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diff --git a/41569-h/41569-h.htm b/41569-h/41569-h.htm index 96faf63..a3f02b0 100644 --- a/41569-h/41569-h.htm +++ b/41569-h/41569-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Jerusalem Explored, Volume I--Text, by Ermete Pierotti</title> <link rel="coverpage" href="images/coverpage.jpg"/> <!--for epubs--> <style type="text/css"> @@ -123,27 +123,10 @@ table { </style> </head> <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41569 ***</div> <h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Jerusalem Explored, Volume I--Text, by Ermete Pierotti, Translated by Thomas George Bonney</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> -<p>Title: Jerusalem Explored, Volume I--Text</p> -<p> Being a Description of the Ancient and Modern City, with Numerous Illustrations Consisting of Views, Ground Plans and Sections</p> -<p>Author: Ermete Pierotti</p> -<p>Release Date: December 6, 2012 [eBook #41569]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JERUSALEM EXPLORED, VOLUME I--TEXT***</p> <p> </p> -<h4>E-text prepared by Sigal Alon, Gary Rees,<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by the<br /> - Jewish National and University Library Digitized Book Repository<br /> - (<a href="http://jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/digibook.html">http://jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/digibook.html</a>)</h4> <p> </p> <table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> <tr> @@ -224,7 +207,7 @@ CAMBRIDGE: DEIGHTON, BELL, AND CO.<br /></h3> <p class="center double">PROTECTOR OF THE HOLY PLACES,</p> <p class="center double">THIS CONTRIBUTION</p> -<p class="center double">TO ARCHÆOLOGICAL SCIENCE,</p> +<p class="center double">TO ARCHÆOLOGICAL SCIENCE,</p> <p class="center double">IN WHICH HE IS HIMSELF A PROFICIENT,</p> <p class="center double">IS BY HIS MAJESTY'S AUGUST PERMISSION INSCRIBED,</p> <p class="center double">BY HIS OBEDIENT SERVANT,</p> @@ -240,12 +223,12 @@ CAMBRIDGE: DEIGHTON, BELL, AND CO.<br /></h3> <p class="p2"><i>MONSIEUR,</i></p> <p><i>L'EMPEREUR ME CHARGE D'AVOIR L'HONNEUR DE VOUS INFORMER QUE, SELON VOS -DÉSIRS, SA MAJESTÉ VEUT BIEN ACCEPTER LA DÉDICACE DE VOTRE OUVRAGE SUR -LES MONUMENTS ET LES LOCALITÉS DE LA PALESTINE</i><a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>.</p> +DÉSIRS, SA MAJESTÉ VEUT BIEN ACCEPTER LA DÉDICACE DE VOTRE OUVRAGE SUR +LES MONUMENTS ET LES LOCALITÉS DE LA PALESTINE</i><a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>.</p> -<p><i>AGRÉEZ, MONSIEUR, L'ASSURANCE DE MA CONSIDÉRATION DISTINGUÉE.</i></p> +<p><i>AGRÉEZ, MONSIEUR, L'ASSURANCE DE MA CONSIDÉRATION DISTINGUÉE.</i></p> -<p><i>POUR LE SECRÉTAIRE DE L'EMPEREUR, CHEF DU CABINET ET PAR AUTORISATION.</i></p> +<p><i>POUR LE SECRÉTAIRE DE L'EMPEREUR, CHEF DU CABINET ET PAR AUTORISATION.</i></p> </div> <p class="right" style="margin-right: 10%;">LE S<span style="vertical-align: top; font-size: .75em;">s</span>. CHEF.</p> @@ -291,7 +274,7 @@ excavating and removing the rubbish accumulated over the place during so many centuries, in retracing the walls, in examining the monuments and ancient remains, and in penetrating and traversing the conduits and vaults; so that I trust I am in a position to throw some fresh light -upon the subject of Jewish Archæology. In arranging the plan of my work, +upon the subject of Jewish Archæology. In arranging the plan of my work, I have rested chiefly upon the Bible, the traditions of the Rabbis, and the works of Josephus, and have made but little use of any other authorities upon the ancient topography of the city; but, to compensate @@ -305,7 +288,7 @@ always with patience, perseverance, and courage.</p> <p>But my efforts would have been of little avail had it not been for the constant protection and assistance of His Excellency Surraya Pasha, of -M. de Barrère, the French Consul, and his Chancellor, M. Aimé Dequié, +M. de Barrère, the French Consul, and his Chancellor, M. Aimé Dequié, who lost no opportunity of publicly testifying their esteem and regard for me. I must not forget to express my gratitude to the Ecclesiastical authorities, who have also shewn me great kindness.</p> @@ -429,10 +412,10 @@ NEIGHBOURHOOD</td><td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#Page_245">245</a>< <p> Page 7, line 30, <i>for</i> Hulda <i>read</i> Huldah<br /> Page 10, line 33, <i>for</i> and in 1859 <i>read</i> and in 1861<br /> -Page 14, line 2, and page 15, lines 6 and 13, <i>for</i> Sherif <i>read</i> Sherîf<br /> -Page 37, line 8, <i>for</i> Barrére <i>read</i> Barrère<br /> +Page 14, line 2, and page 15, lines 6 and 13, <i>for</i> Sherif <i>read</i> Sherîf<br /> +Page 37, line 8, <i>for</i> Barrére <i>read</i> Barrère<br /> Page 43, line 28, <i>for</i> Willebrand <i>read</i> Willibrand<br /> -Page 106, line 5, and page 117, line 14, <i>for</i> Abbot <i>read</i> Abbé<br /> +Page 106, line 5, and page 117, line 14, <i>for</i> Abbot <i>read</i> Abbé<br /> Page 145, line 23, <i>for</i> then <i>read</i> be thou<br /> Page 155, head line, <i>for</i> Greek Synagogue <i>read</i> Great Synagogue<br /> Page 207, line 18, <i>for</i> 260 <i>read</i> 270<br /> @@ -444,15 +427,15 @@ Jerusalem were taken by the Author, in the service of Surraya Pasha, in the year 1861.</p> <p>Vols. I. and II. of the Gesta Dei per Francos, referred to in the body -of the work, form 'Tomus Primus Orientalis Historiæ.' The pages are +of the work, form 'Tomus Primus Orientalis Historiæ.' The pages are numbered continuously, and, according to Dr Robinson, the book usually forms only one volume. This, however, was not observed by the translator in verifying the references until the earlier sheets were struck off. Sanutus' Liber Secretorum fidelium Crucis forms 'Tomus Secundus -Orientalis Historiæ.' An account of most of the earlier books referred +Orientalis Historiæ.' An account of most of the earlier books referred to in this work will be found in Dr Robinson's Biblical Researches, Vol. III. First Appendix, pp. 3—27 (1st Edition). La Citez de Jherusalem, -contained in M. de Vogüé's work, Les Églises de la Terre Sainte, is also +contained in M. de Vogüé's work, Les Églises de la Terre Sainte, is also printed in the Rev. G. Williams' Holy City, Vol. 1. Appendix II. pp. 134—142 (2nd Edition).</p> @@ -469,7 +452,7 @@ Jerusalem. S. Jerome<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_ of Righteousness was in the east of Judea, three leagues to the south of the city of Scythopolis, and not far from the Jordan, supporting his opinion by the fact that in his time a town still existed there called -Salim (<i>Salumias</i>), not far from which was Ænon<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>, where S. John +Salim (<i>Salumias</i>), not far from which was Ænon<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>, where S. John Baptist baptized. The Arabs of the Jordan guided me to Salumias and to a neighbouring valley, which I identify with "the valley of Shaveh<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> (<i>the plain</i>), which is the king's dale." We are told that Abraham met @@ -487,7 +470,7 @@ Jebusites, a nation descended and named from Jebus, son of Canaan.</p> <p>It is difficult to fix the period when it acquired the name of Jerusalem (<i>Yerush-shalom</i>, Inheritance of Peace,) for the use of the word in Joshua x. 1, xii. 10, Judges i. 21,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> does not prove that it was older -than the period of the conquest. The Emperor Hadrian called it <i>Ælia +than the period of the conquest. The Emperor Hadrian called it <i>Ælia Capitolina</i>. The City is named <i>El Kuds</i>, or <i>Beit el Makdus</i> (the Holy House), by the Arabic writers of the middle ages. It is possible that it may have borne this name at a much earlier period, as Cadytis<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>, a @@ -535,7 +518,7 @@ troubles caused by the fall of the Persian Empire. The city opened its gates to Alexander, who not only treated it with humanity, but also conferred upon it several privileges. After his death it was taken by Ptolemy, son of Lagus, king of Egypt. Under the Ptolemies, and for a -while under the Seleucidæ, it on the whole enjoyed peace and honour, +while under the Seleucidæ, it on the whole enjoyed peace and honour, until the barbarity of the tyrant Antiochus Epiphanes renewed the sorrows of the unhappy city. The heroic sons of the house of Mattathias delivered their country from this yoke, and it remained under the @@ -550,7 +533,7 @@ terminated by the destruction of the city by Titus, <span class="smcap">A.D.</sp the predictions of the prophets fulfilled.</p> <p>After lying in ruins for sixty years it was rebuilt by the Emperor -Hadrian upon a part of its former site, and called Ælia Capitolina<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>; +Hadrian upon a part of its former site, and called Ælia Capitolina<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a>; but the Jews were forbidden to enter it under pain of death. When Christianity triumphed in the reign of Constantine, the heathen temples were replaced by churches in honour of every memorial of the Saviour's @@ -585,13 +568,13 @@ for all, without distinction of creed, are entitled to mourn, to hope, and to pray, on the spot consecrated by the sacrifice of our Divine Master.</p> -<p>The city of Jerusalem<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> is situated about 31° 47' north latitude and -33° east longitude (Paris) in the highest part of the mountains of +<p>The city of Jerusalem<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> is situated about 31° 47' north latitude and +33° east longitude (Paris) in the highest part of the mountains of Judea, and upon the ancient boundaries of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin (Joshua xviii. 6). It is surrounded on every side by rising ground, and therefore cannot be seen by the traveller until he approaches near it. The most distant view of it is obtained from the -village of <i>Neby Samwîl</i><a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> (Prophet Samuel), three hours (about twelve +village of <i>Neby Samwîl</i><a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> (Prophet Samuel), three hours (about twelve miles) distant on the north-west; and it was from this height that the first Crusaders, under Godfrey of Bouillon, saluted Jerusalem with shouts of exultation.</p> @@ -684,7 +667,7 @@ not be content to remain merely a few days in the country.</p> <p>Modern Jerusalem does not occupy the whole of the space covered by the ancient city in the days of Herod; the greater part of Mount Sion (to the south) being excluded, as it has been since the time when Hadrian -rebuilt the city under the name of <i>Ælia Capitolina</i>. The agreement +rebuilt the city under the name of <i>Ælia Capitolina</i>. The agreement between the descriptions of the town, given by William of Tyre, James of Vitri, Brocardus and many others in the middle ages, and those of modern writers, shews that its limits have not since undergone any changes. The @@ -708,8 +691,8 @@ the shortest of all.</p> <p>The walls contain eleven gateways<a name="FNanchor_26" id="FNanchor_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a>, five of which are closed up.</p> <p>1st. On the north, the gate of Damascus, called by the Arabs -<i>Bâb-el-'Amud</i>, or The Gate of the Column<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>. Through this is the road -to the ancient land of Ephraim, and so to Nablûs and Damascus. It is +<i>Bâb-el-'Amud</i>, or The Gate of the Column<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>. Through this is the road +to the ancient land of Ephraim, and so to Nablûs and Damascus. It is also the gate of honour by which all the Mohammedan authorities who arrive as governors or as visitors to the Holy City make their first entry. This gate is better built than any of the others, and presents a @@ -720,14 +703,14 @@ right-hand wall on entering, is a Cufic inscription.<span class="pagenum"><a nam <p>2nd. Proceeding eastwards, about 780 feet from the gate just described, is the gate, commonly called that of Herod, which has been walled up for some few years, to save the expense of a guard. The Arabs call it -<i>Bâb-ez-Zaheri</i>, which some translate as Gate of Gardens. Close to this +<i>Bâb-ez-Zaheri</i>, which some translate as Gate of Gardens. Close to this gate is a small reservoir, called the Pilgrim's Pool, in memory of a maiden who made a vow to walk to Jerusalem barefoot and fasting, and died of exhaustion on reaching this spot.</p> <p>3rd. Continuing along the eastern side and turning to the south, after passing by a ditch excavated in the rock, we come to a pool and to the -Gate of Saint Mary, <i>Bâb-Sitti-Mariam</i> of the Arabs, called by many S. +Gate of Saint Mary, <i>Bâb-Sitti-Mariam</i> of the Arabs, called by many S. Stephen's Gate. Over the gateway are four lions in <i>bas relief</i>, said traditionally to have been placed there by the Khalif Omar<a name="FNanchor_28" id="FNanchor_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a>. The pool is called <i>Birket-Hammam-Sitti-Mariam</i>, or the Pool of the Bath of our @@ -735,7 +718,7 @@ Lady Mary. This gate leads to the valley of Kidron, commonly called the valley of Jehoshaphat, to Bethany, and to Jericho.</p> <p>4th. At a short distance, towards the south, is the Golden Gate<a name="FNanchor_29" id="FNanchor_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a>, -which would open upon the area of the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>. This is the +which would open upon the area of the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>. This is the most richly ornamented of all, and is remarkable for its architecture, of which I shall presently speak at greater length. It has long been closed up, doubtless on account of a legend, to which much importance is @@ -755,28 +738,28 @@ we observe a gate with a pointed arch, also walled up.</p> <p>7th. Continuing in the same direction we find a triple gate, also closed with masonry.</p> -<p>8th. The southern gate, called by the Mohammedans <i>Bâb-el-Huldah</i>, Gate +<p>8th. The southern gate, called by the Mohammedans <i>Bâb-el-Huldah</i>, Gate of Huldah<a name="FNanchor_30" id="FNanchor_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>. This gate, now disused, is under the Mosque <i>el-Aksa</i>. Of its ornamentation I shall speak more fully in another place.</p> <p>9th. Still keeping along the southern wall in a westerly direction we -find the small Dung Gate, called by the Arabs <i>Bâb-el-Mogharibeh</i>, Gate +find the small Dung Gate, called by the Arabs <i>Bâb-el-Mogharibeh</i>, Gate of the western Africans. It is not kept open throughout the year; but when there is a scarcity of water in the city, it is used by the water-carriers.</p> -<p>10th. Ascending towards Sion, we reach the Sion Gate, <i>Bâb-Neby-Daûd</i>, +<p>10th. Ascending towards Sion, we reach the Sion Gate, <i>Bâb-Neby-Daûd</i>, (The Gate of the prophet David,) so called because it leads to the Sepulchre of David,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> which is at a short distance. Through it too is the way to the Christian and Jewish cemeteries.</p> <p>11th. Lastly, on the west is the Jaffa Gate<a name="FNanchor_31" id="FNanchor_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a>, or in Arabic, -<i>Bâb-el-Khalíl</i>, (Gate of Hebron,) because through this gate is the best +<i>Bâb-el-KhalÃl</i>, (Gate of Hebron,) because through this gate is the best and shortest road to Hebron.</p> <p>The appearance of Jerusalem within the walls is sombre and sad, offering no attraction to the eye, and filling the mind with deep melancholy. -With the exception of the esplanade of the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>, the city +With the exception of the esplanade of the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>, the city presents but a mass of buildings without order or design, very few of which deserve special attention. The cupolas of the Church of the Resurrection, that of the new Jewish Synagogue, and some minarets, are @@ -811,7 +794,7 @@ separated one from another by a street, now called (for the greater part of its length) the Via Dolorosa, which begins at the Gate of Saint Mary, whence it rises westward until it meets the central valley. The hill to the north of this street forms the second division, and the platform on -the south, occupied by the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i> and its precincts, the +the south, occupied by the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i> and its precincts, the third division.</p> <p>The first division is traversed from north to south by a street<a name="FNanchor_33" id="FNanchor_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> @@ -1062,7 +1045,7 @@ but have not made any proselytes.</p> already stated, amounts to 20,453.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> <p>Compared with the space surrounded by the walls the population is very -small. Without including the large area of the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>, +small. Without including the large area of the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>, Jerusalem could easily contain at least three times as many inhabitants as it now does. If indeed the houses were built two or three stories high, if those belonging to the Government and the mosques were @@ -1114,7 +1097,7 @@ great Pool of Siloam is now filled with earth and converted into a garden. The Pool of Bethesda, within the walls, is almost choked with earth and refuse that has been thrown into it; by this time it would have been quite filled up, had not Kiamil Pasha, at my earnest request, -put a stop to the practice in 1856. Within the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i> the +put a stop to the practice in 1856. Within the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i> the great cistern at the south-east corner is not only in ruins but so filled with rubbish as to be useless. This is the effect not so much of time as of Vandalism and of the carelessness of Mohammedans about @@ -1123,7 +1106,7 @@ but take no pains whatever to preserve them.</p> <p>The waters naturally unfit for drinking are, inside the city, the springs of the <i>Hammam-es-shefa</i> (Bath of Shefa), situated near the -western side of the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>. The water supplies the +western side of the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>. The water supplies the neighbouring bath, but has a disagreeable taste. Outside the city is the spring called the Fountain of the Virgin, that runs into the Pool of Siloam. It is used for irrigating the gardens of Siloam and for domestic @@ -1146,7 +1129,7 @@ treated in detail, and further information given in a future chapter. <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <a href="#gen">Gen. xiv. 18.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Ep. ad Evang. Presb. § 7.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Ep. ad Evang. Presb. § 7.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> S. John iii. 23.</p></div> @@ -1164,7 +1147,7 @@ Mount Olivet.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> <a href="#jos">Josh. x. 1-27.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> <a href="#jud">Judg. i. 21</a>; <a href="#a5">Josephus, Ant. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 2, §§ 2, 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> <a href="#jud">Judg. i. 21</a>; <a href="#a5">Josephus, Ant. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 2, §§ 2, 3.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> <a href="#sam">2 Sam. v. 6-9.</a></p></div> @@ -1260,7 +1243,7 @@ the spot on which the <i>upper city</i> of Josephus was situated.</p> <p>A street, rising from the Gate of S. Mary and running in a westerly direction to meet the central valley, distinctly divides the eastern range. North of this division is the highest ground; on the south there -is the great plateau of the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>. Outside the west wall of +is the great plateau of the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>. Outside the west wall of the <i>Haram</i> a gentle slope leads towards the central valley, which is covered by houses. The testimony of Josephus<a name="FNanchor_41" id="FNanchor_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> is consequently verified, that "the city was built on two hills, which are opposite one @@ -1301,7 +1284,7 @@ this statement. It is also implied that the south side was precipitous, which is proved by the remains of buildings still to be seen and the actual declivity of Ophel. That there was once a large valley on the west side, is proved by the following fact: on the west of the area of -the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i> the rock runs up to the inside of the boundary +the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i> the rock runs up to the inside of the boundary wall, but on the outside it disappears, and is replaced by made ground of very great depth. I have inspected several excavations in the neighbourhood, and examined the tanks which are just outside the @@ -1417,7 +1400,7 @@ the west, and all the observations that I have made in this direction, as far as the Tyropœon, have convinced me of the existence of a valley; and on questioning the old masons who in the time of Ibrahim Pasha, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1836, laid the foundations of the Barrack of the -<i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>, I was assured that on the north side they had gone +<i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>, I was assured that on the north side they had gone down not less than 26 or 30 feet before they came to the rock. On the south side of the Latin Chapel of the Flagellation, which lies directly north of the Barrack, the Franciscans had to dig 16 or 18 feet for the @@ -1437,7 +1420,7 @@ however is proved by the water-courses that descend from the east slope of the western part of Bezetha.</p> <p>Let us now proceed to examine the exterior of the city. Ophel or Ophlas -is to the south of the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>. Its position corresponds +is to the south of the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>. Its position corresponds exactly with the statement of Josephus<a name="FNanchor_55" id="FNanchor_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a>, that it adjoins the Temple on the south. Its form is that of a triangle with the base resting against the south side of the <i>Haram</i> and the vertex directed towards @@ -1613,7 +1596,7 @@ This Millo is not the same as the Millo of David; for I hold with the rabbinical tradition, that Solomon's house was near the south side of the Temple, to which place he brought Pharaoh's daughter from the City of David; that this Millo is the immense reservoir still to be seen at -the south-east corner of the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>, and that the materials +the south-east corner of the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>, and that the materials derived from it were used to fill up the depths of the Tyropœon Valley, between the New and the Old City. The "House of Millo, which goeth down to Silla<a name="FNanchor_89" id="FNanchor_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a>," where Joash was murdered, I take to be near @@ -1652,7 +1635,7 @@ Sepulchre.</p> <p>A strong line of fortifications was built round Ophel by Manasseh<a name="FNanchor_95" id="FNanchor_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a>. Directed by the hints given in the Bible, I examined it as I had Sion. -The answers given to me by the <i>fellahîn</i>, the evidence on the spot, and +The answers given to me by the <i>fellahîn</i>, the evidence on the spot, and my excavations, brought to light some traces of a wall of circumvallation on the east side of the Tyropœon, and at the south end of Ophel. The great accumulation of earth on the Kidron side would @@ -1699,7 +1682,7 @@ their situation, because of the difficulty of reconciling the third and twelfth with the second chapter of Nehemiah. Still, without desiring to push my opinions presumptuously forward, I offer them in hopes that they may be fortunate enough to attract the attention of competent students -to this interesting point of Biblical Archæology. I know that many have +to this interesting point of Biblical Archæology. I know that many have already attempted to fix the position of these gates, but I am also aware that their theories are contradictory, and often rest upon hypotheses which are open to attack. The illustrious Reland has not @@ -1735,7 +1718,7 @@ opposite directions, to dedicate the new wall to the Lord.</p> spring once existed on this spot, but I do not know whether it is of any value. No remains of the age of Nehemiah are to be found either outside the present city or in its walls, except in the east wall of the -<i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>: I will explain my reasons for referring these to this +<i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>: I will explain my reasons for referring these to this epoch in the chapter on the Temple.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p> <p>No one besides Josephus has handed down to us a detailed account of the @@ -1757,7 +1740,7 @@ had been carried out before my arrival; have descended into and examined cisterns, clean and dirty; and after working like a labourer during the day, have read Josephus instead of going to sleep, and tested his statements for myself. I did not use any other authors except Livy and -Cæsar, whose writings I studied in order to understand thoroughly the +Cæsar, whose writings I studied in order to understand thoroughly the Roman art of war and the siege operations of Titus against the city; and after I had done all this, I made plans and sections upon the spot. This being well known to all the inhabitants of Jerusalem, I fearlessly @@ -1766,7 +1749,7 @@ reconstruction of the city of the Herods. I may indeed sometimes be mistaken in my arguments, or wrong in my conclusions; if so, I shall be glad to be corrected; thankful if even by this means I have created an interest in the subject, and given rise to new ideas and a better -knowledge of the archæology of Jerusalem.</p> +knowledge of the archæology of Jerusalem.</p> <p>Having now considered the general features of the city, its hills and its valleys, and seen that it was guarded by a triple wall on the @@ -1780,12 +1763,12 @@ expense by David, Solomon, and their successors. In examining its course on the present ground, I started from the castle of David, going eastward in a line parallel to 'David's street' as far as the <i>Mekhemeh</i> (the Turkish law courts), and thence to the west wall of the -<i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>.</p> +<i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>.</p> -<p>In order to identify the towers of Hippicus, Phasaëlus, and Mariamne, I +<p>In order to identify the towers of Hippicus, Phasaëlus, and Mariamne, I frequently and carefully examined the fortress<a name="FNanchor_109" id="FNanchor_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a>. In it there are still three towers, one on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> west, just south of the Jaffa gate, -whose architecture, as far as it is visible, appears mediæval; another +whose architecture, as far as it is visible, appears mediæval; another to the east of this, built of stones with large rustic work of the Herodian pattern; and a third to the south of these two, resembling the first. In all three I ascertained that the Jewish masonry is founded on @@ -1803,7 +1786,7 @@ solid inside to a height of 11 feet, and the lower part of the ditch (14 feet deep) that surrounds them on the north, east, and south, is cut in the rock; the west tower is nearly 25 cubits square, the centre 40, the south 20. I adopt, then, Williams' opinion, that the tower Hippicus -stood on the foundation of the first, Phasaëlus on the second, and +stood on the foundation of the first, Phasaëlus on the second, and Mariamne on the third. This identification seems to agree with Josephus' description<a name="FNanchor_112" id="FNanchor_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a>; so that these are the positions of the three ancient towers, which Titus ordered to be spared, "in order to demonstrate to @@ -1853,7 +1836,7 @@ side. In the careful investigations that I have made on the west side of the Tyropœon, I found evidence that the surface had been levelled in the direction of the street of David; this however did not extend southwards beyond the point opposite to the south-west corner of the -<i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>, where the ground is very much broken with steep faces +<i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>, where the ground is very much broken with steep faces of rock; therefore, as I cannot suppose that a public place would be on an uneven site, I imagine that the Xystus began at the street of David and ended before it came opposite to the south-west corner of the @@ -2047,7 +2030,7 @@ I carried on in the district north of the city. It is my positive opinion that the ancient walls did not extend to the north beyond the present enclosure; that is, that they began at the Jaffa gate, passed by the Damascus gate, and ended at the north-east corner of the -<i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>. Let me now state the facts which have led me to this +<i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>. Let me now state the facts which have led me to this conclusion.</p> <p>In 1860 the Greek convent repaired the building outside the Jaffa<a name="FNanchor_133" id="FNanchor_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> @@ -2109,7 +2092,7 @@ time it was filled with rubbish, and therefore could not be examined. I have seen it empty, and its dimensions are nine feet deep, twenty long, and ten wide. It is therefore too small for the tower. I have surveyed and carefully investigated all the ground near it, for the Russian -Mission and for Signor Tanûs (the owner of the reservoir), but could not +Mission and for Signor Tanûs (the owner of the reservoir), but could not discover the slightest trace either of defensive works, or a wall, or detached stones, to induce me to believe that a fortification ever occupied this spot, but on the contrary found rock, either quite bare or @@ -2153,7 +2136,7 @@ for which are still visible. It leads into a ruined cistern, nearly filled with rubbish. I had often been struck by the resemblance this presented to an ancient sepulchre, and thought that in that case it might be the tomb of Helena, but several difficulties stood in my way, -and it is to the intelligent co-operation of M. Edmond de Barrère, +and it is to the intelligent co-operation of M. Edmond de Barrère, French Consul at Jerusalem, that I am indebted for the confirmation of my idea. During our investigation at this place, we discovered that the rock appeared to be cut into the form of the base of a pyramid; also, by @@ -2263,7 +2246,7 @@ mentioned in 2 Kings xviii. 17, Isaiah xxxvi. 2, and some think that this is connected with the monument named by Josephus; but the two things are quite distinct, and there is no reason why the former should be near the latter. After passing the monument the wall joined the old -wall, which now forms the north-east corner of the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>.</p> +wall, which now forms the north-east corner of the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>.</p> <p>Having thus examined the line of the walls, let us try to prove, both from the historian's words and the conformation of the ground, that the @@ -2347,7 +2330,7 @@ to which the present remains belong.</p> <p>Some authors are very anxious to extend Jerusalem towards the north (since this is impossible on the south), in order to make it large enough to contain the immense population, and the numbers of dead and -prisoners recorded by Josephus<a name="FNanchor_156" id="FNanchor_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a>. But Hecatæus of Abdera, cited by +prisoners recorded by Josephus<a name="FNanchor_156" id="FNanchor_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a>. But Hecatæus of Abdera, cited by the historian<a name="FNanchor_157" id="FNanchor_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a>, reckons its inhabitants, at the time of Alexander the Great, at 120,000; is it then possible that the population of the city could have so greatly increased in four centuries, during which @@ -2433,7 +2416,7 @@ themselves, when they will see that I have spoken the truth.</p> destruction was completed, to watch over the ruins and prevent any attempt at restoring the city<a name="FNanchor_166" id="FNanchor_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a>; and it was not till 60 years afterwards that Hadrian sent thither a heathen colony to rebuild it and -call it <i>Ælia</i>, after his name Ælius. A temple to Jupiter Capitolinus +call it <i>Ælia</i>, after his name Ælius. A temple to Jupiter Capitolinus was erected on the site of the ancient Temple, whence the epithet <i>Capitolina</i>. He forbade the Jews to enter the territory of Jerusalem under pain of death, in order, according to Ariston of Pella<a name="FNanchor_167" id="FNanchor_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a>, that @@ -2483,13 +2466,13 @@ walls.<br /><br /></p> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37" id="Footnote_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> <a href="#sam">2 Sam. v. 6, 7, 9.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38" id="Footnote_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38" id="Footnote_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 1.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39" id="Footnote_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> <a href="#sch">2 Chron. xxxiii. 14.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40" id="Footnote_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> <a href="#jos">Josh. xv. 8; xviii. 16.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41" id="Footnote_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41" id="Footnote_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 1.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42" id="Footnote_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid.</a></p></div> @@ -2500,25 +2483,25 @@ a moon when she is horned.'</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45" id="Footnote_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> <a href="#sch">2 Chron. iii. 1.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46" id="Footnote_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2; 5, § 8.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46" id="Footnote_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2; 5, § 8.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47" id="Footnote_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 1</a>; <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47" id="Footnote_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 1</a>; <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 3.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48" id="Footnote_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 5.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48" id="Footnote_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 5.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49" id="Footnote_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49" id="Footnote_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50" id="Footnote_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 8.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50" id="Footnote_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 8.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51" id="Footnote_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51" id="Footnote_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 1.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52" id="Footnote_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> <a href="#N2_1">Note I.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53" id="Footnote_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> <a href="#a12">Ant. <span class="smcap">XII.</span> 5, § 4; 9, § 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53" id="Footnote_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> <a href="#a12">Ant. <span class="smcap">XII.</span> 5, § 4; 9, § 3.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54" id="Footnote_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> <a href="#a13">Ant. <span class="smcap">XIII.</span> 6, § 7</a>; <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54" id="Footnote_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> <a href="#a13">Ant. <span class="smcap">XIII.</span> 6, § 7</a>; <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 1.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55" id="Footnote_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V</span>. 4, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55" id="Footnote_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V</span>. 4, § 2.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56" id="Footnote_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> <a href="#sam">2 Sam. xv. 23, 30.</a></p></div> @@ -2526,7 +2509,7 @@ a moon when she is horned.'</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58" id="Footnote_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> <a href="#act">Acts i. 12</a>; <a href="#N2_2">Note II.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59" id="Footnote_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V</span>. 2, § 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59" id="Footnote_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V</span>. 2, § 3.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60" id="Footnote_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> <a href="#fki">1 Kings i. 38.</a> See <a href="#N2_13">Note XIII.</a></p></div> @@ -2542,17 +2525,17 @@ a moon when she is horned.'</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66" id="Footnote_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> <a href="#N2_2">Note II.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67" id="Footnote_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> <a href="#a11">Ant. <span class="smcap">XI</span>. 8, § 5</a>; <a href="#w2">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">II.</span> 19, § 4</a>; <a href="#w5"><span class="smcap">V.</span> 2, § 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67" id="Footnote_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> <a href="#a11">Ant. <span class="smcap">XI</span>. 8, § 5</a>; <a href="#w2">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">II.</span> 19, § 4</a>; <a href="#w5"><span class="smcap">V.</span> 2, § 3.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68" id="Footnote_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> <a href="#jos">Josh. xviii. 16.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69" id="Footnote_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> <a href="#sam">2 Sam. v. 6, 7.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70" id="Footnote_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> <a href="#a7">Ant. <span class="smcap">VII</span>. 3, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70" id="Footnote_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> <a href="#a7">Ant. <span class="smcap">VII</span>. 3, § 1.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71" id="Footnote_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> <a href="#jud">Judges i. 21.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72" id="Footnote_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> <a href="#a5">Ant. <span class="smcap">V</span>. 2, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72" id="Footnote_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> <a href="#a5">Ant. <span class="smcap">V</span>. 2, § 2.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73" id="Footnote_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> <a href="#N2_3">Note III.</a></p></div> @@ -2581,7 +2564,7 @@ II.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85" id="Footnote_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> <a href="#fki">1 Kings ix. 15; xi. 27.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86" id="Footnote_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> <a href="#a8">Ant. <span class="smcap">VIII</span>. 2, § 1; 6, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86" id="Footnote_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> <a href="#a8">Ant. <span class="smcap">VIII</span>. 2, § 1; 6, § 1.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87" id="Footnote_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> <a href="#fki">1 Kings ix. 15, 24.</a></p></div> @@ -2601,7 +2584,7 @@ II.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95" id="Footnote_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> <a href="#sch">2 Chron. xxxiii. 14.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96" id="Footnote_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96" id="Footnote_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97" id="Footnote_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> 2 Kings xiv. 13; 2 Chron. xxv. 23.</p></div> @@ -2625,27 +2608,27 @@ II.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107" id="Footnote_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> <a href="#neh">Neh. ii. 13.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108" id="Footnote_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 1, 2, 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108" id="Footnote_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 1, 2, 3.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109" id="Footnote_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Plate V.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110" id="Footnote_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> <a href="#N2_8">Note VIII.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111" id="Footnote_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111" id="Footnote_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 3.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112" id="Footnote_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Plate VI.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113" id="Footnote_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> <a href="#w7">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">VII.