="#note_675"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">675</span></span></a> Very + similar is the ceremony which, down to recent years, was observed + in some of the German villages of Moravia. Boys and girls met on + the afternoon of the first Sunday after Easter, and together + fashioned a puppet of straw to represent Death. Decked with + bright-coloured ribbons and cloths, and fastened to the top of a + long pole, the effigy was then borne with singing and clamour to + the nearest height, where it was stript of its gay attire and + thrown or rolled down the slope. One of the girls was next dressed + in the gauds taken from the effigy of Death, and with her at its + head the procession moved back to the village. In some villages the + practice is to bury the effigy in the place that has the most evil + reputation of all the country-side: others throw it into running + water.<a id="noteref_676" name="noteref_676" href= + "#note_676"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">676</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Life-giving virtue ascribed to the + effigy of Death.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the Lusatian + ceremony described above,<a id="noteref_677" name="noteref_677" + href="#note_677"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">677</span></span></a> the + tree which is brought home after the destruction of the figure of + Death is plainly equivalent to the trees or branches which, in the + preceding customs, were brought back as representatives of Summer + or Life, after Death had been thrown away or destroyed. But the + transference of the shirt worn by the effigy of Death to the tree + clearly indicates that the tree is a kind of revivification, in a + new form, of the destroyed effigy.<a id="noteref_678" name= + "noteref_678" href="#note_678"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">678</span></span></a> This + comes out also in the Transylvanian and Moravian customs: the + dressing of a girl in the clothes worn by the Death, and the + leading her about the village to the same song which had been sung + when the Death was being <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page250">[pg + 250]</span><a name="Pg250" id="Pg250" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + carried about, shew that she is intended to be a kind of + resuscitation of the being whose effigy has just been destroyed. + These examples therefore suggest that the Death whose demolition is + represented in these ceremonies cannot be regarded as the purely + destructive agent which we understand by Death. If the tree which + is brought back as an embodiment of the reviving vegetation of + spring is clothed in the shirt worn by the Death which has just + been destroyed, the object certainly cannot be to check and + counteract the revival of vegetation: it can only be to foster and + promote it. Therefore the being which has just been destroyed—the + so-called Death—must be supposed to be endowed with a vivifying and + quickening influence, which it can communicate to the vegetable and + even the animal world. This ascription of a life-giving virtue to + the figure of Death is put beyond a doubt by the custom, observed + in some places, of taking pieces of the straw effigy of Death and + placing them in the fields to make the crops grow, or in the manger + to make the cattle thrive. Thus in Spachendorf, a village of + Austrian Silesia, the figure of Death, made of straw, brushwood, + and rags, is carried with wild songs to an open place outside the + village and there burned, and while it is burning a general + struggle takes place for the pieces, which are pulled out of the + flames with bare hands. Each one who secures a fragment of the + effigy ties it to a branch of the largest tree in his garden, or + buries it in his field, in the belief that this causes the crops to + grow better.<a id="noteref_679" name="noteref_679" href= + "#note_679"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">679</span></span></a> In + the Troppau district of Austrian Silesia the straw figure which the + boys make on the fourth Sunday in Lent is dressed by the girls in + woman's clothes and hung with ribbons, necklace, and garlands. + Attached to a long pole it is carried out of the village, followed + by a troop of young people of both sexes, who alternately frolic, + lament, and sing songs. Arrived at its destination—a field outside + the village—the figure is stripped of its clothes and ornaments; + then the crowd rushes at it and tears it to bits, scuffling for the + fragments. Every one tries to get a wisp of the straw of which the + effigy was made, because such a wisp, placed in the manger, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page251">[pg 251]</span><a name= + "Pg251" id="Pg251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> is believed to make + the cattle thrive.<a id="noteref_680" name="noteref_680" href= + "#note_680"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">680</span></span></a> Or + the straw is put in the hens' nest, it being supposed that this + prevents the hens from carrying away their eggs, and makes them + brood much better.<a id="noteref_681" name="noteref_681" href= + "#note_681"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">681</span></span></a> The + same attribution of a fertilising power to the figure of Death + appears in the belief that if the bearers of the figure, after + throwing it away, beat cattle with their sticks, this will render + the beasts fat or prolific.<a id="noteref_682" name="noteref_682" + href="#note_682"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">682</span></span></a> + Perhaps the sticks had been previously used to beat the + Death,<a id="noteref_683" name="noteref_683" href= + "#note_683"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">683</span></span></a> and + so had acquired the fertilising power ascribed to the effigy. We + have seen, too, that at Leipsic a straw effigy of Death was shewn + to young wives to make them fruitful.<a id="noteref_684" name= + "noteref_684" href="#note_684"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">684</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The Summer-tree equivalent to the + May-tree. But the Summer-tree is a revival of the image of + Death; hence the image of Death must be an embodiment of the + spirit of vegetation.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It seems hardly + possible to separate from the May-trees the trees or branches which + are brought into the village after the destruction of the Death. + The bearers who bring them in profess to be bringing in the + Summer,<a id="noteref_685" name="noteref_685" href= + "#note_685"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">685</span></span></a> + therefore the trees obviously represent the Summer; indeed in + Silesia they are commonly called the Summer or the May,<a id= + "noteref_686" name="noteref_686" href="#note_686"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">686</span></span></a> and + the doll which is sometimes attached to the Summer-tree is a + duplicate representative of the Summer, just as the May is + sometimes represented at the same time by a May-tree and a May + Lady.<a id="noteref_687" name="noteref_687" href= + "#note_687"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">687</span></span></a> + Further, the Summer-trees are adorned like May-trees with ribbons + and so on; like May-trees, when large, they are planted in the + ground and climbed up; and like May-trees, when small, they are + carried from door to door by boys or girls singing songs and + collecting money.<a id="noteref_688" name="noteref_688" href= + "#note_688"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">688</span></span></a> And + as if to demonstrate the identity of the two sets of customs the + bearers of the Summer-tree sometimes announce that they are + bringing in the Summer and the May.<a id="noteref_689" name= + "noteref_689" href="#note_689"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">689</span></span></a> The + customs, therefore, of bringing in the May and bringing in the + Summer are essentially the same; and the Summer-tree is merely + another form of the May-tree, the only distinction <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg 252]</span><a name="Pg252" id="Pg252" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> (besides that of name) being in the + time at which they are respectively brought in; for while the + May-tree is usually fetched in on the first of May or at + Whitsuntide, the Summer-tree is fetched in on the fourth Sunday in + Lent. Therefore, if the May-tree is an embodiment of the + tree-spirit or spirit of vegetation, the Summer-tree must likewise + be an embodiment of the tree-spirit or spirit of vegetation. But we + have seen that the Summer-tree is in some cases a revivification of + the effigy of Death. It follows, therefore, that in these cases the + effigy called Death must be an embodiment of the tree-spirit or + spirit of vegetation. This inference is confirmed, first, by the + vivifying and fertilising influence which the fragments of the + effigy of Death are believed to exercise both on vegetable and on + animal life;<a id="noteref_690" name="noteref_690" href= + "#note_690"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">690</span></span></a> for + this influence, as we saw in the first part of this work,<a id= + "noteref_691" name="noteref_691" href="#note_691"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">691</span></span></a> is + supposed to be a special attribute of the tree-spirit. It is + confirmed, secondly, by observing that the effigy of Death is + sometimes decked with leaves or made of twigs, branches, hemp, or a + threshed-out sheaf of corn;<a id="noteref_692" name="noteref_692" + href="#note_692"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">692</span></span></a> and + that sometimes it is hung on a little tree and so carried about by + girls collecting money,<a id="noteref_693" name="noteref_693" href= + "#note_693"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">693</span></span></a> just + as is done with the May-tree and the May Lady, and with the + Summer-tree and the doll attached to it. In short we are driven to + regard the expulsion of Death and the bringing in of Summer as, in + some cases at least, merely another form of that death and revival + of the spirit of vegetation in spring which we saw enacted in the + killing and resurrection of the Wild Man.<a id="noteref_694" name= + "noteref_694" href="#note_694"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">694</span></span></a> The + burial and resurrection of the Carnival is probably another way of + expressing the same idea. The interment of the representative of + the Carnival under a dung-heap<a id="noteref_695" name= + "noteref_695" href="#note_695"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">695</span></span></a> is + natural, if he is supposed to possess a quickening and fertilising + influence like that ascribed to the effigy of Death. The + Esthonians, indeed, who carry the straw figure out of the village + in the usual way on Shrove Tuesday, do not call it the Carnival, + but the Wood-spirit (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Metsik</span></span>), and they clearly + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page253">[pg 253]</span><a name= + "Pg253" id="Pg253" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> indicate the + identity of the effigy with the wood-spirit by fixing it to the top + of a tree in the wood, where it remains for a year, and is besought + almost daily with prayers and offerings to protect the herds; for + like a true wood-spirit the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Metsik</span></span> is a patron of cattle. + Sometimes the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Metsik</span></span> is made of sheaves of + corn.<a id="noteref_696" name="noteref_696" href= + "#note_696"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">696</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The names of Carnival, Death, and + Summer in the preceding customs seem to cover an ancient + tree-spirit or spirit of vegetation.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus we may + fairly conjecture that the names Carnival, Death, and Summer are + comparatively late and inadequate expressions for the beings + personified or embodied in the customs with which we have been + dealing. The very abstractness of the names bespeaks a modern + origin; for the personification of times and seasons like the + Carnival and Summer, or of an abstract notion like death, is hardly + primitive. But the ceremonies themselves bear the stamp of a + dateless antiquity; therefore we can hardly help supposing that in + their origin the ideas which they embodied were of a more simple + and concrete order. The notion of a tree, perhaps of a particular + kind of tree (for some savages have no word for tree in general), + or even of an individual tree, is sufficiently concrete to supply a + basis from which by a gradual process of generalisation the wider + idea of a spirit of vegetation might be reached. But this general + idea of vegetation would readily be confounded with the season in + which it manifests itself; hence the substitution of Spring, + Summer, or May for the tree-spirit or spirit of vegetation would be + easy and natural. Again, the concrete notion of the dying tree or + dying vegetation would by a similar process of generalisation glide + into a notion of death in general; so that the practice of carrying + out the dying or dead vegetation in spring, as a preliminary to its + revival, would in time widen out into an attempt to banish Death in + general from the village or district. The view that in these spring + ceremonies Death meant originally the dying or dead vegetation of + winter has the high support of W. Mannhardt; and he confirms it by + the analogy of the name Death as applied to the spirit of the ripe + corn. Commonly the spirit of the ripe <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page254">[pg 254]</span><a name="Pg254" id="Pg254" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> corn is conceived, not as dead, but as old, + and hence it goes by the name of the Old Man or the Old Woman. But + in some places the last sheaf cut at harvest, which is generally + believed to be the seat of the corn spirit, is called "the Dead + One": children are warned against entering the corn-fields because + Death sits in the corn; and, in a game played by Saxon children in + Transylvania at the maize harvest, Death is represented by a child + completely covered with maize leaves.<a id="noteref_697" name= + "noteref_697" href="#note_697"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">697</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc49" id="toc49"></a> <a name="pdf50" id="pdf50"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 7. Battle of Summer and + Winter.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Dramatic contests between + representatives of Summer and Winter.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sometimes in the + popular customs of the peasantry the contrast between the dormant + powers of vegetation in winter and their awakening vitality in + spring takes the form of a dramatic contest between actors who play + the parts respectively of Winter and Summer. Thus in the towns of + Sweden on May Day two troops of young men on horseback used to meet + as if for mortal combat. One of them was led by a representative of + Winter clad in furs, who threw snowballs and ice in order to + prolong the cold weather. The other troop was commanded by a + representative of Summer covered with fresh leaves and flowers. In + the sham fight which followed the party of Summer came off + victorious, and the ceremony ended with a feast.<a id="noteref_698" + name="noteref_698" href="#note_698"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">698</span></span></a> + Again, in the region of the middle Rhine, a representative of + Summer clad in ivy combats a representative of Winter clad in straw + or moss and finally gains a victory over him. The vanquished foe is + thrown to the ground and stripped of his casing of straw, which is + torn to pieces and scattered about, while the youthful comrades of + the two champions sing a song to commemorate the defeat of Winter + by Summer. Afterwards they carry about a summer garland or branch + and collect gifts of eggs and bacon from house to house. Sometimes + the champion who acts the part of Summer is dressed in leaves and + flowers and wears a chaplet of flowers on his head. In the + Palatinate this mimic <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page255">[pg + 255]</span><a name="Pg255" id="Pg255" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + conflict takes place on the fourth Sunday in Lent.<a id= + "noteref_699" name="noteref_699" href="#note_699"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">699</span></span></a> All + over Bavaria the same drama used to be acted on the same day, and + it was still kept up in some places down to the middle of the + nineteenth century or later. While Summer appeared clad all in + green, decked with fluttering ribbons, and carrying a branch in + blossom or a little tree hung with apples and pears, Winter was + muffled up in cap and mantle of fur and bore in his hand a + snow-shovel or a flail. Accompanied by their respective retinues + dressed in corresponding attire, they went through all the streets + of the village, halting before the houses and singing staves of old + songs, for which they received presents of bread, eggs, and fruit. + Finally, after a short struggle, Winter was beaten by Summer and + ducked in the village well or driven out of the village with shouts + and laughter into the forest.<a id="noteref_700" name="noteref_700" + href="#note_700"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">700</span></span></a> In + some parts of Bavaria the boys who play the parts of Winter and + Summer act their little drama in every house that they visit, and + engage in a war of words before they come to blows, each of them + vaunting the pleasures and benefits of the season he represents and + disparaging those of the other. The dialogue is in verse. A few + couplets may serve as specimens:—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Summer</span></span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Green, green are meadows + wherever I pass</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">And the mowers are busy + among the grass.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Winter</span></span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">White, white are the + meadows wherever I go,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">And the sledges glide + hissing across the snow.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Summer</span></span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">I'll climb up the tree + where the red cherries glow,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">And Winter can stand by + himself down below.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Winter</span></span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">With you I will climb + the cherry-tree tall,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Its branches will kindle + the fire in the hall.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page256">[pg + 256]</span><a name="Pg256" id="Pg256" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Summer</span></span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">O Winter, you are most + uncivil</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">To send old women to the + devil.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Winter</span></span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">By that I make them warm + and mellow,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">So let them bawl and let + them bellow.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Summer</span></span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">I am the Summer in white + array,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">I'm chasing the Winter + far, far away.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Winter</span></span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">I am the Winter in + mantle of furs,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">I'm chasing the Summer + o'er bushes and burs.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Summer</span></span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Just say a word more, + and I'll have you banned</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">At once and for ever + from Summer land.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Winter</span></span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">O Summer, for all your + bluster and brag,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">You'd not dare to carry + a hen in a bag.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Summer</span></span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">O Winter, your chatter + no more can I stay,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">I'll kick and I'll cuff + you without delay.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here ensues a + scuffle between the two little boys, in which Summer gets the best + of it, and turns Winter out of the house. But soon the beaten + champion of Winter peeps in at the door and says with a humbled and + crestfallen air:—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">O Summer, dear Summer, + I'm under your ban,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">For you are the master + and I am the man.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To which Summer + replies:—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">'Tis a capital notion, + an excellent plan,</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + If I am the master and you are the man.</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic"> + So come, my dear Winter, and give me your hand,</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">We'll travel together to + Summer Land.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id="noteref_701" name= + "noteref_701" href="#note_701"><span class="tei tei-noteref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">701</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page257">[pg 257]</span><a name= + "Pg257" id="Pg257" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Dramatic contests between + representatives of Summer and Winter.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Goepfritz in + Lower Austria, two men personating Summer and Winter used to go + from house to house on Shrove Tuesday, and were everywhere welcomed + by the children with great delight. The representative of Summer + was clad in white and bore a sickle; his comrade, who played the + part of Winter, had a fur-cap on his head, his arms and legs were + swathed in straw, and he carried a flail. In every house they sang + verses alternately.<a id="noteref_702" name="noteref_702" href= + "#note_702"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">702</span></span></a> At + Drömling in Brunswick, down to the present time, the contest + between Summer and Winter is acted every year at Whitsuntide by a + troop of boys and a troop of girls. The boys rush singing, + shouting, and ringing bells from house to house to drive Winter + away; after them come the girls singing softly and led by a May + Bride, all in bright dresses and decked with flowers and garlands + to represent the genial advent of spring. Formerly the part of + Winter was played by a straw-man which the boys carried with them; + now it is acted by a real man in disguise.<a id="noteref_703" name= + "noteref_703" href="#note_703"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">703</span></span></a> In + Wachtl and Brodek, a German village and a little German town of + Moravia, encompassed by Slavonic people on every side, the great + change that comes over the earth in spring is still annually + mimicked. The long village of Wachtl, with its trim houses and + farmyards, nestles in a valley surrounded by pretty pine-woods. + Here, on a day in spring, about the time of the vernal equinox, an + elderly man with a long flaxen beard may be seen going from door to + door. He is muffled in furs, with warm gloves on his hands and a + bearskin cap on his head, and he carries a threshing flail. This is + the personification of Winter. With him goes a younger beardless + man dressed in white, wearing a straw hat trimmed with gay ribbons + on his head, and carrying a decorated May-tree in his hands. This + is Summer. At every house they receive a friendly greeting and + recite a long dialogue in verse, Winter punctuating his discourse + with his flail, which he brings down with rude vigour on the backs + of all within reach.<a id="noteref_704" name="noteref_704" href= + "#note_704"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">704</span></span></a> + Amongst the Slavonic population near Ungarisch Brod, in Moravia, + the ceremony took a somewhat different form. <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page258">[pg 258]</span><a name="Pg258" id="Pg258" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Girls dressed in green marched in + procession round a May-tree. Then two others, one in white and one + in green, stepped up to the tree and engaged in a dialogue. + Finally, the girl in white was driven away, but returned afterwards + clothed in green, and the festival ended with a dance.<a id= + "noteref_705" name="noteref_705" href="#note_705"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">705</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Queen of Winter and Queen of May + in the Isle of Man.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On May Day it + used to be customary in almost all the large parishes of the Isle + of Man to choose from among the daughters of the wealthiest farmers + a young maiden to be Queen of May. She was dressed in the gayest + attire and attended by about twenty others, who were called maids + of honour. She had also a young man for her captain with a number + of inferior officers under him. In opposition to her was the Queen + of Winter, a man attired as a woman, with woollen hoods, fur + tippets, and loaded with the warmest and heaviest clothes, one upon + another. Her attendants were habited in like manner, and she too + had a captain and troop for her defence. Thus representing + respectively the beauty of spring and the deformity of winter they + set forth from their different quarters, the one preceded by the + dulcet music of flutes and violins, the other by the harsh clatter + of cleavers and tongs. In this array they marched till they met on + a common, where the trains of the two mimic sovereigns engaged in a + mock battle. If the Queen of Winter's forces got the better of + their adversaries and took her rival prisoner, the captive Queen of + Summer was ransomed for as much as would pay the expenses of the + festival. After this ceremony, Winter and her company retired and + diverted themselves in a barn, while the partisans of Summer danced + on the green, concluding the evening with a feast, at which the + Queen and her maids sat at one table and the captain and his troop + at another. In later times the person of the Queen of May was + exempt from capture, but one of her slippers was substituted and, + if captured, had to be ransomed to defray the expenses of the + pageant. The procession of the Summer, which was subsequently + composed of little girls and called the Maceboard, outlived that of + its rival the Winter for some years; but both have now long been + things of the past.<a id="noteref_706" name="noteref_706" href= + "#note_706"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">706</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page259">[pg 259]</span><a name="Pg259" id="Pg259" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Contests between representatives + of Summer and Winter among the Esquimaux. Canadian Indians + drove away Winter with burning brands.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the + central Esquimaux of North America the contest between + representatives of summer and winter, which in Europe has long + degenerated into a mere dramatic performance, is still kept up as a + magical ceremony of which the avowed intention is to influence the + weather. In autumn, when storms announce the approach of the dismal + Arctic winter, the Esquimaux divide themselves into two parties + called respectively the ptarmigans and the ducks, the ptarmigans + comprising all persons born in winter, and the ducks all persons + born in summer. A long rope of sealskin is then stretched out, and + each party laying hold of one end of it seeks by tugging with might + and main to drag the other party over to its side. If the + ptarmigans get the worst of it, then summer has won the game and + fine weather may be expected to prevail through the winter.<a id= + "noteref_707" name="noteref_707" href="#note_707"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">707</span></span></a> In + this ceremony it is clearly assumed that persons born in summer + have a natural affinity with warm weather, and therefore possess a + power of mitigating the rigour of winter, whereas persons born in + winter are, so to say, of a cold and frosty disposition and can + thereby exert a refrigerating influence on the temperature of the + air. In spite of this natural antipathy between the representatives + of summer and winter, we may be allowed to conjecture that in the + grand tug of war the ptarmigans do not pull at the rope with the + same hearty goodwill as the ducks, and that thus the genial + influence of summer commonly prevails over the harsh austerity of + winter. The Indians of Canada seem also to have imagined that + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page260">[pg 260]</span><a name= + "Pg260" id="Pg260" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> persons are endowed + with distinct natural capacities according as they are born in + summer or winter, and they turned the distinction to account in + much the same fashion as the Esquimaux. When they wearied of the + long frosts and the deep snow which kept them prisoners in their + huts and prevented them from hunting, all of them who were born in + summer rushed out of their houses armed with burning brands and + torches which they hurled against the One who makes Winter; and + this was supposed to produce the desired effect of mitigating the + cold. But those Indians who were born in winter abstained from + taking part in the ceremony, for they believed that if they meddled + with it the cold would increase instead of diminishing.<a id= + "noteref_708" name="noteref_708" href="#note_708"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">708</span></span></a> We + may surmise that in the corresponding European ceremonies, which + have just been described, it was formerly deemed necessary that the + actors, who played the parts of Winter and Summer, should have been + born in the seasons which they personated.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The burning of Winter at + Zurich.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Every year on + the Monday after the spring equinox boys and girls attired in gay + costume flock at a very early hour into Zurich from the country. + The girls, generally clad in white, are called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mareielis</span></span> and carry two and two + a small May tree or a wreath decked with flowers and ribbons. Thus + they go in bands from house to house, jingling the bells which are + attached to the wreath and singing a song, in which it is said that + the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mareielis</span></span> dance because the + leaves and the grass are green and everything is bursting into + blossom. In this way they are supposed to celebrate the triumph of + Summer and to proclaim his coming. The boys are called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Böggen</span></span>. They generally wear over + their ordinary clothes a shirt decked with many-coloured ribbons, + tall pointed paper caps on their heads, and masks before their + faces. In this quaint costume they cart about through the streets + effigies made of straw and other combustible materials which are + supposed to represent Winter. At evening these effigies are burned + in various parts of the city.<a id="noteref_709" name="noteref_709" + href="#note_709"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">709</span></span></a> The + ceremony was witnessed at Zurich on Monday, April 20th, 1903, by my + friend Dr. J. Sutherland <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page261">[pg + 261]</span><a name="Pg261" id="Pg261" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Black, who has kindly furnished me with some notes on the subject. + The effigy of Winter was a gigantic figure composed in great part, + as it seemed, of cotton-wool. This was laid on a huge pyre, about + thirty feet high, which had been erected on the Stadthausplatz + close to the lake. In presence of a vast concourse of people fire + was set to the pyre and all was soon in a blaze, while the town + bells rang a joyous peal. As the figure gradually consumed in the + flames, the mechanism enclosed in its interior produced a variety + of grotesque effects, such as the gushing forth of bowels. At last + nothing remained of the effigy but the iron backbone; the crowd + slowly dispersed, and the fire brigade set to work to quench the + smouldering embers.<a id="noteref_710" name="noteref_710" href= + "#note_710"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">710</span></span></a> In + this ceremony the contest between Summer and Winter is rather + implied than expressed, but the significance of the rite is + unmistakable.</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc51" id="toc51"></a> <a name="pdf52" id="pdf52"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 8. Death and Resurrection of + Kostrubonko.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Funeral of Kostrubonko, Kostroma, + Kupalo, and Yarilo in Russia.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Russia + funeral ceremonies like those of <span class="tei tei-q">“Burying + the Carnival”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“Carrying out + Death”</span> are celebrated under the names, not of Death or the + Carnival, but of certain mythic figures, Kostrubonko, Kostroma, + Kupalo, Lada, and Yarilo. These Russian ceremonies are observed + both in spring and at midsummer. Thus <span class="tei tei-q">“in + Little Russia it used to be the custom at Eastertide to celebrate + the funeral of a being called Kostrubonko, the deity of the spring. + A circle was formed of singers who moved slowly around a girl who + lay on the ground as if dead, and as they went they + sang,—</span></p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Dead, dead is our + Kostrubonko!</span></span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Dead, dead is our dear + one!</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">until the girl + suddenly sprang up, on which the chorus joyfully exclaimed,—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">‘</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Come to life, come to + life has our Kostrubonko!</span></span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Come to life, come to + life has our dear one!</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">’</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%"> ”</span></span><a id="noteref_711" name= + "noteref_711" href="#note_711"><span class="tei tei-noteref" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">711</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page262">[pg 262]</span><a name= + "Pg262" id="Pg262" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the Eve of + St. John (Midsummer Eve) a figure of Kupalo is made of straw and + <span class="tei tei-q">“is dressed in woman's clothes, with a + necklace and a floral crown. Then a tree is felled, and, after + being decked with ribbons, is set up on some chosen spot. Near this + tree, to which they give the name of Marena [Winter or Death], the + straw figure is placed, together with a table, on which stand + spirits and viands. Afterwards a bonfire is lit, and the young men + and maidens jump over it in couples, carrying the figure with them. + On the next day they strip the tree and the figure of their + ornaments, and throw them both into a stream.”</span><a id= + "noteref_712" name="noteref_712" href="#note_712"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">712</span></span></a> On + St. Peter's Day, the twenty-ninth of June, or on the following + Sunday, <span class="tei tei-q">“the Funeral of Kostroma”</span> or + of Lada or of Yarilo is celebrated in Russia. In the Governments of + Penza and Simbirsk the funeral used to be represented as follows. A + bonfire was kindled on the twenty-eighth of June, and on the next + day the maidens chose one of their number to play the part of + Kostroma. Her companions saluted her with deep obeisances, placed + her on a board, and carried her to the bank of a stream. There they + bathed her in the water, while the oldest girl made a basket of + lime-tree bark and beat it like a drum. Then they returned to the + village and ended the day with processions, games, and + dances.<a id="noteref_713" name="noteref_713" href= + "#note_713"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">713</span></span></a> In + the Murom district Kostroma was represented by a straw figure + dressed in woman's clothes and flowers. This was laid in a trough + and carried with songs to the bank of a lake or river. Here the + crowd divided into two sides, of which the one attacked and the + other defended the figure. At last the assailants gained the day, + stripped the figure of its dress and ornaments, tore it in pieces, + trod the straw of which it was made under foot, and flung it into + the stream; while the defenders of the figure hid their faces in + their hands and pretended to bewail the death of Kostroma.<a id= + "noteref_714" name="noteref_714" href="#note_714"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">714</span></span></a> In + the district of Kostroma the burial of Yarilo was celebrated on the + twenty-ninth or thirtieth of June. The people chose an old man and + gave him a small coffin containing a Priapus-like figure + representing <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page263">[pg + 263]</span><a name="Pg263" id="Pg263" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Yarilo. This he carried out of the town, followed by women chanting + dirges and expressing by their gestures grief and despair. In the + open fields a grave was dug, and into it the figure was lowered + amid weeping and wailing, after which games and dances were begun, + <span class="tei tei-q">“calling to mind the funeral games + celebrated in old times by the pagan Slavonians.”</span><a id= + "noteref_715" name="noteref_715" href="#note_715"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">715</span></span></a> In + Little Russia the figure of Yarilo was laid in a coffin and carried + through the streets after sunset surrounded by drunken women, who + kept repeating mournfully, <span class="tei tei-q">“He is dead! he + is dead!”</span> The men lifted and shook the figure as if they + were trying to recall the dead man to life. Then they said to the + women, <span class="tei tei-q">“Women, weep not. I know what is + sweeter than honey.”</span> But the women continued to lament and + chant, as they do at funerals. <span class="tei tei-q">“Of what was + he guilty? He was so good. He will arise no more. O how shall we + part from thee? What is life without thee? Arise, if only for a + brief hour. But he rises not, he rises not.”</span> At last the + Yarilo was buried in a grave.<a id="noteref_716" name="noteref_716" + href="#note_716"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">716</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc53" id="toc53"></a> <a name="pdf54" id="pdf54"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 9. Death and Revival of + Vegetation.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The Russian Kostrubonko, Yarilo, + and so on, were probably at first spirits of vegetation dying + and coming to life again.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These Russian + customs are plainly of the same nature as those which in Austria + and Germany are known as <span class="tei tei-q">“Carrying out + Death.”</span> Therefore if the interpretation here adopted of the + latter is right, the Russian Kostrubonko, Yarilo, and the rest must + also have been originally embodiments of the spirit of vegetation, + and their death must have been regarded as a necessary preliminary + to their revival. The revival as a sequel to the death is enacted + in the first of the ceremonies described, the death and + resurrection of Kostrubonko. The reason why in some of these + Russian ceremonies the death of the spirit of vegetation is + celebrated at midsummer may be that the decline of summer is dated + from Midsummer Day, after which the days begin to shorten, and the + sun sets out on his downward journey—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">To the darksome + hollows</span></span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Where the frosts of + winter lie.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page264">[pg 264]</span><a name= + "Pg264" id="Pg264" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such a + turning-point of the year, when vegetation might be thought to + share the incipient though still almost imperceptible decay of + summer, might very well be chosen by primitive man as a fit moment + for resorting to those magic rites by which he hopes to stay the + decline, or at least to ensure the revival, of plant life.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">In these ceremonies grief and + gladness, love and hatred appear to be curiously + combined.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But while the + death of vegetation appears to have been represented in all, and + its revival in some, of these spring and midsummer ceremonies, + there are features in some of them which can hardly be explained on + this hypothesis alone. The solemn funeral, the lamentations, and + the mourning attire, which often characterise these rites, are + indeed appropriate at the death of the beneficent spirit of + vegetation. But what shall we say of the glee with which the effigy + is often carried out, of the sticks and stones with which it is + assailed, and the taunts and curses which are hurled at it? What + shall we say of the dread of the effigy evinced by the haste with + which the bearers scamper home as soon as they have thrown it away, + and by the belief that some one must soon die in any house into + which it has looked? This dread might perhaps be explained by a + belief that there is a certain infectiousness in the dead spirit of + vegetation which renders its approach dangerous. But this + explanation, besides being rather strained, does not cover the + rejoicings which often attend the carrying out of Death. We must + therefore recognise two distinct and seemingly opposite features in + these ceremonies: on the one hand, sorrow for the death, and + affection and respect for the dead; on the other hand, fear and + hatred of the dead, and rejoicings at his death. How the former of + these features is to be explained I have attempted to shew: how the + latter came to be so closely associated with the former is a + question which I shall try to answer in the sequel.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Expulsion of Death sometimes + enacted without an effigy.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Before we quit + these European customs to go farther afield, it will be well to + notice that occasionally the expulsion of Death or of a mythic + being is conducted without any visible representative of the + personage expelled. Thus at Königshain, near Görlitz in Silesia, + all the villagers, young and old, used to go out with straw torches + to the top of a neighbouring hill, called <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Todtenstein</span></span> (Death-stone), where + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page265">[pg 265]</span><a name= + "Pg265" id="Pg265" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> they lit their + torches, and so returned home singing, <span class="tei tei-q">“We + have driven out Death, we are bringing back Summer.”</span><a id= + "noteref_717" name="noteref_717" href="#note_717"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">717</span></span></a> In + Albania young people light torches of resinous wood on Easter Eve, + and march in procession through the village brandishing them. At + last they throw the torches into the river, saying, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ha, Kore, we fling you into the river, like these + torches, that you may return no more.”</span> Some say that the + intention of the ceremony is to drive out winter; but Kore is + conceived as a malignant being who devours children.<a id= + "noteref_718" name="noteref_718" href="#note_718"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">718</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc55" id="toc55"></a> <a name="pdf56" id="pdf56"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 10. Analogous Rites in + India.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Images of Siva and Pârvatî + married, drowned, and mourned for in India.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the Kanagra + district of India there is a custom observed by young girls in + spring which closely resembles some of the European spring + ceremonies just described. It is called the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Ralî Ka + melâ</span></span>, or fair of Ralî, the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ralî</span></span> being a small painted + earthen image of Siva or Pârvatî. The custom is in vogue all over + the Kanagra district, and its celebration, which is entirely + confined to young girls, lasts through most of Chet (March-April) + up to the Sankrânt of Baisâkh (April). On a morning in March all + the young girls of the village take small baskets of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">dûb</span></span> grass and flowers to an + appointed place, where they throw them in a heap. Round this heap + they stand in a circle and sing. This goes on every day for ten + days, till the heap of grass and flowers has reached a fair height. + Then they cut in the jungle two branches, each with three prongs at + one end, and place them, prongs downwards, over the heap of + flowers, so as to make two tripods or pyramids. On the single + uppermost points of these branches they get an image-maker to + construct two clay images, one to represent Siva, and the other + Pârvatî. The girls then divide themselves into two parties, one for + Siva and one for Pârvatî, and marry the images in the usual way, + leaving out no part of the ceremony. After the marriage they have a + feast, the cost of which is defrayed by contributions solicited + from their parents. Then at the next Sankrânt (Baisâkh) they all go + together to the river-side, throw the images into a deep pool, and + weep over the place, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page266">[pg + 266]</span><a name="Pg266" id="Pg266" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + as though they were performing funeral obsequies. The boys of the + neighbourhood often tease them by diving after the images, bringing + them up, and waving them about while the girls are crying over + them. The object of the fair is said to be to secure a good + husband.<a id="noteref_719" name="noteref_719" href= + "#note_719"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">719</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">In this Indian custom Siva and + Pârvatî seem to be the equivalents of the King and Queen of + May.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That in this + Indian ceremony the deities Siva and Pârvatî are conceived as + spirits of vegetation seems to be proved by the placing of their + images on branches over a heap of grass and flowers. Here, as often + in European folk-custom, the divinities of vegetation are + represented in duplicate, by plants and by puppets. The marriage of + these Indian deities in spring corresponds to the European + ceremonies in which the marriage of the vernal spirits of + vegetation is represented by the King and Queen of May, the May + Bride, Bridegroom of the May, and so forth.<a id="noteref_720" + name="noteref_720" href="#note_720"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">720</span></span></a> The + throwing of the images into the water, and the mourning for them, + are the equivalents of the European customs of throwing the dead + spirit of vegetation under the name of Death, Yarilo, Kostroma, and + the rest, into the water and lamenting over it. Again, in India, as + often in Europe, the rite is performed exclusively by females. The + notion that the ceremony helps to procure husbands for the girls + can be explained by the quickening and fertilising influence which + the spirit of vegetation is believed to exert upon the life of man + as well as of plants.<a id="noteref_721" name="noteref_721" href= + "#note_721"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">721</span></span></a></p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <a name="toc57" id="toc57"></a> <a name="pdf58" id="pdf58"></a> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">§ 11. The Magic Spring.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The foregoing customs were + originally rites intended to ensure the revival of nature in + spring by means of imitative magic. Feelings with which the + primitive savage may have regarded the changes of the + seasons.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The general + explanation which we have been led to adopt of these and many + similar ceremonies is that they are, or were in their origin, + magical rites intended to ensure the revival of nature in spring. + The means by which they were supposed to effect this end were + imitation and sympathy. Led astray by his ignorance of the true + causes of things, primitive man believed that in order to produce + the great phenomena of nature on which his life depended he had + only to imitate them, and that immediately by a secret <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page267">[pg 267]</span><a name="Pg267" id="Pg267" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> sympathy or mystic influence the little + drama which he acted in forest glade or mountain dell, on desert + plain or wind-swept shore, would be taken up and repeated by + mightier actors on a vaster stage. He fancied that by masquerading + in leaves and flowers he helped the bare earth to clothe herself + with verdure, and that by playing the death and burial of winter he + drove that gloomy season away, and made smooth the path for the + footsteps of returning spring. If we find it hard to throw + ourselves even in fancy into a mental condition in which such + things seem possible, we can more easily picture to ourselves the + anxiety which the savage, when he first began to lift his thoughts + above the satisfaction of his merely animal wants, and to meditate + on the causes of things, may have felt as to the continued + operation of what we now call the laws of nature. To us, familiar + as we are with the conception of the uniformity and regularity with + which the great cosmic phenomena succeed each other, there seems + little ground for apprehension that the causes which produce these + effects will cease to operate, at least within the near future. But + this confidence in the stability of nature is bred only by the + experience which comes of wide observation and long tradition; and + the savage, with his narrow sphere of observation and his + short-lived tradition, lacks the very elements of that experience + which alone could set his mind at rest in face of the ever-changing + and often menacing aspects of nature. No wonder, therefore, that he + is thrown into a panic by an eclipse, and thinks that the sun or + the moon would surely perish, if he did not raise a clamour and + shoot his puny shafts into the air to defend the luminaries from + the monster who threatens to devour them. No wonder he is terrified + when in the darkness of night a streak of sky is suddenly illumined + by the flash of a meteor, or the whole expanse of the celestial + arch glows with the fitful light of the Northern Streamers.<a id= + "noteref_722" name="noteref_722" href="#note_722"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">722</span></span></a> Even + phenomena which recur at <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page268">[pg + 268]</span><a name="Pg268" id="Pg268" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + fixed and uniform intervals may be viewed by him with apprehension, + before he has come to recognise the orderliness of their + recurrence. The speed or slowness of his recognition of such + periodic or cyclic changes in nature will depend largely on the + length of the particular cycle. The cycle, for example, of day and + night is everywhere, except in the polar regions, so short and + hence so frequent that men probably soon ceased to discompose + themselves seriously as to the chance of its failing to recur, + though the ancient Egyptians, as we have seen, daily wrought + enchantments to bring back to the east in the morning the fiery orb + which had sunk at evening in the crimson west. But it was far + otherwise with the annual cycle of the seasons. To any man a year + is a considerable period, seeing that the number of our years is + but few at the best. To the primitive savage, with his short memory + and imperfect means of marking the flight of time, a year may well + have been so long that he failed to recognise it as a cycle at all, + and watched the changing aspects of earth and heaven with a + perpetual wonder, alternately delighted and alarmed, elated and + cast down, according as the vicissitudes of light and heat, of + plant and animal life, ministered to his comfort or threatened his + existence. In autumn when the withered leaves were whirled about + the forest by the nipping blast, and he looked up at the bare + boughs, could he feel sure that they would ever be green again? As + day by day the sun sank lower and lower in the sky, could he be + certain that the luminary would ever retrace his heavenly road? + Even the waning moon, whose pale sickle rose thinner and thinner + every night over the rim of the eastern horizon, may have excited + in his mind a fear lest, when it had wholly vanished, there should + be moons no more.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">In modern Europe the old magical + rites for the revival of nature in spring have degenerated into + mere pageants and pastimes.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These and a + thousand such misgivings may have thronged the fancy and troubled + the peace of the man who first began to reflect on the mysteries of + the world he lived in, and to take thought for a more distant + future than the morrow. It was natural, therefore, that with such + thoughts and fears he should have done all that in him lay to bring + back the faded blossom to the bough, to swing the low sun of winter + up to his old place in the summer sky, and to restore its orbed + fulness to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page269">[pg + 269]</span><a name="Pg269" id="Pg269" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + the silver lamp of the waning moon. We may smile at his vain + endeavours if we please, but it was only by making a long series of + experiments, of which some were almost inevitably doomed to + failure, that man learned from experience the futility of some of + his attempted methods and the fruitfulness of others. After all, + magical ceremonies are nothing but experiments which have failed + and which continue to be repeated merely because, for reasons which + have already been indicated,<a id="noteref_723" name="noteref_723" + href="#note_723"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">723</span></span></a> the + operator is unaware of their failure. With the advance of knowledge + these ceremonies either cease to be performed altogether or are + kept up from force of habit long after the intention with which + they were instituted has been forgotten. Thus fallen from their + high estate, no longer regarded as solemn rites on the punctual + performance of which the welfare and even the life of the community + depend, they sink gradually to the level of simple pageants, + mummeries, and pastimes, till in the final stage of degeneration + they are wholly abandoned by older people, and, from having once + been the most serious occupation of the sage, become at last the + idle sport of children. It is in this final stage of decay that + most of the old magical rites of our European forefathers linger on + at the present day, and even from this their last retreat they are + fast being swept away by the rising tide of those multitudinous + forces, moral, intellectual, and social, which are bearing mankind + onward to a new and unknown goal. We may feel some natural regret + at the disappearance of quaint customs and picturesque ceremonies, + which have preserved to an age often deemed dull and prosaic + something of the flavour and freshness of the olden time, some + breath of the springtime of the world; yet our regret will be + lessened when we remember that these pretty pageants, these now + innocent diversions, had their origin in ignorance and + superstition; that if they are a record of human endeavour, they + are also a monument of fruitless ingenuity, of wasted labour, and + of blighted hopes; and that for all their gay trappings—their + flowers, their ribbons, and their music—they partake far more of + tragedy than of farce.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Parallel to the spring customs of + Europe in the magical rites of the Central Australian + aborigines.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + interpretation which, following in the footsteps of <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page270">[pg 270]</span><a name="Pg270" id="Pg270" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> W. Mannhardt, I have attempted to give + of these ceremonies has been not a little confirmed by the + discovery, made since this book was first written, that the natives + of Central Australia regularly practise magical ceremonies for the + purpose of awakening the dormant energies of nature at the approach + of what may be called the Australian spring. Nowhere apparently are + the alternations of the seasons more sudden and the contrasts + between them more striking than in the deserts of Central + Australia, where at the end of a long period of drought the sandy + and stony wilderness, over which the silence and desolation of + death appear to brood, is suddenly, after a few days of torrential + rain, transformed into a landscape smiling with verdure and peopled + with teeming multitudes of insects and lizards, of frogs and birds. + The marvellous change which passes over the face of nature at such + times has been compared even by European observers to the effect of + magic;<a id="noteref_724" name="noteref_724" href= + "#note_724"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">724</span></span></a> no + wonder, then, that the savage should regard it as such in very + deed. Now it is just when there is promise of the approach of a + good season that the natives of Central Australia are wont + especially to perform those magical ceremonies of which the avowed + intention is to multiply the plants and animals they use as + food.<a id="noteref_725" name="noteref_725" href= + "#note_725"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">725</span></span></a> These + ceremonies, therefore, present a close analogy to the spring + customs of our European peasantry not only in the time of their + celebration, but also in their aim; for we can hardly doubt that in + instituting rites designed to assist the revival of plant life in + spring our primitive forefathers were moved, not by any sentimental + wish to smell at early violets, or pluck the rathe primrose, or + watch yellow daffodils dancing in the breeze, but by the very + practical consideration, certainly not formulated in abstract + terms, that the life of man is inextricably bound up with that of + plants, and that if they were to perish he could not survive. And + as the faith of the Australian savage in the efficacy of his magic + rites is confirmed by observing that their performance is + invariably followed, sooner or later, by that increase of vegetable + and animal life which it is their <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page271">[pg 271]</span><a name="Pg271" id="Pg271" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> object to produce, so, we may suppose, it was + with European savages in the olden time. The sight of the fresh + green in brake and thicket, of vernal flowers blowing on mossy + banks, of swallows arriving from the south, and of the sun mounting + daily higher in the sky, would be welcomed by them as so many + visible signs that their enchantments were indeed taking effect, + and would inspire them with a cheerful confidence that all was well + with a world which they could thus mould to suit their wishes. Only + in autumn days, as summer slowly faded, would their confidence + again be dashed by doubts and misgivings at symptoms of decay, + which told how vain were all their efforts to stave off for ever + the approach of winter and of death.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page273">[pg 273]</span><a name= + "Pg273" id="Pg273" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc59" id="toc59"></a> <a name="pdf60" id="pdf60"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Note A. Chinese Indifference To + Death.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Letter of Mr. M. W. Lampson.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lord Avebury + kindly allows me to print the letter of Mr. M. W. Lampson, referred + to above (p. <a href="#Pg146" class="tei tei-ref">146</a>, note + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>). It runs as follows:—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps"> + Foreign Office</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">August 7, + 1903</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Dear Lord + Avebury</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—As the result of + enquiries I hear from a Mr. Eames, a lawyer who practised for some + years at Shanghai and has considerable knowledge of Chinese + matters, that for a small sum a substitute can be found for + execution. This is recognised by the Chinese authorities, with + certain exceptions, as for instance parricide. It is even asserted + that the local Taotai gains pecuniarily by this arrangement, as he + is as a rule not above obtaining a substitute for the condemned man + for a less sum than was paid him by the latter.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">It is, I believe, part of the doctrine of + Confucius that it is one of the highest virtues to increase the + family prosperity at the expense of personal suffering. According + to Eames, the Chinamen [</span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">sic</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">] + looks upon execution in another man's stead in this light, and + consequently there is quite a competition for such a</span> + <span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">substitution.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Should you wish to get more definite information, + the address is: W. Eames, Esq., c/o Norman Craig, Inner Temple, + E.C.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">The only man in this department who has actually + been out to China is at present away. But on his return I will ask + him about it.—</span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Yours sincerely,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Miles W. + Lampson</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Lord Avebury's statement.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On this subject + Lord Avebury had stated: <span class="tei tei-q">“It is said that in + China, if a rich man is condemned to death, he can sometimes purchase + a willing substitute at a very small expense.”</span><a id= + "noteref_726" name="noteref_726" href="#note_726"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">726</span></span></a> In + regard to his authority for this statement Lord Avebury wrote to me + (August 10, 1903): <span class="tei tei-q">“I believe my previous + information came from Sir T. Wade, but I have been unable to lay my + hand on his letter, and do not therefore like to state it as a + fact.”</span> Sir Thomas Wade <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page274">[pg 274]</span><a name="Pg274" id="Pg274" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> was English Ambassador at Peking, and + afterwards Professor of Chinese at Cambridge.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Opinions of various + authorities.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the same + subject Mr. Valentine Chirol, editor of the foreign department of + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Times</span></span>, wrote to me as follows:—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Queen Anne's + Mansions, Westminster, S.W.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">August 21st, + 1905</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Dear + Sir</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—I shall be very glad + to do what I can to obtain for you the information you require. It + was a surprise to me to hear that the accuracy of the statement was + called in question. It is certainly a matter of common report in + China that the practice exists. The difficulty, I conceive, will be + to obtain evidence enabling one to quote concrete cases. My own + impression is that the practice is quite justifiable according to + Chinese ethics when life is given up from motives of filial piety, + that is to say in order to relieve the wants of indigent parents, + or to defray the costs of ancestral rights [</span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">sic</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">]. Your general thesis that life is less valued + and more readily sacrificed by some races than by modern Europeans + seems to be beyond dispute. Surely the Japanese practice of</span> + <span lang="ja" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="ja"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">sepuku</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, + or</span> <span lang="ja" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "ja"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">harikari</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, + as it is vulgarly called, is a case in point. Life is risked, as in + duelling, by Europeans, for the mere point of honour, but it is + never deliberately laid down in satisfaction of the exigencies of + the social code. I will send you whatever information I can obtain + when it reaches me, but that will not of course be for some + months.—Yours truly,</span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Valentine + Chirol</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">P.S.</span></span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">—A friend of mine who has just been here entirely + confirms my own belief as to the accuracy of your statement, and + tells me he has himself seen several Imperial Decrees in the</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Peking + Gazette</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, calling + provincial authorities to order for having allowed specific cases + of substitution to occur, and ordering the death penalty to be + carried out in a more severe form on the original culprits as an + extra punishment for obtaining substitutes. He has promised to look + up some of these Impe. Decrees on his return to China, and send me + translations. I am satisfied personally that his statement is + conclusive.</span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">V. C.</span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the same + subject I have received the following letter from Mr. J. O. P. Bland, + for fourteen years correspondent of <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Times</span></span> + in China:—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">The Clock House, + Shepperton</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">March 22nd, + 1911</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Dear Professor + Frazer</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—My friend Mr. + Valentine Chirol, writing the other day from Crete on his way East, + asked me to communicate with you on the subject of your letter of + the 3rd ulto., namely, the custom, alleged to exist in China, of + procuring substitutes for persons condemned to death, the + substitutes' families or relatives receiving compensation in + cash.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">To speak of this as a custom is to exaggerate the + frequency of a class of incident which has undoubtedly been + recorded in China and</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page275">[pg 275]</span><a name="Pg275" id="Pg275" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">of which there + has been mention in Imperial Decrees. I am sorry to say that I have + not my file of the</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Peking Gazette</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">here, for immediate reference, but I + am writing to my friend Mr. Backhouse in Peking, and have no doubt + but that he will be able to give chapter and verse of instances + thus recorded. I had expected to find cases of the kind recorded in + Mr. Werner's recently-published</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Descriptive Sociology</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">of the + Chinese (Spencerian publications), but have not been able to do so + in the absence of an index to that voluminous work. More than one + of the authors whom he quotes have certainly referred to cases of + substitution for death-sentence prisoners. Parker, for instance + (</span><span class="tei tei-q"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">China Past + and Present,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">page 378), asserts that substitutes + were to be had in Canton at the reasonable price of fifty taels + (say £10). Dr. Matignon (in</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Superstition, Crime et Misère en + Chine,</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + <span style="font-size: 90%">page 113) says that filial piety is a + frequent motive. The negative opinion of Professors Giles and de + Groot is entitled to consideration, but cannot be regarded as any + more conclusive than the views expressed by Professor Giles on the + question of infanticide which are outweighed by a mass of direct + proof of eye-witnesses.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">In a country where men submit voluntarily to + mutilation and grave risk of death for a comparatively small gain + to themselves and their relatives, where women commit suicide in + hundreds to escape capture by invaders or strangers, where men and + women alike habitually sacrifice their life for the most trivial + motives of revenge or distress, it need not greatly surprise us + that some should be found, especially among the wretchedly poor + class, willing to give up their life in order to relieve their + families of want or otherwise to</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q"><span style="font-size: 90%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">acquire merit.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">The most important thing, I think, in expressing + any opinion about the Chinese, is to remember the great extent and + heterogeneous elements of the country, and to abstain from any + sweeping generalisations based on isolated acts or events.—Yours + very truly,</span></p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">J. O. P. + Bland</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As the practice in + question involves a grave miscarriage of justice, the discovery of + which might entail serious consequences on the magistrate who + connived at it, we need not wonder that it is generally hushed up, + and that no instances of it should come to the ears of many Europeans + resident in China. My friend Professor H. A. Giles of Cambridge in + conversation expressed himself quite incredulous on the subject, and + Professor J. J. M. de Groot of Leyden wrote to me (January 31, 1902) + to the same effect. The Rev. Dr. W. T. A. Barber, Headmaster of the + Leys School, Cambridge, and formerly a missionary in China, wrote to + me (January 30, 1902): <span class="tei tei-q">“As to the possibility + that a man condemned to death may secure a substitute on payment of a + moderate sum of money, we used to hear that this was the case; but I + have no proof that would justify you in using the fact.”</span> + Another experienced missionary, the Rev. W. A. Cornaby, wrote to Dr. + Barber: <span class="tei tei-q">“I have heard of no such custom in + capital crimes. The man in whose house a fire starts may, and often + does, pay another to receive the blows and three <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page276">[pg 276]</span><a name="Pg276" id="Pg276" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> days in a cangue. But unless where + <span class="tei tei-q">‘foreign riots’</span> were the case, and a + previously condemned criminal handy, I should hardly think it + possible. Every precaution is taken that no one is beheaded but the + man who cannot possibly be let off. The expense on the county + mandarin is over £100 in <span class="tei tei-q">‘stationery + expenses’</span> with higher courts.”</span> On this I would observe + that if every execution costs the local mandarin so dear, he must be + under a strong temptation to get the expenses out of the prisoner + whenever he can do so without being detected.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Substitutes for corporal punishment + in China.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With regard to the + custom, mentioned by Mr. Cornaby, of procuring substitutes for + corporal punishment, we are told that in China there are men who earn + a livelihood by being thrashed instead of the real culprits. But they + bribe the executioner to lay on lightly; otherwise their constitution + could not long resist the tear and wear of so exhausting a + profession.<a id="noteref_727" name="noteref_727" href= + "#note_727"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">727</span></span></a> Thus + the theory and practice of vicarious suffering are well understood in + China.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page277">[pg 277]</span><a name= + "Pg277" id="Pg277" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc61" id="toc61"></a> <a name="pdf62" id="pdf62"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Note B. Swinging As A Magical + Rite.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">The custom of swinging practised for + various reasons. Swinging at harvest.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The custom of + swinging has been practised as a religious or rather magical rite in + various parts of the world, but it does not seem possible to explain + all the instances of it in the same way. People appear to have + resorted to the practice from different motives and with different + ideas of the benefit to be derived from it. In the text we have seen + that the Letts, and perhaps the Siamese, swing to make the crops grow + tall.<a id="noteref_728" name="noteref_728" href= + "#note_728"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">728</span></span></a> The + same may be the intention of the ceremony whenever it is specially + observed at harvest festivals. Among the Buginese and Macassars of + Celebes, for example, it used to be the custom for young girls to + swing one after the other on these occasions.<a id="noteref_729" + name="noteref_729" href="#note_729"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">729</span></span></a> At the + great Dassera festival of Nepaul, which immediately precedes the + cutting of the rice, swings and kites come into fashion among the + young people of both sexes. The swings are sometimes hung from boughs + of trees, but generally from a cross-beam supported on a framework of + tall bamboos.<a id="noteref_730" name="noteref_730" href= + "#note_730"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">730</span></span></a> Among + the Dyaks of Sarawak a feast is held at the end of harvest, when the + soul of the rice is secured to prevent the crops from rotting away. + On this occasion a number of old women rock to and fro on a rude + swing suspended from the rafters.<a id="noteref_731" name= + "noteref_731" href="#note_731"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">731</span></span></a> A + traveller in Sarawak has described how he saw many tall swings + erected and Dyaks swinging to and fro on them, sometimes ten or + twelve men together on one swing, while they chanted in monotonous, + dirge-like tones an invocation to the spirits that they would be + pleased to grant a plentiful harvest of sago and fruit and a good + fishing season.<a id="noteref_732" name="noteref_732" href= + "#note_732"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">732</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Swinging for fish and game.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the East Indian + island of Bengkali elaborate and costly ceremonies <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page278">[pg 278]</span><a name="Pg278" id="Pg278" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> are performed to ensure a good catch of + fish. Among the rest an hereditary priestess, who bears the royal + title of Djindjang Rajah, works herself up by means of the fumes of + incense and so forth into that state of mental disorder which with + many people passes for a symptom of divine inspiration. In this pious + frame of mind she is led by her four handmaids to a swing all covered + with yellow and hung with golden bells, on which she takes her seat + amid the jingle of the bells. As she rocks gently to and fro in the + swing, she speaks in an unknown tongue to each of the sixteen spirits + who have to do with the fishing.<a id="noteref_733" name= + "noteref_733" href="#note_733"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">733</span></span></a> In + order to procure a plentiful supply of game the Tinneh Indians of + North-West America perform a magical ceremony which they call + <span class="tei tei-q">“the young man bounding or tied.”</span> They + pinion a man tightly, and having hung him by the head and heels from + the roof of the hut, rock him backwards and forwards.<a id= + "noteref_734" name="noteref_734" href="#note_734"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">734</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Indian custom of swinging on hooks. + Swinging in the rainy season. Swinging in honour of Krishna. + Esthonian custom of swinging at the summer solstice.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus we see that + people swing in order to procure a plentiful supply of fish and game + as well as good crops. In such cases the notion seems to be that the + ceremony promotes fertility, whether in the vegetable or the animal + kingdom; though why it should be supposed to do so, I confess myself + unable to explain. There seem to be some reasons for thinking that + the Indian rite of swinging on hooks run through the flesh of the + performer is also resorted to, at least in some cases, from a belief + in its fertilising virtue. Thus Hamilton tells us that at Karwar, on + the west coast of India, a feast is held at the end of May or + beginning of June in honour of the infernal gods, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“with a divination or conjuration to know the fate of the + ensuing crop of corn.”</span> Men were hung from a pole by means of + tenter-hooks inserted in the flesh of their backs; and the pole with + the men dangling from it was then dragged for more than a mile over + ploughed ground from one sacred grove to another, preceded by a young + girl who carried a pot of fire on her head. When the second grove was + reached, the men were let down and taken off the hooks, and the girl + fell into the usual prophetic frenzy, after which she unfolded to the + priests the revelation with which she had just been favoured by the + terrestrial gods. In each of the groves a shapeless black stone, + daubed with red lead to stand for a mouth, eyes, and ears, appears to + have represented the indwelling divinity.<a id="noteref_735" name= + "noteref_735" href="#note_735"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">735</span></span></a> + Sometimes this custom of swinging on hooks, which is known among the + Hindoos as <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Churuk Puja</span></span>, seems to be intended + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page279">[pg 279]</span><a name="Pg279" + id="Pg279" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to propitiate demons. Some + Santals asked Mr. V. Ball to be allowed to perform it because their + women and children were dying of sickness, and their cattle were + being killed by wild beasts; they believed that these misfortunes + befell them because the evil spirits had not been appeased.<a id= + "noteref_736" name="noteref_736" href="#note_736"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">736</span></span></a> These + same Santals celebrate a swinging festival of a less barbarous sort + about the month of February. Eight men sit in chairs and rotate round + posts in a sort of revolving swing, like the merry-go-rounds which + are so dear to children at English fairs.<a id="noteref_737" name= + "noteref_737" href="#note_737"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">737</span></span></a> At the + Nauroz and Eed festivals in Dardistan the women swing on ropes + suspended from trees.<a id="noteref_738" name="noteref_738" href= + "#note_738"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">738</span></span></a> During + the rainy season in Behar young women swing in their houses, while + they sing songs appropriate to the season. The period during which + they indulge in this pastime, if a mere pastime it be, is strictly + limited; it begins with a festival which usually falls on the + twenty-fifth of the month Jeyt and ends with another festival which + commonly takes place on the twenty-fifth of the month Asin. No one + would think of swinging at any other time of the year.<a id= + "noteref_739" name="noteref_739" href="#note_739"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">739</span></span></a> It is + possible that this last custom may be nothing more than a pastime + meant to while away some of the tedious hours of the inclement + season; but its limitation to a certain clearly-defined portion of + the year seems rather to point to a religious or magical origin. + Possibly the intention may once have been to drive away the rain. We + shall see immediately that swinging is sometimes resorted to for the + purpose of expelling the powers of evil. About the middle of March + the Hindoos observe a swinging festival of a different sort in honour + of the god Krishna, whose image is placed in the seat or cradle of a + swing and then, just when the dawn is breaking, rocked gently to and + fro several times. The same ceremony is repeated at noon and at + sunset.<a id="noteref_740" name="noteref_740" href= + "#note_740"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">740</span></span></a> In the + Rigveda the sun is called, by a natural metaphor, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the golden swing in the sky,”</span> and the expression + helps us to understand a ceremony of Vedic India. A priest sat in a + swing and touched with the span of his right hand at once the seat of + the swing and the ground. In doing so he said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page280">[pg + 280]</span><a name="Pg280" id="Pg280" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + great lord has united himself with the great lady, the god has united + himself with the goddess.”</span> Perhaps he meant to indicate in a + graphic way that the sun had reached that lowest point of its course + where it was nearest to the earth.<a id="noteref_741" name= + "noteref_741" href="#note_741"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">741</span></span></a> In this + connexion it is of interest to note that in the Esthonian celebration + of St. John's Day or the summer solstice swings play, along with + bonfires, the most prominent part. Girls sit and swing the whole + night through, singing old songs to explain why they do so. For + legend tells of an Esthonian prince who wooed and won an Islandic + princess. But a wicked enchanter spirited away the lover to a desert + island, where he languished in captivity, till his lady-love + contrived to break the magic spell that bound him. Together they + sailed home to Esthonia, which they reached on St. John's Day, and + burnt their ship, resolved to stray no longer in far foreign lands. + The swings in which the Esthonian maidens still rock themselves on + St. John's Day are said to recall the ship in which the lovers tossed + upon the stormy sea, and the bonfires commemorate the burning of it. + When the fires have died out, the swings are laid aside and never + used again either in the village or at the solitary alehouse until + spring comes round once more.<a id="noteref_742" name="noteref_742" + href="#note_742"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">742</span></span></a> Here it + is natural to connect both swings and bonfires with the apparent + course of the sun, who reaches the highest and turning point of his + orbit on St. John's Day. Bonfires and swings perhaps were originally + charms intended to kindle and speed afresh on its heavenly road + <span class="tei tei-q">“the golden swing in the sky.”</span> Among + the Letts of South Livonia and Curland the summer solstice is the + occasion of a great festival of flowers, at which the people sing + songs with the constant refrain of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">lihgo, + lihgo</span></span>. It has been proposed to derive the word + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">lihgo</span></span> from the Lettish verb + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ligot</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“to + swing,”</span> with reference to the sun swinging in the sky at this + turning-point of his course.<a id="noteref_743" name="noteref_743" + href="#note_743"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">743</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Swinging for inspiration.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At Tengaroeng, in + Eastern Borneo, the priests and priestesses receive the inspiration + of the spirits seated in swings and rocking themselves to and fro. + Thus suspended in the air they appear to be in a peculiarly + favourable position for catching the divine afflatus. One end of the + plank which forms the seat of the priest's swing is carved in the + rude likeness of a crocodile's head; the swing of the priestess is + similarly ornamented with a serpent's head.<a id="noteref_744" name= + "noteref_744" href="#note_744"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">744</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Swinging as a cure for + sickness.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Again, swings are + used for the cure of sickness, but it is the doctor who rocks himself + in them, not the patient. In North Borneo the Dyak medicine man will + sometimes erect a swing in <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page281">[pg + 281]</span><a name="Pg281" id="Pg281" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + front of the sick man's house and sway backwards and forwards on it + for the purpose of kicking away the disease, frightening away evil + spirits, and catching the stray soul of the sufferer.<a id= + "noteref_745" name="noteref_745" href="#note_745"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">745</span></span></a> Clearly + in his passage through the air the physician is likely to collide + with the disease and the evil spirits, both of which are sure to be + loitering about in the neighbourhood of the patient, and the rude + shock thus given to the malady and the demons may reasonably be + expected to push or hustle them away. At Tengaroeng, in Eastern + Borneo, a traveller witnessed a ceremony for the expulsion of an evil + spirit in which swinging played a part. After four men in blue shirts + bespangled with stars, and wearing coronets of red cloth decorated + with beads and bells, had sought diligently for the devil, grabbling + about on the floor and grunting withal, three hideous hags dressed in + faded red petticoats were brought in with great pomp, carried on the + shoulders of Malays, and took their seats, amid solemn silence, on + the cradle of a swing, the ends of which were carved to represent the + head and tail of a crocodile. Not a sound escaped from the crowd of + spectators during this awe-inspiring ceremony; they regarded the + business as most serious. The venerable dames then rocked to and fro + on the swing, fanning themselves languidly with Chinese paper fans. + At a later stage of the performance they and three girls discharged + burning arrows at a sort of altar of banana leaves, maize, and grass. + This completed the discomfiture of the devil.<a id="noteref_746" + name="noteref_746" href="#note_746"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">746</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Athenian festival of + swinging.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Athenians in + antiquity celebrated an annual festival of swinging. Boards were hung + from trees by ropes, and people sitting on them swung to and fro, + while they sang songs of a loose or voluptuous character. The + swinging went on both in public and private. Various explanations + were given of the custom; the most generally received was as follows. + When Bacchus came among men to make known to them the pleasures of + wine, he lodged with a certain Icarus or Icarius, to whom he revealed + the precious secret and bade him go forth and carry the glad tidings + to all the world. So Icarus loaded a waggon with wine-skins, and set + out on his travels, the dog Maera running beside him. He came to + Attica, and there fell in with shepherds tending their sheep, to whom + he gave of the wine. They drank greedily, but when some of them fell + down dead drunk, their companions thought the stranger had poisoned + them with intent to steal the sheep; so they knocked him on the head. + The faithful dog ran home and guided his master's daughter Erigone to + the body. At sight of it she was smitten with <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page282">[pg 282]</span><a name="Pg282" id="Pg282" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> despair and hanged herself on a tree + beside her dead father, but not until she had prayed that, unless the + Athenians should avenge her sire's murder, their daughters might die + the same death as she. Her curse was fulfilled, for soon many + Athenian damsels hanged themselves for no obvious reason. An oracle + informed the Athenians of the true cause of this epidemic of suicide; + so they sought out the bodies of the unhappy pair and instituted the + swinging festival to appease Erigone; and at the vintage they offered + the first of the grapes to her and her father.