</span> 1, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113" id="Footnote_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> <a href="#w7">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">VII.</span> 1, § 1.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114" id="Footnote_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 3, § 5.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114" id="Footnote_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 3, § 5.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115" id="Footnote_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> <a href="#a20">Ant. <span class="smcap">XX.</span> 8, § 11.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115" id="Footnote_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> <a href="#a20">Ant. <span class="smcap">XX.</span> 8, § 11.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116" id="Footnote_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> <a href="#w6">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">VI.</span> 6, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116" id="Footnote_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> <a href="#w6">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">VI.</span> 6, § 2.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117" id="Footnote_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> <a href="#N2_9">Note IX.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118" id="Footnote_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4 § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118" id="Footnote_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4 § 2.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119" id="Footnote_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> Δια δε του @@ -2655,15 +2638,15 @@ II.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120" id="Footnote_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> <a href="#isa">Isaiah xxii. 1, 11.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121" id="Footnote_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> <a href="#w6">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">VI.</span> 7, § 2; 8, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121" id="Footnote_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> <a href="#w6">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">VI.</span> 7, § 2; 8, § 1.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122" id="Footnote_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122" id="Footnote_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123" id="Footnote_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 8.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123" id="Footnote_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 8.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124" id="Footnote_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 3, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124" id="Footnote_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 3, § 2.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125" id="Footnote_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 11, § 4.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125" id="Footnote_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 11, § 4.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126" id="Footnote_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> <a href="#joh">S. John xix. 41.</a></p></div> @@ -2682,25 +2665,25 @@ patescerent."—Hist. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 11; <a href="#N2_10">Not Αντωνιας. </p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132" id="Footnote_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132" id="Footnote_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133" id="Footnote_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> Plate V.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134" id="Footnote_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134" id="Footnote_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 3.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135" id="Footnote_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 3, § 3; 4, § 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135" id="Footnote_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 3, § 3; 4, § 3.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136" id="Footnote_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> Plate VII.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137" id="Footnote_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137" id="Footnote_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 3.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138" id="Footnote_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 2, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138" id="Footnote_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 2, § 2.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139" id="Footnote_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140" id="Footnote_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> <a href="#a20">Ant. <span class="smcap">XX.</span> 4, § 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140" id="Footnote_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> <a href="#a20">Ant. <span class="smcap">XX.</span> 4, § 3.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141" id="Footnote_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141" id="Footnote_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142" id="Footnote_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> Jerome, Ep. <span class="smcap">CVIII.</span> Ed. Migue, (<i>Ad Eustochium virginem</i>).</p></div> @@ -2712,53 +2695,53 @@ virginem</i>).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145" id="Footnote_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> αμφικυρτος (cavern), μνημειον (sepulchre).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146" id="Footnote_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146" id="Footnote_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147" id="Footnote_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> <a href="#ski">2 Kings xxiii. 6.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148" id="Footnote_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> <a href="#jer">Jer. xxvi. 23.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149" id="Footnote_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149" id="Footnote_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 3.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150" id="Footnote_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> Whiston reads 'forty' instead of fourteen; the latter is the number in the Greek text.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151" id="Footnote_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> <a href="#N2_2">Note II.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152" id="Footnote_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 12, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152" id="Footnote_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 12, § 2.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153" id="Footnote_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 7, § 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153" id="Footnote_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 7, § 3.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154" id="Footnote_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> Columbarium means not only a dovecote, but also a sepulchre, with niches for urns.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155" id="Footnote_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> Plate LIV.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156" id="Footnote_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 13, § 7</a>; <a href="#w6"><span class="smcap">VI.</span> 9, § 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156" id="Footnote_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 13, § 7</a>; <a href="#w6"><span class="smcap">VI.</span> 9, § 3.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157" id="Footnote_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> c. Apion. <span class="smcap">I.</span> 22.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158" id="Footnote_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> See the Chronological Table.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159" id="Footnote_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 1, § 6; 6, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159" id="Footnote_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 1, § 6; 6, § 1.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160" id="Footnote_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160" id="Footnote_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 1.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161" id="Footnote_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 2, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161" id="Footnote_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 2, § 1.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162" id="Footnote_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 3, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162" id="Footnote_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 3, § 2.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163" id="Footnote_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 3, § 5.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163" id="Footnote_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 3, § 5.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164" id="Footnote_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 3, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164" id="Footnote_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 3, § 2.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165" id="Footnote_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> <a href="#neh">Nehem. xii. 28, 29.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166" id="Footnote_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> <a href="#w7">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">VII.</span> 1, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166" id="Footnote_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> <a href="#w7">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">VII.</span> 1, § 1.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167" id="Footnote_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Eusebius, Eccl. Hist. <span class="smcap">IV.</span> 6.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168" id="Footnote_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> Jerome, 'Interpretatio Chronicæ Eusebii Pamphili' (Hadr. +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168" id="Footnote_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> Jerome, 'Interpretatio Chronicæ Eusebii Pamphili' (Hadr. An. <span class="smcap">XX.</span>).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169" id="Footnote_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> <a href="#N2_11">Note XI.</a></p></div> @@ -2787,14 +2770,14 @@ great plateau, in the middle of which rises the majestic <i>Kubbet-es-Sakharah</i> (Dome of the Rock), on the site formerly occupied by the Temple of the God of Israel. The followers of Islam, on their conquest of Jerusalem, dedicated this spot to the service of their own -faith, under the name of <i>Beit-el-Mokaddas-es-Sherîf</i> (the Noble +faith, under the name of <i>Beit-el-Mokaddas-es-Sherîf</i> (the Noble Sanctuary). They esteemed it the holiest place on earth, after Mecca and Medina, and, as usual, strictly forbade all unbelievers to enter it. An accurate and scientific examination of it was not made, so far as we know, in the days of the Crusaders, and since then, though many have attempted it, none have succeeded. Ali Bey's description, made <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1807, is correct enough for a traveller, but does not touch upon -questions of archæology; Catherwood, Bonomi, and Arundale, during +questions of archæology; Catherwood, Bonomi, and Arundale, during Ibrahim Pasha's occupation of Syria, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1833, commenced a survey with plans and views; but were hindered and finally stopped by the fanaticism of the Arabs, and so obliged to bring to a hasty conclusion a work @@ -2826,7 +2809,7 @@ penetrated into the subterranean works, sought out and classified the conduits and ascertained their course, constructed plans<a name="FNanchor_173" id="FNanchor_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a>, and now present the details of my labours to the reader, in confidence that, even if I have not fully accomplished my design, I am the first to bring -forward many facts useful to archæology, and that if others continue the +forward many facts useful to archæology, and that if others continue the researches (when that is possible) many great problems will be solved.</p> <p>The first mention of Moriah in the Bible is when Abraham, in obedience @@ -2880,7 +2863,7 @@ in Palestine, where they are still applied to their ancient uses; they are especially common in those Arab villages which stand upon sites mentioned in the Bible; as at Beth-shemesh, on the road from Jaffa to Jerusalem just at the east of the village of <i>El-Atrun</i>, at <i>Neby -Samwîl</i> (formerly Ramah the home of Samuel), at Gibeon and Beth-horon, +Samwîl</i> (formerly Ramah the home of Samuel), at Gibeon and Beth-horon, at <i>Beit-zacaria</i>, the ancient Bath-zacharias<a name="FNanchor_182" id="FNanchor_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a>, at <i>El-Kebab</i> in the plain of Sharon, and in many other places.</p> @@ -2987,7 +2970,7 @@ north side of the altar of burnt-offerings<a name="FNanchor_207" id="FNanchor_20 drains must have existed at the altar of burnt-offerings, on the north-side, and at the 'place of the ashes.' That these and many other things were constructed by Solomon, we shall presently see from my -investigations in the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>; I have now only alluded to the +investigations in the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>; I have now only alluded to the account given in the Bible of the ground-plan of the building, in order to be more easily understood in describing them.</p> @@ -3022,7 +3005,7 @@ the cisterns, which must have escaped the flames.</p> his reign<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> allowed the Jews to return to Palestine and rebuild the Temple<a name="FNanchor_216" id="FNanchor_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a>; fifty-two years after the destruction of the city, and sixty-three after the exile of King Jehoiakim<a name="FNanchor_217" id="FNanchor_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a>, a numerous band, -headed by Zerubbabel and Joshua, set out for Judæa, and arrived there +headed by Zerubbabel and Joshua, set out for Judæa, and arrived there after a journey of four months<a name="FNanchor_218" id="FNanchor_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a>. The next year, <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 535, in the second month, Zerubbabel began to rebuild the Temple, and the new walls rose among the joyful shouts of the young men, who saw them for the @@ -3043,7 +3026,7 @@ Zerubbabel's Temple: according to the decree of Cyrus<a name="FNanchor_223" id=" sixty cubits broad and as many high; but these dimensions cannot be relied on, because we are told that the new edifice was not in any respect equal to the former<a name="FNanchor_224" id="FNanchor_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a>. It was visited by Alexander the Great -<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 332; and if we can credit Hecatæus of Abdera, a contemporary of the +<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 332; and if we can credit Hecatæus of Abdera, a contemporary of the conqueror, it differed considerably in style and size from Solomon's Temple; the dimensions of the enclosure in which it stood were six plethra (606 feet) long and 100 cubits wide; the great altar of @@ -3147,14 +3130,14 @@ balustrade, in which columns were placed at certain intervals, bearing inscriptions forbidding the Gentiles to pass them. In this fence, according to the Mischna, were thirteen gateways from which fourteen steps (each half a cubit in height and breadth) led<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> up to a platform -ten cubits wide, called by the Mischna, <i>Hêl</i> (before the wall), above +ten cubits wide, called by the Mischna, <i>Hêl</i> (before the wall), above which rose the wall enclosing the sacred precincts. This was 25 cubits high, and had nine gates, four to the north, four to the south, and one to the east; these were approached by five steps; consequently the -enclosure was higher than the <i>Hêl</i>. It was divided into two courts, one +enclosure was higher than the <i>Hêl</i>. It was divided into two courts, one on the east, another on the west. The eastern gate led into a court, 135 cubits square, devoted to the women, and called after them <i>Azarath -naschîm</i> (court of the women). This was divided from the western court +naschîm</i> (court of the women). This was divided from the western court by a wall, in the middle of which, opposite to the entrance into the women's court, was 'Nicanor's Gate<a name="FNanchor_245" id="FNanchor_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a>,' approached by five steps circular in form; the western court was therefore raised above the @@ -3162,12 +3145,12 @@ eastern. It surrounded the Sanctuary, and was 135 cubits from north to south, and 187 from east to west. The wall on the inside was surrounded by columns; and on the north, east and south were a number of chambers, devoted to various purposes, among which was the Hall of the Sanhedrim, -<i>Lischcath Hagazîth</i>. This court was divided by a balustrade, 11 cubits +<i>Lischcath Hagazîth</i>. This court was divided by a balustrade, 11 cubits from the east end, in the middle of which were three flights of steps<a name="FNanchor_246" id="FNanchor_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a>, from which the Priests blessed the people. The part devoted to the men (135 cubits from north to south, and 11 from east to west) was called the 'Court of the Israelites,' <i>Azarath Yisrael</i>: the other, -the 'Court of the Priests,' <i>Azarath Cohanîm</i>.</p> +the 'Court of the Priests,' <i>Azarath Cohanîm</i>.</p> <p>The Temple itself was 100 cubits in length, and as many in height; its east front was formed by a vestibule, 100 cubits wide, measuring from @@ -3179,7 +3162,7 @@ side; twelve steps led up to the open door of the vestibule, which was long, and was divided from the Holy of Holies (20 cubits square) by a curtain. The sacred things were arranged as in Solomon's Temple. The bronze laver stood in the Priests' court, south-east of the Sanctuary; a -certain Ben Katîn made twelve outlets for water in it, so that the same +certain Ben Katîn made twelve outlets for water in it, so that the same number of Priests could purify themselves at the same time; he also contrived a machine to bring the water into it from a well<a name="FNanchor_247" id="FNanchor_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a>. In the middle of the court opposite the entrance of the Temple, north-east of @@ -3214,7 +3197,7 @@ Roman sentinel could see what was going on in the several courts<a name="FNancho The fortress was joined by a subterranean passage to a tower near the east gate of the Temple, so that in case of a popular tumult the king could easily escape into the Antonia<a name="FNanchor_257" id="FNanchor_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a>. At the present day, a plot of -levelled ground, a rocky knoll on the north of the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>, +levelled ground, a rocky knoll on the north of the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>, and a few shapeless fragments of masonry, are all that remain of the splendid buildings of Herod.</p> @@ -3222,7 +3205,7 @@ splendid buildings of Herod.</p> time of our Saviour's ministry<a name="FNanchor_258" id="FNanchor_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a>. He frequently taught in its courts, and twice expelled those who profaned them with merchandise. He prophesied the destruction of the place; and in its citadel His -sufferings commenced; for the Prætorium of Pilate was in the tower +sufferings commenced; for the Prætorium of Pilate was in the tower Antonia, which was the residence of the Roman Governor and his garrison<a name="FNanchor_259" id="FNanchor_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a>. There the sentence was proclaimed to the infuriated people, who called down on their own heads the curse of the innocent @@ -3380,7 +3363,7 @@ day after Easter, <span class="smcap">A.D. 1143</span><a name="FNanchor_277" id= because the first Temple to the honour of God had been erected by Solomon on that spot. Saladin, the champion of toleration, magnanimity, and generosity<a name="FNanchor_279" id="FNanchor_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a>, restored the worship of Islam in the two mosques, -<span class="smcap">A.D. 1187</span><a name="FNanchor_280" id="FNanchor_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a>; and from his time the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i> has remained in +<span class="smcap">A.D. 1187</span><a name="FNanchor_280" id="FNanchor_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a>; and from his time the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i> has remained in the hands of the Mohammedans as one of their holy places.</p> <p>Selim I., Sultan of Constantinople, who conquered Syria and Palestine, @@ -3393,7 +3376,7 @@ of money in adorning the whole of the <i>Haram</i>, and in erecting there schools and other philanthropic establishments.</p> <p>From the above narrative I draw the following conclusions: that history -and an unbroken chain of events prove that the whole <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i> +and an unbroken chain of events prove that the whole <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i> is the ancient Mount Moriah; that the present mosque of Omar stands upon the ancient threshing-floor of Araunah; that the levelled rock on the north-west, and that rising at the barrack mark the position of the @@ -3403,7 +3386,7 @@ Justinian.</p> <p>Let us now proceed to a detailed examination of the whole area, within and without, pausing at each object, which, either from its antiquity or other causes, seems to merit special attention. The barrack, which, -according to ancient tradition, stands on the site of the Prætorium, +according to ancient tradition, stands on the site of the Prætorium, touches the western part of the north side of the wall enclosing Moriah<a name="FNanchor_281" id="FNanchor_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a>; east of the barrack are buildings of the period of the Crusades, or not much later; and near the north-east angle of the wall @@ -3478,7 +3461,7 @@ afterwards for many others.</p> <p>The end of the east side of this gallery is just at the south-east angle of the building on the north, separated from the body of the convent by a small level street; and it terminates at the north-west angle of the -<i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>; the floor throughout the whole length slopes slightly +<i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>; the floor throughout the whole length slopes slightly and is formed in the rock: though the place was partly filled with earth at the north end, and with filthy stinking mud at the south, I thoroughly examined it and made a plan and elevation. At the entrance a @@ -3507,7 +3490,7 @@ examination of these, but, as far as I could see at the openings, the masonry and shape of the stones led me to think that they formed part of a Roman restoration. A short distance from these the gallery is closed by a wall, entirely of Arab work; but I made a temporary opening in it, -and was able to continue my examination as far as the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>; +and was able to continue my examination as far as the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>; the ground of which is about 8 feet above the top of the vault. The quantity of water, earth, and filth, prevented my approaching the rock at the end, and ascertaining the means of communication with the surface @@ -3591,7 +3574,7 @@ account.</p> <p>Let us now examine the north side of the <i>Haram</i>. I have already mentioned the depth of the foundations of the north walls of the barrack<a name="FNanchor_287" id="FNanchor_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287" class="fnanchor">[287]</a>; but on the south the masonry rests upon the bare rock, -which here rises 35 feet above the level of the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i> as is +which here rises 35 feet above the level of the <i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i> as is shewn in the drawing<a name="FNanchor_288" id="FNanchor_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_288" class="fnanchor">[288]</a>; its north face being 55 feet above the bottom of the valley. Hence I cannot admit the common tradition that the barrack<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> stands on the site of the Antonia, but consider that the rock @@ -3620,7 +3603,7 @@ also told that it was razed by Titus; the place which I assign still bears traces of this; and as a still stronger proof, there remains, in the middle of the rock that has been thus levelled, a fragment of the ancient Herodian wall; which I believe to have formed the south-east -corner of the inner buildings of the tower, i.e. of the Prætorium. On +corner of the inner buildings of the tower, i.e. of the Prætorium. On the west is the house belonging to the Pasha, governor of Jerusalem, and there I have seen, by means of excavations, the rock in the foundations and, resting against it, the earth which conceals the valley filled up @@ -3764,7 +3747,7 @@ and are made of great strength to withstand the pressure of the water.</p> <p>I have already explained by what marks I distinguish the walls which I attribute to Nehemiah, the Romans, and the Arabs<a name="FNanchor_301" id="FNanchor_301"></a><a href="#Footnote_301" class="fnanchor">[301]</a>; examples of each can be readily found in the eastern wall of the <i>Haram</i>. From the side -of a small sepulchral building (containing the ashes of Yacûb Pasha and +of a small sepulchral building (containing the ashes of Yacûb Pasha and his wife) to beyond the Golden Gate the masonry shews many signs of Arab restorations. Here may be seen columns of verd antique, porphyry and valuable marbles, built longwise into the thickness of the wall. @@ -3785,7 +3768,7 @@ richly carved with leaves and other ornaments. The whole building is cased, except at the base, with Saracenic work of the date of Solyman; as I infer from the irregular masonry, the smallness of the stones, the occurrence of a Byzantine capital (out of its proper place) on the top -of the façade, and many other minor ornamental details, bad in taste and +of the façade, and many other minor ornamental details, bad in taste and execution, which are characteristic of that age<a name="FNanchor_304" id="FNanchor_304"></a><a href="#Footnote_304" class="fnanchor">[304]</a>.</p> <p>Passing through the entrance, we find the piers and architraves of the @@ -3801,7 +3784,7 @@ half-columns, which, with the help of small pilasters, projecting slightly from the lateral walls, sustain the vaulting, composed of very narrow pointed domes; beneath this a magnificent entablature, carved in leaf patterns<a name="FNanchor_305" id="FNanchor_305"></a><a href="#Footnote_305" class="fnanchor">[305]</a>, is carried round the walls of the building. The west -façade<a name="FNanchor_306" id="FNanchor_306"></a><a href="#Footnote_306" class="fnanchor">[306]</a>, inside the <i>Haram</i>, has a double doorway with round-headed +façade<a name="FNanchor_306" id="FNanchor_306"></a><a href="#Footnote_306" class="fnanchor">[306]</a>, inside the <i>Haram</i>, has a double doorway with round-headed arches, supported by a central column and two side pilasters. Their form and ornamentation resemble those on the east front. The outer roof is also a series of domes, which were built during some repairs about 60 @@ -3985,7 +3968,7 @@ after the building of the wall.</p> <p>The Jews' wailing place is a small open plot; where a piece of Herod's wall is still seen between the outer wall of the <i>Mekhemeh</i> and that of -a private house (belonging to Abu-Saud): it is called in Arabic <i>Haï +a private house (belonging to Abu-Saud): it is called in Arabic <i>Haï el-Mogharibeh</i> (the wall of the Mogarabins). M. de Saulcy says of it: "Up to a height of more than 12 metres (about 39 feet) the original building has remained entire; regular courses of fine stones, perfectly @@ -4061,7 +4044,7 @@ wall followed the line of the present enclosure from south to north.</p> <p>Returning to the Temple Street and going westward along the dyke, which, with the Rev. G. Williams<a name="FNanchor_322" id="FNanchor_322"></a><a href="#Footnote_322" class="fnanchor">[322]</a>, I consider to be the ancient bridge between Sion and Moriah, we see, after a few yards, on the right hand a -small façade of Saracenic architecture, adorned with arabesques of +small façade of Saracenic architecture, adorned with arabesques of excellent design; whose accurate execution deserves notice. It is a fragment of an ancient school, established by Saladin, the revenues of which are now exhausted, so that nothing else remains besides this @@ -4079,7 +4062,7 @@ to regain the middle of the valley, and consequently passes under the bridge near the above-named school of Saladin. On the north of the fountain is an ancient Mohammedan bath rapidly falling to ruin, and near it the great gate of the Bazaar of the <i>Haram</i>, at the end of which is -the <i>Bâb el-Katannin</i> (Gate of the Cotton Merchants). The entrance to +the <i>Bâb el-Katannin</i> (Gate of the Cotton Merchants). The entrance to the Bazaar is a frontispiece of rude rustic work, which I attribute to the age of the Crusades. The interior is Saracenic, as is shewn by the architraves of the cells on each side, which were built for merchants' @@ -4088,15 +4071,15 @@ the Bazaar, there is a bath on the south side called the <i>Hammam es-Shefa</i>, supplied by a spring rising at a great depth: its waters have an unpleasant taste; but we will speak more particularly of it presently. On the north, nearly opposite to the entrance of the bath, a -little street leads to the <i>Bâb el-Kadid</i> (Iron Gate) and the Convent of +little street leads to the <i>Bâb el-Kadid</i> (Iron Gate) and the Convent of Blind Dervishes, (a philanthropic establishment of Solyman,) where singers in the mosque, suffering from this calamity, are still received.</p> -<p>The first lane on the north of the Bazaar leads directly up to the <i>Bâb +<p>The first lane on the north of the Bazaar leads directly up to the <i>Bâb el-Kadid</i>; along each side are establishments in aid of the poor, but, as the revenues have been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> swallowed up, they are going to ruin, like the schools of Saladin, which are in the next street on the north, -leading up to the <i>Bâb el-Nadhir</i> (Inspector's Gate). Here, according to +leading up to the <i>Bâb el-Nadhir</i> (Inspector's Gate). Here, according to Mohammedan tradition, the Prophet alighted from his steed Borak<a name="FNanchor_323" id="FNanchor_323"></a><a href="#Footnote_323" class="fnanchor">[323]</a>, on his visit to the Holy Stone of Jacob. Near this gate, on the south, is a magnificent building, which from the various kinds of stone employed, @@ -4163,7 +4146,7 @@ received.</p> <p>To the south of this is the Golden Gate<a name="FNanchor_326" id="FNanchor_326"></a><a href="#Footnote_326" class="fnanchor">[326]</a>; a small staircase on the north side conducts us to the top, which is an excellent position for a -general view of the <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i>, the Valley of Kidron, the Mount +general view of the <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i>, the Valley of Kidron, the Mount of Olives, and the whole of Jerusalem. Here we see the truth of the words of Josephus<a name="FNanchor_327" id="FNanchor_327"></a><a href="#Footnote_327" class="fnanchor">[327]</a>, that "the city lay over against the Temple in the manner of a theatre." The Mohammedans say that on the Last Day the @@ -4298,7 +4281,7 @@ containing from 3000 to 5000 beds, wonders at the number, and praises the piety of the Monks and Nuns who served there, and states that the basilica of S. Mary was in front of the Temple of Solomon, and communicated with the basilica of S. Sophia, situated on the site of the -Prætorium of Pilate. He also mentions that a stone was then exhibited +Prætorium of Pilate. He also mentions that a stone was then exhibited inside it, bearing the print of our Saviour's foot. It is remarkable that a similar stone is now exposed to receive the reverence of the Mohammedans at the south end of the present mosque.</p> @@ -4341,7 +4324,7 @@ Templar<a name="FNanchor_335" id="FNanchor_335"></a><a href="#Footnote_335" clas it is now used for the rite <i>Shaffi</i>.</p> <p>We will now proceed to an examination of the exterior and interior of -the building itself. The façade has a porch with seven arches<a name="FNanchor_336" id="FNanchor_336"></a><a href="#Footnote_336" class="fnanchor">[336]</a>, +the building itself. The façade has a porch with seven arches<a name="FNanchor_336" id="FNanchor_336"></a><a href="#Footnote_336" class="fnanchor">[336]</a>, corresponding to the seven aisles of the mosque itself. The centre arch is much larger than the others; all are acutely pointed. The form of the battlements crowning the walls, the details of the niches, and the @@ -4407,7 +4390,7 @@ have been inverted by the architect, so that the capitals richly carved with leaves serve as bases. This is called especially the mosque of Omar, as it continued to be the private oratory of the Khalif. On turning back to enter the main building, we see on the right a kind of -chapel, wherein is a niche ornamented with marble, called <i>Bâb er-Rahma</i> +chapel, wherein is a niche ornamented with marble, called <i>Bâb er-Rahma</i> (Gate of Mercy), near it are the <i>Mikhereb</i> of S. John (Baptist) and Zacharias. On quitting the mosque by the great northern door, and turning to the right, we find a flight of steps leading down to the @@ -4506,7 +4489,7 @@ ruins, and made use of the excellent materials which were lying on the spot, to rebuild them to suit their purpose; repairing such parts as they found standing upright and firm.</p> -<p>As I agree in almost every point with the opinion of M. de Vogüé, I +<p>As I agree in almost every point with the opinion of M. de Vogüé, I quote his words<a name="FNanchor_345" id="FNanchor_345"></a><a href="#Footnote_345" class="fnanchor">[345]</a>: "This gallery is a Byzantine building, and is roofed with two parallel barrel vaults, the inner sides of which are supported by a row of semicircular arches springing from square piers. @@ -4629,7 +4612,7 @@ Santon points out a slab of veined marble called 'the Bird of Solomon<a name="FNanchor_351" id="FNanchor_351"></a><a href="#Footnote_351" class="fnanchor">[351]</a>.'</p> <p>In my description of the interior of the mosque<a name="FNanchor_352" id="FNanchor_352"></a><a href="#Footnote_352" class="fnanchor">[352]</a>, I shall, in a -great measure, follow the account of M. de Vogüé<a name="FNanchor_353" id="FNanchor_353"></a><a href="#Footnote_353" class="fnanchor">[353]</a>, with several +great measure, follow the account of M. de Vogüé<a name="FNanchor_353" id="FNanchor_353"></a><a href="#Footnote_353" class="fnanchor">[353]</a>, with several additions and omissions. It is divided into three concentric spaces, by two arcades, the inner circular, the outer octagonal in plan. The first, which supports the drum of the dome, is formed by four large @@ -4806,7 +4789,7 @@ needs demonstration. The made ground is still to be seen on the east side, and the levelled surfaces and projecting remnant of rock on the north-west; while we have already noticed the great works by which it was enlarged on the south. Hence the three levels of the <i>Haram -es-Sherîf</i> correspond with the three spaces occupied by the ancient +es-Sherîf</i> correspond with the three spaces occupied by the ancient Temple.</p> <p>It may also be as well to mention a plan of Solomon's Temple, set forth @@ -5074,7 +5057,7 @@ their carelessness the Mohammedans lose the benefit of all the works of antiquity in Jerusalem. From the above-named basin two conduits branch out; the smaller and newer supplies water to the fountain in the middle of the <i>Mekhemeh</i>, and then rejoins the larger and older one (2-3/4 feet -wide and 2-1/4 high), which, after passing under the <i>Bâb es-Salsala</i>, +wide and 2-1/4 high), which, after passing under the <i>Bâb es-Salsala</i>, enters the <i>Haram</i>, and then, after running some little distance southward, turns off at an angle and goes to the fountain opposite the mosque <i>el-Aksa</i>, whence it proceeds to the great cistern called <i>Birket @@ -5338,7 +5321,7 @@ any errors into which I may have fallen.<br /><br /></p> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178" id="Footnote_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> 1 Chron. xxii. 1.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179" id="Footnote_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> <a href="#a7">Ant. <span class="smcap">VII.</span> 13, § 4.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179" id="Footnote_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> <a href="#a7">Ant. <span class="smcap">VII.</span> 13, § 4.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180" id="Footnote_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> <a href="#sam">2 Sam. xvii. 18</a>; Jer. xli. 8.</p></div> @@ -5360,9 +5343,9 @@ any errors into which I may have fallen.<br /><br /></p> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189" id="Footnote_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> <a href="#fki">1 Kings vi. 7.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190" id="Footnote_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190" id="Footnote_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 1.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191" id="Footnote_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> <a href="#a8">Ant. <span class="smcap">VIII.</span> 3, § 9</a>; <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, §§ 1, 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191" id="Footnote_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> <a href="#a8">Ant. <span class="smcap">VIII.</span> 3, § 9</a>; <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, §§ 1, 2.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192" id="Footnote_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> 1 Kings vi. 1, 38.</p></div> @@ -5430,86 +5413,86 @@ any errors into which I may have fallen.<br /><br /></p> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_224" id="Footnote_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> Haggai ii. 3; <a href="#ezr">Ezra iii. 12.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_225" id="Footnote_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 1</a>; <a href="#N3_8">Note VIII.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_225" id="Footnote_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 1</a>; <a href="#N3_8">Note VIII.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_226" id="Footnote_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> 1 Maccab. i. 20-23, 35, 36, 41; <a href="#a12">Ant. <span class="smcap">XII.</span> 5, §§ 3, 4.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_226" id="Footnote_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> 1 Maccab. i. 20-23, 35, 36, 41; <a href="#a12">Ant. <span class="smcap">XII.</span> 5, §§ 3, 4.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_227" id="Footnote_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> 1 Maccab. iv. 41-59; <a href="#w1">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">I.</span> 1, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_227" id="Footnote_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> 1 Maccab. iv. 41-59; <a href="#w1">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">I.</span> 1, § 1.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_228" id="Footnote_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> 1 Maccab. xii. 35-37.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_229" id="Footnote_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> 1 Maccab. xiii. 50-53.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_230" id="Footnote_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> <a href="#a13">Ant. <span class="smcap">XIII.</span> 6, § 7</a>; <a href="#w1">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">I.</span> 3, § 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_230" id="Footnote_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> <a href="#a13">Ant. <span class="smcap">XIII.</span> 6, § 7</a>; <a href="#w1">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">I.</span> 3, § 3.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_231" id="Footnote_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> <a href="#a13">Ant. <span class="smcap">XIII.</span> 11, § 2</a>; <a href="#w1">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">I.</span> 3, §§ 3-5.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_231" id="Footnote_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> <a href="#a13">Ant. <span class="smcap">XIII.</span> 11, § 2</a>; <a href="#w1">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">I.</span> 3, §§ 3-5.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_232" id="Footnote_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> <a href="#a14">Ant. <span class="smcap">XIV.</span> 4, § 2</a>; <a href="#w1">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">I.</span> 7, §§ 1-3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_232" id="Footnote_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> <a href="#a14">Ant. <span class="smcap">XIV.</span> 4, § 2</a>; <a href="#w1">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">I.</span> 7, §§ 1-3.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233" id="Footnote_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> <a href="#a14">Ant. <span class="smcap">XIV.</span> 16, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233" id="Footnote_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> <a href="#a14">Ant. <span class="smcap">XIV.</span> 16, § 2.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_234" id="Footnote_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_234" id="Footnote_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 2.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_235" id="Footnote_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> <a href="#joh">S. John ii. 20.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_236" id="Footnote_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> S. Mark xiii. 1, 2.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_237" id="Footnote_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, §§ 3-7</a>; <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5</a> (the more minute +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_237" id="Footnote_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, §§ 3-7</a>; <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5</a> (the more minute account); <a href="#N3_9">Note IX.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_238" id="Footnote_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> Palestine, p. 551.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_239" id="Footnote_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_239" id="Footnote_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 3.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_240" id="Footnote_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> <a href="#a13">Ant. <span class="smcap">XIII.</span> 6, § 7</a>; <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_240" id="Footnote_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> <a href="#a13">Ant. <span class="smcap">XIII.</span> 6, § 7</a>; <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 1.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_241" id="Footnote_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> Middoth, <span class="smcap">I.</span> 3.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_242" id="Footnote_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 5.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_242" id="Footnote_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 5.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_243" id="Footnote_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_243" id="Footnote_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 3.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_244" id="Footnote_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> S. Matt. xxi. 12.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_245" id="Footnote_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> <a href="#N3_10">Note X.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_246" id="Footnote_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> Mischna, 2, § 6.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_246" id="Footnote_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> Mischna, 2, § 6.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_247" id="Footnote_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> Mischna, 2nd part, Treatise <i>Yoma</i>, c. <span class="smcap">III.</span>, § 10; +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_247" id="Footnote_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> Mischna, 2nd part, Treatise <i>Yoma</i>, c. <span class="smcap">III.</span>, § 10; Babylonian Talmud, same treatise, fol. 37.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_248" id="Footnote_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> <a href="#exo">Exod. xx. 25</a>; <a href="#deu">Deut. xxvii. 5, 6.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_249" id="Footnote_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> Mischna, Treatise <i>Yoma</i>, c. <span class="smcap">III.</span>, § 1.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_249" id="Footnote_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> Mischna, Treatise <i>Yoma</i>, c. <span class="smcap">III.</span>, § 1.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_250" id="Footnote_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> <a href="#eze">Ezek. xl. 39, 40.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_251" id="Footnote_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> 2 Maccab. ii. 4-7.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_252" id="Footnote_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> Mischna, Treatise <i>Yoma</i>, c. <span class="smcap">V.</span>, § 2, and the Rabbinical +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_252" id="Footnote_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> Mischna, Treatise <i>Yoma</i>, c. <span class="smcap">V.</span>, § 2, and the Rabbinical traditions in the Babylonian Talmud, same treatise, fol. 54.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_253" id="Footnote_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_253" id="Footnote_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 1.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_254" id="Footnote_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> <a href="#N3_11">Note XI.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_255" id="Footnote_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_255" id="Footnote_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 2.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_256" id="Footnote_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 8.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_256" id="Footnote_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 8.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_257" id="Footnote_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 7.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_257" id="Footnote_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 7.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_258" id="Footnote_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> <a href="#joh">S. John ii. 20.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_259" id="Footnote_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 8.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_259" id="Footnote_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 8.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_260" id="Footnote_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 11</a>; <a href="#w6"><span class="smcap">VI.</span> 1.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_261" id="Footnote_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> <a href="#N3_12">Note XII.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_262" id="Footnote_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> <a href="#w6">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">VI.</span> 6, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_262" id="Footnote_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> <a href="#w6">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">VI.</span> 6, § 2.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_263" id="Footnote_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> <a href="#w6">Ibid. <span class="smcap">VI.</span> 9, § 1</a>; <a href="#w7"><span class="smcap">VII.</span> 1, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_263" id="Footnote_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> <a href="#w6">Ibid. <span class="smcap">VI.</span> 9, § 1</a>; <a href="#w7"><span class="smcap">VII.</span> 1, § 1.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_264" id="Footnote_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> <a href="#N3_13">Note XIII.</a></p></div> @@ -5530,11 +5513,11 @@ traditions in the Babylonian Talmud, same treatise, fol. 54.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_272" id="Footnote_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> <a href="#N3_20">Note XX.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_273" id="Footnote_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> Adamn. de Locis Sanctis, Lib. <span class="smcap">I.</span> c. 1, ap. Acta SS. Ord. -Bened. Tom. <span class="smcap">III.</span> Part 2, p. 304: "Cæterum in illo famoso loco, ubi +Bened. Tom. <span class="smcap">III.</span> Part 2, p. 304: "Cæterum in illo famoso loco, ubi quondam Templum magnifice constructum fuerat, in vicinia muri ab oriente locatum; nunc Sarraceni quadrangulam orationis domum, quam subrectis tabulis et magnis trabibus super quasdam ruinarum reliquias construentes -vili fabricati sunt opere, ipsi frequentant; quæ utique domus tria +vili fabricati sunt opere, ipsi frequentant; quæ utique domus tria hominum millia simul (ut fertur) capere potest."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_274" id="Footnote_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> <a href="#N3_21">Note XXI.</a></p></div> @@ -5559,7 +5542,7 @@ hominum millia simul (ut fertur) capere potest."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_284" id="Footnote_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284"><span class="label">[284]</span></a> Plate XIII.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_285" id="Footnote_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> <a href="#a13">Ant. <span class="smcap">XIII.</span> 11, § 2</a>; <a href="#w1">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">I.</span> 3, § 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_285" id="Footnote_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> <a href="#a13">Ant. <span class="smcap">XIII.</span> 11, § 2</a>; <a href="#w1">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">I.</span> 3, § 3.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_286" id="Footnote_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286"><span class="label">[286]</span></a> <a href="#N3_27">Note XXVII.</a></p></div> @@ -5567,15 +5550,15 @@ hominum millia simul (ut fertur) capere potest."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_288" id="Footnote_288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_288"><span class="label">[288]</span></a> Plate XIV.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_289" id="Footnote_289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_289"><span class="label">[289]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2; 5, § 8.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_289" id="Footnote_289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_289"><span class="label">[289]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2; 5, § 8.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_290" id="Footnote_290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_290"><span class="label">[290]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 11, § 4.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_290" id="Footnote_290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_290"><span class="label">[290]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 11, § 4.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_291" id="Footnote_291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_291"><span class="label">[291]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_291" id="Footnote_291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_291"><span class="label">[291]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 2.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_292" id="Footnote_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_292"><span class="label">[292]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 8.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_292" id="Footnote_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_292"><span class="label">[292]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 8.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_293" id="Footnote_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293"><span class="label">[293]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 7.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_293" id="Footnote_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293"><span class="label">[293]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 7.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_294" id="Footnote_294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_294"><span class="label">[294]</span></a> Plate XV.</p></div> @@ -5613,18 +5596,18 @@ hominum millia simul (ut fertur) capere potest."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_311" id="Footnote_311"></a><a href="#FNanchor_311"><span class="label">[311]</span></a> Plate XXI.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_312" id="Footnote_312"></a><a href="#FNanchor_312"><span class="label">[312]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 8, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_312" id="Footnote_312"></a><a href="#FNanchor_312"><span class="label">[312]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 8, § 1.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_313" id="Footnote_313"></a><a href="#FNanchor_313"><span class="label">[313]</span></a> <a href="#a14">Ant. <span class="smcap">XIV.</span> 4, § 2</a>; <a href="#w1">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">I.</span> 7, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_313" id="Footnote_313"></a><a href="#FNanchor_313"><span class="label">[313]</span></a> <a href="#a14">Ant. <span class="smcap">XIV.</span> 4, § 2</a>; <a href="#w1">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">I.</span> 7, § 2.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_314" id="Footnote_314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_314"><span class="label">[314]</span></a> <a href="#w6">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">VI.</span> 6, § 2; 8, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_314" id="Footnote_314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_314"><span class="label">[314]</span></a> <a href="#w6">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">VI.</span> 6, § 2; 8, § 1.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_315" id="Footnote_315"></a><a href="#FNanchor_315"><span class="label">[315]</span></a> <a href="#Page_23">Page 23.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_316" id="Footnote_316"></a><a href="#FNanchor_316"><span class="label">[316]</span></a> Guide d'Orient. Description des Environs du -<i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>.</p></div> +<i>Haram-es-Sherîf</i>.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_317" id="Footnote_317"></a><a href="#FNanchor_317"><span class="label">[317]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 5.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_317" id="Footnote_317"></a><a href="#FNanchor_317"><span class="label">[317]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 5.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_318" id="Footnote_318"></a><a href="#FNanchor_318"><span class="label">[318]</span></a> In my opinion, of the date of Herod.</p></div> @@ -5645,9 +5628,9 @@ hominum millia simul (ut fertur) capere potest."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_326" id="Footnote_326"></a><a href="#FNanchor_326"><span class="label">[326]</span></a> Plate XIX.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_327" id="Footnote_327"></a><a href="#FNanchor_327"><span class="label">[327]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 5.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_327" id="Footnote_327"></a><a href="#FNanchor_327"><span class="label">[327]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 5.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_328" id="Footnote_328"></a><a href="#FNanchor_328"><span class="label">[328]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 5.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_328" id="Footnote_328"></a><a href="#FNanchor_328"><span class="label">[328]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 5.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_329" id="Footnote_329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_329"><span class="label">[329]</span></a> Mejir-ed-din, Mines d'Orient, Vol. <span class="smcap">II.</span> p. 95.</p></div> @@ -5666,7 +5649,7 @@ Mejir-ed-din.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_336" id="Footnote_336"></a><a href="#FNanchor_336"><span class="label">[336]</span></a> Plates XXIII., XXIV.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_337" id="Footnote_337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_337"><span class="label">[337]</span></a> See M. de Vogüé's work, Les Églises de la Terre +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_337" id="Footnote_337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_337"><span class="label">[337]</span></a> See M. de Vogüé's work, Les Églises de la Terre Sainte.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_338" id="Footnote_338"></a><a href="#FNanchor_338"><span class="label">[338]</span></a> Plate XI. (Plan).</p></div> @@ -5682,18 +5665,18 @@ is called fire-marble.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_342" id="Footnote_342"></a><a href="#FNanchor_342"><span class="label">[342]</span></a> See details, Plate XXIX.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_343" id="Footnote_343"></a><a href="#FNanchor_343"><span class="label">[343]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 5.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_343" id="Footnote_343"></a><a href="#FNanchor_343"><span class="label">[343]</span></a> <a href="#a15">Ant. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 5.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_344" id="Footnote_344"></a><a href="#FNanchor_344"><span class="label">[344]</span></a> De Ædificiis Justiniani, Lib. <span class="smcap">V.</span> cap. vi. (Translated in +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_344" id="Footnote_344"></a><a href="#FNanchor_344"><span class="label">[344]</span></a> De Ædificiis Justiniani, Lib. <span class="smcap">V.</span> cap. vi. (Translated in Rev. G. Williams' Holy City, Vol. <span class="smcap">II.</span> p. 369).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_345" id="Footnote_345"></a><a href="#FNanchor_345"><span class="label">[345]</span></a> Les Églises de la Terre Sainte, par le Comte Melchior de -Vogüé, p. 272. He also quotes the Rev. G. Williams in confirmation of +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_345" id="Footnote_345"></a><a href="#FNanchor_345"><span class="label">[345]</span></a> Les Églises de la Terre Sainte, par le Comte Melchior de +Vogüé, p. 272. He also quotes the Rev. G. Williams in confirmation of his opinion.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_346" id="Footnote_346"></a><a href="#FNanchor_346"><span class="label">[346]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 3, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_346" id="Footnote_346"></a><a href="#FNanchor_346"><span class="label">[346]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 3, § 1.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_347" id="Footnote_347"></a><a href="#FNanchor_347"><span class="label">[347]</span></a> <a href="#w7">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">VII.</span> 2, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_347" id="Footnote_347"></a><a href="#FNanchor_347"><span class="label">[347]</span></a> <a href="#w7">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">VII.</span> 2, § 1.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_348" id="Footnote_348"></a><a href="#FNanchor_348"><span class="label">[348]</span></a> Plate XI.</p></div> @@ -5705,7 +5688,7 @@ his opinion.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_352" id="Footnote_352"></a><a href="#FNanchor_352"><span class="label">[352]</span></a> Plate XXVII.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_353" id="Footnote_353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_353"><span class="label">[353]</span></a> Les Églises de la Terre Sainte.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_353" id="Footnote_353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_353"><span class="label">[353]</span></a> Les Églises de la Terre Sainte.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_354" id="Footnote_354"></a><a href="#FNanchor_354"><span class="label">[354]</span></a> Plate XXIX.</p></div> @@ -5728,13 +5711,13 @@ his opinion.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_363" id="Footnote_363"></a><a href="#FNanchor_363"><span class="label">[363]</span></a> See the enclosed space, covered with cross lines, about the Mosque of Omar, Plate XI.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_364" id="Footnote_364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_364"><span class="label">[364]</span></a> Mischna, 2nd part, Treatise <i>Yoma</i>, c. 3, § 1.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_364" id="Footnote_364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_364"><span class="label">[364]</span></a> Mischna, 2nd part, Treatise <i>Yoma</i>, c. 3, § 1.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_365" id="Footnote_365"></a><a href="#FNanchor_365"><span class="label">[365]</span></a> <a href="#eze">Ezek. xl. 39-41.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_366" id="Footnote_366"></a><a href="#FNanchor_366"><span class="label">[366]</span></a> <a href="#lev">Levit. i. 16.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_367" id="Footnote_367"></a><a href="#FNanchor_367"><span class="label">[367]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 11, §§ 4, 5.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_367" id="Footnote_367"></a><a href="#FNanchor_367"><span class="label">[367]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 11, §§ 4, 5.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_368" id="Footnote_368"></a><a href="#FNanchor_368"><span class="label">[368]</span></a> See the Conduits, Plate X.</p></div> @@ -5756,7 +5739,7 @@ SEPULCHRE—GOLGOTHA—EXAMINATION OF THE EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR OF THE CHURCH—RUINS OF THE HOSPITAL.</p> <p><span class="smcap">After</span> the publication of the works of the Rev. G. Williams, Professor -Willis, and M. de Vogüé, on the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the fruits +Willis, and M. de Vogüé, on the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the fruits of so much learning and research, it is perhaps rash to undertake to write upon this subject; still, as I only enter upon its history so far as it concerns things now to be seen and the explanation of my own @@ -5914,7 +5897,7 @@ support the weight of a man, and is perfectly round; though it is very unlikely that the executioners would have taken the trouble to make the shape so regular. The holes in which the crosses of the two thieves were planted are not visible, although the Greek monk in charge of the -Calvary pretends to indicate their position. Abbé Mariti<a name="FNanchor_391" id="FNanchor_391"></a><a href="#Footnote_391" class="fnanchor">[391]</a>, who saw +Calvary pretends to indicate their position. Abbé Mariti<a name="FNanchor_391" id="FNanchor_391"></a><a href="#Footnote_391" class="fnanchor">[391]</a>, who saw them before Oct. 12, 1808, writes as follows: "The Arabs call the penitent thief <i>Leuss-el-Jemin</i>, which means the thief on the right hand; the position of the cross of the impenitent thief is on the left. @@ -6022,11 +6005,11 @@ chronicles, the conqueror took possession of the columns and other marble ornaments which were lying about in the ruins of Constantine's magnificent buildings, and ordered them to be worked into his new mosque <i>es-Sakharah</i>. He granted freedom of worship to the Christians, and his -example was followed, if not surpassed, by Harûn er-Rashîd alone (<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> +example was followed, if not surpassed, by Harûn er-Rashîd alone (<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 786-809), after whose death they suffered many persecutions; and their churches, especially that of the Resurrection, were plundered and greatly injured. The dome of that church was repaired by the Patriarch -Thomas, in the reign of El-Mamûn, with timber brought from Cyprus<a name="FNanchor_393" id="FNanchor_393"></a><a href="#Footnote_393" class="fnanchor">[393]</a>. +Thomas, in the reign of El-Mamûn, with timber brought from Cyprus<a name="FNanchor_393" id="FNanchor_393"></a><a href="#Footnote_393" class="fnanchor">[393]</a>. Hakem Biamr-Illah, Fatimite Sovereign of Egypt and Syria, ascended the throne <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 996, and began an incessant persecution against the Christians. In the year 1010 he ordered the total destruction of the @@ -6044,7 +6027,7 @@ heavily burdened by this additional demand, that the works at the churches were interrupted. It was not till <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1048 that, with the help afforded by Constantine Monomachus, the sanctuaries were completed according to the plans of Modestus, in the reign of the Egyptian Khalif -Maabad-Abutamin Mustansir-Billa. They are described by Sæwulf, who +Maabad-Abutamin Mustansir-Billa. They are described by Sæwulf, who visited Jerusalem during the years <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1102 and 1103<a name="FNanchor_395" id="FNanchor_395"></a><a href="#Footnote_395" class="fnanchor">[395]</a>.</p> <p>The numerous pilgrimages, which were made annually to the Holy Sepulchre @@ -6078,7 +6061,7 @@ the Holy Land, still preserved in the convent of S. Saviour at Jerusalem. These state that, in order to obtain a firman from the Porte (which was opposed and retarded during 21 years by the Greeks, who hoped to procure it for themselves), and to complete the restoration 400,000 -colonnati (about £92,000) were expended.</p> +colonnati (about £92,000) were expended.</p> <p>A firman was obtained from the Porte, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1757, by the Greeks, excluding the Latins, partly or wholly, from some of the sanctuaries, @@ -6122,7 +6105,7 @@ church, and point out and remark upon the chief objects of interest connected with the building; referring him to the Plans and their description for those of less importance<a name="FNanchor_399" id="FNanchor_399"></a><a href="#Footnote_399" class="fnanchor">[399]</a>.</p> -<p>Before the façade of the church is an oblong open court<a name="FNanchor_400" id="FNanchor_400"></a><a href="#Footnote_400" class="fnanchor">[400]</a> paved with +<p>Before the façade of the church is an oblong open court<a name="FNanchor_400" id="FNanchor_400"></a><a href="#Footnote_400" class="fnanchor">[400]</a> paved with large slabs of Palestine breccia, which are all cracked, apparently by the action of fire; no improbable cause, when we remember how many Christians have suffered martyrdom by burning on this spot<a name="FNanchor_401" id="FNanchor_401"></a><a href="#Footnote_401" class="fnanchor">[401]</a>. On the @@ -6150,7 +6133,7 @@ where Melchizedek planted the first olive; on which one of those trees is still growing. They also shew the spot where he made the first bread, and that on which Abraham offered up his son Isaac.</p> -<p>The architecture of the south façade of the church belongs to the +<p>The architecture of the south façade of the church belongs to the twelfth century, and the work was evidently left unfinished. From what remains it is difficult to deduce the architect's original plan. The position of the bell-tower might lead us to suppose that there would be @@ -6165,7 +6148,7 @@ doorways are composed of three archivolts finely carved, which spring from three columns of verd antique, placed in the re-entering angles of the piers of each door<a name="FNanchor_404" id="FNanchor_404"></a><a href="#Footnote_404" class="fnanchor">[404]</a>. The capitals of these columns, which are skilfully executed, are a Byzantine imitation of the Corinthian order. -The design of the cornice running along the top of the whole façade is +The design of the cornice running along the top of the whole façade is also ancient. The bas-reliefs on the lintels of the tympana of the two doors are too well wrought to be the work of the twelfth century. The profiles of the figures on that above the western door are admirably @@ -6194,7 +6177,7 @@ the oratory, is a carving of two four-footed animals (ideal monsters), which, in my opinion, is a <i>chef d'œuvre</i>, and, like all the other ornaments on the outside of this chapel, well worth notice.</p> -<p>Besides the two doors in the above façade, the church had another on the +<p>Besides the two doors in the above façade, the church had another on the west opening into Patriarch Street (the Christian bazaar). This, owing to the difference in level, gave access to the lower gallery of the great rotunda; it is now closed up. It is first mentioned by Edrisi, @@ -6202,7 +6185,7 @@ great rotunda; it is now closed up. It is first mentioned by Edrisi, Crusaders<a name="FNanchor_406" id="FNanchor_406"></a><a href="#Footnote_406" class="fnanchor">[406]</a>. There is no doubt that it was made between the years <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1140 and <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1150. It is ornamented by two columns with capitals, from which springs a pointed arch closely resembling those in the south -façade<a name="FNanchor_407" id="FNanchor_407"></a><a href="#Footnote_407" class="fnanchor">[407]</a>. There appears to have been another entrance from the +façade<a name="FNanchor_407" id="FNanchor_407"></a><a href="#Footnote_407" class="fnanchor">[407]</a>. There appears to have been another entrance from the terrace of the Abyssinians on the east side, because a doorway can be seen there, apparently of the time of the Crusades, which is now built up.</p> @@ -6351,7 +6334,7 @@ belonging to the Latins, who, as first, have the right of performing service inside the Tomb. The Greeks, as second, are on the right, and the Armenians on the left. On great solemnities the different communities adorn the space allotted to them with gold and silver lamps -and flowers, so as nearly to cover the whole façade. A large awning is +and flowers, so as nearly to cover the whole façade. A large awning is extended over the building, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> whenever a new one is necessary, as was the case in 1859, these three communities share the cost and divide the old one. With their portions the Greeks and Armenians recover the @@ -6412,7 +6395,7 @@ It was visited during the fifteenth century by Breydenbach, who writes as follows<a name="FNanchor_415" id="FNanchor_415"></a><a href="#Footnote_415" class="fnanchor">[415]</a>: "The cave, in which is the Lord's Sepulchre, is wholly cased with marble on the outside, but inside is the native rock, just as it was at the time of the burial." In the beginning of the present -century it was seen by Abbé Mariti, before the fire of 1808; his +century it was seen by Abbé Mariti, before the fire of 1808; his account<a name="FNanchor_416" id="FNanchor_416"></a><a href="#Footnote_416" class="fnanchor">[416]</a> agrees with those just quoted, and confirms the testimony given me by eye-witnesses.</p> @@ -6542,7 +6525,7 @@ drum, and it is lighted by four windows on the level of the Greeks' terrace-roof. The exterior of the drum is crowned by a cornice, apparently supported by little corbels ornamented with various incised carvings, for which many have sought symbolical interpretations; but, in -reality, they are only fanciful Græco-Saracenic decorations. All the +reality, they are only fanciful Græco-Saracenic decorations. All the outer surface of the dome is covered with strong plaster to render it weather-proof; and a small spiral staircase winds outside to the summit, whence a fine panoramic view may be obtained, which gives the visitor a @@ -6774,7 +6757,7 @@ church was erected on this spot by S. Helena, in honour of the Holy Cross; but this present building, if standing at that time, could not have escaped the ravages of Chosroes II. of Persia and of Hakem; and we must therefore refer it to a later date. Accordingly I perfectly agree -with the opinion expressed by M. de Vogüé in his chapter on the +with the opinion expressed by M. de Vogüé in his chapter on the Hospital. This author thinks that the Church of S. Mary Latin occupied this position, a building with a single nave; and this is strongly corroborated by a passage in the Gesta Francorum<a name="FNanchor_435" id="FNanchor_435"></a><a href="#Footnote_435" class="fnanchor">[435]</a>, which asserts @@ -6804,7 +6787,7 @@ already mentioned that some remains of an ancient Jewish wall were found during the excavations in this same plot of land, and now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> add that, below it, near to the street on the east, there seems to have been a portico, some fragments of columns of black granite having been found -there. M. de Vogüé, who arrived at Jerusalem after my departure, and +there. M. de Vogüé, who arrived at Jerusalem after my departure, and during the progress of the excavations, will no doubt have made further discoveries; and it is to be hoped that before long we shall have them described by so able and learned an explorer.</p> @@ -6821,7 +6804,7 @@ there is, however, a tradition that Godfrey of Bouillon occupied it during his short reign; this is not improbable in itself, but is unconfirmed by history; and William of Tyre<a name="FNanchor_437" id="FNanchor_437"></a><a href="#Footnote_437" class="fnanchor">[437]</a> states that the palace of the Latin king was near the Temple on the south side; meaning by the -Temple the present area of the <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i>. In a manuscript +Temple the present area of the <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i>. In a manuscript belonging to the Franciscans (preserved in the Convent of S. Saviour) we find that "from the House of the Prince to the Sepulchre was a subterranean passage, through which they went to the Church of the @@ -6909,7 +6892,7 @@ prison of S. Peter, as the ignorant guides call it, but the remains of the time of the Amalfi merchants and the Knights Hospitaler of S. John; of which I will now give a brief account.</p> -<p>The amicable relations between Harûn er-Rashîd, Khalif of Bagdad, and +<p>The amicable relations between Harûn er-Rashîd, Khalif of Bagdad, and Charlemagne, were of the utmost advantage to the Christians at Jerusalem, and induced the French Monarch to send large gifts thither, A.D. 810, in order to restore the churches, to build hospices, and @@ -7041,7 +7024,7 @@ very high common Arab wall, enclosing the south side of the Greek convent of S. John Baptist; the entrance to which is in the Christian bazaar, which bounds the Hospital on the east. All the interior of the convent is modern Arab masonry, but some debased Corinthian capitals are -built irregularly into the façade of the church; some more are to be +built irregularly into the façade of the church; some more are to be seen in other parts, placed upon ancient bases of columns. These were discovered when the convent was enlarged towards the east. The crypt of the church, reached by an external staircase on the south side, is an @@ -7075,7 +7058,7 @@ the little gardens, terraces, and Mohammedan houses; and on the north, what we have already described. The plateau itself, on which there are no houses, belongs to the Greek Convent of S. Constantine; the building on the north-east is the property of the Governor, and in 1858 would -have been sold to the Greeks or the Armenians, if M. Edmond de Barrère, +have been sold to the Greeks or the Armenians, if M. Edmond de Barrère, the French Consul, had not actively interposed to prevent it, in the hope that it might one day be restored, if not to the knights of Malta, at least to France. Let us then enter it.</p> @@ -7115,7 +7098,7 @@ on the ground.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a <p>These ruins belong to the church of S. Mary the Great. All authors previous to the fifteenth century are unanimous on this point. John of -Würtzburg<a name="FNanchor_454" id="FNanchor_454"></a><a href="#Footnote_454" class="fnanchor">[454]</a>, who visited Jerusalem in the second half of the twelfth +Würtzburg<a name="FNanchor_454" id="FNanchor_454"></a><a href="#Footnote_454" class="fnanchor">[454]</a>, who visited Jerusalem in the second half of the twelfth century, states that "near the Church of the Hospital of S. John is a nunnery in honour of the Virgin, almost close to the end of the church; it is called S. Mary the Great." This, formerly the monastery, was now @@ -7175,7 +7158,7 @@ ancient walls, and perhaps to make out something about its arrangement.<br /><br <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_377" id="Footnote_377"></a><a href="#FNanchor_377"><span class="label">[377]</span></a> S. Matt. xxvii. 45, 46.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_378" id="Footnote_378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_378"><span class="label">[378]</span></a> Mischna, 4th part, <i>Bava-bathra</i>, c. <span class="smcap">II.</span>, § 8.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_378" id="Footnote_378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_378"><span class="label">[378]</span></a> Mischna, 4th part, <i>Bava-bathra</i>, c. <span class="smcap">II.</span>, § 8.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_379" id="Footnote_379"></a><a href="#FNanchor_379"><span class="label">[379]</span></a> <a href="#Page_30">Page 30.</a></p></div> @@ -7190,7 +7173,7 @@ ancient walls, and perhaps to make out something about its arrangement.<br /><br <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_384" id="Footnote_384"></a><a href="#FNanchor_384"><span class="label">[384]</span></a> Treatise Sanhedrim, fol. 43 (Venet. edit.).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_385" id="Footnote_385"></a><a href="#FNanchor_385"><span class="label">[385]</span></a> <a href="#a20">Ant. <span class="smcap">XX.</span> 9, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_385" id="Footnote_385"></a><a href="#FNanchor_385"><span class="label">[385]</span></a> <a href="#a20">Ant. <span class="smcap">XX.</span> 9, § 1.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_386" id="Footnote_386"></a><a href="#FNanchor_386"><span class="label">[386]</span></a> Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. <span class="smcap">III.</span> 5.</p></div> @@ -7202,7 +7185,7 @@ ancient walls, and perhaps to make out something about its arrangement.<br /><br <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_390" id="Footnote_390"></a><a href="#FNanchor_390"><span class="label">[390]</span></a> <a href="#N4_3">Note III.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_391" id="Footnote_391"></a><a href="#FNanchor_391"><span class="label">[391]</span></a> Histoire de l'État présent de Jer. ch. <span class="smcap">IV.</span></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_391" id="Footnote_391"></a><a href="#FNanchor_391"><span class="label">[391]</span></a> Histoire de l'État présent de Jer. ch. <span class="smcap">IV.</span></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_392" id="Footnote_392"></a><a href="#FNanchor_392"><span class="label">[392]</span></a> <a href="#N4_4">Note IV.</a></p></div> @@ -7239,7 +7222,7 @@ friar, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1559.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_402" id="Footnote_402"></a><a href="#FNanchor_402"><span class="label">[402]</span></a> For details of the capitals of the columns in it see Plate XXXVI.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_403" id="Footnote_403"></a><a href="#FNanchor_403"><span class="label">[403]</span></a> See M. de Vogüé's excellent description, Les Églises de +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_403" id="Footnote_403"></a><a href="#FNanchor_403"><span class="label">[403]</span></a> See M. de Vogüé's excellent description, Les Églises de la Terre Sainte, p. 199 et seq.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_404" id="Footnote_404"></a><a href="#FNanchor_404"><span class="label">[404]</span></a> Plates XXXII., XXXIII.</p></div> @@ -7261,9 +7244,9 @@ la Terre Sainte, p. 199 et seq.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_412" id="Footnote_412"></a><a href="#FNanchor_412"><span class="label">[412]</span></a> <a href="#mat">S. Matt. xxviii. 2.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_413" id="Footnote_413"></a><a href="#FNanchor_413"><span class="label">[413]</span></a> Mabillon, Acta Sanctorum, Sæc. 3, pars 2.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_413" id="Footnote_413"></a><a href="#FNanchor_413"><span class="label">[413]</span></a> Mabillon, Acta Sanctorum, Sæc. 3, pars 2.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_414" id="Footnote_414"></a><a href="#FNanchor_414"><span class="label">[414]</span></a> Itinerarium Terræ Sanctæ in Leo Allatius, Symmikta, ed. +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_414" id="Footnote_414"></a><a href="#FNanchor_414"><span class="label">[414]</span></a> Itinerarium Terræ Sanctæ in Leo Allatius, Symmikta, ed. 1653, p. 147.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_415" id="Footnote_415"></a><a href="#FNanchor_415"><span class="label">[415]</span></a> Itinerarium Hierosolymitanum, p. 40, ed. of 1486.</p></div> @@ -7311,7 +7294,7 @@ Vol. <span class="smcap">II.</span> p. 169).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_435" id="Footnote_435"></a><a href="#FNanchor_435"><span class="label">[435]</span></a> Gesta Francorum expugnantium Hierusalem (Gesta Dei per Francos, Tom. <span class="smcap">I.</span> p. 573, ed. 1611).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_436" id="Footnote_436"></a><a href="#FNanchor_436"><span class="label">[436]</span></a> Les Églises de la Terre Sainte. De Vogüé, pp. 249, 262 et +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_436" id="Footnote_436"></a><a href="#FNanchor_436"><span class="label">[436]</span></a> Les Églises de la Terre Sainte. De Vogüé, pp. 249, 262 et seq.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_437" id="Footnote_437"></a><a href="#FNanchor_437"><span class="label">[437]</span></a> Lib. <span class="smcap">XII.</span> c. 7 (Gesta Dei per Francos, Tom. <span class="smcap">II.</span> pp. 819, @@ -7323,8 +7306,8 @@ seq.