<a id="noteref_747" + name="noteref_747" href="#note_747"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">747</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Swinging as a mode of expiation and + purification.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus the swinging + festival at Athens was regarded by the ancients as an expiation for a + suicide or suicides by hanging. This opinion is strongly confirmed by + a statement of Varro, that it was unlawful to perform funeral rites + in honour of persons who had died by hanging, but that in their case + such rites were replaced by a custom of swinging images, as if in + imitation of the death they had died.<a id="noteref_748" name= + "noteref_748" href="#note_748"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">748</span></span></a> Servius + says that the Athenians, failing to find the bodies of Icarius and + Erigone on earth, made a pretence of seeking them in the air by + swinging on ropes hung from trees; and he seems to have regarded the + custom of swinging as a purification by means of air.<a id= + "noteref_749" name="noteref_749" href="#note_749"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">749</span></span></a> This + explanation probably comes very near the truth; indeed if we + substitute <span class="tei tei-q">“souls”</span> for <span class= + "tei tei-q">“bodies”</span> in the wording of it we may almost accept + it as exact. It might be thought that the souls of persons who had + died by hanging were, more than the souls of the other dead, hovering + in the air, since their bodies were suspended in air at the moment of + death. Hence it would be considered needful to purge the air of these + vagrant spirits, and this might be done by swinging persons or things + to and fro, in order that by their impact they might disperse and + drive away the baleful ghosts. Thus the custom would be exactly + analogous, on the one hand, to the practice of the Malay + medicine-man, who swings to and fro in front of the patient's house + in order to chase away the disease, or to frighten away evil spirits, + or to catch the stray soul of the sick man, and, on the other hand, + to the practice of the Central Australian <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page283">[pg 283]</span><a name="Pg283" id="Pg283" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> aborigines who beat the air with their weapons + and hands in order to drive the lingering ghost away to the + grave.<a id="noteref_750" name="noteref_750" href= + "#note_750"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">750</span></span></a> At Rome + swinging seems to have formed part of the great Latin festival + (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Feriae Latinae</span></span>), and its origin + was traced to a search in the air for the body or even the soul of + King Latinus, who had disappeared from earth after the battle with + Mezentius, King of Caere.<a id="noteref_751" name="noteref_751" href= + "#note_751"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">751</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Swinging to promote the growth of + plants.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet on the other + hand there are circumstances which point to an intimate association, + both at Athens and Rome, of these swinging festivals with an + intention of promoting the growth of cultivated plants. Such + circumstances are the legendary connexion of the Athenian festival + with Bacchus, the custom of offering the first-fruits of the vintage + to Erigone and Icarius,<a id="noteref_752" name="noteref_752" href= + "#note_752"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">752</span></span></a> and at + Rome the practice of hanging masks on trees at the time of + sowing<a id="noteref_753" name="noteref_753" href= + "#note_753"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">753</span></span></a> and in + order to make the grapes grow better.<a id="noteref_754" name= + "noteref_754" href="#note_754"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">754</span></span></a> Perhaps + we can reconcile the two apparently discrepant effects attributed to + swinging as a means of expiation on the one side and of fertilisation + on the other, by supposing that in both cases the intention is to + clear the air of dangerous influences, whether these are ghosts of + the unburied dead or spiritual powers inimical to the growth of + plants. Independent of both appears to be the notion that the higher + you swing the higher will grow the crops.<a id="noteref_755" name= + "noteref_755" href="#note_755"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">755</span></span></a> This + last is homoeopathic or imitative magic pure and simple, without any + admixture of the ideas of purification or expiation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Swinging as a festal rite in modern + Greece and Italy.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In modern Greece + and Italy the custom of swinging as a festal rite, whatever its + origin may be, is still observed in some places. At the small village + of Koukoura in Elis an English traveller observed peasants swinging + from a tree in honour of St. George, whose festival it was.<a id= + "noteref_756" name="noteref_756" href="#note_756"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">756</span></span></a> On the + Tuesday after Easter the maidens of Seriphos play their favourite + game of the swing. They hang a rope from one wall to another of the + steep, narrow, filthy street, and putting some clothes on it swing + one after the other, singing as they swing. Young men who try to pass + are called upon to pay toll in the shape of a penny, a song, and a + swing. The words which the youth sings are generally these: + <span class="tei tei-q">“The gold is swung, the silver is swung, and + swung too is my love with the golden hair”</span>; to <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page284">[pg 284]</span><a name="Pg284" id="Pg284" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> which the girl replies, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Who is it that swings me that I may gild him with my + favour, that I may work him a fez all covered with + pearls?”</span><a id="noteref_757" name="noteref_757" href= + "#note_757"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">757</span></span></a> In the + Greek island of Karpathos the villagers assemble at a given place on + each of the four Sundays before Easter, a swing is erected, and the + women swing one after the other, singing death wails such as they + chant round the mimic tombs in church on the night of Good + Friday.<a id="noteref_758" name="noteref_758" href= + "#note_758"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">758</span></span></a> On + Christmas Day peasant girls in some villages of Calabria fasten ropes + to iron rings in the ceiling and swing on them, while they sing + certain songs prescribed by custom for the occasion. The practice is + regarded not merely as an amusement but also as an act of + devotion.<a id="noteref_759" name="noteref_759" href= + "#note_759"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">759</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“It is a custom in Cadiz, when Christmas + comes, to fasten swings in the courtyards of houses, and even in the + houses themselves when there is no room for them outside. In the + evenings lads and lasses assemble round the swings and pass the time + happily in swinging amid joyous songs and cries. The swings are taken + down when Carnival is come.”</span><a id="noteref_760" name= + "noteref_760" href="#note_760"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">760</span></span></a> The + observance of the custom at Christmas, that is, at the winter + solstice, suggests that in Calabria and Spain, as in Esthonia, the + pastime may originally have been a magical rite designed to assist + the sun in climbing the steep ascent to the top of the summer sky. If + this were so, we might surmise that the gold and the golden hair + mentioned by youths and maidens of Seriphos as they swing refer to + <span class="tei tei-q">“the golden swing in the sky,”</span> in + other words to the sun whose golden lamp swings daily across the blue + vault of heaven.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + + <div class="tei tei-marginnote tei-marginnote-margin"> + <div class="tei tei-marginnotetext"> + <span style="font-size: 80%">Swinging at festivals in + spring.</span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">However that may + be, it would seem that festivals of swinging are especially held in + spring. This is true, for example, of North Africa, where such + festivals are common. At some places in that part of the world the + date of the swinging is the time of the apricots; at others it is + said to be the spring equinox. In some places the festival lasts + three days, and fathers who have had children born to them within the + year bring them and swing them in the swings.<a id="noteref_761" + name="noteref_761" href="#note_761"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">761</span></span></a> In + Corea <span class="tei tei-q">“the fifth day of the fifth moon is + called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tano-nal</span></span>. Ancestors are then + worshipped, and swings are put up in the yards of most houses for the + amusement of the people. The women on this day may go about the + streets; during the rest of the year they may go out only after dark. + Dressed in their prettiest clothes, they visit the various houses and + amuse themselves swinging. The swing is said to convey the idea of + keeping cool in the approaching summer. It is one of <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page285">[pg 285]</span><a name="Pg285" id="Pg285" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the most popular feasts of the + year.”</span><a id="noteref_762" name="noteref_762" href= + "#note_762"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">762</span></span></a> Perhaps + the reason here assigned for swinging may explain other instances of + the custom; on the principles of homoeopathic magic the swinging may + be regarded as a means of ensuring a succession of cool refreshing + breezes during the oppressive heat of the ensuing summer.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page287">[pg 287]</span><a name= + "Pg287" id="Pg287" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc63" id="toc63"></a> <a name="pdf64" id="pdf64"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Addenda.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref">104</a>. <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">The sacred precinct + of Pelops at Olympia.</span></em>—It deserves to be noted that just + as Pelops, whose legend reflects the origin of the chariot-race, had + his sacred precinct and probably his tomb at Olympia, in like manner + Endymion, whose legend reflects the origin of the foot-race,<a id= + "noteref_763" name="noteref_763" href="#note_763"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">763</span></span></a> had his + tomb at the end of the Olympic stadium, at the point where the + runners started in the race.<a id="noteref_764" name="noteref_764" + href="#note_764"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">764</span></span></a> This + presence at Olympia of the graves of the two early kings, whose names + are associated with the origin of the foot-race and of the + chariot-race respectively, can hardly be without significance; it + indicates the important part played by the dead in the foundation of + the Olympic games.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">P. <a href= + "#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref">188</a>. <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">A man is literally + reborn in the person of his son.</span></em>—This belief in the + possible rebirth of the parent in the child may sometimes explain the + seemingly widespread dislike of people to have children like + themselves. Examples of such a dislike have met us in a former part + of this work.<a id="noteref_765" name="noteref_765" href= + "#note_765"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">765</span></span></a> A + similar superstition prevails among the Papuans of Doreh Bay in Dutch + New Guinea. When a son resembles his father or a daughter resembles + her mother closely in features, these savages fear that the father or + mother will soon die.<a id="noteref_766" name="noteref_766" href= + "#note_766"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">766</span></span></a> Again, + in the island of Savou, to the south-west of Timor, if a child at + birth is thought to be like its father or mother, it may not remain + under the parental roof, else the person whom it resembles would soon + die.<a id="noteref_767" name="noteref_767" href= + "#note_767"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">767</span></span></a> Such + superstitions, it is obvious, might readily suggest the expedient of + killing the child in order to save the life of the parent.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page289">[pg 289]</span><a name= + "Pg289" id="Pg289" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc65" id="toc65"></a> <a name="pdf66" id="pdf66"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Index.</span></h1> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ababua, the, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abbas, the Great, <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">157</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abchases, their memorial feasts, <a href="#Pg098" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a>, <a href="#Pg103" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abdication, annual, of kings, <a href="#Pg148" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of father when his son is grown up, <a href="#Pg181" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the king on the birth of a son, <a href="#Pg190" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abeokuta, the Alake of, <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">203</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abipones, the, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">63</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abraham, his attempted sacrifice of Isaac, <a href="#Pg177" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abruzzi, the, <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">66</a>, <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">67</a>; burning an effigy of the + Carnival in the, <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">224</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Lenten custom in the, <a href="#Pg244" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">244</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Abstract notions, the personification of, not primitive, <a href= + "#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Academy at Athens, funeral games held in the, <a href="#Pg096" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Acaill, Book of, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">39</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Accession of a Shilluk king, ceremonies at the, <a href="#Pg023" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Acropolis at Athens, the sacred serpent on the, <a href="#Pg086" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Adonis or Tammuz, <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">7</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aesculapius restores Hippolytus or Virbius to life, <a href= + "#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Africa, succession to the soul in, <a href="#Pg200" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— North, festivals of swinging in, <a href="#Pg284" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agathocles, his siege of Carthage, <a href="#Pg167" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agrigentum, Phalaris of, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agrionia, a festival, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">163</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Agylla, funeral games at, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">95</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ahaz, King, his sacrifice of his children, <a href="#Pg169" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Akurwa, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">19</a>, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">23</a>, <a href="#Pg024" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">24</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alake, the, of Abeokuta, custom of cutting off the head of his + corpse, <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">203</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alban kings, <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">76</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Albania, expulsion of Kore on Easter Eve in, <a href="#Pg265" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">265</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alcibiades of Apamea, his vision of the Holy Ghost, <a href= + "#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alexander the Great, funeral games in his honour, <a href= + "#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Algonkin women, their attempts to be impregnated by the souls of + the dying, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Altdorf and Weingarten, Ash Wednesday at, <a href="#Pg232" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Alus, sanctuary of Laphystian Zeus at, <a href="#Pg161" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a>, <a href="#Pg164" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amasis, king of Egypt, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Amelioration in the character of the gods, <a href="#Pg136" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + American Indians, their Great Spirit, <a href="#Pg003" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Andaman Islanders, their ideas as to shooting stars, <a href= + "#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Angamis, the, <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">13</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Angel of Death, <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">177</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Angola, the Matiamvo of, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">35</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Angoni, the, of British Central Africa, <a href="#Pg156" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Angoy, king of, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">39</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Anhouri, Egyptian god, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">5</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Animals sacred to kings, <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">82</a>, <a href="#Pg084" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + transformations into, <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">82</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Annam, natives of, their indifference to death, <a href="#Pg136" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Annual abdication of kings, <a href="#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">148</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— renewal of king's power at Babylon, <a href="#Pg113" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— tenure of the kingship, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">113</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Antichrist, expected reign of, <a href="#Pg044" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aphrodite, the grave of, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">4</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Apollo, buried at Delphi, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">4</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + servitude of, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">70</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>, <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and the laurel, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">78</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as slayer of the dragon at Delphi, <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>, <a href="#Pg079" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a>, <a href= + "#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Thebes, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">79</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + purged of the dragon's blood in the Vale of Tempe, <a href= + "#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ardennes, effigies of Carnival burned in the, <a href="#Pg226" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ares, the grave of, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">4</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ariadne and Theseus, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ariadne's Dance, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">77</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arician grove, ritual of the, <a href="#Pg213" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arizona, mock human sacrifices in, <a href="#Pg215" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Arnold, Matthew, on the English middle class, <a href="#Pg146" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">146</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Artemis, Munychian, sacrifice to, <a href="#Pg166" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>; mock human sacrifice in + the ritual of, <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">215</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Artemisia, wife of Mausolus, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">95</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page290">[pg 290]</span><a name= + "Pg290" id="Pg290" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ascanius, <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">76</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ascension Day, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">222</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n</span></span>.<span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>; the <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Carrying out of + Death”</span> on, at Braller, <a href="#Pg247" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">247</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ash Wednesday, Burial of the Carnival on, <a href="#Pg221" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + death of Caramantran on, <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">226</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + effigies of Carnival or of Shrove Tuesday burnt or buried on, + <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">226</a>, <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">228</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Asherim</span></span>, sacred poles, + <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">169</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ass, son of a god in the form of an, <a href="#Pg124" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">124</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the crest or totem of a royal family, <a href="#Pg132" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>, <a href="#Pg133" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Assegai, child + of the,”</span> <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">183</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Asses and men, redemption of firstling, <a href="#Pg173" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Assyrian eponymate, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">116</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Astarte, the moon-goddess, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">92</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Astronomical considerations determining the early Greek calendar, + <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">68</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athamas and his children, legend of, <a href="#Pg161" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athena, human sacrifices to, <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">166</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athenaeus, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">143</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athenian festival of swinging, <a href="#Pg281" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Athens, funeral games at, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">96</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + hand of suicide cut off at, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">220</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Attacks on kings permitted, <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">22</a>, <a href="#Pg048" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aun or On, king of Sweden, <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">57</a>; sacrifices his sons, <a href= + "#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg188" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Aurora Australis, fear entertained by the Kurnai of the, <a href= + "#Pg267" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">267</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Australia, custom of destroying firstborn children among the + aborigines of, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">179</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + magical rites for the revival of nature in Central, <a href= + "#Pg270" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">270</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Australian aborigines, their ideas as to shooting stars, <a href= + "#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— funeral custom, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">92</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Avebury, Lord, <a href="#Pg146" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">146</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>, <a href="#Pg273" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">273</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baal, Semitic, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">75</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human sacrifices to, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">167</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg195" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Babylon, festival of Zagmuk at, <a href="#Pg110" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a>, <a href="#Pg113" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Babylonian gods, mortality of the, <a href="#Pg005" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— legend of creation, <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">110</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— myth of Marduk and Tiamat, <a href="#Pg105" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg107" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bacchic frenzy, <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">164</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Baganda, the, <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">11</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ball, V., <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">279</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ballymote, the Book of, <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">100</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Balwe in Westphalia, Burying the Carnival at, <a href="#Pg232" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Banishment of homicide, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">69</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Banna, a tribe accustomed to strangle their firstborn children, + <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">181</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Barber, Rev. Dr. W. T. A., <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">145</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg275" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">275</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Barcelona, ceremony of <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Sawing the Old Woman”</span> at, <a href= + "#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Barongo, the, <a href="#Pg010" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">10</a>, <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">61</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bashada, a tribe accustomed to strangle their firstborn children, + <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">181</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bashkirs, their horse-races at funerals, <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bath of ox blood, <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">201</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Battle of Summer and Winter, <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">254</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bautz, Dr. Joseph, on hell fire, <a href="#Pg136" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bavaria, Whitsuntide mummers in, <a href="#Pg207" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Carrying out Death in, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">233</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dramatic contests between Summer and Winter in, <a href="#Pg255" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bear, the soul of Typhon in the Great, <a href="#Pg005" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beast, the number of the, <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">44</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beating cattle to make them fat or fruitful, <a href="#Pg236" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beauty and the Beast type of tale, <a href="#Pg125" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">125</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bedouins, annual festival of the Sinaitic, <a href="#Pg097" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Behar, custom of swinging in, <a href="#Pg279" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Beheading the King, a Whitsuntide pageant in Bohemia, <a href= + "#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bengal, kings of, their rule of succession, <a href="#Pg051" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bengkali, East Indian island, <a href="#Pg277" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">277</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Benin, king of, represented with panther's whiskers, <a href= + "#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human sacrifices at the burial of a king of, <a href="#Pg139" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Berosus, Babylonian historian, <a href="#Pg113" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Berry, ceremony of <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Sawing the Old Woman”</span> in, <a href= + "#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bhagats, mock human sacrifices among the, <a href="#Pg217" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bhuiyas, the, of north-eastern India, <a href="#Pg056" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bilaspur, temporary rajah in, <a href="#Pg154" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Birds of omen, stories of their origin, <a href="#Pg126" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>, <a href="#Pg127" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Black, Dr. J. Sutherland, <a href="#Pg260" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">260</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Black bull sacrificed to the dead, <a href="#Pg095" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— ox, bath of blood of, <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">201</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— ram sacrificed to Pelops, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">92</a>, <a href="#Pg104" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bland, J. O. P., <a href="#Pg274" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">274</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Blemishes, bodily, a ground for putting kings to death, <a href= + "#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Blood of victims in rain-making ceremonies, <a href="#Pg020" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + bath of ox, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">35</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human, offered to the dead, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">92</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg104" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of sacrifice splashed on door-posts, house-posts, etc., <a href= + "#Pg175" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">175</a>, + <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">176</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of human victims smeared on faces of idols, <a href="#Pg185" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boemus, J., <a href="#Pg234" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">234</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bohemia, Whitsuntide mummers in, <a href="#Pg209" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Carrying out + Death”</span> in, <a href="#Pg237" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">237</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bones of sacrificial victim not broken, <a href="#Pg020" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">20</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bonfire, jumping over, <a href="#Pg262" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">262</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boni, in Celebes, <a href="#Pg040" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">40</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Book of Acaill, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">39</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Borans, their custom of sacrificing their children, <a href= + "#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bororos, the, of Brazil, <a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">62</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bourges, ceremony of <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Sawing the Old Woman”</span> at, <a href= + "#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bourke, Captain J. G., <a href="#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">215</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page291">[pg 291]</span><a name= + "Pg291" id="Pg291" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Boxers at funerals, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">97</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brahmans, the ceremonial swinging of, <a href="#Pg150" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>, <a href="#Pg156" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Braller in Transylvania, <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">230</a>; <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Carrying out Death”</span> at, <a href= + "#Pg247" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">247</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brasidas, funeral games in his honour, <a href="#Pg094" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brazilian Indians, their indifference to death, <a href="#Pg138" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Breezes, magical means of securing, <a href="#Pg287" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bridegroom of the May, <a href="#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">266</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bringing in Summer, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a>, <a href="#Pg237" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">237</a>, <a href="#Pg238" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a>, <a href="#Pg246" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Britomartis and Minos, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">73</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brittany, Burial of Shrove Tuesday or of the Carnival in, + <a href="#Pg229" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">229</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brockelmann, C., <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">116</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bronze ploughs used by Etruscans at founding cities, <a href= + "#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Brother and sister marriages in royal families, <a href="#Pg193" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Buddhist monks, suicide of, <a href="#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">42</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Budge, E. A. Wallis, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">5</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Buginese of Celebes, their custom of swinging, <a href="#Pg277" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">277</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bull, Pasiphae and the, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">71</a>; as symbol of the sun, <a href= + "#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the brazen, of Phalaris, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">75</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + said to have guided the Samnites, <a href="#Pg186" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and cow, represented by masked actors, <a href="#Pg071" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Bull-headed image of the sun, <a href="#Pg075" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>, <a href="#Pg076" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a>, <a href= + "#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burgebrach in Bavaria, straw-man burnt on Ash Wednesday at, + <a href="#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">232</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burial alive of the aged, <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">11</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in jars, <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">12</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of infants to secure rebirth, <a href="#Pg199" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Shrove Tuesday, <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">228</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Burning an effigy of the Carnival, <a href="#Pg223" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">223</a>, <a href="#Pg224" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a>, <a href= + "#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg229" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">229</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg232" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— effigies of Shrove Tuesday, <a href="#Pg227" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Winter at Zurich, <a href="#Pg260" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">260</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Burying the + Carnival,”</span> <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">209</a>, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">220</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Busoga, mock human sacrifice in, <a href="#Pg215" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cabunian, Mount, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">3</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cadiz, custom of swinging at, <a href="#Pg284" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cadmea, the, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">79</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cadmus, servitude of, for the slaughter of the dragon, <a href= + "#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">70</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>, <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the slayer of the dragon at Thebes, <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Harmonia, their transformation into serpents, <a href= + "#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + marriage of, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">88</a>, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">89</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caffres, the, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caiem, the caliph, <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">8</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calabria, ceremony of <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Sawing the Old Woman”</span> in, <a href= + "#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom of swinging in, <a href="#Pg284" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">284</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calendar, the early Greek, determined by astronomical + considerations, <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">68</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + closely bound up with religion, <a href="#Pg069" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">69</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Syro-Macedonian, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">116</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Calica Puran</span></span>, an Indian + law-book, <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Calicut, rule of succession observed by the kings of, <a href= + "#Pg047" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg206" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + California, Indians of, <a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">62</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cambodia, Kings of Fire and Water in, <a href="#Pg014" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + annual abdication of the king of, <a href="#Pg148" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Canaanites, their custom of burning their children in honour of + Baal, <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">168</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Canada, Indians of, their ceremony for mitigating the cold of + winter, <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">259</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caramantran, death of, on Ash Wednesday in Provence, <a href= + "#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carinthia, ceremony at the installation of a prince of, <a href= + "#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carman, the fair of, <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">100</a>, <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">101</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carnival, Burying the, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">209</a>, <a href="#Pg220" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + swings taken down at, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Carnival + (Shrovetide) Fool,”</span> <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carolina, king's son wounded among the Indians of, <a href= + "#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">184</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carrier Indians, succession to the soul among the, <a href= + "#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Carrying out + Death,”</span> <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">221</a>, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">233</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg246" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Carthaginian sacrifice of children to Moloch, <a href="#Pg075" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to Baal, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">167</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cassange, in Angola, king of, <a href="#Pg203" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">203</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human sacrifice at installation of king of, <a href="#Pg056" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cassotis, oracular spring, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">79</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Castaly, the oracular spring of, <a href="#Pg079" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Catalonia, funeral of Carnival in, <a href="#Pg225" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cattle sacrificed instead of human beings, <a href="#Pg166" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Caucasus, funeral games among the people of the, <a href="#Pg097" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cauxanas, Indian tribe of the Amazon, kill all their firstborn + children, <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">185</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cecrops, half-serpent, half-man, <a href="#Pg086" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Celebes, sanctity of regalia in, <a href="#Pg202" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a>; the Toboongkoos + of, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">219</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Celts of Gaul, their indifference to death, <a href="#Pg142" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cemeteries, fairs held at, <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">101</a>, <a href="#Pg102" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chaka, a Zulu tyrant, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">36</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chama, town on the Gold Coast, <a href="#Pg129" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chariot-race at Olympia, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">91</a>, <a href="#Pg104" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg287" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— races in honour of the dead, <a href="#Pg093" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chewsurs, their funeral games, <a href="#Pg098" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cheyne, Professor T. K., <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">86</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chilcotin Indians, their practice at an eclipse of the sun, + <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">77</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Child of the + assegai,”</span> <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">183</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Children sacrificed to Moloch, <a href="#Pg075" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrificed by the Semites, <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">166</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dislike of parents to have children like themselves, <a href= + "#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chinese indifference to death, <a href="#Pg144" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg273" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">273</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + reports of custom of devouring firstborn children, <a href= + "#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chiriguanos, the, of South America, <a href="#Pg012" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">12</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page292">[pg 292]</span><a name= + "Pg292" id="Pg292" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chirol, Valentine, <a href="#Pg274" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">274</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chitomé, a pontiff in Congo, the manner of his death, <a href= + "#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Christmas, custom of swinging at, <a href="#Pg284" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chrudim in Bohemia, effigy of Death burnt at, <a href="#Pg239" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Chukchees, voluntary deaths among the, <a href="#Pg013" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">13</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Circassia, games in honour of the dead in, <a href="#Pg098" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Circumcision of father as a mode of redeeming his offspring, + <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">181</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mimic rite of, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">219</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cities, Etruscan ceremony at the founding of, <a href="#Pg157" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cloud-dragon, myth of the, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">107</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cluis-Dessus and Cluis-Dessous, custom of <span class="tei tei-q" + style="text-align: left">“Sawing the Old Woman”</span> at, + <a href="#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">241</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cnossus, Minos at, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">70</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the labyrinth at, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">75</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cobra, the crest of the Maharajah of Nagpur, <a href="#Pg132" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cock, king represented with the feathers of a, <a href="#Pg085" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Colchis, Phrixus in, <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">162</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Congo, the pontiff Chitomé in, <a href="#Pg014" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Conjunction of sun and moon, a time for marriage, <a href= + "#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Consecration of firstlings, <a href="#Pg172" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">172</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Contempt of death, <a href="#Pg142" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">142</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Contests, dramatic, between actors representing Summer and + Winter, <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">254</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Conti, Nicolo, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">54</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Conybeare, F. C., <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">5</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cook, A. B., <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">71</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span>, <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span>, <a href="#Pg079" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>, <a href="#Pg080" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a>, <a href="#Pg081" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">81</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>, <a href="#Pg082" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ns.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span>, <a href="#Pg089" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">5</span></span>, <a href="#Pg090" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Corannas of South Africa, custom as to succession among the, + <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">191</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Corea, custom of swinging in, <a href="#Pg284" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cornaby, Rev. W. A., <a href="#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">273</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cornford, F. M., <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">91</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">7</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Corn-harvest, the first-fruits of the, offered at Lammas, + <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">101</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -spirit called the Old Man or the Old Woman, <a href="#Pg253" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cornwall, temporary king in, <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">153</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Corporeal relics of dead kings confer right to throne, <a href= + "#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Courtiers required to imitate their sovereign, <a href="#Pg039" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">39</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cow as symbol of the moon, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">71</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crane, dance called the, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crassus, Publicius Licinius, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">96</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Creation, myths of, <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">106</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Babylonian legend of, <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">110</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Creator, the grave of the, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">3</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crete, grave of Zeus in, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">3</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Criminals sacrificed, <a href="#Pg195" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">195</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crocodile clan, <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">31</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cromm Cruach, a legendary Irish idol, <a href="#Pg183" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cronus buried in Sicily, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">4</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his sacrifice of his son, <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">166</a>, <a href="#Pg179" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his treatment of his father and his children, <a href="#Pg192" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his marriage with his sister Rhea, <a href="#Pg194" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">194</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crooke, W., <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">53</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>, <a href="#Pg157" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">5</span></span>, <a href="#Pg159" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">159</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crown of laurel, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">78</a>, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">80</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of oak leaves, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">80</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of olive at Olympia, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crowning, festival of the, at Delphi, <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cruachan, the fair of, <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">101</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Crystals, superstitions as to, <a href="#Pg064" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">6</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cupid and Psyche, story of, <a href="#Pg131" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">131</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cutting or lacerating the body in honour of the dead, <a href= + "#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cuttle-fish, expiation for killing a, <a href="#Pg217" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cychreus, king of Salamis, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">87</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cycle, the octennial, based on an attempt to reconcile solar and + lunar time, <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">68</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cyclopes, slaughter of the, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">78</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Cytisorus, <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">162</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Czechs of Bohemia, <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">221</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Daedalus, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dahomey, royal family of, related to leopards, <a href="#Pg085" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + religious massacres in, <a href="#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">138</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Daira or Mahadev Mohammedans in Mysore, <a href="#Pg220" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dalton, Colonel E. T., <a href="#Pg217" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Danakils or Afar of East Africa, <a href="#Pg200" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dance of youths and maidens at Cnossus, <a href="#Pg075" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Ariadne's, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">77</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dardistan, custom of swinging in, <a href="#Pg279" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Darfur, Sultans of, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">39</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dassera festival of Nepaul, <a href="#Pg277" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">277</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Daura, a Hausa kingdom, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">35</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom of succession to the throne in, <a href="#Pg201" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + David, King, and the brazen serpent, <a href="#Pg086" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dead, souls of the, associated with falling stars, <a href= + "#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rebirth of the, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">70</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifices to the, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">92</a>, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">93</a>, <a href="#Pg094" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a>, <a href="#Pg095" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>, <a href= + "#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human blood offered to the, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">92</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg104" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dead kings, worship of, <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">24</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their spirits thought to possess sick people, <a href="#Pg025" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Uganda consulted as oracles, <a href="#Pg200" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— man's hand used in magical ceremony, <a href="#Pg267" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">267</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— One, the, name applied to the last sheaf, <a href="#Pg254" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">254</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Sunday, <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">239</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the fourth Sunday in Lent, <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">221</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + also called Mid-Lent, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">222</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Death of the Great Pan, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">6</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— preference for a violent, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">9</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + natural, regarded as a calamity, <a href="#Pg011" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + European fear of, <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">135</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg146" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">146</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + indifference to, displayed by many races, <a href="#Pg136" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Carrying out of, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page293">[pg + 293]</span><a name="Pg293" id="Pg293" class="tei tei-anchor" + style="text-align: left"></a> <a href="#Pg221" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>, <a href="#Pg233" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg246" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + conception of, in relation to vegetation, <a href="#Pg253" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the corn, <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">254</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and resurrection of Kostrubonko at Eastertide, <a href="#Pg261" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and revival of vegetation, <a href="#Pg263" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">263</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Death, effigy of, feared and abhorred, <a href="#Pg239" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">239</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + potency of life attributed to, <a href="#Pg247" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">247</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— the Angel of, <a href="#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">177</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + De Barros, Portuguese historian, <a href="#Pg051" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Deer, descent of Kalamants from a, <a href="#Pg126" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrificed instead of human beings, <a href="#Pg166" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span>.<span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Delos, Theseus at, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Delphi, tombs of Dionysus and Apollo at, <a href="#Pg003" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + festival of Crowning at, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">78</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dengdit, the Supreme Being of the Dinka, <a href="#Pg030" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">30</a>, <a href="#Pg032" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">32</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Deputy, the expedient of dying by, <a href="#Pg056" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a>, <a href="#Pg160" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dictynna and Minos, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">73</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dinka, the, of the White Nile, <a href="#Pg028" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">28</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + totemism of the, <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">30</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diomede, human sacrifices to, <a href="#Pg166" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dionysus, the tomb of, at Delphi, <a href="#Pg003" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human sacrifice consummated by a priest of, <a href="#Pg163" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + boys sacrificed to, <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">166</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dislike of people to have children like themselves, <a href= + "#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Diurnal tenure of the kingship, <a href="#Pg118" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">118</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Divine king, the killing of the, <a href="#Pg009" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">9</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— kings of the Shilluk, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">17</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— spirit incarnate in Shilluk kings, <a href="#Pg021" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg026" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dodge, Colonel R. I., <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">3</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dog killed instead of king, <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">17</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Doreh Bay in New Guinea, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dorians, their superstition as to meteors, <a href="#Pg059" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dragon, drama of the slaughter of the, <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg089" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + myth of the, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">105</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dragon-crest of kings, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">105</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dramatic contests of actors representing Summer and Winter, + <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">254</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dreams, revelations in, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">25</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Drenching leaf-clad mummer as a rain-charm, <a href="#Pg211" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Driver, Professor S. R., <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">170</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">5</span></span>, <a href="#Pg173" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ducks and ptarmigan, dramatic contest of the, <a href="#Pg259" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dyak medicine-men, their practice of swinging, <a href="#Pg280" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dyaks of Sarawak, story of their descent from a fish, <a href= + "#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifice cattle instead of human beings, <a href="#Pg166" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their sacrifices during an epidemic, <a href="#Pg176" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">176</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their custom of swinging, <a href="#Pg277" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">277</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dying, custom of catching the souls of the, <a href="#Pg198" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Dying by deputy, <a href="#Pg056" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">56</a>, <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">160</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eames, W., <a href="#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">273</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ears of sacrificial victims cut off, <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Easter, first Sunday after, <a href="#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">249</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + swinging on the Tuesday after, <a href="#Pg283" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom of swinging on the four Sundays before, <a href="#Pg284" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Easter Eve in Albania, expulsion of Kore on, <a href="#Pg265" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">265</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eastertide, death and resurrection of Kostrubonko at, <a href= + "#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eating the bodies of aged relations, custom of, <a href="#Pg014" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Echinadian Islands, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">6</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eclipse of the sun and moon, belief of the Tahitians as to, + <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">73</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + practice of the Chilcotin Indians at an, <a href="#Pg077" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ecliptic perhaps mimicked in dances, <a href="#Pg077" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Effigies of Carnival, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">222</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Shrove Tuesday, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">227</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Death, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg246" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + seven-legged, of Lent in Spain and Italy, <a href="#Pg244" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Winter burnt at Zurich, <a href="#Pg260" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">260</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Kupalo, Kostroma, and Yarilo in Russia, <a href="#Pg262" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Effigy, human sacrifices carried out in, <a href="#Pg217" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egbas, the, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egypt, temporary kings in Upper, <a href="#Pg151" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mock human sacrifices in ancient, <a href="#Pg217" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Egyptian gods, mortality of the ancient, <a href="#Pg004" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">4</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + influence on Christian doctrine of the Trinity, <a href="#Pg005" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + kings called bulls, <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">72</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + trinities of gods, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">5</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eimine Ban, an Irish abbot, <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">159</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eldest sons sacrificed for their fathers, <a href="#Pg161" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Elliot, R. H., <a href="#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">136</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Emain, fair at, <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">100</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Embalming as a means of prolonging the life of the soul, <a href= + "#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">4</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Encheleans, the, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">84</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Endymion at Olympia, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">90</a>; his tomb at Olympia, <a href="#Pg287" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + English middle class, their clinging to life, <a href="#Pg146" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">146</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ἐννέωρος βασίλευε, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">70</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eponymate, the Assyrian, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">116</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eponymous magistrates, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">117</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Equinox, the spring, custom of swinging at, <a href="#Pg284" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + drama of Summer and Winter at the spring, <a href="#Pg257" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Erechtheum, the, <a href="#Pg087" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">87</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Erechtheus" id="Index-Erechtheus" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Erechtheus or Erichthonius in relation to the sacred serpent on + the Acropolis, <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">86</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + voluntary death of the daughters of, <a href="#Pg192" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ergamenes, king of Meroe, <a href="#Pg015" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">15</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Erichthonius, <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">86</a>. <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See</span></span> <a href= + "#Index-Erechtheus" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">Erechtheus</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Erigone, her suicide by hanging, <a href="#Pg281" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page294">[pg 294]</span><a name= + "Pg294" id="Pg294" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Erzgebirge, Shrovetide custom in the, <a href="#Pg208" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Esagil, temple of Marduk at Babylon, <a href="#Pg113" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Esarhaddon, king of Assyria, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">116</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Esquimaux, suicide among the, <a href="#Pg043" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">43</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their magical ceremony in autumn, <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Esthonian belief as to falling stars, <a href="#Pg066" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + celebration of St. John's Day, <a href="#Pg280" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom on Shrove Tuesday, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">233</a>, <a href="#Pg252" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">252</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Esthonians, their ideas of shooting stars, <a href="#Pg063" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ethiopia, kings of, chosen for their beauty, <a href="#Pg038" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">38</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ethiopian kings of Meroe put to death, <a href="#Pg015" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Etruscan ceremony at founding cities, <a href="#Pg157" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Euphorion of Chalcis, Greek author, <a href="#Pg143" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">143</a>, <a href="#Pg144" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">144</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Europa, her wanderings, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">89</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and Zeus, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">73</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + European beliefs as to shooting stars, <a href="#Pg066" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">66</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fear of death, <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">135</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg146" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">146</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Evans, Sebastian, <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">122</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eve, Easter, in Albania, <a href="#Pg265" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">265</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eve of St. John (Midsummer Eve), Russian ceremony on, <a href= + "#Pg262" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ewe negroes, the, <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">61</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Expiation for killing sacred animals, <a href="#Pg216" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Eyeo, kings of, put to death, <a href="#Pg040" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ezekiel, on the sacrifice of the firstborn, <a href="#Pg171" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + E-zida, the temple of Nabu, <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">110</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fairs of ancient Ireland, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">99</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fashoda, the capital of the Shilluk kings, <a href="#Pg018" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a>, <a href= + "#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">19</a>, + <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">24</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Father god succeeded by his divine son, <a href="#Pg005" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fazoql or Fazolglou, kings of, put to death, <a href="#Pg016" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">16</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fear of death entertained by the European races, <a href="#Pg135" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg146" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">146</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Feeding the + dead,”</span> <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">102</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Feriae + Latinae</span></span>, <a href="#Pg283" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">283</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Feronia, a Latin goddess, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">186</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fertilising power ascribed to the effigy of Death, <a href= + "#Pg250" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">250</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Festival of the Crowning at Delphi, <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the Laurel-bearing at Thebes, <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg088" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Festus, on <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the + Sacred Spring,”</span> <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">186</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Feuillet, Madame Octave, <a href="#Pg228" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">228</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fez, mock sultan in, <a href="#Pg152" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">152</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fighting the king, right of, <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">22</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fiji, voluntary deaths in, <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">11</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom of grave-diggers in, <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">156</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rule of succession in, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">191</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Finger-joints, custom of sacrificing, <a href="#Pg219" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mock sacrifice of, <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ib.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fire, voluntary death by, <a href="#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">42</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and Water, kings of, in Cambodia, <a href="#Pg014" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Firstborn, sacrifice of the, <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">171</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + killed and eaten, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">179</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrificed among various races, <a href="#Pg179" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -fruits offered to the dead, <a href="#Pg102" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">102</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the corn offered at Lammas, <a href="#Pg101" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the vintage offered to Icarius and Erigone, <a href="#Pg283" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Firstlings, Hebrew sacrifice of, <a href="#Pg172" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">172</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Irish sacrifice of, <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">183</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fish, descent of the Dyaks from a, <a href="#Pg126" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fison, Rev. Lorimer, <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">156</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Five years, despotic power for period of, <a href="#Pg053" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Flight of the priestly king (<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Regifugium</span></span>) + at Rome, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">213</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Florence, ceremony of <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Sawing the Old Woman”</span> at, <a href= + "#Pg240" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Florida, sacrifice of firstborn male children by the Indians of, + <a href="#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">184</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Fool, the Carnival, burial of, <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Foot, custom of standing on one, <a href="#Pg149" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a>, <a href="#Pg150" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>, <a href= + "#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>, + <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">156</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -race at Olympia, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Franche-Comté, effigies of Shrove Tuesday destroyed in, <a href= + "#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Freycinet, L. de, <a href="#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">118</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Frosinone in Latium, burning an effigy of the Carnival at, + <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">22</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Funeral of Kostroma, <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">261</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -games, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">92</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -rites performed for a father in the fifth month of his wife's + pregnancy, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">189</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Futuna in the South Pacific, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">97</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Galton, Sir Francis, <a href="#Pg146" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">146</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Game of Troy, <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">76</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Games, funeral, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">92</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gandharva-Sena, <a href="#Pg124" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">124</a>, <a href="#Pg125" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">125</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ganges, firstborn children sacrificed to the, <a href="#Pg180" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gazelle Peninsula in New Britain, <a href="#Pg065" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gelo, tyrant of Syracuse, <a href="#Pg167" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">167</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Genesis, account of the creation in, <a href="#Pg106" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">106</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ghost, the Holy, regarded as female, <a href="#Pg005" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ghosts propitiated with blood, <a href="#Pg092" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + propitiated with games, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">96</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + anger of, <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">103</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Giles, Professor H. A., <a href="#Pg275" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">275</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Girls' race at Olympia, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gladiators at Roman funerals, <a href="#Pg096" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Roman banquets, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">143</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Goats sacrificed instead of human beings, <a href="#Pg166" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gobir, a Hausa kingdom, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">35</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + God, the killing and resurrection of a god in the hunting, + pastoral, and agricultural stages of society, <a href="#Pg221" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page295">[pg 295]</span><a name= + "Pg295" id="Pg295" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + God's Mouth, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gods, mortality of the, <a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">1</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + created by man in his own likeness, <a href="#Pg002" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">2</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + succeeded by their sons, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">5</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + progressive amelioration in the character of the, <a href= + "#Pg136" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Golden apples of the Hesperides, <a href="#Pg080" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— fleece, ram with, <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">162</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— swords, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Goldmann, Dr. Emil, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">155</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Goldziher, I., <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">97</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">7</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gomes, E. H., <a href="#Pg176" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">176</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gonds, mock human sacrifices among the, <a href="#Pg217" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">217</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Good Friday, <a href="#Pg284" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">284</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gore, Captain, <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">139</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gospel to the Hebrews, the apocryphal, <a href="#Pg005" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Graal</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">History of the Holy</span></span>, <a href= + "#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a>, + <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">134</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grape-cluster, Mother of the, <a href="#Pg008" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gray, Archdeacon J. H., <a href="#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">145</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Great Pan, death of the, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">6</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Spirit, the, of the American Indians, <a href="#Pg003" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— year, the, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">70</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Greece, human sacrifices in ancient, <a href="#Pg161" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + swinging as a festal rite in modern, <a href="#Pg283" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Greek mode of reckoning intervals of time, <a href="#Pg059" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Greenlanders, their belief in the mortality of the gods, <a href= + "#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grey hair a signal of death, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">36</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— hairs of kings, <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">100</a>, <a href="#Pg102" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">102</a>, <a href="#Pg103" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grimm, J., <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">155</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>, <a href="#Pg221" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>, <a href="#Pg240" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a>, <a href= + "#Pg244" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Groot, Professor J. J. M. de, <a href="#Pg180" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">7</span></span>, <a href="#Pg275" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">275</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Grove, the Arician, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">213</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Guatemala, catching the soul of the dying in, <a href="#Pg199" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Guayana Indians, <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">12</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Gypsies, ceremony of <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Sawing the Old Woman”</span> among the, + <a href="#Pg243" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">243</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hair, grey, a signal of death, <a href="#Pg036" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">36</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Halae in Attica, mock human sacrifice at, <a href="#Pg215" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hale, Horatio, quoted, <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">11</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hamilton, Alexander, quoted, <a href="#Pg048" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">48</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hamilton's <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Account of + the East Indies</span></span>, <a href="#Pg278" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">278</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hammurabi, king of Babylon, <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">110</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hand of dead man in magical ceremony, <a href="#Pg267" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">267</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of suicide cut off, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">220</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hanging of an effigy of the Carnival, <a href="#Pg230" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Harmonia and Cadmus, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">84</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + marriage of, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">88</a>, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">89</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Harvest ceremonies, <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">20</a>, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">25</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Harz Mountains, ceremony at Carnival in the, <a href="#Pg233" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hausa kings put to death, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">35</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hawaii, annual festival in, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">117</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hawk in Egypt, symbol of the sun and of the king, <a href= + "#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">112</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heads of dead kings removed and kept, <a href="#Pg202" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hebrew sacrifice of the firstborn, <a href="#Pg171" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hebrews, apocryphal Gospel to the, <a href="#Pg005" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heitsi-eibib, a Hottentot god, <a href="#Pg003" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heliogabalus, the emperor, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">92</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heliopolis, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">5</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the sacred bull of, <a href="#Pg072" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">72</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hell fire in Catholic and Protestant theology, <a href="#Pg136" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Helle and Phrixus, the children of King Athamas, <a href="#Pg161" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hephaestion, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">95</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hera, race of girls in honour of, at Olympia, <a href="#Pg091" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the sister of her husband Zeus, <a href="#Pg194" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">194</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heraclitus, on the souls of the dead, <a href="#Pg012" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">12</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hercules in the garden of the Hesperides, <a href="#Pg080" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hermapolis, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">4</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hermes, the grave of, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">4</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Heruli, the, <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">14</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hesperides, garden of the, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">80</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hieraconpolis, <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">112</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">High History of the Holy + Graal</span></span>, <a href="#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">120</a>, <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">134</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hippodamia at Olympia, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">91</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + grave of the suitors of, <a href="#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">104</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hippolytus or Virbius killed by horses, <a href="#Pg214" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hindoo belief as to shooting stars, <a href="#Pg067" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the rebirth of a father in his son, <a href="#Pg188" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hinnom, the Valley of, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">169</a>, <a href="#Pg170" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hirpini, guided by a wolf (<span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hirpus</span></span>), <a href="#Pg186" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hodson, T. C., <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">117</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hoeck, K., <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">73</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hofmayr, P. W., <a href="#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">18</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>, <a href="#Pg019" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">19</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Holm-oak, <a href="#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">81</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Holy Ghost, regarded as female, <a href="#Pg005" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Saturday, <a href="#Pg244" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">244</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Homeric age, funeral games in the, <a href="#Pg093" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Homicide, banishment of, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">69</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Homoeopathic or imitative magic, <a href="#Pg283" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a>, <a href="#Pg285" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">285</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hooks, Indian custom of swinging on, <a href="#Pg278" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">278</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Horse-mackerel, descent of a totemic clan from a, <a href= + "#Pg129" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -races in honour of the dead, <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>, <a href="#Pg098" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">98</a>, <a href= + "#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a>, + <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">101</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at fairs, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">99</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Horses, Hippolytus killed by, <a href="#Pg214" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Horus, the soul of, in Orion, <a href="#Pg005" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Hottentots, the mortal god of the, <a href="#Pg003" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Howitt, A. W., <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">64</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Human flesh, transformation into animal shape through eating, + <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">83</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page296">[pg 296]</span><a name= + "Pg296" id="Pg296" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Human sacrifices at Upsala, <a href="#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">58</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in ancient Greece, <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">161</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mock, <a href="#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">214</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + offered by ancestors of the European races, <a href="#Pg214" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to renew the sun's fire, <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">74</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Huntsman, the Spectral, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">178</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Huron Indians, their burial of infants, <a href="#Pg199" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ibadan in West Africa, <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">203</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ibn Batuta, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">53</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Icarus or Icarius and his daughter Erigone, <a href="#Pg281" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg283" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ida, oracular cave of Zeus on Mount, <a href="#Pg070" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">70</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ihering, R. von, <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">187</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ijebu tribe, <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">112</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ilex or holm-oak, <a href="#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">81</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Immortality, belief of savages in their natural, <a href="#Pg001" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">1</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + firm belief of the North American Indians in, <a href="#Pg137" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Impregnation by the souls of the dying, <a href="#Pg199" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Incarnation of divine spirit in Shilluk kings, <a href="#Pg021" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>, <a href= + "#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + India, sacrifice of firstborn children in, <a href="#Pg180" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">180</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + images of Siva and Pârvati married in, <a href="#Pg265" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">265</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Indians of Arizona, mock human sacrifice among the, <a href= + "#Pg215" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">215</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Canada, their ceremony for mitigating the cold of winter, + <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">259</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Indifference to death displayed by many races, <a href="#Pg136" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">136</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Indra and the dragon Vrtra, <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">106</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Infanticide among the Australian aborigines, <a href="#Pg187" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">6</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sometimes suggested by a doctrine of transmigration or + reincarnation of human souls, <a href="#Pg188" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + prevalent in Polynesia, <a href="#Pg191" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">191</a>, <a href="#Pg196" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + among savages, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">196</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Infants, burial of, <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ino and Melicertes, <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">162</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Intervals of time, Greek and Latin modes of reckoning, <a href= + "#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Invocavit</span></span> Sunday, <a href= + "#Pg243" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ireland, the great fairs of ancient, <a href="#Pg099" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Irish sacrifice of firstlings, <a href="#Pg183" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Iron-Beard, Dr., a Whitsuntide mummer, <a href="#Pg208" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a>, <a href="#Pg212" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">212</a>, <a href= + "#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isaac about to be sacrificed by his father Abraham, <a href= + "#Pg177" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">177</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isaacs, Nathaniel, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">36</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isis, the soul of, in Sirius, <a href="#Pg005" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isle of Man, May Day in the, <a href="#Pg258" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">258</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isocrates, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">95</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Israelites, their custom of burning their children in honour of + Baal, <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">168</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Isthmian games instituted in honour of Melicertes, <a href= + "#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>, + <a href="#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">103</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Italy, seven-legged effigies of Lent in, <a href="#Pg244" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jack o' Lent, <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">230</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jagas, a tribe of Angola, their custom of infanticide, <a href= + "#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jaintias of Assam, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">55</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jambi in Sumatra, temporary kings in, <a href="#Pg154" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">154</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Japan, mock human sacrifices in, <a href="#Pg218" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jars, burial in, <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">12</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Java, Sultans of, <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">53</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jawbone of king preserved, <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">200</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jeoud, the only-begotten son of Cronus, sacrificed by his father, + <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">166</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jerome, on Tophet, <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">170</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Jerusalem, the + Road of,”</span> <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">76</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jerusalem, sacrifice of children at, <a href="#Pg169" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jinn, death of the King of the, <a href="#Pg008" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jordanus, Friar, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">54</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Joyce, P. W., <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">100</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>, <a href="#Pg101" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Judah, kings of, their custom of burning their children, <a href= + "#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jukos, kings of the, put to death, <a href="#Pg034" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jumping over a bonfire, <a href="#Pg262" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">262</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + June, the twenty-ninth of, St. Peter's Day, <a href="#Pg262" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jŭok, the great god of the Shilluk, <a href="#Pg018" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Jupiter, period of revolution of the planet, <a href="#Pg049" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Justin, <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">187</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">5</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kaitish, the, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">60</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kalamantans, their descent from a deer, <a href="#Pg126" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kali, Indian goddess, <a href="#Pg123" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">123</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kamants, a Jewish tribe, <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">12</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kanagra district of India, <a href="#Pg265" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">265</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Karpathos, custom of swinging in the island of, <a href="#Pg284" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Katsina, a Hausa kingdom, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">35</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kayans of Borneo, mock human sacrifices among the, <a href= + "#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Keonjhur, ceremony at installation of Rajah of, <a href="#Pg056" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">56</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kerre, a tribe accustomed to strangle their firstborn children, + <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">181</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khlysti, the, a Russian sect, <a href="#Pg196" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Khonds of India, their human sacrifices, <a href="#Pg139" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kibanga, kings of, put to death, <a href="#Pg034" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Killer of the Elephant, <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">35</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Killing the divine king, <a href="#Pg009" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">9</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of the tree-spirit, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">205</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + a means to promote the growth of vegetation, <a href="#Pg211" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— a god, in the hunting, pastoral, and agricultural stages of + society, <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">221</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + King, the killing of the divine, <a href="#Pg008" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + slaying of the, in legend, <a href="#Pg120" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">120</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + responsible for the weather and crops, <a href="#Pg165" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + abdicates on the birth of a son, <a href="#Pg190" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + at Whitsuntide, pretence of beheading the, <a href="#Pg209" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page297">[pg 297]</span><a name= + "Pg297" id="Pg297" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + King of the Jinn, death of the, <a href="#Pg008" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">8</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of the Wood at Nemi, <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">28</a>, <a href="#Pg205" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">205</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg212" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">212</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Queen of May, marriage of, <a href="#Pg266" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + King Hop, <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">149</a>, <a href="#Pg151" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">151</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + King's daughter offered as prize in a race, <a href="#Pg104" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— jawbone preserved, <a href="#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">200</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— life sympathetically bound up with the prosperity of the + country, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">27</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— skull used as a drinking-vessel, <a href="#Pg200" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— son, sacrifice of the, <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">160</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— widow, succession to the throne through marriage with, + <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kingdom, the prize of a race, <a href="#Pg103" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">See + also</span></span> <a href="#Index-Succession" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">Succession</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kings, divine, of the Shilluk, <a href="#Pg017" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + regarded as incarnations of a divine spirit, <a href="#Pg021" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">21</a>, <a href= + "#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + attacks on, permitted, <a href="#Pg022" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">22</a>, <a href="#Pg048" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">48</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + worship of dead, <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">24</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + killed at the end of a fixed term, <a href="#Pg046" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">46</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + related to sacred animals, <a href="#Pg082" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">82</a>, <a href="#Pg084" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + personating dragons or serpents, <a href="#Pg082" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + addressed by names of animals, <a href="#Pg086" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + with a dragon or serpent crest, <a href="#Pg105" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the supply of, <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">134</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + temporary, <a href="#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">148</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + abdicate annually, <a href="#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">148</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— killed when their strength fails, <a href="#Pg014" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Dahomey and Benin represented partly in animal shapes, + <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">85</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Fire and Water, <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">14</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Uganda, dead, consulted as oracles, <a href="#Pg200" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kingship, octennial tenure of the, <a href="#Pg058" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + triennial tenure of the, <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">112</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + annual tenure of the, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">113</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + diurnal tenure of the, <a href="#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">118</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + burdens and restrictions attaching to the early, <a href="#Pg135" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + modern type of, different from the ancient, <a href="#Pg135" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kingsley, Mary H., <a href="#Pg119" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">119</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kingsmill Islanders, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">64</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kirghiz, games in honour of the dead among the, <a href="#Pg097" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kirwaido</span></span>, ruler of the old + Prussians, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">41</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Königgrätz district of Bohemia, Whitsuntide custom in the, + <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">209</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kore expelled on Easter Eve in Albania, <a href="#Pg265" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">265</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Koryaks, voluntary deaths among the, <a href="#Pg013" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">13</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kostroma, funeral of, <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">261</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kostrubonko, funeral of, <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">261</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Krapf, Dr. J. L., <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">183</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Krishna, Hindoo festival of swinging in honour of, <a href= + "#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kupalo, funeral of, <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">261</a>, <a href="#Pg262" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">262</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kurnai, their fear of the Aurora Australis, <a href="#Pg267" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">267</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Kutonaqa Indians of British Columbia, their sacrifice of their + firstborn children to the sun, <a href="#Pg183" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + La Rochelle, burning of Shrove Tuesday at, <a href="#Pg230" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Labyrinth, the Cretan, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">71</a>, <a href="#Pg074" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a>, <a href="#Pg075" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>, <a href= + "#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">76</a>, + <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">77</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Labyrinths in churches, <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">76</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the north of Europe, <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">76</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lada, the funeral of, <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">261</a>, <a href="#Pg262" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">262</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laevinus, M. Valerius, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">96</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laius and Oedipus, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Lame + reign,”</span> <a href="#Pg038" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">38</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lammas, the first of August, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">99</a>, <a href="#Pg100" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a>, <a href="#Pg101" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a>, <a href= + "#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lampson, M. W., <a href="#Pg146" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">146</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>, <a href="#Pg273" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">273</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lancelot constrained to be king, <a href="#Pg120" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg135" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">135</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lang, Andrew, <a href="#Pg130" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">130</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laodicea in Syria, human sacrifices at, <a href="#Pg166" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laos, a province of Siam, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">97</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laphystian Zeus, <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">161</a>, <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">162</a>, <a href="#Pg163" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>, <a href="#Pg164" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a>, <a href= + "#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Last sheaf called <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“the Dead One,”</span> <a href="#Pg254" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">254</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Latin festival, the great (<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Feriae + Latinae</span></span>), <a href="#Pg283" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">283</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— mode of reckoning intervals of time, <a href="#Pg059" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Latins, sanctity of the woodpecker among the, <a href="#Pg186" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Latinus, King, his disappearance, <a href="#Pg283" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laughlan Islanders, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">63</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laurel, sacred, guarded by a dragon, <a href="#Pg079" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">79</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + chewed by priestess of Apollo, <a href="#Pg080" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">80</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Laurel-Bearer at Thebes, <a href="#Pg088" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">88</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -Bearing Apollo, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">79</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -bearing, festival of the, at Thebes, <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg088" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— wreath at Delphi and Thebes, <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Laws of Manu</span></span>, <a href="#Pg188" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Learchus, son of King Athamas, <a href="#Pg161" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a>, <a href="#Pg162" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lechrain, Burial of the Carnival in, <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leipsic, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Carrying out Death”</span> at, <a href= + "#Pg236" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lengua Indians, <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">11</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the Gran Chaco, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">63</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their practice of killing firstborn girls, <a href="#Pg186" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their custom of infanticide, <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">197</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lent, the fourth Sunday in, called Dead Sunday or Mid-Lent, + <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">221</a>, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">222</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>, <a href="#Pg233" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg250" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">250</a>, <a href="#Pg255" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">255</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + personified by an actor or effigy, <a href="#Pg226" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">226</a>, <a href="#Pg230" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + fifth Sunday in, <a href="#Pg234" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">234</a>, <a href="#Pg239" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">239</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + third Sunday in, <a href="#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">238</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Queen of, <a href="#Pg244" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">244</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + symbolised by a seven-legged effigy, <a href="#Pg244" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leonidas, funeral games in his honour, <a href="#Pg094" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page298">[pg 298]</span><a name= + "Pg298" id="Pg298" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leopard Societies of Western Africa, <a href="#Pg083" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leopards related to royal family of Dahomey, <a href="#Pg085" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">96</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lepsius, R., <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">17</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lerida in Catalonia, funeral of the Carnival at, <a href="#Pg225" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lerpiu, a spirit, <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">32</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Letts, celebration of the summer solstice among the, <a href= + "#Pg280" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Leviathan, <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">106</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Liebrecht, F., <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">7</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Life, human, valued more highly by Europeans than by many other + races, <a href="#Pg135" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">135</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Limu</span></span>, the Assyrian eponymate, + <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">117</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lion, king represented with the body of a, <a href="#Pg085" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lisiansky, U., <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">117</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Little Easter + Sunday,”</span> <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a>, <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">154</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Logan, W., <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">49</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lolos, the, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lombardy, the Day of the Old Wives in, <a href="#Pg241" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">241</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Lord of the + Heavenly Hosts,”</span> <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">149</a>, <a href="#Pg150" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>, <a href="#Pg155" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>, <a href= + "#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lostwithiel in Cornwall, temporary king at, <a href="#Pg153" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lous, a Babylonian month, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg116" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">116</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lucian, <a href="#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">42</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lug, legendary Irish hero, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">99</a>, <a href="#Pg101" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lugnasad, the first of August, <a href="#Pg101" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lunar and solar time, attempts to harmonise, <a href="#Pg068" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">68</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Luschan, F. von, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">85</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">5</span></span>, <a href="#Pg086" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lussac, Ash Wednesday at, <a href="#Pg226" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">226</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Lycaeus, Mount, Zeus on, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">70</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human sacrifices on, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">163</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Macahity, an annual festival in Hawaii, <a href="#Pg117" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Macassars of Celebes, their custom of swinging, <a href="#Pg277" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">277</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Macdonald, Rev. J., <a href="#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">183</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maceboard, the, in the Isle of Man, <a href="#Pg258" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Macgregor, Sir William, <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">203</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Macha, Queen, <a href="#Pg100" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">100</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + McLennan, J. F., <a href="#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">194</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Magic, the Age of, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">2</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + homoeopathic or imitative, <a href="#Pg283" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">283</a>, <a href="#Pg285" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">285</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Magical ceremonies for the revival of nature in spring, <a href= + "#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + for the revival of nature in Central Australia, <a href="#Pg270" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">270</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Maha + Makham</span></span>, the Great Sacrifice, <a href="#Pg049" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">49</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mairs, their custom of sacrificing their firstborn sons, <a href= + "#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Malabar, custom of <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Thalavettiparothiam</span></span> in, + <a href="#Pg053" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">53</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + religious suicide in, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">54</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Malayans, devil-dancers, practise a mock human sacrifice, + <a href="#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">216</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Malays, their belief in the Spectral Huntsman, <a href="#Pg178" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">178</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Malta, death of the Carnival in, <a href="#Pg224" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Manasseh, King, his sacrifice of his children, <a href="#Pg170" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mandans, their notions as to the stars, <a href="#Pg067" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Man-god, reason for killing the, <a href="#Pg009" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">9</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mangaians, their preference for a violent death, <a href="#Pg010" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">10</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Manipur, the Naga tribes of, <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">11</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mode of counting the years in, <a href="#Pg117" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + rajahs of, descended from a snake, <a href="#Pg133" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mannhardt, W., <a href="#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">249</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span>, <a href="#Pg253" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a>, <a href="#Pg270" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">270</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Manu</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Laws + of</span></span>, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">188</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Maoris, the, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">64</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mara tribe of northern Australia, <a href="#Pg060" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Mardi + Gras</span></span>, Shrove Tuesday, <a href="#Pg227" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">227</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marduk, New Year festival of, <a href="#Pg110" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his image at Babylon, <a href="#Pg113" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">113</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Tiamat, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">105</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg107" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mareielis</span></span> at Zurich, <a href= + "#Pg260" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">260</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marena, Winter or Death, <a href="#Pg262" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">262</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marketa, the holy, <a href="#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">238</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marriage, mythical and dramatic, of the Sun and Moon, <a href= + "#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>, + <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">73</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>, <a href="#Pg087" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg092" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a>, <a href="#Pg105" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of brothers and sisters in royal families, <a href="#Pg193" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Sacred, of king and queen, <a href="#Pg071" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of gods and goddesses, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">73</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of actors disguised as animals, <a href="#Pg083" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Zeus and Hera, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Marriage + Hollow”</span> at Teltown, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">99</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Martin, Father, quoted, <a href="#Pg141" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">141</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Marzana, goddess of Death, <a href="#Pg237" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">237</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Masai, the, <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">61</a>, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">65</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their custom as to the skulls of dead chiefs, <a href="#Pg202" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Masks hung on trees, <a href="#Pg283" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">283</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Masquerades of kings and queens, <a href="#Pg071" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg088" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a>, <a href="#Pg089" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Masson, Bishop, <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">137</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mata, the small-pox goddess, sacrifice of children to, <a href= + "#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Matiamvo, a potentate in Angola, the manner of his death, + <a href="#Pg035" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">35</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, <a href="#Pg094" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">94</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mausolus, contests of eloquence in his honour, <a href="#Pg095" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + May, the Queen of, in the Isle of Man, <a href="#Pg258" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + King and Queen of, <a href="#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">266</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Bride, <a href="#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">266</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Day in Sweden, <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">254</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in the Isle of Man, <a href="#Pg258" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">258</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -tree, <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">246</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + horse-race to, <a href="#Pg208" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">208</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -trees, <a href="#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">251</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mbaya Indians of South America, <a href="#Pg140" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their custom of infanticide, <a href="#Pg197" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">197</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Medicine-men swinging as a mode of cure, <a href="#Pg280" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Melicertes at the Isthmus of Corinth, <a href="#Pg093" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a>, <a href="#Pg103" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Tenedos, human sacrifices to, <a href="#Pg162" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page299">[pg 299]</span><a name= + "Pg299" id="Pg299" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Memphis, statues of Summer and Winter at, <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Men and asses, redemption of firstling, <a href="#Pg173" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mendes, mummy of Osiris at, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">4</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the ram-god of, <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">7</a> n.<span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Menoeceus, his voluntary death, <a href="#Pg192" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Meriahs, human victims among the Khonds, <a href="#Pg139" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">139</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Meroe, Ethiopian kings of, put to death, <a href="#Pg015" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">15</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Merolla, G., quoted, <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">14</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Messiah, a pretended, <a href="#Pg046" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">46</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Meteors, superstitions as to, <a href="#Pg058" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Metis, swallowed by her husband Zeus, <a href="#Pg192" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Metsik</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“wood-spirit,”</span> + <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a>, <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">252</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Meyer, Professor Kuno, <a href="#Pg159" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">159</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Micah, the prophet, on sacrifice, <a href="#Pg171" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a>, <a href="#Pg174" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mid-Lent, the fourth Sunday in Lent, <a href="#Pg222" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + also called Dead Sunday, <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">221</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + celebration of, <a href="#Pg234" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">234</a>, <a href="#Pg236" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">236</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ceremony of <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Sawing the Old Woman”</span> at, <a href= + "#Pg240" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Midsummer Eve, Russian ceremony on, <a href="#Pg262" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mikados, human sacrifices formerly offered at the graves of the, + <a href="#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">218</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Miltiades, funeral games in his honour, <a href="#Pg093" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Minahassa, mock human sacrifices in, <a href="#Pg214" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Minorca, seven-legged images of Lent in, <a href="#Pg244" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Minos, king of Cnossus, his reign of eight years, <a href= + "#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">70</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + tribute of youths and maidens sent to, <a href="#Pg074" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Britomartis, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">73</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Minotaur, legend of the, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">71</a>, <a href="#Pg074" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a>, <a href="#Pg075" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Minyas, king of Orchomenus, <a href="#Pg164" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">164</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mnevis, the sacred bull of Heliopolis, <a href="#Pg072" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">72</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moab, king of, sacrifices his son on the wall, <a href="#Pg166" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a>, <a href= + "#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mock human sacrifices, <a href="#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">214</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifices of finger-joints, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">219</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— sultan in Morocco, <a href="#Pg152" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">152</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mohammedan belief as to falling stars, <a href="#Pg063" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">63</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moloch, sacrifice of children to, <a href="#Pg075" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>, <a href="#Pg168" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">168</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moon represented by a cow, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">71</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + myth of the setting and rising, <a href="#Pg073" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + married to Endymion, <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">90</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and sun, mythical and dramatic marriage of the, <a href= + "#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>, + <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">73</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>, <a href="#Pg087" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg092" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a>, <a href="#Pg105" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Morasas, the, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">219</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moravia, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Carrying out Death”</span> in, <a href= + "#Pg238" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg249" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Morocco, annual temporary king in, <a href="#Pg152" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mortality of the gods, <a href="#Pg001" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">1</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moschus, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">73</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moss, W., <a href="#Pg284" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">284</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mother of the Grape-cluster, <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">8</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Moulton, Professor J. H., <a href="#Pg124" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">124</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mounds, sepulchral, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">93</a>, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">96</a>, <a href="#Pg100" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">100</a>, <a href="#Pg104" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mulai Rasheed II., <a href="#Pg153" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">153</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Müller, K. O., <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">59</a>, <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">69</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>, <a href="#Pg090" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>, <a href="#Pg165" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>, <a href="#Pg166" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mumbo Jumbos, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">178</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mummers, the Whitsuntide, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">205</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Murderers, their bodies destroyed, <a href="#Pg011" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mutch, Captain J. S., <a href="#Pg259" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">259</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Mysore, mimic rite of circumcision in, <a href="#Pg220" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Myths of creation, <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">106</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nabu, a Babylonian god, <a href="#Pg110" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">110</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Naga tribes of Manipur, <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">11</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nagpur, the cobra the crest of the Maharajah of, <a href="#Pg132" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Namaquas, the, <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">61</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Natural death regarded as a calamity, <a href="#Pg011" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">11</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nauroz and Eed festivals, <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">279</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nemean games celebrated in honour of Opheltes, <a href="#Pg093" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nemi, priest of, <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">28</a>, <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">212</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg220" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">220</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + King of the Wood at, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">205</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg212" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">212</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nephele, wife of King Athamas, <a href="#Pg161" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + New Britain, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Guinea, the Papuans of, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Hebrides, burial alive in the, <a href="#Pg012" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">12</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— South Wales, sacrifice of firstborn children among the + aborigines of, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">179</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ngarigo, the, of New South Wales, <a href="#Pg060" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">60</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ngoio, a province of Congo, <a href="#Pg118" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">118</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nias, custom of succession to the chieftainship in, <a href= + "#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + mock human sacrifices at funerals in, <a href="#Pg216" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nicobarese, their sham-fights to gratify the dead, <a href= + "#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Niederpöring in Bavaria, Whitsuntide custom at, <a href="#Pg206" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Niué or Savage Island, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">219</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nöldeke, Professor Th., <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">179</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Normandy, Burial of Shrove Tuesday in, <a href="#Pg228" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Norsemen, their custom of wounding the dying, <a href="#Pg013" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">13</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + North Africa, festivals of swinging in, <a href="#Pg284" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— American Indians, their funeral celebrations, <a href="#Pg097" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their firm belief in immortality, <a href="#Pg137" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">137</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nyakang, founder of the dynasty of Shilluk kings, <a href= + "#Pg018" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">18</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Nyikpla or Nyigbla, a negro divinity, <a href="#Pg061" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">61</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oak, sacred, at Delphi, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">80</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + effigy of Death buried under an, <a href="#Pg236" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page300">[pg 300]</span><a name= + "Pg300" id="Pg300" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oak branches, Whitsuntide mummer swathed in, <a href="#Pg207" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -leaves, crown of, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">80</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oath by the Styx, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">70</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Octennial cycle based on an attempt to harmonise lunar and solar + time, <a href="#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">68</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— tenure of the kingship, <a href="#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">58</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Odin, <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">13</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + legend of the deposition of, <a href="#Pg056" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">56</a>; sacrifice of king's sons to, + <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">57</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human sacrifices to, <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">160</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg188" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oedipus, legend of, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oenomaus at Olympia, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oesel, island of, <a href="#Pg066" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">66</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Old Man, name of the corn-spirit, <a href="#Pg253" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— people killed, <a href="#Pg011" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">11</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Wives, the Day of the, <a href="#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">241</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Woman, Sawing the, a ceremony in Lent, <a href="#Pg240" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + name applied to the corn-spirit, <a href="#Pg253" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oldenberg, Professor H., <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">122</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oleae, the, at Orchomenus, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">163</a>, <a href="#Pg164" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Olive crown at Olympia, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Olympia, tombs of Pelops and Endymion at, <a href="#Pg287" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Olympiads based on the octennial cycle, <a href="#Pg090" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Olympic festival based on the octennial cycle, <a href="#Pg089" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + based on astronomical, not agricultural considerations, <a href= + "#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— games said to have been founded in honour of Pelops, <a href= + "#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— stadium, the, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— victors regarded as embodiments of Zeus, <a href="#Pg090" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, or of the Sun and Moon, + <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">91</a>, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">105</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Omen-birds, stories of their origin, <a href="#Pg126" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>, <a href="#Pg127" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + On or Aun, king of Sweden, <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">57</a>, <a href="#Pg160" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg188" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Opheltes at Nemea, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">93</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ophites, the, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">5</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oracular springs, <a href="#Pg079" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">79</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Orchomenus in Boeotia, human sacrifice at, <a href="#Pg163" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ordeal by poison, fatal effects of, <a href="#Pg197" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Orestes, flight of, <a href="#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">213</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Origen, on the Holy Spirit, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">5</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Orion the soul of Horus, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">5</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ororo</span></span>, <a href="#Pg024" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">24</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Osiris, the mummy of, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">4</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Otho, suicide of the Emperor, <a href="#Pg140" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">140</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ox-blood, bath of, <a href="#Pg201" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">201</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Oxen sacrificed instead of human beings, <a href="#Pg166" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Palermo, ceremony of <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Sawing the Old Woman”</span> at, <a href= + "#Pg240" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Palm Sunday, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Sawing the Old Woman”</span> on, <a href= + "#Pg243" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Palodes, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">6</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pan, death of the Great, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">6</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Panebian Libyans, their custom of cutting off the heads of their + dead kings, <a href="#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">202</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Papuans, the, of Doreh Bay in New Guinea, <a href="#Pg287" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Parker, Professor E. H., <a href="#Pg146" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">146</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Parkinson, John, <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">112</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Parrots' eggs, a signal of death, <a href="#Pg040" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">40</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Parsons, Harold G., <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">203</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">5</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Parthenon, eastern frieze of the, <a href="#Pg089" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">5</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pârvatî and Siva, marriage of the images of, <a href="#Pg265" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">265</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pasiphae identified with the moon, <a href="#Pg072" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">72</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and the bull, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">71</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Pass through + the fire,”</span> meaning of the phrase as applied to the + sacrifice of children, <a href="#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">165</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span>, <a href="#Pg172" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">172</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Passier, kings of, put to death, <a href="#Pg051" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">51</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Passover, tradition of the origin of the, <a href="#Pg174" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">174</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pau Pi, an effigy of the Carnival, <a href="#Pg225" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">225</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pausanias, King, funeral games in his honour, <a href="#Pg094" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Payagua Indians, <a href="#Pg012" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">12</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Payne, E. J., <a href="#Pg069" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">69</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Paxos, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">6</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Peking Gazette</span></span>, <a href= + "#Pg274" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">274</a>, + <a href="#Pg275" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">275</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pelops worshipped at Olympia, <a href="#Pg092" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a>, <a href="#Pg104" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacred precinct of, <a href="#Pg104" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">104</a>, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Hippodamia at Olympia, <a href="#Pg091" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Penance for the slaughter of the dragon, <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peregrinus, his death by fire, <a href="#Pg042" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">42</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Persia, temporary kings in, <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">157</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Personification of abstract ideas not primitive, <a href="#Pg253" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peru, sacrifice of children among the Indians of, <a href= + "#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Perun, sacrifice of firstborn children to, <a href="#Pg183" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Peruvian Indians, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">63</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pfingstl</span></span>, a Whitsuntide + mummer, <a href="#Pg206" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">206</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg211" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">211</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phalaris, the brazen bull of, <a href="#Pg075" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phaya Phollathep, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Lord of the Heavenly Hosts,”</span> <a href= + "#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pherecydes, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">163</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Philippine Islands, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">3</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Philo Judaeus, his doctrine of the Trinity, <a href="#Pg006" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">6</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Byblus, <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">166</a>, <a href="#Pg179" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">179</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phocaeans, dead, propitiated with games, <a href="#Pg095" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phoenicians, their custom of human sacrifice, <a href="#Pg166" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg178" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">178</a>, <a href="#Pg179" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Phrixus and Helle, the children of King Athamas, <a href="#Pg161" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">161</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Piceni, guided by a woodpecker (<span class="tei tei-foreign" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">picus</span></span>), <a href="#Pg186" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pilsen district of Bohemia, Whitsuntide custom in the, <a href= + "#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">210</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pindar on the rebirth of the dead, <a href="#Pg070" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">70</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page301">[pg 301]</span><a name= + "Pg301" id="Pg301" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pitrè, G., <a href="#Pg224" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">224</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plataea, sacrifices and funeral games in honour of the slain at, + <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">95</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plato on human sacrifices, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">163</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ploughing, annual ceremony of, performed by temporary king, + <a href="#Pg149" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">149</a>, <a href="#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">155</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg157" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">157</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ploughs, bronze, used by Etruscans at founding of cities, + <a href="#Pg157" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">157</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Plutarch, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">163</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the death of the Great Pan, <a href="#Pg006" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">6</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on human sacrifices among the Carthaginians, <a href="#Pg167" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">167</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Poison ordeal, fatal effects of the use of the, <a href="#Pg197" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">197</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Polynesia, remarkable rule of succession in, <a href="#Pg190" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + prevalence of infanticide in, <a href="#Pg191" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a>, <a href="#Pg196" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">196</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Poplars burnt on Shrove Tuesday, <a href="#Pg224" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Poseidon, identified with Erechtheus, <a href="#Pg087" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Posidonius, ancient Greek traveller, <a href="#Pg142" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">142</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Possession by spirits of dead kings, <a href="#Pg025" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Preference for a violent death, <a href="#Pg009" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">9</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pregnancy, funeral rites performed for a father in the fifth + month of his wife's, <a href="#Pg189" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">189</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prince of Wales Islands, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">64</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Procopius, <a href="#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">14</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Prussians, supreme ruler of the old, <a href="#Pg041" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">41</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom of the old, <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">156</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pruyssenaere, E. de, <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">30</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Psoloeis, the, at Orchomenus, <a href="#Pg163" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>, <a href="#Pg164" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ptarmigans and ducks, dramatic contest of the, <a href="#Pg259" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Puruha, a province of Quito, <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">185</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pururavas and Urvasi, Indian story of, <a href="#Pg131" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pylos, burning the Carnival at, <a href="#Pg232" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">232</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pythagoras at Delphi, <a href="#Pg004" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">4</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Pythian games, <a href="#Pg080" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">80</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + celebrated in honour of the Python, <a href="#Pg093" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">93</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Queen of May in the Isle of Man, <a href="#Pg259" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">259</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + married to the King of May, <a href="#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">266</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— of Winter in the Isle of Man, <a href="#Pg258" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Queensland, natives of, their superstitions as to falling stars, + <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">60</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Quilicare, suicide of kings of, <a href="#Pg046" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">46</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Quiteve, title of kings of Sofala, <a href="#Pg037" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">37</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Race for the kingdom at Olympia, <a href="#Pg090" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Races to determine the successor to the kingship, <a href= + "#Pg103" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">103</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Radica</span></span>, a festival at the end + of the Carnival at Frosinone, <a href="#Pg222" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">222</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rahab or Leviathan, <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">106</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rain-charms, <a href="#Pg211" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">211</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— clan, <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">31</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -god, <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">61</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -makers among the Dinka, <a href="#Pg032" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">32</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -making ceremonies, <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">20</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rajah, temporary, <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">154</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ralî, the fair of, <a href="#Pg265" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">265</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ram with golden fleece, <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">162</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -god of Mendes, <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">7</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— sacrificed to Pelops, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">92</a>, <a href="#Pg104" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">104</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Raratonga, custom of succession in, <a href="#Pg191" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">191</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Rauchfiess</span></span>, a Whitsuntide + mummer, <a href="#Pg207" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">207</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rebirth of the dead, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">70</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of a father in his son, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">188</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the parent in the child, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Reckoning intervals of time, Greek and Latin modes of reckoning, + <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">59</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Redemption of firstling men and asses, <a href="#Pg173" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">173</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Regalia in Celebes, sanctity of, <a href="#Pg202" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Regicide among the Slavs, <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">52</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + modified custom of, <a href="#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">148</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style="text-align: left" + xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Regifugium</span></span> at Rome, <a href= + "#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Reinach, Salomon, <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">7</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Reincarnation of human souls, belief in, a motive for + infanticide, <a href="#Pg188" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">188</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Religion, the Age of, <a href="#Pg002" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">2</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Renewal, annual, of king's power at Babylon, <a href="#Pg113" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Resurrection of the god, <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">212</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the tree-spirit, <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">212</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of a god in the hunting, pastoral, and agricultural stages of + society, <a href="#Pg221" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">221</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + enacted in Shrovetide or Lenten ceremonies, <a href="#Pg233" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the effigy of Death, <a href="#Pg247" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">247</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the Carnival, <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">252</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the Wild Man, <a href="#Pg252" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">252</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Kostrubonko at Eastertide, <a href="#Pg261" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Retaliation in Southern India, law of, <a href="#Pg141" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">141</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhea and Cronus, <a href="#Pg194" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">194</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhegium in Italy, <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">187</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">5</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhodes, human sacrifices to Baal in, <a href="#Pg195" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">195</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rhys, Sir John, <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">101</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rigveda, the, <a href="#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">279</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Road of + Jerusalem,”</span> <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">76</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Robinson, Captain W. C., <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">139</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rockhill, W. W., <a href="#Pg284" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">284</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Roman custom of catching the souls of the dying, <a href="#Pg200" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of vowing a <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Sacred Spring,”</span> <a href="#Pg186" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— funeral customs, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">92</a>, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">96</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— game of Troy, <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">76</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— indifference to death, <a href="#Pg143" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">143</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rome, funeral games at, <a href="#Pg096" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">96</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Regifugium</span></span> at, <a href= + "#Pg213" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">213</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rook, custom of killing all firstborn children in the island of, + <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">180</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Roscher, W. H., <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">7</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span>, <a href="#Pg073" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Roscoe, Rev. J., <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">139</a>, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">182</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span>, <a href="#Pg201" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rose, H. A., <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">181</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rose, the Sunday of the, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">222</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Rottweil, the Carnival Fool at, <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Russia, funeral ceremonies of Kostrubonko, etc., in, <a href= + "#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">261</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Russians, religious suicides among the, <a href="#Pg044" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the heathen, their sacrifice of the firstborn children, <a href= + "#Pg183" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page302">[pg 302]</span><a name= + "Pg302" id="Pg302" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sacaea, a Babylonian festival, <a href="#Pg113" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sacred Marriage of king and queen, <a href="#Pg071" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of actors disguised as animals, <a href="#Pg071" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>, <a href="#Pg083" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">83</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of gods and goddesses, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">73</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of Zeus and Hera, <a href="#Pg091" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— spears, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">19</a>, <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">20</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Sacred spring, + the,”</span> among the ancient Italian peoples, <a href="#Pg186" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sacrifice of the king's son, <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">160</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of the firstborn, <a href="#Pg171" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">171</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg179" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">179</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of finger-joints, <a href="#Pg219" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">219</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sacrifices for rain, <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">20</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + for the sick, <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">20</a>, <a href="#Pg025" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">25</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to totems, <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">31</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + to the dead, <a href="#Pg092" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">92</a>, <a href="#Pg093" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">93</a>, <a href="#Pg094" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a>, <a href="#Pg095" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">95</a>, <a href= + "#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + of children among the Semites, <a href="#Pg166" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— human, in ancient Greece, <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">161</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mock human, <a href="#Pg214" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">214</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— vicarious, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">117</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in ancient Greece, <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">166</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. George and the Dragon, <a href="#Pg107" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">107</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + swinging on the festival of, <a href="#Pg283" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">283</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. John's Day (the summer solstice), swinging at, <a href= + "#Pg280" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Eve, Russian ceremony on, <a href="#Pg262" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">262</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saint-Lô, the burning of Shrove Tuesday at, <a href="#Pg228" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">228</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + St. Peter's Day, the twenty-ninth of June, <a href="#Pg262" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saintonge and Aunis, burning the Carnival in, <a