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_440" id="Footnote_440"></a><a href="#FNanchor_440"><span class="label">[440]</span></a> Plate XXXVII.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_441" id="Footnote_441"></a><a href="#FNanchor_441"><span class="label">[441]</span></a> Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires publiés par la Société -de Géographie. 4to. Vol. <span class="smcap">IV.</span> p. 789.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_441" id="Footnote_441"></a><a href="#FNanchor_441"><span class="label">[441]</span></a> Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires publiés par la Société +de Géographie. 4to. Vol. <span class="smcap">IV.</span> p. 789.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_442" id="Footnote_442"></a><a href="#FNanchor_442"><span class="label">[442]</span></a> Lib. <span class="smcap">XVIII.</span> c. 4 (Gesta Dei per Francos, Tom. <span class="smcap">II.</span> pp. 933, 934, ed. 1611).</p></div> @@ -7342,7 +7325,7 @@ Tom. <span class="smcap">I.</span> p. 281, ed. 1611).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_447" id="Footnote_447"></a><a href="#FNanchor_447"><span class="label">[447]</span></a> William of Tyre, Lib. <span class="smcap">XVIII.</span> c. 5 (Gesta Dei per Francos, Tom. <span class="smcap">II.</span> p. 935, ed. 1611).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_448" id="Footnote_448"></a><a href="#FNanchor_448"><span class="label">[448]</span></a> See Sæwulf's description, <a href="#N4_5">Note V.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_448" id="Footnote_448"></a><a href="#FNanchor_448"><span class="label">[448]</span></a> See Sæwulf's description, <a href="#N4_5">Note V.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_449" id="Footnote_449"></a><a href="#FNanchor_449"><span class="label">[449]</span></a> Plate XXX.</p></div> @@ -7354,13 +7337,13 @@ Tom. <span class="smcap">II.</span> p. 935, ed. 1611).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_453" id="Footnote_453"></a><a href="#FNanchor_453"><span class="label">[453]</span></a> Plate XXXVIII.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_454" id="Footnote_454"></a><a href="#FNanchor_454"><span class="label">[454]</span></a> Descriptio Terræ Sanctæ. Pez. thes. anecd. noviss. Vol. +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_454" id="Footnote_454"></a><a href="#FNanchor_454"><span class="label">[454]</span></a> Descriptio Terræ Sanctæ. Pez. thes. anecd. noviss. Vol. <span class="smcap">I.</span> pt. 3, col. 526.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_455" id="Footnote_455"></a><a href="#FNanchor_455"><span class="label">[455]</span></a> William of Tyre, Lib. <span class="smcap">XIX.</span> c. 4 (Gesta Dei, &c. Vol. <span class="smcap">II.</span> p. 958).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_456" id="Footnote_456"></a><a href="#FNanchor_456"><span class="label">[456]</span></a> De Vogüé, Les Églises, &c. p. 251.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_456" id="Footnote_456"></a><a href="#FNanchor_456"><span class="label">[456]</span></a> De Vogüé, Les Églises, &c. p. 251.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_457" id="Footnote_457"></a><a href="#FNanchor_457"><span class="label">[457]</span></a> <a href="#N4_16">Note XVI.</a></p></div> @@ -7379,7 +7362,7 @@ AND IN THE REST OF THE CITY, TOGETHER WITH ALL THE CONVENTS OF THE DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES.</p> <p><span class="smcap">The</span> <i>Via Dolorosa</i> is the street our Saviour is supposed to have passed -along on his road from the Prætorium to Calvary. The following is the +along on his road from the Prætorium to Calvary. The following is the course assigned to it by the only tradition which mentions it. It begins in the street which passes by the northern side of the barrack of the <i>Haram</i><a name="FNanchor_460" id="FNanchor_460"></a><a href="#Footnote_460" class="fnanchor">[460]</a>, and goes westward till it meets the central valley @@ -7395,7 +7378,7 @@ into fourteen stations: these are visited with religious care by pilgrims, because they are asserted to be the very places at which the last scenes of the Passion of Christ were enacted. They are as follows:</p> -<p>(i). Prætorium of Pilate (Barrack of the Haram); <i>Jesus condemned to +<p>(i). Prætorium of Pilate (Barrack of the Haram); <i>Jesus condemned to death</i>.</p> <p>(ii). Site of the 'scala sancta' (near to the north-east corner of the @@ -7451,29 +7434,29 @@ positive <i>data</i> to aid in identifying the present road with that trodden by our Saviour on His way to Calvary; and the tradition is of very little weight, as I will presently shew.</p> -<p>Let us then consider in detail the places mentioned above. The Prætorium +<p>Let us then consider in detail the places mentioned above. The Prætorium of Pilate is noticed by the Evangelists, who, however, do not say exactly where it was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> situated. However, with the help of Josephus I have been able to ascertain its position. In the third chapter<a name="FNanchor_461" id="FNanchor_461"></a><a href="#Footnote_461" class="fnanchor">[461]</a> I shewed that the tower Antonia occupied the north-west corner of the <i>Haram</i><a name="FNanchor_462" id="FNanchor_462"></a><a href="#Footnote_462" class="fnanchor">[462]</a>, and that the rock which rises high in the south wall of -the barrack was the <i>north</i> side of that fortress. Hence the Prætorium, +the barrack was the <i>north</i> side of that fortress. Hence the Prætorium, which was inside the tower<a name="FNanchor_463" id="FNanchor_463"></a><a href="#Footnote_463" class="fnanchor">[463]</a>, cannot be identified with the barrack, which stretches across the greater part of the valley that formerly defended the Temple on the north, and divided it from Bezetha<a name="FNanchor_464" id="FNanchor_464"></a><a href="#Footnote_464" class="fnanchor">[464]</a>; and consequently is outside the Antonia, and so cannot be on the site of the -Prætorium. This therefore I consider to have stood on the surface of +Prætorium. This therefore I consider to have stood on the surface of rock now exposed at the north-west corner inside the <i>Haram</i> wall<a name="FNanchor_465" id="FNanchor_465"></a><a href="#Footnote_465" class="fnanchor">[465]</a>. -The tradition relating to the Prætorium is very ancient. The Pilgrim of +The tradition relating to the Prætorium is very ancient. The Pilgrim of Bordeaux, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 333, says, in his description of the city: "As you go from Sion to the Neapolitan gate, on the right in the valley below are walls where was once the palace of Pontius Pilate." I think that these walls were founded, at least in part, on the rock exposed in the south side of the present barrack, or else he would not have been able to see them; and since this was the north side of the tower Antonia, it is -quite possible that they belonged to the Prætorium, and perhaps the +quite possible that they belonged to the Prætorium, and perhaps the projecting rock was mistaken for walls; a thing which is not improbable, -since S. Cyril<a name="FNanchor_466" id="FNanchor_466"></a><a href="#Footnote_466" class="fnanchor">[466]</a> (in the fourth century) in mentioning the Prætorium +since S. Cyril<a name="FNanchor_466" id="FNanchor_466"></a><a href="#Footnote_466" class="fnanchor">[466]</a> (in the fourth century) in mentioning the Prætorium states that 'it is now laid waste.' Antoninus of Piacenza found there (in the seventh century) a church dedicated to S. Sophia<a name="FNanchor_467" id="FNanchor_467"></a><a href="#Footnote_467" class="fnanchor">[467]</a>, but whether this was built by S. Helena or Justinian I do not know, since it @@ -7486,8 +7469,8 @@ reverence of the faithful ... but it is now not easy to ascertain their true positions; because, above all other reasons, the whole city has been so often destroyed and even razed." It follows then from this passage that the Christians, about eight centuries ago, had doubts of -the truth of the tradition. John of Würtzburg, and other authors of the -twelfth century, place the Prætorium on Mount Sion, which shews that the +the truth of the tradition. John of Würtzburg, and other authors of the +twelfth century, place the Prætorium on Mount Sion, which shews that the traditions at that time were uncertain and confused. From the end of the twelfth century all have agreed in recognizing the barrack as its site. The author of the <i>Citez de Jherusalem</i><a name="FNanchor_469" id="FNanchor_469"></a><a href="#Footnote_469" class="fnanchor">[469]</a> clearly indicates its @@ -7495,12 +7478,12 @@ present position: "A little in advance of this street (that of Jehoshaphat, for so the street leading to S. Mary's Gate was then called) was the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> house of Pilate. On the left hand in front of this house was a gate leading up to the Temple." Quaresmius<a name="FNanchor_470" id="FNanchor_470"></a><a href="#Footnote_470" class="fnanchor">[470]</a> states that -in his day the remains of a church built on the Prætorium were to be +in his day the remains of a church built on the Prætorium were to be seen, consisting of the choir and some of the side-chapels with traces of paintings. Of this only a few fragments now remain in an inner court of the barrack.</p> -<p>From these <i>data</i> it follows that the site of the Prætorium has been +<p>From these <i>data</i> it follows that the site of the Prætorium has been known since the fourth century, and that no doubt by tradition; but as there was a great accumulation of ruins upon the place, the position could only be fixed by what remained uninjured, namely the rock; and it @@ -7528,7 +7511,7 @@ artillery-horses.</p> <p>Turning to the east on leaving the barrack, we find in its north wall a doorway built up; half of which is Saracenic work in red and white -stone. Through it our Lord is believed to have left the Prætorium; and +stone. Through it our Lord is believed to have left the Prætorium; and the staircase which was transported to the Church of S. John Lateran at Rome is said to have been the very one by which he descended. When I examined this door at the end of 1854, its lowest part was two feet @@ -7554,14 +7537,14 @@ Antonia would have had such a weak point in its defences on the most important side as this stone staircase would have been. The valley which divided Moriah from Bezetha has been entirely overlooked by the believers in the 'Scala sancta.' Again, it is well known that the -Prætorium was in the interior of the Antonia; how then could this door -be in the Prætorium? If the Antonia be placed outside the north-west -corner of the <i>Haram</i>, then the Prætorium would have been in the valley, +Prætorium was in the interior of the Antonia; how then could this door +be in the Prætorium? If the Antonia be placed outside the north-west +corner of the <i>Haram</i>, then the Prætorium would have been in the valley, and the fortress could not have been defended on the north, in the way Josephus says it was; and if (as I think) it be placed inside the enclosure, then the gate and staircase could never have occupied the positions now assigned to them. Again, we are told that all this part of -the city was utterly destroyed; therefore the Prætorium too must have +the city was utterly destroyed; therefore the Prætorium too must have been swept away, and its ruins have helped to fill up the valley. In fact, the door now shewn is only a fragment of some work of the time of Saladin or Solyman.</p> @@ -7572,18 +7555,18 @@ Flagellation; and beneath the altar in the middle they point out the exact place where the Redeemer was bound to a column to be scourged. Here Quaresmius<a name="FNanchor_472" id="FNanchor_472"></a><a href="#Footnote_472" class="fnanchor">[472]</a> saw a small but handsome and well-preserved chapel, which had been used as a stable by Mustafa Bey, son of the Governor of -the city. Abbé Mariti, who visited it <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1767, says<a name="FNanchor_473" id="FNanchor_473"></a><a href="#Footnote_473" class="fnanchor">[473]</a>, that he saw -"a large square hall, covered by a high vaulted roof; the façade +the city. Abbé Mariti, who visited it <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1767, says<a name="FNanchor_473" id="FNanchor_473"></a><a href="#Footnote_473" class="fnanchor">[473]</a>, that he saw +"a large square hall, covered by a high vaulted roof; the façade resembled that of a church or oratory, and though the walls were very black, traces of pictures could still be discerned on them. They assert that the Saviour was scourged on this spot, but I do not see on what -grounds. As this building is in a way connected with the Prætorium, many +grounds. As this building is in a way connected with the Prætorium, many have given credence to this tradition; though, as I believe, it is only founded on the reverence felt by the Christians for that chamber, which no doubt induced them to build there a chapel in memory of the Flagellation. Many miracles are said to have been performed here. The people of Jerusalem, both Christian and Mohammedan, relate stories about -them, which remind us of the mediæval legends. The Mohammedans have +them, which remind us of the mediæval legends. The Mohammedans have converted the place into a stable." The above<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> shews that the tradition itself is not ancient. The Franciscan monks relate that the chapel and the adjoining land, occupied by the hospice, were given to them by @@ -7594,11 +7577,11 @@ deep, especially on the south side. The place therefore now pointed out beneath the altar cannot be the exact spot where our Saviour stood, because of the great quantity of earth above the rock. How, too, can this site for the Flagellation be reconciled with the position of the -'Scala sancta' or of the Prætorium? It is quite impossible that they can +'Scala sancta' or of the Prætorium? It is quite impossible that they can have been connected together in former times, because of the above-named valley. The size also of the tower Antonia is an obstacle, for each of its sides was only half a stadium, whereas, if we accept the traditional -site for the Flagellation, the Prætorium alone must have been nearly of +site for the Flagellation, the Prætorium alone must have been nearly of that size. The present chapel is dedicated to the Flagellation, and is in no way remarkable: the few remains of antiquity it possesses have been covered over with whitewash, excepting some capitals built into the @@ -7623,14 +7606,14 @@ allowed this arch to stand during the siege, and that if they had, it would not have escaped the Romans. An author of the present day has attempted to interpret the letters carved on two stones in the north pilaster on the west side; but with regard to that, I will quote the -words of the Abbé Mariti<a name="FNanchor_477" id="FNanchor_477"></a><a href="#Footnote_477" class="fnanchor">[477]</a>. "They have assured me that about sixty +words of the Abbé Mariti<a name="FNanchor_477" id="FNanchor_477"></a><a href="#Footnote_477" class="fnanchor">[477]</a>. "They have assured me that about sixty years ago (i.e. before 1767) these words were read <span class="smcap">TOL...TO...</span>, and at a still earlier period <span class="smcap">TOLLE TOLLE CRUCIFIGE EUM</span>. Others assert that they have read thus <span class="smcap">TO. C. X</span>. For my own part I have only been able to make out a single <span class="smcap">O</span> in a clear Roman character; but the stones on which the letters are carved are so much injured that they will soon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> crumble away, and thus put a stop to all conjectures." As then only one letter -could be deciphered at the time of Abbé Mariti, I hope to be believed +could be deciphered at the time of Abbé Mariti, I hope to be believed when I say that even this is now indistinct. But even if the inscription was rightly read as above, that is no proof that the arch was standing in our Lord's life-time; it establishes no more than that some one @@ -7820,10 +7803,10 @@ It was then entirely deserted, except that the monks, by permission of the Pasha, continued to celebrate mass in it on the Festival of the Conception, and on that of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, who (according to them) was born there. So matters went on until in 1856 M. -de Barrère happily thought of endeavouring to obtain it for the Roman +de Barrère happily thought of endeavouring to obtain it for the Roman Church, and was so well seconded by his government at Constantinople, that his hopes were realized; for on October 19, 1856, the Sultan -granted it to France, and on November 1, M. de Barrère took possession +granted it to France, and on November 1, M. de Barrère took possession of the building with all formality, receiving the keys from Kiamil Pasha. The repairs were begun about a year ago, and soon Jerusalem will possess a new church, one of the finest in Palestine. Having given this @@ -7842,7 +7825,7 @@ Joachim;" and again, in the First Oration on the Nativity of the Virgin<a name="FNanchor_487" id="FNanchor_487"></a><a href="#Footnote_487" class="fnanchor">[487]</a>: "Happy be thou in all respects, O Probatica, ancient temple of the seed of Joachim, but now a church!" Phocas mentions it in his description of the remarkable places of Antioch and Jerusalem. Other -authors, from Sæwulf to William of Tyre, name it, and all agree in +authors, from Sæwulf to William of Tyre, name it, and all agree in placing it on the same spot, and repeating the tradition; but none of them give us any certain clue to the history of its foundation. As every one expresses his own opinion on this point, I will follow the general @@ -7850,7 +7833,7 @@ example<a name="FNanchor_488" id="FNanchor_488"></a><a href="#Footnote_488" clas entered Jerusalem is evident from the Arabian historians; for Abulfeda tells us that under the rule of the Khalifs, before the Franks gained possession of Jerusalem, the Church of S. Ann was converted into a -college for public instruction<a name="FNanchor_489" id="FNanchor_489"></a><a href="#Footnote_489" class="fnanchor">[489]</a>. Again, Sæwulf visited it <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1103, +college for public instruction<a name="FNanchor_489" id="FNanchor_489"></a><a href="#Footnote_489" class="fnanchor">[489]</a>. Again, Sæwulf visited it <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1103, that is, in the first four years of the Latin kingdom, when as yet they had not thought about building churches. William of Tyre<a name="FNanchor_490" id="FNanchor_490"></a><a href="#Footnote_490" class="fnanchor">[490]</a> relates that three or four nuns inhabited the adjoining convent; which is also a @@ -7873,8 +7856,8 @@ Lazarus at Bethany was finished, which was built for her by her sister Milisendis. On this occasion also William of Tyre<a name="FNanchor_492" id="FNanchor_492"></a><a href="#Footnote_492" class="fnanchor">[492]</a> mentions the buildings, but not the church.</p> -<p>M. de Vogüé<a name="FNanchor_493" id="FNanchor_493"></a><a href="#Footnote_493" class="fnanchor">[493]</a> writes as follows: "Towards the middle of the twelfth -century, John of Würtzburg expresses wonder at the number of the nuns +<p>M. de Vogüé<a name="FNanchor_493" id="FNanchor_493"></a><a href="#Footnote_493" class="fnanchor">[493]</a> writes as follows: "Towards the middle of the twelfth +century, John of Würtzburg expresses wonder at the number of the nuns (who followed the rule of S. Benedict), and at their devotion; and mentions the church; meaning, I think, on this occasion, the church now remaining." I cannot agree with this opinion, for the reason that, had @@ -7891,7 +7874,7 @@ plainer<a name="FNanchor_496" id="FNanchor_496"></a><a href="#Footnote_496" clas Chosroes II. invaded the country; as is stated by Georgian manuscripts in the Greek convent of S. Constantine at Jerusalem. Hence the presence of pointed arches does not forbid us to suppose that S. Ann's Church was -also built before the Crusades. M. de Vogüé<a name="FNanchor_497" id="FNanchor_497"></a><a href="#Footnote_497" class="fnanchor">[497]</a> says "that the last two +also built before the Crusades. M. de Vogüé<a name="FNanchor_497" id="FNanchor_497"></a><a href="#Footnote_497" class="fnanchor">[497]</a> says "that the last two western piers (inside the church) are much more massive than the rest, and were intended to sustain bell-towers." With this I do not agree, because the difference in size is imperceptible; indeed, perhaps they @@ -7970,7 +7953,7 @@ shapeless fragments of ruins, which reveal nothing of their former splendour, nay, not so much as whether they could have been ever beautiful.</p> -<p>The Church of the Magdalene (called <i>Maïmonieh</i> by the Arabs) is +<p>The Church of the Magdalene (called <i>Maïmonieh</i> by the Arabs) is situated to the north-west of the Church of S. Ann, and to the south-east of Herod's Gate. According to tradition it stands on the site of the house of Simon the Pharisee, where the penitent sinner washed the @@ -7988,7 +7971,7 @@ and the like. It is commonly said to be the property of the Greek Convent, but I am not certain whether this is true. I removed the rubbish from the interior to search for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> remains of pillars, in the hope of being able to ascertain the plan of the building; but my labours -were fruitless, and I must therefore refer my reader to M. de Vogüé's +were fruitless, and I must therefore refer my reader to M. de Vogüé's work<a name="FNanchor_502" id="FNanchor_502"></a><a href="#Footnote_502" class="fnanchor">[502]</a>, only observing that the Church of the Magdalene does not (as he asserts) belong to the same class of churches as that of S. Ann, for the former is a rectangle in plan, the latter a trapezium. For the rest @@ -7999,7 +7982,7 @@ to the era of the Crusades, or to an earlier period. I cannot however admit that it can be called a French work<a name="FNanchor_503" id="FNanchor_503"></a><a href="#Footnote_503" class="fnanchor">[503]</a>, because the Crusaders were not French alone, but of many different nations. The same author writes, "The only contemporaneous documents which we possess relating to -the Magdalene Church are in the account of John of Würtzburg, and in the +the Magdalene Church are in the account of John of Würtzburg, and in the Cartulary. He tells us that it was served by the Jacobite monks. 'Near the city-wall, not far from S. Ann's on the north, is the Church of S. Mary Magdalene, occupied by the Jacobite monks. These assert that it @@ -8010,13 +7993,13 @@ the title of an agreement<a name="FNanchor_505" id="FNanchor_505"></a><a href="# Sepulchre and the Jacobite monks of S. Mary Magdalene. The document is not dated, but from the signatures it must have been written about <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1160. After Jerusalem had been taken by the Saracens the church was -converted into a school, and was called <i>Maïmonieh</i>, the name it still +converted into a school, and was called <i>Maïmonieh</i>, the name it still bears among the Mohammedans. 'The school of <i>Maimun</i>' (writes Mejir-ed-Din) 'near to the gate of the city called Sahera, was formerly a Greek church (i.e. Christian): it was endowed in 593 (<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1197) by the Emir Faris-ed-Din-Abu-Said-Maimun, son of Abdallah-el-Kasri, treasurer of King Salah-ed-Din.'" Let us now consider the testimony -quoted above. John of Würtzburg undertook his journey after the middle +quoted above. John of Würtzburg undertook his journey after the middle of the twelfth century, and found the Jacobites already established in the Magdalene Church. Now if the church had been built by the Crusaders, the pilgrim would have been sure to mention it, nor would they have been @@ -8039,7 +8022,7 @@ maintained that there was but one (the divine) nature in Christ, and were therefore called Monophysites.</p> <p>On the east of the Chapel of the Flagellation is an ancient chapel, -called <i>Deïr Addas</i> by the Mohammedans, and by the Christians, the +called <i>Deïr Addas</i> by the Mohammedans, and by the Christians, the Chapel of the Nativity of the Virgin. It is now used as a warehouse. There is no mention of it in any ancient documents; and it is very small, being not more than 16 feet wide, with a dome about 10 feet in @@ -8111,7 +8094,7 @@ westward, in which place steps are to be seen four feet wide, but not more than two inches high. These, I think, may be the remains of the street that went up to Golgotha; because it is in the direction of the south-west corner of the tower Antonia (as placed by me). The north -façade is built of well-wrought stones of different colours, skilfully +façade is built of well-wrought stones of different colours, skilfully laid with even joints, especially in the door-posts, where lead is employed instead of mortar. By this side the guides generally conduct the visitor into the building. On the ground-floor on the east are shewn @@ -8161,17 +8144,17 @@ mullion, crowned by an elegant arabesque capital. After going over this floor and mounting to the roof, we see the remains of a splendid apartment with all the requisites of a Mohammedan <i>Harem</i><a name="FNanchor_508" id="FNanchor_508"></a><a href="#Footnote_508" class="fnanchor">[508]</a>; but here care is necessary to avoid a fall. The view from the summit of the -terrace is far from uninteresting; the whole <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i> is well +terrace is far from uninteresting; the whole <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i> is well seen, with a considerable extent of the central valley, the hill Acra (as placed by me) full in view, and also Bezetha, separated from Moriah, -and rising above it. Here the student and the archæologist will form a +and rising above it. Here the student and the archæologist will form a good idea of the topography of the ancient<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> city; and the descriptions of Josephus, especially with reference to Acra and Bezetha, will be readily understood.</p> <p>Opposite to S. Helena's Hospital on the north is a Saracenic house, apparently of the same date, which is in a very unsafe state. In the -south façade is a great number of delicately wrought and interesting +south façade is a great number of delicately wrought and interesting arabesques. It is used by certain Mohammedans, who meet there for prayer. They belong to an order of Dervishes, who are very free from fanaticism, and employed in doing good. When I speak of the convents @@ -8202,7 +8185,7 @@ Mohammedan chronicle the Hospital of Omar. I have examined the interior, and it appears to me, from the arrangement of some of the principal walls, to have been a church in the days of the Latin kingdom, most probably the Church of S. Giles, mentioned by various writers of the -time of the Crusades<a name="FNanchor_511" id="FNanchor_511"></a><a href="#Footnote_511" class="fnanchor">[511]</a>. The Saracenic architecture in its façade may +time of the Crusades<a name="FNanchor_511" id="FNanchor_511"></a><a href="#Footnote_511" class="fnanchor">[511]</a>. The Saracenic architecture in its façade may have been the addition of one of the two above-named Sultans, and shews how rich the neighbourhood of Jerusalem is in fine coloured stones, which take a polish like marble. Many of these are fastened together @@ -8212,12 +8195,12 @@ other ancient buildings belonging to the Mohammedans in Jerusalem, and unless it be sold will soon be a heap of ruins.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p> <p>In a small street on the west of the above is an ancient edifice, which -shews the hand of a skilful architect in the regularity of its façade, +shews the hand of a skilful architect in the regularity of its façade, and the arrangement of its inner walls. The wall of the former consists of small stones with deeply-cut rustic-work up to the level of the first floor; along which runs a very plain cornice beneath a row of square-headed windows, also crowned with a projecting cornice. The -remainder of the façade is constructed of polished stones accurately +remainder of the façade is constructed of polished stones accurately laid. In the ground-floor rooms, now converted into offices, are the shafts and capitals of columns, and from the general appearance of the building we may infer that it has been a chapel. Local traditions state @@ -8304,14 +8287,14 @@ their existence, as from a mistaken economy, were not properly examined. Therefore when the new walls were finished, and the greater part of the dome completed, cracks, caused by a settlement, appeared all along the building. Consequently it became necessary to strengthen the foundations -and to modify the design of the façade by closing up arches and windows, +and to modify the design of the façade by closing up arches and windows, and using iron tie-rods. At present it seems likely to stand for some years; but not for a long period, as its materials and masonry are not very strong.</p> <p>A German synagogue on the east of the Polish, reached by threading a labyrinth of dirty lanes, is now being repaired. Those in charge of the -work have begun to restore the façade, over which they have wasted a +work have begun to restore the façade, over which they have wasted a great quantity of money in loading it with useless ornament; and have paid no attention to the interior, which, in my opinion, should be the first consideration: consequently they are now at a standstill for want @@ -8342,7 +8325,7 @@ tied to it when he was brought to the High-Priest's house; and in consequence of this legend, the Christians (especially those of the East) hold the tree in great veneration, and think themselves happy if they can procure a little piece of it. On this point I may adopt the -words of the Abbé Mariti<a name="FNanchor_516" id="FNanchor_516"></a><a href="#Footnote_516" class="fnanchor">[516]</a>. "In order to check the rush of devotees +words of the Abbé Mariti<a name="FNanchor_516" id="FNanchor_516"></a><a href="#Footnote_516" class="fnanchor">[516]</a>. "In order to check the rush of devotees upon this tree, and to preserve the advantages resulting from it, the Armenians have surrounded it with a wall to prevent the faithful from approaching near to it. Of its fruit they make rosaries, which they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> @@ -8375,7 +8358,7 @@ veracity. He promised to shew me this document, but some how or other never found an opportunity, although, unquestionably, the monks do exhibit it to credulous pilgrims. The church is well worth notice. It is said to stand on the spot where the Saint was martyred<a name="FNanchor_517" id="FNanchor_517"></a><a href="#Footnote_517" class="fnanchor">[517]</a>, but it -would be difficult to prove the truth of the tradition. The façade<a name="FNanchor_518" id="FNanchor_518"></a><a href="#Footnote_518" class="fnanchor">[518]</a> +would be difficult to prove the truth of the tradition. The façade<a name="FNanchor_518" id="FNanchor_518"></a><a href="#Footnote_518" class="fnanchor">[518]</a> is very plain, and of later date than the rest of the building. It has a porch where the Easterns leave their shoes before entering the doors; both from reverence, and to avoid injuring the marble pavement and rich @@ -8533,7 +8516,7 @@ of the Column), where they established themselves on a surer footing inside the city. This they afterwards purchased from the proprietors, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1559, by the favour of the Sublime Porte, who imposed on them hard conditions<a name="FNanchor_525" id="FNanchor_525"></a><a href="#Footnote_525" class="fnanchor">[525]</a>. The price of the ground was 1000 sultanins (about -£120), and that of the buildings 1200 Venetian sequins; but as the +£120), and that of the buildings 1200 Venetian sequins; but as the property was much too small they obtained permission to increase it, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1561, and again on other occasions, and so gradually brought it to its present condition. The earliest part of the convent is that which is @@ -8610,7 +8593,7 @@ a good and energetic man. As the representative of his co-religionists he purchased in 1856 a plot of land containing the third station of the Via Dolorosa, and bounded on the south by the fourth station. This he would not have been able to acquire, had he not been aided by the alms -of his party and the support of M. de Barrère, the French consul, who, +of his party and the support of M. de Barrère, the French consul, who, as usual, earnestly pressed his cause with the local authorities. The property was utterly neglected by the Mohammedans so long as it was in their possession, and considered to be the ruin of an ancient bath; the @@ -8786,11 +8769,11 @@ have described the neighbourhood.<br /><br /></p> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_461" id="Footnote_461"></a><a href="#FNanchor_461"><span class="label">[461]</span></a> <a href="#Page_64">Page 64.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_462" id="Footnote_462"></a><a href="#FNanchor_462"><span class="label">[462]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 8.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_462" id="Footnote_462"></a><a href="#FNanchor_462"><span class="label">[462]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 8.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_463" id="Footnote_463"></a><a href="#FNanchor_463"><span class="label">[463]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 8.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_463" id="Footnote_463"></a><a href="#FNanchor_463"><span class="label">[463]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 8.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_464" id="Footnote_464"></a><a href="#FNanchor_464"><span class="label">[464]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_464" id="Footnote_464"></a><a href="#FNanchor_464"><span class="label">[464]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Ibid. <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_465" id="Footnote_465"></a><a href="#FNanchor_465"><span class="label">[465]</span></a> Plate XI.</p></div> @@ -8799,20 +8782,20 @@ p. 163).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_467" id="Footnote_467"></a><a href="#FNanchor_467"><span class="label">[467]</span></a> Holy City, Vol. <span class="smcap">II.</span> p. 375.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_468" id="Footnote_468"></a><a href="#FNanchor_468"><span class="label">[468]</span></a> De Vogüé, Les Églises de la Terre Sainte, p. 299, quoting +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_468" id="Footnote_468"></a><a href="#FNanchor_468"><span class="label">[468]</span></a> De Vogüé, Les Églises de la Terre Sainte, p. 299, quoting from Gesta Francorum expugn. Hierus. Bongars. p. 573.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_469" id="Footnote_469"></a><a href="#FNanchor_469"><span class="label">[469]</span></a> Quoted by De Vogüé, p. 299.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_469" id="Footnote_469"></a><a href="#FNanchor_469"><span class="label">[469]</span></a> Quoted by De Vogüé, p. 299.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_470" id="Footnote_470"></a><a href="#FNanchor_470"><span class="label">[470]</span></a> Elucidatio Terræ Sanctæ, Lib. <span class="smcap">IV.</span> Pereg. 6, c. 2, Vol. +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_470" id="Footnote_470"></a><a href="#FNanchor_470"><span class="label">[470]</span></a> Elucidatio Terræ Sanctæ, Lib. <span class="smcap">IV.</span> Pereg. 6, c. 2, Vol. <span class="smcap">II.</span> p. 181, col. 2, ed. 1639.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_471" id="Footnote_471"></a><a href="#FNanchor_471"><span class="label">[471]</span></a> Ibid.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_472" id="Footnote_472"></a><a href="#FNanchor_472"><span class="label">[472]</span></a> Elucidatio Terræ Sanctæ, Lib. <span class="smcap">IV.</span> Pereg. 6, c. 5, Vol. +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_472" id="Footnote_472"></a><a href="#FNanchor_472"><span class="label">[472]</span></a> Elucidatio Terræ Sanctæ, Lib. <span class="smcap">IV.</span> Pereg. 6, c. 5, Vol. <span class="smcap">II.</span> p. 196, col. 2, ed. 1639.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_473" id="Footnote_473"></a><a href="#FNanchor_473"><span class="label">[473]</span></a> Hist. de l'état présent de Jérus. Ch. <span class="smcap">XIII.</span></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_473" id="Footnote_473"></a><a href="#FNanchor_473"><span class="label">[473]</span></a> Hist. de l'état présent de Jérus. Ch. <span class="smcap">XIII.</span></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_474" id="Footnote_474"></a><a href="#FNanchor_474"><span class="label">[474]</span></a> <a href="#N5_1">Note I</a>; Plates XII., XIII.</p></div> @@ -8820,13 +8803,13 @@ from Gesta Francorum expugn. Hierus. Bongars. p. 573.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_476" id="Footnote_476"></a><a href="#FNanchor_476"><span class="label">[476]</span></a> <a href="#Page_60">Ch. <span class="smcap">III.</span> page 60.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_477" id="Footnote_477"></a><a href="#FNanchor_477"><span class="label">[477]</span></a> Histoire de l'état présent de Jésus. Ch. <span class="smcap">XIII.</span></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_477" id="Footnote_477"></a><a href="#FNanchor_477"><span class="label">[477]</span></a> Histoire de l'état présent de Jésus. Ch. <span class="smcap">XIII.</span></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_478" id="Footnote_478"></a><a href="#FNanchor_478"><span class="label">[478]</span></a> <a href="#luk">S. Luke xxiii. 7-11.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_479" id="Footnote_479"></a><a href="#FNanchor_479"><span class="label">[479]</span></a> <a href="#w1">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">I.</span> 3, § 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_479" id="Footnote_479"></a><a href="#FNanchor_479"><span class="label">[479]</span></a> <a href="#w1">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">I.</span> 3, § 3.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_480" id="Footnote_480"></a><a href="#FNanchor_480"><span class="label">[480]</span></a> M. de Vogüé (Les Églises de la Terre Sainte, p. 304) +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_480" id="Footnote_480"></a><a href="#FNanchor_480"><span class="label">[480]</span></a> M. de Vogüé (Les Églises de la Terre Sainte, p. 304) states that it is mentioned in the Citez de Jherusalem.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_481" id="Footnote_481"></a><a href="#FNanchor_481"><span class="label">[481]</span></a> <a href="#mat">S. Matt. xxvii. 32</a>; S. Mark xv. 21; S. Luke xxiii. 26.</p></div> @@ -8844,7 +8827,7 @@ states that it is mentioned in the Citez de Jherusalem.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_487" id="Footnote_487"></a><a href="#FNanchor_487"><span class="label">[487]</span></a> C. 11 (cf. c. 6), also quoted by Quaresm. Ibid.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_488" id="Footnote_488"></a><a href="#FNanchor_488"><span class="label">[488]</span></a> See De Vogüé, Les Églises, pp. 233, et seq.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_488" id="Footnote_488"></a><a href="#FNanchor_488"><span class="label">[488]</span></a> See De Vogüé, Les Églises, pp. 233, et seq.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_489" id="Footnote_489"></a><a href="#FNanchor_489"><span class="label">[489]</span></a> <a href="#N5_2">Note II.</a></p></div> @@ -8854,7 +8837,7 @@ states that it is mentioned in the Citez de Jherusalem.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_492" id="Footnote_492"></a><a href="#FNanchor_492"><span class="label">[492]</span></a> Lib. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> c. 26. Gesta Dei, Vol. <span class="smcap">II.</span> p. 887 (ed 1611).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_493" id="Footnote_493"></a><a href="#FNanchor_493"><span class="label">[493]</span></a> Les Églises, &c. pp. 242, 243.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_493" id="Footnote_493"></a><a href="#FNanchor_493"><span class="label">[493]</span></a> Les Églises, &c. pp. 242, 243.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_494" id="Footnote_494"></a><a href="#FNanchor_494"><span class="label">[494]</span></a> Plates XL., XLI., XLII.</p></div> @@ -8863,7 +8846,7 @@ came into the possession of France.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_496" id="Footnote_496"></a><a href="#FNanchor_496"><span class="label">[496]</span></a> <a href="#N5_3">Note III.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_497" id="Footnote_497"></a><a href="#FNanchor_497"><span class="label">[497]</span></a> Les Églises, &c. p. 235.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_497" id="Footnote_497"></a><a href="#FNanchor_497"><span class="label">[497]</span></a> Les Églises, &c. p. 235.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_498" id="Footnote_498"></a><a href="#FNanchor_498"><span class="label">[498]</span></a> i.e. of the Hejra, corresponding with <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1192.</p></div> @@ -8873,11 +8856,11 @@ came into the possession of France.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_501" id="Footnote_501"></a><a href="#FNanchor_501"><span class="label">[501]</span></a> S. Matt. xxvi. 6, 7;S. Mark xiv. 3; S. John xii. 1.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_502" id="Footnote_502"></a><a href="#FNanchor_502"><span class="label">[502]</span></a> Les Églises de la Terre Sainte, p. 292.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_502" id="Footnote_502"></a><a href="#FNanchor_502"><span class="label">[502]</span></a> Les Églises de la Terre Sainte, p. 292.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_503" id="Footnote_503"></a><a href="#FNanchor_503"><span class="label">[503]</span></a> Ibid. p. 294.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_504" id="Footnote_504"></a><a href="#FNanchor_504"><span class="label">[504]</span></a> John of Würtzburg, c. <span class="smcap">VII.</span></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_504" id="Footnote_504"></a><a href="#FNanchor_504"><span class="label">[504]</span></a> John of Würtzburg, c. <span class="smcap">VII.</span></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_505" id="Footnote_505"></a><a href="#FNanchor_505"><span class="label">[505]</span></a> Cartulary, p. 221: "Between the Latin Canons of the most glorious Sepulchre and the Jacobite monks of S. Mary Magdalene."</p></div> @@ -8892,7 +8875,7 @@ glorious Sepulchre and the Jacobite monks of S. Mary Magdalene."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_510" id="Footnote_510"></a><a href="#FNanchor_510"><span class="label">[510]</span></a> Plate XLIV.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_511" id="Footnote_511"></a><a href="#FNanchor_511"><span class="label">[511]</span></a> La Citez de Jherusalem: see De Vogüé, Les Églises, &c. +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_511" id="Footnote_511"></a><a href="#FNanchor_511"><span class="label">[511]</span></a> La Citez de Jherusalem: see De Vogüé, Les Églises, &c. pp. 303, 439. Furnus S. Egidii in vico Templi. Cart. p. 331.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_512" id="Footnote_512"></a><a href="#FNanchor_512"><span class="label">[512]</span></a> <a href="#Page_72">Ch. <span class="smcap">III.</span> page 72.</a></p></div> @@ -8913,13 +8896,13 @@ vi. 8. See also Prov. vi. 21; vii. 3.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_519" id="Footnote_519"></a><a href="#FNanchor_519"><span class="label">[519]</span></a> Josh. iv. 9, 20.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_520" id="Footnote_520"></a><a href="#FNanchor_520"><span class="label">[520]</span></a> M. de Vogüé, Les Églises, &c. p. 304.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_520" id="Footnote_520"></a><a href="#FNanchor_520"><span class="label">[520]</span></a> M. de Vogüé, Les Églises, &c. p. 304.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_521" id="Footnote_521"></a><a href="#FNanchor_521"><span class="label">[521]</span></a> Acts xii. 12.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_522" id="Footnote_522"></a><a href="#FNanchor_522"><span class="label">[522]</span></a> <a href="#Page_29">Ch. <span class="smcap">II.</span> p. 29.</a> See also <a href="#N2_8">Note VIII.</a> to the same chapter.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_523" id="Footnote_523"></a><a href="#FNanchor_523"><span class="label">[523]</span></a> See De Vogüé, Les Églises, &c. pp. 303, 304.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_523" id="Footnote_523"></a><a href="#FNanchor_523"><span class="label">[523]</span></a> See De Vogüé, Les Églises, &c. pp. 303, 304.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_524" id="Footnote_524"></a><a href="#FNanchor_524"><span class="label">[524]</span></a> By an anonymous Greek writer in Scriptt. Hist. Byzant. <span class="smcap">XXV.</span> c. 12. Ed. Venet. 1733.</p></div> @@ -9084,7 +9067,7 @@ may profit by the above description.</p> <p>After crossing the bridge just mentioned, we see, immediately on our left hand, a cubical building, three of whose sides are buried in the -ground, while the façade<a name="FNanchor_548" id="FNanchor_548"></a><a href="#Footnote_548" class="fnanchor">[548]</a> (on the south) is uncovered. Before this +ground, while the façade<a name="FNanchor_548" id="FNanchor_548"></a><a href="#Footnote_548" class="fnanchor">[548]</a> (on the south) is uncovered. Before this is a little open platform reached by some steps<a name="FNanchor_549" id="FNanchor_549"></a><a href="#Footnote_549" class="fnanchor">[549]</a>. It is said to cover the tomb of the Virgin Mary, but we have no evidence which enables us to fix the date of its erection. An examination of the tomb itself @@ -9127,7 +9110,7 @@ the first time by S. John of Damascus<a name="FNanchor_551" id="FNanchor_551"></ following incident. The Empress Pulcheria, wife of the Emperor Marcian, was anxious to obtain the corpse of the Virgin to be the chief treasure of the church, which she and her husband together had erected in honour -of the Mater Dei, in the district Blachernæ (Constantinople)<a name="FNanchor_552" id="FNanchor_552"></a><a href="#Footnote_552" class="fnanchor">[552]</a>. +of the Mater Dei, in the district Blachernæ (Constantinople)<a name="FNanchor_552" id="FNanchor_552"></a><a href="#Footnote_552" class="fnanchor">[552]</a>. Juvenal, Patriarch of Jerusalem, arrived at the capital of the Empire on the occasion of the Council of Chalcedon, held <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 451, and had an interview with the Empress, who asked him to search in the church at @@ -9171,11 +9154,11 @@ of S. Mary, where is her sepulchre; which, though unprotected by a roof, is never wetted by the rain." The account shews that it was then in a very ruinous condition. From this time until the arrival of the Crusaders we have no further mention of this monument; and the first to -notice it again is Sæwulf, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1103. At that time service was performed +notice it again is Sæwulf, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1103. At that time service was performed by monks wearing a black habit, of the order of Cluny<a name="FNanchor_561" id="FNanchor_561"></a><a href="#Footnote_561" class="fnanchor">[561]</a>. "These," -according to M. de Vogüé<a name="FNanchor_562" id="FNanchor_562"></a><a href="#Footnote_562" class="fnanchor">[562]</a>, "gave to the church in the valley of +according to M. de Vogüé<a name="FNanchor_562" id="FNanchor_562"></a><a href="#Footnote_562" class="fnanchor">[562]</a>, "gave to the church in the valley of Jehoshaphat the form which it has retained up to the present day." But, -I ask, did the church of Sæwulf contain the same rotundas as that which +I ask, did the church of Sæwulf contain the same rotundas as that which Arculf visited, and Bernard saw in ruins? The want of evidence makes the question a difficult one, because in such an interval of time they might have fallen to the ground, or have been altered during the persecutions @@ -9184,16 +9167,16 @@ repaired, or entirely rebuilt, and its plan changed at that time. If the Khalif had found it standing, he would probably have respected it, on account of the reverence felt for it by the Mohammedan women; which protected it in the days of Saladin, and continues to do so at the -present day. Again, Sæwulf relates that, during the siege, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> +present day. Again, Sæwulf relates that, during the siege, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1099<a name="FNanchor_563" id="FNanchor_563"></a><a href="#Footnote_563" class="fnanchor">[563]</a>, all the churches without the city were completely destroyed. How then did he find it standing in 1103? Were the monks of Cluny installed there at once and enriched by Godfrey<a name="FNanchor_564" id="FNanchor_564"></a><a href="#Footnote_564" class="fnanchor">[564]</a>, so that they were -able to rebuild it in four years? Had this been the case, surely Sæwulf +able to rebuild it in four years? Had this been the case, surely Sæwulf would have mentioned it. "The anonymous author of the <i>Gesta Francorum -expugnantium Hierusalem</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> who wrote in 1106," M. de Vogüé goes on to +expugnantium Hierusalem</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> who wrote in 1106," M. de Vogüé goes on to say<a name="FNanchor_565" id="FNanchor_565"></a><a href="#Footnote_565" class="fnanchor">[565]</a>, "also states that in his time the church built over the Virgin's tomb by the early Christians was quite in ruins." Now if we are -to believe this author, we cannot accept the statement of Sæwulf as +to believe this author, we cannot accept the statement of Sæwulf as exact, that all the churches were destroyed. Consequently, I hold that the monks of Cluny rebuilt it after, not before this time.</p> @@ -9212,16 +9195,16 @@ Therefore, I consider this platform to be the only natural entrance into the subterranean church, as it still is. With regard to the building of the present walls, and particularly of the vaults, and to the alterations in the plan with reference to the tomb, I agree with M. de -Vogüé, that the monks of Cluny rebuilt the church early in the twelfth +Vogüé, that the monks of Cluny rebuilt the church early in the twelfth century, availing themselves (at least in my opinion) of the ancient foundations. Since that period it has been noticed by many authors; and from their remarks it is evident that the work of the monks has not been changed. Indeed Edrisi, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1154, describes the church under the name of Gethsemane; stating that it was a mile distant from the Gate of -Jehoshaphat, and was a very large and handsome edifice. Here M. de Vogüé +Jehoshaphat, and was a very large and handsome edifice. Here M. de Vogüé very justly remarks, that this expression could not have been applied to the ruins seen by the author of the <i>Gesta Francorum</i>. John of -Würtzburg<a name="FNanchor_567" id="FNanchor_567"></a><a href="#Footnote_567" class="fnanchor">[567]</a> minutely describes the interior of the church as it was +Würtzburg<a name="FNanchor_567" id="FNanchor_567"></a><a href="#Footnote_567" class="fnanchor">[567]</a> minutely describes the interior of the church as it was during the twelfth century. The Sepulchre of Mary, he says, was situated in the middle of a cave, with a 'ciborium' over the sacred remains. He also tells us very clearly how the monument was isolated, and in what @@ -9335,7 +9318,7 @@ the parents of the Virgin, because there is not an atom of rock in any part of the place where they stand, not even in the ground; and the tombs themselves are constructed of masonry. Besides, the shape of the two chapels shews that they were built to contain sarcophagi, in which -probably (as Abbé Mariti and M. de Vogüé assert) the bodies of members +probably (as Abbé Mariti and M. de Vogüé assert) the bodies of members of the families of the Latin kings were deposited. This opinion is confirmed by the testimony of William of Tyre<a name="FNanchor_577" id="FNanchor_577"></a><a href="#Footnote_577" class="fnanchor">[577]</a>, who says: "The Lady Milisendis of blessed memory, who will be a member of the angelic host, @@ -9412,7 +9395,7 @@ pray, still that does not contradict the fact, and we may naturally suppose that the Saviour selected a spot<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> which was already well known, and where perhaps he had been wont to teach. Therefore I identify their grotto with that of S. Jerome, which I consider to be the Grotto of the -Agony. Sæwulf tells us that it was known by this name before the arrival +Agony. Sæwulf tells us that it was known by this name before the arrival of the Crusaders; and during the Latin kingdom there was a church there dedicated to S. Saviour, as we find stated in the Citez de Jherusalem<a name="FNanchor_587" id="FNanchor_587"></a><a href="#Footnote_587" class="fnanchor">[587]</a>: "In front of this church at the foot of the Mount of @@ -9423,7 +9406,7 @@ Saviour. There did Jesus Christ pass the night in prayer before He was taken, and there did He let fall the blood-drops from His body as though it had been sweat." All these testimonies, then, go to prove that this is really the Grotto of the Agony. The Plan and Section will make clear -its interior, which is excavated from a limestone rock. The Abbé Mariti, +its interior, which is excavated from a limestone rock. The Abbé Mariti, who visited it April 30, 1767, endeavoured to discover the inscription mentioned by Quaresmius<a name="FNanchor_588" id="FNanchor_588"></a><a href="#Footnote_588" class="fnanchor">[588]</a>, which Father Nau<a name="FNanchor_589" id="FNanchor_589"></a><a href="#Footnote_589" class="fnanchor">[589]</a> asserts that he read above the larger altar on the north; but as he could only find some @@ -9473,7 +9456,7 @@ and oil extracted from them.</p> as the place where the Apostles, Peter, James, and John, fell asleep<a name="FNanchor_594" id="FNanchor_594"></a><a href="#Footnote_594" class="fnanchor">[594]</a>, and where Judas betrayed his Master. The tradition attached to this spot is very ancient; it is mentioned by the Pilgrim of -Bordeaux<a name="FNanchor_595" id="FNanchor_595"></a><a href="#Footnote_595" class="fnanchor">[595]</a>, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 333. Sæwulf also mentions it, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1103, but without +Bordeaux<a name="FNanchor_595" id="FNanchor_595"></a><a href="#Footnote_595" class="fnanchor">[595]</a>, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 333. Sæwulf also mentions it, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1103, but without alluding to any buildings in connexion with it. The Crusaders, however, certainly erected some memorial there, which is noticed by Brocardus<a name="FNanchor_596" id="FNanchor_596"></a><a href="#Footnote_596" class="fnanchor">[596]</a>, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1230, under the name of the Chapel of Gethsemane, @@ -9520,7 +9503,7 @@ to prepare the ground for burials; and by this means, in 1859 and 1860, they found bases, shafts, and capitals of columns, and a considerable number of large dressed stones, on the eastern summit of the mountain. These are, undoubtedly, the remains of some Christian memorials, which -were destroyed by the Mohammedans in their successful attacks. When Abbé +were destroyed by the Mohammedans in their successful attacks. When Abbé Mariti visited the Holy City in 1767, the Jews paid a sequin per diem to the Governor as rent for the ground, and in addition each grave was purchased separately. The tax to the Pasha is now no longer exacted, but @@ -9580,7 +9563,7 @@ trace of any work.</p> magnificent of those in the neighbourhood of the city. It is a cubical monolith, each side being about 20-1/2 feet. The tapering columns of the lower part support a Doric entablature, consisting of an architrave, a -fillet, and a frieze ornamented with triglyphs (with guttæ) and pateræ +fillet, and a frieze ornamented with triglyphs (with guttæ) and pateræ on the metopes, above is an Egyptian cornice. All this lower part is hewn out of the solid rock; the rest is masonry<a name="FNanchor_602" id="FNanchor_602"></a><a href="#Footnote_602" class="fnanchor">[602]</a>. The total height of the monument is 52-1/4 feet, and that of the monolith about 20 feet. @@ -9698,7 +9681,7 @@ architecture; consequently I attribute this part to the time of Herod. Dr Robinson<a name="FNanchor_620" id="FNanchor_620"></a><a href="#Footnote_620" class="fnanchor">[620]</a>, struck with the similarity between these and the rock sepulchres of Petra, in the mixture of Grecian and Egyptian architecture, considered the decorations to be perhaps contemporaneous -with the Herods, who were of Idumæan origin, or possibly to belong even +with the Herods, who were of Idumæan origin, or possibly to belong even to the era of Hadrian.</p> <p>Following the road southward along the Kidron we arrive at the Fountain @@ -9709,8 +9692,8 @@ wash the clothes of her Divine Son. The latter have an oratory, where, after ablutions in the fountain, they offer up their prayers to the mother of Isa (Jesus). A small mosque stood here in the sixteenth and seventeenth century, but even its ruins have now disappeared. The Arabs -call the place <i>Aïn Sitti Mariam</i> (Fountain of our Lady Mary), and also -<i>Aïn um-el-Deraj</i> (Fountain of our Lady near the steps). It is at the +call the place <i>Aïn Sitti Mariam</i> (Fountain of our Lady Mary), and also +<i>Aïn um-el-Deraj</i> (Fountain of our Lady near the steps). It is at the extremity of an excavation in the rock, reached by 28 steps, which, as I have already said<a name="FNanchor_621" id="FNanchor_621"></a><a href="#Footnote_621" class="fnanchor">[621]</a>, have been constructed owing to the rise of the ground. These are divided into two flights by a chamber with a pointed @@ -9824,7 +9807,7 @@ exhibiting everywhere signs of neglect. Earth and stones slip down into it from the higher ground all round, and partly fill it. The peasants of Siloam, whose gardens are irrigated by its waters, are sometimes obliged to clear it out, but the work is done carelessly. Its dimensions are 52 -feet in length, 19-1/2 in breadth, and 20-1/4 in depth. The revêtement +feet in length, 19-1/2 in breadth, and 20-1/4 in depth. The revêtement is a modern restoration, and in it are incorporated shafts of grey granite columns, the fragments of the above-named portico. At the north-east corner of the reservoir is a small arch with a flight of @@ -9854,7 +9837,7 @@ mulberry-tree, said to mark the spot where the prophet Isaiah was sawn asunder. According to a tradition received by both the Jews and the Christians, Isaiah was put to death in the early part of Manasseh's reign, and his body was buried under an oak near to the Well -Rogel<a name="FNanchor_640" id="FNanchor_640"></a><a href="#Footnote_640" class="fnanchor">[640]</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> I do not admit the identity of Siloam and Rogel, which Abbé +Rogel<a name="FNanchor_640" id="FNanchor_640"></a><a href="#Footnote_640" class="fnanchor">[640]</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> I do not admit the identity of Siloam and Rogel, which Abbé Mariti<a name="FNanchor_641" id="FNanchor_641"></a><a href="#Footnote_641" class="fnanchor">[641]</a> tries to establish; but consider it improbable that the mulberry should mark the place of the martyrdom, and the oak indicate the tomb. The position of the latter I do not attempt to fix, as there @@ -9940,7 +9923,7 @@ Silwan</i>, probably from the waters of that name in its vicinity. It is a strange combination of cottages, built on a vertical rock, and of great sepulchral caves, now used as dwelling-places or granaries. These caverns formerly afforded shelter to monks and hermits. John of -Würtzburg<a name="FNanchor_651" id="FNanchor_651"></a><a href="#Footnote_651" class="fnanchor">[651]</a> writes thus: "The same valley has more caverns on all +Würtzburg<a name="FNanchor_651" id="FNanchor_651"></a><a href="#Footnote_651" class="fnanchor">[651]</a> writes thus: "The same valley has more caverns on all sides, in which holy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> men lead a solitary life." It has now a population of about 300, none of whom can strictly be termed poor, as they are employed in carrying into the city the water of <i>Bir Eyub</i> for domestic @@ -10000,21 +9983,21 @@ examining the city as the summit to which I now conduct my reader.</p> <p>The mountain has three summits in a line lying north and south. The northernmost, which joins on to Mount Scopus, is known by the name of -Viri Galilæi; on it we find a large cistern and some ruins, apparently +Viri Galilæi; on it we find a large cistern and some ruins, apparently the remains of a watchtower. The guides call them the ruins of a convent, and not improbably one belonging to the Syrians stood here at the time of the Crusades, as is shewn by the following passages: "Near the Mount of Olives, on the left, is a monastery of the Syrians<a name="FNanchor_657" id="FNanchor_657"></a><a href="#Footnote_657" class="fnanchor">[657]</a>," and "there is a place suited for a camp, and buildings seem to have been there. On the summit there is a cistern, and the whole place is -delightsome<a name="FNanchor_658" id="FNanchor_658"></a><a href="#Footnote_658" class="fnanchor">[658]</a>." The name of Viri Galilæi is given by the inhabitants +delightsome<a name="FNanchor_658" id="FNanchor_658"></a><a href="#Footnote_658" class="fnanchor">[658]</a>." The name of Viri Galilæi is given by the inhabitants of the country, who believe that the two men clothed in white stood there and addressed the Apostles, "Ye men of Galilee, why stand ye gazing up into heaven<a name="FNanchor_659" id="FNanchor_659"></a><a href="#Footnote_659" class="fnanchor">[659]</a>?" The legend is obviously inadmissible, as the vision evidently occurred at the place of the Ascension<a name="FNanchor_660" id="FNanchor_660"></a><a href="#Footnote_660" class="fnanchor">[660]</a>. The more probable reason, according to Quaresmius<a name="FNanchor_661" id="FNanchor_661"></a><a href="#Footnote_661" class="fnanchor">[661]</a>, is, that a house stood there bearing that name, which was so called because it was -frequented by the Galilæans when they visited the city on the occasion +frequented by the Galilæans when they visited the city on the occasion of any festival.</p> <p>The second and highest summit is the one traditionally pointed out as @@ -10110,7 +10093,7 @@ us<a name="FNanchor_671" id="FNanchor_671"></a><a href="#Footnote_671" class="fn north, to where it joins the Tyropœon and the Valley of Hinnom; we can distinguish the hills of Jerusalem itself, and so understand its ancient topography. What thoughts arise as the eye roams from the -plateau of the <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i> to the Castle of David, from Golgotha +plateau of the <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i> to the Castle of David, from Golgotha to Sion, from Bezetha to Gareb! The scenes of the Old and New Testament, the histories of so many different nations, the punishment of the elect people, are brought home to mind and heart; while we feel moved to @@ -10120,7 +10103,7 @@ the nations, and princess among the provinces, how is she become tributary<a name="FNanchor_672" id="FNanchor_672"></a><a href="#Footnote_672" class="fnanchor">[672]</a>!" "Is it nothing to you, all ye that pass by? behold, and see if there be any sorrow like unto my sorrow, which is done unto me, wherewith the Lord hath afflicted me in the day of His fierce -anger<a name="FNanchor_673" id="FNanchor_673"></a><a href="#Footnote_673" class="fnanchor">[673]</a>." To the north is mount Scopus, the village of <i>Neby Samwîl</i> +anger<a name="FNanchor_673" id="FNanchor_673"></a><a href="#Footnote_673" class="fnanchor">[673]</a>." To the north is mount Scopus, the village of <i>Neby Samwîl</i> (Prophet Samuel), and the mountains of the ancient land of Ephraim, combined with those of Samaria. Towards the east, the eye, after traversing the desert hills and mountains of Judah down to the plains of @@ -10167,7 +10150,7 @@ the eyes of the worshippers.... Moreover, there is a continuing testimony that the dust was trodden by God, in that the traces of His steps may be seen ... and the earth retains the mark as though stamped with the impressions of feet. In the same place is a great brazen -cylinder opening outward (<i>ærea grandis per circuitum rota desuper +cylinder opening outward (<i>ærea grandis per circuitum rota desuper explanata</i>), the height of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> it being up to a man's head; in the middle of which is a rather large hole, through which the prints of the Lord's feet may be plainly seen marked in the dust. In that cylinder also on @@ -10187,7 +10170,7 @@ that of Arculf.</p> <p>We do not know precisely what became of the building at the time of Hakem's persecution, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1010, but it seems probable that the Khalif -destroyed a considerable part of it; because, when Sæwulf visited the +destroyed a considerable part of it; because, when Sæwulf visited the place, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1103, he saw a small tower supported by columns, and surrounded by a court paved with marble. The altar was inside, placed on the rock; and there was another altar to the east in the choir a little @@ -10197,7 +10180,7 @@ rebuilt the church on this site, and added a convent occupied by Canons of the Augustinian order<a name="FNanchor_680" id="FNanchor_680"></a><a href="#Footnote_680" class="fnanchor">[680]</a>. Their habit was white<a name="FNanchor_681" id="FNanchor_681"></a><a href="#Footnote_681" class="fnanchor">[681]</a>. I only give the Plan of the present building, as there are not sufficient remains to enable me to reconstruct that of the Crusaders, and I but partially -accept the conclusions which M. de Vogüé has drawn from the testimony of +accept the conclusions which M. de Vogüé has drawn from the testimony of Quaresmius<a name="FNanchor_682" id="FNanchor_682"></a><a href="#Footnote_682" class="fnanchor">[682]</a>: "The ancient church was a regular octagon in plan: all the bases of the corner pillars still remain; it is easy therefore to determine its perimeter. The octagon forming the base of the plan is @@ -10227,7 +10210,7 @@ one row of columns.'" From an examination of the spot I am induced to believe that Quaresmius could not have seen much more than now remains; and therefore cannot say whether he imagined or really saw the octagon. In the latter case I suppose that its ruins have perished since his -time; and therefore M. de Vogüé cannot have seen the fragments of the +time; and therefore M. de Vogüé cannot have seen the fragments of the 'wall of rubble-work connecting the piers.' I do not deny that his restoration of the church deserves careful consideration, and probably conveys a true idea of the building: but I believe that it cannot be @@ -10247,7 +10230,7 @@ and beauty is erected, where the Lord placed His feet<a name="FNanchor_687" id=" materials of the ancient church: the dome is now closed<a name="FNanchor_688" id="FNanchor_688"></a><a href="#Footnote_688" class="fnanchor">[688]</a>. Willibrand of Oldenburg<a name="FNanchor_689" id="FNanchor_689"></a><a href="#Footnote_689" class="fnanchor">[689]</a>, who visited Olivet <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1211, states that an infidel Saracen had erected an oratory in honour of Mohammed over the ruins of -the Church of the Ascension. M. de Vogüé thinks that the Chronicler is +the Church of the Ascension. M. de Vogüé thinks that the Chronicler is mistaken in saying that this was in honour of the Prophet, and not of the Ascension, and that the date of the building is from 1200 to 1240. No Christian community has ever had exclusive possession of the place. A @@ -10259,7 +10242,7 @@ position, after the site occupied by the mosque; for there, according to tradition, the Apostles stood as our Lord ascended.</p> <p>Travellers have all spoken about the prints of our Saviour's feet -(especially Abbé Mariti and Monsignor Mislin); with regard to these, as +(especially Abbé Mariti and Monsignor Mislin); with regard to these, as they are unsupported by the Bible and the decrees of the Church, I venture to declare that they are only representations of footsteps carved by some sculptor. The truth of miracles in the abstract I do not @@ -10528,7 +10511,7 @@ and a large church built over the cave, from which our Lord raised up Lazarus after he had lain dead four days<a name="FNanchor_717" id="FNanchor_717"></a><a href="#Footnote_717" class="fnanchor">[717]</a>." Bernard, the Wise<a name="FNanchor_718" id="FNanchor_718"></a><a href="#Footnote_718" class="fnanchor">[718]</a>, writes thus: "Thence we proceeded to Bethany on the descent of Mount Olivet, where is a monastery whose church marks the Tomb of Lazarus." -This place is also mentioned by Sæwulf, so that tradition and local +This place is also mentioned by Sæwulf, so that tradition and local evidence bring it down to the epoch of the Latin kingdom. The tomb must have been altered by the Crusaders, whose work we recognize in the vestibule leading into the sepulchre; but we have no record of the @@ -10541,7 +10524,7 @@ present day.</p> a short distance to the west of the tomb. All that we can distinguish here with certainty is the ruin of a square tower, the masonry of which is of the time of the Crusades. The presence of a quantity of small -white tesseræ encouraged me to excavate inside its walls, when I found +white tesseræ encouraged me to excavate inside its walls, when I found in its foundations stones with rude rustic-work; and in removing the rubbish, saw some other stones in which were holes, apparently made to receive lead or iron clamps, to bind them together. Hence I consider @@ -10642,14 +10625,14 @@ before. I consider these tombs, as well as the others so common in the vicinity, to be more recent than those which are found elsewhere in the neighbourhood of the city; certainly they did not exist in the time of the Jewish kings, when Tophet was considered an accursed place. I think -that they were excavated during the Asmonæan period, as the prejudice +that they were excavated during the Asmonæan period, as the prejudice against the site might by that time have diminished. The simple but careful ornamentation of these tombs, the whiteness of the surface, and the absence of certain marks on the stone, characteristic of the instruments of the earlier period, all lead me to the same conclusion.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p> <p>A few yards to the west of the last tomb is another remarkable for its -elaborate façade<a name="FNanchor_734" id="FNanchor_734"></a><a href="#Footnote_734" class="fnanchor">[734]</a>. This is of the Doric order. The frieze is divided +elaborate façade<a name="FNanchor_734" id="FNanchor_734"></a><a href="#Footnote_734" class="fnanchor">[734]</a>. This is of the Doric order. The frieze is divided by triglyphs, having eight metopes, each charged with a patera of a different pattern. Some traces of fresco painting are still seen on the soffit of the vestibule and in the inner chambers, which induce me to @@ -10760,7 +10743,7 @@ rock, and a quantity of hewn rock, still bearing marks characteristic of the ancient tools. Dressed stones and fragments of walls of the Jewish period are not unfrequently found here by the labourers, when digging deep to bring the ground under cultivation; but unfortunately the -Archimandrite is not as fond of archæology as of farming; and these +Archimandrite is not as fond of archæology as of farming; and these remains are blown up with gunpowder to gain two or three inches more soil for the roots of a tree, so that the traces of ancient works, of the highest importance in determining the former topography of the @@ -10788,20 +10771,20 @@ the largest in the neighbourhood of Jerusalem, and bears the name <i>Birket es-Sultan</i> (Prince's Pool). It is so called because the popular belief is that it was originally constructed by David or Solomon, and afterwards repaired by various sultans. An Arabic inscription on the -frontispiece of a fountain (now dry) to the south, called <i>Aïn +frontispiece of a fountain (now dry) to the south, called <i>Aïn el-Melik</i>, informs us that it was restored by the Mamaluke Sultan el-Melik en-Naser-Mohammed, between the years 693 and 741 of the Hejra (from 1294 to 1340 <span class="smcap">A.D.</span>). It was also repaired by Sultan Solyman I. in the sixteenth century. Owing to a mistake made by Bonifacius<a name="FNanchor_745" id="FNanchor_745"></a><a href="#Footnote_745" class="fnanchor">[745]</a> it has -been wrongly supposed to be the Pool of Bersabeë (Bathsheba), where the +been wrongly supposed to be the Pool of Bersabeë (Bathsheba), where the wife of Uriah the Hittite was bathing, when she was seen by David. This is however obviously contrary to the words in the Bible<a name="FNanchor_746" id="FNanchor_746"></a><a href="#Footnote_746" class="fnanchor">[746]</a>, that "David walked upon the roof of the King's house, and from the roof he saw a woman washing herself, &c." Besides, it is in the last degree improbable that a woman of good reputation would bathe in a pool by the side of a public road. It is more likely that it bears the name of -Bethsabeë or Bersabeë, because it is at the beginning of the road -leading to the city of Bersabeë<a name="FNanchor_747" id="FNanchor_747"></a><a href="#Footnote_747" class="fnanchor">[747]</a>. I have no doubt that this is the +Bethsabeë or Bersabeë, because it is at the beginning of the road +leading to the city of Bersabeë<a name="FNanchor_747" id="FNanchor_747"></a><a href="#Footnote_747" class="fnanchor">[747]</a>. I have no doubt that this is the 'lower pool' mentioned by the Prophet Isaiah<a name="FNanchor_748" id="FNanchor_748"></a><a href="#Footnote_748" class="fnanchor">[748]</a>; but I shall discuss this question in the Chapter on the Waters, and give an account of the aqueduct, which runs along its western side, and then after turning @@ -10921,7 +10904,7 @@ the Jews now in Jerusalem unanimously assert to be on Sion. They do not indeed generally assign any exact position to it, not I believe from ignorance, but from religious scruple; some however less anxiously cautious, say that it is on the site usually pointed out, namely at <i>Neby -Daûd</i>, which is the Arab name for the eastern part of the building +Daûd</i>, which is the Arab name for the eastern part of the building attached to the Cœnaculum. Quaresmius<a name="FNanchor_761" id="FNanchor_761"></a><a href="#Footnote_761" class="fnanchor">[761]</a>, who was Guardian of the Holy Land in 1630, and visited the tomb with the interpreter of the Latin convent, assures us that nothing remains under the present place. @@ -10989,7 +10972,7 @@ presently shew.</p> obtained admission from the same Santon in return for certain services I had rendered him, also by bribes and presents at various times, by the recommendation of Surraya Pasha, and by having won the good will of the -Mohammedan families who occupy the houses about <i>Neby Daûd</i>; most of +Mohammedan families who occupy the houses about <i>Neby Daûd</i>; most of whom let out horses and beasts of burden for hire, and were under obligations to me for recommending them to travellers. For all these reasons, and after much expenditure of money and patience, I gained @@ -11011,8 +10994,8 @@ but is a simple decoration attached to the sarcophagus; it is repeated on each of the other sides. Neither is it of darker marble, but as it is continually kissed by devotees its colour has been altered. (4) The form of the sarcophagus is a rectangular parallelepiped, formed of different -blocks of breccia well fitted together without mortar. The lid is <i>à dos -d'âne</i><a name="FNanchor_764" id="FNanchor_764"></a><a href="#Footnote_764" class="fnanchor">[764]</a>, of several pieces of stone; at least so it appears at each +blocks of breccia well fitted together without mortar. The lid is <i>à dos +d'âne</i><a name="FNanchor_764" id="FNanchor_764"></a><a href="#Footnote_764" class="fnanchor">[764]</a>, of several pieces of stone; at least so it appears at each end, but in the middle and on the top I have been unable to detect the divisions. All this shews that it is not a real sarcophagus, but only an imitation or cenotaph erected on the spot to conceal something below. @@ -11088,7 +11071,7 @@ servant; as I was unable to find any other assistant, owing to the disgusting nature of the labour. It was further impossible to get help from the Arabs, who would not have aided me for any price that I could have offered, and who would very likely have embroiled me with the -inhabitants of <i>Neby Daûd</i>. By little and little, on many days, I was +inhabitants of <i>Neby Daûd</i>. By little and little, on many days, I was able to make a Plan of the place<a name="FNanchor_767" id="FNanchor_767"></a><a href="#Footnote_767" class="fnanchor">[767]</a>; I do not claim for this very strict accuracy as regards the measurements, but its shape and bearings are to be trusted, up to the part where it narrows on the east. Although @@ -11113,7 +11096,7 @@ Jerusalem agrees so well with the <i>data</i> of the Bible and Josephus, and with tradition, as this position, which has in its favour every argument derived from the configuration of the ground. I hope to be able to renew my investigations here; but if unhappily I am prevented from carrying my -intention into effect, I recommend archæologists to devote themselves to +intention into effect, I recommend archæologists to devote themselves to the subject; trusting that in that case they will find that I have directed them to the real tombs of the Jewish Kings on Sion.</p> @@ -11161,8 +11144,8 @@ rate, by the end of the eleventh century it had entirely fallen to ruin, as we find from the Gesta Francorum<a name="FNanchor_780" id="FNanchor_780"></a><a href="#Footnote_780" class="fnanchor">[780]</a>. The Crusaders rebuilt it, and though their church no longer exists, we possess an accurate description of it by the authors of the twelfth century. I abbreviate this from the -work of M. de Vogüé<a name="FNanchor_781" id="FNanchor_781"></a><a href="#Footnote_781" class="fnanchor">[781]</a>, who has derived it from the anonymous writers -of the manuscripts of Vienna and of Paris, and from John of Würtzburg +work of M. de Vogüé<a name="FNanchor_781" id="FNanchor_781"></a><a href="#Footnote_781" class="fnanchor">[781]</a>, who has derived it from the anonymous writers +of the manuscripts of Vienna and of Paris, and from John of Würtzburg and John Phocas. "The church was composed of two parts: the lower, consisting of a nave and two aisles,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> with barrel-vaults, was terminated, like most of the buildings of the period of the Crusades, by @@ -11180,14 +11163,14 @@ evidently exaggerated), which opened from the ground-floor in the southern apse. The interior of these two churches, in the time of the Latin Kings, was covered with wall-paintings, representing the subjects of the traditions attached to the spot." After giving a list of these, -M. de Vogüé goes on to say, that "on the left of the principal church +M. de Vogüé goes on to say, that "on the left of the principal church was a small one dedicated to S. Stephen, in remembrance of a very ancient tradition, according to which the martyr's body was removed from its first resting-place at Caphar Gamala to this place. A convent had been built in the neighbourhood, occupied by a chapter of Augustinian Canons, who had the care of the Sanctuaries under the direction of an Abbot. The society bore the twofold name of S. Mary of Mount Sion and of -the Holy Ghost." M. de Vogüé then describes the seal of the convent, and +the Holy Ghost." M. de Vogüé then describes the seal of the convent, and gives a list of the Abbots.</p> <p>The buildings around the Cœnaculum were not destroyed at the entrance @@ -11248,7 +11231,7 @@ masonry of the time of the Crusades still remain; and that the stables on the west are the work of Ibrahim Pasha, who, with his attendants, occupied the whole of the Cœnaculum.</p> -<p>Outside the building of <i>Neby Daûd</i>, and a little to the north, is the +<p>Outside the building of <i>Neby Daûd</i>, and a little to the north, is the site of a house, where the Virgin Mary is said to have passed the last years of her life. Some large stones, on one of which a cross is carved, mark the spot, in which I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> have no great belief. Sanutus<a name="FNanchor_786" id="FNanchor_786"></a><a href="#Footnote_786" class="fnanchor">[786]</a> thus @@ -11317,7 +11300,7 @@ Cock-crow, destroyed since the thirteenth century. Tradition reports that S. Peter retired to this spot to lament his sin after denying his Redeemer. The church was standing in the ninth century; for Bernard the Wise writes: "Towards the east is a church in honour of S. Peter, on the -spot where he denied his Lord<a name="FNanchor_790" id="FNanchor_790"></a><a href="#Footnote_790" class="fnanchor">[790]</a>." John of Würtzburg informs us that +spot where he denied his Lord<a name="FNanchor_790" id="FNanchor_790"></a><a href="#Footnote_790" class="fnanchor">[790]</a>." John of Würtzburg informs us that it belonged to the Greeks in the twelfth century. We read in La Citez de Jherusalem<a name="FNanchor_791" id="FNanchor_791"></a><a href="#Footnote_791" class="fnanchor">[791]</a>: "There was a church called S. Peter at the Cock-crow. In this church was a deep ditch, wherein S. Peter hid himself when he @@ -11333,7 +11316,7 @@ Sion Gate.</p> dwellings, built on a level plot of ground, composed of stones and clay. These are the abodes of the lepers of Jerusalem, where these unhappy beings live until released by death from their misery. They are called -by the Arabs <i>Beiût el-Masakîm</i> (Houses of the Unfortunate), and are +by the Arabs <i>Beiût el-Masakîm</i> (Houses of the Unfortunate), and are occupied by men, women, and children. Most of them are Mohammedans, but there are some Christians among them. This leprosy is not white,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> like that described in the Bible<a name="FNanchor_793" id="FNanchor_793"></a><a href="#Footnote_793" class="fnanchor">[793]</a>, but is the kind called Elephantiasis. @@ -11364,12 +11347,12 @@ miserable sight, but will continue our observations in another chapter.<br /><br <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_538" id="Footnote_538"></a><a href="#FNanchor_538"><span class="label">[538]</span></a> <a href="#jer">Jer. xxvi. 23.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_539" id="Footnote_539"></a><a href="#FNanchor_539"><span class="label">[539]</span></a> Adric. Theat. Terræ Sanctæ. De Vall. Jehosh.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_539" id="Footnote_539"></a><a href="#FNanchor_539"><span class="label">[539]</span></a> Adric. Theat. Terræ Sanctæ. De Vall. Jehosh.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_540" id="Footnote_540"></a><a href="#FNanchor_540"><span class="label">[540]</span></a> <a href="#act">Acts vii. 58.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_541" id="Footnote_541"></a><a href="#FNanchor_541"><span class="label">[541]</span></a> Dr Robinson, Biblioth. Sac. <span class="smcap">III.</span> p. 639. Williams' Holy -City, <span class="smcap">II.</span> p. 432 (2nd Ed.). Les Églises, &c. pp. 332, 333.</p></div> +City, <span class="smcap">II.</span> p. 432 (2nd Ed.). Les Églises, &c. pp. 332, 333.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_542" id="Footnote_542"></a><a href="#FNanchor_542"><span class="label">[542]</span></a> <a href="#N6_2">Note II.</a></p></div> @@ -11415,20 +11398,20 @@ Said Ibn Batrik, <span class="smcap">II.</span> 212; <a href="#N6_5">Note V.</a> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_561" id="Footnote_561"></a><a href="#FNanchor_561"><span class="label">[561]</span></a> <a href="#N6_6">Note VI.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_562" id="Footnote_562"></a><a href="#FNanchor_562"><span class="label">[562]</span></a> Les Églises, &c. p. 308.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_562" id="Footnote_562"></a><a href="#FNanchor_562"><span class="label">[562]</span></a> Les Églises, &c. p. 308.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_563" id="Footnote_563"></a><a href="#FNanchor_563"><span class="label">[563]</span></a> Ibid. p. 307.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_564" id="Footnote_564"></a><a href="#FNanchor_564"><span class="label">[564]</span></a> <a href="#N6_6">Note VI.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_565" id="Footnote_565"></a><a href="#FNanchor_565"><span class="label">[565]</span></a> Les Églises, &c. p. 307; <a href="#N6_7">Note VII.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_565" id="Footnote_565"></a><a href="#FNanchor_565"><span class="label">[565]</span></a> Les Églises, &c. p. 307; <a href="#N6_7">Note VII.