href="#Pg230" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sakalavas, sanctity of relics of dead kings among the, <a href= + "#Pg202" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Salamis in Cyprus, human sacrifices at, <a href="#Pg166" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Salih, a prophet, <a href="#Pg097" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">97</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Salish Indians, their sacrifice of their firstborn children to + the sun, <a href="#Pg184" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">184</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Salmoneus, his imitation of thunder and lightning, <a href= + "#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samaracand, New Year ceremony at, <a href="#Pg151" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">151</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samnites, guided by a bull, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">186</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samoa, expiation for disrespect to a sacred animal in, <a href= + "#Pg216" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samorin, title of the kings of Calicut, <a href="#Pg047" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">47</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Samothracian mysteries, <a href="#Pg089" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">89</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Santal custom of swinging on hooks, <a href="#Pg279" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Santos, J. dos, <a href="#Pg037" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">37</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sarawak, Dyaks of, <a href="#Pg277" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">277</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saturday, Holy, <a href="#Pg244" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">244</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Savage Island, mimic rite of circumcision in, <a href="#Pg219" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Savages believe themselves naturally immortal, <a href="#Pg001" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">1</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Savou, island of, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Sawing the Old + Woman,”</span> a Lenten ceremony, <a href="#Pg240" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saws at Mid-Lent, <a href="#Pg241" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">241</a>, <a href="#Pg242" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">242</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saxon kings, their marriage with their stepmothers, <a href= + "#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saxons of Transylvania, the hanging of an effigy of Carnival + among the, <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">230</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Saxony, Whitsuntide mummers in, <a href="#Pg208" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Scarli</span></span>, <a href="#Pg224" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">224</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schmidt, A., <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">59</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schmiedel, Professor P., <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">261</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schoolcraft, H. R., <a href="#Pg137" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">137</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schörzingen, the Carnival Fool at, <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">231</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Schwegler, F. C. A., <a href="#Pg187" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">187</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sdach Méac, title of annual temporary king of Cambodia, <a href= + "#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">148</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sea Dyaks, their stories of the origin of omen birds, <a href= + "#Pg126" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">126</a>, + <a href="#Pg127" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">127</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seligmann, C. G., <a href="#Pg017" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">17</a>, <a href="#Pg021" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">21</a>, <a href="#Pg022" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">22</a>, <a href="#Pg023" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">23</a>, <a href= + "#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">26</a>, + <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">30</a>, <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">33</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Semang, the, <a href="#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">85</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Semic in Bohemia, beheading the king on Whit-Monday at, <a href= + "#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">209</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seminoles of Florida, souls of the dying caught among the, + <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Semites, sacrifices of children among the, <a href="#Pg166" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">166</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Semitic Baal, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Senjero, sacrifice of firstborn sons in, <a href="#Pg182" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">182</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sepharvites, their sacrifices of children, <a href="#Pg171" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seriphos, custom of swinging in the island of, <a href="#Pg283" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Serpent, the Brazen, <a href="#Pg086" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">86</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacred, on the Acropolis at Athens, <a href="#Pg086" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">86</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + or dragons personated by kings, <a href="#Pg082" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + transmigration of the souls of the dead into, <a href="#Pg084" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">84</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Servitude for the slaughter of dragons, <a href="#Pg070" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">70</a>, <a href="#Pg078" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Servius, on the legend of Erigone, <a href="#Pg282" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">282</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Seven youths and maidens, tribute of, <a href="#Pg074" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -legged effigy of Lent, <a href="#Pg244" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">244</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shadow Day, a gypsy name for Palm Sunday, <a href="#Pg243" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">243</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Queen, the, <a href="#Pg243" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">243</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, <a href="#Pg169" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">169</a>, <a href="#Pg170" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">170</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sham fight, <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">24</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shark, king of Dahomey represented with body of a, <a href= + "#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shilluk, a tribe of the White Nile, <a href="#Pg017" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + custom of putting to death the divine kings, <a href="#Pg017" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">17</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg204" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a>, <a href="#Pg206" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">206</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + ceremony on the accession of a new king of the, <a href="#Pg204" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shirt worn by the effigy of Death, its use, <a href="#Pg247" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">247</a>, <a href= + "#Pg249" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">249</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shooting stars, superstitions as to, <a href="#Pg053" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">53</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shrines of dead kings, <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">24</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shrove Tuesday, Burial of the Carnival on, <a href="#Pg221" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + mock death of, <a href="#Pg227" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">227</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + drama of Summer and Winter on, <a href="#Pg257" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shrovetide custom in the Erzgebirge, <a href="#Pg208" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in Bohemia, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">209</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Bear, the, <a href="#Pg230" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">230</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page303">[pg 303]</span><a name= + "Pg303" id="Pg303" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Shurii-Kia-Miau, aboriginal tribe in China, <a href="#Pg145" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Siam, annual temporary kings in, <a href="#Pg149" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Siamese, mock human sacrifices among the, <a href="#Pg218" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sick, sacrifices for the, <a href="#Pg020" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">20</a>, <a href="#Pg025" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + thought to be possessed by the spirits of kings, <a href="#Pg025" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">25</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Silesia, <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: left">“Carrying out Death”</span> in, <a href= + "#Pg236" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">236</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg250" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">250</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Singalang Burong, the Ruler of the Spirit World, <a href="#Pg127" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a>, <a href= + "#Pg128" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">128</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sioo or Siauw, mock human sacrifices in the island of, <a href= + "#Pg218" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sirius, the soul of Isis in, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">5</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sister, marriage with, in royal families, <a href="#Pg193" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">193</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Siu, a Sea Dyak, and his bird wife, <a href="#Pg127" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">127</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Siva and Pârvatî, marriage of the images of, <a href="#Pg265" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">265</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Six hundred and sixty-six, the number of the Beast, <a href= + "#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">44</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Skoptsi, a Russian sect, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">196</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Skull of dead king used as a drinking-vessel, <a href="#Pg200" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Skulls of dead kings removed and kept, <a href="#Pg202" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sky-spirit, sacrifice of children to, <a href="#Pg181" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">181</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Slaughter of the Dragon, drama of the, at Delphi and Thebes, + <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">78</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg089" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">89</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + myth of the, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">105</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Slavs, custom of regicide among the, <a href="#Pg052" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">52</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + festival of the New Year among the old, <a href="#Pg221" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">221</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + "Sawing the Old Woman" among the, <a href="#Pg242" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">242</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Slaying of the king in legend, <a href="#Pg120" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">120</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Smith, W. Robertson, <a href="#Pg008" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">8</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Snake, rajahs of Manipur descended from a, <a href="#Pg133" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sofala, kings of, put to death, <a href="#Pg037" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">37</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dead kings of, consulted as oracles, <a href="#Pg201" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">201</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Solar and lunar time, early attempts to harmonise, <a href= + "#Pg068" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">68</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Son of the king sacrificed for his father, <a href="#Pg160" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">160</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sons of gods, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">5</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Soranian + Wolves,”</span> <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">186</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Soul, succession to the, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">196</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Souls of the dead supposed to resemble their bodies, as these + were at the moment of death, <a href="#Pg010" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">10</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + associated with falling stars, <a href="#Pg064" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + transmitted to successors, <a href="#Pg198" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">198</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + South American Indians, their insensibility to pain, <a href= + "#Pg138" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">138</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spain, seven-legged effigies of Lent in, <a href="#Pg244" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">244</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spartan kings liable to be deposed every eighth year, <a href= + "#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spears, sacred, <a href="#Pg019" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">19</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spectral Huntsman, <a href="#Pg178" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">178</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spencer and Gillen, quoted, <a href="#Pg180" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">180</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>, <a href="#Pg187" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">187</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">6</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spirit, the Great, of the American Indians, <a href="#Pg003" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">3</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spitting to avert demons, <a href="#Pg063" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">63</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spring equinox, custom of swinging at, <a href="#Pg284" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">284</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + drama of Summer and Winter at the, <a href="#Pg257" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Spring, magical ceremonies for the revival of nature in, <a href= + "#Pg266" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">266</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Spring, the + Sacred,”</span> among the ancient Italian peoples, <a href= + "#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Springs, oracular, <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">78</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stadium, the Olympic, <a href="#Pg287" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">287</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Standing on one foot, custom of, <a href="#Pg149" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">149</a>, <a href="#Pg150" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>, <a href= + "#Pg155" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">155</a>, + <a href="#Pg156" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">156</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stars, the souls of Egyptian gods in, <a href="#Pg005" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + shooting, superstitions as to, <a href="#Pg058" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">58</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their supposed influence on human destiny, <a href="#Pg065" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">65</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg067" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">67</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stepmother, marriage with a, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stevens, Captain John, his <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">History of + Persia</span></span> quoted, <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">158</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stigand, Captain C. H., <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">182</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Stool at installation of Shilluk kings, <a href="#Pg024" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">24</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Students of Fez, their mock sultan, <a href="#Pg152" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">152</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Styx, oath by the, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">70</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Substitutes, voluntary, for capital punishment in China, <a href= + "#Pg145" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">145</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg273" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">273</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <a name="Index-Succession" id="Index-Succession" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Succession in Polynesia, customs of, <a href="#Pg190" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— to the kingdom through marriage with a sister or with the + king's widow, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + conferred by personal relics of dead kings, <a href="#Pg202" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">202</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— to the soul, <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">196</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sufi II., Shah of Persia, <a href="#Pg158" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">158</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Suicide of Buddhist monks, <a href="#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">42</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + epidemic of, in Russia, <a href="#Pg044" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">44</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + by hanging, <a href="#Pg282" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">282</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, religious, <a href="#Pg042" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">42</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg054" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">54</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in India, <a href="#Pg054" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">54</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + ——, hand of, cut off, <a href="#Pg220" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">220</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sulka, the, of New Britain, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“Sultan of the + Scribes,”</span> <a href="#Pg152" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">152</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Summer, bringing in, <a href="#Pg233" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">233</a>, <a href="#Pg237" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">237</a>, <a href="#Pg238" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">238</a>, <a href="#Pg246" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Winter, dramatic battle of, <a href="#Pg254" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">254</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— solstice in connexion with the Olympic festival, <a href= + "#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + swinging at the, <a href="#Pg280" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">280</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— trees, <a href="#Pg246" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">246</a>, <a href="#Pg251" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">251</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sun represented by a bull, <a href="#Pg071" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">71</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + represented as a man with a bull's head, <a href="#Pg075" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">75</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + eclipses of the, beliefs and practices as to, <a href="#Pg073" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span>, <a href="#Pg077" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">77</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacrifice of firstborn children to the, <a href="#Pg183" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">183</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + called <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“the + golden swing in the sky,”</span> <a href="#Pg279" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page304">[pg 304]</span><a name= + "Pg304" id="Pg304" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sun and Moon, mythical and dramatic marriage of, <a href="#Pg071" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">71</a>, <a href= + "#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">73</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a>, <a href="#Pg087" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">87</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg092" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a>, <a href="#Pg105" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">105</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sunday of the Rose, <a href="#Pg222" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">222</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Supply of kings, <a href="#Pg134" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">134</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Supreme Beings, otiose, in Africa, <a href="#Pg019" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">19</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Swabia, Whitsuntide mummers in, <a href="#Pg207" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Shrovetide or Lenten ceremonies in, <a href="#Pg230" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">230</a>, <a href="#Pg233" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">233</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Sweden, May Day in, <a href="#Pg254" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">254</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Swedish kings, traces of nine years' reign of, <a href="#Pg057" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">57</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Swing in the Sky, the Golden, description of the sun, <a href= + "#Pg279" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">279</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Swinging as a ceremony or magical rite, <a href="#Pg150" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">150</a>, <a href="#Pg156" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg277" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">277</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on hooks run through the body, Indian custom, <a href="#Pg278" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">278</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a mode of inspiration, <a href="#Pg280" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">280</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + as a festal rite in modern Greece, Spain, and Italy, <a href= + "#Pg283" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">283</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Swords, golden, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Syene, <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">144</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Syntengs of Assam, <a href="#Pg055" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">55</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Syro-Macedonian calendar, <a href="#Pg116" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">116</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tahiti, remarkable rule of succession in, <a href="#Pg190" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">190</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tahitians, their notions as to eclipses of the sun and moon, + <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">73</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tailltiu or Tailltin, the fair of, <a href="#Pg099" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">99</a>, <a href="#Pg101" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Takilis or Carrier Indians, succession to the soul among the, + <a href="#Pg199" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">199</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Talos, a bronze man, perhaps identical with the Minotaur, + <a href="#Pg074" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">74</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tammuz or Adonis, <a href="#Pg007" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">7</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tara, pagan cemetery at, <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">101</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tarahumares, the, of Mexico, <a href="#Pg062" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">62</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Taui Islanders, <a href="#Pg061" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">61</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tchiglit Esquimaux, the, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tel-El-Amarna tablets, <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">170</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">5</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Teltown, the fair at, <a href="#Pg099" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">99</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tempe, the Vale of, <a href="#Pg081" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">81</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Temporary kings, <a href="#Pg148" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">148</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tenedos, sacrifice of infants to Melicertes in, <a href="#Pg162" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">162</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tengaroeng in Borneo, swinging at, <a href="#Pg280" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">280</a>, <a href="#Pg281" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">281</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Thalavettiparothiam</span></span>, a custom + observed in Malabar, <a href="#Pg052" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">52</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thamus, an Egyptian pilot, <a href="#Pg006" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">6</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thebes, festival of the Laurel-Bearing at, <a href="#Pg078" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg088" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">88</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Theopompus, <a href="#Pg095" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">95</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Theseus and Ariadne, <a href="#Pg075" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">75</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thiodolf, the poet, <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">161</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thracians, funeral games held by the, <a href="#Pg096" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">96</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + their contempt of death, <a href="#Pg142" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">142</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Throne, reverence for the, <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">51</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Thüringen, Whitsuntide mummers in, <a href="#Pg208" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + Carrying out Death in, <a href="#Pg235" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">235</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tiamat and Marduk, <a href="#Pg105" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">105</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg107" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">107</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tiberius, his enquiries as to the death of Pan, <a href="#Pg007" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">7</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his attempt to put down Carthaginian sacrifices of children, + <a href="#Pg168" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">168</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tilton, E. L., <a href="#Pg232" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">232</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Time, Greek and Latin modes of reckoning intervals of, <a href= + "#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">59</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Timoleon, funeral games in his honour, <a href="#Pg094" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">94</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tinneh Indians, the, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">65</a>, <a href="#Pg278" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">278</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tirunavayi temple, <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">49</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tlachtga, pagan cemetery at, <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">101</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Toboongkoos, mock human sacrifices among the, <a href="#Pg219" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">219</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Todtenstein</span></span>, <a href="#Pg264" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">264</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tonquinese custom of catching the soul of the dying, <a href= + "#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tooth of dead king kept, <a href="#Pg203" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">203</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tophet, <a href="#Pg169" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">169</a>, <a href="#Pg170" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">170</a>, <a href="#Pg171" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">171</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Torres Straits, funeral custom in, <a href="#Pg092" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Totemism of the Dinka, <a href="#Pg030" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">30</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + possible trace of Latin, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">186</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the source of a particular type of folk-tales, <a href="#Pg129" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Totems, sacrifices to, <a href="#Pg031" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">31</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + stories told to account for the origin of, <a href="#Pg129" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">129</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Toumou, Egyptian god, <a href="#Pg005" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">5</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Transformations into animals, <a href="#Pg082" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Transmigration of souls of the dead into serpents and other + animals, <a href="#Pg084" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">84</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + belief in, a motive for infanticide, <a href="#Pg188" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">188</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Transmission of soul to successor, <a href="#Pg198" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">198</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trasimene Lake, battle of, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">186</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tree-spirit, killing of the, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">205</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + resurrection of the, <a href="#Pg212" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">212</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in relation to vegetation-spirit, <a href="#Pg253" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trees, masks hung on, <a href="#Pg283" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">283</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trevelyan, G. M., <a href="#Pg154" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">154</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tribute of youths and maidens, <a href="#Pg074" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Triennial tenure of the kingship, <a href="#Pg112" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">112</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trinity, Christian doctrine of the, <a href="#Pg005" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trocadero Museum, statues of kings of Dahomey in the, <a href= + "#Pg085" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">85</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trojeburg, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">77</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Trophonius at Lebadea, <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">166</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Troy, the game of, <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">76</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Tshi-speaking negroes of the Gold Coast, their stories to explain + their totemism, <a href="#Pg128" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">128</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Turrbal tribe of Queensland, <a href="#Pg060" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">60</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Typhon, the soul of, in the Great Bear, <a href="#Pg005" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">5</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uganda, king of, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">39</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + human sacrifices in, <a href="#Pg139" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">139</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + firstborn sons strangled in, <a href="#Pg182" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">182</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + dead kings of, give oracles through inspired mediums, <a href= + "#Pg200" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">200</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ujjain in Western India, <a href="#Pg122" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">122</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg132" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a>, <a href="#Pg133" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">133</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ulster, tombs of the kings of, <a href="#Pg101" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Unyoro, kings of, put to death, <a href="#Pg034" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">34</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Upsala, <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">161</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sepulchral mound at, <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">57</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + great festival at, <a href="#Pg058" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">58</a> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page305">[pg 305]</span><a name= + "Pg305" id="Pg305" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Uranus mutilated by his son Cronus, <a href="#Pg192" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">192</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Urvasi and King Pururavas, Indian story of, <a href="#Pg131" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">131</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ushnagh, pagan cemetery at, <a href="#Pg101" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">101</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Valhala, <a href="#Pg013" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">13</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Varro on a Roman funeral custom, <a href="#Pg092" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">92</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on suicides by hanging, <a href="#Pg282" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">282</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vegetation, death and revival of, <a href="#Pg263" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">263</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -spirit perhaps generalised from a tree-spirit, <a href= + "#Pg253" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">253</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vicarious sacrifices, <a href="#Pg117" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">117</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + in ancient Greece, <a href="#Pg166" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">166</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vikramaditya, legendary king of Ujjain, <a href="#Pg122" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">122</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg132" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">132</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vintage, first-fruits of the, offered to Icarius and Erigone, + <a href="#Pg283" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">283</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Virbius or Hippolytus killed by horses, <a href="#Pg214" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">214</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Virgil, on the game of Troy, <a href="#Pg076" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">76</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on the creation of the world, <a href="#Pg108" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">108</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vishnu, mock human sacrifice in the worship of, <a href="#Pg216" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">216</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Volcano, sacrifice of child to, <a href="#Pg218" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">218</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vosges Mountains, superstition as to shooting stars in the, + <a href="#Pg067" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">67</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Vṛtra, the dragon, <a href="#Pg106" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">106</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wachtl in Moravia, drama of Summer and Winter at, <a href= + "#Pg257" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wadai, Sultan of, <a href="#Pg039" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">39</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wade, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Pg273" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">273</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Waizganthos, an old Prussian god, <a href="#Pg156" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">156</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wak, a sky-spirit, <a href="#Pg181" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">181</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wambugwe, the, <a href="#Pg065" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">65</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Water, effigies of Death thrown into the, <a href="#Pg234" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">234</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg246" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">246</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -bird, a Whitsuntide mummer, <a href="#Pg207" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -dragon, drama of the slaying of, <a href="#Pg078" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">78</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Weinhold, K., <a href="#Pg057" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">57</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wends, their custom of killing and eating the old, <a href= + "#Pg014" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">14</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Westermarck, Dr. E., <a href="#Pg016" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">16</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>, <a href="#Pg153" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">153</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>, <a href="#Pg189" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">189</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span>, <a href="#Pg204" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">204</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wheat at Lammas, offerings of, <a href="#Pg101" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">101</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wheel, effigy of Death attached to a, <a href="#Pg247" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">247</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Whiteway, R. S., <a href="#Pg051" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">51</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Whitsuntide, drama of Summer and Winter at, <a href="#Pg257" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">257</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— King, <a href="#Pg209" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">209</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Mummers, <a href="#Pg205" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">205</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Queen, <a href="#Pg210" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">210</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Widow of king, succession to the throne through marriage with + the, <a href="#Pg193" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">193</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wieland's House, <a href="#Pg077" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">77</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wild Man, a Whitsuntide mummer, <a href="#Pg208" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">208</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg212" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">212</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Winter, Queen of, in the Isle of Man, <a href="#Pg258" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">258</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + effigy of, burned at Zurich, <a href="#Pg260" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">260</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Summer, dramatic battle of, <a href="#Pg254" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">254</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wolf, transformation into, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">83</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + said to have guided the Samnites, <a href="#Pg186" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">186</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— -god, Zeus as the, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">83</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wolves, Soranian, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">186</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Woman, Sawing the Old, a Lenten ceremony, <a href="#Pg240" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">240</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wood, King of the, at Nemi, <a href="#Pg028" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">28</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Woodpecker (<span class="tei tei-foreign" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">picus</span></span>) said to have guided the + Piceni, <a href="#Pg186" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">186</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + sacred among the Latins, <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ib.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Worship of dead kings, <a href="#Pg024" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">24</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wotjobaluk, the, <a href="#Pg064" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">64</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wounding the dead or dying, custom of, <a href="#Pg013" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">13</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wrestling-matches in honour of the dead, <a href="#Pg097" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">97</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wurmlingen in Swabia, Whitsuntide custom at, <a href="#Pg207" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">207</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Carnival Fool at, <a href="#Pg231" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">231</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Wyse, W., <a href="#Pg144" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">144</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Xeres, Fr., early Spanish historian, <a href="#Pg185" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">185</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Xerxes in Thessaly, <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">161</a>, <a href="#Pg163" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">163</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Ximanas, an Indian tribe of the Amazon, kill all their firstborn + children, <a href="#Pg185" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">185</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yarilo, the funeral of, <a href="#Pg261" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">261</a>, <a href="#Pg262" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">262</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Year, the Great, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">70</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Years, mode of counting the, in Manipur, <a href="#Pg117" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">117</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yerrunthally tribe of Queensland, <a href="#Pg064" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">64</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Yorubas, the, <a href="#Pg041" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">41</a>, <a href="#Pg112" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">112</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Youths and maidens, tribute of, sent to Minos, <a href="#Pg074" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">74</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zagmuk, a Babylonian festival, <a href="#Pg110" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">110</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg113" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">113</a>, <a href="#Pg115" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">115</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zeus, the grave of, <a href="#Pg003" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">3</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + oracular cave of, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">70</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + on Mount Lycaeus, <a href="#Pg070" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">70</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his transformations into animals, <a href="#Pg082" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">82</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Wolf-god, <a href="#Pg083" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">83</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + the Olympic victors regarded as embodiments of, <a href="#Pg090" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">90</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + swallows his wife Metis, <a href="#Pg192" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">192</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + his marriage with his sister Hera, <a href="#Pg194" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">194</a>; + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> + and Europa, <a href="#Pg073" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">73</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— and Hera, sacred marriage of, <a href="#Pg091" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">91</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + —— Laphystian, <a href="#Pg161" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">161</a>, <a href="#Pg162" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">162</a>, <a href="#Pg163" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">163</a>, <a href="#Pg164" + class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">164</a>, <a href= + "#Pg165" class="tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">165</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zimmern, H., <a href="#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">111</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">n.</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: left"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zoganes at Babylon, <a href="#Pg114" class="tei tei-ref" style= + "text-align: left">114</a> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zulu kings put to death, <a href="#Pg036" class="tei tei-ref" + style="text-align: left">36</a> <span class="tei tei-hi" style= + "text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + Zurich, effigies of Winter burnt at, <a href="#Pg260" class= + "tei tei-ref" style="text-align: left">260</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-back" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc67" id="toc67"></a> <a name="pdf68" id="pdf68"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1> + + <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"> + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href= + "#noteref_1">1.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For examples see M. Dobrizhoffer, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historia + de Abiponibus</span></span> (Vienna, 1784), ii. 92 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 240 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; C. Gay, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Fragment d'un voyage dans le Chili et au + Cusco,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bulletin le la Société de + Géographie</span></span> (Paris), Deuxième Série, xix. (1843) p. + 25; H. Delaporte, <span class="tei tei-q">“Une Visite chez les + Araucaniens,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bulletin de la Société de + Géographie</span></span> (Paris), Quatrième Série, x. (1855) p. 30; + K. von den Steinen, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Unter den Naturvölkern + Zentral-Brasiliens</span></span> (Berlin, 1894), pp. 344, 348; E. + F. im Thurn, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Among the Indians of Guiana</span></span> + (London, 1883), pp. 330 sq.; A. G. Morice, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Canadian Dénés,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annual Archaeological + Report, 1905</span></span>; (Toronto, 1906), p. 207; (Sir) George + Grey, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journals of Two Expeditions of Discovery into + North-West and Western Australia</span></span> (London, 1841), ii. + 238; A. Oldfield, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Aborigines of + Australia,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Transactions of the Ethnological Society of + London</span></span>, N.S. iii. (1865) p. 236; J. Dawson, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Australian Aborigines</span></span> + (Melbourne, Sydney, and Adelaide, 1881), p. 63; Rev. G. Taplin, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Narrinyeri,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native Tribes of + South Australia</span></span> (Adelaide, 1879), p. 25; C. W. + Schürmann, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Aboriginal Tribes of Port + Lincoln,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Native Tribes of South + Australia</span></span>, p. 237; H. E. A. Meyer, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native Tribes of + South Australia</span></span>, p. 195; R. Brough Smyth, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Aborigines of Victoria</span></span> (Melbourne, 1878), i. 110, ii. + 289 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. Stanbridge, in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Transactions of the Ethnological Society of + London</span></span>, New Series, i. (1861) p. 299; L. Fison and A. + W. Howitt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kamilaroi and Kurnai</span></span>, pp. 250 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. L. P. Cameron, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Notes on some Tribes of New South + Wales,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xiv. (1885) pp. 361, 362 sq.; W. Ridley, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kamilaroi</span></span>, Second Edition + (Sydney, 1875), p. 159; Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native + Tribes of Central Australia</span></span> (London, 1899), pp. + 46-48; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres + Straits</span></span>, v. (Cambridge, 1904) pp. 248, 323; E. + Beardmore, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Natives of Mowat, British + New Guinea,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xix. (1890) p. 461; R. E. Guise, + <span class="tei tei-q">“On the Tribes inhabiting the Mouth of the + Wanigela River, New Guinea,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xxviii. (1899) p. 216; C. + G. Seligmann, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Melanesians of British New + Guinea</span></span> (Cambridge, 1910), p. 279; K. Vetter, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Komm + herüber und hilf uns! oder die Arbeit der Neuen-Dettelsauer + Mission</span></span>, iii. (Barmen, 1898) pp. 10 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nachrichten über + Kaiser-Wilhelmsland und den Bismarck-Archipel</span></span>, 1897, + pp. 94, 98; A. Deniau, <span class="tei tei-q">“Croyances + religieuses et mœurs des indigènes de l'ile Malo,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Missions + Catholiques</span></span>, xxxiii. (1901) pp. 315 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; C. + Ribbe, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zwei Jahre unter den Kannibalen der + Salomo-Inseln</span></span> (Dresden-Blasewitz, 1903), p. 268; P. + A. Kleintitschen, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Küstenbewohner der + Gazellehalbinsel</span></span> (Hiltrup bei Münster, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), p. 344; P. Rascher, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Die Sulka,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Archiv für + Anthropologie</span></span>, xxix. (1904) pp. 221 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; R. + Parkinson, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee</span></span> + (Stuttgart, 1907), pp. 199-201; G. Brown, D.D., <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Melanesians and + Polynesians</span></span> (London, 1910), p. 176; Father Abinal, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Astrologie Malgache,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Missions + Catholiques</span></span>, xi. (1879) p. 506; A. Grandidier, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Madagascar,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bulletin de la + Société de Géographie</span></span> (Paris), Sixième Série, iii. + (1872) p. 399; Father Campana, <span class="tei tei-q">“Congo, + Mission Catholique de Landana,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Missions + Catholiques</span></span>, xxvii. (1895) pp. 102 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Th. Masui, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Guide de la Section de l'État Indépendant du + Congo à l'Exposition de Bruxelles-Tervueren en 1897</span></span> + (Brussels, 1897), p. 82. The discussion of this and similar + evidence must be reserved for another work.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href= + "#noteref_2">2.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Meiners, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geschichte der + Religionen</span></span> (Hannover, 1806-1807), i. 48.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href= + "#noteref_3">3.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. I. Dodge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Our Wild + Indians</span></span>, p. 112.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href= + "#noteref_4">4.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. Blumentritt, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Der Ahnencultus und die religiösen Anschauungen der + Malaien des Philippinen-Archipels,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mittheilungen d. + Wiener geogr. Gesellschaft</span></span>, 1882, p. 198.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href= + "#noteref_5">5.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sir James E. Alexander, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Expedition of + Discovery into the Interior of Africa</span></span>, i. 166; H. + Lichtenstein, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Reisen im Südlichen Africa</span></span> + (Berlin, 1811-1812), i. 349 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. H. I. Bleek, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reynard + the Fox in South Africa</span></span> (London, 1864), pp. 75 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Theophilus Hahn, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tsuni-Goam, the Supreme Being of the + Khoi-Khoi</span></span> (London, 1881), pp. 56, 69.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href= + "#noteref_6">6.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Callimachus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hymn to + Zeus</span></span>, 9 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Diodorus Siculus, iii. 61; + Lucian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Philopseudes</span></span>, 3; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Jupiter + Tragoedus</span></span>, 45; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Philopatris</span></span>, 10; Porphyry, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vita + Pythagorae</span></span>, 17; Cicero, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De natura + deorum</span></span>, iii. 21. 53; Pomponius Mela, ii. 7. 112; + Minucius Felix, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Octavius</span></span>, 21; Lactantius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Divin. + instit.</span></span> i. II.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href= + "#noteref_7">7.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 35; Philochorus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fragm.</span></span> + 22, in C. Müller's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fragmenta historicorum + Graecorum</span></span>, i. p. 378; Tatian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oratio ad + Graecos</span></span>, 8, ed. Otto; J. Tzetzes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schol. on + Lycophron</span></span>, 208. Compare Ch. Petersen, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Das Grab und die Todtenfeier des Dionysos,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Philologus</span></span>, xv. (1860) pp. + 77-91. The grave of Dionysus is also said to have been at Thebes + (Clemens Romanus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Recognitiones</span></span>, x. 24; Migne's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Patrologia Graeca</span></span>, i. col. + 1434).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href= + "#noteref_8">8.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Porphyry, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vit. + Pythag.</span></span> 16.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href= + "#noteref_9">9.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Philochorus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fr.</span></span> + 184, in C. Müller's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fragmenta historicorum + Graecorum</span></span>, ii. p. 414.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href= + "#noteref_10">10.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ch. Lobeck, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aglaophamus</span></span> (Königsberg, 1829), + pp. 574 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href= + "#noteref_11">11.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Maspero, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire ancienne des + peuples de l'Orient classique: les origines</span></span>, pp. + 108-111, 116-118. On the mortality of the Egyptian gods see further + A. Moret, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Le Rituel du culte divin journalier en + Égypte</span></span> (Paris, 1902), pp. 219 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12" href= + "#noteref_12">12.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 21, 22, 38, 61; Diodorus Siculus, i. 27. 4; + Dittenberger, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Orientis Graeci inscriptiones + selectae</span></span>, i. No. 56, p. 102.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_13" name="note_13" href= + "#noteref_13">13.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Religion der + alten Aegypter</span></span>, pp. 59 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; G. + Maspero, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Histoire ancienne des peuples de l'Orient + classique: les origines</span></span>, pp. 104-108, 150. Indeed it + was an article of the Egyptian creed that every god must die after + he had begotten a son in his own likeness (A. Wiedemann, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Herodots + zweites Buch</span></span>, p. 204). Hence the Egyptian deities + were commonly arranged in trinities of a simple and natural type, + each comprising a father, a mother, and a son. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Speaking generally, two members of such a triad were + gods, one old and one young, and the third was a goddess, who was, + naturally, the wife, or female counterpart, of the older god. The + younger god was the son of the older god and goddess, and he was + supposed to possess all the attributes and powers which belonged to + his father.... The feminine counterpart or wife of the chief god + was usually a local goddess of little or no importance; on the + other hand, her son by the chief god was nearly as important as his + father, because it was assumed that he would succeed to his rank + and throne when the elder god had passed away. The conception of + the triad or trinity is, in Egypt, probably as old as the belief in + gods, and it seems to be based on the anthropomorphic views which + were current in the earliest times about them”</span> (E. A. Wallis + Budge, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Gods of the Egyptians</span></span>, + London, 1904, i. 113 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>). If the Christian doctrine + of the Trinity took shape under Egyptian influence, the function + originally assigned to the Holy Spirit may have been that of the + divine mother. In the apocryphal <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gospel to the + Hebrews</span></span>, as Mr. F. C. Conybeare was kind enough to + point out to me, Christ spoke of the Holy Ghost as his mother. The + passage is quoted by Origen (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Comment. in Joan. II.</span></span> vol. iv. + col. 132, ed. Migne), and runs as follows: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“My mother the Holy Spirit took me a moment ago by one + of my hairs and carried me away to the great Mount Tabor.”</span> + Compare Origen, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">In Jeremiam Hom.</span></span> XV. 4, vol. + iii. col. 433, ed. Migne. In the reign of Trajan a certain + Alcibiades, from Apamea in Syria, appeared at Rome with a volume in + which the Holy Ghost was described as a stalwart female about + ninety-six miles high and broad in proportion. See Hippolytus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Refut. + omnium haeresium</span></span>, ix. 13, p. 462, ed. Duncker and + Schneidewin. The Ophites represented the Holy Spirit as + <span class="tei tei-q">“the first woman,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“mother of all living,”</span> who was beloved by + <span class="tei tei-q">“the first man”</span> and likewise by + <span class="tei tei-q">“the second man,”</span> and who conceived + by one or both of them <span class="tei tei-q">“the light, which + they call Christ.”</span> See H. Usener, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Das + Weihnachtsfest</span></span>, pp. 116 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + quoting Irenaeus, i. 28. As to a female member of the Trinity, see + further <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dreiheit, ein Versuch + mythologischer Zahlenlehre</span></span> (Bonn, 1903), pp. 41 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; Gibbon, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Decline and Fall of + the Roman Empire</span></span>, ch. 1. vol. ix. p. 261, note g + (Edinburgh, 1811). Mr. Conybeare tells me that Philo Judaeus, who + lived in the first half of the first century of our era, constantly + defines God as a Trinity in Unity, or a Unity in Trinity, and that + the speculations of this Alexandrian Jew deeply influenced the + course of Christian thought on the mystical nature of the deity. + Thus it seems not impossible that the ancient Egyptian doctrine of + the divine Trinity may have been distilled through Philo into + Christianity. On the other hand it has been suggested that the + Christian Trinity is of Babylonian origin. See H. Zimmern, in E. + Schrader's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Keilinschriften und das Alte + Testament</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> pp. 418 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 440.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_14" name="note_14" href= + "#noteref_14">14.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. W. King, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Babylonian Religion + and Mythology</span></span> (London, 1899), p. 8.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_15" name="note_15" href= + "#noteref_15">15.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De defectu + oraculorum</span></span>, 17.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_16" name="note_16" href= + "#noteref_16">16.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This is in substance the explanation + briefly suggested by F. Liebrecht, and developed more fully and + with certain variations of detail by S. Reinach. See F. Liebrecht, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Des + Gervasius von Tilbury Otia Imperialia</span></span> (Hanover, + 1856), p. 180; S. Reinach, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cultes, mythes et religions</span></span>, + iii. (Paris, 1908), pp. 1 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> As to the worship of Tammuz + or Adonis in Syria and Greece see my <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adonis, Attis, + Osiris</span></span>, Second Edition (London, 1907). In Plutarch's + narrative confusion seems to have arisen through the native name + (Tammuz) of the deity, which either accidentally coincided with + that of the pilot (as S. Reinach thinks) or was erroneously + transferred to him by a narrator (as F. Liebrecht supposed). An + entirely different explanation of the story has been proposed by + Dr. W. H. Roscher. He holds that the god whose death was lamented + was the great ram-god of Mendes in Egypt, whom Greek writers + constantly mistook for a goat-god and identified with Pan. A living + ram was always revered as an incarnation of the god, and when it + died there was a great mourning throughout all the land of Mendes. + Some stone coffins of the sacred animal have been found in the + ruins of the city. See Herodotus, ii. 46, with A. Wiedemann's + commentary; W. H. Roscher, <span class="tei tei-q">“Die Legende vom + Tode des groszen Pan,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fleckeisen's Jahrbücher für classische + Philologie</span></span>, xxxviii. (1892) pp. 465-477. Dr. Roscher + shews that Thamus was an Egyptian name, comparing Plato, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phaedrus</span></span>, p. 274 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">d + e</span></span>; Polyaenus, iii. 2. 5; Philostratus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vit. Apollon. + Tyan.</span></span> vi. 5. 108. As to the worshipful goat, or + rather ram, of Mendes, see also Diodorus Siculus, i. 84; Strabo, + xvii. 1. 19, p. 802; Clement of Alexandria, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Protrept.</span></span> ii. 39, p. 34, ed. + Potter; Suidas, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> Μένδην.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_17" name="note_17" href= + "#noteref_17">17.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. Liebrecht, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 180 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. Robertson Smith, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religion + of the Semites</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> pp. 412, 414. The latter + writer observes with justice that <span class="tei tei-q">“the + wailing for 'Uncūd, the divine Grape-cluster, seems to be the last + survival of an old vintage piaculum.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The dread of the worshippers,”</span> he adds, + <span class="tei tei-q">“that the neglect of the usual ritual would + be followed by disaster, is particularly intelligible if they + regarded the necessary operations of agriculture as involving the + violent extinction of a particle of divine life.”</span> On the + mortality of the gods in general and of the Teutonic gods in + particular, see J. Grimm, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Deutsche Mythologie</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">4</span></span> i. + 263 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; compare E. H. Meyer, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mythologie der Germanen</span></span> + (Strasburg, 1903), p. 288. As to the mortality of the Irish gods, + see Douglas Hyde, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Literary History of Ireland</span></span> + (London, 1899), pp. 80 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_18" name="note_18" href= + "#noteref_18">18.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Der Muata + Cazembe und die Völkerstämme der Maravis, Chevas, Muembas, Lundas + und andere von Süd-Afrika,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + allgemeine Erdkunde</span></span>, vi. (1856) p. 395; F. T. Valdez, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Six Years + of a Traveller's Life in Western Africa</span></span> (London, + 1861), ii. 241 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_19" name="note_19" href= + "#noteref_19">19.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taboo and the Perils + of the Soul</span></span>, pp. 6, 7 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_20" name="note_20" href= + "#noteref_20">20.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taboo and the Perils + of the Soul</span></span>, pp. 26 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_21" name="note_21" href= + "#noteref_21">21.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. W. Gill, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Myths and Songs of + the South Pacific</span></span> (London, 1876), p. 163.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_22" name="note_22" href= + "#noteref_22">22.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. A. Junod, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les + Ba-Ronga</span></span> (Neuchatel, 1898), pp. 381 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_23" name="note_23" href= + "#noteref_23">23.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Barbrooke Grubb, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">An Unknown People in + an Unknown Land</span></span> (London, 1911), p. 120.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_24" name="note_24" href= + "#noteref_24">24.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">T. C. Hodson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Naga Tribes of + Manipur</span></span> (London, 1911), p. 159.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_25" name="note_25" href= + "#noteref_25">25.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span> (London, 1911), p. 281.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_26" name="note_26" href= + "#noteref_26">26.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ch. Wilkes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Narrative of the U.S. + Exploring Expedition</span></span> (London, 1845), iii. 96.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_27" name="note_27" href= + "#noteref_27">27.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">U.S. Exploring Expedition, Ethnology and + Philology</span></span>, by H. Hale (Philadelphia, 1846), p. 65. + Compare Th. Williams, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fiji and the + Fijians</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 183; J. E. Erskine, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of a Cruise among the Islands of the Western Pacific</span></span> + (London, 1853), p. 248.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_28" name="note_28" href= + "#noteref_28">28.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Turner, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Samoa</span></span>, + p. 335.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_29" name="note_29" href= + "#noteref_29">29.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Martin Flad, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A Short Description + of the Falasha and Kamants in Abyssinia</span></span>, p. 19.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_30" name="note_30" href= + "#noteref_30">30.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Diels, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Fragmente der + Vorsokratiker</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. (Berlin, 1906) p. 81; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Herakleitos von + Ephesos</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Berlin, 1909), p. 50, + Frag. 136, ψυχαὶ ἀρηίφατοι καθαρώτεραι ἢ ἐνὶ νούσοις.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_31" name="note_31" href= + "#noteref_31">31.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. de Castelnau, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Expédition dans les + parties centrales de l'Amérique du Sud</span></span>, iv. (Paris, + 1851) p. 380. Compare <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span> ii. 49 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> as + to the practice of the Chavantes, a tribe of Indians on the + Tocantins river.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_32" name="note_32" href= + "#noteref_32">32.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. Southey, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of + Brazil</span></span>, iii. (London, 1819) p. 619; R. F. Burton, in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Captivity of Hans Stade of Hesse</span></span> (Hakluyt Society, + London, 1874), p. 122.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_33" name="note_33" href= + "#noteref_33">33.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. von Dittmar, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Über die Koräken und die ihnen sehr nahe verwandten + Tschuktschen,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bulletin de la Classe philologique de + l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-Pétersbourg</span></span>, + xiii. (1856) coll. 122, 124 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The custom has now been + completely abandoned. See W. Jochelson, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Koryak, Religion and Myths”</span> (Leyden and New + York, 1905), p. 103 (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Memoir of the American Museum of Natural + History, The Jesup North Pacific Expedition</span></span>, vol. vi. + part i.).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_34" name="note_34" href= + "#noteref_34">34.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. von Dittmar, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> col. 132; De Wrangell, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le Nord de la + Sibérie</span></span> (Paris, 1843), i. 263 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-q">“Die Ethnographie Russlands nach A. F. + Rittich,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Petermann's Mittheilungen, + Ergänzungsheft</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">No.</span></span> 54 (Gotha, 1878), pp. 14 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Der Anadyr-Bezirk nach A. W. Olssufjew,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Petermann's Mittheilungen</span></span>, xlv. + (1899) p. 230; V. Priklonski, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Todtengebräuche der Jakuten,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Globus</span></span>, + lix. (1891) p. 82; R. von Seidlitz, <span class="tei tei-q">“Der + Selbstmord bei den Tschuktschen,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ib.</span></span> p. + 111; Cremat, <span class="tei tei-q">“Der Anadyrbezirk Sibiriens + und seine Bevölkerung,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Globus</span></span>, + lxvi. (1894) p. 287; H. de Windt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Through the + Gold-fields of Alaska to Bering Straits</span></span> (London, + 1898), pp. 223-225; W. Bogaras, <span class="tei tei-q">“The + Chukchee”</span> (Leyden and New York, 1904-1909), pp. 560 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Memoir of the + American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North Pacific + Expedition</span></span>, vol. vii.).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_35" name="note_35" href= + "#noteref_35">35.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. A. Waddell, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Tribes of the Brahmaputra Valley,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Asiatic Society of Bengal</span></span>, lxix. part iii. + (1901) pp. 20, 24; T. C. Hodson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Naga Tribes of + Manipur</span></span> (London, 1911), p. 151.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_36" name="note_36" href= + "#noteref_36">36.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">K. Simrock, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Handbuch der + deutschen Mythologie</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">5</span></span> + pp. 177 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 507; H. M. Chadwick, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Cult + of Othin</span></span> (London, 1899), pp. 13 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 34 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_37" name="note_37" href= + "#noteref_37">37.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Procopius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De bello + Gothico</span></span>, ii. 14.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_38" name="note_38" href= + "#noteref_38">38.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Rechtsalterthümer</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">3</span></span> p. + 488. A custom of putting the sick and aged to death seems to have + prevailed in several branches of the Aryan family; it may at one + time have been common to the whole stock. See J. Grimm, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 486 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; O. Schrader, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reallexikon der + indogermanischen Altertumskunde</span></span>, pp. 36-39.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_39" name="note_39" href= + "#noteref_39">39.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 4 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_40" name="note_40" href= + "#noteref_40">40.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Taboo and the Perils of the + Soul</span></span>, pp. 5 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_41" name="note_41" href= + "#noteref_41">41.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. B. Labat, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Relation historique + de l'Éthiopie occidentale</span></span> (Paris, 1732), i. 260 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. Winwood Reade, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Savage + Africa</span></span> (London, 1863), p. 362.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_42" name="note_42" href= + "#noteref_42">42.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Merolla, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Relazione del viaggio + nel regno di Congo</span></span> (Naples, 1726), p. 76. The English + version of this passage (Pinkerton's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyages and + Travels</span></span>, xvi. 228) has already been quoted by Sir + John Lubbock (Lord Avebury) in his <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Origin of + Civilisation</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> pp. 358 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> In + that version the native title of the pontiff is misspelt.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_43" name="note_43" href= + "#noteref_43">43.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diodorus Siculus, iii. 6; Strabo, + xvii. 2. 3, p. 822.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_44" name="note_44" href= + "#noteref_44">44.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. Lepsius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letters from Egypt, + Ethiopia, and the peninsula of Sinai</span></span> (London, 1853), + pp. 202, 204. I have to thank Dr. E. Westermarck for pointing out + these passages to me. Fazoql lies in the fork between the Blue Nile + and its tributary the Tumat. See J. Russeger, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reisen in Europa, + Asien und Afrika</span></span>, ii. 2 (Stuttgart, 1844), p. 552 + note.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_45" name="note_45" href= + "#noteref_45">45.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Brun-Rollet, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le Nil Blanc et le + Soudan</span></span> (Paris, 1855), pp. 248 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> For + the orgiastic character of these annual festivals, see <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span> p. + 245. Fazolglou is probably the same as Fazoql. The people who + practise the custom are called Bertat by E. Marno (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reisen im Gebiete des + blauen und weissen Nil</span></span> (Vienna, 1874), p. 68).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_46" name="note_46" href= + "#noteref_46">46.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Russegger, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reisen in Europa, + Asien und Afrika</span></span>, ii. 2, p. 553. Russegger met Assusa + in January 1838, and says that the king had then been a year in + office. He does not mention the name of the king's uncle who had, + he tells us, been strangled by the chiefs; but I assume that he was + the Yassin who is mentioned by Brun-Rollet. Russegger adds that the + strangling of the king was performed publicly, and in the most + solemn manner, and was said to happen often in Fazoql and the + neighbouring countries.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_47" name="note_47" href= + "#noteref_47">47.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. Lepsius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letters from Egypt, + Ethiopia, and the peninsula of Sinai</span></span> (London, 1853), + p. 204. Lepsius's letter is dated <span class="tei tei-q">“The + Pyramids of Meroë, 22nd April 1844.”</span> His informant was Osman + Bey, who had lived for sixteen years in these regions. An + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">anqareb</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">angareb</span></span> is a kind of bed made by + stretching string or leather thongs over an oblong wooden + framework.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_48" name="note_48" href= + "#noteref_48">48.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">I have to thank Dr. Seligmann for his + kindness and courtesy in transmitting to me his unpublished account + and allowing me to draw on it at my discretion.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_49" name="note_49" href= + "#noteref_49">49.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As to Jŭok (Čuok), the supreme being + of the Shilluk, see P. W. Hofmayr, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Religion der Schilluk,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anthropos</span></span>, vi. (1911) pp. + 120-122, whose account agrees with the briefer one given by Dr. C. + G. Seligmann. Otiose supreme beings (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">dieux + fainéants</span></span>) of this type, who having made the world do + not meddle with it and to whom little or no worship is paid, are + common in Africa.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_50" name="note_50" href= + "#noteref_50">50.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. W. Hofmayr, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Religion der Schilluk,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anthropos</span></span>, vi. (1911) pp. 123, + 125. This writer gives Nykang as the name of the first Shilluk + king.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_51" name="note_51" href= + "#noteref_51">51.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. W. Hofmayr, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 123.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_52" name="note_52" href= + "#noteref_52">52.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This is the view both of Dr. C. G. + Seligmann and of Father P. W. Hofmayr (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 123).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_53" name="note_53" href= + "#noteref_53">53.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The word <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">kengo</span></span> is applied only to the + shrines of Nyakang and the graves of the kings. Graves of commoners + are called <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">roro</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_54" name="note_54" href= + "#noteref_54">54.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On the use of flowing blood in + rain-making ceremonies see <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, i. 256, 257 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_55" name="note_55" href= + "#noteref_55">55.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dr. C. G. Seligmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Shilluk Divine + Kings</span></span> (in manuscript).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_56" name="note_56" href= + "#noteref_56">56.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On this subject Dr. Seligmann writes + to me (March 9th, 1911) as follows: <span class="tei tei-q">“The + assumption of the throne as the result of victory in single combat + doubtless occurred once; at the present day and perhaps for the + whole of the historic period it has been superseded by the + ceremonial killing of the king, but I regard these stories as + folk-lore indicating what once really happened.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_57" name="note_57" href= + "#noteref_57">57.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">These particulars I take from letters + of Dr. C. G. Seligmann's to me (dated 8th February and 9th March + 1911). They are not mentioned in the writer's paper on the + subject.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_58" name="note_58" href= + "#noteref_58">58.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">When one of the king's wives is with + child, she remains at Fashoda till the fourth or fifth month of her + pregnancy; she is then sent away to a village, not necessarily her + own, where she remains under the charge of the village chief until + she has finished nursing the child. Afterwards she returns to + Fashoda, but the child invariably remains in the village of his or + her birth and is brought up there. All royal children of either + sex, in whatever part of the Shilluk territory they may happen to + die, are buried the village where they were born.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_59" name="note_59" href= + "#noteref_59">59.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As to the disappearance of the early + Roman kings see <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, vol. ii. pp. 312 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + as to the disappearance of the early kings of Uganda, see the Rev. + J. Roscoe, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Baganda</span></span> (London, 1911), p. + 214.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_60" name="note_60" href= + "#noteref_60">60.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, i. 1 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + ii. 376 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_61" name="note_61" href= + "#noteref_61">61.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“E. de + Pruyssenaere's Reisen und Forschungen im Gebiete des Weissen und + Blauen Nil,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Petermann's Mittheilungen, + Ergänzungsheft</span></span>, No. 50 (Gotha, 1877), pp. 18-23. + Compare G. Schweinfurth, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Heart of Africa</span></span>, Third + Edition (London, 1878), i. 48 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> In the text I have followed + de Pruyssenaere's description of the privations endured by the + Dinka in the dry season. But that description is perhaps only + applicable in seasons of unusual drought, for Dr. C. G. Seligmann, + writing from personal observation, informs me that he regards the + description as much overdrawn; in an average year, he tells me, the + cattle do not die of famine and the natives are not starving. + According to his information the drinking of the blood of their + cattle is a luxury in which the Dinka indulge themselves at any + time of the year.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_62" name="note_62" href= + "#noteref_62">62.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For this and the following information + as to the religion, totemism, and rain-makers of the Dinka I am + indebted to the kindness of Dr. C. G. Seligmann, who investigated + the Shilluk and Dinka in 1909-1910 and has most obligingly placed + his manuscript materials at my disposal.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_63" name="note_63" href= + "#noteref_63">63.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On the importance of the rain-makers + among the Dinka and other tribes of the Upper Nile, see + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic + Art and the Evolution of Kings</span></span>, i. 345 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_64" name="note_64" href= + "#noteref_64">64.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Emin Pasha in Central Africa, being a + Collection of his Letters and Journals</span></span> (London, + 1888), p. 91; J. G. Frazer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Totemism and Exogamy</span></span>, ii. 529 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> (from information given by + the Rev. John Roscoe).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_65" name="note_65" href= + "#noteref_65">65.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Father Guillemé, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annales de la + Propagation de la Foi</span></span>, lx. (1888) p. 258; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Credenze religiose dei Negri di Kibanga nell' Alto + Congo,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni + popolari</span></span>, vii. (1888) p. 231.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_66" name="note_66" href= + "#noteref_66">66.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Travels of the Jesuits in + Ethiopia</span></span>, collected and historically digested by F. + Balthazar Tellez, of the Society of Jesus (London, 1710), p. 197. + We may compare the death of Saul (1 Samuel, xxxi. 3-6).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_67" name="note_67" href= + "#noteref_67">67.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lieut. H. Pope-Hennessy, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on the Jukos and other Tribes of the Middle + Benue,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xxx. (1900) p. (29).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_68" name="note_68" href= + "#noteref_68">68.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. G. Frazer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Totemism and + Exogamy</span></span>, ii. 608, on the authority of Mr. H. R. + Palmer, Resident in Charge of Katsina.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_69" name="note_69" href= + "#noteref_69">69.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. T. Valdez, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Six Years of a + Traveller's Life in Western Africa</span></span> (London, 1861), + ii. 194 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_70" name="note_70" href= + "#noteref_70">70.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nathaniel Isaacs, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels and + Adventures in Eastern Africa</span></span> (London, 1836), i. 295 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, compare pp. 232, 290 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_71" name="note_71" href= + "#noteref_71">71.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, i. 392.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_72" name="note_72" href= + "#noteref_72">72.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. dos Santos, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Eastern Ethiopia,”</span> in G. McCall Theal's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Records + of Southeastern Africa</span></span>, vii. (1901) pp. 194 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> A more highly-flavoured and + full-bodied, though less slavishly accurate, translation of this + passage is given in Pinkerton's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyages and + Travels</span></span>, xvi. 684, where the English translator has + enriched the unadorned simplicity of the Portuguese historian's + style with <span class="tei tei-q">“the scythe of time”</span> and + other flowers of rhetoric.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_73" name="note_73" href= + "#noteref_73">73.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. dos Santos, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 193.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_74" name="note_74" href= + "#noteref_74">74.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Xenophon, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hellenica</span></span>, iii. 3. 3; Plutarch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Agesilaus</span></span>, 3; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lysander</span></span>, 22; Pausanias, iii. 8. + 9.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_75" name="note_75" href= + "#noteref_75">75.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, iii. 20; Aristotle, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Politics</span></span>, iv. 4. 4.; Athenaeus, + xiii. 20, p. 566. According to Nicolaus Damascenus (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fr.</span></span> + 142, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fragmenta historicorum + Graecorum</span></span>, ed. C. Müller, iii. p. 463), the + handsomest and bravest man was only raised to the throne when the + king had no heirs, the heirs being the sons of his sisters. But + this limitation is not mentioned by the other authorities.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_76" name="note_76" href= + "#noteref_76">76.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Nachtigal, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saharâ und + Sûdân</span></span>, iii. (Leipsic, 1889) p. 225; A. Bastian, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste</span></span> (Jena, + 1874-75), i. 220.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_77" name="note_77" href= + "#noteref_77">77.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. W. Joyce, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Social History of + Ancient Ireland</span></span> (London, 1903), i. 311.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_78" name="note_78" href= + "#noteref_78">78.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Strabo, xvii. 2. 3, p. 823; Diodorus + Siculus, iii. 7.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_79" name="note_79" href= + "#noteref_79">79.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mohammed Ebn-Omar El-Tounsy, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyage au + Darfour</span></span> (Paris, 1845), pp. 162 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels + of an Arab Merchant in Soudan</span></span>, abridged from the + French by Bayle St. John (London, 1854), p. 78; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bulletin de la + Société de Géographie</span></span> (Paris), IVme Série, iv. (1852) + pp. 539 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_80" name="note_80" href= + "#noteref_80">80.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. W. Felkin, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on the Waganda Tribe of Central Africa,”</span> + in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Proceedings of the Royal Society of + Edinburgh</span></span>, xiii. (1884-1886) p. 711; J. Roscoe, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Further Notes on the Manners and Customs + of the Baganda,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xxxii. (1902) p. 77 (as to sneezing).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_81" name="note_81" href= + "#noteref_81">81.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Narrative of Events in Borneo and Celebes, + from the Journal of James Brooke, Esq., Rajah of + Sarawak</span></span>, by Captain R. Mundy, i. 134. My friend the + late Mr. Lorimer Fison, in a letter of August 26th, 1898, told me + that the custom of falling down whenever a chief fell was observed + also in Fiji, where it had a special name, <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">bale + muri</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“fall-follow.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_82" name="note_82" href= + "#noteref_82">82.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mgr. Bruguière, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annales de + l'Association de la Propagation de la Foi</span></span>, v. (1831) + pp. 174 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_83" name="note_83" href= + "#noteref_83">83.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Dalzel, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of + Dahomy</span></span> (London, 1793), pp. 12 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 156 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_84" name="note_84" href= + "#noteref_84">84.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Father Baudin, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Le Fétichisme ou la religion des Nègres de la + Guinée,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Missions Catholiques</span></span>, xvi. + (1884) p. 215.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_85" name="note_85" href= + "#noteref_85">85.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Missionary Holley, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Étude sur les Egbas,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Missions + Catholiques</span></span>, xiii. (1881) pp. 351 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + Here Oyo is probably the same as Eyeo mentioned above.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_86" name="note_86" href= + "#noteref_86">86.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Simon Grunau, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Preussische + Chronik</span></span>, herausgegeben von Dr. M. Perlbach (Leipsic, + 1876), i. p. 97.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_87" name="note_87" href= + "#noteref_87">87.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lucian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De morte + Peregrini</span></span>. That Lucian's account of the mountebank's + death is not a fancy picture is proved by the evidence of + Tertullian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ad martyres</span></span>, 4, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Peregrinus qui non olim se rogo + immisit.</span></span>”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_88" name="note_88" href= + "#noteref_88">88.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">D. S. Macgowan, M.D., <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Self-immolation by Fire in China,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Chinese Recorder + and Missionary Journal</span></span>, xix. (1888) pp. 445-451, + 508-521.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_89" name="note_89" href= + "#noteref_89">89.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. W. Nelson, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Eskimo about Bering Strait,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Eighteenth Annual + Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology</span></span>, Part I. + (Washington, 1899), pp. 320, 433 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_90" name="note_90" href= + "#noteref_90">90.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Revelation xx. 1-3.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_91" name="note_91" href= + "#noteref_91">91.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Revelation xiii. 18.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_92" name="note_92" href= + "#noteref_92">92.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ivan Stchoukine, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le Suicide collectif + dans le Raskol russe</span></span> (Paris, 1903), pp. 45-53, 61-78, + 84-87, 96-99, 102-112. The mania in its most extreme form died away + towards the end of the seventeenth century, but during the + eighteenth and nineteenth centuries cases of collective suicide + from religious motives occurred from time to time, people burning + themselves in families or in batches of thirty or forty. The last + of these suicides by fire took place in 1860, when fifteen persons + thus perished in the Government of Olonetz. Twenty-four others + buried themselves alive near Tiraspol in the winter of 1896-97. See + I. Stchoukine, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> pp. 114-126.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_93" name="note_93" href= + "#noteref_93">93.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Voltaire, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Essai sur les + Mœurs</span></span>, iii. 142-145 (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Œuvres complètes de + Voltaire</span></span>, xiii. Paris, 1878).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_94" name="note_94" href= + "#noteref_94">94.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Duarte Barbosa, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A Description of the + Coasts of East Africa and Malabar in the Beginning of the Sixteenth + Century</span></span> (Hakluyt Society, London, 1866), pp. 172 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_95" name="note_95" href= + "#noteref_95">95.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. di Varthema, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Travels</span></span>, translated by J. W. + Jones and edited by G. P. Badger (Hakluyt Society, London, 1863), + p. 134. In a note the Editor says that the name Zamorin (Samorin) + according to some <span class="tei tei-q">“is a corruption of + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tamuri</span></span>, the name of the most + exalted family of the Nair caste.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_96" name="note_96" href= + "#noteref_96">96.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Francis Buchanan, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, + Canara, and Malabar,”</span> in Pinkerton's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyages and + Travels</span></span>, viii. 735.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_97" name="note_97" href= + "#noteref_97">97.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Alex. Hamilton, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“A New Account of the East Indies,”</span> in + Pinkerton's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Voyages and Travels</span></span>, viii. + 374.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_98" name="note_98" href= + "#noteref_98">98.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The sidereal revolution of Jupiter is + completed in 11 years 314.92 days (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Encyclopaedia + Britannica</span></span>, Ninth Edition, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Astronomy,”</span> ii. 808). The + twelve-years revolution of Jupiter was known to the Greek + astronomers, from whom the knowledge may perhaps have penetrated + into India. See Geminus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eisagoge</span></span>, I, p. 10, ed. + Halma.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_99" name="note_99" href= + "#noteref_99">99.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Logan, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Malabar</span></span> + (Madras, 1887), i. 162-169. The writer describes in particular the + festival of 1683, when fifty-five men perished in the manner + described.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_100" name="note_100" + href="#noteref_100">100.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sir H. M. Elliot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The History of India + as told by its own Historians</span></span>, iv. 260. I have to + thank Mr. R. S. Whiteway, of Brownscombe, Shottermill, Surrey, for + kindly calling my attention to this and the following instance of + the custom of regicide.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_101" name="note_101" + href="#noteref_101">101.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">De Barros, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Da Asia, dos feitos, + que os Portuguezes fizeram no descubrimento e conquista dos mares e + terras do Oriente</span></span>, Decada Terceira, Liv. V. cap. i. + pp. 512 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> (Lisbon, 1777).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_102" name="note_102" + href="#noteref_102">102.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Saxo Grammaticus,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historia + Danica</span></span>, viii. pp. 410 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + ed. P. E. Müller (p. 334 of Mr. Oliver Elton's English + translation).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_103" name="note_103" + href="#noteref_103">103.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">T. K. Gopal Panikkar (of the Madras + Registration Department), <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Malabar and its Folk</span></span> (Madras, N. + D., preface dated Chowghaut, 8th October 1900), pp. 120 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> I have to thank my friend + Mr. W. Crooke for calling my attention to this account.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_104" name="note_104" + href="#noteref_104">104.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Voyage d'Ibn Batoutah</span></span>, texte + arabe, accompagné d'une traduction par C. Deffrémery et B. R. + Sanguinetti (Paris, 1853-58), iv. 246 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_105" name="note_105" + href="#noteref_105">105.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Wonders of the East, by Friar + Jordanus</span></span>, translated by Col. Henry Yule (London, + 1863, Hakluyt Society), pp. 32 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_106" name="note_106" + href="#noteref_106">106.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">India in the Fifteenth Century, being a + Collection of Voyages to India in the century preceding the + Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope</span></span>, edited + by R. H. Major (Hakluyt Society, London, 1857), <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Travels of Nicolo Conti in the East,”</span> pp. + 27 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> An instrument of the sort + described in the text (a crescent-shaped knife with chains and + stirrups attached to it for the convenience of the suicide) used to + be preserved at Kshira, a village of Bengal near Nadiya: it was + called a <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">karavat</span></span>. See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Book of Ser Marco + Polo</span></span>, newly translated and edited by Colonel Henry + Yule, Second Edition (London, 1875), ii. 334.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_107" name="note_107" + href="#noteref_107">107.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Major P. R. T. Gurdon, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Khasis</span></span> (London, 1907), pp. 102 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + quoting Mr. Gait in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Asiatic Society of + Bengal</span></span> for 1898.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_108" name="note_108" + href="#noteref_108">108.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. T. Dalton, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Descriptive Ethnology + of Bengal</span></span> (Calcutta, 1872), p. 146.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_109" name="note_109" + href="#noteref_109">109.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. T. Valdez, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Six Years of a + Traveller's Life in Western Africa</span></span> (London, 1861), + ii. 158-160. I have translated the title <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Maquita</span></span> by <span class= + "tei tei-q">“chief”</span>; the writer does not explain it.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_110" name="note_110" + href="#noteref_110">110.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ynglinga Saga</span></span>, 29 (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Heimskringla</span></span>, translated by S. Laing, i. 239 sq.). + Compare H. M. Chadwick, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Cult of Othin</span></span> (London, + 1899), p. 4. According to Messrs. Laing and Chadwick the sacrifice + took place every <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tenth</span></em> year. But I follow Prof. K. + Weinhold who translates <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">hit tiunda hvert + ár</span></span>”</span> by <span class="tei tei-q">“<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">alle neun + Jahre</span></span>”</span> (<span class="tei tei-q">“Die mystische + Neunzahl bei den Deutschen,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Abhandlungen der + könig. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin</span></span>, 1897, + p. 6). So in Latin <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">decimo quoque + anno</span></span> should be translated <span class= + "tei tei-q">“every ninth year.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_111" name="note_111" + href="#noteref_111">111.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Saxo Grammaticus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historia + Danica</span></span>, iii. pp. 129-131, ed. P. E. Müller (pp. 98 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> of Oliver Elton's English + translation).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_112" name="note_112" + href="#noteref_112">112.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Adam of Bremen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Descriptio insularum + Aquilonis</span></span>, 27 (Migne's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrologia + Latina</span></span>, cxlvi. col. 644). See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, vol. ii. pp. 364 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_113" name="note_113" + href="#noteref_113">113.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Agis</span></span>, + II. Plutarch says that the custom was observed <span class= + "tei tei-q">“at intervals of nine years”</span> (δι᾽ ἐτῶν ἐννέα), + but the expression is equivalent to our <span class="tei tei-q">“at + intervals of eight years.”</span> In reckoning intervals of time + numerically the Greeks included both the terms which are separated + by the interval, whereas we include only one of them. For example, + our phrase <span class="tei tei-q">“every second day”</span> would + be rendered in Greek διὰ τρίτης ἡμέρας, literally <span class= + "tei tei-q">“every third day.”</span> Again, a cycle of two years + is in Greek <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "el"><span style="font-style: italic">trieteris</span></span>, + literally <span class="tei tei-q">“a period of three years”</span>; + a cycle of eight years is <span lang="el" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ennaeteris</span></span>, literally + <span class="tei tei-q">“a period of nine years”</span>; and so + forth. See Censorinus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De die natali</span></span>, 18. The Latin use + of the ordinal numbers is similar, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span> + our <span class="tei tei-q">“every second year”</span> would be + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tertio quoque anno</span></span> in Latin. + However, the Greeks and Romans were not always consistent in this + matter, for they occasionally reckoned in our fashion. The + resulting ambiguity is not only puzzling to moderns; it sometimes + confused the ancients themselves. For example, it led to a + derangement of the newly instituted Julian calendar, which escaped + detection for more than thirty years. See Macrobius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saturn.</span></span> + i. 14. 13 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Solinus, i. 45-47. On the + ancient modes of counting in such cases see A. Schmidt, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Handbuch + der griechischen Chronologie</span></span> (Jena, 1888), pp. 95 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> According to Schmidt, the + practice of adding both terms to the sum of the intervening units + was not extended by the Greeks to numbers above nine.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_114" name="note_114" + href="#noteref_114">114.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Dorier</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + ii. 96.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_115" name="note_115" + href="#noteref_115">115.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Man, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aboriginal + Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands</span></span>, pp. 84 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_116" name="note_116" + href="#noteref_116">116.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. E. Roth, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">North Queensland + Bulletin, No. 5, Superstition, Magic, and Medicine</span></span> + (Brisbane, 1903), p. 8.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_117" name="note_117" + href="#noteref_117">117.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. W. Howitt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Native Tribes of + South-East Australia</span></span>, p. 429.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_118" name="note_118" + href="#noteref_118">118.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. W. Howitt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 430. One of the earliest writers on New South + Wales reports that the natives attributed great importance to the + falling of a star (D. Collins,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Account of the English Colony in New South + Wales</span></span> (London, 1804), p. 383).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_119" name="note_119" + href="#noteref_119">119.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Spencer and Gillen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Northern Tribes of + Central Australia</span></span>, p. 627.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_120" name="note_120" + href="#noteref_120">120.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Spencer and Gillen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 488, 627 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_121" name="note_121" + href="#noteref_121">121.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Thilenius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ethnographische + Ergebnisse aus Melanesien</span></span>, ii. (Halle, 1903) p. + 129.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_122" name="note_122" + href="#noteref_122">122.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. A. Junod, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les + Ba-ronga</span></span> (Neuchatel, 1898), p. 470.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_123" name="note_123" + href="#noteref_123">123.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. C. Hollis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Masai</span></span> (Oxford, 1905), p. 316.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_124" name="note_124" + href="#noteref_124">124.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Campbell, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels in South + Africa</span></span> (London, 1815), pp. 428 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_125" name="note_125" + href="#noteref_125">125.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels in South + Africa, Second Journey</span></span> (London, 1822), ii. 204.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_126" name="note_126" + href="#noteref_126">126.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Zündel, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Land und Volk der Eweer auf der Sclavenküste in + Westafrika,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu + Berlin</span></span>, xii. (1877) pp. 415 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; C. + Spiess, <span class="tei tei-q">“Religionsbegriffe der Evheer in + Westafrika,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mittheilungen des Seminars für Orientalische + Sprachen zu Berlin</span></span>, vi. (1903) Dritte Abtheilung, p. + 112.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_127" name="note_127" + href="#noteref_127">127.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Boscana, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Chinigchinich, a Historical Account of the Origin, + etc., of the Indians of St. Juan Capistrano,”</span> in A. + Robinson's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Life in California</span></span> (New York, + 1846), p. 299.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_128" name="note_128" + href="#noteref_128">128.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Lumholtz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unknown + Mexico</span></span> (London, 1903), i. 324 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_129" name="note_129" + href="#noteref_129">129.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">K. von den Steinen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unter den + Naturvölkern Zentral-Brasiliens</span></span> (Berlin, 1894), pp. + 514 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The Peruvian Indians also + made a prodigious noise when they saw a shooting star. See P. de + Cieza de Leon, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Travels</span></span> (Hakluyt Society, + London, 1864), p. 232.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_130" name="note_130" + href="#noteref_130">130.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Kurze, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Sitten und Gebräuche der Lengua-Indianer,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft + zu Jena</span></span>, xxiii. (1905) p. 17; W. Barbrooke Grubb, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">An + Unknown People in an Unknown Land</span></span> (London, 1911), p. + 163.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_131" name="note_131" + href="#noteref_131">131.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. Dobrizhoffer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historia de + Abiponibus</span></span> (Vienna, 1784), ii. 86.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_132" name="note_132" + href="#noteref_132">132.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Tetzlaff, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on the Laughlan Islands,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annual Report on + British New Guinea, 1890-91</span></span> (Brisbane, 1892), p. + 105.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_133" name="note_133" + href="#noteref_133">133.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Oldenberg, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Religion des + Veda</span></span>, p. 267.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_134" name="note_134" + href="#noteref_134">134.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Crooke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Religion and + Folklore of Northern India</span></span> (Westminster, 1906), ii. + 22.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_135" name="note_135" + href="#noteref_135">135.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Holzmayer, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Osiliana,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Verhandlungen der + gelehrten Estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat</span></span>, vii. + (1872) p. 48.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_136" name="note_136" + href="#noteref_136">136.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Guillain, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Documents sur + l'histoire, la géographie, et le commerce de l'Afrique + Orientale</span></span>, ii. (Paris, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">N.D.</span></span>) p. 97; C. Velten, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sitten + und Gebräuche der Suaheli</span></span> (Göttingen, 1903), pp. 339 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; C. B. Klunzinger, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Upper + Egypt</span></span> (London, 1878), p. 405; Budgett Meakin, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Moors</span></span> (London, 1902), p. 353.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_137" name="note_137" + href="#noteref_137">137.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Dieffenbach, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels in New + Zealand</span></span> (London, 1843), ii. 66. According to another + account, meteors are regarded by the Maoris as betokening the + presence of a god (R. Taylor, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Te Ika a Maui, or New Zealand and its + Inhabitants</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> p. 147).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_138" name="note_138" + href="#noteref_138">138.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ch. Wilkes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Narrative of the + United States Exploring Expedition</span></span>, v. 88.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_139" name="note_139" + href="#noteref_139">139.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. W. Howitt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native Tribes of + South-East Australia</span></span>, p. 369.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_140" name="note_140" + href="#noteref_140">140.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. W. Howitt, in Brough Smyth's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aborigines of Victoria</span></span>, ii. + 309.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_141" name="note_141" + href="#noteref_141">141.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Palmer, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on some Australian Tribes,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xiii. (1884) p. 292. + Sometimes apparently the Australian natives regard crystals or + broken glass as fallen stars, and treasure them as powerful + instruments of magic. See E. M. Curr, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Australian + Race</span></span>, iii. 29; W. E. Roth, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">North Queensland + Ethnography, Bulletin No. 5</span></span>, p. 8.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_142" name="note_142" + href="#noteref_142">142.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Macgillivray, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Narrative of the + Voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake</span></span> (London, 1852), ii. + 30.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_143" name="note_143" + href="#noteref_143">143.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. A. Kleintitschen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Küstenbewohner + der Gazellehalbinsel</span></span> (Hiltrup bei Münster, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>), p. 227.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_144" name="note_144" + href="#noteref_144">144.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Rascher, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Die Sulka,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Archiv für + Anthropologie</span></span>, xxix. (1904) p. 216.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_145" name="note_145" + href="#noteref_145">145.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dudley Kidd, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Savage + Childhood</span></span> (London, 1906), p. 149.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_146" name="note_146" + href="#noteref_146">146.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Halkin, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quelques Peuplades du + district de l'Uelé</span></span> (Liège, 1907), p. 102.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_147" name="note_147" + href="#noteref_147">147.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">O. Baumann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Durch Massailand zur + Nilquelle</span></span> (Berlin, 1894), p. 163.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_148" name="note_148" + href="#noteref_148">148.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">O. Baumann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Durch Massailand zur + Nilquelle</span></span> (Berlin, 1894), p. 188.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_149" name="note_149" + href="#noteref_149">149.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Petitot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Monographie des + Dènè-Dindjé</span></span> (Paris, 1876), p. 60; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Monographie des Esquimaux + Tchiglit</span></span> (Paris, 1876), p. 24.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_150" name="note_150" + href="#noteref_150">150.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Henry, <span class="tei tei-q">“The + Lolos and other Tribes of Western China,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xxxiii. (1903) p. + 103.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_151" name="note_151" + href="#noteref_151">151.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + Hist.</span></span> ii. 28.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_152" name="note_152" + href="#noteref_152">152.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. Panzer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beitrag zur deutschen + Mythologie</span></span>, ii. 293; A. Kuhn und W. Schwartz, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Norddeutsche Sagen, Märchen und + Gebräuche</span></span>, p. 457, § 422; E. Meier, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche Sagen, + Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben</span></span>, p. 506, §§ 379, + 380.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_153" name="note_153" + href="#noteref_153">153.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Sébillot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Traditions et + superstitions de la Haute-Bretagne</span></span>, ii. 353; J. + Haltrich, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zur Volkskunde der Siebenbürger + Sachsen</span></span> (Vienna, 1885), p. 300; W. Schmidt, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Das Jahr + und seine Tage in Meinung und Brauch der Romänen + Siebenbürgens</span></span>, p. 38; E. Gerard, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Land beyond the + Forest</span></span>, i. 311; J. V. Grohmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aberglauben und + Gebräuche aus Böhmen und Mähren</span></span>, p. 31, § 164; Br. + Jelínek, <span class="tei tei-q">“Materialien zur Vorgeschichte und + Volkskunde Böhmens,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mittheilungen der anthropologischen + Gesellschaft in Wien</span></span>, xxi. (1891) p. 25; G. Finamore, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Credenze, + usi e costumi Abruzzesi</span></span>, pp. 47 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; M. + Placucci, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Usi e pregiudizj dei contadini della + Romagna</span></span> (Palermo, 1885), p. 141; Holzmayer, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Osiliana,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Verhandl. der + gelehrten Estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat</span></span>, vii. + (1872) p. 48. The same belief is said to prevail in Armenia. See + Minas Tchéraz, <span class="tei tei-q">“Notes sur la mythologie + arménienne,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Transactions of the Ninth International + Congress of Orientalists</span></span> (London, 1893), ii. 824. + Bret Harte has employed the idea in his little poem, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Relieving Guard.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_154" name="note_154" + href="#noteref_154">154.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Lew, <span class="tei tei-q">“Der + Tod und die Beerdigungs-gebräuche bei den polnischen Juden,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mittheilungen der anthropologischen + Gesellschaft in Wien</span></span>, xxxii. (1902) p. 402.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_155" name="note_155" + href="#noteref_155">155.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Schlossar, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Volksmeinung und Volksaberglaube aus der deutschen + Steiermark,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Germania</span></span>, N.R., xxiv. (1891) p. + 389.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_156" name="note_156" + href="#noteref_156">156.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Boecler-Kreutzwald, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der Ehsten + abergläubische Gebräuche, Weisen und Gewohnheiten</span></span> + (St. Petersburg, 1854), p. 73.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_157" name="note_157" + href="#noteref_157">157.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Monseur, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le Folklore + wallon</span></span>, p. 61; A. de Nore, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coutumes, mythes et + traditions des provinces de France</span></span>, pp. 101, 160, + 223, 267, 284; B. Souché, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Croyances, présages et traditions + diverses</span></span>, p. 23; P. Sébillot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Traditions et + superstitions de la Haute-Bretagne</span></span>, ii. 352; J. + Lecœur, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Esquisses du bocage normand</span></span>, ii. + 13; L. Pineau, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore du Poitou</span></span> (Paris, + 1892), pp. 525 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_158" name="note_158" + href="#noteref_158">158.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. F. Sauvé. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le Folk-lore des + Hautes-Vosges</span></span> (Paris, 1889), pp. 196 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_159" name="note_159" + href="#noteref_159">159.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. Chapiseau, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le Folk-lore de la + Beauce et du Perche</span></span> (Paris, 1902), i. 290; G. + Finamore, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Credenze, usi e costumi + Abruzzesi</span></span> (Palermo, 1890), p. 48.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_160" name="note_160" + href="#noteref_160">160.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">North Indian Notes and Queries</span></span>, + i. p. 102, § 673. Compare <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span> p. 47, § 356; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indian Notes and + Queries</span></span>, iv. p. 184, § 674; W. Crooke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Religion and + Folklore of Northern India</span></span> (Westminster, 1896), i. + 82.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_161" name="note_161" + href="#noteref_161">161.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Ellis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Polynesian + Researches</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> iii. 171.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_162" name="note_162" + href="#noteref_162">162.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Maximilian Prinz zu Wied, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reise in das Innere + Nord-America</span></span> (Coblenz, 1839-1841), ii. 152. It does + not, however, appear from the writer's statement whether the + descent of the soul was identified with the flight of a meteor or + not.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_163" name="note_163" + href="#noteref_163">163.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">D. C. J. Ibbetson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Outlines of Panjab + Ethnography</span></span> (Calcutta, 1883), p. 118, § 231.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_164" name="note_164" + href="#noteref_164">164.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. Ideler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Handbuch der + mathematischen und technischen Chronologie</span></span>, ii. 605 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> Ninety-nine lunar months + nearly coincide with eight solar years, as the ancients well knew + (Sozomenus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Historia ecclesiastica</span></span>, vii. + 18). On the religious and political import of the eight years' + cycle in ancient Greece see especially K. O. Müller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Orchomenus und die + Minyer</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> pp. 213-218; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Dorier</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 254 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 333 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 440, ii. 96, 483; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Prolegomena zu einer + wissenschaftlichen Mythologie</span></span> (Göttingen, 1825), pp. + 422-424.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_165" name="note_165" + href="#noteref_165">165.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ancient + opinion even assigned the regulation of the calendar by the + solstices and equinoxes to the will of the gods that sacrifices + should be rendered at similar times in each year, rather than to + the strict requirements of agriculture; and as religion undoubtedly + makes larger demands on the cultivator as agriculture advances, the + obligations of sacrifice may probably be reckoned as of equal + importance with agricultural necessities in urging the formation of + reckonings in the nature of a calendar”</span> (E. J. Payne, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History + of the New World called America</span></span>, ii. 280).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_166" name="note_166" + href="#noteref_166">166.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As to the eight years' servitude of + Apollo and Cadmus for the slaughter of dragons, see below, p. + <a href="#Pg078" class="tei tei-ref">78</a>. For the nine years' + penance of the man who had tasted human flesh at the festival of + Zeus on Mount Lycaeus, see Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + hist.</span></span> viii. 81 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Augustine, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De civitate + Dei</span></span>, xviii. 17; Pausanias, viii. 2. 6; compare Plato, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span>, viii. p. 565 D E. Any + god who forswore himself by the water of Styx was exiled for nine + years from the society of his fellow-gods (Hesiod, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theogony</span></span>, 793-804). On this + subject see further, E. Rohde, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Psyche</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + ii. 211 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. H. Roscher, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Die enneadischen und hebdomadischen Fristen und Wochen + der ältesten Griechen,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Abhandlungen der + philolog.-histor. Klasse der Königl. Sächsischen Gesellschaft der + Wissenschaften</span></span>, xxi. No. 4 (1903), pp. 24 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_167" name="note_167" + href="#noteref_167">167.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Meno</span></span>, + p. 81 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>-<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; Pindar, ed. Boeckh, + vol. iii. pp. 623 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, Frag. 98.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_168" name="note_168" + href="#noteref_168">168.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Homer, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span>, xix. 178 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">τῇσι δ᾽ ἐνὶ + Κνωσός, μεγάλη πόλις, ἔνθα τε Μίνως<br /> + ἐννέωρος βασίλευε Διὸς μεγάλου ὀαριστής.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">with the + Scholia; Plato, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Laws</span></span>, i. I. p. 624 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b</span></span>;[<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>] + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Minos</span></span>, 13 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + pp. 319 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Strabo, ix. 4. 8, p. 476; + Maximus Tyrius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dissert.</span></span> xxxviii. 2; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Etymologicum magnum</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> ἐννέωροι, p. 343, 23 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; Valerius Maximus, i. 2, + ext. I; compare Diodorus Siculus, v. 78. 3. Homer's expression, + ἐννέωρος βασίλευε, has been variously explained. I follow the + interpretation which appears to have generally found favour both + with the ancients, including Plato, and with modern scholars. See + K. Hoeck, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kreta</span></span>, i. 244 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + K. O. Müller,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Dorier</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + ii. 96; G. F. Unger, <span class="tei tei-q">“Zeitrechnung der + Griechen und Römer,”</span> in Ivan Müller's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Handbuch der + klassischen Altertumswissenschaft</span></span>, i. 569; A. + Schmidt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Handbuch der griechischen + Chronologie</span></span> (Jena, 1888), p. 65; W. H. Roscher, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Die enneadischen und hebdomadischen + Fristen und Wochen der ältesten Griechen,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Abhandlungen der + philolog.-histor. Klasse der Königl. Sächsischen Gesellschaft der + Wissenschaften</span></span>, xxi. No. 4 (Leipsic, 1903), pp. 22 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; E. Rohde, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Psyche</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + i. 128 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Literally interpreted, + ἐννέωρος means <span class="tei tei-q">“for nine years,”</span> + not <span class="tei tei-q">“for eight years.”</span> But see + above, p. <a href="#Pg059" class="tei tei-ref">59</a>, note + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>.</p> + </dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_169" name="note_169" + href="#noteref_169">169.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apollodorus, iii. 1. 3 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + iii. 15. 8; Diodorus Siculus, iv. 77; Schol. on Euripides, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hippolytus</span></span>, 887; J. Tzetzes, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chiliades</span></span>, i. 479 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + Hyginus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fabulae</span></span>, 40; Virgil, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ecl.</span></span> vi. 45 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + Ovid, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ars + amat.</span></span> i. 289 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_170" name="note_170" + href="#noteref_170">170.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">K. Hoeck, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kreta</span></span>, + ii. (Göttingen, 1828) pp. 63-69; L. Preller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Griechische + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> ii. 119-123; W. H. Roscher, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Über + Selene mid Verwandtes</span></span> (Leipsic, 1890), pp. 135-139; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nachträge zu meiner + Schrift über Selene</span></span> (Leipsic, 1895), p. 3; Türk, in + W. H. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Roscher's Lexikon der griech. und röm. + Mythologie</span></span>, iii. 1666 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. + J. Evans, <span class="tei tei-q">“Mycenaean Tree and Pillar + Cult,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of Hellenic Studies</span></span>, + xxi. (1901) p. 181; A. B. Cook, <span class="tei tei-q">“Zeus, + Jupiter, and the Oak,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Classical Review</span></span>, xvii. (1903) + pp. 406-412; compare <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The European Sky-god,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folklore</span></span>, xv. (1904) p. 272. All + these writers, except Mr. Cook, regard Minos and Pasiphae as + representing the sun and moon. Mr. Cook agrees so far as relates to + Minos, but he supposes Pasiphae to be a sky-goddess or sun-goddess + rather than a goddess of the moon. On the other hand, he was the + first to suggest that the myth was periodically acted by the king + and queen of Cnossus disguised in bovine form.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_171" name="note_171" + href="#noteref_171">171.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Compare <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 368 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_172" name="note_172" + href="#noteref_172">172.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bekker's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Anecdota + Graeca</span></span>, i. 344, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> Ἀδιούνιος ταῦρος.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_173" name="note_173" + href="#noteref_173">173.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Eusebius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Praeparatio + Evangelii</span></span>, iii. 13. 1 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Diodorus Siculus, i. 84. 4, i. 88. 4; Strabo, xvii. 1. 22 and 27, + pp. 803, 805; Aelian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De natura animalium</span></span>, xi. II; + Suidas, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> Ἆπις; Ammianus Marcellinus, + xxii. 14. 7; A. Wiedemann, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Herodots Zweites Buch</span></span>, p. 552; + A. Erman, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die ägyptische Religion</span></span> (Berlin, + 1905), p. 26; E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Gods of the + Egyptians</span></span> (London, 1904), i. 330.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_174" name="note_174" + href="#noteref_174">174.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. A. Wallis Budge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Gods of the + Egyptians</span></span>, i. 25.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_175" name="note_175" + href="#noteref_175">175.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pausanias, i. 26. 1. For a description + of the scenery of this coast, see Morritt, in Walpole's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Memoirs + relating to European Turkey</span></span>, i.<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> p. + 54.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_176" name="note_176" + href="#noteref_176">176.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. H. Roscher, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Über Selene und + Verwandtes</span></span>, pp. 30-33.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_177" name="note_177" + href="#noteref_177">177.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 130 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> We + are told that Egyptian sovereigns assumed the masks of lions, + bulls, and serpents as symbols of power (Diodorus Siculus, i. 62. + 4).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_178" name="note_178" + href="#noteref_178">178.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As to Minos and Britomartis or + Dictynna, see Callimachus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hymn to Diana</span></span>, 189 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + Pausanias, ii. 30. 3; Antoninus Liberalis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Transform.</span></span> 40; Diodorus Siculus, + v. 76. On Britomartis as a moon-goddess, see K. Hoeck, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kreta</span></span>, + ii. 170; W. H. Roscher, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Über Selene und Verwandtes</span></span>, pp. + 45 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 116-118. Hoeck acutely + perceived that the pursuit of Britomartis by Minos <span class= + "tei tei-q">“is a trait of old festival customs in which the + conceptions of the sun-god were transferred to the king of the + island.”</span> As to the explanation here adopted of the myth of + Zeus and Europa, see K. Hoeck, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kreta</span></span>, + i. 90 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; W. H. Roscher, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 128-135. Moschus describes (ii. 84 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>) the bull which carried off + Europa as yellow in colour with a silver circle shining on his + forehead, and he compares the bull's horns to those of the + moon.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_179" name="note_179" + href="#noteref_179">179.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See W. H. Roscher, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 76-82. Amongst the passages of classical + writers which he cites are Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De facie in orbe + lunae</span></span>, 30; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isis et + Osiris</span></span>, 52; Cornutus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Theologiae Graecae + compendium</span></span>, 34, p. 72, ed. C. Lang; Proclus, on + Hesiod, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Works and Days</span></span>, 780; Macrobius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Commentar. in Somnium Scipionis</span></span>, + i. 18. 10 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + hist.</span></span> ii. 45. When the sun and moon were eclipsed, + the Tahitians supposed that the luminaries were in the act of + copulation (J. Wilson, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Missionary Voyage to the Southern Pacific + Ocean</span></span> (London, 1799), p. 346).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_180" name="note_180" + href="#noteref_180">180.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theseus</span></span>, 15 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Diodorus Siculus, iv. 61; Pausanias, i. 27. 10; Ovid, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Metam.</span></span> + viii. 170 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> According to another + account, the tribute of youths and maidens was paid every year. See + Virgil, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> vi. 14 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + with the commentary of Servius; Hyginus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fabulae</span></span>, 41.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_181" name="note_181" + href="#noteref_181">181.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apollodorus, i. 9. 26; Apollonius + Rhodius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Argon.</span></span> iv. 1638 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + with the scholium; Agatharchides, in Photius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bibliotheca</span></span>, p. 443<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">b</span></span>, + lines 22-25, ed. Bekker; Lucian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + saltatione</span></span>, 49; Zenobius, v. 85; Suidas, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + Σαρδάνιος γέλως; Eustathius on Homer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span>, xx. 302, p. 1893; + Schol. on Plato, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span>, i. p. 337<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">A</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_182" name="note_182" + href="#noteref_182">182.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apollodorus, i. 9. 26.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_183" name="note_183" + href="#noteref_183">183.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hesychius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + Ταλῶς.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_184" name="note_184" + href="#noteref_184">184.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diodorus Siculus, xx. 14; Clitarchus, + cited by Suidas, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> Σαρδάνιος γέλως, and by the + Scholiast on Plato, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span>, p. 337<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">A</span></span>; + Plutarch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De superstitione</span></span>, 13; Paulus + Fagius, quoted by Selden, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De dis Syris</span></span> (Leipsic, 1668), + pp. 169 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The calf's head of the idol + is mentioned only by P. Fagius, who drew his account from a book + Jalkut by Rabbi Simeon.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_185" name="note_185" + href="#noteref_185">185.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Compare M. Mayer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Kronos,”</span> in W. H. Roscher's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lexikon + d. griech. u. röm. Mythologie</span></span>, iii. 1501 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_186" name="note_186" + href="#noteref_186">186.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Tzetzes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chiliades</span></span>, i. 646 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_187" name="note_187" + href="#noteref_187">187.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Homer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>, + xviii. 590 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_188" name="note_188" + href="#noteref_188">188.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theseus</span></span>, 21; Julius Pollux, iv. + 101.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_189" name="note_189" + href="#noteref_189">189.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As to the Game of Troy, see Virgil, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> v. 545-603; Plutarch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cato</span></span>, 3; Tacitus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annals</span></span>, + xi. 11; Suetonius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Augustus</span></span>, 43; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tiberius</span></span>, 6; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Caligula</span></span>, 18; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nero</span></span>, 6; W. Smith's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dictionary of Greek + and Roman Antiquities</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Trojae ludus”</span>; O. Benndorf, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Das Alter des Trojaspieles,”</span> appended to W. + Reichel's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Über homerische Waffen</span></span> (Vienna, + 1894), pp. 133-139.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_190" name="note_190" + href="#noteref_190">190.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">O. Benndorf, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 133 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_191" name="note_191" + href="#noteref_191">191.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">B. V. Head, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historia + numorum</span></span> (Oxford, 1887), pp. 389-391.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_192" name="note_192" + href="#noteref_192">192.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">O. Benndorf, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 134 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_193" name="note_193" + href="#noteref_193">193.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + hist.</span></span> xxxvi. 85.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_194" name="note_194" + href="#noteref_194">194.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">O. Benndorf, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 135; W. Meyer, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ein + Labyrinth mit Versen,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sitzungsberichte der philosoph. philolog. und + histor</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Classe der k. b. Akademie der Wissenschaften + zu München</span></span>, 1882, vol. ii. pp. 267-300.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_195" name="note_195" + href="#noteref_195">195.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, i. 312.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_196" name="note_196" + href="#noteref_196">196.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">B. V. Head, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historia + numorum</span></span>, p. 389.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_197" name="note_197" + href="#noteref_197">197.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Censorinus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De die + natali</span></span>, 18. 6.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_198" name="note_198" + href="#noteref_198">198.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The suggestion was made by Mr. A. B. + Cook. The following discussion of the subject is founded on his + ingenious exposition. See his article, <span class="tei tei-q">“The + European Sky-god,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folklore</span></span>, xv. (1904) pp. + 402-424.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_199" name="note_199" + href="#noteref_199">199.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As to the Delphic festival see + Plutarch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Quaest. Graec.</span></span> 12; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + defectu oraculorum</span></span>, 15; Strabo, ix. 3. 12, pp. 422 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Aelian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Var. + hist.</span></span> iii. 1; Stephanus Byzantius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + Δειπνίας; K. O. Müller, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Dorier</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. + 203 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 321-324; Aug. Mommsen, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Delphika</span></span> (Leipsic, 1878), pp. + 206 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; Th. Schreiber, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Apollo + Pythoktonos</span></span>, pp. 9 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + my note on Pausanias, ii. 7. 7 (vol. ii. 53 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>). + As to the Theban festival, see Pausanias, ix. 10. 4, with my note; + Proclus, quoted by Photius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bibliotheca</span></span>, p. 321, ed. Bekker; + Aug. Boeckh, in his edition of Pindar, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Explicationes</span></span>, p. 590; K. O. + Müller, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Orchomenus und die + Minyer</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> pp. 215 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dorier</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. + 236 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 333 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; C. + Boetticher, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Der Baumkultus der Hellenen</span></span>, pp. + 386 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; G. F. Schömann, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Griechische + Alterthümer</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 479 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_200" name="note_200" + href="#noteref_200">200.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apollodorus, iii. 4. 2, iii. 10. 4; + Servius, on Virgil, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> vii. 761. The servitude of + Apollo is traditionally associated with his slaughter of the + Cyclopes, not of the dragon. But see my note on Pausanias, ii. 7. 7 + (vol. ii. pp. 53 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_201" name="note_201" + href="#noteref_201">201.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. H. Roscher's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lexikon d. griech. + und röm. Mythologie</span></span>, ii. 830, 838, 839. On an + Etruscan mirror the scene of Cadmus's combat with the dragon is + surrounded by a wreath of laurel (Roscher, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 862). Mr. A. B. Cook was the first to call + attention to these vase-paintings in confirmation of my view that + the Festival of the Laurel-bearing celebrated the destruction of + the dragon by Cadmus (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folklore</span></span>, xv. (1904) p. 411, + note <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">224</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_202" name="note_202" + href="#noteref_202">202.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pausanias, ix. 10. 2; K. O. Müller, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Dorier</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 237 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_203" name="note_203" + href="#noteref_203">203.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For evidence of the wide diffusion of + the myth and the drama, see Th. Schreiber, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Apollon + Pythoktonos</span></span>, pp. 39-50. The Laurel-bearing Apollo was + worshipped at Athens, as we know from an inscription carved on one + of the seats in the theatre. See E. S. Roberts and E. A. Gardner, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Introduction to Greek Epigraphy</span></span>, + ii. (Cambridge, 1905) p. 467, No. 247.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_204" name="note_204" + href="#noteref_204">204.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apollodorus, iii. 4. 3; Schol. on + Homer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>, ii. 494; Pausanias, ix. + 10. 5; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Homeric Hymn to Apollo</span></span>, 300 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The writer of the Homeric + hymn merely says that Apollo slew the Delphic dragon at a spring; + but Pausanias (x. 6. 6) tells us that the beast guarded the + oracle.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_205" name="note_205" + href="#noteref_205">205.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pausanias, x. 8. 9, x. 24. 7, with my + notes; Ovid, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Amores</span></span>, i. 15. 35 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Lucian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Jupiter tragoedus</span></span>, 30; Nonnus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dionys.</span></span> iv. 309 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Suidas, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> Κασταλία.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_206" name="note_206" + href="#noteref_206">206.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. H. Roscher, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lexikon d. griech. u. + röm. Mythologie</span></span>, ii. 830, 838.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_207" name="note_207" + href="#noteref_207">207.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iphigenia in + Tauris</span></span>, 1245 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, where the reading + κατάχαλκος is clearly corrupt.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_208" name="note_208" + href="#noteref_208">208.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lucian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bis + accusatus</span></span>, I. So the priest of the Clarian Apollo at + Colophon drank of a secret spring before he uttered oracles in + verse (Tacitus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Annals</span></span>, ii. 54; Pliny, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + hist.</span></span> ii. 232).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_209" name="note_209" + href="#noteref_209">209.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iphigenia in + Tauris</span></span>, 1245 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; Apollodorus, i. 4. I; + Pausanias, x. 6. 6; Aelian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Var. hist.</span></span> iii. i; Hyginus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fabulae</span></span>, 140; Schol. on Homer, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>, ii. 519; Schol. on + Pindar, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pyth.</span></span> Argument, p. 298, ed. + Boeckh.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_210" name="note_210" + href="#noteref_210">210.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hercules + Furens</span></span>, 395 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; Apollodorus, ii. 5. II; + Diodorus Siculus, iv. 26; Eratosthenes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Catasterism.</span></span> 3; Schol. on + Euripides, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hippolytus</span></span>, 742; Schol. on + Apollonius Rhodius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Argon</span></span>, iv. 1396.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_211" name="note_211" + href="#noteref_211">211.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. B. Cook, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The European Sky-god,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folklore</span></span>, xv. (1904) p. + 413.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_212" name="note_212" + href="#noteref_212">212.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ovid, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Metam.</span></span> + i. 448 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_213" name="note_213" + href="#noteref_213">213.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Clement of Alexandria, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Protrept.</span></span> i. I, p. 2, and ii. + 34, p. 29, ed. Potter; Aristotle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Peplos</span></span>, + Frag. (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fragmenta historicorum + Graecorum</span></span>, ii. p. 189, No. 282, ed. C. Müller); John + of Antioch, Frag. i. 20 (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Frag. histor. Graec.</span></span> iv. p. 539, + ed. C. Müller); Jamblichus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De Pythagor. vit.</span></span> x. 52; Schol. + on Pindar, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pyth.</span></span> Argum. p. 298, ed. Boeckh; + Ovid, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Metam.</span></span> i. 445 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + Hyginus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fabulae</span></span>, 140.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_214" name="note_214" + href="#noteref_214">214.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Schol. on Pindar, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>; + Censorinus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De die natali</span></span>, 18. 6; compare + Eustathius on Homer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Od.</span></span> iii. 267, p. 1466. 29.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_215" name="note_215" + href="#noteref_215">215.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De defectu + oraculorum</span></span>, 3, compared with <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span> 15; + Aug. Mommsen, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Delphika</span></span>, pp. 211, 214; Th. + Schreiber, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Apollon Pythoktonos</span></span> (Leipsic, + 1879), pp. 32 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_216" name="note_216" + href="#noteref_216">216.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aelian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Var. + hist.</span></span> iii. I; Schol. on Pindar, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_217" name="note_217" + href="#noteref_217">217.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On the original identity of the + festivals see Th. Schreiber, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Apollon Pythoktonus</span></span>, pp. 37 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; A. B. Cook, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folklore</span></span>, xv. (1904) pp. 404 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_218" name="note_218" + href="#noteref_218">218.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The inference was drawn by Mr. A. B. + Cook, whom I follow. See his article, <span class="tei tei-q">“The + European Sky-god,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xv. (1904) pp. 412 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_219" name="note_219" + href="#noteref_219">219.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, vol. i. p. 8.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_220" name="note_220" + href="#noteref_220">220.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aelian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Var. + hist.</span></span> iii. 1; Schol. on Pindar, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pyth.</span></span> + Argum. p. 298, ed. Boeckh.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_221" name="note_221" + href="#noteref_221">221.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. B. Cook, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The European Sky-god,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xv. (1904) pp. 423 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_222" name="note_222" + href="#noteref_222">222.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pausanias, ix. 3. 4. See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, vol. ii. p. 140.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_223" name="note_223" + href="#noteref_223">223.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. B. Cook, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The European Sky-god,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xv. (1904) pp. 402 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_224" name="note_224" + href="#noteref_224">224.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span>, viii. p. 565 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">d + e</span></span>; Polybius, vii. 13; Pliny, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + hist.</span></span> viii. 81; Varro, cited by Augustine, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + civitate Dei</span></span>, xviii. 17; Pausanias, vi. 8. 2, viii. + 2. 3-6.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_225" name="note_225" + href="#noteref_225">225.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mary H. Kingsley, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels in West + Africa</span></span>, pp. 536-543; T. J. Alldridge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Sherbro and its + Hinterland</span></span> (London, 1901), pp. 153-159; compare R. H. + Nassau, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fetichism in West Africa</span></span> + (London, 1904), pp. 200-203.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_226" name="note_226" + href="#noteref_226">226.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">T. J. Alldridge, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 154.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_227" name="note_227" + href="#noteref_227">227.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Bastian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die deutsche + Expedition an der Loango-Küste</span></span>, ii. 248.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_228" name="note_228" + href="#noteref_228">228.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apollodorus, iii. 5. 4; Strabo, vii. + 7. 8, p. 326; Ovid, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Metam</span></span>. iv. 563-603; Hyginus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fabulae</span></span>, 6; Nicander, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theriaca</span></span>, 607 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_229" name="note_229" + href="#noteref_229">229.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. van Gennep, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tabou et totémisme à + Madagascar</span></span> (Paris, 1904), p. 326.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_230" name="note_230" + href="#noteref_230">230.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dercylus, quoted by a scholiast on + Euripides, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phoenissae</span></span>, 7; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fragmenta + historicorum Graecorum</span></span>, ed. C. Müller, iv. 387. The + writer rationalises the legend by representing the dragon as a + Theban man of that name whom Cadmus slew. On the theory here + suggested this Euhemeristic version of the story is substantially + right.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_231" name="note_231" + href="#noteref_231">231.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 268 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_232" name="note_232" + href="#noteref_232">232.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">David Leslie, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Among the Zulus and + Amatongas</span></span>, Second Edition (Edinburgh, 1875), p. 213. + Compare H. Callaway, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Religious System of the + Amazulu</span></span>, Part II., pp. 196, 211.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_233" name="note_233" + href="#noteref_233">233.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Adonis, Attis, + Osiris</span></span>, Second Edition, pp. 73 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_234" name="note_234" + href="#noteref_234">234.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">D. Livingstone, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Missionary Travels + and Researches in South Africa</span></span>, p. 615; Miss A. + Werner, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Natives of British Central + Africa</span></span> (London, 1906), p. 64; L. Decle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Three Years in Savage + Africa</span></span> (London, 1898), p. 74; J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Bahima,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xxxvii. (1907) pp. 101 + sq.; Major J. A. Meldon, <span class="tei tei-q">“Notes on the + Bahima,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the African Society</span></span>, + No. 22 (January, 1907), pp. 151-153; J. A. Chisholm, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on the Manners and Customs of the Winamwanga and + Wiwa,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the African Society</span></span>, + No. 36 (July, 1910), pp. 374, 375; P. Alois Hamberger, in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anthropos</span></span>, v. (1910) p. + 802.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_235" name="note_235" + href="#noteref_235">235.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pagan + Races of the Malay Peninsula</span></span> (London, 1906), ii. 194, + 197, 221, 227, 305.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_236" name="note_236" + href="#noteref_236">236.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. B. Ellis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Ewe-speaking + Peoples of the Slave Coast</span></span>, pp. 74 sq.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_237" name="note_237" + href="#noteref_237">237.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This I learned from Professor F. von + Luschan in the Anthropological Museum at Berlin.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_238" name="note_238" + href="#noteref_238">238.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. Delafosse, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La + Nature</span></span>, No. 1086 (March 24th, 1894), pp. 262-266; J. + G. Frazer, <span class="tei tei-q">“Statues of Three Kings of + Dahomey,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Man</span></span>, viii. (1908) pp. 130-132. + King Behanzin, surnamed the Shark, is doubtless the King of Dahomey + referred to by Professor von Luschan (see the preceding note).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_239" name="note_239" + href="#noteref_239">239.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The statue was pointed out to me and + explained by Professor F. von Luschan.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_240" name="note_240" + href="#noteref_240">240.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. B. Ellis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Tshi-speaking + Peoples of the Gold Coast</span></span>, pp. 205 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_241" name="note_241" + href="#noteref_241">241.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">2 Kings xviii. 4.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_242" name="note_242" + href="#noteref_242">242.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Robertson Smith, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Animal Worship and Animal Tribes,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of + Philology</span></span>, ix. (1880) pp. 99 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + Professor T. K. Cheyne prefers to suppose that the brazen serpent + and the brazen <span class="tei tei-q">“sea”</span> in the temple + at Jerusalem were borrowed from Babylon and represented the great + dragon, the impersonation of the primaeval watery chaos. See + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Encyclopaedia Biblica</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nehushtan,”</span> vol. i. coll. 3387. The two views + are perhaps not wholly irreconcilable. See below, pp. <a href= + "#Pg111" class="tei tei-ref">111</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_243" name="note_243" + href="#noteref_243">243.