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_566" id="Footnote_566"></a><a href="#FNanchor_566"><span class="label">[566]</span></a> Alb. Aquens. Lib. <span class="smcap">VII.</span> c. 21; Lib. <span class="smcap">IX.</span> c. 52. Gesta Dei, &c. Vol. <span class="smcap">I.</span> pp. 299, 344.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_567" id="Footnote_567"></a><a href="#FNanchor_567"><span class="label">[567]</span></a> C. <span class="smcap">X.</span> Pez. Thes. Anec. Nov. Tom. <span class="smcap">I.</span> p. 523.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_568" id="Footnote_568"></a><a href="#FNanchor_568"><span class="label">[568]</span></a> De Vogüé, Les Églises, &c. p. 309.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_568" id="Footnote_568"></a><a href="#FNanchor_568"><span class="label">[568]</span></a> De Vogüé, Les Églises, &c. p. 309.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_569" id="Footnote_569"></a><a href="#FNanchor_569"><span class="label">[569]</span></a> Cod. Dipl. Vol. <span class="smcap">I.</span> p. 10.</p></div> @@ -11468,7 +11451,7 @@ Said Ibn Batrik, <span class="smcap">II.</span> 212; <a href="#N6_5">Note V.</a> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_586" id="Footnote_586"></a><a href="#FNanchor_586"><span class="label">[586]</span></a> Leo Allat. Sym., p. 57.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_587" id="Footnote_587"></a><a href="#FNanchor_587"><span class="label">[587]</span></a> Quoted by M. de Vogüé, Les Églises, &c. p. 314.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_587" id="Footnote_587"></a><a href="#FNanchor_587"><span class="label">[587]</span></a> Quoted by M. de Vogüé, Les Églises, &c. p. 314.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_588" id="Footnote_588"></a><a href="#FNanchor_588"><span class="label">[588]</span></a> Eluc. T. S. Lib. <span class="smcap">IV.</span> pereg. 5, c. 9, Tom. <span class="smcap">II.</span> p. 160.</p></div> @@ -11478,7 +11461,7 @@ Said Ibn Batrik, <span class="smcap">II.</span> 212; <a href="#N6_5">Note V.</a> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_591" id="Footnote_591"></a><a href="#FNanchor_591"><span class="label">[591]</span></a> S. Luke xxi. 37; xxii. 29.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_592" id="Footnote_592"></a><a href="#FNanchor_592"><span class="label">[592]</span></a> <a href="#w6">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">VI.</span> 1, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_592" id="Footnote_592"></a><a href="#FNanchor_592"><span class="label">[592]</span></a> <a href="#w6">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">VI.</span> 1, § 1.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_593" id="Footnote_593"></a><a href="#FNanchor_593"><span class="label">[593]</span></a> <a href="#N6_13">Note XIII.</a></p></div> @@ -11486,7 +11469,7 @@ Said Ibn Batrik, <span class="smcap">II.</span> 212; <a href="#N6_5">Note V.</a> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_595" id="Footnote_595"></a><a href="#FNanchor_595"><span class="label">[595]</span></a> See his description of the city, <a href="#N2_11">Note XI</a>, Ch. <span class="smcap">II.</span></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_596" id="Footnote_596"></a><a href="#FNanchor_596"><span class="label">[596]</span></a> Loc. Terræ Sanctæ Descriptio, Ch. <span class="smcap">XLIII.</span></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_596" id="Footnote_596"></a><a href="#FNanchor_596"><span class="label">[596]</span></a> Loc. Terræ Sanctæ Descriptio, Ch. <span class="smcap">XLIII.</span></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_597" id="Footnote_597"></a><a href="#FNanchor_597"><span class="label">[597]</span></a> See Plates LV., LX., which shew the Plan and Elevation.</p></div> @@ -11502,11 +11485,11 @@ Said Ibn Batrik, <span class="smcap">II.</span> 212; <a href="#N6_5">Note V.</a> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_603" id="Footnote_603"></a><a href="#FNanchor_603"><span class="label">[603]</span></a> Mariti, p. 152.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_604" id="Footnote_604"></a><a href="#FNanchor_604"><span class="label">[604]</span></a> Le Pieux Pélerin, p. 404.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_604" id="Footnote_604"></a><a href="#FNanchor_604"><span class="label">[604]</span></a> Le Pieux Pélerin, p. 404.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_605" id="Footnote_605"></a><a href="#FNanchor_605"><span class="label">[605]</span></a> <a href="#sam">2 Sam. xviii. 17.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_606" id="Footnote_606"></a><a href="#FNanchor_606"><span class="label">[606]</span></a> <a href="#a7">Ant. <span class="smcap">VII.</span> 10, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_606" id="Footnote_606"></a><a href="#FNanchor_606"><span class="label">[606]</span></a> <a href="#a7">Ant. <span class="smcap">VII.</span> 10, § 2.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_607" id="Footnote_607"></a><a href="#FNanchor_607"><span class="label">[607]</span></a> 2 Sam. xviii. 6.</p></div> @@ -11514,7 +11497,7 @@ Said Ibn Batrik, <span class="smcap">II.</span> 212; <a href="#N6_5">Note V.</a> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_609" id="Footnote_609"></a><a href="#FNanchor_609"><span class="label">[609]</span></a> <a href="#ski">2 Kings xxv. 4.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_610" id="Footnote_610"></a><a href="#FNanchor_610"><span class="label">[610]</span></a> <a href="#a7">Ant. <span class="smcap">VII.</span> 10, § 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_610" id="Footnote_610"></a><a href="#FNanchor_610"><span class="label">[610]</span></a> <a href="#a7">Ant. <span class="smcap">VII.</span> 10, § 3.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_611" id="Footnote_611"></a><a href="#FNanchor_611"><span class="label">[611]</span></a> E. T. S. Lib. <span class="smcap">IV.</span> pereg. 5, c. 13, Tom. <span class="smcap">II.</span> p. 169.</p></div> @@ -11523,7 +11506,7 @@ Said Ibn Batrik, <span class="smcap">II.</span> 212; <a href="#N6_5">Note V.</a> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_613" id="Footnote_613"></a><a href="#FNanchor_613"><span class="label">[613]</span></a> 1 Cor. xv. 7; S. Jerome, de vir. ill. c. 2, from the Gospel of the Nazarenes; Quaresmius, E. T. S. Lib. <span class="smcap">IV.</span> pereg. 7, c. 10.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_614" id="Footnote_614"></a><a href="#FNanchor_614"><span class="label">[614]</span></a> Ap. Euseb. H. E. <span class="smcap">II.</span> 23, § 12.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_614" id="Footnote_614"></a><a href="#FNanchor_614"><span class="label">[614]</span></a> Ap. Euseb. H. E. <span class="smcap">II.</span> 23, § 12.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_615" id="Footnote_615"></a><a href="#FNanchor_615"><span class="label">[615]</span></a> Plates LX., LXI.</p></div> @@ -11546,7 +11529,7 @@ pp. 223-244 (edited by Count E. de Warren).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_624" id="Footnote_624"></a><a href="#FNanchor_624"><span class="label">[624]</span></a> <a href="#joh">S. John ix. 7.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_625" id="Footnote_625"></a><a href="#FNanchor_625"><span class="label">[625]</span></a> <a href="#w2">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">II.</span> 16, § 2</a>; <a href="#w5"><span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, §§ 1, 2; <span class="smcap">V.</span> 9, § 4.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_625" id="Footnote_625"></a><a href="#FNanchor_625"><span class="label">[625]</span></a> <a href="#w2">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">II.</span> 16, § 2</a>; <a href="#w5"><span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, §§ 1, 2; <span class="smcap">V.</span> 9, § 4.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_626" id="Footnote_626"></a><a href="#FNanchor_626"><span class="label">[626]</span></a> S. John vii. 37, 38.</p></div> @@ -11575,14 +11558,14 @@ Franc. Script. Vol. <span class="smcap">IV.</span></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_638" id="Footnote_638"></a><a href="#FNanchor_638"><span class="label">[638]</span></a> <a href="#joh">S. John ix. 7.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_639" id="Footnote_639"></a><a href="#FNanchor_639"><span class="label">[639]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2.</a> See also p. 31.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_639" id="Footnote_639"></a><a href="#FNanchor_639"><span class="label">[639]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2.</a> See also p. 31.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_640" id="Footnote_640"></a><a href="#FNanchor_640"><span class="label">[640]</span></a> See Origen, Comment. in Matt. Tom. <span class="smcap">X.</span> c. 18, and Ep. ad Africanum, c. 9, also Homil. in Isa. <span class="smcap">I.</span> c. 5 (ed. 1740); also Tertull. de Patientia, c. 14; and Jerome Comment. in Isaiam, Lib. <span class="smcap">XVI.</span> c. 57 (ad fin.).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_641" id="Footnote_641"></a><a href="#FNanchor_641"><span class="label">[641]</span></a> Histoire de l'État présent de Jer. p. 206.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_641" id="Footnote_641"></a><a href="#FNanchor_641"><span class="label">[641]</span></a> Histoire de l'État présent de Jer. p. 206.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_642" id="Footnote_642"></a><a href="#FNanchor_642"><span class="label">[642]</span></a> <a href="#Page_26">Ch. <span class="smcap">II.</span> p. 26.</a></p></div> @@ -11632,7 +11615,7 @@ Nephthaei.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_664" id="Footnote_664"></a><a href="#FNanchor_664"><span class="label">[664]</span></a> <a href="#luk">S. Luke xxiv. 50, 51.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_665" id="Footnote_665"></a><a href="#FNanchor_665"><span class="label">[665]</span></a> Histoire de l'État présent de Jer. p. 157.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_665" id="Footnote_665"></a><a href="#FNanchor_665"><span class="label">[665]</span></a> Histoire de l'État présent de Jer. p. 157.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_666" id="Footnote_666"></a><a href="#FNanchor_666"><span class="label">[666]</span></a> Dan. xi. 45.</p></div> @@ -11643,7 +11626,7 @@ Nephthaei.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_669" id="Footnote_669"></a><a href="#FNanchor_669"><span class="label">[669]</span></a> Hist. Eccl. Lib. <span class="smcap">IV.</span> c. 5. Mentioned also by Socrates, Hist. Eccl. Lib. <span class="smcap">II.</span> c. 28, as seen at Antioch.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_670" id="Footnote_670"></a><a href="#FNanchor_670"><span class="label">[670]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 2, §§ 3, 4.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_670" id="Footnote_670"></a><a href="#FNanchor_670"><span class="label">[670]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 2, §§ 3, 4.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_671" id="Footnote_671"></a><a href="#FNanchor_671"><span class="label">[671]</span></a> Plate I.</p></div> @@ -11657,7 +11640,7 @@ Hist. Eccl. Lib. <span class="smcap">II.</span> c. 28, as seen at Antioch.</p></ <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_676" id="Footnote_676"></a><a href="#FNanchor_676"><span class="label">[676]</span></a> Liber nom. loc. ex Actis 'Mons Oliveti.'</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_677" id="Footnote_677"></a><a href="#FNanchor_677"><span class="label">[677]</span></a> Jerome, Ibid. Cf. Epit. Paulæ. Euseb. Vita Const. <span class="smcap">III.</span> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_677" id="Footnote_677"></a><a href="#FNanchor_677"><span class="label">[677]</span></a> Jerome, Ibid. Cf. Epit. Paulæ. Euseb. Vita Const. <span class="smcap">III.</span> 40. Paulinus, De Cruce Christi.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_678" id="Footnote_678"></a><a href="#FNanchor_678"><span class="label">[678]</span></a> Baron. Ann. Eccl. 616.</p></div> @@ -11669,12 +11652,12 @@ Travels, Bohn's Ant. Lib. p. 5, cf. p. 19.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_680" id="Footnote_680"></a><a href="#FNanchor_680"><span class="label">[680]</span></a> James de Vitry, c. <span class="smcap">LVIII.</span> Gesta Dei &c. Vol. <span class="smcap">II.</span> p. 1078.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_681" id="Footnote_681"></a><a href="#FNanchor_681"><span class="label">[681]</span></a> Citez de Jherusalem; Les Églises &c. p. 444.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_681" id="Footnote_681"></a><a href="#FNanchor_681"><span class="label">[681]</span></a> Citez de Jherusalem; Les Églises &c. p. 444.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_682" id="Footnote_682"></a><a href="#FNanchor_682"><span class="label">[682]</span></a> Les Églises &c. p. 316.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_682" id="Footnote_682"></a><a href="#FNanchor_682"><span class="label">[682]</span></a> Les Églises &c. p. 316.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_683" id="Footnote_683"></a><a href="#FNanchor_683"><span class="label">[683]</span></a> The building is certainly not accurate: the range of -variation of the sides is rather more than M. de Vogüé represents it to +variation of the sides is rather more than M. de Vogüé represents it to be.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_684" id="Footnote_684"></a><a href="#FNanchor_684"><span class="label">[684]</span></a> Very great want, they are all different.</p></div> @@ -11695,7 +11678,7 @@ Tom. <span class="smcap">V.</span> pp. 566, 567.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_691" id="Footnote_691"></a><a href="#FNanchor_691"><span class="label">[691]</span></a> Vita Const. Lib. <span class="smcap">III.</span> c. 43.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_692" id="Footnote_692"></a><a href="#FNanchor_692"><span class="label">[692]</span></a> Cf. Citez de Jherusalem, De Vogüé, p. 444.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_692" id="Footnote_692"></a><a href="#FNanchor_692"><span class="label">[692]</span></a> Cf. Citez de Jherusalem, De Vogüé, p. 444.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_693" id="Footnote_693"></a><a href="#FNanchor_693"><span class="label">[693]</span></a> Gesta Francorum expugnantium Hierosol. 25.</p></div> @@ -11728,7 +11711,7 @@ Migue).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_706" id="Footnote_706"></a><a href="#FNanchor_706"><span class="label">[706]</span></a> E. T. S. Lib. <span class="smcap">IV.</span> pereg. 10, c. 11, Tom. <span class="smcap">II.</span> pp. 333, 334; S. Matth. xxi. 1, 2.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_707" id="Footnote_707"></a><a href="#FNanchor_707"><span class="label">[707]</span></a> Epiph. adv. Hæret. Lib. <span class="smcap">I.</span> Tom. <span class="smcap">III.</span> Refut. 53 (p. 340, +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_707" id="Footnote_707"></a><a href="#FNanchor_707"><span class="label">[707]</span></a> Epiph. adv. Hæret. Lib. <span class="smcap">I.</span> Tom. <span class="smcap">III.</span> Refut. 53 (p. 340, ed. 1622).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_708" id="Footnote_708"></a><a href="#FNanchor_708"><span class="label">[708]</span></a> S. John xi. 1-40.</p></div> @@ -11741,20 +11724,20 @@ ed. 1622).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_712" id="Footnote_712"></a><a href="#FNanchor_712"><span class="label">[712]</span></a> Plate LIV.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_713" id="Footnote_713"></a><a href="#FNanchor_713"><span class="label">[713]</span></a> Mariti, c. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> § 8.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_713" id="Footnote_713"></a><a href="#FNanchor_713"><span class="label">[713]</span></a> Mariti, c. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> § 8.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_714" id="Footnote_714"></a><a href="#FNanchor_714"><span class="label">[714]</span></a> Hist. Eccl. Lib. <span class="smcap">VIII.</span> c. 30.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_715" id="Footnote_715"></a><a href="#FNanchor_715"><span class="label">[715]</span></a> Jerome, Epitaph. Paulæ, Ep. <span class="smcap">CVIII.</span> (<i>Ad Eustochium +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_715" id="Footnote_715"></a><a href="#FNanchor_715"><span class="label">[715]</span></a> Jerome, Epitaph. Paulæ, Ep. <span class="smcap">CVIII.</span> (<i>Ad Eustochium Virginem</i>).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_716" id="Footnote_716"></a><a href="#FNanchor_716"><span class="label">[716]</span></a> Jerome, Onomastic. ad vocem Bethan., Ep. <span class="smcap">CVIII.</span> (<i>Ad Eustochium Virginem</i>).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_717" id="Footnote_717"></a><a href="#FNanchor_717"><span class="label">[717]</span></a> Acta Sanct. ord. Bened. sæc. iii. p. 2. Early Travels, p. +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_717" id="Footnote_717"></a><a href="#FNanchor_717"><span class="label">[717]</span></a> Acta Sanct. ord. Bened. sæc. iii. p. 2. Early Travels, p. 6. Bohn's Ant. Lib.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_718" id="Footnote_718"></a><a href="#FNanchor_718"><span class="label">[718]</span></a> Itinerarium in Loc. S. (Acta Sanct. ord. Bened. sæc. iii. +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_718" id="Footnote_718"></a><a href="#FNanchor_718"><span class="label">[718]</span></a> Itinerarium in Loc. S. (Acta Sanct. ord. Bened. sæc. iii. p. 2). See also E. T. p. 28.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_719" id="Footnote_719"></a><a href="#FNanchor_719"><span class="label">[719]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_146">Ch. <span class="smcap">V.</span> page 146.</a></p></div> @@ -11781,7 +11764,7 @@ p. 2). See also E. T. p. 28.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_730" id="Footnote_730"></a><a href="#FNanchor_730"><span class="label">[730]</span></a> <a href="#jer">Jer. vii. 32; cf. xix. 6, 11.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_731" id="Footnote_731"></a><a href="#FNanchor_731"><span class="label">[731]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 12, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_731" id="Footnote_731"></a><a href="#FNanchor_731"><span class="label">[731]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 12, § 2.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_732" id="Footnote_732"></a><a href="#FNanchor_732"><span class="label">[732]</span></a> Plate LX. (Fig. 6).</p></div> @@ -11789,13 +11772,13 @@ p. 2). See also E. T. p. 28.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_734" id="Footnote_734"></a><a href="#FNanchor_734"><span class="label">[734]</span></a> Plate LX. fig. 8. Plate XLVII.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_735" id="Footnote_735"></a><a href="#FNanchor_735"><span class="label">[735]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 12, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_735" id="Footnote_735"></a><a href="#FNanchor_735"><span class="label">[735]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 12, § 2.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_736" id="Footnote_736"></a><a href="#FNanchor_736"><span class="label">[736]</span></a> Plate LV. fig. 5.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_737" id="Footnote_737"></a><a href="#FNanchor_737"><span class="label">[737]</span></a> Anton. Piac. <span class="smcap">XXV.</span></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_738" id="Footnote_738"></a><a href="#FNanchor_738"><span class="label">[738]</span></a> Universal Geography of Edrisi, Climate, <span class="smcap">III.</span> § 5, Tom. <span class="smcap">I.</span> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_738" id="Footnote_738"></a><a href="#FNanchor_738"><span class="label">[738]</span></a> Universal Geography of Edrisi, Climate, <span class="smcap">III.</span> § 5, Tom. <span class="smcap">I.</span> p. 345, Paris, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1836.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_739" id="Footnote_739"></a><a href="#FNanchor_739"><span class="label">[739]</span></a> <a href="#act">Acts i. 19.</a></p></div> @@ -11806,11 +11789,11 @@ p. 345, Paris, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1836.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_742" id="Footnote_742"></a><a href="#FNanchor_742"><span class="label">[742]</span></a> Hist. Eccl. Lib. <span class="smcap">VIII.</span> c. 30.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_743" id="Footnote_743"></a><a href="#FNanchor_743"><span class="label">[743]</span></a> La Citez de Jherusalem, De Vogüé, p. 442.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_743" id="Footnote_743"></a><a href="#FNanchor_743"><span class="label">[743]</span></a> La Citez de Jherusalem, De Vogüé, p. 442.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_744" id="Footnote_744"></a><a href="#FNanchor_744"><span class="label">[744]</span></a> <a href="#Page_41">Ch. <span class="smcap">II.</span> p. 41.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_745" id="Footnote_745"></a><a href="#FNanchor_745"><span class="label">[745]</span></a> De Perenni Cultu Terræ Sanctæ, Lib. <span class="smcap">II.</span> Quoted by +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_745" id="Footnote_745"></a><a href="#FNanchor_745"><span class="label">[745]</span></a> De Perenni Cultu Terræ Sanctæ, Lib. <span class="smcap">II.</span> Quoted by Quaresm. E. T. S. Lib. <span class="smcap">VI.</span> pereg. 1, c. 3, Vol. <span class="smcap">II.</span> p. 596.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_746" id="Footnote_746"></a><a href="#FNanchor_746"><span class="label">[746]</span></a> 2 Sam. xi. 2.</p></div> @@ -11820,7 +11803,7 @@ Quaresm. E. T. S. Lib. <span class="smcap">VI.</span> pereg. 1, c. 3, Vol. <span <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_748" id="Footnote_748"></a><a href="#FNanchor_748"><span class="label">[748]</span></a> <a href="#isa">Isai. xxii. 9.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_749" id="Footnote_749"></a><a href="#FNanchor_749"><span class="label">[749]</span></a> La Citez de Jherusalem, De Vogüé, p. 442.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_749" id="Footnote_749"></a><a href="#FNanchor_749"><span class="label">[749]</span></a> La Citez de Jherusalem, De Vogüé, p. 442.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_750" id="Footnote_750"></a><a href="#FNanchor_750"><span class="label">[750]</span></a> Plate XLV.</p></div> @@ -11832,9 +11815,9 @@ Quaresm. E. T. S. Lib. <span class="smcap">VI.</span> pereg. 1, c. 3, Vol. <span <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_754" id="Footnote_754"></a><a href="#FNanchor_754"><span class="label">[754]</span></a> <a href="#neh">Nehem. iii. 15, 16.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_755" id="Footnote_755"></a><a href="#FNanchor_755"><span class="label">[755]</span></a> <a href="#a13">Ant. <span class="smcap">XIII.</span> 8, § 4.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_755" id="Footnote_755"></a><a href="#FNanchor_755"><span class="label">[755]</span></a> <a href="#a13">Ant. <span class="smcap">XIII.</span> 8, § 4.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_756" id="Footnote_756"></a><a href="#FNanchor_756"><span class="label">[756]</span></a> <a href="#a16">Ant. <span class="smcap">XVI.</span> 7, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_756" id="Footnote_756"></a><a href="#FNanchor_756"><span class="label">[756]</span></a> <a href="#a16">Ant. <span class="smcap">XVI.</span> 7, § 1.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_757" id="Footnote_757"></a><a href="#FNanchor_757"><span class="label">[757]</span></a> <a href="#act">Acts ii. 29.</a></p></div> @@ -11883,7 +11866,7 @@ p. 205.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_776" id="Footnote_776"></a><a href="#FNanchor_776"><span class="label">[776]</span></a> Lib. <span class="smcap">VIII.</span> c. 30.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_777" id="Footnote_777"></a><a href="#FNanchor_777"><span class="label">[777]</span></a> Epitaphium Paulæ.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_777" id="Footnote_777"></a><a href="#FNanchor_777"><span class="label">[777]</span></a> Epitaphium Paulæ.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_778" id="Footnote_778"></a><a href="#FNanchor_778"><span class="label">[778]</span></a> Le Quien, Oriens Christ. Vol. <span class="smcap">III.</span> p. 162, col. 2.</p></div> @@ -11891,7 +11874,7 @@ p. 205.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_780" id="Footnote_780"></a><a href="#FNanchor_780"><span class="label">[780]</span></a> Gesta Francorum Expugn. Hieros. c. <span class="smcap">XXVI.</span> G. D. p. 573.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_781" id="Footnote_781"></a><a href="#FNanchor_781"><span class="label">[781]</span></a> Les Églises de la Terre Sainte, p. 324.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_781" id="Footnote_781"></a><a href="#FNanchor_781"><span class="label">[781]</span></a> Les Églises de la Terre Sainte, p. 324.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_782" id="Footnote_782"></a><a href="#FNanchor_782"><span class="label">[782]</span></a> The bulls are given by Quaresmius, Elucidatio T. S. Lib. <span class="smcap">II.</span>, c. 18, Vol. <span class="smcap">I.</span> pp. 404, 405.</p></div> @@ -11917,7 +11900,7 @@ Convent of S. Saviour at Jerusalem.</p></div> ordinary tradition on this point. The denial must have taken place at the house of Caiaphas.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_791" id="Footnote_791"></a><a href="#FNanchor_791"><span class="label">[791]</span></a> Quoted in De Vogüé, Les Églises, &c. p. 442.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_791" id="Footnote_791"></a><a href="#FNanchor_791"><span class="label">[791]</span></a> Quoted in De Vogüé, Les Églises, &c. p. 442.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_792" id="Footnote_792"></a><a href="#FNanchor_792"><span class="label">[792]</span></a> Geographie Univ. par. v. clim. 3, p. 444.</p></div> @@ -11978,7 +11961,7 @@ Chalcedon, at which a great number of monks was present; and we learn incidentally from the author of S. Saba's life<a name="FNanchor_805" id="FNanchor_805"></a><a href="#Footnote_805" class="fnanchor">[805]</a>, that the church was "able to hold a very large multitude." Antoninus of Piacenza, in the sixth century, calls the present Damascus gate the Gate of S. Stephen, -and expressly states that through it was the way to Cæsarea and +and expressly states that through it was the way to Cæsarea and Diospolis, so that there can be no doubt of his meaning. This name was retained until the walls of Jerusalem were rebuilt by Solyman I., <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1536, when it was changed, for what reason history does not tell us; but @@ -11990,7 +11973,7 @@ smaller scale, for we learn from Robert the Monk<a name="FNanchor_806" id="FNanc time of the first Crusade, who describes the details of the siege, that "the Counts of Normandy and Flanders encamped on the north of the city, near the church of S. Stephen the Proto-martyr, on the spot where he was -stoned by the Jews." Again, Sæwulf<a name="FNanchor_807" id="FNanchor_807"></a><a href="#Footnote_807" class="fnanchor">[807]</a> informs us that "the stoning of +stoned by the Jews." Again, Sæwulf<a name="FNanchor_807" id="FNanchor_807"></a><a href="#Footnote_807" class="fnanchor">[807]</a> informs us that "the stoning of S. Stephen took place about two or three arbalist-shots without the wall, to the north, where a very handsome church was built, which was entirely destroyed by the Pagans." Again, we find the following allusion @@ -12060,16 +12043,16 @@ Jeremiah), "and below the northern gate of the city, is a great oblong excavation, called the Cotton Grotto, and some say that it even extends below the <i>Sakharah</i>." The notion, indeed, was common in the country, that from these caverns it was possible to penetrate into the <i>Haram -es-Sherîf</i>: so that the adherents of the government would not allow any +es-Sherîf</i>: so that the adherents of the government would not allow any one to enter them. The Bedouins, however, and the Arabs of the country, took possession of them during the insurrection, and threatened to blow them up if their demands were not satisfied. I claim the merit of having rendered the passage practicable, and contributed to prove that there is no communication between them and the <i>Haram</i>. I have also made a correct plan of them, and conducted many persons thither, acting as -their guide; among others, His Excellency Surraya Pasha, M. de Barrère, -Consul of France and M. Gérardy Saintine, who in his book 'Trois ans en -Judée' has entirely availed himself of my discoveries, which I shewed +their guide; among others, His Excellency Surraya Pasha, M. de Barrère, +Consul of France and M. Gérardy Saintine, who in his book 'Trois ans en +Judée' has entirely availed himself of my discoveries, which I shewed him, without acknowledging his obligation to me for them, and for the two Plans of ancient and modern Jerusalem annexed to his book, which were furnished by me.</p> @@ -12190,7 +12173,7 @@ still visible, and the holes on which the workmen have been engaged. I think therefore that this place was separated from the Royal Caverns<a name="FNanchor_822" id="FNanchor_822"></a><a href="#Footnote_822" class="fnanchor">[822]</a> in quarrying stone, and may, strictly speaking, be called a part of them. Dr Schultz<a name="FNanchor_823" id="FNanchor_823"></a><a href="#Footnote_823" class="fnanchor">[823]</a> has endeavoured to identify the grotto -with the monument of Alexander Jannæus, because of the statement in +with the monument of Alexander Jannæus, because of the statement in Josephus<a name="FNanchor_824" id="FNanchor_824"></a><a href="#Footnote_824" class="fnanchor">[824]</a>, "that John and his party defended the tower Antonia, and the northern cloister of the Temple, and fought the Romans before the monuments of King Alexander." As these posts were held by John, after @@ -12346,9 +12329,9 @@ de Saulcy<a name="FNanchor_829" id="FNanchor_829"></a><a href="#Footnote_829" cl monument: "Above the porch, on the face of the rock itself, runs a long frieze, carved with exquisite taste and delicacy. The centre of the frieze is occupied by a bunch of grapes, an emblem of the promised land, -and the habitual type of the Asmonæan coinage. To the right and left of +and the habitual type of the Asmonæan coinage. To the right and left of this bunch are placed symmetrically a triple palm, carved with the -greatest elegance, a crown and triglyphs, alternating with pateræ, or +greatest elegance, a crown and triglyphs, alternating with pateræ, or round shields, three times repeated<a name="FNanchor_830" id="FNanchor_830"></a><a href="#Footnote_830" class="fnanchor">[830]</a>. Below this runs a rich garland of foliage and fruit, falling down at right angles on each side of the opening of the porch. The left-hand portion of this garland has been @@ -12471,7 +12454,7 @@ receptacles were made, as Josephus says that she and her son alone were buried there. M. de Saulcy endeavours to prove them to be the Tombs of the Kings; but I have already shewn<a name="FNanchor_835" id="FNanchor_835"></a><a href="#Footnote_835" class="fnanchor">[835]</a> that this is contrary to the Bible, Josephus, and tradition. From the Books of Maccabees and -Josephus, we are enabled to determine the Tombs of many Asmonæan +Josephus, we are enabled to determine the Tombs of many Asmonæan princes. With regard to the family of Herod, we know that Herod the Ascalonite was buried in Herodium; his sons, Alexander, Aristobulus, and others, in Alexandrium near to Shiloh; Agrippa in the valley of Gihon; @@ -12493,7 +12476,7 @@ a field planted with olives, is a sepulchre, excavated vertically in the rock<a name="FNanchor_837" id="FNanchor_837"></a><a href="#Footnote_837" class="fnanchor">[837]</a>. It is almost the only example of its kind in the open country in Palestine, and is the more remarkable because the Tombs of the Patriarchs in the cave of Machpelah at Hebron, that of Rachel near -Bethlehem Ephrata, and of Samuel at Ramah (<i>Neby-Samwîl</i>) are of the +Bethlehem Ephrata, and of Samuel at Ramah (<i>Neby-Samwîl</i>) are of the same kind. Round the edge of the oblong grave runs a step, into which a stone is fitted so as to close the hole firmly, and on this was placed a sarcophagus. This I have ascertained by a careful examination of those @@ -12522,7 +12505,7 @@ capital, if only from a distance. I have already mentioned the explanation of the name; but another tradition is current among the more ignorant and prejudiced Jews, which is given by Saintine<a name="FNanchor_839" id="FNanchor_839"></a><a href="#Footnote_839" class="fnanchor">[839]</a>: "When Titus was besieging Jerusalem, and had completely blockaded the town -with his legions, in the month <i>Bûl</i> (November) provisions began to fail +with his legions, in the month <i>Bûl</i> (November) provisions began to fail the inhabitants. Then<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> universal misery prevailed in the city, and the famine slew more than the Romans. In this extremity, even the women and children were killed to nourish the combatants; but these sufferings, @@ -12718,7 +12701,7 @@ glance from here. Godfrey of Bouillon attacked the north-east corner of the wall; Robert Duke of Normandy the part by the Grotto of Jeremiah; Robert Count of Flanders, that opposite to the rock where I place the tomb of Helena of Adiabene; Tancred from this position stormed the -castle of Goliath (<i>Kâsr Jalûd</i>), the tower Psephinus in my opinion; +castle of Goliath (<i>Kâsr Jalûd</i>), the tower Psephinus in my opinion; Raymond Count of Toulouse pitched his camp on the west, where the small Greek convent of S. George now stands, and directed part of his troops, commanded by the Count of S. Gilles, against Sion: these, after many @@ -12790,7 +12773,7 @@ far from yielding a blind assent to it, I cannot but remember how long the stain of blood remains upon marble or stone, if it has lain and dried up there. In this case the blood of more than a hundred victims must have been shed and left there.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> At the same time it must be -remarked that the stains, which extend below the surface of the tesseræ +remarked that the stains, which extend below the surface of the tesseræ in the pavement, are not red but of a blackish colour.</p> <p>When the Greeks purchased the convent from the Georgians it was wholly @@ -12859,7 +12842,7 @@ of the country.<br /><br /></p> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_799" id="Footnote_799"></a><a href="#FNanchor_799"><span class="label">[799]</span></a> <a href="#act">Acts vii. 58.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_800" id="Footnote_800"></a><a href="#FNanchor_800"><span class="label">[800]</span></a> Elucidatio Terræ Sanctæ, Lib. <span class="smcap">IV.</span> pereg. 8, c. 2, Tom. +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_800" id="Footnote_800"></a><a href="#FNanchor_800"><span class="label">[800]</span></a> Elucidatio Terræ Sanctæ, Lib. <span class="smcap">IV.</span> pereg. 8, c. 2, Tom. <span class="smcap">II.</span> p. 295, col. 2. See also, c. 3, p. 297, col. 1, ed. 1639.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_801" id="Footnote_801"></a><a href="#FNanchor_801"><span class="label">[801]</span></a> Nicephorus, Hist. Eccl. Lib. <span class="smcap">XIV.</span> c. 50.</p></div> @@ -12870,7 +12853,7 @@ of the country.<br /><br /></p> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_804" id="Footnote_804"></a><a href="#FNanchor_804"><span class="label">[804]</span></a> Hist. Eccl. Lib. <span class="smcap">XIV.</span> c. 50.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_805" id="Footnote_805"></a><a href="#FNanchor_805"><span class="label">[805]</span></a> Vita Sabæ, c. lxxxii.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_805" id="Footnote_805"></a><a href="#FNanchor_805"><span class="label">[805]</span></a> Vita Sabæ, c. lxxxii.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_806" id="Footnote_806"></a><a href="#FNanchor_806"><span class="label">[806]</span></a> Historia Hierosol. Lib. <span class="smcap">IX.</span> (Gesta Dei, &c. Tom. <span class="smcap">I.</span> p. 74, ed. 1611).</p></div> @@ -12880,26 +12863,26 @@ of the country.<br /><br /></p> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_808" id="Footnote_808"></a><a href="#FNanchor_808"><span class="label">[808]</span></a> Hist. Hierosol. Lib. <span class="smcap">V.</span> c. 46 (G. D. &c. Tom. <span class="smcap">I.</span> p. 274); cf. Lib. <span class="smcap">VI.</span> c. 9, and William of Tyre, Lib. <span class="smcap">VIII.</span> c. 12.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_809" id="Footnote_809"></a><a href="#FNanchor_809"><span class="label">[809]</span></a> De Vogüé, Les Églises, &c. p. 333.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_809" id="Footnote_809"></a><a href="#FNanchor_809"><span class="label">[809]</span></a> De Vogüé, Les Églises, &c. p. 333.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_810" id="Footnote_810"></a><a href="#FNanchor_810"><span class="label">[810]</span></a> Cartulary of the Holy Sepulchre, p. 306.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_811" id="Footnote_811"></a><a href="#FNanchor_811"><span class="label">[811]</span></a> La Citez de Jherusalem, quoted by De Vogüé, p. 333.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_811" id="Footnote_811"></a><a href="#FNanchor_811"><span class="label">[811]</span></a> La Citez de Jherusalem, quoted by De Vogüé, p. 333.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_812" id="Footnote_812"></a><a href="#FNanchor_812"><span class="label">[812]</span></a> Leo Allatius, Sym. p. 146.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_813" id="Footnote_813"></a><a href="#FNanchor_813"><span class="label">[813]</span></a> La Citez de Jherusalem, quoted by De Vogüé, p. 441; +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_813" id="Footnote_813"></a><a href="#FNanchor_813"><span class="label">[813]</span></a> La Citez de Jherusalem, quoted by De Vogüé, p. 441; Cartulary, p. 306.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_814" id="Footnote_814"></a><a href="#FNanchor_814"><span class="label">[814]</span></a> Plates VIII., IX.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_815" id="Footnote_815"></a><a href="#FNanchor_815"><span class="label">[815]</span></a> <a href="#Page_38">Page 38.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_816" id="Footnote_816"></a><a href="#FNanchor_816"><span class="label">[816]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 6.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_816" id="Footnote_816"></a><a href="#FNanchor_816"><span class="label">[816]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 6.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_817" id="Footnote_817"></a><a href="#FNanchor_817"><span class="label">[817]</span></a> <a href="#Page_38">Page 38.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_818" id="Footnote_818"></a><a href="#FNanchor_818"><span class="label">[818]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_818" id="Footnote_818"></a><a href="#FNanchor_818"><span class="label">[818]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_819" id="Footnote_819"></a><a href="#FNanchor_819"><span class="label">[819]</span></a> Hist. Eccl. Lib. <span class="smcap">VIII.</span> c. 30.</p></div> @@ -12907,13 +12890,13 @@ Cartulary, p. 306.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_821" id="Footnote_821"></a><a href="#FNanchor_821"><span class="label">[821]</span></a> Jer. xxxviii. 6, 28.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_822" id="Footnote_822"></a><a href="#FNanchor_822"><span class="label">[822]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_822" id="Footnote_822"></a><a href="#FNanchor_822"><span class="label">[822]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_823" id="Footnote_823"></a><a href="#FNanchor_823"><span class="label">[823]</span></a> Jerusalem, p. 36.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_824" id="Footnote_824"></a><a href="#FNanchor_824"><span class="label">[824]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 7, § 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_824" id="Footnote_824"></a><a href="#FNanchor_824"><span class="label">[824]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 7, § 3.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_825" id="Footnote_825"></a><a href="#FNanchor_825"><span class="label">[825]</span></a> <a href="#a13">Ant. <span class="smcap">XIII.</span> 16, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_825" id="Footnote_825"></a><a href="#FNanchor_825"><span class="label">[825]</span></a> <a href="#a13">Ant. <span class="smcap">XIII.</span> 16, § 1.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_826" id="Footnote_826"></a><a href="#FNanchor_826"><span class="label">[826]</span></a> <a href="#Page_14">Page 14.</a></p></div> @@ -12928,7 +12911,7 @@ Count E. de Warren, Vol. II. pp. 137, 138).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_830" id="Footnote_830"></a><a href="#FNanchor_830"><span class="label">[830]</span></a> Plate LX.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_831" id="Footnote_831"></a><a href="#FNanchor_831"><span class="label">[831]</span></a> My remarks may appear to resemble closely those made by -M. Gérardy Saintine, Trois Ans en Judée, p. 224. As he has used +M. Gérardy Saintine, Trois Ans en Judée, p. 224. As he has used information given to him by me, without any acknowledgment, I feel entitled to resume my own.</p></div> @@ -12947,13 +12930,13 @@ present day.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_835" id="Footnote_835"></a><a href="#FNanchor_835"><span class="label">[835]</span></a> <a href="#Page_210">Page 210.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_836" id="Footnote_836"></a><a href="#FNanchor_836"><span class="label">[836]</span></a> <a href="#w1">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">I.