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, viii. 41; Plutarch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Themistocles</span></span>, 10; Aristophanes, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lysistrata</span></span>, 758 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + with the Scholium; Philostratus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Imagines</span></span>, ii. 17. 6. Some said + that there were two serpents ,Hesychius and Photius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lexicon</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + οἰκουρὸν ὄφιν. For the identity of the serpent with Erichthonius, + see Pausanias, i. 24. 7; Hyginus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Astronomica</span></span>, ii. 13; Tertullian, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + spectaculis</span></span>, 9; compare Philostratus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vit. + Apoll.</span></span> vii. 24; and for the identity of Erichthonius + and Erechtheus, see Schol. on Homer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>, + ii. 547; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Etymologicum magnum</span></span>, p. 371, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> Ἐρεχθεύς. According to + some, the upper part of Erichthonius was human and the lower part + or only the feet serpentine. See Hyginus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fabulae</span></span>, 166; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Astronomica</span></span>, ii. 13; Schol. on + Plato, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Timaeus</span></span>, p. 23 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Etymologicum + magnum</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>; Servius on Virgil, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Georg.</span></span> iii. 13. See further my + notes on Pausanias i. 18. 2 and i. 26. 5, vol. ii. pp. 168 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 330 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_244" name="note_244" + href="#noteref_244">244.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apollodorus, iii. 14. i; Aristophanes, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Wasps</span></span>, 438. Compare J. Tzetzes, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chiliades</span></span>, v. 641.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_245" name="note_245" + href="#noteref_245">245.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. H. Roscher, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lexikon d. griech. + und röm. Mythologie</span></span>, ii. 1019. Compare Euripides, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ion</span></span>, 1163 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_246" name="note_246" + href="#noteref_246">246.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">O. Immisch, in W. H. Roscher's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lexikon + d. griech. und röm. Mythologie</span></span>, ii. 1023.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_247" name="note_247" + href="#noteref_247">247.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apollodorus, iii. 12. 7; Diodorus + Siculus, iv. 72; J. Tzetzes, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schol. on Lycophron</span></span>, 110, 175, + 451.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_248" name="note_248" + href="#noteref_248">248.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pausanias, i. 36. 1. Another version + of the story was that Cychreus bred a snake which ravaged the + island and was driven out by Eurylochus, after which Demeter + received the creature at Eleusis as one of her attendants (Hesiod, + quoted by Strabo, ix. 1. 9, p. 393).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_249" name="note_249" + href="#noteref_249">249.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Stephanus Byzantius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + Κυχρεῖος πάγος; Eustathius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Commentary on Dionysius</span></span>, 507, in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geographi + Graeci minores</span></span>, ed. C. Müller, ii. 314.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_250" name="note_250" + href="#noteref_250">250.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hesychius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + Ἐρεχθεύς; Athenagoras, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Supplicatio pro Christianis</span></span>, 1; + [Plutarch], <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Vit. X. Orat.</span></span> p. 843 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">b + c</span></span>; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Corpus inscriptionum Atticarum</span></span>, + i. No. 387, iii. Nos. 276, 805; compare Pausanias, i. 26. 5.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_251" name="note_251" + href="#noteref_251">251.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apollodorus, iii. 14. 1; Herodotus, + viii. 55; compare Pausanias, viii. 10. 4.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_252" name="note_252" + href="#noteref_252">252.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg073" class= + "tei tei-ref">73</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_253" name="note_253" + href="#noteref_253">253.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apollodorus, iii. 4. 1 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Pausanias, ix. 12. 1 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Schol. on Homer, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>, ii. 494; Hyginus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fabulae</span></span>, 178. The mark of the + moon on the cow is mentioned only by Pausanias and Hyginus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_254" name="note_254" + href="#noteref_254">254.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apollodorus, iii. 4. 2; Euripides, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phoenissae</span></span>, 822 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Pindar, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pyth.</span></span> iii. 155 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + Diodorus Siculus, v. 49. 1; Pausanias, iii. 18. 12, ix. 12. 3; + Schol. on Homer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>, ii. 494.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_255" name="note_255" + href="#noteref_255">255.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Proclus, quoted by Photius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bibliotheca</span></span>, p. 321, ed. + Bekker.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_256" name="note_256" + href="#noteref_256">256.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Proclus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_257" name="note_257" + href="#noteref_257">257.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pindar, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pyth.</span></span> + iii. 155 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; Diodorus Siculus, v. 49. + 1; Pausanias, ix. 12. 3; Schol. on Homer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>, + ii. 494.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_258" name="note_258" + href="#noteref_258">258.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Schol. on Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phoenissae</span></span>, 7 καὶ νῦν ἔτι ἐν τῇ + Σαμοθρᾴκῃ ζητοῦσιν αὐτὴν [scil. Ἁρμονίαν] ἐν ταῖς ἑορταῖς. + According to the Samothracian account, Cadmus in seeking Europa + came to Samothrace, and there, having been initiated into the + mysteries, married Harmonia (Diodorus Siculus, v. 48 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>). + It is probable, though it cannot be proved, that the legend was + acted in the mystic rites.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_259" name="note_259" + href="#noteref_259">259.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 133. Mr. A. B. Cook has + suggested that the central scene on the eastern frieze of the + Parthenon represents the king and queen of Athens about to take + their places among the enthroned deities. See his article + <span class="tei tei-q">“Zeus, Jupiter, and the Oak,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Classical + Review</span></span>, xviii. (1904) p. 371. As the scenes on the + frieze appear to have been copied from the Panathenaiac festival, + it would seem, on Mr. Cook's hypothesis, that the sacred marriage + of the King and Queen was celebrated on that occasion in presence + of actors who played the parts of gods and goddesses. In this + connexion it may not be amiss to remember that in the eastern gable + of the Parthenon the pursuit of the moon by the sun was mythically + represented by the horses of the sun emerging from the sea on the + one side, and the horses of the moon plunging into it on the + other.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_260" name="note_260" + href="#noteref_260">260.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Schol. on Pindar, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Olymp.</span></span> + iii. 35 (20).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_261" name="note_261" + href="#noteref_261">261.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Compare Aug. Boeckh, on Pindar, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Explicationes</span></span>, p. 138; L. + Ideler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen + Chronologie</span></span>, i. 366 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; G. + F. Unger, <span class="tei tei-q">“Zeitrechnung der Griechen und + Römer,”</span> in Iwan Müller's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Handbuch der + classischen Altertumswissenschaft</span></span>, i. 605 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> All these writers recognise + the octennial cycle at Olympia.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_262" name="note_262" + href="#noteref_262">262.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">K. O. Müller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Dorier</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> ii. 483; compare + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span> i. 254 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_263" name="note_263" + href="#noteref_263">263.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pausanias, v. 1. 4.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_264" name="note_264" + href="#noteref_264">264.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aug. Boeckh, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>; + A. Schmidt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Handbuch der griechischen + Chronologie</span></span> (Jena, 1888), pp. 50 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + K. O. Müller, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Dorier</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. + 438; W. H. Roscher, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Selene und Verwandtes</span></span>, pp. 2 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 80 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 101.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_265" name="note_265" + href="#noteref_265">265.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See Aug. Boeckh and L. Ideler, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ll.cc.</span></span> More recent writers would + date it on the second full moon after the summer solstice, hence in + August or the last days of July. See G. F. Unger, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>; + E. F. Bischoff, <span class="tei tei-q">“De fastis Graecorum + antiquioribus,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Leipziger Studien zur classischen + Philologie</span></span>, vii. (1884) pp. 347 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Aug. Mommsen, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Über die Zeit der Olympien</span></span> + (Leipsic, 1891); and my note on Pausanias, v. 9. 3 (vol. iii. pp. + 488 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_266" name="note_266" + href="#noteref_266">266.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. B. Cook, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The European Sky-God,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xv. (1904) pp. + 398-402.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_267" name="note_267" + href="#noteref_267">267.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rapp, in W. H. Roscher's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lexikon d. griech. + und röm. Mythologie</span></span>, i. 2005 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_268" name="note_268" + href="#noteref_268">268.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pausanias, v. 15. 3, with my note; + Schol. on Pindar, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Olymp.</span></span> iii. 60.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_269" name="note_269" + href="#noteref_269">269.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pausanias, v. 11. 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_270" name="note_270" + href="#noteref_270">270.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pausanias, v. 16. 2 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_271" name="note_271" + href="#noteref_271">271.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, vol. ii. p. 143.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_272" name="note_272" + href="#noteref_272">272.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pausanias, v. 16. 4.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_273" name="note_273" + href="#noteref_273">273.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Many years after the theory in the + text was printed (for the present volume has been long in the + press) I accidentally learned that my friend Mr. F. M. Cornford, + Fellow and Lecturer of Trinity College, Cambridge, had quite + independently arrived at a similar conclusion with regard to the + mythical and dramatic parts played by the Olympic victors, male and + female, as representatives of the Sun and Moon, and I had the + pleasure of hearing him expound the theory in a brilliant lecture + delivered before the Classical Society of Cambridge, 28th February + 1911. The coincidence of two independent enquirers in conclusions, + which can hardly be called obvious, seems to furnish a certain + confirmation of their truth. In Mr. Cornford's case the theory in + question forms part of a more elaborate and comprehensive + hypothesis as to the origin of the Olympic games, concerning which + I must for the present suspend my judgment.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_274" name="note_274" + href="#noteref_274">274.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodian, v. 6. 3-5.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_275" name="note_275" + href="#noteref_275">275.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Clement of Alexandria, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Protrept.</span></span> ii. 34, p. 29, ed. + Potter. The following account of funeral games is based on my note + on Pausanias i. 44. 8 (vol. ii. pp. 549 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>). + Compare W. Ridgeway, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Origin of Tragedy</span></span> + (Cambridge, 1910), pp. 32 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_276" name="note_276" + href="#noteref_276">276.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Clement of Alexandria, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_277" name="note_277" + href="#noteref_277">277.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pausanias, v. 13. 1 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_278" name="note_278" + href="#noteref_278">278.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Scholiast on Pindar, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Olymp.</span></span> + i. 146.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_279" name="note_279" + href="#noteref_279">279.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Varro, cited by Servius, on Virgil, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> iii. 67.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_280" name="note_280" + href="#noteref_280">280.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. Bonney, <span class="tei tei-q">“On + some Customs of the Aborigines of the River Darling,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xiii. (1884) pp. + 134 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Spencer and Gillen, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native + Tribes of Central Australia</span></span>, pp. 507, 509 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; (Sir) G. Grey, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journals of Two + Expeditions of Discovery in North-West and Western + Australia</span></span> (London, 1841), ii. 332.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_281" name="note_281" + href="#noteref_281">281.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological + Expedition to Torres Straits</span></span>, vi. (Cambridge, 1908) + pp. 135, 154.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_282" name="note_282" + href="#noteref_282">282.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hyginus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fabulae</span></span>, 74; Apollodorus, iii. + 6. 4; Schol. on Pindar, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pyth.</span></span>, Introduction; Pausanias, + ii. 15. 2 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Clement of Alexandria, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Protrept.</span></span> ii. 34, p. 29, ed. + Potter.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_283" name="note_283" + href="#noteref_283">283.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Scholiast on Pindar, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isthm.</span></span>, + Introduction, p. 514, ed. Boeckh; Pausanias, i. 44. 8; Apollodorus, + iii. 4. 3; Zenobius, iv. 38; Clement of Alexandria, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>; + J. Tzetzes, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Scholia on Lycophron</span></span>, 107, 229; + Scholia on Euripides, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Medea</span></span>, 1284; Hyginus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fabulae</span></span>, 2.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_284" name="note_284" + href="#noteref_284">284.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Clement of Alexandria, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>; + Hyginus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fabulae</span></span>, 140.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_285" name="note_285" + href="#noteref_285">285.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Homer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>, + xxiii. 255 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 629 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 651 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_286" name="note_286" + href="#noteref_286">286.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, vi. 38.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_287" name="note_287" + href="#noteref_287">287.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pausanias, iii. 14. 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_288" name="note_288" + href="#noteref_288">288.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De sera numinis + vindicta</span></span>, 17.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_289" name="note_289" + href="#noteref_289">289.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Thucydides, v. 10 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_290" name="note_290" + href="#noteref_290">290.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Timoleon</span></span>, 39.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_291" name="note_291" + href="#noteref_291">291.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aulus Gellius, x. 18. 5 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_292" name="note_292" + href="#noteref_292">292.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Arrian, vii. 14. 10.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_293" name="note_293" + href="#noteref_293">293.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, i. 167.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_294" name="note_294" + href="#noteref_294">294.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aristides</span></span>, 21; Strabo, ix. 2. + 31, p. 412; Pausanias, ix. 2. 5 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_295" name="note_295" + href="#noteref_295">295.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Philostratus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vit. + Sophist.</span></span> ii. 30; Heliodorus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aethiopica</span></span>, i. 17; compare + Aristotle, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Constitution of Athens</span></span>, 58.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_296" name="note_296" + href="#noteref_296">296.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, v. 8.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_297" name="note_297" + href="#noteref_297">297.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Livy, xxiii. 30. 15.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_298" name="note_298" + href="#noteref_298">298.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Livy, xxxi. 50. 4.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_299" name="note_299" + href="#noteref_299">299.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Livy, xxxix. 46. 2 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_300" name="note_300" + href="#noteref_300">300.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Census of India, 1901</span></span>, vol. + iii., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Andaman and Nicobar Islands</span></span>, by Lieut.-Col. Sir + Richard C. Temple (Calcutta, 1903), p. 209.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_301" name="note_301" + href="#noteref_301">301.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Letter of the missionary Chevron, in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annales + de la Propagation de la Foi</span></span>, xv. (1843) pp. 40 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_302" name="note_302" + href="#noteref_302">302.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">É. Aymonier, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyage dans le + Laos</span></span> (Paris, 1895-1897), ii. 325 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; C. + Bock, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Temples and Elephants</span></span> (London, + 1884), p. 262.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_303" name="note_303" + href="#noteref_303">303.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. de Levchine, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Description des + hommes et des steppes des Kirghiz-Kazaks ou + Kirghiz-Kaisaks</span></span> (Paris, 1840), pp. 367 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; H. + Vambery, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Das Türkenvolk</span></span> (Leipsic, 1885), + p. 255; P. von Stenin, <span class="tei tei-q">“Die Kirgisen des + Kreises Saissanak im Gebiete von Ssemipalatinsk,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Globus</span></span>, lxix. (1906) p. + 228.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_304" name="note_304" + href="#noteref_304">304.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">T. de Pauly, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Description + ethnographique des peuples de la Russie</span></span> (St. + Petersburg, 1862), <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Peuples ouralo-altaïques</span></span>, p. + 29.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_305" name="note_305" + href="#noteref_305">305.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Charlevoix, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire de la + Nouvelle France</span></span> (Paris, 1744), vi. 111.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_306" name="note_306" + href="#noteref_306">306.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">I. Goldziher, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Muhammedanische + Studien</span></span> (Halle a. S., 1888-1890), ii. 328 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> However, Prof. Goldziher + believes that the festival is an ancient heathen one which has been + subsequently grafted upon the tradition of the orthodox prophet + Salih.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_307" name="note_307" + href="#noteref_307">307.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Potocki, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyage dans les steps + d'Astrakhan et du Caucase</span></span> (Paris, 1829), i. 275 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Edmund Spencer, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels + in Circassia, Krim Tartary</span></span>, etc. (London, 1836) ii. + 399.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_308" name="note_308" + href="#noteref_308">308.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Radde, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Chews'uren und + ihr Land</span></span> (Cassel, 1878), pp. 95 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Prince Eristow, <span class="tei tei-q">“Die Pschawen und + Chewsurier im Kaukasus,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + allgemeine Erdkunde</span></span>, Neue Folge, ii. (1857) p. + 77.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_309" name="note_309" + href="#noteref_309">309.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. v. Hahn, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Religiöse Anschauungen und Totengedächtnisfeier der + Chewsuren,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Globus</span></span>, lxxvi. (1899) pp. 211 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_310" name="note_310" + href="#noteref_310">310.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">N. v. Seidlitz, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Die Abchasen,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Globus</span></span>, + lxvi. (1894) pp. 42 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_311" name="note_311" + href="#noteref_311">311.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">(Sir) John Rhys, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Celtic + Heathendom</span></span> (London, 1888), pp. 409 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; H. + d'Arbois de Jubainville, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cours de littérature celtique</span></span>, + vii. (Paris, 1895) pp. 309 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; P. W. Joyce, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Social History of + Ancient Ireland</span></span> (London, 1903), ii. 438 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“The <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">aenach</span></span> or fair was an assembly + of the people of every grade without distinction; it was the most + common kind of large public meeting, and its main object was the + celebration of games, athletic exercises, sports, and pastimes of + all kinds”</span> (P. W. Joyce, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 438). The Irish name is <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tailltiu</span></span>, genitive <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Taillten</span></span>, accusative and dative + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tailltin</span></span> (Sir J. Rhys, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 409 note <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">1</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_312" name="note_312" + href="#noteref_312">312.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">(Sir) John Rhys, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Celtic + Heathendom</span></span>, p. 411; H. d'Arbois de Jubainville, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cours de + littérature celtique</span></span>, vii. 313 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + P. W. Joyce, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Social History of Ancient + Ireland</span></span>, ii. 434 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 441 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_313" name="note_313" + href="#noteref_313">313.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. W. Joyce, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 435.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_314" name="note_314" + href="#noteref_314">314.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. W. Joyce, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 434. Compare (Sir) J. Rhys, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Celtic + Heathendom</span></span>, p. 411.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_315" name="note_315" + href="#noteref_315">315.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. d'Arbois de Jubainville, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cours de + littérature celtique</span></span>, vii. 313.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_316" name="note_316" + href="#noteref_316">316.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. d'Arbois de Jubainville, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> vii. 310.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_317" name="note_317" + href="#noteref_317">317.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. W. Joyce, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 389, 439.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_318" name="note_318" + href="#noteref_318">318.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">(Sir) J. Rhys, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Celtic + Heathendom</span></span>, p. 410.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_319" name="note_319" + href="#noteref_319">319.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">(Sir) J. Rhys, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Celtic + Heathendom</span></span>, pp. 411 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + quoting the substance of a note by Thos. Hearne, in his edition of + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Robert of + Gloucester's Chronicles</span></span> (Oxford, 1724), p. 679. As to + the derivation of the word see <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">New English + Dictionary</span></span> (Oxford, 1888- ) and W. W. Skeat, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Etymological Dictionary of the English + Language</span></span> (Oxford, 1910), <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Lammas.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_320" name="note_320" + href="#noteref_320">320.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg100" class= + "tei tei-ref">100</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_321" name="note_321" + href="#noteref_321">321.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Golden + Bough</span></span>, Second Edition, ii. 459 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_322" name="note_322" + href="#noteref_322">322.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Golden + Bough</span></span>, Second Edition, ii. 460, 463, 464 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_323" name="note_323" + href="#noteref_323">323.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg014" class= + "tei tei-ref">14</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg021" class= + "tei tei-ref">21</a>, <a href="#Pg027" class="tei tei-ref">27</a>, + <a href="#Pg033" class="tei tei-ref">33</a>, <a href="#Pg036" + class="tei tei-ref">36</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_324" name="note_324" + href="#noteref_324">324.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg098" class= + "tei tei-ref">98</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_325" name="note_325" + href="#noteref_325">325.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg093" class= + "tei tei-ref">93</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_326" name="note_326" + href="#noteref_326">326.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pausanias, v. 1. 4, v. 8. 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_327" name="note_327" + href="#noteref_327">327.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Apollodorus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bibliotheca</span></span>, pp. 183-185 ed. R. + Wagner (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Epitoma</span></span>, ii. 3-9); Diodorus + Siculus, iv. 73; Hyginus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fabulae</span></span>, 84; Schol. on Pindar, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Olymp.</span></span> i. 114; Servius on + Virgil, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Georg.</span></span> iii. 7. See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 299 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_328" name="note_328" + href="#noteref_328">328.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Strabo, vi. 3. 9, p. 284; K. O. + Müller, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aeschylos Eumeniden</span></span> (Göttingen, + 1833), p. 144.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_329" name="note_329" + href="#noteref_329">329.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pausanias, vi. 21. 9-11.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_330" name="note_330" + href="#noteref_330">330.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Jensen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Kosmologie der + Babylonier</span></span> (Strasburg, 1890), pp. 263 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Assyrisch-babylonische Mythen und + Epen</span></span> (Berlin, 1900), pp. 3 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + M. Jastrow, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Religion of Babylonia and + Assyria</span></span>, pp. 407 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + L. W. King, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Babylonian Religion and + Mythology</span></span>, pp. 53 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + H. Zimmern, in E. Schrader's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Keilinschriften und das Alte + Testament</span></span> (Berlin, 1902), pp. 488 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + M. J. Lagrange, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Études sur les religions + sémitiques</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (Paris, 1905); pp. 366 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_331" name="note_331" + href="#noteref_331">331.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Jensen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Kosmologie der + Babylonier</span></span>, pp. 304-306; H. Gunkel, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schöpfung und Chaos + in Urzeit und Endzeit</span></span> (Göttingen, 1895), pp. 114 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Genesis + übersetzt und erklärt</span></span> (Göttingen, 1901), pp. 107 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Encyclopaedia + Biblica</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Creation,”</span> i. coll. 938 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + S. R. Driver, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Book of Genesis</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + (London, 1905), pp. 27 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> The myth is clearly alluded + to in several passages of Scripture, where the dragon of the sea is + spoken of as Rahab or Leviathan. See Isaiah li. 9, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Art thou not it that cut Rahab in pieces, that pierced + the dragon?”</span>: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span> xxvii. 1, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“In that day the Lord with his sore and great and + strong sword shall punish leviathan the swift serpent, and + leviathan the crooked serpent; and he shall slay the dragon that is + in the sea”</span>: Job xxvi. 12, <span class="tei tei-q">“He + stirreth up the sea with his power, and by his understanding he + smiteth through Rahab”</span>: Psalm lxxxix. 10, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thou hast broken Rahab in pieces as one that is + slain”</span>: Psalm lxxiv. 13 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou didst divide the sea by thy strength: + thou brakest the heads of the dragons in the waters. Thou brakest + the heads of leviathan in pieces.”</span> See further H. Gunkel, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schöpfung + und Chaos</span></span>, pp. 29 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_332" name="note_332" + href="#noteref_332">332.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. A. Macdonell, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vedic + Mythology</span></span>, pp. 58-60, 158 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + Compare H. Oldenberg, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Religion des Veda</span></span>, pp. 134 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_333" name="note_333" + href="#noteref_333">333.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See M. Winternitz, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Der Sarpabali, ein altindischer Schlangencult,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen + Gesellschaft in Wien</span></span>, xviii. (1888) pp. 44 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_334" name="note_334" + href="#noteref_334">334.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Kuhn, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Wodan,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für deutsches + Alterthum</span></span>, v. (1845) pp. 484-488.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_335" name="note_335" + href="#noteref_335">335.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Jensen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Kosmologie der + Babylonier</span></span>, pp. 315 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; H. + Gunkel, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schöpfung und Chaos</span></span>, p. 25; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Genesis übersetzt und + erklärt</span></span>, pp. 115 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; M. + Jastrow, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Religion of Babylonia and + Assyria</span></span>, pp. 411 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 429 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 432 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; H. + Zimmern, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Encyclopaedia Biblica</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Creation,”</span> i. coll. 940 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, in E. Schrader's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + pp. 370 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 500 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; S. + R. Driver, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Book of Genesis</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + (London, 1905), p. 28.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_336" name="note_336" + href="#noteref_336">336.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Virgil, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Georgics</span></span>, ii. 336-342.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_337" name="note_337" + href="#noteref_337">337.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Jensen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Kosmologie der + Babylonier</span></span>, pp. 84 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + M. Jastrow, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Religion of Babylonia and + Assyria</span></span>, pp. 677 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + H. Zimmern, in E. Schrader's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Keilinschriften und das Alte + Testament</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> pp. 371, 384 note + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span>, 402, 427, 515 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + R. F. Harper, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Babylonian and Assyrian + Literature</span></span> (New York, 1901), pp. 136, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 137, 140, 149; M. J. Lagrange, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Études sur les + religions sémitiques</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (Paris, 1905), pp. 285 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_338" name="note_338" + href="#noteref_338">338.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. W. King, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Babylonian Religion + and Mythology</span></span>, pp. 88 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_339" name="note_339" + href="#noteref_339">339.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See C. P. Tiele, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geschiedenis van den + Godsdienst in de Oudheid</span></span>, i. (Amsterdam, 1903) pp. + 159 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; L. W. King, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 21; H. Zimmern. in E. Schrader's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Keilinschriften + und das Alte Testament</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">3</span></span> p. + 399; M. Jastrow, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Religion Babyloniens und + Assyriens</span></span>, i (Giessen, 1905) pp. 117 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_340" name="note_340" + href="#noteref_340">340.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Jensen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 85 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; M. Jastrow, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Religion of + Babylonia and Assyria</span></span>, p. 679; H. Zimmern, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 515; M. J. Lagrange, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 286.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_341" name="note_341" + href="#noteref_341">341.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Jensen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 87; M. Jastrow, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Religion of + Babylonia and Assyria</span></span>, p. 681; H. Zimmern, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 402, 415; R. F. Harper, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 136.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_342" name="note_342" + href="#noteref_342">342.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Jensen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Assyrisch-babylonische Mythen und + Epen</span></span>, p. 29; L. W. King, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Babylonian Religion + and Mythology</span></span>, p. 74.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_343" name="note_343" + href="#noteref_343">343.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This appears to be substantially the + view of H. Zimmern (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> p. 501) and of Karppe + (referred to in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Encyclopaedia Biblica</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Creation,”</span> i. coll. 941 note <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_344" name="note_344" + href="#noteref_344">344.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Moret, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Du caractère + religieux de la royauté Pharaonique</span></span> (Paris, 1902), + pp. 18 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 33 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_345" name="note_345" + href="#noteref_345">345.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Clement of Alexandria. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Strom.</span></span> + v. 7. p. 671, ed. Potter.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_346" name="note_346" + href="#noteref_346">346.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Erman, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die ägyptische + Religion</span></span> (Berlin, 1905), pp. 10, 25.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_347" name="note_347" + href="#noteref_347">347.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">John Parkinson (late Principal of the + Mineral Survey of Southern Nigeria), <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Southern Nigeria, the Lagos Province,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Empire Review</span></span>, vol. xv. May 1908, pp. 290 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The account in the text of + the mystery surrounding the Awujale is taken from A. B. Ellis, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West + Africa</span></span> (London, 1894), p. 170.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_348" name="note_348" + href="#noteref_348">348.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">M. Jastrow, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Religion of + Babylonia and Assyria</span></span>, p. 680; H. Zimmern, in E. + Schrader's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Keilinschriften und das Alte + Testament</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> pp. 374, 515; C. + Brockelmann, <span class="tei tei-q">“Wesen und Ursprung des + Eponymats in Assyrien,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + Assyriologie</span></span>, xvi. (1902) pp. 391 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 396 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_349" name="note_349" + href="#noteref_349">349.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Athenaeus, xiv. 44, p. 639 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>; Dio Chrysostom, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Or.</span></span> iv. pp. 69 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + (vol. i. p. 76, ed. L. Dindorf). Dio Chrysostom does not mention + his authority, but it was probably either Berosus or Ctesias. The + execution of the mock king is not noticed in the passage of Berosus + cited by Athenaeus, probably because the mention of it was not + germane to Athenaeus's purpose, which was simply to give a list of + festivals at which masters waited on their servants. A passage of + Macrobius (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Saturn.</span></span> iii. 7. 6) which has + sometimes been interpreted as referring to this Babylonian custom + (F. Liebrecht, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Philologus</span></span>, xxii. 710; J. J. + Bachofen, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Sage von Tanaquil</span></span>, p. 52, + note <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">16</span></span>) has in fact nothing to do + with it. See A. B. Cook, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Classical Review</span></span>, xvii. (1903) + p. 412; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span> in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xv. (1904) pp. 304, + 384. In the passage of Dio Chrysostom ἐκρέμασαν should strictly + mean <span class="tei tei-q">“hanged,”</span> but the verb was + applied by the Greeks to the Roman punishment of crucifixion + (Plutarch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Caesar</span></span>, 2). It may have been + extended to include impalement, which was often inflicted by the + Assyrians, as we may see by the representations of it on the + Assyrian monuments in the British Museum. See also R. F. Harper, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Assyrian + and Babylonian Literature</span></span>, p. 41, with the plate + facing p. 54. The proper word for impalement in Greek is + ἀνασκολοπίζειν (Herodotus, iv. 202). Hanging was also an Oriental + as well as Roman mode of punishment. The Hebrew word for it (חלה) + seems unambiguous. See Esther, v. 14, vii. 9 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Deuteronomy, xxi. 22 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Joshua, viii. 29, x. 26; + Livy, i. 26. 6.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_350" name="note_350" + href="#noteref_350">350.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg021" class= + "tei tei-ref">21</a>, <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref">26</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_351" name="note_351" + href="#noteref_351">351.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bruno Meissner, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Zur Entstehungsgeschichte des Purimfestes,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen + Gesellschaft</span></span>, I. (1896) pp. 296-301; H. Winckler, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Altorientalische Forschungen</span></span>, + Zweite Reihe, Bd. ii. p. 345; C. Brockelmann, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Wesen und Ursprung des Eponymats in Assyrien,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für Assyriologie</span></span>, + xvi. (1902) pp. 391 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_352" name="note_352" + href="#noteref_352">352.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Meantime I may refer the reader to + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Golden Bough</span></span>, Second Edition, ii. 254, iii. 151 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> As I have there pointed out + (iii. 152 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>) the identification of the + months of the Syro-Macedonian calendar (that is, the ascertainment + of their astronomical dates in the solar year) is a matter of some + uncertainty, the dates appearing to have varied considerably in + different places. The month Lous in particular is variously said to + have corresponded in different places to July, August, September, + and October. Until we have ascertained beyond the reach of doubt + when Lous fell at Babylon in the time of Berosus, it would be + premature to allow much weight to the seeming discrepancy in the + dates of Zagmuk and the Sacaea. On the whole difficult question of + the identification or dating of the months of the Syro-Macedonian + calendar see L. Ideler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen + Chronologie</span></span>, i. 393 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + K. F. Hermann, <span class="tei tei-q">“Über griechische + Monatskunde,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Abhandlungen der histor.-philolog. Classe d. + kön. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen</span></span>, + ii. (1843-44) pp. 68 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 95, 109, 111 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + H. F. Clinton, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fasti Hellenici</span></span>, + iii.<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> 351 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + article <span class="tei tei-q">“Calendarium,”</span> in W. Smith's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dictionary of Greek and Roman + Antiquities</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">3</span></span> i. 339. The distinction + between the dates of the Syro-Macedonian months, which differed in + different places, and their order, which was the same in all places + (Dius, Apellaeus, etc.), appears to have been overlooked by some of + my former readers.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_353" name="note_353" + href="#noteref_353">353.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Jensen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Kosmologie der + Babylonier</span></span>, p. 84; C. Brockelmann, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Wesen und Ursprung des Eponymats in Assyrien,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für Assyriologie</span></span>, + xvi. (1902) p. 392. However, there is no mention of Zagmuk in Prof. + R. F. Harper's translation of the inscription (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Assyrian and + Babylonian Literature</span></span>, p. 87).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_354" name="note_354" + href="#noteref_354">354.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Brockelmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 389-401.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_355" name="note_355" + href="#noteref_355">355.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Winckler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geschichte + Babyloniens und Assyriens</span></span> (Leipsic, 1902), p. 212; R. + F. Harper, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Assyrian and Babylonian + Literature</span></span>, pp. xxxviii. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 206-216; E. Meyer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Geschichte des + Altertums</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span>, i. 2 (Stuttgart and + Berlin, 1909), pp. 331 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> It was the second, not the + first, year of a king's reign which in later times at all events + was named after him. For the explanation see C. Brockelmann, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 397 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_356" name="note_356" + href="#noteref_356">356.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The eponymate in Assyria and elsewhere + may have been the subject of superstitions which we do not yet + understand. Perhaps the eponymous magistrate may have been deemed + in a sense responsible for everything that happened in the year. + Thus we are told that <span class="tei tei-q">“in Manipur they have + a noteworthy system of keeping count of the years. Each year is + named after some man, who—for a consideration—undertakes to bear + the fortune, good or bad, of the year. If the year be good, if + there be no pestilence and a good harvest, he gets presents from + all sorts of people, and I remember hearing that in 1898, when the + cholera was at its worst, a deputation came to the Political Agent + and asked him to punish the name-giver, as it was obvious that he + was responsible for the epidemic. In former times he would have got + into trouble”</span> (T. C. Hodson, <span class="tei tei-q">“The + Native Tribes of Manipur,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xxxi. 1901, p. 302).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_357" name="note_357" + href="#noteref_357">357.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Brockelmann, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Das Neujahrsfest der Jezîdîs,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift der + deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft</span></span>, lv. (1901) + pp. 388-390.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_358" name="note_358" + href="#noteref_358">358.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Letter of the missionary N. Baudin, + dated 16th April 1875, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Missions Catholiques</span></span>, vii. + (1875) pp. 614-616, 627 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annales de la + Propagation de la Foi</span></span>, xlviii. (1876) pp. 66-76.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_359" name="note_359" + href="#noteref_359">359.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">U. Lisiansky, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A Voyage Round the + World in the Years 1803, 4, 5, and 6</span></span> (London, 1814), + pp. 118 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The same ceremony seems to + be more briefly described by the French voyager Freycinet, who says + that after the principal idol had been carried in procession about + the island for twenty-three days it was brought back to the temple, + and that thereupon the king was not allowed to enter the precinct + until he had parried a spear thrown at him by two men. See L. de + Freycinet, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Voyage autour du monde</span></span>, vol. ii. + Première Partie (Paris, 1829), pp. 596 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_360" name="note_360" + href="#noteref_360">360.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. E. Dennett, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Notes on the Folklore + of the Fjort</span></span>, with an introduction by Mary H. + Kingsley (London, 1898), p. xxxii; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">At the + Back of the Black Man's Mind</span></span> (London, 1906), p. 120. + Miss Kingsley in conversation called my attention to this + particular custom, and informed me that she was personally + acquainted with the chief, who possesses but declines to exercise + the right of succession.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_361" name="note_361" + href="#noteref_361">361.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The High History of the Holy + Graal</span></span>, translated from the French by Sebastian Evans + (London, 1898), i. 200-203. I have to thank the translator, Mr. + Sebastian Evans, for his kindness in indicating this passage to + me.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_362" name="note_362" + href="#noteref_362">362.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For a discussion of the legends which + gather round Vikramaditya see Captain Wilford, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Vicramaditya and Salivahana,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Asiatic + Researches</span></span>, ix. (London, 1809) pp. 117 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + Chr. Lassen, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Indische Alterthumskunde</span></span>, + ii.<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> 752 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 794 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; E. T. Atkinson, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Himalayan Districts of the North-Western Provinces of + India</span></span>, ii. (Allahabad, 1884), pp. 410. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> + Vikramaditya is commonly supposed to have lived in the first + century <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> and to have founded + the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Samvat</span></span> era, which began with 57 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span>, and is now in use + all over India. But according to Professor H. Oldenberg it is now + certain that this Vikramaditya was a purely legendary personage (H. + Oldenberg, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Literatur des alten Indien</span></span>, + Stuttgart and Berlin, 1903, pp. 215 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_363" name="note_363" + href="#noteref_363">363.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Histoire des + rois de l'Hindoustan après les Pandaras, traduite du texte + hindoustani de Mîr Cher-i Alî Afsos, par M. l'abbé + Bertrand,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal Asiatique</span></span>, IVème Série, + iii. (Paris, 1844) pp. 248-257. The story is told more briefly by + Mrs. Postans, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cutch</span></span> (London, 1839), pp. 21 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Compare Chr. Lassen, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indische + Alterthumskunde</span></span>, ii.<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + 798.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_364" name="note_364" + href="#noteref_364">364.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. V. Williams Jackson, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes from India, Second Series,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + American Oriental Society</span></span>, xxiii. (1902) pp. 308, 316 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> I have to thank my friend + the Rev. Professor J. H. Moulton for referring me to Prof. Williams + Jackson's paper.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_365" name="note_365" + href="#noteref_365">365.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Histoire des + rois de l'Hindoustan,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal Asiatique</span></span>, IVème Série, + iii. (1844) pp. 239-243. The legend is told with modifications by + Captain Wilford (<span class="tei tei-q">“Vicramaditya and + Salivahana,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Asiatic Researches</span></span>, ix. London, + 1809, pp. 148 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>), Mrs. Postans (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cutch</span></span>, + London, 1839, pp. 18-20), and Prof. Williams Jackson (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 314 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_366" name="note_366" + href="#noteref_366">366.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Bishop of Labuan, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Wild Tribes of Borneo,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Transactions of the + Ethnological Society of London</span></span>, New Series, ii. + (1863) pp. 26 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_367" name="note_367" + href="#noteref_367">367.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ch. Hose and W. McDougall, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Relations between Men and Animals in + Sarawak,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xxxi. (1901) pp. 197 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_368" name="note_368" + href="#noteref_368">368.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ch. Hose and W. McDougall, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 193.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_369" name="note_369" + href="#noteref_369">369.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. E. H. Gomes, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Two Sea Dyak Legends,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</span></span>, No. 41 + (January 1904, Singapore), pp. 12-28; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Seventeen + Years among the Sea Dyaks of Borneo</span></span> (London, 1911), + pp. 278 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_370" name="note_370" + href="#noteref_370">370.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. B. Ellis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Tshi-speaking + Peoples of the Gold Coast</span></span> (London, 1887), pp. + 204-212.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_371" name="note_371" + href="#noteref_371">371.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The type of story in question has been + discussed by Mr. Andrew Lang in a well-known essay <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Cupid, Psyche, and the Sun-Frog,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Custom and + Myth</span></span> (London, 1884), pp. 64-86. He rightly explains + all such tales as based on savage taboos, but so far as I know he + does not definitely connect them with totemism. For other examples + of these tales told by savages see W. Lederbogen, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Duala Märchen,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mittheilungen des + Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin</span></span>, v. + (1902) Dritte Abtheilung, pp. 139-145 (the Duala tribe of + Cameroons; in one tale the wife is a palm-rat, in the other a + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mpondo</span></span>, a hard brown fruit as + large as a coconut); R. H. Nassau, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fetichism in West + Africa</span></span> (London, 1904), pp. 351-358 (West Africa; wife + a forest-rat); G. H. Smith, <span class="tei tei-q">“Some + Betsimisaraka Superstitions,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Antananarivo + Annual and Madagascar Magazine</span></span>, No. 10 (Christmas, + 1886), pp. 241 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; R. H. Codrington, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Melanesians</span></span>, pp. 172, 397 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + (Melanesia; wife a bird, husband an owl); A. F. van Spreeuwenberg, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Een blik op Minahassa,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tijdschrift voor Neêrland's + Indië</span></span>, 1846, Erste deel, pp. 25-28 (the Bantiks of + Celebes; wife a white dove); J. H. F. Kohlbrugge, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Die Tenggeresen, ein alter Javanischer + Volksstaam,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde + van Nederlandsch-Indië</span></span>, iiii. (1901) pp. 97-99 (the + Tenggeres of Java; wife a bird); J. Fanggidaej, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Rottineesche Verhalen,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bijdragen tot de + Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië</span></span>, + lviii. (1905), pp. 430-436 (island of Rotti; husband a crocodile); + J. Kubary, <span class="tei tei-q">“Die Religion der + Pelauer,”</span> in A. Bastian's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Allerlei aus Volkes- + und Menschenkunde</span></span> (Berlin, 1888), i. 60 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + (Pelew Islands; wife a fish); A. R. McMahon, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Karens of the + Golden Chersonese</span></span>, pp. 248-250 (Karens of Burma; + husband a tree-lizard); Landes, <span class="tei tei-q">“Contes + Tjames,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cochinchine française, excursions et + reconnaissances</span></span>, No. 29 (Saigon, 1887), pp. 53 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> (Chams of Cochin-China; + husband a coco-nut); A. Certeux and E. H. Carnoy, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">L'Algérie + traditionnelle</span></span> (Paris and Algiers, 1884), pp. 87-89 + (Arabs of Algeria; wife a dove); J. G. Kohl, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kitschi-Gami</span></span> (Bremen, 1858), i. + 140-145 (Ojebway Indians; wife a beaver); Franz Boas and George + Hunt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kwakiutl Texts</span></span>, ii. 322-330 + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Jesup North Pacific Expedition, Memoir of the American Museum of + Natural History</span></span>) (Kwakiutl Indians; wife a salmon); + J. R. Swanton, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Haida Texts and Myths</span></span> + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bureau + of American Ethnology, Bulletin</span></span>, No. 29, Washington, + 1905), pp. 286 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> (Haida Indians; wife a + killer-whale); H. Rink, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tales and Traditions of the + Eskimo</span></span>, pp. 146 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> (Esquimaux; wife a + sea-fowl). The Bantik story is told to explain the origin of the + people; the Tenggeres story is told to explain why it is forbidden + to lift the lid of a basket in which rice is being boiled. The + other stories referred to in this note are apparently told as fairy + tales only, but we may conjecture that they too were related + originally to explain a supposed relationship of human beings to + animals or plants. I have already illustrated and explained this + type of story in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Totemism and Exogamy</span></span>, vol. ii. + pp. 55, 206, 308, 565-571, 589, iii. 60-64, 337 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_372" name="note_372" + href="#noteref_372">372.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The fable of Cupid and Psyche is only + preserved in the Latin of Apuleius (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Metamorph.</span></span> iv. 28-vi. 24), but + we cannot doubt that the original was Greek. For the story of + Pururavas and Urvasi, see <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Rigveda</span></span>, x. 95 (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hymns of the + Rigveda</span></span>, translated by R. T. H. Griffith, vol. iv. + Benares, 1892, pp. 304 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>); <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Satapatha + Brahmana</span></span>, translated by J. Eggeling, part v. pp. + 68-74 (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sacred Books of the East</span></span>, vol. + xliv.); and the references in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, vol. ii. p. 250, note <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">4</span></span>. A + clear trace of the bird-nature of Urvasi occurs in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Satapatha + Brahmana</span></span> (Part v. p. 70 of J. Eggeling's + translation), where the sorrowing husband finds his lost wife among + nymphs who are swimming about in the shape of swans or ducks on a + lotus-covered lake. This has been already pointed out by Th. Benfey + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pantschatantra</span></span>, i. 264). In + English the type of tale is known as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Beauty and the Beast,”</span> which ought to include + the cases in which the wife, as well as those in which the husband, + appears as an animal. On stories of this sort, especially in the + folklore of civilised peoples, see Th. Benfey, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pantschatantra</span></span>, i. 254 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; W. R. S. Ralston, + Introduction to F. A. von Schiefner's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tibetan + Tales</span></span>, pp. xxxvii.-xxxix.; A. Lang, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Custom and + Myth</span></span> (London, 1884), pp. 64 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + S. Baring-Gould, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curious Myths of the Middle + Ages</span></span>, pp. 561-578; E. Cosquin, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Contes populaires de + Lorraine</span></span>, ii. 215-230; W. A. Clouston, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Tales and + Fictions</span></span>, i. 182-191; Miss M. Roalfe Cox, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Introduction to Folklore</span></span> + (London, 1895) pp. 120-123.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_373" name="note_373" + href="#noteref_373">373.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">In the ruins of Raipoor, supposed to + be the ancient Mandavie, coins are found bearing the image of an + ass; and the legend of the transformation of Gandharva-Sena into an + ass is told to explain their occurrence. The coins are called + Gandharva pice. See Mrs. Postans, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cutch</span></span> + (London, 1839), pp. 17 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 22.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_374" name="note_374" + href="#noteref_374">374.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. T. Dalton, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Descriptive Ethnology + of Bengal</span></span>, pp. 165 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_375" name="note_375" + href="#noteref_375">375.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">T. C. Hodson, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Native Tribes of Manipur,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xxxi. (1901) pp. 302, + 304.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_376" name="note_376" + href="#noteref_376">376.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg118" class= + "tei tei-ref">118</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_377" name="note_377" + href="#noteref_377">377.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, vol. ii. p. 4; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taboo and the Perils + of the Soul</span></span>, pp. 17 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_378" name="note_378" + href="#noteref_378">378.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See Dr. Joseph Bautz, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Hölle, im + Anschluss an die Scholastik dargestellt</span></span><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">2</span></span> + (Mainz, 1905). Dr. Bautz holds that the damned burn in eternal + darkness and eternal fire somewhere in the bowels of the earth. He + is, let us hope in more senses than one, an extraordinary professor + of theology at the University of Münster, and his book is published + with the approbation of the Catholic Church.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_379" name="note_379" + href="#noteref_379">379.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. H. Elliot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Experiences of a + Planter in the Jungles of Mysore</span></span> (London, 1871), i. + 95.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_380" name="note_380" + href="#noteref_380">380.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mrs. Postans, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cutch</span></span> + (London, 1839), p. 168.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_381" name="note_381" + href="#noteref_381">381.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mgr. Masson, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annales de la + Propagation de la Foi</span></span>, xxiv. (1852) pp. 324 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_382" name="note_382" + href="#noteref_382">382.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. R. Schoolcraft, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indian Tribes of the + United States</span></span>, ii. (Philadelphia, 1853), p. 68.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_383" name="note_383" + href="#noteref_383">383.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. de Azara, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyages dans + l'Amérique Méridionale</span></span>, ii. 181.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_384" name="note_384" + href="#noteref_384">384.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. B. Ellis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Ewe-speaking + Peoples of the Slave Coast</span></span>, p. 127. The testimony of + a soldier on such a point is peculiarly valuable.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_385" name="note_385" + href="#noteref_385">385.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Thevet, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les Singularitez de + la France Antarctique</span></span> (Antwerp, 1558), pp. 74 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cosmographie universelle</span></span> (Paris, + 1575), p. 945 [979].</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_386" name="note_386" + href="#noteref_386">386.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">My informant was the late Captain W. + C. Robinson, formerly of the 2nd Bombay Europeans (Company's + Service), afterwards resident at 15 Chesterton Hall Crescent, + Cambridge. He learned the facts in the year 1853 from his friend + Captain Gore, of the 29th Madras Native Infantry, who rescued some + of the victims.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_387" name="note_387" + href="#noteref_387">387.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rev. J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Baganda</span></span> (London, 1911), p. 338.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_388" name="note_388" + href="#noteref_388">388.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg042" class= + "tei tei-ref">42</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg054" class= + "tei tei-ref">54</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_389" name="note_389" + href="#noteref_389">389.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">O. Dapper, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Description de + l'Afrique</span></span> (Amsterdam, 1686), p. 312; H. Ling Roth, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Great + Benin</span></span>, p. 43.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_390" name="note_390" + href="#noteref_390">390.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. Southey, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of + Brazil</span></span>, iii. 391 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_391" name="note_391" + href="#noteref_391">391.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tacitus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histor.</span></span> + ii. 49; Plutarch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Otho</span></span>, 17.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_392" name="note_392" + href="#noteref_392">392.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. Lasch, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Rache als Selbstmordmotiv,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Globus</span></span>, + lxxiv. (1898) pp. 37-39.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_393" name="note_393" + href="#noteref_393">393.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Father Martin, Jesuit missionary, in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lettres + édifiantes et curieuses</span></span>, Nouvelle Édition, xi. + (Paris, 1781), pp. 246-248. The letter was written at Marava, in + the mission of Madura, 8th November 1709. No doubt the English + Government has long since done its best to suppress these + practices.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_394" name="note_394" + href="#noteref_394">394.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Seleucus, quoted by Athenaeus, iv. 42, + p. 155 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">d e</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_395" name="note_395" + href="#noteref_395">395.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Posidonius, quoted by Athenaeus, iv. + 40, p. 154 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_396" name="note_396" + href="#noteref_396">396.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euphorion of Chalcis, quoted by + Athenaeus, iv. 40, p. 154 C; Eustathius on Homer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span>, xviii. 46, p. + 1837.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_397" name="note_397" + href="#noteref_397">397.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Athenaeus, iv. 39, p. 153 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">e + f</span></span>, quoting Nicolaus Damascenus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_398" name="note_398" + href="#noteref_398">398.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tertullian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + spectaculis</span></span>, 12. The custom of sacrificing human + beings in honour of the dead, which has been practised by many + savage and barbarous peoples, was in later times so far mitigated + at Rome that the destined victims were allowed to fight each other, + which gave some of them a chance of surviving. This mitigation of + human sacrifice is said to have been introduced by D. Junius Brutus + in the third century <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">b.c.</span></span> (Livy, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Epit.</span></span> + xvi.). It resembles the change which I suppose to have taken place + at Nemi and other places, where, if I am right, kings were at first + put to death inexorably at the end of a fixed period, but were + afterwards permitted to defend themselves in single combat.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_399" name="note_399" + href="#noteref_399">399.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Livy, ii. 5. 8, xxvi. 13. 15, xxviii. + 29. 11; Polybius, i. 7. 12, xi. 30. 2; Th. Mommsen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Römisches + Strafrecht</span></span> (Leipsic, 1899), pp. 916 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_400" name="note_400" + href="#noteref_400">400.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hiera Sykaminos (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Maharraka</span></span>), the furthest point + of the Roman dominion in southern Egypt, lies within the tropics. + The empire did not reach this its extreme limit till after the age + of Augustus. See Th. Mommsen, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Römische Geschichte</span></span>, v. 594 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Strabo speaks (xvii. 1. 48, + p. 817) as if Syene, which was held by a Roman garrison of three + cohorts, were within the tropics; but that is a mistake.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_401" name="note_401" + href="#noteref_401">401.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">For some evidence see J. H. Gray, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">China</span></span>, i. 329 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + H. Norman, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Peoples and Politics of the Far + East</span></span> (London, 1905), pp. 277 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> On + this subject the Rev. Dr. W. T. A. Barber, Headmaster of the Leys + School, Cambridge, formerly a missionary in China, writes to me as + follows (3rd February 1902):—<span class="tei tei-q">“Undoubtedly + the Eastern, through his belief in Fate, has comparatively little + fear of death. I have sometimes seen the Chinese in great fear; + but, on the other hand, I have saved at least a hundred lives of + people who had swallowed opium out of spite against some one else, + the idea being, first, the trouble given by minions of the law to + the survivor; second, that the dead would gain a vantage ground by + becoming a ghost, and thus able to plague his enemy in the flesh. + Probably blind anger has more to do with it than either of these + causes. But the particular mode would not ordinarily occur to a + Western. I am bound to say that in many cases the patient was ready + enough to take my medicines, but mostly it was the friends who were + most eager, and exceedingly rarely did I receive thanks from the + rescued.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_402" name="note_402" + href="#noteref_402">402.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. H. Gray (Archdeacon of Hong-kong), + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">China</span></span> (London, 1878), ii. + 306.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_403" name="note_403" + href="#noteref_403">403.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The particulars in the text are taken, + with Lord Avebury's kind permission, from a letter addressed to him + by Mr. M. W. Lampson of the Foreign Office. See Note A at the end + of the volume. Speaking of capital punishment in China, Professor + E. H. Parker says: <span class="tei tei-q">“It is popularly stated + that substitutes can be bought for Taels 50, and most certainly + this statement is more than true, so far as the price of human life + is concerned; but it is quite another question whether the gaolers + and judges can always be bribed”</span> (E. H. Parker, Professor of + Chinese at the Owens College, Manchester, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">China Past and + Present</span></span>, London, 1903, pp. 378 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>). + However, from his personal enquiries Professor Parker is convinced + that in such matters the local mandarin can do what he pleases, + provided that he observes the form of law and gives no offence to + his superiors.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_404" name="note_404" + href="#noteref_404">404.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">My friend, the late Sir Francis + Galton, mentioned in conversation a phrase which described the fear + of death as <span class="tei tei-q">“the Western (or European) + malady,”</span> but he did not remember where he had met with it. + He wrote to me (18th October 1902) that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“our fear of death is presumably much greater than that + of the barbarians who were our far-back ancestors.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_405" name="note_405" + href="#noteref_405">405.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg023" class= + "tei tei-ref">23</a>, <a href="#Pg049" class="tei tei-ref">49</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg052" class= + "tei tei-ref">52</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_406" name="note_406" + href="#noteref_406">406.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg113" class= + "tei tei-ref">113</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_407" name="note_407" + href="#noteref_407">407.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Aymonier, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Notice sur le + Cambodge</span></span> (Paris, 1875), p. 61; J. Moura, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le Royaume du + Cambodge</span></span> (Paris, 1883), i. 327 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> For + the connexion of the temporary king's family with the royal house, + see E. Aymonier, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> pp. 36 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_408" name="note_408" + href="#noteref_408">408.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">De la Loubère, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Du royaume de + Siam</span></span> (Amsterdam, 1691), i. 56 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Turpin, <span class="tei tei-q">“History of Siam,”</span> in + Pinkerton's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Voyages and Travels</span></span>, ix. 581 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Mgr. Brugière, in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annales + de l'Association de la Propagation de la Foi</span></span>, v. + (1831) pp. 188 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Pallegoix, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Description du + royaume Thai ou Siam</span></span> (Paris, 1854), i. 250; A. + Bastian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Völker des östlichen Asien</span></span>, + iii. 305-309, 526-528. Bowring (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Siam</span></span>, + i. 158 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>) copies, as usual, from + Pallegoix. For a description of the ceremony as observed at the + present day, see E. Young, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Kingdom of the Yellow Robe</span></span> + (Westminster, 1898), pp. 210 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The representative of the + king no longer enjoys his old privilege of seizing any goods that + are exposed for sale along the line of the procession. According to + Mr. Young, the ceremony is generally held about the middle of May, + and no one is supposed to plough or sow till it is over. According + to Loubère the title of the temporary king was <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Oc-ya + Kaou</span></span>, or Lord of the Rice, and the office was + regarded as fatal, or at least calamitous <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">funeste</span></span>”</span>) to him.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_409" name="note_409" + href="#noteref_409">409.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lieut.-Col. James Low, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“On the Laws of Muung Thai or Siam,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Indian Archipelago</span></span>, i. (Singapore, 1847) p. + 339; A. Bastian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Völker des östlichen Asien</span></span>, + iii. 98, 314, 526 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_410" name="note_410" + href="#noteref_410">410.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Young, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Kingdom of the + Yellow Robe</span></span>, pp. 212-217. The writer tells us that + though the Minister for Agriculture still officiates at the + Ploughing Festival, he no longer presides at the Swinging Festival; + a different nobleman is chosen every year to superintend the + latter.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_411" name="note_411" + href="#noteref_411">411.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ed. Chavannes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Documents sur les + Tou-Kiue (Turcs) Occidentaux</span></span> (St. Petersburg, 1903), + p. 133, note. The documents collected in this volume are translated + from the Chinese.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_412" name="note_412" + href="#noteref_412">412.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. B. Klunzinger, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bilder aus + Oberägypten der Wüste und dem Rothen Meere</span></span> + (Stuttgart, 1877), pp. 180 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_413" name="note_413" + href="#noteref_413">413.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Taboo and the Perils of the + Soul</span></span>, p. 243. For evidence of a practice of burning + divine personages, see <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Adonis, Attis, Osiris</span></span>, Second + Edition, pp. 84 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 91 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 139 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_414" name="note_414" + href="#noteref_414">414.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Budgett Meakin, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Moors</span></span> (London, 1902), pp. 312 sq.; E. Aubin, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le Maroc + d'aujourd'hui</span></span> (Paris, 1904), pp. 283-287. According + to the latter of these writers the flight of the mock sultan takes + place the day after his meeting with the real sultan. The account + in the text embodies some notes which were kindly furnished me by + Dr. E. Westermarck.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_415" name="note_415" + href="#noteref_415">415.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. Carew, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Survey of + Cornwall</span></span> (London, 1811), p. 322. I do not know what + the writer means by <span class="tei tei-q">“little Easter + Sunday.”</span> The ceremony has often been described by subsequent + writers, but they seem all to copy, directly or indirectly, from + Carew, who says that the custom had been yearly observed in past + times and was only of late days discontinued. His <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Survey of + Cornwall</span></span> was first printed in 1602. I have to thank + Mr. G. M. Trevelyan, formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, + for directing my attention to this interesting survival of what was + doubtless a very ancient custom.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_416" name="note_416" + href="#noteref_416">416.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. W. Boers, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Oud volksgebruik in het Rijk van Jambi,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tijdschrift voor Neêrlands + Indië</span></span>, 1840, dl. i. pp. 372 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_417" name="note_417" + href="#noteref_417">417.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Panjab Notes and Queries</span></span>, i. p. + 86, § 674 (May 1884).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_418" name="note_418" + href="#noteref_418">418.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aeneas Sylvius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Opera</span></span> + (Bâle, 1571), pp. 409 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; J. Boemus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mores, leges, et + ritus omnium gentium</span></span> (Lyons, 1541), pp. 241 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Rechtsalterthümer</span></span>, p. 253. According to Grimm, the + cow and mare stood beside the prince, not the peasant. The + Carinthian ceremony is the subject of an elaborate German + dissertation by Dr. Emil Goldmann (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Einführung der + deutschen Herzogsgeschlechter Kärntens in den Slovenischen + Stammesverband, ein Beitrag zur Rechts- und + Kulturgeschichte</span></span>, Breslau, 1903).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_419" name="note_419" + href="#noteref_419">419.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Young, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Kingdom of the + Yellow Robe</span></span>, p. 211.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_420" name="note_420" + href="#noteref_420">420.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lasicius, <span class="tei tei-q">“De + diis Samagitarum caeterorumque Sarmatarum,”</span> in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Respublica sive + status regni Poloniae, Lituaniae, Prussiae, Livoniae</span></span>, + etc. (Elzevir, 1627), pp. 306 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + edited by W. Mannhardt in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Magazin herausgegeben von der + Lettisch-Literarischen Gesellschaft</span></span>, xiv. 91 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; J. G. Kohl, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + deutsch-russischen Ostseeprovinzen</span></span> (Dresden and + Leipsic, 1841), ii. 27. There, are, however, other occasions when + superstition requires a person to stand on one foot. At Toku-toku, + in Fiji, the grave-digger who turns the first sod has to stand on + one leg, leaning on his digging-stick (Rev. Lorimer Fison, in a + letter to the author, dated August 26, 1898). Among the Angoni of + British Central Africa, when the corpse of a chief is being burned, + his heir stands beside the blazing pyre on one leg with his shield + in his hand; and three days later he again stands on one leg before + the assembled people when they proclaim him chief. See R. + Sutherland Rattray, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Some Folk-lore Stories and Songs in + Chinyanja</span></span> (London, 1907), pp. 100, 101.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_421" name="note_421" + href="#noteref_421">421.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Young, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Kingdom of the + Yellow Robe</span></span>, p. 212.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_422" name="note_422" + href="#noteref_422">422.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. G. Kohl, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + deutsch-russischen Ostseeprovinzen</span></span>, ii. 25. With + regard to swinging as a magical or religious rite, see Note B at + the end of the volume. For other charms to make the crops grow tall + by leaping, letting the hair hang loose, and so forth, see + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic + Art and the Evolution of Kings</span></span>, i. 135 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_423" name="note_423" + href="#noteref_423">423.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Macrobius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saturn.</span></span> + v. 19. 13.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_424" name="note_424" + href="#noteref_424">424.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taboo and the Perils + of the Soul</span></span>, pp. 225 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_425" name="note_425" + href="#noteref_425">425.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sir John Malcolm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of + Persia</span></span> (London, 1815), i. 527 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> I + am indebted to my friend Mr. W. Crooke for calling my attention to + this passage.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_426" name="note_426" + href="#noteref_426">426.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Captain John Stevens, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The History of + Persia</span></span> (London, 1715), pp. 356 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> I + have to thank Mr. W. Crooke for his kindness in copying out this + passage and sending it to me. I have not seen the original. An + Irish legend relates how the abbot Eimine Ban and forty-nine of his + monks sacrificed themselves by a voluntary death to save Bran úa + Faeláin, King of Leinster, and forty-nine Leinster chiefs, from a + pestilence which was then desolating Leinster. They were sacrificed + in batches of seven a day for a week, the abbot himself perishing + after the last batch on the last day of the week. But it is not + said that the abbot enjoyed regal dignity during the seven days. + See C. Plummer, <span class="tei tei-q">“Cáin Eimíne Báin,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ériu, the + Journal of the School of Irish Learning, Dublin</span></span>. vol. + iv. part i. (1908) pp. 39-46. The legend was pointed out to me by + Professor Kuno Meyer.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_427" name="note_427" + href="#noteref_427">427.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ynglinga + Saga,”</span> 29, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Heimskringla or Chronicle of the Kings of + Norway, translated from the Icelandic of Snorro</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sturleson</span></span>, by S. Laing (London, + 1844), i. 239 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; H. M. Chadwick, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Cult + of Othin</span></span> (London, 1899), pp. 4, 27. I have already + cited the tradition as evidence of a nine years' tenure of the + kingship in Sweden. See above, p. <a href="#Pg057" class= + "tei tei-ref">57</a>, with note <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_428" name="note_428" + href="#noteref_428">428.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Herodotus, vii. 197; Apollodorus, i. + 9. 1 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Schol. on Aristophanes, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Clouds</span></span>, 257; J. Tzetzes, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schol. on + Lycophron</span></span>, 21, 229; Schol. on Apollonius Rhodius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Argonautica</span></span>, ii. 653; + Eustathius, on Homer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>, vii. 86, p. 667; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, on <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Odyssey</span></span>, v. 339, p. 1543; + Pausanias, i. 44. 7, ix. 34. 7; Zenobius, iv. 38; Plutarch, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + superstitione</span></span>, 5; Hyginus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fab.</span></span> + 1-5; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Astronomica</span></span>, ii. 20; Servius, on + Virgil, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> v. 241. The story is told + or alluded to by these writers with some variations of detail. In + piecing their accounts together I have chosen the features which + seemed to be the most archaic. According to Pherecydes, one of the + oldest writers on Greek legendary history, Phrixus offered himself + as a voluntary victim when the crops were perishing (Schol. on + Pindar, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pyth.</span></span> iv. 288). On the whole + subject see K. O. Müller, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Orchomenus und die + Minyer</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> pp. 156, 171.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_429" name="note_429" + href="#noteref_429">429.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Minos</span></span>, + p. 315 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_430" name="note_430" + href="#noteref_430">430.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quaest. + Graec.</span></span> 38; Antoninus Liberalis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Transform.</span></span> 10; Ovid, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Metam.</span></span> iv. 1 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_431" name="note_431" + href="#noteref_431">431.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pausanias, ix. 34. 5 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + Apollonius Rhodius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Argonautica</span></span>, iii. 265 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Hellanicus, cited by the + Scholiast on Apollonius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span> Apollodorus speaks of + Athamas as reigning over Boeotia (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bibliotheca</span></span>, i. 9. 1); Tzetzes + calls him king of Thebes (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schol. on Lycophron</span></span>, 21).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_432" name="note_432" + href="#noteref_432">432.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The old Scholiast on Apollonius + Rhodius (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Argon.</span></span> ii. 653) tells us that + down to his time it was customary for one of the descendants of + Athamas to enter the town-hall and sacrifice to Laphystian Zeus. K. + O. Müller sees in this custom a mitigation of the ancient + rule—instead of being themselves sacrificed, the scions of royalty + were now permitted to offer sacrifice (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Orchomenus und die + Minyer</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> p. 158). But this need not + have been so. The obligation to serve as victims in certain + circumstances lay only on the eldest male of each generation in the + direct line; the sacrificers may have been younger brothers or more + remote relations of the destined victims. It may be observed that + in a dynasty of which the eldest males were regularly sacrificed, + the kings, if they were not themselves the victims, must always + have been younger sons.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_433" name="note_433" + href="#noteref_433">433.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, vol. i. p. 310.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_434" name="note_434" + href="#noteref_434">434.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">I have followed K. O. Müller + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Orchomenus und die + Minyer</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> pp. 160, 166 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>) in + regarding the ram which saved Phrixus as a mythical expression for + the substitution of a ram for a human victim. He points out that a + ram was the proper victim to sacrifice to Trophonius (Pausanias, + ix. 39. 6), whose very ancient worship was practised at Lebadea not + far from Orchomenus. The principle of vicarious sacrifices was + familiar enough to the Greeks, as K. O. Müller does not fail to + indicate. At Potniae, near Thebes, goats were substituted as + victims instead of boys in the sacrifices offered to Dionysus + (Pausanias, ix. 8. 2). Once when an oracle commanded that a girl + should be sacrificed to Munychian Artemis in order to stay a plague + or famine, a goat dressed up as a girl was sacrificed instead + (Eustathius on Homer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>, ii. 732, p. 331; + Apostolius, vii. 10; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Paroemiogr. Graeci</span></span>, ed. Leutsch + et Schneidewin, ii. 402; Suidas, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + Ἔμβαρος). At Salamis in Cyprus a man was annually sacrificed to + Aphrodite and afterwards to Diomede, but in later times an ox was + substituted (Porphyry, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De abstinentia</span></span>, ii. 54). At + Laodicea in Syria a deer took the place of a maiden as the victim + yearly offered to Athena (Porphyry, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 56). Since human sacrifices have been + forbidden by the Dutch Government in Borneo, the Barito and other + Dyak tribes of that island have kept cattle for the sole purpose of + sacrificing them instead of human beings at the close of mourning + and at other religious ceremonies. See A. W. Nieuwenhuis, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quer + durch Borneo</span></span>, ii. (Leyden, 1907), p. 127.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_435" name="note_435" + href="#noteref_435">435.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Philo of Byblus, quoted by Eusebius, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Praeparatio Evangelii</span></span>, i. 10. 29 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_436" name="note_436" + href="#noteref_436">436.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">2 Kings iii. 27.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_437" name="note_437" + href="#noteref_437">437.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">On this subject see Dr. G. F. Moore, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Molech, Moloch,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Encyclopaedia + Biblica</span></span>, iii. 3183 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + C. P. Tiele, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Geschichte der Religion im + Altertum</span></span>, i. (Gotha, 1896) pp. 240-244.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_438" name="note_438" + href="#noteref_438">438.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Porphyry, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + abstinentia</span></span>, ii. 56.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_439" name="note_439" + href="#noteref_439">439.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plato, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Minos</span></span>, + p. 315 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">c</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_440" name="note_440" + href="#noteref_440">440.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Regum et imperatorum + apophthegmata, Gelon I.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_441" name="note_441" + href="#noteref_441">441.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Diodorus Siculus, xx. 14. Compare + Clitarchus, cited by Suidas, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> σαρδάνιος γέλως, and by the + Scholiast on Plato, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Republic</span></span>, p. 337 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">a</span></span>; J. Selden, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De dis + Syris</span></span> (Leipsic, 1668), pp. 169 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_442" name="note_442" + href="#noteref_442">442.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + superstitione</span></span>, 13. Egyptian mothers were glad and + proud when their children were devoured by the holy crocodiles. See + Aelian, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De natura animalium</span></span>, x. 21; + Maximus Tyrius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dissert.</span></span> viii. 5; Josephus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Contra + Apion.</span></span> ii. 7.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_443" name="note_443" + href="#noteref_443">443.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tertullian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Apologeticus</span></span>, 6. Compare Justin, + xviii. 6. 12; Ennius, cited by Festus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Puelli,”</span> pp. 248, 249, ed. C. O. + Müller; Augustine, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De civitate Dei</span></span>, vii. 19 and + 26.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_444" name="note_444" + href="#noteref_444">444.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Every + abomination to the Lord, which he hateth, have they done unto their + gods; for even their sons and their daughters do they burn in the + fire to their gods,”</span> Deuteronomy xii. 31. Here and in what + follows I quote the Revised English Version.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_445" name="note_445" + href="#noteref_445">445.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Deuteronomy xviii. 9-12.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_446" name="note_446" + href="#noteref_446">446.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Leviticus xviii. 21.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_447" name="note_447" + href="#noteref_447">447.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Psalms cvi. 35-38.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_448" name="note_448" + href="#noteref_448">448.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">2 Kings xvii. 16, 17.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_449" name="note_449" + href="#noteref_449">449.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“And they have + built the high places of Topheth, which is in the valley of the son + of Hinnom, to burn their sons and their daughters in the + fire,”</span> Jeremiah vii. 31; <span class="tei tei-q">“And have + built the high places of Baal, to burn their sons in the fire for + burnt offerings unto Baal,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span> + xix. 5; <span class="tei tei-q">“And they built the high places of + Baal, which are in the valley of the son of Hinnom, to cause their + sons and their daughters to pass through the fire unto + Molech,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span> xxxii. 35; <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Moreover thou hast taken thy sons and thy daughters, + whom thou hast borne unto me, and these hast thou sacrificed unto + them to be devoured. Were thy whoredoms a small matter, that thou + hast slain my children, and delivered them up, in causing them to + pass through the fire unto them?”</span> Ezekiel xvi. 20 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; compare xx. 26, 31. A + comparison of these passages shews that the expression <span class= + "tei tei-q">“to cause to pass through the fire,”</span> so often + employed in this connexion in Scripture, meant to burn the children + in the fire. Some have attempted to interpret the words in a milder + sense. See J. Spencer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De legibus Hebraeorum</span></span> (The + Hague, 1686), i. 288 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_450" name="note_450" + href="#noteref_450">450.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">2 Chronicles xxviii. 3. In the + corresponding passage of 2 Kings (xvi. 3) it is said that Ahaz + <span class="tei tei-q">“made his son to pass through the + fire.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_451" name="note_451" + href="#noteref_451">451.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">2 Chronicles xxxiii. 6; compare 2 + Kings xxi. 6.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_452" name="note_452" + href="#noteref_452">452.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">2 Kings xxiii. 10.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_453" name="note_453" + href="#noteref_453">453.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Jerome on Jeremiah vii. 31, quoted in + Winer's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Biblisches + Realwôrterbuch</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Thopeth.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_454" name="note_454" + href="#noteref_454">454.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Tel El-Amarna tablets prove that + <span class="tei tei-q">“the prae-Israelitish inhabitants of Canaan + were closely akin to the Hebrews, and that they spoke substantially + the same language”</span> (S. R. Driver, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Authority and + Archaeology, Sacred and Profane</span></span>, edited by D. G. + Hogarth (London, 1899), p. 76).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_455" name="note_455" + href="#noteref_455">455.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">2 Kings xvii. 31. The identification + of Sepharvaim is uncertain. See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Encyclopaedia + Biblica</span></span>, iv. 4371 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_456" name="note_456" + href="#noteref_456">456.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Micah vi. 6-8.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_457" name="note_457" + href="#noteref_457">457.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ezekiel xx. 25, 26, 31.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_458" name="note_458" + href="#noteref_458">458.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Exodus xiii. 1 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_459" name="note_459" + href="#noteref_459">459.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Exodus xiii. 12.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_460" name="note_460" + href="#noteref_460">460.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Exodus xxxiv. 19. In the Authorised + Version the passage runs thus: <span class="tei tei-q">“All that + openeth the matrix is mine; and every firstling among thy cattle, + whether ox or sheep, that is male.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_461" name="note_461" + href="#noteref_461">461.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Exodus xxii. 29 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The + Authorised Version has <span class="tei tei-q">“the first of thy + ripe fruits" instead of "the abundance of thy fruits.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_462" name="note_462" + href="#noteref_462">462.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Numbers xviii. 17 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + Elsewhere, however, we read: <span class="tei tei-q">“All the + firstling males that are born of thy herd and of thy flock thou + shalt sanctify unto the Lord thy God: thou shalt do no work with + the firstling of thine ox, nor shear the firstling of thy flock. + Thou shalt eat it before the Lord thy God year by year in the place + which the Lord shall choose, thou and thy household,”</span> + Deuteronomy xv. 19 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Compare Deuteronomy xii. 6 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 17 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> To + reconcile this ordinance with the other we must suppose that the + flesh was divided between the Levite and the owner of the animal. + But perhaps the rule in Deuteronomy may represent the old custom + which obtained before the rise of the priestly caste. Prof. S. R. + Driver inclines to the latter view (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Commentary on + Deuteronomy</span></span>, p. 187).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_463" name="note_463" + href="#noteref_463">463.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Exodus xiii. 13, xxxiv. 20.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_464" name="note_464" + href="#noteref_464">464.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Numbers xviii. 15 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> + Compare Numbers iii. 46-51; Exodus xiii. 13, xxxiv. 20.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_465" name="note_465" + href="#noteref_465">465.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Exodus xi.-xiii. 16; Numbers iii. 13, + viii. 17. While many points in this strange story remain obscure, + the reason which moved the Israelites of old to splash the blood of + lambs on the doorposts of their houses at the Passover may perhaps + have been not very different from that which induces the Sea Dyaks + of Borneo to do much the same thing at the present day. + <span class="tei tei-q">“When there is any great epidemic in the + country—when cholera or smallpox is killing its hundreds on all + sides—one often notices little offerings of food hung on the walls + and from the ceiling, animals killed in sacrifice, and blood + splashed on the posts of the houses. When one asks why all this is + done, they say they do it in the hope that when the evil spirit, + who is thirsting for human lives, comes along and sees the + offerings they have made and the animals killed in sacrifice, he + will be satisfied with these things, and not take the lives of any + of the people living in the Dyak village house”</span> (E. H. + Gomes, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Seventeen Years among the Sea Dyaks of + Borneo</span></span>, London, 1911, p. 201). Similarly in Western + Africa, when a pestilence or an attack of enemies is expected, it + is customary to sacrifice sheep and goats and smear their blood on + the gateways of the village (Miss Mary H. Kingsley, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels in West + Africa</span></span>, p. 454, compare p. 45). In Peru, when an + Indian hut is cleansed and whitewashed, the blood of a llama is + always sprinkled on the doorway and internal walls in order to keep + out the evil spirit (Col. Church, cited by E. J. Payne, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History + of the New World called America</span></span>, i. 394, note + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span>). For more evidence of the + custom of pouring or smearing blood on the threshold, lintel, and + side-posts of doors, see Ph. Paulitschke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ethnographie + Nordost-Afrikas, die geistige Cultur der Danâkil, Galla und + Somâl</span></span> (Berlin, 1896), pp. 38, 48; J. Goldziher, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Muhamedanische Studien</span></span>, ii. 329; + S. J. Curtiss, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Primitive Semitic Religion + To-day</span></span>, pp. 181-193, 227 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; H. + C. Trumbull, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Threshold Covenant</span></span> (New + York, 1896), pp. 4 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 8 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 26-28, 66-68. Perhaps the original intention of the custom was to + avert evil influence, especially evil spirits, from the door.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_466" name="note_466" + href="#noteref_466">466.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Genesis xxii. 1-13.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_467" name="note_467" + href="#noteref_467">467.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See for example Father Baudin, in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Missions + Catholiques</span></span>, xvi. (1894) p. 333; A. B. Ellis, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast</span></span>, pp. 105 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_468" name="note_468" + href="#noteref_468">468.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. E. Maxwell, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Folklore of the Malays,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</span></span>, No. 7 + (June 1881), p. 14; W. W. Skeat, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Malay + Magic</span></span>, p. 112. The bird in question is thought to be + the goat-sucker or night-jar.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_469" name="note_469" + href="#noteref_469">469.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">2 Kings iii. 27.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_470" name="note_470" + href="#noteref_470">470.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg166" class= + "tei tei-ref">166</a>, <a href="#Pg167" class= + "tei tei-ref">167</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_471" name="note_471" + href="#noteref_471">471.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">As to the redemption of the firstborn + among modern Jews, see L. Löw, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Lebensalter in + der jüdischen Literatur</span></span> (Szegedin, 1875), pp. + 110-118; Budgett Meakin, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Moors</span></span> (London, 1902), pp. + 440 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_472" name="note_472" + href="#noteref_472">472.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Wellhausen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Prolegomena zur + Geschichte Israels</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">3</span></span> p. + 90; W. Robertson Smith, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Religion of the + Semites</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> p. 464. On the other hand, + when I published the foregoing discussion in the second edition of + my book, I was not aware that the conclusion reached in it had been + anticipated by Prof. Th. Nöldeke, who has drawn the same inference + from the same evidence. See <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen + Gesellschaft</span></span>, xlii. (1888) p. 483. I am happy to find + myself in agreement with so eminent an authority on Semitic + antiquity.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_473" name="note_473" + href="#noteref_473">473.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. Brough Smyth, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aborigines of + Victoria</span></span>, ii. 311. In the Luritcha tribe of central + Australia <span class="tei tei-q">“young children are sometimes + killed and eaten, and it is not an infrequent custom, when a child + is in weak health, to kill a younger and healthy one and then to + feed the weakling on its flesh, the idea being that this will give + the weak child the strength of the stronger one”</span> (Spencer + and Gillen, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Native Tribes of Central + Australia</span></span>, p. 475). The practice seems to have been + common among the Australian aborigines. See W. E. Stanbridge, + quoted by R. Brough Smyth, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> i. 52; A. W. Howitt, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native + Tribes of South-East Australia</span></span>, pp. 749, 750.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_474" name="note_474" + href="#noteref_474">474.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Scriviner, in E. Curr's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Australian Race</span></span>, ii. 182.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_475" name="note_475" + href="#noteref_475">475.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. W. Howitt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native Tribes of + South-East Australia</span></span>, p. 750.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_476" name="note_476" + href="#noteref_476">476.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">S. Gason, in E. Curr's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Australian + Race</span></span>, ii. 119.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_477" name="note_477" + href="#noteref_477">477.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Father Mazzuconi, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annales de la + Propagation de la Foi</span></span>, xxvii. (1855) pp. 368 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_478" name="note_478" + href="#noteref_478">478.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. J. M. de Groot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Religious System of + China</span></span>, ii. 679, iv. 364.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_479" name="note_479" + href="#noteref_479">479.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. J. M. de Groot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> iv. 365. On these Chinese reports Prof. de Groot + remarks (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> iv. 366): <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Quite at a loss, however, we are to explain that + eating of firstborn sons by their own nearest kinsfolk, absolutely + inconsistent as it is with a primary law of tribal life in general, + which imperiously demands that the tribe should make itself strong + in male cognates, but not indulge in self-destruction by killing + its natural defenders. We feel, therefore, strongly inclined to + believe the statement fabulous.”</span> Such scepticism implies an + opinion of the good sense and foresight of savages which is far + from being justified by the facts. Many savage tribes have + <span class="tei tei-q">“indulged in self-destruction”</span> by + killing a large proportion of their children, both male and female. + See below, pp. <a href="#Pg196" class="tei tei-ref">196</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_480" name="note_480" + href="#noteref_480">480.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Crooke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Popular Religion and + Folklore of Northern India</span></span>, ii. 169.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_481" name="note_481" + href="#noteref_481">481.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. A. Rose, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Unlucky Children,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folklore</span></span>, xiii. (1902) p. 63; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indian + Antiquary</span></span>, xxxi. (1902) pp. 162 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Mr. + Rose is Superintendent of Ethnography in the Punjaub. The + authorities cited by him are Moore's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hindu + Infanticide</span></span>, pp. 198 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + and Sherring's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hindu Tribes and Castes</span></span>, iii. p. + 66.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_482" name="note_482" + href="#noteref_482">482.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Captain Philip Maud, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Exploration in the Southern Borderland of + Abyssinia,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Geographical Journal</span></span>, xxiii. + (1904) pp. 567 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_483" name="note_483" + href="#noteref_483">483.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Exodus iv. 24-26.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_484" name="note_484" + href="#noteref_484">484.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Captain C. H. Stigand, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">To Abyssinia through + an Unknown Land</span></span> (London, 1910), pp. 234 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_485" name="note_485" + href="#noteref_485">485.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Roscoe, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Further Notes on the Manners and Customs of the + Baganda,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xxxii. (1902) p. 30. Mr. Roscoe informs me + that a similar custom prevails also in Koki and Bunyoro.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_486" name="note_486" + href="#noteref_486">486.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. L. Krapf, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels, Researches, + and Missionary Labours during an Eighteen Years' Residence in + Eastern Africa</span></span> (London, 1860), pp. 69 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Dr. + Krapf, who reports the custom at second hand, thinks that the + existence of the pillar may be doubted, but that the rest of the + story harmonises well enough with African superstition.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_487" name="note_487" + href="#noteref_487">487.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Macdonald, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Light in + Africa</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (London, 1890), p. 156. In + the text I have embodied some fuller explanations and particulars + which my friend the Rev. Mr. Macdonald was good enough to send me + in a letter dated September 16th, 1899. Among the tribes with which + Mr. Macdonald is best acquainted the custom is obsolete and lives + only in tradition; formerly it was universally practised.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_488" name="note_488" + href="#noteref_488">488.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. J. Mone, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geschichte des + Heidenthums im nördlichen Europa</span></span> (Leipsic and + Darmstadt, 1822-1823), i. 119.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_489" name="note_489" + href="#noteref_489">489.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vallancey, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Collectanea de rebus + Hibernicis</span></span>, vol. iii. (Dublin, 1786) p. 457; D. Nutt, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Voyage of Bran</span></span>, ii. 149-151, 304 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; P. + W. Joyce, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Social History of Ancient + Ireland</span></span>, i. 275 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 281-284. The authority for + the tradition is the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dinnschenchas</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dinnsenchus</span></span>, a document compiled + in the eleventh and twelfth centuries out of older materials. Mr. + Joyce discredits the tradition of human sacrifice.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_490" name="note_490" + href="#noteref_490">490.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fr. Boas, in <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Fourth Annual Report on the North-Western Tribes of + Canada,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Report of the British Association for + 1888</span></span>, p. 242; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fifth Report on the + North-Western Tribes of Canada</span></span>, p. 52 (separate + reprint from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Report of the British Association for + 1889</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_491" name="note_491" + href="#noteref_491">491.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fr. Boas, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fifth Report on the + North-Western Tribes of Canada</span></span>, p. 46 (separate + reprint from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Report of the British Association for + 1889</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_492" name="note_492" + href="#noteref_492">492.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Strachey, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historie of travaile + into Virginia Britannia</span></span> (Hakluyt Society, London, + 1849), p. 84.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_493" name="note_493" + href="#noteref_493">493.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Bricknell, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Natural History + of North Carolina</span></span> (Dublin, 1737), pp. 342 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> I have taken the liberty of + altering slightly the writer's somewhat eccentric punctuation.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_494" name="note_494" + href="#noteref_494">494.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg162" class= + "tei tei-ref">162</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_495" name="note_495" + href="#noteref_495">495.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. de Herrera, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The General History + of the Vast Continent and Islands of America</span></span>, + translated by Capt. John Stevens (London, 1725-6), iv. 347 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Compare J. de Acosta, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Natural + and Moral History of the Indies</span></span> (Hakluyt Society, + London, 1880), ii. 344.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_496" name="note_496" + href="#noteref_496">496.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fr. Xeres, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Relation véridique de + la conquête du Perou et de la Province de Cuzco nommée + Nouvelle-Castille</span></span> (in H. Ternaux-Compans's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyages, + relations et mémoires</span></span>, etc., Paris, 1837), p. + 53.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_497" name="note_497" + href="#noteref_497">497.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Juan de Velasco, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire du royaume + de Quito</span></span>, i. (Paris, 1840) p. 106 (forming vol. + xviii. of H. Ternaux-Compans's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyages, relations et + mémoires</span></span>, etc.).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_498" name="note_498" + href="#noteref_498">498.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. R. Wallace, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Narrative of Travels + on the Amazon and Rio Negro</span></span> (London, 1889), p. + 355.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_499" name="note_499" + href="#noteref_499">499.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Barbrooke Grubb, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">An Unknown People in + an Unknown Land</span></span> (London, 1911), p. 233.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_500" name="note_500" + href="#noteref_500">500.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Festus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De verborum + significatione</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.vv.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Mamertini,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Sacrani,”</span> and <span class="tei tei-q">“Ver + sacrum,”</span> pp. 158, 370, 371, 379, ed. C. O. Müller; Servius + on Virgil, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> vii. 796; Nonius Marcellus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“ver sacrum,”</span> p. 522 (p. 610, ed. Quicherat); + Varro, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Rerum rusticarum</span></span>, iii. 16. 29; + Dionysius Halicarnasensis, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Antiquit. Rom.</span></span> i. 16 and 23 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, ii. 1. 2.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_501" name="note_501" + href="#noteref_501">501.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Strabo, v. 4. 2 and 12; Pliny, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nat. + hist.</span></span> iii. 110; Festus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De verborum + significatione</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Irpini,”</span> ed. C. O. Müller, p. 106. It is worthy + of note that the three swarms which afterwards developed into the + Piceni, the Samnites, and the Hirpini were said to have been guided + by a woodpecker, a bull, and a wolf respectively, of which the + woodpecker (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">picus</span></span>) and the wolf + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hirpus</span></span>) gave their names to the + Piceni and the Hirpini. The tradition may perhaps preserve a trace + of totemism, but in the absence of clearer evidence it would be + rash to assume that it does so. The woodpecker was sacred among the + Latins, and a woodpecker as well as a wolf is said to have fed the + twins Romulus and Remus (Plutarch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quaest. + Rom.</span></span> 21; Ovid, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fasti</span></span>, iii. 37 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>). + Does this legend point to the existence of a wolf-clan and a + woodpecker-clan at Rome? There was perhaps a similar conjunction of + wolf and woodpecker at Soracte, for the woodpecker is spoken of as + the bird of Feronia (<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">picus + Feronius</span></span>,”</span> Festus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Oscines,”</span> p. 197, ed. C. O. + Müller), a goddess in whose sanctuary at Soracte certain men went + by the name of Soranian Wolves (Servius, on Virgil, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> + xi. 785; Pliny, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nat. hist.</span></span> vii. 19; Strabo, v. + 2. 9). These <span class="tei tei-q">“Soranian Wolves”</span> will + meet us again later on.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_502" name="note_502" + href="#noteref_502">502.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Livy, xxii. 9 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Plutarch, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fabius Maximus</span></span>, 4.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_503" name="note_503" + href="#noteref_503">503.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Livy, xxxiv. 44.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_504" name="note_504" + href="#noteref_504">504.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dionysius Halicarnasensis, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antiquit. + Rom.</span></span> i. 24.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_505" name="note_505" + href="#noteref_505">505.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Schwegler thought it hardly open to + question that the <span class="tei tei-q">“sacred spring”</span> + was a substitute for an original custom of human sacrifice + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Römische + Geschichte</span></span>, i. 240 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>). + The inference is denied on insufficient grounds by R. von Ihering + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Vorgeschichte der Indoeuropäer</span></span>, + pp. 309 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_506" name="note_506" + href="#noteref_506">506.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dionysius Halicarnasensis, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Antiquit. + Rom.</span></span> i. 16. 1. Rhegium in Italy was founded by + Chalcidian colonists, who in obedience to the Delphic Oracle had + been dedicated as a tithe-offering to Apollo on account of a dearth + (Strabo, vi. 1. 6, p. 257). Justin speaks of the Gauls sending out + three hundred thousand men, <span class="tei tei-q">“as it were a + sacred spring,”</span> to seek a new home (Justin, xxiv. 4. + 1).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_507" name="note_507" + href="#noteref_507">507.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Australian aborigines resort to + infanticide to keep down the number of a family. But <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the number is kept down, not with any idea at all of + regulating the food supply, so far as the adults are concerned, but + simply from the point of view that, if the mother is suckling one + child, she cannot properly provide food for another, quite apart + from the question of the trouble of carrying two children about. An + Australian native never looks far enough ahead to consider what + will be the effect on the food supply in future years if he allows + a particular child to live; what affects him is simply the question + of how it will interfere with the work of his wife so far as their + own camp is concerned”</span> (Spencer and Gillen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native Tribes of + Central Australia</span></span>, p. 264).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_508" name="note_508" + href="#noteref_508">508.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg057" class= + "tei tei-ref">57</a>, <a href="#Pg160" class="tei tei-ref">160</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_509" name="note_509" + href="#noteref_509">509.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg185" class= + "tei tei-ref">185</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_510" name="note_510" + href="#noteref_510">510.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Father Baudin, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Le Fétichisme,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Missions + Catholiques</span></span>, xvi. (1884) p. 259.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_511" name="note_511" + href="#noteref_511">511.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Laws of Manu</span></span>, ix. 8, p. 329, + G. Bühler's translation (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sacred Books of the East</span></span>, vol. + xxv.). On this Hindoo doctrine of reincarnation, its logical + consequences and its analogies in other parts of the world, see J. + von Negelein, <span class="tei tei-q">“Eine Quelle der indischen + Seelenwanderungvorstellung,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Archiv für + Religionswissenschaft</span></span>, vi. (1903) pp. 320-333. + Compare E. S. Hartland, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Legend of Perseus</span></span>, i. 218 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Primitive + Paternity</span></span> (London, 1909-1910), ii. 196 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_512" name="note_512" + href="#noteref_512">512.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. A. [J. A.] Rose, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Unlucky and Lucky Children, and some Birth + Superstitions,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Indian Antiquary</span></span>, xxxi. (1902) + p. 516; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folklore</span></span>, xiii. (1902) pp. 278 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> As to the Khatris, see D. C. + J. Ibbetson, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Outlines of Panjab Ethnography</span></span>, + pp. 295 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; H. H. Risley, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Tribes and Castes + of Bengal</span></span>, i. 478 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + W. Crooke, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Tribes and Castes of the North-western + Provinces and Oudh</span></span>, iii. 264 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_513" name="note_513" + href="#noteref_513">513.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The same suggestion has been made by + Dr. E. Westermarck (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Origin and Development of the Moral + Ideas</span></span>, i. (London, 1906) pp. 460 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>). + Some years ago, before the publication of his book and while the + present volume was still in proof, Dr. Westermarck and I in + conversation discovered that we had independently arrived at the + same conjectural explanation of the custom of killing the + firstborn.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_514" name="note_514" + href="#noteref_514">514.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Capt. J. Cook, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyages</span></span> + (London, 1809), i. 225 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Capt. J. Wilson, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Missionary Voyage to the Southern Pacific + Ocean</span></span> (London, 1799), pp. 327, 330, 333; W. Ellis, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Polynesian + Researches</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> iii. 99-101; J. A. + Mourenhout, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Voyages aux îles du Grand Océan</span></span>, + ii. 13 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Mathias G. ——, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lettres sur les Îles + Marquises</span></span> (Paris, 1843), pp. 103 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; H. + Hale, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">United States Exploring Expedition, + Ethnography and Philology</span></span> (Philadelphia, 1846), p. + 34.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_515" name="note_515" + href="#noteref_515">515.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Ellis, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Polynesian + Researches</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 251-253.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_516" name="note_516" + href="#noteref_516">516.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. E. Erskine, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of a Cruise + among the Islands of the Western Pacific</span></span> (London, + 1853), p. 233.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_517" name="note_517" + href="#noteref_517">517.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Williams, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Narrative of + Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands</span></span> + (London, 1836), pp. 117 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_518" name="note_518" + href="#noteref_518">518.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Campbell, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels in South + Africa, Second Journey</span></span> (London, 1822), ii. 276.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_519" name="note_519" + href="#noteref_519">519.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hesiod, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Theogony</span></span>, 137 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + 453 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 886 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + Apollodorus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bibliotheca</span></span>, i. 1-3.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_520" name="note_520" + href="#noteref_520">520.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, pp. <a href="#Pg179" class= + "tei tei-ref">179</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Traces of a custom of + sacrificing the children instead of the father may perhaps be found + in the legends that Menoeceus, son of Creon, died to save Thebes, + and that one or more of the daughters of Erechtheus perished to + save Athens. See Euripides, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Phoenissae</span></span>, 889 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + Apollodorus, iii. 6. 7, iii. 15. 4; Schol. on Aristides, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Panathen.</span></span> p. 113, ed. Dindorf; + Cicero, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tuscul.</span></span>, i. 48. 116; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De natura + deorum</span></span>, iii. 19. 50; W. H. Roscher, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lexikon d. griech. + und röm. Mythologie</span></span>, i. 1298 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + ii. 2794 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_521" name="note_521" + href="#noteref_521">521.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, vol. ii. pp. 269 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_522" name="note_522" + href="#noteref_522">522.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, vol. ii. p. 283. The Oedipus + legend would conform still more closely to custom if we could + suppose that marriage with a mother was formerly allowed in cases + where the king had neither a sister nor a stepmother, by marrying + whom he could otherwise legalise his claim to the throne.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_523" name="note_523" + href="#noteref_523">523.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Examples of this custom are collected + by me in a note on Pausanias, i. 7. 1 (vol. ii. p. 85). For other + instances see V. Noel, <span class="tei tei-q">“Île de Madagascar, + recherches sur les Sakkalava,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bulletin de la + Société de Géographie</span></span> (Paris), Deuxième Série, xx. + (Paris, 1843) pp. 63 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> (among the Sakkalavas of + Madagascar); V. L. Cameron, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Across Africa</span></span> (London, 1877), + ii. 70, 149; J. Roscoe, <span class="tei tei-q">“Further Notes on + the Manners and Customs of the Baganda,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xxxii. (1902) p. 27 (among + the Baganda of Central Africa); J. G. Frazer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Totemism and + Exogamy</span></span>, ii. 523, 538 (among the Banyoro and Bahima); + J. Dos Santos, <span class="tei tei-q">“Eastern Ethiopia,”</span> + in G. McCall Theal's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Records of South-Eastern Africa</span></span>, + vii. 191 (as to the kings of Sofala in eastern Africa). But Dos + Santos's statement is doubted by Dr. McCall Theal (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 395).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_524" name="note_524" + href="#noteref_524">524.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This explanation of the custom was + anticipated by McLennan: <span class="tei tei-q">“Another rule of + chiefly succession, which has been mentioned, that which gave the + chiefship to a sister's son, appears to have been nullified in some + cases by an extraordinary but effective expedient—by the chief, + that is, marrying his own sister”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Patriarchal + Theory, based on the Papers of the late John Ferguson + McLennan</span></span>, edited and completed by Donald McLennan + (London, 1885), p. 95).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_525" name="note_525" + href="#noteref_525">525.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Compare Cicero, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De natura + deorum</span></span>, ii. 26. 66; [Plutarch], <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De vita et poesi + Homeri</span></span>, ii. 96; Lactantius, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Divin. + Inst.</span></span> i. 10; Firmicus Maternus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De errore profanarum + religionum</span></span>, xii. 4.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_526" name="note_526" + href="#noteref_526">526.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Porphyry, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + abstinentia</span></span>, ii. 54.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_527" name="note_527" + href="#noteref_527">527.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 292 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_528" name="note_528" + href="#noteref_528">528.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">See The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, ii. 269 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_529" name="note_529" + href="#noteref_529">529.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Men and women of the Khlysti sect in + Russia abhor marriage; and in the sect of the Skoptsi or Eunuchs + the devotees mutilate themselves. See Sir D. Mackenzie Wallace, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Russia</span></span>. (London [1877]), p. 302. + As to collective suicide, see above, pp. <a href="#Pg043" class= + "tei tei-ref">43</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_530" name="note_530" + href="#noteref_530">530.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg191" class= + "tei tei-ref">191</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_531" name="note_531" + href="#noteref_531">531.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Father Picarda, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Autour de Mandéra, notes sur l'Ouzigowa, l'Oukwéré et + l'Oudoe (Zanguebar),”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Missions Catholiques</span></span>, xviii. + (1886) p. 284.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_532" name="note_532" + href="#noteref_532">532.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Strange Adventures of Andrew + Battell</span></span> (Hakluyt Society, 1901), pp. 32, 84 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_533" name="note_533" + href="#noteref_533">533.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. de Azara, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyages dans + l'Amérique Méridionale</span></span> (Paris, 1809), ii. 115-117. + The writer affirms that the custom was universally established + among all the women of the Mbaya nation, as well as among the women + of other Indian nations.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_534" name="note_534" + href="#noteref_534">534.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. Southey, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of + Brazil</span></span>, iii. (London, 1819) p. 385.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_535" name="note_535" + href="#noteref_535">535.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Barbrooke Grubb, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">An Unknown People in + an Unknown Land</span></span> (London, 1911), p. 233.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_536" name="note_536" + href="#noteref_536">536.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hugh Goldie, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Calabar and its + Mission</span></span>, new edition with additional chapters by the + Rev. John Taylor Dean (Edinburgh and London, 1901), pp. 34 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 37 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The + preface to the original edition of this work is dated 1890. By this + time the tribal suicide is probably complete.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_537" name="note_537" + href="#noteref_537">537.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg021" class= + "tei tei-ref">21</a>, <a href="#Pg023" class="tei tei-ref">23</a>, + <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref">26</a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_538" name="note_538" + href="#noteref_538">538.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 410 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_539" name="note_539" + href="#noteref_539">539.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. T. Nieuwenhuisen en H. C. B. von + Rosenberg, <span class="tei tei-q">“Verslag omtrent het eiland + Nias,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Verhandelingen van het Batav. Genootschap van + Kunsten en Wetenschappen</span></span>, xxx. (1863) p. 85; H. von + Rosenberg, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Der Malayische Archipel</span></span>, p. 160; + L. N. H. A. Chatelin, <span class="tei tei-q">“Godsdienst en + bijgeloof der Niassers,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tijdschrift voor + Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde</span></span>, xxvi. (1880) pp. + 142 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; H. Sundermann, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Die Insel Nias und die Mission daselbst,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Allgemeine Missions-Zeitschrift</span></span>, + xi. (1884) p. 445; E. Modigliani, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Un Viaggio a + Nías</span></span>, pp. 277, 479 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">L'Isola delle + Donne</span></span> (Milan, 1894), p. 195.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_540" name="note_540" + href="#noteref_540">540.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ch. Wilkes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Narrative of the + United States Exploring Expedition</span></span> (London, 1845), + iv. 453; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">United States Exploring Expedition, + Ethnography and Philology</span></span>, by H. Hale (Philadelphia, + 1846), p. 203.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_541" name="note_541" + href="#noteref_541">541.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Brasseur de Bourbourg, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Histoire des nations + civilisées du Mexique et de l'Amérique-Centrale</span></span>, ii. + 574.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_542" name="note_542" + href="#noteref_542">542.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">D. G. Brinton, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Myths of the New + World</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> (New York, 1876), pp. 270 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_543" name="note_543" + href="#noteref_543">543.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Relations des Jésuites</span></span>, 1636, p. + 130 (Canadian reprint, Quebec, 1858).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_544" name="note_544" + href="#noteref_544">544.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Bastian, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Voelker des + oestlichen Asien</span></span>, iv. 386.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_545" name="note_545" + href="#noteref_545">545.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Servius on Virgil, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> + iv. 685; Cicero, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">In Verr.</span></span> ii. 5. 45; K. F. + Hermann, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lehrbuch der griechischen + Privatalterthümer</span></span>, ed. H. Blümner, p. 362, note + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">1</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_546" name="note_546" + href="#noteref_546">546.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Harland and T. T. Wilkinson, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lancashire Folk-lore</span></span> (London, + 1882), pp. 7 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_547" name="note_547" + href="#noteref_547">547.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Travels of the Jesuits in + Ethiopia</span></span>, collected and historically digested by F. + Balthazar Tellez (London, 1710), p. 198.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_548" name="note_548" + href="#noteref_548">548.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ph. Paulitschke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ethnographie + Nordost-Afrikas, die geistige Cultur der Danâkil, Galla und + Somâl</span></span> (Berlin, 1896), p. 28.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_549" name="note_549" + href="#noteref_549">549.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This account I received from my friend + the Rev. J. Roscoe in a letter dated Mengo, Uganda, April 27, 1900. + See his <span class="tei tei-q">“Further Notes on the Manners and + Customs of the Baganda,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xxxii. (1902) pp. 42, 45 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, where, however, the account + is in some points not quite so explicit.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_550" name="note_550" + href="#noteref_550">550.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Dos Santos, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Eastern Ethiopia,”</span> in G. McCall Theal's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Records + of South-eastern Africa</span></span>, vii. 196 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_551" name="note_551" + href="#noteref_551">551.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg035" class= + "tei tei-ref">35</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_552" name="note_552" + href="#noteref_552">552.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taboo and the Perils + of the Soul</span></span>, pp. 423 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_553" name="note_553" + href="#noteref_553">553.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, i. 362 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_554" name="note_554" + href="#noteref_554">554.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Grandidier, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Madagascar,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bull. de la Société + de Géographie</span></span> (Paris), VIème Série, iii. (1872) pp. + 402 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_555" name="note_555" + href="#noteref_555">555.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Nicolaus Damascenus, quoted by + Stobaeus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Florilegium</span></span>, cxxiii. 12 + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fragmenta historicorum + Graecorum</span></span>, ed. C. Müller, iii. 463). The Issedones of + Scythia used to gild the skulls of their dead fathers and offer + great sacrifices to them annually (Herodotus, iv. 26); they also + used the skulls as drinking-cups (Mela, ii. 1. 9). The Boii of + Cisalpine Gaul cut off the head of a Roman general whom they had + defeated, and having gilded the scalp they used it as a sacred + vessel for the pouring of libations, and the priests drank out of + it (Livy, xxiii. 24. 12).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_556" name="note_556" + href="#noteref_556">556.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sir H. Johnston, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Uganda + Protectorate</span></span> (London, 1902), ii. 828.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_557" name="note_557" + href="#noteref_557">557.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Missionary Holley, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Étude sur les Egbas,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Missions + Catholiques</span></span>, xiii. (1881) p. 353. The writer speaks + of <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">le roi + d'Alakei</span></span>,”</span> but this is probably a mistake or a + misprint. As to the Alake or king of Abeokuta, see Sir William + Macgregor, <span class="tei tei-q">“Lagos, Abeokuta, and the + Alake,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the African Society</span></span>, + No. xii. (July, 1904) pp. 471 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Some years ago the Alake + visited England and I had the honour of being presented to his + Majesty by Sir William Macgregor at Cambridge.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_558" name="note_558" + href="#noteref_558">558.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. T. Valdez, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Six Years of a + Traveller's Life in Western Africa</span></span>, ii. 161 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_559" name="note_559" + href="#noteref_559">559.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Missionary Holley, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annales de la + Propagation de la Foi</span></span>, liv. (1882) p. 87. The + <span class="tei tei-q">“King of Ake”</span> mentioned by the + writer is the Alake or king of Abeokuta; for Ake is the principal + quarter of Abeokuta, and Alake means <span class="tei tei-q">“Lord + of Ake.”</span> See Sir William Macgregor, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_560" name="note_560" + href="#noteref_560">560.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Extracted from a letter of Mr. Harold + G. Parsons, dated Lagos, September 28th, 1903, and addressed to Mr. + Theodore A. Cooke of 54 Oakley Street, Chelsea, London, who was so + kind as to send me the letter with leave to make use of it. + <span class="tei tei-q">“It is usual for great chiefs to report or + announce their succession to the Oni of Ife, or to the Alafin of + Oyo, the intimation being accompanied by a present”</span> (Sir W. + Macgregor, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_561" name="note_561" + href="#noteref_561">561.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg023" class= + "tei tei-ref">23</a>, <a href="#Pg026" class="tei tei-ref">26</a> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> Dr. E. Westermarck has + suggested as an alternative to the theory in the text, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“that the new king is supposed to inherit, not the + predecessor's soul, but his divinity or holiness, which is looked + upon in the light of a mysterious entity, temporarily seated in the + ruling sovereign, but separable from him and transferable to + another individual.”</span> See his article, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Killing of the Divine King,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Man</span></span>, + viii. (1908) pp. 22-24. There is a good deal to be said in favour + of Dr. Westermarck's theory, which is supported in particular by + the sanctity attributed to the regalia. But on the whole I see no + sufficient reason to abandon the view adopted in the text, and I am + confirmed in it by the Shilluk evidence, which was unknown to Dr. + Westermarck when he propounded his theory.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_562" name="note_562" + href="#noteref_562">562.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, i. 1 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + ii. 378 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_563" name="note_563" + href="#noteref_563">563.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg021" class= + "tei tei-ref">21</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <a href="#Pg027" class= + "tei tei-ref">27</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_564" name="note_564" + href="#noteref_564">564.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg047" class= + "tei tei-ref">47</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_565" name="note_565" + href="#noteref_565">565.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fr. Panzer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beitrag zur deutschen + Mythologie</span></span> (Munich, 1848-1855), i. 235 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. + Mannhardt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span> (Berlin, 1875), pp. + 320 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> In some villages of Lower + Bavaria one of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pfingstl's</span></span> comrades carries + <span class="tei tei-q">“the May,”</span> which is a young + birch-tree wreathed and decorated. Another name for this + Whitsuntide masker, both in Lower and Upper Bavaria, is the + Water-bird. Sometimes he carries a straw effigy of a monstrous bird + with a long neck and a wooden beak, which is thrown into the water + instead of the bearer. The wooden beak is afterwards nailed to the + ridge of a barn, which it is supposed to protect against lightning + and fire for a whole year, till the next <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pfingstl</span></span> makes his appearance. + See <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des + Königreichs Bayern</span></span>, i. 375 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 1003 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> In Silesia the Whitsuntide + mummer, called the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Rauchfiess</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Raupfiess</span></span>, sometimes stands in a + leafy arbour, which is mounted on a cart and drawn about the + village by four or six lads. They collect gifts at the houses and + finally throw the cart and the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Rauchfiess</span></span> into a shallow pool + outside the village. This is called <span class= + "tei tei-q">“driving out the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Rauchfiess</span></span>.”</span> The custom + used to be associated with the driving out of the cattle at + Whitsuntide to pasture on the dewy grass, which was thought to make + the cows yield plenty of milk. The herdsman who was the last to + drive out his beasts on the morning of the day became the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Rauchfiess</span></span> in the afternoon. See + P. Drechsler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sitte, Brauch und Volksglaube in + Schlesien</span></span>, i. (Leipsic, 1903), pp. 117-123.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_566" name="note_566" + href="#noteref_566">566.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Meier, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche Sagen, + Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben</span></span> (Stuttgart, 1852), + pp. 409-419; W. Mannhardt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, pp. 349 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_567" name="note_567" + href="#noteref_567">567.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Sommer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagen, Märchen und + Gebräuche aus Sachsen und Thüringen</span></span> (Halle, 1846), + pp. 154 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, pp. 335 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_568" name="note_568" + href="#noteref_568">568.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, p. 336.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_569" name="note_569" + href="#noteref_569">569.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fest-Kalender aus + Böhmen</span></span> (Prague, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>, preface dated 1861), + p. 61; W. Mannhardt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, pp. 336 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_570" name="note_570" + href="#noteref_570">570.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fest-Kalender aus + Böhmen</span></span>, p. 263; W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, p. 343.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_571" name="note_571" + href="#noteref_571">571.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fest-Kalender aus + Böhmen</span></span>, pp. 269 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_572" name="note_572" + href="#noteref_572">572.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, ii. 86 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_573" name="note_573" + href="#noteref_573">573.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fest-Kalender aus + Böhmen</span></span>, pp. 264 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, pp. 353 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_574" name="note_574" + href="#noteref_574">574.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 73 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_575" name="note_575" + href="#noteref_575">575.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See pp. <a href="#Pg208" class= + "tei tei-ref">208</a>, <a href="#Pg210" class= + "tei tei-ref">210</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_576" name="note_576" + href="#noteref_576">576.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, i. 247 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, 272 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_577" name="note_577" + href="#noteref_577">577.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg208" class= + "tei tei-ref">208</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_578" name="note_578" + href="#noteref_578">578.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ovid, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fasti</span></span>, + iii. 271.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_579" name="note_579" + href="#noteref_579">579.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 308 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_580" name="note_580" + href="#noteref_580">580.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, i. 20.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_581" name="note_581" + href="#noteref_581">581.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Caesar, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bell. + Gall.</span></span> vi. 16; Adam of Bremen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Descriptio Insularum + Aquilonis</span></span>, 27 (Migne's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Patrologia + Latina</span></span>, cxlvi. col. 644); Olaus Magnus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De gentium + septrionalium variis conditionibus</span></span>, iii. 7; J. Grimm, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> i. 35 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + F. J. Mone, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Geschichte des nordischen + Heidenthums</span></span>, i. 69, 119, 120, 149, 187 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_582" name="note_582" + href="#noteref_582">582.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. J. Tendeloo, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Verklaring van het zoogenaamd Oud-Alfoersch + Teekenschrift,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mededeelingen van wege het Nederlandsche + Zendelinggenootschap</span></span>, xxxvi. (1892) pp. 338 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_583" name="note_583" + href="#noteref_583">583.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sir H. Johnston, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Uganda + Protectorate</span></span> (London, 1902), ii. 719 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The + writer describes the ceremony from the testimony of an + eye-witness.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_584" name="note_584" + href="#noteref_584">584.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. G. Bourke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Snake Dance of the + Moquis of Arizona</span></span>, pp. 196 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_585" name="note_585" + href="#noteref_585">585.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Euripides, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Iphigenia in + Taur.</span></span> 1458 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_586" name="note_586" + href="#noteref_586">586.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. T. Nieuwenhuisen en H. C. B. von + Rosenberg, <span class="tei tei-q">“Verslag omtrent het eiland + Nias,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Verhandelingen van het Batav. Genootschap van + Kunsten en Wetenschappen</span></span>, xxx. (1863) p. 43; E. + Modigliani, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Un Viaggio a Nias</span></span> (Milan, 1890), + pp. 282 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_587" name="note_587" + href="#noteref_587">587.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. A. Dubois, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mæurs, institutions + et cérémonies des peuples de l'Inde</span></span> (Paris, 1825), i. + 151 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_588" name="note_588" + href="#noteref_588">588.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Thurston, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Castes and Tribes of + Southern India</span></span> (Madras, 1909), iv. 437, quoting Mr. + A. R. Loftus-Tottenham.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_589" name="note_589" + href="#noteref_589">589.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Turner, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Samoa</span></span>, + pp. 31 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; compare pp. 38, 58, 59, 69 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, 72.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_590" name="note_590" + href="#noteref_590">590.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Porphyry, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + abstinentia</span></span>, ii. 55, citing Manetho as his + authority.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_591" name="note_591" + href="#noteref_591">591.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“The + Rudhirádhyáyă, or sanguinary chapter,”</span> translated from the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Calica + Puran</span></span> by W. C. Blaquiere, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Asiatick + Researches</span></span>, v. 376 (8vo ed., London, 1807).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_592" name="note_592" + href="#noteref_592">592.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. T. Dalton, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Descriptive Ethnology + of Bengal</span></span> (Calcutta, 1872), p. 281.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_593" name="note_593" + href="#noteref_593">593.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. T. Dalton, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 258 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_594" name="note_594" + href="#noteref_594">594.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Mgr. Bruguière, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annales de + l'Association de la Propagation de la Foi</span></span>, v. (1831) + p. 201.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_595" name="note_595" + href="#noteref_595">595.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">B. C. A. J. van Dinter, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Eenige geographische en ethnographische aanteekeningen + betreffende het eiland Siaoe,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tijdschrift voor + Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde</span></span>, xli. (1899) p. + 379.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_596" name="note_596" + href="#noteref_596">596.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ch. Hose and W. McDougall, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Relations between Men and Animals in + Sarawak,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Journal of the Anthropological + Institute</span></span>, xxxi. (1901) p. 208.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_597" name="note_597" + href="#noteref_597">597.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. G. Aston, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Shinto</span></span> + (London, 1905). pp. 56 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_598" name="note_598" + href="#noteref_598">598.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. C. Kruijt, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Eenige ethnografische aanteekeningen omtrent de + Toboengkoe en de Tomori,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mededeelingen van + wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap</span></span>, xliv. + (1900) p. 222.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_599" name="note_599" + href="#noteref_599">599.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Thurston, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Deformity and Mutilation,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Madras Government + Museum, Bulletin</span></span>, vol. iv. No. 3 (Madras, 1903), pp. + 193-196. As to the custom of sacrificing joints of fingers, see my + note on Pausanias, viii. 34. 2, vol. iv. pp. 354 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span> To + the evidence there adduced add P. J. de Smet, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Western Missions and + Missionaries</span></span> (New York, 1863), p. 135; G. B. + Grinnell, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Blackfoot Lodge Tales</span></span>, pp. 194, + 258; A. d'Orbigny, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">L'Homme américain</span></span>, ii. 24; J. + Williams, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the + South Sea Islands</span></span>, pp. 470 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; J. + Mathew, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Eaglehawk and Crow</span></span> (London and + Melbourne, 1899), p. 120; A. W. Howitt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native Tribes of + South-East Australia</span></span>, pp. 746 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; L. + Degrandpré, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Voyage à la côte occidentale + d'Afrique</span></span> (Paris, 1801), ii. 93 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Dudley Kidd, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Essential Kaffir</span></span>, pp. 203, + 262 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; G. W. Stow, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native Races of South + Africa</span></span> (London, 1905), pp. 129, 152; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lettres édifiantes et + curieuses</span></span>, Nouvelle Édition, ix. 369, xii. 371; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annales + de la Propagation de la Foi</span></span>, xiii. (1841) p. 20; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, xiv. (1842) pp. 68, 192; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, xvii. (1845) pp. 12, 13; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, xviii. (1846) p. 6; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, xxiii. (1851) p. 314; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, xxxii. (1860) pp. 95 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indian + Antiquary</span></span>, xxiv. (1895) p. 303; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Missions + Catholiques</span></span>, xxix. (1897) p. 90; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift für + Ethnologie</span></span>, xxxii. (1900) p. 81. The objects of this + mutilation were various. In ancient Athens it was customary to cut + off the hand of a suicide and bury it apart from his body + (Aeschines, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Contra Ctesiph.</span></span> § 244, p. 193, + ed. F. Franke), perhaps to prevent his ghost from attacking the + living.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_600" name="note_600" + href="#noteref_600">600.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Basil C. Thomson, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Savage + Island</span></span> (London, 1902), pp. 92 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_601" name="note_601" + href="#noteref_601">601.