</span> 9, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_836" id="Footnote_836"></a><a href="#FNanchor_836"><span class="label">[836]</span></a> <a href="#w1">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">I.</span> 9, § 1.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_837" id="Footnote_837"></a><a href="#FNanchor_837"><span class="label">[837]</span></a> See Plate LVIII. for Plan and Section.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_838" id="Footnote_838"></a><a href="#FNanchor_838"><span class="label">[838]</span></a> <a href="#Page_38">Page 38</a>; Plate LVII.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_839" id="Footnote_839"></a><a href="#FNanchor_839"><span class="label">[839]</span></a> Trois Ans en Judée, p. 214.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_839" id="Footnote_839"></a><a href="#FNanchor_839"><span class="label">[839]</span></a> Trois Ans en Judée, p. 214.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_840" id="Footnote_840"></a><a href="#FNanchor_840"><span class="label">[840]</span></a> Plate LIX.</p></div> @@ -12961,7 +12944,7 @@ present day.</p></div> ground, in order to make the reptiles conceal themselves, and frighten away the jackals which frequent it, before he enters the place.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_842" id="Footnote_842"></a><a href="#FNanchor_842"><span class="label">[842]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 3, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_842" id="Footnote_842"></a><a href="#FNanchor_842"><span class="label">[842]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 3, § 2.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_843" id="Footnote_843"></a><a href="#FNanchor_843"><span class="label">[843]</span></a> See Plan, Plate LIX. Frontispiece, Plate LVIII.</p></div> @@ -12975,12 +12958,12 @@ away the jackals which frequent it, before he enters the place.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_848" id="Footnote_848"></a><a href="#FNanchor_848"><span class="label">[848]</span></a> Plate II.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_849" id="Footnote_849"></a><a href="#FNanchor_849"><span class="label">[849]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 7, § 3; <span class="smcap">V.</span> 9, § 1.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_849" id="Footnote_849"></a><a href="#FNanchor_849"><span class="label">[849]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 7, § 3; <span class="smcap">V.</span> 9, § 1.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_850" id="Footnote_850"></a><a href="#FNanchor_850"><span class="label">[850]</span></a> <a href="#ski">2 Kings xviii. 17</a>; <a href="#sch">2 Chron. xxxii. 3, 4, 30</a>; <a href="#isa">Isaiah vii. 3.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_851" id="Footnote_851"></a><a href="#FNanchor_851"><span class="label">[851]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 3, § 2.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_851" id="Footnote_851"></a><a href="#FNanchor_851"><span class="label">[851]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 3, § 2.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_852" id="Footnote_852"></a><a href="#FNanchor_852"><span class="label">[852]</span></a> <a href="#Page_24">Page 24</a>.</p></div> @@ -12988,7 +12971,7 @@ away the jackals which frequent it, before he enters the place.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_854" id="Footnote_854"></a><a href="#FNanchor_854"><span class="label">[854]</span></a> <a href="#ski">2 Kings xviii. 17</a>; <a href="#isa">Isaiah vii. 3.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_855" id="Footnote_855"></a><a href="#FNanchor_855"><span class="label">[855]</span></a> La Citez de Jherusalem, De Vogüé, Les Églises, &c. p. +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_855" id="Footnote_855"></a><a href="#FNanchor_855"><span class="label">[855]</span></a> La Citez de Jherusalem, De Vogüé, Les Églises, &c. p. 442.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_856" id="Footnote_856"></a><a href="#FNanchor_856"><span class="label">[856]</span></a> <a href="#Page_40">Page 40</a>.</p></div> @@ -13163,7 +13146,7 @@ conducted by a subterranean canal (whether this is artificial or natural I have not been able to decide) to the <i>castellum</i> on the east of the lowest pool. This point I have proved by stopping up the supply of water from the other quarters; an experiment which was witnessed by M. de -Barrère and M. E. Meshullam. Another spring also supplies the latter +Barrère and M. E. Meshullam. Another spring also supplies the latter <i>castellum</i>, the stream from which, rising at a distance of about 750 feet, comes down the valley, and runs parallel to the east end of the lowest pool; this is called by the Arabs <i>Ain Atan</i>, and is the best @@ -13235,7 +13218,7 @@ Magnificent went to great expense in restoring it. At a later period, under the government of Kiamil Pasha and Surraya Pasha, in 1856 and in 1860, the waters of Etham were brought into Jerusalem, on which occasion I co-operated with the Turkish engineer, Assad Effendi; but these last -repairs have not been permanent, because the <i>fellahîn</i> divert the water +repairs have not been permanent, because the <i>fellahîn</i> divert the water for their private purposes, and those whose duty it is to guard the aqueduct are bribed to blindness by a present of a lamb or some money. Until the Governor adopts rigorous measures, the water will be used by @@ -13258,7 +13241,7 @@ conduit from the northern valley, and by others from the pool outside S. Mary's Gate, which was filled from the ditch on the north-east outside the city. Hence it appears that the lower city was well provided with water. The works which I have hitherto described could still be restored -with the greatest ease,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> if the Government chose to expend £7200 in +with the greatest ease,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> if the Government chose to expend £7200 in repairing them in different places, and to organize an effective police to guard the aqueduct from injury by any chance comer; a thing at present impossible, owing to the venality of the officials of the @@ -13276,12 +13259,12 @@ co-operation. A short time since a European engineer proposed to bring the water from Etham to Jerusalem by cast-iron pipes, which were to start from the Tomb of Rachel, on the Bethlehem road, about four miles from Jerusalem, and bring it up to the summit of the tower, which I call -Phasaëlus, in the Castle of David, from which the central valley was to +Phasaëlus, in the Castle of David, from which the central valley was to be supplied. I am convinced that this plan is impracticable in Palestine, not only from the great expense, but also because the Government could never consent to turn into water-works a place which would be their chief stronghold in case of an insurrection of the -Bedouins or <i>fellahîn</i>; besides, the pipes themselves would be eagerly +Bedouins or <i>fellahîn</i>; besides, the pipes themselves would be eagerly sought after as booty. If it has not been, and is not possible to restore that which now exists, how can anything new be done? Circumstances will alter, and then we may hope that Palestine will @@ -13320,7 +13303,7 @@ water required by the bath in the Christian bazaar, and its proprietors be able to make money by selling what they did not require to the builders. It is surprising that the Arabs do not see the advantages that they would gain, especially as the cost of the repairs would not be more -than £600.</p> +than £600.</p> <p>In my opinion these two pools and their conduit answer to the descriptions given us in various passages of the Bible. We read<a name="FNanchor_874" id="FNanchor_874"></a><a href="#Footnote_874" class="fnanchor">[874]</a> @@ -13353,7 +13336,7 @@ tower Hippicus, indicates the existence of another conduit. This I suppose to have been a branch of that of Hezekiah. When the foundations of the English church were dug, the remains of a conduit were discovered, which seems to shew that this was the site of one of Herod's -palaces, probably that called the Cæsareum. It has been thought that +palaces, probably that called the Cæsareum. It has been thought that this conduit went as far as Moriah, but I believe that I have found its mouth in the street of David, 'in the going down to Silla<a name="FNanchor_878" id="FNanchor_878"></a><a href="#Footnote_878" class="fnanchor">[878]</a>,' close to the Greek convent of S. John on the south, and that it was a sewer.</p> @@ -13396,7 +13379,7 @@ rain was so heavy that the overflow lasted for fifteen days, but during this time there was very little sunshine in the neighbourhood of Jerusalem. The above explanation will, I trust, be satisfactory to all, except the Arabs, who account for the wonder in the following -manner<a name="FNanchor_882" id="FNanchor_882"></a><a href="#Footnote_882" class="fnanchor">[882]</a>: "We all know that the <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i> is constantly +manner<a name="FNanchor_882" id="FNanchor_882"></a><a href="#Footnote_882" class="fnanchor">[882]</a>: "We all know that the <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i> is constantly guarded by sixty thousand angels. Now, by a decree of Heaven, while the heavenly host watch in prayer around the sacred rock (<i>es-Sakharah</i>), an equal number of evil spirits groan in the depths of the mountain, @@ -13416,7 +13399,7 @@ creatures. It only depends then on our own prayers to have good harvests, and when drought comes, we ought to accuse ourselves of a lack of devotion." M. Saintine thinks that this account, when stripped of its marvels, denotes that all the water-courses in the city flow into the -lower part of the <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i>, and thence are conducted by a +lower part of the <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i>, and thence are conducted by a conduit into this well. This I cannot admit, because the waters running down the western bank of the Tyropœon follow the course of that valley, and those which fall on the eastern are caught by the reservoirs @@ -13466,7 +13449,7 @@ has been made to convey the water of the Fountain to a place where it was more accessible to the inhabitants of the city, and could be collected in the large reservoirs from which the gardens below, the King's Gardens, were irrigated. In the 17th century a monk, by name -Julius, explored the whole of the dark damp passage. After him the Abbé +Julius, explored the whole of the dark damp passage. After him the Abbé Desmazures, then an Englishman named Hyde, and Drs Robinson and Smith, and also Tobler. I have traversed it several times, the last occasion being in the month of February 1861; but I cannot advise any one to @@ -13479,7 +13462,7 @@ Ezekiel's vision<a name="FNanchor_886" id="FNanchor_886"></a><a href="#Footnote_ point also for my description of the <i>Hammam es-Shefa</i>. The water of the Foun<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>tain is limpid and slightly brackish; it contains lime, magnesia, and sulphuric acid: its specific gravity is 1.0035: its temperature is -usually from 61.25° to 65.75° Fahrenheit. It is only drunk by the +usually from 61.25° to 65.75° Fahrenheit. It is only drunk by the inhabitants of Jerusalem when the supplies in their cisterns fail; however, the peasants of Siloam use it for all purposes. Still it is always a boon to the citizens, as it irrigates the gardens of Siloam, @@ -13602,7 +13585,7 @@ springs must be connected, and the upper supply the lower. But still there was the question, what became of all the water which issued from the spring at the Convent of the Daughters of Sion? At the first moment I was disposed to think that it flowed into the subterranean gallery, in -the direction of the north-west corner of the <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i>; but my +the direction of the north-west corner of the <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i>; but my observations have brought me to the conclusion that it goes into the well of the <i>Hammam es-Shefa</i>, as I will now shew.</p> @@ -13629,7 +13612,7 @@ appears to confirm them, saying, that "the well was excavated by the children of the captivity, and the priests drew water from it by means of a pulley." We may therefore suppose that the Jews used to purify themselves here, before entering the Temple, as the Mohammedans still do -on their festival days, before they go into the <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i>. This +on their festival days, before they go into the <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i>. This bath is the cause of the intermittence of the stream in the Fountain of the Virgin, for at certain periods of the day its keepers use the water for the purposes of the establishment, and consequently not only prevent @@ -13746,7 +13729,7 @@ showers should fail during two years in succession!<br /><br /></p> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_860" id="Footnote_860"></a><a href="#FNanchor_860"><span class="label">[860]</span></a> <a href="#ecc">Eccl. ii. 4, 6.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_861" id="Footnote_861"></a><a href="#FNanchor_861"><span class="label">[861]</span></a> <a href="#a8">Ant. <span class="smcap">VIII.</span> 7, § 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_861" id="Footnote_861"></a><a href="#FNanchor_861"><span class="label">[861]</span></a> <a href="#a8">Ant. <span class="smcap">VIII.</span> 7, § 3.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_862" id="Footnote_862"></a><a href="#FNanchor_862"><span class="label">[862]</span></a> Plate X.</p></div> @@ -13759,11 +13742,11 @@ course of an aqueduct to regulate the supply of water.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_866" id="Footnote_866"></a><a href="#FNanchor_866"><span class="label">[866]</span></a> <a href="#Page_100">Page 100.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_867" id="Footnote_867"></a><a href="#FNanchor_867"><span class="label">[867]</span></a> <a href="#a18">Ant. <span class="smcap">XVIII.</span> 3, § 2</a>; <a href="#w2">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">II.</span> 9, § 4.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_867" id="Footnote_867"></a><a href="#FNanchor_867"><span class="label">[867]</span></a> <a href="#a18">Ant. <span class="smcap">XVIII.</span> 3, § 2</a>; <a href="#w2">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">II.</span> 9, § 4.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_868" id="Footnote_868"></a><a href="#FNanchor_868"><span class="label">[868]</span></a> Joma, fol. 31. 1.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_869" id="Footnote_869"></a><a href="#FNanchor_869"><span class="label">[869]</span></a> Greg. Abulpharagii seu Barhebræi Chronicum Syriacum, ed. +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_869" id="Footnote_869"></a><a href="#FNanchor_869"><span class="label">[869]</span></a> Greg. Abulpharagii seu Barhebræi Chronicum Syriacum, ed. G. G. Kirsch. Lips. 1789. 2 Vols. 4to.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_870" id="Footnote_870"></a><a href="#FNanchor_870"><span class="label">[870]</span></a> Plate LXII.</p></div> @@ -13780,7 +13763,7 @@ G. G. Kirsch. Lips. 1789. 2 Vols. 4to.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_876" id="Footnote_876"></a><a href="#FNanchor_876"><span class="label">[876]</span></a> <a href="#sch">2 Chron. xxxii. 3, 4, 5, 30.</a></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_877" id="Footnote_877"></a><a href="#FNanchor_877"><span class="label">[877]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 7, § 3.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_877" id="Footnote_877"></a><a href="#FNanchor_877"><span class="label">[877]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 7, § 3.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_878" id="Footnote_878"></a><a href="#FNanchor_878"><span class="label">[878]</span></a> <a href="#ski">2 Kings xii. 20.</a></p></div> @@ -13791,7 +13774,7 @@ G. G. Kirsch. Lips. 1789. 2 Vols. 4to.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_881" id="Footnote_881"></a><a href="#FNanchor_881"><span class="label">[881]</span></a> Plate X.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_882" id="Footnote_882"></a><a href="#FNanchor_882"><span class="label">[882]</span></a> I avail myself of the words of M. Saintine (Trois ans en -Judée, p. 132), as I was in his company when an old Sheikh told us the +Judée, p. 132), as I was in his company when an old Sheikh told us the story.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_883" id="Footnote_883"></a><a href="#FNanchor_883"><span class="label">[883]</span></a> <a href="#Page_92">Page 92.</a></p></div> @@ -13816,7 +13799,7 @@ story.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_893" id="Footnote_893"></a><a href="#FNanchor_893"><span class="label">[893]</span></a> See Plate X. fig. 6.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_894" id="Footnote_894"></a><a href="#FNanchor_894"><span class="label">[894]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 11, § 4.</a></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_894" id="Footnote_894"></a><a href="#FNanchor_894"><span class="label">[894]</span></a> <a href="#w5">Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 11, § 4.</a></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_895" id="Footnote_895"></a><a href="#FNanchor_895"><span class="label">[895]</span></a> <a href="#Page_14">Page 14.</a></p></div> @@ -13988,7 +13971,7 @@ Lebanon.</p> <p>The French, Austrian, and Turkish posts facilitate intercourse with Europe and the East. The steamers also of the French Messagerie -Impériale and of the Austrian Lloyd arrive at the port of Jaffa on +Impériale and of the Austrian Lloyd arrive at the port of Jaffa on alternate weeks. The Turkish post is very badly managed; for the courier is often robbed of his mail-bag, and when it arrives in safety, the distribution of its contents is conducted so carelessly, that the first @@ -14089,7 +14072,7 @@ thoughts fill the mind, bringing a calm that is found with difficulty in bustling and crowded cities. He who is careless or unbelieving, he who travels only from curiosity or to kill time, had better take my advice, and avoid Jerusalem. There he will have no amusement beyond taking a -ride, or smoking and drinking bad coffee in an Arab <i>café</i>; watching the +ride, or smoking and drinking bad coffee in an Arab <i>café</i>; watching the languid passers by, or listening to Arab songs accompanied on tuneless instruments. He, however, who has a family or business to care for, or is occupied in studying the inexhaustible riches of the soil, will live @@ -14104,7 +14087,7 @@ disgusted.</p> <p>Hence it will appear that Jerusalem offers but slight attractions to one who is not contented with the memories of the past, and the love of -archæological research. These, however, supply an unceasing field of +archæological research. These, however, supply an unceasing field of enjoyment and constant occupation.</p> <p>Jerusalem is not inhabited by a people; it is a great field wherein are @@ -14132,10 +14115,10 @@ formation of intimate friendships and the fusion of the different races.</p> <p>The greater part of the land does not belong to its occupants, but is the property of the mosques or of the churches, and is therefore called -<i>Wakf</i>. There is the <i>Wakf</i> of the <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i>, the property of +<i>Wakf</i>. There is the <i>Wakf</i> of the <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i>, the property of the great mosque; the <i>Wakf el-Tekiyeh</i>, the property of the Hospital of S. Helena (as it is commonly called); the <i>Wakf Franji</i>, the property of -the Latin convent; the <i>Wakf Rûmi</i>, the property of the Greek convent; +the Latin convent; the <i>Wakf Rûmi</i>, the property of the Greek convent; and in the same way they speak of the <i>Wakf</i> of the Russians, Armenians, Greek Catholics, Armenian Catholics, English, Prussians, Copts, Abyssinians, and Jews. Another part of the ground falls by law to these @@ -14217,7 +14200,7 @@ especially in the neighbourhood of Jerusalem, which are being continually augmented. The secretary of the Greek convent of S. Constantine, the Archimandrite Nicoferus, has purchased in the last few years a number of estates, the value of which is not less than 6,000,000 -piastres, or about £48,000. The property of the monasteries is almost +piastres, or about £48,000. The property of the monasteries is almost entirely derived from the legacies left by the monks, who purchase in their own names, to leave to the convent, which always inherits their possessions, except a small allowance to the parents of the deceased, if @@ -14568,7 +14551,7 @@ Jerusalem.</p> 1 Hospice of the Kusbeck Dervishes.<br /> 1 Tekhiyeh el-Khasseki-Sultane, where the poor are supported.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span><br /> A number of unimportant Schools.<br /> -Several ruined buildings in the <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i>, in which the poor are +Several ruined buildings in the <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i>, in which the poor are lodged.<br /> The Lepers' Quarter.</p></blockquote> @@ -14680,12 +14663,12 @@ centime remains.</div> <h3>NOTES ON CHAPTER I.</h3> <p><span class="smcap"><a name="N1_1"></a>Note I.</span> See Eusebius, Hist. Eccles. <span class="smcap">IV.</span> 2 sqq.; and his book on the -Martyrs of Palestine, chap. 11; Dio's resumé of the history of the reign +Martyrs of Palestine, chap. 11; Dio's resumé of the history of the reign of Hadrian; S. Jerome, Letter to Paulinus.</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> -<p><span class="smcap"><a name="N1_2"></a>Note II.</span> Neby Samwîl (Prophet Samuel) is a village on the N.W. of +<p><span class="smcap"><a name="N1_2"></a>Note II.</span> Neby Samwîl (Prophet Samuel) is a village on the N.W. of Jerusalem, at a distance of about three hours from the city. From its summit the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea are visible, and it commands a magnificent view of Palestine to the East and West. This is not the @@ -14698,15 +14681,15 @@ the prophet Samuel, which I have myself seen, and from the earliest times to this day the Israelites have constantly undertaken pilgrimages in order to touch even the outer walls which enclose the tomb. Accordingly I identify the Ramah mentioned in 1 Sam. xxv. 1 and xxviii. -3, and the Ramah of Josephus (Ant. <span class="smcap">VI.</span> 13, § 5), with the Arab village -of Neby Samwîl. In my book on the tombs of Machpelah, Ephratah, and +3, and the Ramah of Josephus (Ant. <span class="smcap">VI.</span> 13, § 5), with the Arab village +of Neby Samwîl. In my book on the tombs of Machpelah, Ephratah, and Ramah, this point will be discussed at length.</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> <p><span class="smcap"><a name="N1_3"></a>Note III.</span> "He removed thence (from Gabaoth Saul), and came to a place called Scopus; from whence the city began already to be seen, and a -plain view might be taken of the great temple." (Josephus, Wars, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 2, § +plain view might be taken of the great temple." (Josephus, Wars, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 2, § 3.) Titus himself, with 600 horsemen, had made a reconnoitring expedition before he encamped at Scopus, during which he was intercepted by a body of the Jews, and had a very narrow escape with his life. @@ -14748,7 +14731,7 @@ for their devotions.</p> <p><span class="smcap"><a name="N1_6"></a>Note VI.</span> The following are the names of the principal streets of Jerusalem:</p> -<p><i>Harat bâb-el-'Amud</i> (the street of the Column-gate), crosses the city +<p><i>Harat bâb-el-'Amud</i> (the street of the Column-gate), crosses the city from North to South;</p> <p><i>Souk el-Kebir</i> (the street of the Grand Bazaar), runs from West to @@ -14760,7 +14743,7 @@ passes to the barrack on Mount Moriah, then after bearing for a short way to the South in the Tyropœon valley, takes again a Westerly direction as far as the Porta Judiciaria;</p> -<p><i>Harat el-Naçâra</i> (the street of the Christians), from the Holy +<p><i>Harat el-Naçâra</i> (the street of the Christians), from the Holy Sepulchre to the Latin Convent;</p> <p><i>Harat el-Arman</i> (the Armenian street), on the East of the Castle;</p> @@ -14768,7 +14751,7 @@ Sepulchre to the Latin Convent;</p> <p><i>Harat el-Yahud</i> (the Jews' street) is situated on the Eastern slope of Mount Sion;</p> -<p><i>Harat bâb Hotta</i>, the street that runs parallel to the Temple in the +<p><i>Harat bâb Hotta</i>, the street that runs parallel to the Temple in the central valley;</p> <p>And many others, which are little frequented, and are not worthy of @@ -14809,7 +14792,7 @@ of M. Munk, in his book entitled "La Palestine," subjoining an account of my own special observations on the subject.</p> <p>"The measures of length, called <i>Middoth</i>, are generally referred to the -hand and arm; the following are mentioned: (1) <i>Eçba</i> (Jer. lii. 21), +hand and arm; the following are mentioned: (1) <i>Eçba</i> (Jer. lii. 21), <i>the finger</i>, i.e. the breadth of the finger or thumb; (2) <i>Tephach</i> (1 Kings vii. 26), or <i>tophach</i> (Exodus xxv. 25), the <i>hand-breadth</i>, i.e. the breadth of four fingers; (3) <i>Zereth</i> (Exodus xxviii. 16), the @@ -14819,7 +14802,7 @@ value of these measures is not indicated in any part of the Bible; to fix it, we must consult Josephus and the Rabbinic traditions. In Exodus xxv. 10, the dimensions of the ark are stated as follows; length 2-1/2 cubits, breadth 1-1/2 cubits, height 1-1/2 cubits. Josephus, in the -Antiquities (<span class="smcap">III.</span> 6, § 5), represents the 2-1/2 cubits by 5 spans, and +Antiquities (<span class="smcap">III.</span> 6, § 5), represents the 2-1/2 cubits by 5 spans, and for 1-1/2 cubits puts 3 spans: hence the span was the half of the cubit. The Rabbins agree with Josephus; according to them the zereth is half a cubit, referring to the mean cubit<a name="FNanchor_A"></a><a href="#FA" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> which contained six hand-breadths, @@ -14834,7 +14817,7 @@ the relative values of the Hebrew measures the following table:</p> <tr><td align="left"><i>Ammah</i></td><td align="left">1</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Zereth</i></td><td align="left">2 . 1</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><i>Tephach</i></td><td align="left">6 . 3 . 1</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"><i>Eçba</i></td><td align="left">24 . 12 . 4 . 1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Eçba</i></td><td align="left">24 . 12 . 4 . 1</td></tr> </table></div> <p>"The knowledge of the absolute value of any one of these would therefore @@ -14849,7 +14832,7 @@ placed side by side—a custom which also prevails amongst the Arabs and other Eastern tribes. It is easily seen that there is an uncertainty in this method of measurement, owing to the unequal sizes of the barley-grains. Maimonides, who has made minute calculations on the -subject, has found that the Eçba of the Bible is equal to the breadth of +subject, has found that the Eçba of the Bible is equal to the breadth of seven average-sized grains of barley<a name="FNanchor_B"></a><a href="#FB" class="fnanchor">[B]</a>, which gives for the <i>Ammah</i> 168. It is found by calculations sufficiently exact that the Arab cubit, which is estimated at 144 grains of barley (that is, twenty-four fingers @@ -14897,14 +14880,14 @@ and uncertain manner; and as we shall not need to refer to their measurements in this book, I leave the discussion of them to turn to those which are necessary.</p> -<p>"In the Græco-Roman period the Jews reckoned by stadia and miles; which +<p>"In the Græco-Roman period the Jews reckoned by stadia and miles; which measures are found in the Old Testament and in the Talmud, as is also the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> <i>Sabbath-day's journey</i> (Acts i. 12), which was about 2000 cubits."</p> <p>Josephus also often quotes his measurements in stadia, so I will speak of these. Three principal kinds of stadia are known; the Olympic, equivalent to 184.95 metres (or 606.8 feet); the Pythian, equal to 147.6 -metres (or 484.3 feet), and lastly the Philæterian, of 213 metres (or +metres (or 484.3 feet), and lastly the Philæterian, of 213 metres (or 698.8 feet). Through the whole of this work I have adopted the Olympic, because in the measurements taken in Jerusalem itself, and its environs, I have found that it alone corresponds with all the distances which are @@ -14919,7 +14902,7 @@ circumference, and the thirty-nine of the lines drawn round it by Titus, Egyptian of 20.67 inches, and for the common cubit that of 17.71 inches, as a result of the extended observation and study of measurements that I have made on the old stones which are found in the Eastern wall of the -Temple, or of the Haram es-Sherîf; with considerable difficulty I have +Temple, or of the Haram es-Sherîf; with considerable difficulty I have managed to measure many such which have suffered no mutilation, and have found them to correspond with the ordinary cubits and their aliquot parts of spans, hand-breadths, and digits.</p> @@ -14931,19 +14914,19 @@ numerals in the text above relate.</p> <div class="footnotes"> <div class="footnote"><a name="FA"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> <p>David Kimchi's Dictionary, s. vv. 'Zereth' and 'Tephach;' -Maimonides, <i>Comment. on Mishna</i>, part 5, tract <i>Middoth</i>, ch. 3, § 1, -part 6; tract <i>Kilim</i>, ch. 17, § 9.]</p></div> +Maimonides, <i>Comment. on Mishna</i>, part 5, tract <i>Middoth</i>, ch. 3, § 1, +part 6; tract <i>Kilim</i>, ch. 17, § 9.]</p></div> <div class="footnote"><a name="FB"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> <p>Maimonides, <i>Mische Thorah</i>, or <i>Summary of the Talmud</i>, Bk. <span class="smcap">II.</span> -sect. 3 (<i>Sepher Thorah</i>), ch. 9, § 9.]</p></div> +sect. 3 (<i>Sepher Thorah</i>), ch. 9, § 9.]</p></div> <div class="footnote"><a name="FC"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> -<p>Böckh's Metrologische Untersuchungen, p. 247. Bertheau, ch. 1, p. +<p>Böckh's Metrologische Untersuchungen, p. 247. Bertheau, ch. 1, p. 60.]</p></div> <div class="footnote"><a name="FD"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> -<p>Leusden, Philologus Hebræomixtus, p. 211, where four kinds of cubits +<p>Leusden, Philologus Hebræomixtus, p. 211, where four kinds of cubits are mentioned; the <i>common</i>, the <i>Sacred</i>, the <i>royal</i>, and the <i>geometrical</i>.]</p></div> @@ -14957,7 +14940,7 @@ xl. 5.]</p></div> Lexicon Talmudicum, coll. 900 and 2370.]</p></div> <div class="footnote"><a name="FG"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G"><span class="label">[G]</span></a> -<p>Böckh finds 524.587 millimetres, nearly 232.55 lines. See Bertheau, +<p>Böckh finds 524.587 millimetres, nearly 232.55 lines. See Bertheau, c. 1, p. 83.]</p></div></div> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> @@ -15025,7 +15008,7 @@ scattered over the soil.</p> <p>On the north and north-west I have made various excavations in order to recover, if possible, one of the Herodian stones of twenty cubits -(Josephus, Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2); but after repeated and careful +(Josephus, Jewish War, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2); but after repeated and careful research I have failed to find a single one, I do not say of twenty cubits, but even of four: nothing is found there but rock and small unshapen stones, which do not however give one the idea that they have @@ -15302,8 +15285,8 @@ middle of the 12th century.</i></p> "<span class="smcap">Jerusalem.</span><br /> </p> -<p>"<i>Beït el-Mocaddas</i> (Jerusalem) is an illustrious and ancient city, full -of ancient monuments. It bears the name of Ilia (<i>Ælia Capitolina</i>). +<p>"<i>Beït el-Mocaddas</i> (Jerusalem) is an illustrious and ancient city, full +of ancient monuments. It bears the name of Ilia (<i>Ælia Capitolina</i>). Situated on a mountain easy of access on every side," (Edrisi was mistaken, or has been mistranslated), "it extends from West to East. On the West is the gate called <i>El-Mihrab</i>; beneath is the cupola of David @@ -15313,19 +15296,19 @@ to the South the gate of <i>Seihun</i> (Sion); on the North the gate called the Gate of <i>'Amud el-Ghorab</i>. Starting from the western gate, or gate of <i>El-Mihrab</i>, you go in an easterly direction by a broad street, till you come to the great Church of the Resurrection, called by Mohammedans -<i>Comamé</i>. This church is the object of the pilgrimage of Christians from +<i>Comamé</i>. This church is the object of the pilgrimage of Christians from all countries of the East and the West. Entering by the western door you find yourself under a cupola which covers the whole enclosure, and which is one of the most remarkable sights in the world. The church itself is beneath this door, and it is not possible to go down into the lower part of the building on this side; the descent is made on the north side by a door which opens at the top of a long staircase of thirty steps, which -door is called <i>Bâb Sitti Mariam</i>. At the en<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span>trance of the church the +door is called <i>Bâb Sitti Mariam</i>. At the en<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span>trance of the church the spectator finds the Holy Sepulchre, a building of considerable size, with two doors, and surmounted by a cupola of very solid construction, built with admirable skill; of these two doors one, on the north side, -faces the door of S. Mary, the other faces the South, and is called <i>Bâb -es-Salubié</i> (door of the Crucifixion): on this side is the peristyle of +faces the door of S. Mary, the other faces the South, and is called <i>Bâb +es-Salubié</i> (door of the Crucifixion): on this side is the peristyle of the church, in front of which, towards the east, is another church of considerable size and note, where the Christians celebrate their holy offices and make their prayers and oblations.</p> @@ -15376,11 +15359,11 @@ religious orders.</p> <p>"Leaving this place of worship, and turning eastward, you will come to the <i>Gate of Mercy</i>, shut, as we have just said, but near it is another -gate by which you can go in or out, and which is called <i>Bâb el-Asbat</i> +gate by which you can go in or out, and which is called <i>Bâb el-Asbat</i> (or of the tribes of Israel). Within bow-shot from the latter is a very large and very beautiful church under the patronage of S. Mary, known by -the name of <i>Djesmanié</i>; here is the tomb (of the Virgin) in sight of -the Mount of Olives, about a mile distant from <i>Bâb el-Asbat</i>. On the +the name of <i>Djesmanié</i>; here is the tomb (of the Virgin) in sight of +the Mount of Olives, about a mile distant from <i>Bâb el-Asbat</i>. On the road by which this mountain is ascended is seen another church, large and solidly built, which is called the church of the <i>Pater Noster</i>; and on the top is a large church where men and women live a cloister life, @@ -15428,7 +15411,7 @@ the coronation of Solomon.<br /><br /></p> <h3>NOTES TO CHAPTER III.</h3> -<p><span class="smcap"><a name="N3_1"></a>Note I.</span> The Haram es-Sherîf cannot be visited without the permission of +<p><span class="smcap"><a name="N3_1"></a>Note I.</span> The Haram es-Sherîf cannot be visited without the permission of the Pasha, the Governor of the city, which, though almost always granted, may be delayed for some days. The Pasha himself never gives permission to enter the sacred enclosure without having first submitted @@ -15512,13 +15495,13 @@ has confused together in the same description the Temple of Solomon and that of Herod. Also Bernard Lami, de Tabernaculo Fœderis, de Sancta Civitate Jerusalem, et de Templo ejus, Paris, 1720, in folio; A. Hirt, der Tempel Salomons, Berlin, 1809, in 4to; Meyer, der Tempel Salomons, -Berlin, 1830, in 8vo; Winer, Realwörterbuch, Tom. <span class="smcap">II.</span> pp. 661-670.</p> +Berlin, 1830, in 8vo; Winer, Realwörterbuch, Tom. <span class="smcap">II.</span> pp. 661-670.</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> <p><span class="smcap"><a name="N3_6"></a>Note VI.</span> The <i>bath</i>, according to Josephus, is equivalent to an Attic -<i>metretes</i>, or 72 <i>xestæ</i> (sextarii), or about 8 gallons, 5 pints; (see -Josephus, Antiqq. viii. 2, § 9).</p> +<i>metretes</i>, or 72 <i>xestæ</i> (sextarii), or about 8 gallons, 5 pints; (see +Josephus, Antiqq. viii. 2, § 9).</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> @@ -15535,7 +15518,7 @@ a Babylonish captivity."</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> -<p><span class="smcap"><a name="N3_8"></a>Note VIII.</span> See Josephus, Antiqq. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 1. According to the printed +<p><span class="smcap"><a name="N3_8"></a>Note VIII.</span> See Josephus, Antiqq. <span class="smcap">XV.</span> 11, § 1. According to the printed text, the Temple of Zerubbabel wanted 60 cubits of the height of the Temple of Solomon, which is unintelligible. The corrected reading of several Manuscripts, which have "<i>seven</i> cubits," is to be preferred. @@ -15554,7 +15537,7 @@ his works, Vol <span class="smcap">I.</span> pp. 549 and following (chiefly afte Hirt, in the Historical and Philological Memoirs of the Berlin Academy for the Years 1816 and 1817 (published in 1819). Hirt has exclusively followed Josephus—his plan has several essential defects; M. Munk has -followed that of Wette (Archäologie, § 238), which is much more exact, +followed that of Wette (Archäologie, § 238), which is much more exact, and has combined the accounts of Josephus and the Mishna.</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> @@ -15563,9 +15546,9 @@ and has combined the accounts of Josephus and the Mishna.</p> which were of Corinthian bronze, had been brought from Alexandria by one Nicanor, and miraculously saved from a shipwreck. This gate alone was of bronze; the others were of wood, and plated with gold and silver. See -Mishna, part 2, tract. Yoma, chap. 3, § 10, and the Comments of +Mishna, part 2, tract. Yoma, chap. 3, § 10, and the Comments of Maimonides; Babylonish Talmud, the same treatise, fol. 38. Compare -Josephus' Wars, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 3.</p> +Josephus' Wars, <span class="smcap">V.</span> 5, § 3.</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> @@ -15581,8 +15564,8 @@ burning of the Temple of Solomon began on the ninth of the month Ab in the evening; and it was moreover on the ninth of Ab that the Romans burnt the third temple; accordingly, on this day the Jews, with the exception of the Karaites, keep the anniversary of the destruction of -Jerusalem. Josephus, however (Wars, <span class="smcap">VI.</span> 4, § 5), agreeing therein with -the book of Jeremiah, expressly mentions the tenth day of the month Loüs +Jerusalem. Josephus, however (Wars, <span class="smcap">VI.</span> 4, § 5), agreeing therein with +the book of Jeremiah, expressly mentions the tenth day of the month Loüs or Ab. Possibly the date given by the Rabbins, as concerns the third temple, may have been the result of a different calculation of new moons from that of Josephus.</p> @@ -15616,7 +15599,7 @@ attributed to S. Helena; but this opinion is not admissible, for Eusebius who wrote the life of Constantine, makes no mention of it. There are stronger reasons for attributing it to Justinian, according to the account transmitted to us by Procopius, his panegyrist, who gives -minute details of its building. See Procopius, de Ædif. Justin. lib. <span class="smcap">IV.</span> +minute details of its building. See Procopius, de Ædif. Justin. lib. <span class="smcap">IV.</span> cap. 6.</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> @@ -15710,7 +15693,7 @@ sepulchre of Christ; after prostrating themselves in the Church of the Resurrection, they turned aside to renew the scenes of butchery, which did not cease for a whole week. More than 70,000 Mohammedans, of every age and sex, were massacred at Jerusalem: the Jews were shut up in their -synagogues and burnt. (Bibliothèque des Croisades, Tom. <span class="smcap">IV.</span> p. 12.)</p> +synagogues and burnt. (Bibliothèque des Croisades, Tom. <span class="smcap">IV.</span> p. 12.)</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> @@ -15786,7 +15769,7 @@ one is found of nearly the same dimensions as the preceding.</p> <p>At the south-east corner of the Haram there are some of large dimensions; there are none greater in the whole city. Of the stones of 20 cubits in length, and 10 in height, of which Josephus writes (Wars, -<span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2), I have not found a single one on the soil of Jerusalem.</p> +<span class="smcap">V.</span> 4, § 2), I have not found a single one on the soil of Jerusalem.</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> @@ -15821,8 +15804,8 @@ visited Jerusalem in 1630, it was by the Dung gate (called also the gate of the Mogarabins) that the procession entered, which some centuries before, as I mentioned above, starting from Bethphage, and crossing the Mount of Olives, passed through the Golden Gate. (MS. Travels of -Floresi, communicated to the Abbé Mariti by Dr Octavio Targioni -Tozzetti, L'État présent de Jérusalem, p. 21.)</p> +Floresi, communicated to the Abbé Mariti by Dr Octavio Targioni +Tozzetti, L'État présent de Jérusalem, p. 21.)</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> @@ -15920,7 +15903,7 @@ are of still greater antiquity. The internal ornamentation of the dome has a thoroughly Saracenic character; I conclude that it is perhaps anterior to Solyman, though there is no doubt that he restored it a good deal. All the other decorations are of Solyman's time. The Count de -Vogüé has just completed a long examination of the mosques +Vogüé has just completed a long examination of the mosques <i>es-Sakharah</i>, and <i>el-Aksa</i>, and we may fairly expect that he, with his clear judgment, and ready intelligence, will not deprive science of the result of his labours.</p> @@ -15970,7 +15953,7 @@ three ages: and then Israfil, who has charge of the celestial trumpet universal death. It will sound for the second time 40 years afterwards, and then all the dead of past ages shall rise: on that day Jesus, with the other prophets, will descend from heaven with their attendants, and -when they have come to the <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i> Jesus will sit upon His +when they have come to the <i>Haram es-Sherîf</i> Jesus will sit upon His throne for judgment: but not being sufficient in Himself for all, He will depute David and Solomon to judge the Jews, Mohammed to judge the Mohammedans, and will retain the Christians for His own jurisdiction. In @@ -15993,8 +15976,8 @@ if it had not been flat, 3000 persons could not have remained upon it.