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Thurston, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ethnographic Notes in + Southern India</span></span> (Madras, 1906), p. 390.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_602" name="note_602" + href="#noteref_602">602.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 645; K. Haupt, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagenbuch + der Lausitz</span></span>, ii. 58; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen</span></span>, pp. 86 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Das + festliche Jahr</span></span>, pp. 77 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bavaria, + Landes- und Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern</span></span>, iii. + 958 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Sepp, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Religion der + alten Deutschen</span></span> (Munich, 1890), pp. 67 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. + Müller, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Beiträge zur Volkskunde der Deutschen in + Mähren</span></span> (Vienna and Olmutz, 1893), pp. 258, 353. The + fourth Sunday in Lent is also known as Mid-Lent, because it falls + in the middle of Lent, or as <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Laetare</span></span> from the first word of + the liturgy for that day. In the Roman calendar it is the Sunday of + the Rose (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Domenica + rosae</span></span>), because on that day the Pope consecrates a + golden rose, which he presents to some royal lady. In one German + village of Transylvania the Carrying out of Death takes place on + Ascension Day. See below, pp. <a href="#Pg248" class= + "tei tei-ref">248</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_603" name="note_603" + href="#noteref_603">603.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Targioni-Tozzetti, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Saggio di novelline, + canti ed usanze popolari della Ciociaria</span></span> (Palermo, + 1891), pp. 89-95. At Palermo an effigy of the Carnival + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nannu</span></span>) was burnt at midnight on + Shrove Tuesday 1878. See G. Pitrè, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Usi e costumi, + credenze e pregiudizi del popolo siciliano</span></span>, i. + 117-119; G. Trede, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Das Heidentum in der römischen + Kirche</span></span>, iii. 11, note.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_604" name="note_604" + href="#noteref_604">604.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. de Nino, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Usi e costumi + abruzzesi</span></span>, ii. 198-200. The writer omits to mention + the date of these celebrations. No doubt it is either Shrove + Tuesday or Ash Wednesday. Compare G. Finamore, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Credenze, usi e + costumi abruzzesi</span></span> (Palermo, 1890), p. 111. In some + parts of Piedmont an effigy of Carnival is burnt on the evening of + Shrove Tuesday; in others they set fire to tall poplar trees, + which, stript of their branches and surmounted by banners, have + been set up the day before in public places. These trees go by the + name of <span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "it"><span style="font-style: italic">Scarli</span></span>. See G. + di Giovanni, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Usi, credenze e pregiudizi del + Canavese</span></span> (Palermo, 1889), pp. 161, 164 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> For + other accounts of the ceremony of the death of the Carnival, + represented either by a puppet or a living person, in Italy and + Sicily, see G. Pitrè, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Usi e costumi, credenze e pregiudizi del + popolo siciliano</span></span>, i. 96-100; G. Amalfi, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tradizioni ed usi + nella Penisola Sorrentina</span></span> (Palermo, 1890), pp. 40, + 42. It has been rightly observed by Pitrè (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 96), that the personification of the Carnival + is doubtless the lineal descendant of some mythical personage of + remote Greek and Roman antiquity.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_605" name="note_605" + href="#noteref_605">605.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. Wünsch, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Das Frühlingsfest der + Insel Malta</span></span> (Leipsic, 1902), pp. 29 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + quoting Ciantar's supplements to Abelas's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Malta + illustrata</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_606" name="note_606" + href="#noteref_606">606.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. S. Campion, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On Foot in + Spain</span></span> (London, 1879), pp. 291-295.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_607" name="note_607" + href="#noteref_607">607.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. de Nore, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coutumes, mythes et + traditions des provinces de France</span></span> (Paris and Lyons, + 1846), pp. 37 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The name Caramantran is + thought to be compounded of <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">carême + entrant</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“Lent + entering.”</span> It is said that the effigy of Caramantran is + sometimes burnt (E. Cortet, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Essai sur les fêtes religieuses</span></span>, + Paris, 1867, p. 107).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_608" name="note_608" + href="#noteref_608">608.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. Pineau, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Folk-lore du + Poitou</span></span> (Paris, 1892), p. 493.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_609" name="note_609" + href="#noteref_609">609.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Meyrac, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Traditions, légendes + et contes des Ardennes</span></span> (Charleville, 1890), p. 63. + According to the writer, the custom of burning an effigy of Shrove + Tuesday or the Carnival is pretty general in France.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_610" name="note_610" + href="#noteref_610">610.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ch. Beauquier, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les Mois en + Franche-Comté</span></span> (Paris, 1900), p. 30. In Beauce and + Perche the burning or burial of Shrove Tuesday used to be + represented in effigy, but the custom has now disappeared. See F. + Chapiseau, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Le Folk-lore de la Beauce et du + Perche</span></span> (Paris, 1902), i. 320 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_611" name="note_611" + href="#noteref_611">611.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Lecœur, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Esquisses du Bocage + Normand</span></span> (Condé-sur-Noireau, 1883-1887), ii. + 148-150.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_612" name="note_612" + href="#noteref_612">612.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Madame Octave Feuillet, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quelques années de ma + vie</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">5</span></span> (Paris, 1895), pp. + 59-61.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_613" name="note_613" + href="#noteref_613">613.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Sébillot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coutumes populaires + de la Haute-Bretagne</span></span> (Paris, 1886), pp. 227 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_614" name="note_614" + href="#noteref_614">614.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. de Nore, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coutumes, mythes et + traditions des Provinces de France</span></span>, p. 206.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_615" name="note_615" + href="#noteref_615">615.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Sébillot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le Folk-lore de + France</span></span>, ii. (Paris, 1905) p. 170.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_616" name="note_616" + href="#noteref_616">616.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Sébillot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_617" name="note_617" + href="#noteref_617">617.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. L. M. Nogues, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Les Mœurs d'autrefois + en Saintonge et en Aunis</span></span> (Saintes, 1891), p. 60. As + to the trial and condemnation of the Carnival on Ash Wednesday in + France, see further Bérenger-Féraud, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Superstitions et + survivances</span></span>, iv. 52 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_618" name="note_618" + href="#noteref_618">618.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">T. F. Thiselton Dyer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">British Popular + Customs</span></span> (London, 1876), p. 93.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_619" name="note_619" + href="#noteref_619">619.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg209" class= + "tei tei-ref">209</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_620" name="note_620" + href="#noteref_620">620.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Meier, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche Sagen, + Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben</span></span>, p. 371.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_621" name="note_621" + href="#noteref_621">621.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Haltrich, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zur Volkskunde der + Siebenbürger Sachsen</span></span> (Vienna, 1885), pp. 284 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_622" name="note_622" + href="#noteref_622">622.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">K. von Leoprechting, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aus dem + Lechrain</span></span>, pp. 162 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + W. Mannhardt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, p. 411.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_623" name="note_623" + href="#noteref_623">623.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Meier, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche Sagen, + Sitten und Gebräuche aus Schwaben</span></span>, p. 374; compare A. + Birlinger, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Volksthümliches aus Schwaben</span></span> + (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1861-1862), ii. pp. 54 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, § + 71.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_624" name="note_624" + href="#noteref_624">624.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Meier, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 372.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_625" name="note_625" + href="#noteref_625">625.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Meier, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 373.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_626" name="note_626" + href="#noteref_626">626.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Meier, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 373, 374.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_627" name="note_627" + href="#noteref_627">627.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Kuhn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagen, Gebräuche und + Märchen aus Westfalen</span></span> (Leipsic, 1859), ii. p. 130, § + 393.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_628" name="note_628" + href="#noteref_628">628.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, vi. (1895) p. + 206.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_629" name="note_629" + href="#noteref_629">629.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. J. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aus dem inneren und + äusseren Leben der Ehsten</span></span> (St. Petersburg, 1876), p. + 353.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_630" name="note_630" + href="#noteref_630">630.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Meier, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 374.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_631" name="note_631" + href="#noteref_631">631.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Pröhle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Harzbilder</span></span> (Leipsic, 1855), p. + 54.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_632" name="note_632" + href="#noteref_632">632.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des + Königreichs Bayern</span></span>, iii. 958.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_633" name="note_633" + href="#noteref_633">633.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Boemus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Omnium gentium mores, + leges, et ritus</span></span> (Paris, 1538), p. 83.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_634" name="note_634" + href="#noteref_634">634.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des + Königreichs Bayern</span></span>, iii. 958.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_635" name="note_635" + href="#noteref_635">635.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 639 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. + Mannhardt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, p. 412.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_636" name="note_636" + href="#noteref_636">636.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sepp, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Religion der + alten Deutschen</span></span> (Munich, 1876), p. 67.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_637" name="note_637" + href="#noteref_637">637.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fr. Kauffmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Balder</span></span> + (Strasburg, 1902), p. 283.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_638" name="note_638" + href="#noteref_638">638.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Aug. Witzschel, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagen, Sitten und + Gebräuche aus Thüringen</span></span> (Vienna, 1878), p. 193.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_639" name="note_639" + href="#noteref_639">639.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Witzschel, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 199; J. A. E. Köhler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Volksbrauch, + Aberglauben, Sagen und andre alte Überlieferungen im + Voigtlande</span></span> (Leipsic, 1867), pp. 171 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_640" name="note_640" + href="#noteref_640">640.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fr. Kauffmann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Balder</span></span> + (Strasburg, 1902), p. 283 note, quoting J. K. Zeumer, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Laetare vulgo Todten + Sonntag</span></span> (Jena, 1701), pp. 20 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + J. Grimm, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Deutsche Mythologie</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">4</span></span> + ii. 640 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The words of the song are + given as <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="de" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">So + treiben wir den todten auss</span></span>,”</span> but this must be + a mistake for <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="de" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style="font-style: italic">So + treiben wir den Tod hinaus</span></span>,”</span> as the line is + given by P. Drechsler (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sitte, Brauch und Volksglaube in + Schlesien</span></span>, i. 66). In the passage quoted the effigy + is spoken of as <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mortis larva</span></span>.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_641" name="note_641" + href="#noteref_641">641.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Zacharias Schneider, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Leipziger + Chronik</span></span>, iv. 143, cited by K. Schwenk, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Mythologie der + Slaven</span></span> (Frankfort, 1853), pp. 217 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + and Fr. Kauffmann, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Balder</span></span>, pp. 284 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_642" name="note_642" + href="#noteref_642">642.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Drechsler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sitte, Brauch und + Volksglaube in Schlesien</span></span>, i. 65-71. Compare A. Peter, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Volksthümliches aus + Österreichisch-Schlesien</span></span> (Troppau, 1865-1867), ii. + 281 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_643" name="note_643" + href="#noteref_643">643.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. Tetzner, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Die Tschechen und Mährer in Schlesien,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Globus</span></span>, lxxviii. (1900) p. + 340.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_644" name="note_644" + href="#noteref_644">644.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 642.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_645" name="note_645" + href="#noteref_645">645.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fest-Kalender aus + Böhmen</span></span>, pp. 90 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_646" name="note_646" + href="#noteref_646">646.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span> p. 91.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_647" name="note_647" + href="#noteref_647">647.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Müller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beiträge zur + Volkskunde der Deutschen in Mähren</span></span> (Vienna and + Olmütz, 1893), pp. 353-355.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_648" name="note_648" + href="#noteref_648">648.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 644; K. Haupt, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagenbuch + der Lausitz</span></span> (Leipsic, 1862-1863), ii. 55; P. + Drechsler, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sitte, Branch und Volksglaube in + Schlesien</span></span>, i. 70 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_649" name="note_649" + href="#noteref_649">649.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 640, 643; P. Drechsler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> i. 70. See also above, p. 236.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_650" name="note_650" + href="#noteref_650">650.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Th. Vernaleken, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mythen und Bräuche + des Volkes in Österreich</span></span> (Vienna, 1859), pp. 294 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen</span></span>, p. + 90.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_651" name="note_651" + href="#noteref_651">651.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg236" class= + "tei tei-ref">236</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_652" name="note_652" + href="#noteref_652">652.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg234" class= + "tei tei-ref">234</a>, <a href="#Pg235" class= + "tei tei-ref">235</a>, <a href="#Pg236" class= + "tei tei-ref">236</a>, <a href="#Pg237" class= + "tei tei-ref">237</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_653" name="note_653" + href="#noteref_653">653.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Das festliche + Jahr</span></span> (Leipsic, 1863), p. 80.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_654" name="note_654" + href="#noteref_654">654.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. R. S. Ralston, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Songs of the Russian + People</span></span> (London, 1872), p. 211.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_655" name="note_655" + href="#noteref_655">655.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ibid.</span></span> p. 210.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_656" name="note_656" + href="#noteref_656">656.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 652; H. Usener, + "Italische Mythen," <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Rheinisches Museum</span></span>, N.F., xxx. + (1875) pp. 191 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_657" name="note_657" + href="#noteref_657">657.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Pitrè, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spettacoli e feste + popolari siciliane</span></span> (Palermo, 1881), pp. 207 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="it"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Usi e costumi, credenze e pregiudizi del + popolo siciliano</span></span>, i. 107 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_658" name="note_658" + href="#noteref_658">658.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni + popolari</span></span>, iv. (1885) pp. 294 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_659" name="note_659" + href="#noteref_659">659.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Usener, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 193.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_660" name="note_660" + href="#noteref_660">660.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vincenzo Dorsa, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La Tradizione + greco-latina negli usi e nelle credenze popolari della Calabria + citeriore</span></span> (Cosenza, 1884), pp. 43 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_661" name="note_661" + href="#noteref_661">661.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Martinengo-Cesaresco, in + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Academy</span></span>, No. 671, March 14, 1885, p. 188.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_662" name="note_662" + href="#noteref_662">662.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Laisnel de la Salle, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Croyances et légendes + du centre de la France</span></span> (Paris, 1875), i. 43 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_663" name="note_663" + href="#noteref_663">663.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 652; H. Usener, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Italische Mythen,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rheinisches + Museum</span></span>, N.F., xxx. (1875) pp. 191 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_664" name="note_664" + href="#noteref_664">664.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Hoffmann-Krayer, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Fruchtbarkeitsriten im schweizerischen + Volksbrauch,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schweizerisches Archiv für + Volkskunde</span></span>, xi. (1903) p. 239.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_665" name="note_665" + href="#noteref_665">665.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. von Wlislocki, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Volksglaube und + religiöser Brauch der Zigeuner</span></span> (Münster i. W., 1891), + pp. 145 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_666" name="note_666" + href="#noteref_666">666.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Cortet, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Essai sur les fêtes + religieuses</span></span> (Paris, 1867), pp. 107 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Laisnel de la Salle, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Croyances et légendes du centre de la + France</span></span>, i. 45 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> A similar custom appears to + be observed in Minorca. See <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Globus</span></span>, lix. (1891) pp. 279, + 280.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_667" name="note_667" + href="#noteref_667">667.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. de Nino, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Usi e costumi + abruzzesi</span></span>, ii. 203-205 (Florence, 1881); G. Finamore, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Credenze, + usi e costumi abruzzesi</span></span> (Palermo, 1890), pp. 112, + 114.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_668" name="note_668" + href="#noteref_668">668.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. Amalfi, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tradizioni ed usi + nella Penisola Sorrentina</span></span> (Palermo, 1890), p. + 41.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_669" name="note_669" + href="#noteref_669">669.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lucy E. Broadwood, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, iv. (1893) p. + 390.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_670" name="note_670" + href="#noteref_670">670.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fest-Kalender aus + Böhmen</span></span>, pp. 89 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, p. 156. This custom + has been already referred to. See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 73 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_671" name="note_671" + href="#noteref_671">671.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. Drechsler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sitte, Brauch und + Volksglaube in Schlesien</span></span>, i. 71 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; + Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Das festliche Jahr</span></span>, p. 82; Philo + vom Walde, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schlesien in Sage und Brauch</span></span> + (Berlin, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">n.d.</span></span>, preface dated 1883), + p. 122.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_672" name="note_672" + href="#noteref_672">672.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">A. Witzschel, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sagen, Sitten und + Gebräuche aus Thüringen</span></span>, pp. 192 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + compare pp. 297 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_673" name="note_673" + href="#noteref_673">673.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 643 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; K. + Haupt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sagenbuch der Lausitz</span></span>, ii. 54 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, pp. 412 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. + R. S. Ralston, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Songs of the Russian People</span></span>, p. + 211.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_674" name="note_674" + href="#noteref_674">674.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 644; K. Haupt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> ii. 55.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_675" name="note_675" + href="#noteref_675">675.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. K. Schuller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Das Todaustragen und + der Muorlef, ein Beitrag zur Kunde sächsischer Sitte und Sage in + Siebenbürgen</span></span> (Hermannstadt, 1861), pp. 4 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> The + description of this ceremony by Miss E. Gerard (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Land beyond the + Forest</span></span>, ii. 47-49) is plainly borrowed from Mr. + Schuller's little work.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_676" name="note_676" + href="#noteref_676">676.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Müller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beiträge zur + Volkskunde der Deutschen in Mähren</span></span> (Vienna and + Olmütz, 1893), pp. 258 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_677" name="note_677" + href="#noteref_677">677.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">P. <a href="#Pg247" class= + "tei tei-ref">247</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_678" name="note_678" + href="#noteref_678">678.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This is also the view taken of the + custom by W. Mannhardt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, p. 419.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_679" name="note_679" + href="#noteref_679">679.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Th. Vernaleken, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mythen und Bräuche + des Volkes in Österreich</span></span>, pp. 293 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_680" name="note_680" + href="#noteref_680">680.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Das festliche + Jahr</span></span>, p. 82.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_681" name="note_681" + href="#noteref_681">681.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Philo vom Walde, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schlesien in Sage und + Brauch</span></span>, p. 122; P. Drechsler, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sitte, Brauch und + Volksglaube in Schlesien</span></span>, i. 74.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_682" name="note_682" + href="#noteref_682">682.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg236" class= + "tei tei-ref">236</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_683" name="note_683" + href="#noteref_683">683.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg239" class= + "tei tei-ref">239</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_684" name="note_684" + href="#noteref_684">684.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg236" class= + "tei tei-ref">236</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_685" name="note_685" + href="#noteref_685">685.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg246" class= + "tei tei-ref">246</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_686" name="note_686" + href="#noteref_686">686.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg246" class= + "tei tei-ref">246</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_687" name="note_687" + href="#noteref_687">687.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 73 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_688" name="note_688" + href="#noteref_688">688.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg246" class= + "tei tei-ref">246</a>, and J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 644; + Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fest-Kalender aus Böhmen</span></span>, pp. 87 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_689" name="note_689" + href="#noteref_689">689.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg246" class= + "tei tei-ref">246</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_690" name="note_690" + href="#noteref_690">690.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, pp. <a href="#Pg250" class= + "tei tei-ref">250</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_691" name="note_691" + href="#noteref_691">691.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 45 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_692" name="note_692" + href="#noteref_692">692.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, pp. <a href="#Pg234" class= + "tei tei-ref">234</a>, <a href="#Pg235" class= + "tei tei-ref">235</a>, <a href="#Pg240" class= + "tei tei-ref">240</a>, <a href="#Pg248" class= + "tei tei-ref">248</a>, <a href="#Pg250" class= + "tei tei-ref">250</a>; and J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 643.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_693" name="note_693" + href="#noteref_693">693.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fest-Kalender aus + Böhmen</span></span>, p. 88. Sometimes the effigy of Death (without + a tree) is carried round by boys who collect gratuities (J. Grimm, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 644).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_694" name="note_694" + href="#noteref_694">694.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg208" class= + "tei tei-ref">208</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_695" name="note_695" + href="#noteref_695">695.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, p. <a href="#Pg231" class= + "tei tei-ref">231</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_696" name="note_696" + href="#noteref_696">696.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">F. J. Wiedemann, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aus dem inneren und + äusseren Leben der Ehsten</span></span>, p. 353; Holzmayer, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Osiliana,”</span> in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Verhandlungen der + gelehrten Estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat</span></span>, vii. + Heft 2, pp. 10 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, pp. 407 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_697" name="note_697" + href="#noteref_697">697.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, pp. 417-421.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_698" name="note_698" + href="#noteref_698">698.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Olaus Magnus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De gentium + septentrionalium variis conditionibus</span></span>, xv. 8 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> In <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Le + Temps</span></span>, No. 15,669, May 11, 1902, p. 2, there is a + description of this ceremony as it used to be performed in + Stockholm. The description seems to be borrowed from Olaus + Magnus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_699" name="note_699" + href="#noteref_699">699.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 637-639; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bavaria, Landes- und + Volkskunde des Königreichs Bayern</span></span>, iv. 2, pp. 357 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> See also E. Krause, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Das Sommertags-Fest in Heidelberg,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für + Anthropologie</span></span>, 1895, p. (145); A. Dieterich, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Sommertag,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Archiv für + Religionswissenschaft</span></span>, viii. (1905) Beiheft, pp. 82 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_700" name="note_700" + href="#noteref_700">700.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des + Königreichs Bayern</span></span>, i. 369 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_701" name="note_701" + href="#noteref_701">701.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bavaria, Landes- und Volkskunde des + Königreichs Bayern</span></span>, ii. 259 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; F. + Panzer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Beitrag zur deutschen + Mythologie</span></span>, i. pp. 253-256; K. von Leoprechting, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aus dem + Lechrain</span></span>, pp. 167 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> A + dialogue in verse between representatives of Winter and Summer is + spoken at Hartlieb in Silesia, near Breslau. See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Zeitschrift des + Vereins für Volkskunde</span></span>, iii. (1893) pp. 226-228.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_702" name="note_702" + href="#noteref_702">702.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Th. Vernaleken, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mythen und Bräuche + des Völkes in Österreich</span></span>, pp. 297 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_703" name="note_703" + href="#noteref_703">703.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. Andree, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Braunschweiger + Volkskunde</span></span> (Brunswick, 1896), p. 250.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_704" name="note_704" + href="#noteref_704">704.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Müller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Beiträge zur + Volkskunde der Deutschen in Mähren</span></span>, pp. 430-436.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_705" name="note_705" + href="#noteref_705">705.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Müller, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 259.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_706" name="note_706" + href="#noteref_706">706.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Train, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Historical and + Statistical Account of the Isle of Man</span></span> (Douglas, Isle + of Man, 1845), ii. 118-120. It has been suggested that the name + Maceboard may be a corruption of May-sports.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_707" name="note_707" + href="#noteref_707">707.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Fr. Boas, <span class="tei tei-q">“The + Central Eskimo,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of + Ethnology</span></span> (Washington, 1888), p. 605. The account of + this custom given by Captain J. S. Mutch is as follows: + <span class="tei tei-q">“The people take a long rope, the ends of + which are tied together. They arrange themselves so that those born + during the summer stand close to the water, and those born in the + winter stand inland; and then they pull at the rope to see whether + summer or winter is the stronger. If winter should win, there will + be plenty of food; if summer should win, there will be a bad + winter.”</span> See Fr. Boas, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Eskimo + of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bulletin of the + American Museum of Natural History</span></span>, xv. (1901) pp. + 140 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> At Memphis in Egypt there + were two statues in front of the temple of Hephaestus (Ptah), of + which the more northern was popularly called Summer and the more + southern Winter. The people worshipped the image of Summer and + execrated the image of Winter. It has been suggested that the two + statues represented Osiris and Typhon, the good and the bad god. + See Herodotus, ii. 121, with the notes of Bähr and Wiedemann.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_708" name="note_708" + href="#noteref_708">708.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Relations des Jésuites</span></span>, 1636, p. + 38 (Canadian reprint, Quebec, 1858).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_709" name="note_709" + href="#noteref_709">709.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. Herzog, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schweizerische + Volksfeste, Sitten und Gebräuche</span></span> (Aurau, 1884), pp. + 164-166; W. Mannhardt, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, pp. 498 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_710" name="note_710" + href="#noteref_710">710.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Letter to me of Dr. J. S. Black, dated + Lauriston Cottage, Wimbledon Common, 28th May, 1903. In a + subsequent letter (dated 9th June, 1903) Dr. Black enclosed some + bibliographical references to the custom which were kindly + furnished to him by Professor P. Schmiedel of Zurich, who speaks of + the effigy as a representative of Winter. It is not expressly so + called by H. Herzog and W. Mannhardt. See the preceding note.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_711" name="note_711" + href="#noteref_711">711.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. R. S. Ralston, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Songs of the Russian + People</span></span>, p. 221.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_712" name="note_712" + href="#noteref_712">712.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. R. S. Ralston, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Songs of the Russian + People</span></span>, p. 241.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_713" name="note_713" + href="#noteref_713">713.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. R. S. Ralston, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> pp. 243 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, p. 414.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_714" name="note_714" + href="#noteref_714">714.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, pp. 414 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; W. + R. S. Ralston, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">op. cit.</span></span> p. 244.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_715" name="note_715" + href="#noteref_715">715.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. R. S. Ralston, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 245; W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Baumkultus</span></span>, p. 416.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_716" name="note_716" + href="#noteref_716">716.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. Mannhardt, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span>; + W. R. S. Ralston, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l.c.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_717" name="note_717" + href="#noteref_717">717.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Grimm, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutsche + Mythologie</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">4</span></span> ii. 644.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_718" name="note_718" + href="#noteref_718">718.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. G. von Hahn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Albanesische + Studien</span></span> (Jena, 1854), i. 160.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_719" name="note_719" + href="#noteref_719">719.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">R. C. Temple, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Indian + Antiquary</span></span>, xi. (1882) pp. 297 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_720" name="note_720" + href="#noteref_720">720.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 84 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_721" name="note_721" + href="#noteref_721">721.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, ii. 45 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_722" name="note_722" + href="#noteref_722">722.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">When the Kurnai of Victoria saw the + Aurora Australis, which corresponds to the Northern Streamers of + Europe, they exchanged wives for the day and swung the severed hand + of a dead man towards it, shouting, <span class="tei tei-q">“Send + it away! do not let it burn us up!”</span> See A. W. Howitt, + <span class="tei tei-q">“On some Australian Beliefs,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Anthropological Institute</span></span>, xiii. (1884) p. + 189; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native Tribes of + South-East Australia</span></span>, pp. 276 sq., 430.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_723" name="note_723" + href="#noteref_723">723.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the + Evolution of Kings</span></span>, i. 242 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_724" name="note_724" + href="#noteref_724">724.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Spencer and Gillen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native Tribes of + Central Australia</span></span>, pp. 4 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>, + 170.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_725" name="note_725" + href="#noteref_725">725.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Spencer and Gillen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">op. + cit.</span></span> p. 170. For a description of some of these + ceremonies see <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Magic Art and the Evolution of + Kings</span></span>, i. 85 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_726" name="note_726" + href="#noteref_726">726.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lord Avebury, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Origin of + Civilisation</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">5</span></span> pp. 378 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + compare <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Prehistoric + Times</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">5</span></span> p. 561.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_727" name="note_727" + href="#noteref_727">727.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">De Guignes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyages à Peking, + Manille et l'Île de France</span></span>, iii. (Paris, 1808) pp. + 114 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_728" name="note_728" + href="#noteref_728">728.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Above, pp. <a href="#Pg156" class= + "tei tei-ref">156</a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_729" name="note_729" + href="#noteref_729">729.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">B. F. Matthes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Einige + Eigenthumlichkeiten in den Festen und Gewohnheiten der Makassaren + und Buginesen</span></span> (Leyden, 1884), p. 1; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Over de âdá's of gewoonten der Makassaren + en Boegineezen,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Verslagen en Mededeelingen der koninklijke + Akademie van Wetenschappen</span></span>, Afdeeling Letterkunde, + Derde Reeks, Tweede Deel (Amsterdam, 1885), pp. 169 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_730" name="note_730" + href="#noteref_730">730.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. A. Oldfield, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sketches from + Nipal</span></span> (London, 1880), ii. 351.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_731" name="note_731" + href="#noteref_731">731.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Spenser St. John, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Life in the Forests + of the Far East</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">2</span></span> i. 194 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_732" name="note_732" + href="#noteref_732">732.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Ch. Brooke, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ten Years in + Sarawak</span></span>, ii. 226 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_733" name="note_733" + href="#noteref_733">733.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. S. G. Gramberg, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“De Troeboekvisscherij,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tijdschrift voor + Indische Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde</span></span>, xxiv. (1887) pp. + 314 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_734" name="note_734" + href="#noteref_734">734.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Petitot, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Monographie des + Dènè-Dindjiè</span></span> (Paris, 1876), p. 38. The same ceremony + is performed, oddly enough, to procure the death of an enemy.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_735" name="note_735" + href="#noteref_735">735.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hamilton's <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Account of the East Indies,”</span> in Pinkerton's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyages + and Travels</span></span>, viii. 360 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span> In + general we are merely told that these Indian devotees swing on + hooks in fulfilment of a vow or to obtain some favour of a deity. + See Duarte Barbosa, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Description of the Coasts of East Africa and + Malabar in the beginning of the Sixteenth Century</span></span>, + translated by the Hon. H. E. J. Stanley (Hakluyt Society, London, + 1866), pp. 95 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; Gaspar Balbi's <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Voyage to Pegu,”</span> in Pinkerton's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyages and + Travels</span></span>, ix. 398; Sonnerat, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Voyage aux Indes + orientales et à la Chine</span></span>, i. 244; S. Mateer, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Land + of Charity</span></span>, p. 220; W. W. Hunter, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annals of Rural + Bengal</span></span>,<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">5</span></span> p. 463; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">North Indian Notes + and Queries</span></span>, i. p. 76, § 511.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_736" name="note_736" + href="#noteref_736">736.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">V. Ball, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Jungle Life in + India</span></span> (London, 1880), p. 232.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_737" name="note_737" + href="#noteref_737">737.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. W. Hunter, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annals of Rural + Bengal</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "vertical-align: super">5</span></span> (London, 1872), p. + 463.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_738" name="note_738" + href="#noteref_738">738.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">G. W. Leitner, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Languages and + Races of Dardistan</span></span> (Lahore, 1878), p. 12.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_739" name="note_739" + href="#noteref_739">739.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Sarat Chandra Mitra, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on two Behari Pastimes,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Anthropological Society of Bombay</span></span>, iii. 95 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_740" name="note_740" + href="#noteref_740">740.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">H. H. Wilson, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Religious Festivals of the Hindus,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + of the Royal Asiatic Society</span></span>, ix. (1848) p. 98. + Compare E. T. Dalton, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal</span></span>, + p. 314; Monier Williams, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Religious Life and Thought in + India</span></span>, p. 137; W. Crooke, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Legends of Krishna,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Folk-lore</span></span>, xi. (1900) pp. 21 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_741" name="note_741" + href="#noteref_741">741.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Hymns of the Rigveda</span></span>, vii. + 87. 5 (vol. iii. p. 108 of R. T. H. Griffith's translation, + Benares, 1891); H. Oldenberg, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die Religion des Veda</span></span>, pp. 444 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_742" name="note_742" + href="#noteref_742">742.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. G. Kohl, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die + deutsch-russischen Ostseeprovinzen</span></span> (Dresden and + Leipsic, 1841), ii. 268 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_743" name="note_743" + href="#noteref_743">743.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">L. v. Schroeder, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Lihgo (Refrain der lettischen Sonnwendlieder),”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen + Gesellschaft in Wien</span></span>, xxxii. (1902) pp. 1-11.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_744" name="note_744" + href="#noteref_744">744.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">S. W. Tromp, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Uit de Salasila van Koetei,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bijdragen tot de + Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië</span></span>, + xxxvii. (1888) pp. 87-89.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_745" name="note_745" + href="#noteref_745">745.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. Perham, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Manangism in Borneo,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of the + Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</span></span>, No. 19 + (Singapore, 1887), pp. 97 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; E. H. Gomes, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Seventeen Years among + the Sea Dyaks of Borneo</span></span> (London, 1911), pp. 169, 170, + 171; H. Ling Roth, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Natives of Sarawak and British North + Borneo</span></span>, i. 279.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_746" name="note_746" + href="#noteref_746">746.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">C. Bock, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Head-hunters of + Borneo</span></span> (London, 1881), pp. 110-112.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_747" name="note_747" + href="#noteref_747">747.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hyginus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Astronomica</span></span>, ii. 4, pp. 34 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, ed. Bunte; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fabulae</span></span>, 130; Servius and Probus + on Virgil, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Georg.</span></span> ii. 389; Festus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Oscillantes,”</span> p. 194, ed. C. O. Müller; + Athenaeus, xiv. 10, p. 618 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">e f</span></span>; Pollux, iv. 55; + Hesychius, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.vv.</span></span> Ἀλῆτις and Αἰώρα; + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Etymologicum magnum</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> Αἰώρα, p. 42. 3; Schol. on + Homer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iliad</span></span>, xxii. 29. The story of + the murder of Icarius is told by a scholiast on Lucian + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dial. + meretr.</span></span> vii. 4) to explain the origin of a different + festival (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Rheinisches Museum</span></span>, N.F., xxv. + (1870) pp. 557 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scholia in + Lucianum</span></span>, ed. H. Rabe, p. 280). As to the swinging + festival at Athens see O. Jahn, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Archäologische + Beiträge</span></span>, pp. 324 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sq.</span></span>; + Daremberg et Saglio, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et + romaines</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Aiora”</span>; Miss J. E. Harrison, in <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mythology and + Monuments of Ancient Athens</span></span>, by Mrs. Verrall and Miss + J. E. Harrison, pp. xxxix. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_748" name="note_748" + href="#noteref_748">748.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Servius on Virgil, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> + xii. 603: <span class="tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Et + Varro ait: Suspendiosis quibus iusta fieri ius non sit, suspensis + oscillis veluti per imitationem mortis + parentari.</span></span>”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_749" name="note_749" + href="#noteref_749">749.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Servius on Virgil, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Georg.</span></span> + ii. 389; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">id.</span></span>, on <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aen.</span></span> + vi. 741.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_750" name="note_750" + href="#noteref_750">750.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Spencer and Gillen, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Native Tribes of + Central Australia</span></span>, pp. 505 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_751" name="note_751" + href="#noteref_751">751.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Festus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Oscillantes,”</span> p. 194, ed. C. O. + Müller. This festival and its origin are also alluded to in a + passage of one of the manuscripts of Servius (on Virgil, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Georg.</span></span> ii. 389), which is + printed by Lion in his edition of Servius (vol. ii. 254, note), but + not by Thilo and Hagen in their large critical edition of the old + Virgilian commentator. <span class="tei tei-q">“In <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schol. + Bob.</span></span> p. 256 we are told that there was a reminiscence + of the fact that, the bodies of Latinus and Aeneas being + undiscoverable, their <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">animae</span></span> + were sought in the air”</span> (G. E. M. Marindin, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">s.v.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Oscilla,”</span> W. Smith's <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dictionary of Greek + and Roman Antiquities</span></span>,<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">3</span></span> + ii. 304).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_752" name="note_752" + href="#noteref_752">752.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Hyginus, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fab.</span></span> + 130.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_753" name="note_753" + href="#noteref_753">753.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Probus on Virgil, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Georg.</span></span> + ii. 385.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_754" name="note_754" + href="#noteref_754">754.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Virgil, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Georg.</span></span> + ii. 388 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_755" name="note_755" + href="#noteref_755">755.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See above, p. <a href="#Pg157" class= + "tei tei-ref">157</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_756" name="note_756" + href="#noteref_756">756.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. G. Clark, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Peloponnesus</span></span> (London, 1858), p. + 274.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_757" name="note_757" + href="#noteref_757">757.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. T. Bent, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Cyclades</span></span> (London, 1885), p. 5.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_758" name="note_758" + href="#noteref_758">758.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. T. Bent, quoted by Miss J. E. + Harrison, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mythology and Monuments of Ancient + Athens</span></span>, p. xliii.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_759" name="note_759" + href="#noteref_759">759.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Vincenzo Dorsa, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La Tradizione + greco-latina negli usi e nelle credenze popolari della Calabria + Citeriore</span></span> (Cosenza, 1884), p. 36. In one village the + custom is observed on Ascension Day instead of at Christmas.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_760" name="note_760" + href="#noteref_760">760.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Valdés, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Los Majos de + Cadiz</span></span>, extract sent to me in the original Spanish by + Mr. W. Moss, of 21 Abbey Grove, Bolton, March 23rd, 1907.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_761" name="note_761" + href="#noteref_761">761.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">E. Doutté, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Magie et religion + dans l'Afrique du nord</span></span> (Algiers, 1908), pp. 580 + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_762" name="note_762" + href="#noteref_762">762.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">W. W. Rockhill, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notes on some of the Laws, Customs, and Superstitions + of Korea,”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">American Anthropologist</span></span>, iv. + (1891) pp. 185 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_763" name="note_763" + href="#noteref_763">763.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pausanias, v. 1. 4.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_764" name="note_764" + href="#noteref_764">764.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Pausanias, vi. 20. 9.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_765" name="note_765" + href="#noteref_765">765.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Taboo and the Perils of the + Soul</span></span>, pp. 88 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_766" name="note_766" + href="#noteref_766">766.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. L. van Hasselt, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Aanteekeningen aangaande de gewoonten der Papoeas in + de Dorebaai, ten opzichte van zwangerschap en geboorte,”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal- Land- en + Volkenkunde</span></span>, xliii. (1901) p. 566.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_767" name="note_767" + href="#noteref_767">767.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">J. H. Letteboer, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Eenige aanteekeningen omtrent de gebruiken bij + zwangerschap en geboorte onder de Savuneezen,”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mededeelingen van + wege het Nederlandsche Zendelinggenootschap</span></span>, xlvi. + (1902) p. 45.</dd> + </dl> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GOLDEN BOUGH (THIRD EDITION, VOL. 4 OF 12)*** +</pre> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader69" id="rightpageheader69"></a><a name= + "pgtoc70" id="pgtoc70"></a><a name="pdf71" id="pdf71"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">December 6, + 2012 </th> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"> + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI + edition 1</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"><span class= + "tei tei-respStmt"><span class= + "tei tei-name">Produced by David Edwards, David + King, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team + at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. (This file was + produced from images generously made available by + The Internet Archive.)</span></span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader72" id="rightpageheader72"></a><a name= + "pgtoc73" id="pgtoc73"></a><a name="pdf74" id="pdf74"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">A Word from Project + Gutenberg</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This file + should be named 41572-h.html or 41572-h.zip.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This and all + associated files of various formats will be found in: <a href= + "http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/1/5/7/41572/" class= + "block tei tei-xref" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span style= + "font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">/dirs/4/1/5/7/41572/</span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Updated + editions will replace the previous one — the old editions will be + renamed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Creating the + works from public domain print editions means that no one owns a + United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and + you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without + permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, + set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply + to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works + to protect the Project Gutenberg™ concept and trademark. Project + Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you + charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If + you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying + with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly + any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, + performances and research. They may be modified and printed and + given away — you may do practically <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">anything</span></em> with public domain + eBooks. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, + especially commercial redistribution.</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div id="pglicense" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader75" id="rightpageheader75"></a><a name= + "pgtoc76" id="pgtoc76"></a><a name="pdf77" id="pdf77"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">The Full Project Gutenberg + License</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Please read this + before you distribute or use this work.</span></em></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To protect the + Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of + electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any + other work associated in any way with the phrase <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Project Gutenberg”</span>), you agree to comply with + all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License (<a href= + "#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">available with this file</a> or + online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a>).</p> + + <div id="pglicense1" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Section 1.</span></h2> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">General Terms of Use & + Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works</span></h2> + + <div id="pglicense1A" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">1.A.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By reading + or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, + you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and + accept all the terms of this license and intellectual + property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree + to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease + using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ + electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for + obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ + electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms + of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or + entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph + <a href="#pglicense1E8" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.8.</a></p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1B" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">1.B.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Project Gutenberg”</span> is a + registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in + any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be + bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things + that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works + even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. + See paragraph <a href="#pglicense1C" class= + "tei tei-ref">1.C</a> below. There are a lot of things you + can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow + the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future + access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph + <a href="#pglicense1E" class="tei tei-ref">1.E</a> below.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1C" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">1.C.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (<span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Foundation”</span> or PGLAF), owns a + compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ + electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the + collection are in the public domain in the United States. If + an individual work is in the public domain in the United + States and you are located in the United States, we do not + claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, + performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on + the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are + removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project + Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic + works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in + compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the + Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can + easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping + this work in the same format with its attached full Project + Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with + others.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1D" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">1.D.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern + what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most + countries are in a constant state of change. If you are + outside the United States, check the laws of your country in + addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, + copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating + derivative works based on this work or any other Project + Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations + concerning the copyright status of any work in any country + outside the United States.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1E" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">1.E.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Unless you + have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:</p> + + <div id="pglicense1E1" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.E.1.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + following sentence, with active links to, or other + immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License + must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project + Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Project Gutenberg”</span> appears, or with + which the phrase <span class="tei tei-q">“Project + Gutenberg”</span> is associated) is accessed, displayed, + performed, viewed, copied or distributed:</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-q" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">This eBook is for the use of + anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions + whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it + under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included + with this eBook or online at</span> <a href= + "http://www.gutenberg.org" class= + "tei tei-xref"><span style="font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span></a></p> + </div> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1E2" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.E.2.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If an + individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived + from the public domain (does not contain a notice + indicating that it is posted with permission of the + copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed + to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or + charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a + work with the phrase <span class="tei tei-q">“Project + Gutenberg”</span> associated with or appearing on the work, + you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs + <a href="#pglicense1E1" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.1</a> + through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work + and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in + paragraphs <a href="#pglicense1E8" class= + "tei tei-ref">1.E.8</a> or 1.E.9.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1E3" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.E.3.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If an + individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted + with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and + distribution must comply with both paragraphs <a href= + "#pglicense1E1" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.1</a> through 1.E.7 + and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. + Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ + License for all works posted with the permission of the + copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1E4" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.E.4.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Do not + unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ + License terms from this work, or any files containing a + part of this work or any other work associated with Project + Gutenberg™.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1E5" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.E.5.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Do not + copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this + electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, + without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in + paragraph <a href="#pglicense1E1" class= + "tei tei-ref">1.E.1</a> with active links or immediate + access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ + License.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1E6" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.E.6.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You may + convert to and distribute this work in any binary, + compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, + including any word processing or hypertext form. However, + if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project + Gutenberg™ work in a format other than <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Plain Vanilla ASCII”</span> or other format + used in the official version posted on the official Project + Gutenberg™ web site (http://www.gutenberg.org), you must, + at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide + a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of + obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original + <span class="tei tei-q">“Plain Vanilla ASCII”</span> or + other form. Any alternate format must include the full + Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph + <a href="#pglicense1E1" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.1.</a></p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1E7" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.E.7.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Do not + charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, + performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ + works unless you comply with paragraph <a href= + "#pglicense1E8" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.8</a> or 1.E.9.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1E8" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.E.8.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You may + charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access + to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works + provided that</p> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">• </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits + you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works + calculated using the method you already use to + calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to + the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but + he has agreed to donate royalties under this + paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive + Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 + days following each date on which you prepare (or + are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked + as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary + Archive Foundation at the address specified in + <a href="#pglicense4" class="tei tei-ref">Section + 4, <span class="tei tei-q">“Information about + donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive + Foundation.”</span></a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">• </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + You provide a full refund of any money paid by a + user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) + within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree + to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a + physical medium and discontinue all use of and all + access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ + works.</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">• </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + You provide, in accordance with paragraph <a href= + "#pglicense1F3" class="tei tei-ref">1.F.3</a>, a + full refund of any money paid for a work or a + replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic + work is discovered and reported to you within 90 + days of receipt of the work.</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">• </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + You comply with all other terms of this agreement + for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ + works.</p> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1E9" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.E.9.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If you + wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ + electronic work or group of works on different terms than + are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission + in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive + Foundation and Michael Hart, the owner of the Project + Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth + in <a href="#pglicense3" class="tei tei-ref">Section 3</a> + below.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1F" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">1.F.</span></h3> + + <div id="pglicense1F1" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.F.1.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Project + Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable + effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe + and proofread public domain works in creating the Project + Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project + Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they + may be stored, may contain <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Defects,”</span> such as, but not limited to, + incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription + errors, a copyright or other intellectual property + infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, + a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot + be read by your equipment.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1F2" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.F.2.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">LIMITED + WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES — Except for the + <span class="tei tei-q">“Right of Replacement or + Refund”</span> described in <a href="#pglicense1F3" class= + "tei tei-ref">paragraph 1.F.3</a>, the Project Gutenberg + Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project + Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a + Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, + disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and + expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO + REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF + WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN + PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK + OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE + LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, + PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF + THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1F3" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.F.3.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">LIMITED + RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND — If you discover a defect + in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you + can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it + by sending a written explanation to the person you received + the work from. If you received the work on a physical + medium, you must return the medium with your written + explanation. The person or entity that provided you with + the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy + in lieu of a refund. If you received the work + electronically, the person or entity providing it to you + may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the + work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy + is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing + without further opportunities to fix the problem.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1F4" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.F.4.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Except + for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in + <a href="#pglicense1F3" class="tei tei-ref">paragraph + 1.F.3</a>, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO + OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS + FOR ANY PURPOSE.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1F5" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.F.5.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some + states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied + warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types + of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in + this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to + this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make + the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the + applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of + any provision of this agreement shall not void the + remaining provisions.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1F6" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.F.6.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + INDEMNITY — You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, + the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the + Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ + electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any + volunteers associated with the production, promotion and + distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, + harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including + legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of + the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) + distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) + alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any + Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.</p> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense2" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Section 2.</span></h2> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">Information about the Mission of + Project Gutenberg™</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Project + Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of + electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of + computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new + computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of + volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Volunteers + and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance + they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™'s goals + and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain + freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project + Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a + secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future + generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary + Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, + see Sections <a href="#pglicense3" class="tei tei-ref">3</a> + and <a href="#pglicense4" class="tei tei-ref">4</a> and the + Foundation web page at <a href="http://www.pglaf.org" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.pglaf.org</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense3" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Section 3.</span></h2> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">Information about the Project + Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Project + Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) + educational corporation organized under the laws of the state + of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal + Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax + identification number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is + posted at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf" + class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf</a>. + Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive + Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by + U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. + S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees + are scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business + office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT + 84116, (801) 596-1887, email business@pglaf.org. Email contact + links and up to date contact information can be found at the + Foundation's web site and official page at <a href= + "http://www.pglaf.org" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.pglaf.org</a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For + additional contact information:</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-address" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span class="tei tei-addrLine"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Dr. Gregory + B. Newby</span></span><br /> + <span class="tei tei-addrLine"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Chief Executive and + Director</span></span><br /> + <span class="tei tei-addrLine"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">gbnewby@pglaf.org</span></span><br /> + </div> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense4" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Section 4.</span></h2> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">Information about Donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Project + Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread + public support and donations to carry out its mission of + increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that + can be freely distributed in machine readable form accessible + by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. + Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important + to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating + charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the + United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it + takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to + meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit + donations in locations where we have not received written + confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the + status of compliance for any particular state visit <a href= + "http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate</a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While we + cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we + have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no + prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors + in such states who approach us with offers to donate.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot + make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations + received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp + our small staff.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Please check + the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods + and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways + including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To + donate, please visit: <a href= + "http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate</a></p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense5" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Section 5.</span></h2> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">General Information About Project + Gutenberg™ electronic works.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-name">Professor Michael S. Hart</span> is the + originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of + electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For + thirty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ + eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Project + Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed + editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the + U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not + necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper + edition.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Each eBook + is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's eBook + number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, + compressed (zipped), HTML and others.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Corrected + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">editions</span></em> of our eBooks replace + the old file and take over the old filename and etext number. + The replaced older file is renamed. <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Versions</span></em> based on separate + sources are treated as new eBooks receiving new filenames and + etext numbers.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Most people + start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org" class="block tei tei-xref" + style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span style= + "font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This Web + site includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including + how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive + Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to + subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.</p> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/41572-h/images/cover.jpg b/41572-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..1db89ad --- /dev/null +++ b/41572-h/images/cover.jpg |