<br /><br King's College, Cambridge; Second Edition, including an Architectural History of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem, by the Rev. Robert Willis, M.A., F.R.S., Jacksonian Professor in the University of -Cambridge, 2 Vols. 8vo. 1849; Les Églises de la Terre Sainte, par le -Comte Melchior de Vogüé.</p> +Cambridge, 2 Vols. 8vo. 1849; Les Églises de la Terre Sainte, par le +Comte Melchior de Vogüé.</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> @@ -16006,7 +15989,7 @@ Quien's Oriens Christianus, Tom. <span class="smcap">III.</span> pp. 139 sq. Par <tr><td align="right">30.</td><td>S. James, the Apostle and brother of our Lord.</td></tr> <tr><td align="right">60.</td><td>S. Simeon, or Simon, the Martyr.</td></tr> <tr><td align="right">107.</td><td>Justus, or Jude I.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">111.</td><td>Zacchæus, or Zacharias.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">111.</td><td>Zacchæus, or Zacharias.</td></tr> <tr><td></td><td>Tobias.</td></tr> <tr><td></td><td>Benjamin.</td></tr> <tr><td></td><td>John I.</td></tr> @@ -16022,7 +16005,7 @@ Quien's Oriens Christianus, Tom. <span class="smcap">III.</span> pp. 139 sq. Par <p>All the above are of Hebrew extraction. The following are of Gentile origin. The former were bishops of Jerusalem, properly so called, the -latter bishops of Ælia Capitolina, who are counted as bishops of +latter bishops of Ælia Capitolina, who are counted as bishops of Jerusalem.</p> <table style="margin-left: 0px;" summary=""> @@ -16047,7 +16030,7 @@ Jerusalem.</p> <tr><td></td><td>Narcissus (a second time).</td></tr> <tr><td align="right">212.</td><td>Alexander, martyr.</td></tr> <tr><td align="right">250.</td><td>Mazabanes.</td></tr> -<tr><td align="right">265.</td><td>Hymenæus.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">265.</td><td>Hymenæus.</td></tr> <tr><td align="right">298.</td><td>Zabdas.</td></tr> <tr><td align="right">302.</td><td>Hermon.</td></tr> <tr><td align="right">313.</td><td>Macarius I. During his episcopate Constantine laid the foundations of the Church of the Resurrection in Jerusalem.</td></tr> @@ -16084,7 +16067,7 @@ beauty, but that the details of the building may be of such a kind that the fairest structures in any city of the empire may be excelled by this. And with respect to the erection and decoration of the walls, this is to inform you that our friend Dracilianus, the deputy of the -Prætorian Prefects, and the governor of the province, have received a +Prætorian Prefects, and the governor of the province, have received a charge from us. For our pious directions to them are to the effect that artificers and labourers, ... shall forthwith be furnished by their care. And as to the columns and marbles, whatever you shall judge, after @@ -16163,7 +16146,7 @@ the first chapter.</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> <p><span class="smcap"><a name="N4_4"></a>Note IV.</span> <i>Description of S. Arculf, who visited the Holy places in 680</i> -(Acta Sanctorum ordinis S. Benedicti. Sæc. <span class="smcap">III.</span> part 2, p. 504).</p> +(Acta Sanctorum ordinis S. Benedicti. Sæc. <span class="smcap">III.</span> part 2, p. 504).</p> <p>"On these points we have inquired very particularly of S. Arculf, and specially concerning the Sepulchre of our Lord, and the church erected @@ -16262,7 +16245,7 @@ resurrection."</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> -<p><span class="smcap"><a name="N4_5"></a>Note V.</span> <i>Extracts from the description of Sæwulf.</i> (Translated in Mr +<p><span class="smcap"><a name="N4_5"></a>Note V.</span> <i>Extracts from the description of Sæwulf.</i> (Translated in Mr Wright's "Early Travels in Palestine.")</p> <p>"The entrance to the city of Jerusalem is from the west, under the @@ -16361,7 +16344,7 @@ contracted, and by enlarging the church with most solid and excellent work, and enclosing the old building within the new, they succeeded wonderfully in putting together in one the aforementioned places."</p> -<p>John of Würtzburg, who visited the Holy Land in the twelfth century, +<p>John of Würtzburg, who visited the Holy Land in the twelfth century, when the Crusaders had already completed their works in the Church of the Resurrection, has transmitted to us a valuable detailed description, the principal passages of which I quote: "Whilst everything was in @@ -16480,11 +16463,11 @@ one of the most remarkable things in the world. The church is lower than this door, and it is not possible to descend to the lower part on this side of the building. Entrance is to be had on the north side by a door which opens at the head of a staircase of thirty steps, which door is -called Bâb-Sitti Mariam."</p> +called Bâb-Sitti Mariam."</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> -<p><span class="smcap"><a name="N4_11"></a>Note XI.</span> The Abbé Mariti, who visited the Sepulchre before the fire of +<p><span class="smcap"><a name="N4_11"></a>Note XI.</span> The Abbé Mariti, who visited the Sepulchre before the fire of 1808, found in Adam's Chapel, on the right, the tomb of Godfrey de Bouillon, and on the left, opposite the former, the tomb of Baldwin I., his successor; they were of marble, or of a kind of stone which much @@ -16514,7 +16497,7 @@ PROH DOLOR<br /> IN MODICO CLAUDITUR HOC TUMULO.<br /> </div> -<p><i>King Baldwin, a second Judas Maccabæus, the hope of his country, the +<p><i>King Baldwin, a second Judas Maccabæus, the hope of his country, the strength of the Church, the mainstay of both, to whom Kedar, Egypt, Dan and the murderous Damascus in fear brought gifts and tribute, is pent up, alas! within this narrow tomb.</i></p> @@ -16522,7 +16505,7 @@ up, alas! within this narrow tomb.</i></p> <p>He also found in the same chapel an old tomb without any inscription, fastened into the wall, which he was told was the <i>tomb of Melchizedek</i>. It is known that the place was formerly intended to serve as a -burial-place for the Latin kings, and we are assured, says the Abbé, +burial-place for the Latin kings, and we are assured, says the Abbé, that besides Godfrey and Baldwin I., there have since been buried there Baldwin II., Baldwin III., Almericus I. (Amaury), Baldwin IV., and Baldwin V. The tomb of the last-mentioned still exists amongst those @@ -16532,15 +16515,15 @@ north side. On it is the following inscription:—</p> <p class="blockquote">SEPTIM' IN TUMULO PUER ISTO REX TUMULAT'<br /> EST BALDEVINI REGUM DE SANGUINE NAT'.<br /> -QUEM TULIT E MUNDO SORS PRIMÆ CONDITIONIS<br /> -UT PARADISIACÆ LOCA POSSIDEAT REGIONIS<a name="FNanchor_901" +QUEM TULIT E MUNDO SORS PRIMÆ CONDITIONIS<br /> +UT PARADISIACÆ LOCA POSSIDEAT REGIONIS<a name="FNanchor_901" id="FNanchor_901"></a><a href="#Footnote_901" class="fnanchor">[901]</a>.</p> <p>"<i>Within this tomb rests a youthful king, the seventh of a line of kings sprung from Baldwin; whom the common lot has carried off from the world -to inhabit the regions of paradise.</i>" Histoire de l'État présent de -Jérusalem, par l'Abbé Mariti, publiée par le R. P. Laorty Hadji, Paris, +to inhabit the regions of paradise.</i>" Histoire de l'État présent de +Jérusalem, par l'Abbé Mariti, publiée par le R. P. Laorty Hadji, Paris, 1853, pp. 56, 57.</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> @@ -16566,7 +16549,7 @@ the sepulchre.</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> <p><span class="smcap"><a name="N4_13"></a>Note XIII.</span> I quote the most important passages relating to the Holy -Sepulchre, properly so called, which was carefully examined by the Abbé +Sepulchre, properly so called, which was carefully examined by the Abbé Mariti, before it was all covered over as it is at present.</p> <p>"The Holy Sepulchre, placed at the centre of the building, is a block of @@ -16591,13 +16574,13 @@ equal throughout, being at the eastern end three cubits three soldi and one-third, and at the west two cubits sixteen soldi and two-thirds. The bench on which the Saviour's body was laid is three cubits and a third long, and about two cubits and a third broad, raised one cubit and one -inch from the ground." (L'État présent de Jérusalem, p. 66.)</p> +inch from the ground." (L'État présent de Jérusalem, p. 66.)</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> <p><span class="smcap"><a name="N4_14"></a>Note XIV.</span> Before I give the description of the way in which the festival of the Holy Fire is celebrated, I will quote the account given of it in -Abulfaragii (or Barhebræi) Chronicum Syriacum, Lips. 1789, 2 Vols. 4to. +Abulfaragii (or Barhebræi) Chronicum Syriacum, Lips. 1789, 2 Vols. 4to. pp. 215-220.</p> <p>"The originator of this persecution (that is, the persecution of Hakem @@ -16613,7 +16596,7 @@ Then they break into tears and cry <i>Kyrie Eleison</i> as they see the fire falling from heaven upon the tomb, and so strengthen themselves in their faith."</p> -<p>Another account is transmitted to us by Aretas, of Cæsarea, who gives +<p>Another account is transmitted to us by Aretas, of Cæsarea, who gives certain information concerning it, under the name of Leo the Philosopher to an Arab Vizir. He says: "To this day the sacred and much-worshipped Sepulchre of Christ works a miracle every year on the day of the @@ -16678,7 +16661,7 @@ of their pilgrimage, and caring nothing for the other festivities of Easter-tide.</p> <p>Surraya Pasha, induced thereto by the urgent representations of M. de -Barrère, the French Consul in Palestine, has taken measures to prevent +Barrère, the French Consul in Palestine, has taken measures to prevent any recurrence of the serious disorders which so frequently arose in former times in connexion with this festival. Since he has been governor, the time allowed for this desecration of the Holy Places has @@ -16689,7 +16672,7 @@ then, in all probability, cease.</p> <div class="footnotes"> <div class="footnote"><a name="FA2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A2"><span class="label">[a]</span></a> -<p>See Silv. de Sacy, Exposé de la Réligion des Druses, Book <span class="smcap">I.</span> pp. +<p>See Silv. de Sacy, Exposé de la Réligion des Druses, Book <span class="smcap">I.</span> pp. cccxxxvi. and foll. The author mentions other details of the origin and the motives of Hakem's fury against the Christians, given by Severus. This Coptic Arab author attributes the origin of it to a monk named @@ -16725,13 +16708,13 @@ church; all the officers are employed to suppress any slight disturbance; the Governor betakes himself to the church to be ready in case of any serious outbreak: the French Consul is busy with preparations two days before, and on the evening of the service he and -his employés are wearied out; the clergy are knocked about by the crowd; +his employés are wearied out; the clergy are knocked about by the crowd; and all this passes off well.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span></p> <p>They ought to remember the year in which human blood was shed on Mount Calvary; and how in 1861, had it not been for the energy of the French Consul, and the singular discretion and moderation of General Ducrot, of -the French Corps d'Expédition in Syria, and his forty officers, the +the French Corps d'Expédition in Syria, and his forty officers, the service certainly would not have passed off well.</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> @@ -16747,13 +16730,13 @@ olive-branches are generally substituted for them.</p> <p><span class="smcap"><a name="N4_17"></a>Note XVII.</span> The original firman exists in the archives of the Franciscan Convent of S. Saviour at Jerusalem. Its exact date is not known, but may -be placed between 1014 and 1023. See Boré, Question des Lieux Saints, 5.</p> +be placed between 1014 and 1023. See Boré, Question des Lieux Saints, 5.</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> <p><span class="smcap"><a name="N4_18"></a>Note XVIII.</span> The direction of this street is clearly marked in a paper published by Sebastian Paoli (Cod. Diplom. <span class="smcap">I.</span> p. 243), and reproduced by -Schultz, Williams, and De Vogüé: "I, Amalric ... have given ... to the +Schultz, Williams, and De Vogüé: "I, Amalric ... have given ... to the sacred Hospital at Jerusalem, and to the Church of S. Mary the Great, a certain street which was <i>between</i> the Hospital aforesaid and the Church of S. Mary the Great aforesaid, to which there is an <i>entrance on the @@ -16764,8 +16747,8 @@ of the Hospital to the Street of the Patriarch's Baths</i>...." June, 1174.<br / <h3>NOTES TO CHAPTER V.</h3> -<p><span class="smcap"><a name="N5_1" />Note I.</span> See De Vogüé, p. 302. We first find it mentioned in La Citez de -Jhérusalem, under the name of 'Porte douloureuse.' "When you have gone a +<p><span class="smcap"><a name="N5_1" />Note I.</span> See De Vogüé, p. 302. We first find it mentioned in La Citez de +Jhérusalem, under the name of 'Porte douloureuse.' "When you have gone a little further on" (after crossing the Street of Jehoshaphat, on the way from S. Stephen's Gate) "you come to a place where two streets cross: that which comes from the left comes from the Temple and goes to the @@ -16791,7 +16774,7 @@ from Reiske's translation.</p> <p><span class="smcap"><a name="N5_3"></a>Note III.</span> The Church of the Holy Cross is superior to that of S. Ann in the simplicity of its ornamentation, answering to the description of M. -de Vogüé (p. 241): "Some persons have thought they saw in the poverty +de Vogüé (p. 241): "Some persons have thought they saw in the poverty and simplicity of the ornamentation a proof of Byzantine influence. I would rather attribute it partly to the want of sculptors, and partly to the influence of the Cistercians, which seems to have been brought to @@ -16811,7 +16794,7 @@ Byzantine en France (Plate <span class="smcap">XIII.</span>), the design of the Boschaud, built in 1154. The general form is not the same with that of S. Ann, but the style is identical. Further there are also the pilasters of the binding joists ending in corbelling." I would gladly assent to M. -de Vogüé's hypothesis—but I cannot; for in S. Bernard's correspondence +de Vogüé's hypothesis—but I cannot; for in S. Bernard's correspondence there is no mention at all of the building of the Church of S. Ann. I allow that the style is identical with that of the Cistercian Abbey: but certainly the form changes a good deal, because this is not a trapezium @@ -16879,7 +16862,7 @@ gathered together over the face of the whole earth; and that the manifestation of Christ will be like to a blaze of light that covers at once the whole world." S. Jerome expresses himself thus, "It is folly to seek in a small or secret place for Him who is the light of the whole -world." (Calmet's Commentary on Joel.) Mariti, L'État présent, &c. p. +world." (Calmet's Commentary on Joel.) Mariti, L'État présent, &c. p. 132.</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> @@ -16947,7 +16930,7 @@ Jehoshaphat, and gave them an ample endowment." (William of Tyre, <span class="s times of the Christian religion, as S. Jerome testifies in his writings. It surpassed all the other buildings in size, workmanship, and design; but was afterwards destroyed by the treacherous Gentiles: its ruins are -to be seen even to this day. Bongars, p. 574. De Vogüé says that the +to be seen even to this day. Bongars, p. 574. De Vogüé says that the author grounds his statement wrongly on an apocryphal letter of S. Jerome. See Quaresmius, E. T. S. Tom. <span class="smcap">II.</span> p. 244.</p> @@ -17022,7 +17005,7 @@ that belong to them.</p> <hr style="width: 45%;" /> <p><span class="smcap"><a name="N6_13"></a>Note XIII.</span> The olive-trees of the Garden of Gethsemane, says -Chateaubriand (Itinéraire, Vol. <span class="smcap">II.</span>), belong at any rate to the later +Chateaubriand (Itinéraire, Vol. <span class="smcap">II.</span>), belong at any rate to the later empire. In Turkey, every olive-tree found already planted when the Turks invaded Asia, pays a tax of a medino; those that have been planted since the conquest pay to the Sultan the half of their fruit. Now, the eight @@ -17228,14 +17211,14 @@ himself to be crowned king. Death of his brother Antigonus in the subterranean p <tr><td valign="top" align="right">64-63</td><td colspan="2" align="left">Pompey besieges the Temple of Jerusalem.</td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="right">63</td><td colspan="2" align="left">After a siege of three months Pompey carries the Temple by assault.</td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="right">54</td><td colspan="2" align="left">Crassus pillages the Temple of Jerusalem.</td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" align="right">47</td><td colspan="2" align="left">Cæsar permits Hyrcanus to rebuild the Walls of Jerusalem.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top" align="right">47</td><td colspan="2" align="left">Cæsar permits Hyrcanus to rebuild the Walls of Jerusalem.</td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="right">44</td><td align="left">Herod besieges Jerusalem.</td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="right">43</td><td align="left">Cassius in Judea.</td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="right">40</td><td colspan="2" align="left">Jerusalem taken by the Parthians; Phazaelus killed.</td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="right">—</td><td colspan="2" align="left">Herod besieges Jerusalem; is proclaimed king at Rome.</td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="right">38</td><td colspan="2" align="left">Herod, assisted by Sosius, takes Jerusalem by storm.</td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="right">17</td><td colspan="2" align="left">Herod rebuilds the Temple and the fortress of Baris, which he calls -Antonia. In the upper town he builds the Cæsarean and Agrippan palaces, and excavates a subterranean passage from the Tower +Antonia. In the upper town he builds the Cæsarean and Agrippan palaces, and excavates a subterranean passage from the Tower Antonia to the Eastern gate of the Temple.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span></td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="right">12</td><td colspan="2" align="left">Herod causes the Sepulchre of David to be opened.</td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="right">7</td><td colspan="2" align="left">Herod causes his sons, Alexander and Aristobulus, to be condemned in @@ -17275,7 +17258,7 @@ a large assembly at Berytus.</td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="right">70</td><td align="left">Titus arrives at Jerusalem, in which place Simon had ten thousand men, besides five thousand Idumeans. John had eight thousand four hundred men. Total twenty-three thousand four hundred.</td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="right">—</td><td align="left">Titus takes the city of Jerusalem, and reduces it to ruins.</td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="right">—</td><td align="left">Titus returns to view Jerusalem.</td></tr> -<tr><td valign="top" align="right">136-8</td><td align="left">Hadrian rebuilds Jerusalem, and calls it Ælia Capitolina.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top" align="right">136-8</td><td align="left">Hadrian rebuilds Jerusalem, and calls it Ælia Capitolina.</td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="right">306</td><td align="left">Constantine proclaimed emperor.</td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="right">326</td><td align="left">The emperor Constantine and his mother Helena build many churches in Palestine.</td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="right">335</td><td align="left">The Church of the Holy Sepulchre completed.</td></tr> @@ -18424,7 +18407,7 @@ XII. <span class="smcap">I.</span> 1.<br /><br /></td><td valign="top" class="sn <tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"King Antiochus returning out of Egypt, for fear of the Romans, made an expedition against the city Jerusalem; and when he was there, in the -hundred forty and third year of the kingdom of the Seleucidæ, he took +hundred forty and third year of the kingdom of the Seleucidæ, he took the city without fighting, those of his own party opening the gates to him. And when he had gotten possession of Jerusalem, he slew many of the opposite party; and when he had plundered it of a great deal of money, @@ -18581,7 +18564,7 @@ extinct at this day." XVIII. <span class="smcap">III.</span> 3.<br /><br /></td> [Bezetha], he repaired them at the expense of the public, and built them wider in breadth, and higher in altitude; and he had made them too strong for all human power to demolish, unless Marcus, the then -president of Syria, had by letter informed Claudius Cæsar of what he was +president of Syria, had by letter informed Claudius Cæsar of what he was doing. And when Claudius had some suspicion of attempts for innovation, he sent to Agrippa to leave off the building of those walls presently. So he obeyed; as not thinking it proper to contradict Claudius." XIX. @@ -18652,7 +18635,7 @@ walled it round." I. <span class="smcap">I.</span> 4.<br /><br /></td><td valign temple.</td></tr> <tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"Antiochus, enraged by what he had endured at the hands of Simon, led an -army into Judæa, and sitting down before Jerusalem, besieged Hyrcanus; +army into Judæa, and sitting down before Jerusalem, besieged Hyrcanus; who, opening the sepulchre of David, the richest of kings, and privately taking out upwards of three thousand talents in money, both induced Antiochus, by the payment of three hundred, to raise the siege; and @@ -18698,8 +18681,8 @@ in nothing inferior to a palace, he repaired at an immense cost; and called it Antonia, in honour of Antonius. He also constructed a residence for himself in the upper town, containing two very spacious, and not less beautiful buildings, with which the Temple itself bore no -comparison. These he designated after his friends, the one Cæsarium, the -other Agrippium." I. <span class="smcap">XXI.</span> 1.<br /><br /></td><td valign="top" class="sn">Herod rebuilds the temple.<br /><br />Palaces of Cæsarium and Agrippium.</td></tr> +comparison. These he designated after his friends, the one Cæsarium, the +other Agrippium." I. <span class="smcap">XXI.</span> 1.<br /><br /></td><td valign="top" class="sn">Herod rebuilds the temple.<br /><br />Palaces of Cæsarium and Agrippium.</td></tr> <tr><td class="td80" align="justify"><a name="w2"></a>"He subsequently occasioned another tumult, by expending the sacred treasure, called Corban, in the construction of an aqueduct. He brought @@ -18719,8 +18702,8 @@ town, encamped opposite the royal residence." II. <span class="smcap">XIX.</span <tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"For Titus, having drawn together part of his troops to himself, and sent orders to the others to meet him at Jerusalem, broke up from -Cæsarea. There were the three legions which, under the command of his -father, had before ravaged Judæa, and the twelfth, that had formerly +Cæsarea. There were the three legions which, under the command of his +father, had before ravaged Judæa, and the twelfth, that had formerly been defeated with Cestius, and which, remarkable at all times for its valour, on this occasion, from a recollection of what had befallen it, advanced with greater alacrity to revenge. Of these, he directed the @@ -18762,7 +18745,7 @@ the entire space was intersected by transverse walls and numerous fences, and separated from the ramparts by dykes made for gardening purposes." V. <span class="smcap">II.</span> 2.<br /><br /></td><td valign="top" class="sn">Titus attacked by the Jews by the monument of Helena.<br /><br />The Women's Towers.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"Cæsar, being joined during the night by the legion from Ammaus, moved +<tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"Cæsar, being joined during the night by the legion from Ammaus, moved the next day from thence, and advanced to Scopus, as it is called, the place from which the city first became visible, and the stately pile of the sanctuary shone forth; whence it is that this spot—a flat adjoining @@ -18832,7 +18815,7 @@ the temple was originally erected; but by us the Upper Market-place. The other, which bears the name of Acra, and supports the lower town, is of a gibbous form. Opposite to this was a third hill, naturally lower than Acra, and formerly severed from it by another broad ravine. Afterwards, -however, the Asmonæans, during their reign, filled up the ravine, with +however, the Asmonæans, during their reign, filled up the ravine, with the intention of uniting the city to the temple; and, levelling the summit of Acra, they reduced its elevation, so that the temple might be conspicuous above other objects in this quarter also. The Valley of the @@ -18881,10 +18864,10 @@ more elevated. Thus the depth of the trench materially increased the altitude of the towers.<br /><br /></td><td valign="top" class="sn">Second Wall.<br /><br />Third Wall.<br /><br />King Agrippa commences the third Wall.</td></tr> <tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"The quarter most recently built was called, in our language, Bezetha, -which, if translated into the Greek tongue, would be Cænopolis +which, if translated into the Greek tongue, would be Cænopolis (New-town). Those who resided there requiring defence, the father of the present sovereign, and of the same name, Agrippa, commenced the wall we -have mentioned. But, apprehending that Claudius Cæsar might suspect from +have mentioned. But, apprehending that Claudius Cæsar might suspect from the magnitude of the structure that he entertained some designs of innovation and insurrection, he desisted when he had merely laid the foundations. For, indeed, had he completed that wall upon the scale on @@ -18932,10 +18915,10 @@ Above this were battlements of two cubits in height, mounted upon parapets of three; so that the entire altitude amounted to eighty cubits.<br /><br /></td><td valign="top" class="sn">Hippicus' Tower.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"The second tower, which he named Phasaëlus, from his brother, was of +<tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"The second tower, which he named Phasaëlus, from his brother, was of equal length and breadth, forty cubits each, and the same in solid height. Over this, and embracing the whole of the structure, was a -gallery, ten cubits high, defended by breast-work and battlements....<br /><br /></td><td valign="top" class="sn">Phasaëlus.</td></tr> +gallery, ten cubits high, defended by breast-work and battlements....<br /><br /></td><td valign="top" class="sn">Phasaëlus.</td></tr> <tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"The third tower, Mariamne—for such was the queen's name—was solid to the height of twenty cubits; its breadth, also, being twenty cubits, and @@ -18997,8 +18980,8 @@ northward the only obstruction to the view of the temple." V. <span class="smcap <tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"The whole number of fighting men and insurgents in the city was as follows. Attached to Simon were ten thousand men, irrespective of the -Idumæans. Over these were fifty officers, Simon himself acting as -Commander-in-chief. The Idumæans who joined his ranks, five thousand in +Idumæans. Over these were fifty officers, Simon himself acting as +Commander-in-chief. The Idumæans who joined his ranks, five thousand in number, had ten leaders, of whom James, the son of Sosas, and Simon, the son of Cathlas, were reputed to be the foremost. John, who had seized on the temple, had under his orders six thousand men-at-arms, commanded by @@ -19051,7 +19034,7 @@ intervening space as far as the gate through which the water was introduced to the tower Hippicus." V. <span class="smcap">VII.</span> 3.<br /><br /></td><td valign="top" class="sn">Titus occupies the space between the camp of the Assyrians and the Kedron.<br /><br />Gate of the aqueducts.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"On the fifth day after the reduction of the first wall Cæsar stormed +<tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"On the fifth day after the reduction of the first wall Cæsar stormed the second at this point; and as the Jews fled from it, he entered with a thousand men, and the select band which he retained about his person, at that part of the new town where were the wool-marts, the braziers' @@ -19069,10 +19052,10 @@ northern quarter of the temple were crowded with spectators, and the houses were to be seen filled with people on the look-out; nor was there a spot in the city which was not covered with multitudes." V. <span class="smcap">IX.</span> 1.<br /><br /></td><td valign="top" class="sn">The Jews see the review of the troops Titus.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"Those at work beside the monument, the Idumæans, and the troops of +<tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"Those at work beside the monument, the Idumæans, and the troops of Simon, impeded by repeated sallies; while those before the Antonia were obstructed by John and his associates, in conjunction with the Zealots." -V. <span class="smcap">IX.</span> 2.<br /><br /></td><td valign="top" class="sn">The Idumæans.</td></tr> +V. <span class="smcap">IX.</span> 2.<br /><br /></td><td valign="top" class="sn">The Idumæans.</td></tr> <tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"One of those at the Antonia was thrown up by the fifth legion, opposite to the middle of the reservoir, called Struthios; and the other by the @@ -19083,7 +19066,7 @@ cubits from thence the fifteenth legion, at the high-priest's monument." V. <span class="smcap">XI.</span> 4.<br /><br /></td><td valign="top" class="sn">Mounds and their positions.<br/>Struthios reservoir.<br/><br/>Amygdalon.</td></tr> <tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"Commencing at the camp of the Assyrians, where his own tent was -pitched, he drew the wall to the lower Cænopolis, and thence through the +pitched, he drew the wall to the lower Cænopolis, and thence through the Kedron to the Mount of Olives. Then bending back towards the south, he encompassed the mount as far as the rock called Peristereon, and the adjoining hill, which overhangs the ravine near Siloam. Thence inclining @@ -19098,7 +19081,7 @@ own camp at the point whence it commenced.<br /><br /></td><td valign="top" clas the outside were thirteen forts, whose united circumferences measured ten furlongs." V. <span class="smcap">XII.</span> 2.<br /><br /></td></tr> -<tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"Mannæus, the son of Lazarus, who at this period took refuge with Titus, +<tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"Mannæus, the son of Lazarus, who at this period took refuge with Titus, declared that, from the fourteenth of the month of Xanthicus, the day on which the Romans encamped before the walls, until the new moon of Panemus, there were carried through that one gate which had been @@ -19135,7 +19118,7 @@ the king of Babylon." VI. <span class="smcap">IV.</span> 5.<br /><br /></td><td <tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"Titus took his stand on the western side of the outer court of the temple; there being a gate in that quarter beyond the Xystus, and a bridge which connected the upper town with the temple, and which then -intervened between the tyrants and Cæsar." VI. <span class="smcap">VI.</span> 2.<br /><br /></td><td valign="top" class="sn">Bridge of Xystus.</td></tr> +intervened between the tyrants and Cæsar." VI. <span class="smcap">VI.</span> 2.<br /><br /></td><td valign="top" class="sn">Bridge of Xystus.</td></tr> <tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"Orders were then issued to the troops to plunder and burn the city. On that day, however, nothing was done; but on the following day they set @@ -19168,8 +19151,8 @@ the feast of unleavened bread, they were suddenly hemmed in by the war; so that their confined situation caused at first a pestilential disease, and afterwards famine also, still more rapid in its effects." VI. <span class="smcap">IX.</span> 3.<br /><br /></td><td valign="top" class="sn">Number of Jews killed and taken prisoners.</td></tr> -<tr><td class="td80" align="justify"><a name="w7"></a>"Cæsar ordered the whole of the city and the sanctuary to be razed to -the foundations, leaving the three loftiest towers, Phasaëlus, Hippicus, +<tr><td class="td80" align="justify"><a name="w7"></a>"Cæsar ordered the whole of the city and the sanctuary to be razed to +the foundations, leaving the three loftiest towers, Phasaëlus, Hippicus, and Mariamne, and that portion of the wall which enclosed the town on the west; the latter as an encampment for those who should remain there in garrison; the towers, to indicate to future times how splendid and @@ -19182,10 +19165,10 @@ world." VII. <span class="smcap">I.</span> 1.</td><td valign="top" class="sn">Fi <tr><td><hr style="width: 45%;" /></td></tr> -<tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"There are many strong places and villages in the country of Judæa, but +<tr><td class="td80" align="justify">"There are many strong places and villages in the country of Judæa, but one strong city there is, about fifty furlongs in circumference, which is inhabited by a hundred and twenty thousand men or thereabout." -(Against Apion, I. 22.)<br /><br /></td><td valign="top" class="sn">Population of Jerusalem indicated by Hecatæus of Abdera.</td></tr> +(Against Apion, I. 22.)<br /><br /></td><td valign="top" class="sn">Population of Jerusalem indicated by Hecatæus of Abdera.</td></tr> </table> @@ -19215,7 +19198,7 @@ Adamnanus, his account of the Mosque of Omar, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.<br /> <br /> Adoration of the Cross, Chapel of, in the Church of the Resurrection, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.<br /> <br /> -Ælia Capitolina, Jerusalem so named by Hadrian, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.<br /> +Ælia Capitolina, Jerusalem so named by Hadrian, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.<br /> <br /> Agony, Chapel of the, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grotto of, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, Note <span class="smcap">X.</span> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</span><br /> @@ -19653,7 +19636,7 @@ Hadrian rebuilds Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;<br <br /> Hammam-es-Shefa, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>.<br /> <br /> -Haram es-Sherîf, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br /> +Haram es-Sherîf, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">its history, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">proved to be Mount Moriah, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">north side examined, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br /> @@ -19951,7 +19934,7 @@ Manasseh, traces of his wall, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br /> <br /> Mariamne Tower, its supposed site, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br /> <br /> -Mariti (Abbé), on the position of the three Crosses, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;<br /> +Mariti (Abbé), on the position of the three Crosses, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the arch of the Ecce Homo, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Mark, S., traditional site of his house, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.<br /> @@ -20024,7 +20007,7 @@ Moriah, Mount, identified, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>; <span style="margin-left: 1em;">its history, <i>ib.</i>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">its appearance changed by the Temple, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">fortified by Simon Maccabeus, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proved to be the present Haram es-Sherîf, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proved to be the present Haram es-Sherîf, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</span><br /> <br /> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span>Mosaic work in the Dome of the Rock, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>; Note <span class="smcap">XXXVIII.</span> <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -20044,7 +20027,7 @@ Name of Jerusalem, its origin and meaning, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.<br /> Nebuchadnezzar destroys Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>,<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Solomon's Temple, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Neby Samwîl village, position of, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>; Note <span class="smcap">II.</span> <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.<br /> +Neby Samwîl village, position of, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>; Note <span class="smcap">II.</span> <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.<br /> <br /> Nehemiah completes the rebuilding of Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">aspect of the city in his time, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br /> @@ -20124,7 +20107,7 @@ Peter's, S. prison, traditional site of, <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br /> <br /> Peter, S. at the Cock-crow, ruins of Church of, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.<br /> <br /> -Phasaëlus Tower, its supposed site, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br /> +Phasaëlus Tower, its supposed site, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br /> <br /> Pilate, conduit of, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -20156,7 +20139,7 @@ Postal system at Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>.<br /> <br /> Potter's field, the site of, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.<br /> <br /> -Prætorium, the, situated in the Antonia Tower, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<br /> +Prætorium, the, situated in the Antonia Tower, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">its position identified, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Prince's Pool, (Birket es-Sultan), <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br /> @@ -20191,7 +20174,7 @@ Quarries of red breccia, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.<br /> <h3>R.</h3> <p> -Ramah identified with Neby Samwîl, Note <span class="smcap">II.</span> <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.<br /> +Ramah identified with Neby Samwîl, Note <span class="smcap">II.</span> <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.<br /> <br /> Ramleh, its accommodation for travellers, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -20245,7 +20228,7 @@ Russians, their conventual buildings in Jerusalem, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a <h3>S.</h3> <p> -Sæwulf, his account of the Holy Places, Note <span class="smcap">V.</span> <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.<br /> +Sæwulf, his account of the Holy Places, Note <span class="smcap">V.</span> <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.<br /> <br /> Saladin's school, fragment of, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">his hospice, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</span><br /> @@ -20520,7 +20503,7 @@ Virgin, Tomb of, see Mary S.<br /> <br /> Virgin's swoon, the, chapel of, in Via Dolorosa, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.<br /> <br /> -Viri Galilæi, the north summit of Mount Olivet, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.<br /> +Viri Galilæi, the north summit of Mount Olivet, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.<br /> </p> <h3>W.</h3> @@ -20606,19 +20589,19 @@ transcription.</p> <p>Inconsistencies in abbreviations frequently used have been regularized. The formation of references to works frequently cited have -been regularized. E.g., for all instances like "Jewish War, V. 4, § 1." -commas have been inserted, if missing, after "War" and before the "§" +been regularized. E.g., for all instances like "Jewish War, V. 4, § 1." +commas have been inserted, if missing, after "War" and before the "§" symbol.</p> -<p>All instances of "Sherif" have been normalized to "Sherîf".</p> +<p>All instances of "Sherif" have been normalized to "Sherîf".</p> -<p>Alternate spellings of Phasælus/Phasaelus/Phasaëlus Tower have been -regularized to Phasaëlus.</p> +<p>Alternate spellings of Phasælus/Phasaelus/Phasaëlus Tower have been +regularized to Phasaëlus.</p> -<p>Alternate spellings of Neby Samwil/Samwîl have been regularized to -Samwîl.</p> +<p>Alternate spellings of Neby Samwil/Samwîl have been regularized to +Samwîl.</p> -<p>Alternate spellings of Arimathæa/Arimathea have been regularized to +<p>Alternate spellings of Arimathæa/Arimathea have been regularized to Arimathea.</p> <p>Varying formats of the abbreviation "A.D." have been regularized in this @@ -20634,7 +20617,7 @@ of the chapter.</p> <hr /> -<p>Page 26: Transcribed "fellahin" as "fellahîn". As originally printed: +<p>Page 26: Transcribed "fellahin" as "fellahîn". As originally printed: "The answers given to me by the <i>fellahin</i>...."</p> <p>Page 38: Transcribed "them" as "they". As originally printed: "with the @@ -20656,14 +20639,14 @@ at the close of the following: "May God render illustrious the great king, son of Meruan, who enlarged this majestic temple, and grant him mercy."</p> -<p>Page 128: Transcribed "Harun er-Rashid" as "Harûn er-Rashîd". As +<p>Page 128: Transcribed "Harun er-Rashid" as "Harûn er-Rashîd". As originally printed: "The amicable relations between Harun er-Rashid...."</p> <p>Page 138: Two footnote markers on this page in the original publication, both numbered 1, reference one footnote. The markers have been numbered 470 and 471 and footnote 471 has been added as "Ibid."</p> -<p>Page 140 (footnote 477): Corrected "Jérus" to "Jésus."</p> +<p>Page 140 (footnote 477): Corrected "Jérus" to "Jésus."</p> <p>Page 210: Footnote 753 on this page references non-existant Note "XXII." It was corrected to "Note XIV."</p> @@ -20714,360 +20697,6 @@ troops Titus."</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JERUSALEM EXPLORED, VOLUME I--TEXT***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 41569-h.txt or 41569-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/1/5/6/41569">http://www.gutenberg.org/4/1/5/6/41569</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed.</p> - -<p> -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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