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diff --git a/41557-h/41557-h.htm b/41557-h/41557-h.htm index 566179f..b4d6da2 100644 --- a/41557-h/41557-h.htm +++ b/41557-h/41557-h.htm @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Burial Mounds of the Northern Sections of the United States, by Cyrus Thomas. @@ -127,49 +127,7 @@ table { </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Burial Mounds of the Northern Sections of -the United States, by Cyrus Thomas - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Burial Mounds of the Northern Sections of the United States - -Author: Cyrus Thomas - -Release Date: December 4, 2012 [EBook #41557] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURIAL MOUNDS, NORTHERN SECTIONS OF US *** - - - - -Produced by Aleka McAdams, PM for Bureau of American -Ethnology, First-Hand-History and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by the -Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at -http://gallica.bnf.fr) - - - - - - -</pre> - - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41557 ***</div> <hr style="width: 65%;" /> <p class="center" style="font-size:120%;"><b>Transcriber's Note:</b></p> @@ -1551,7 +1509,7 @@ surrounded by a line of pickets some 8 or 10 feet high."</p> were accustomed to bury their dead in mounds down to a recent date.</p> <p>One of the most important burial mounds opened in this district by the -employés of the Bureau is situated on the bluff which overhangs East +employés of the Bureau is situated on the bluff which overhangs East Dubuque (formerly Dunleith), Jo Daviess County, Illinois. As I shall have occasion to refer to others than the one mentioned, I give in Fig. 15, <a href="#plate3">Plate III</a>, a plan of the group, and in Fig. 16, same plate, a @@ -2144,7 +2102,7 @@ or logs were placed longitudinally, and over these timbers there were laid other pieces of wood, forming an enclosed box or coffin. A part of this wood was only charred, the rest was burnt to ashes. The middle part of the body was in the hottest -fire and many of the vertebræ, ribs, and other bones were burnt +fire and many of the vertebræ, ribs, and other bones were burnt to a black cinder, and at this point the enclosing timbers were burnt to ashes. The timbers enclosing the lower extremities were only charred.</p> @@ -3435,7 +3393,7 @@ examination many of the bones were found, though in a very decomposed condition, and upon exposure to the air they soon crumbled to pieces. The heads of the bones, a considerable portion of the skull, jaw-bones, teeth, neck-bones, and the -vertebræ were in their proper places. Though the weight of the +vertebræ were in their proper places. Though the weight of the earth above them had driven them down, yet the frame was perfect, and the bones of the head were slightly inclined toward the east. Around the neck were found coarse beads that @@ -3837,7 +3795,7 @@ conclusions.<a name="FNanchor_42" id="FNanchor_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42" cl <p>So strong, in fact, is the hold which this theory (in the broad sense, including also the Toltec and Aztec theories) has taken of the minds of -both American and European archæologists, that it not only biases their +both American and European archæologists, that it not only biases their conclusions, but also molds and modifies their nomenclature, and is thrust into their speculations and even into their descriptions as though no longer a simple theory but a conceded fact. Hence it is @@ -3868,7 +3826,7 @@ breaking down before the evidence that is being produced.</p> <p>The following quotation from the last report of the Peabody Museum, which is repeated in substance in Science, June 27, 1884, p. 775, will serve not only to indicate the conflict which is going on in the minds -of some of our most active and progressive archæologists on this +of some of our most active and progressive archæologists on this subject, but also to show the difficulty of finding applicable and well-defined terms, and of clearly stating the real question at issue:</p> @@ -3893,7 +3851,7 @@ proved.</p> Geological Survey, has taken up the historical side of the question, but it must not be received for more than he intended. He only shows from historical data what the spade and -pick have disclosed to the archæologist. It is simply one side +pick have disclosed to the archæologist. It is simply one side of the shield; the other is still waiting to be turned to the light; and as history will not help us to read the reverse, only patient and careful exploration will bring out its @@ -3902,7 +3860,7 @@ meaning.<a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43" class= <p>This, it is true, is but an incidental paragraph thrown into a report of the work of the museum, but I have selected it as the latest expression on this subject by one of our most active and practical American -archæologists, and because it will furnish a basis for the remarks I +archæologists, and because it will furnish a basis for the remarks I desire to make on this subject.</p> <p>In order that the reader may clearly understand the particular points to @@ -3939,10 +3897,10 @@ well-governed police.<a name="FNanchor_45" id="FNanchor_45"></a><a href="#Footno <p>This is probably the first clear and distinct expression of a view which has subsequently obtained the assent of so many of the leading writers -on American archæology.</p> +on American archæology.</p> <p>About the commencement of the nineteenth century two new and important -characters appear on the stage of American archæology. These are Bishop +characters appear on the stage of American archæology. These are Bishop Madison, of Virginia, and Rev. Thaddeus M. Harris, of Massachusetts.</p> <p>Dr. Haven, to whose work we are indebted for reference to several of the @@ -3997,7 +3955,7 @@ idea of an Indian origin, are satisfied with simply designating the authors of these works a "lost race," without following the inquiry into the more uncertain field of racial, national, or ethnical relations. To this type belong a large portion of the recent authors of short articles -and brief reports on American archæology, and quite a number of diligent +and brief reports on American archæology, and quite a number of diligent workers in this field whose names are not before the world as authors.</p> <p>Baldwin believes that the mound-builders were Toltecs, but thinks they @@ -4740,7 +4698,7 @@ cacique of Cutifachiqui delivered their final message.</p> <p>Recently the smallest of the three large mounds of this group was opened and carefully explored by Mr. Rogan, one of the Bureau assistants. As -the result will be of much interest to archæologists aside from the +the result will be of much interest to archæologists aside from the question now under discussion, although belonging to the southern type of burial mounds not discussed in this paper, I will venture to give a description of its construction and contents as a means of comparison @@ -5144,7 +5102,7 @@ ancient works of this country, supposing the Indians to have been their authors, to prove that he has greatly erred in his calculation. Other races or peoples may have preceded the mound-builders in this region, but better proof of this is required than that based on the differences -between the supposed palæolithic and neolithic implements of New Jersey +between the supposed palæolithic and neolithic implements of New Jersey and other sections, as every type discovered can be duplicated a hundred times in the surface finds from different parts of the country.</p> @@ -5269,7 +5227,7 @@ the Heaven or the Lake.</p> <p>There are even special ceremonies for small children deceased under one or two months; they are not placed as others, in sepulchers of bark raised on stakes, but buried in the road, in order, they say, "que -quelque femme passant par là, ils entrent secrètement en son ventre, et +quelque femme passant par là , ils entrent secrètement en son ventre, et que derechef elle leur donne la vie et les enfante." I doubt that the good Nicodemus would have found much difficulty there, although he doubted only for old men, "<i>Quomodo potest homo nasci cum sit senex.</i>"</p> @@ -5333,7 +5291,7 @@ they say "rake out" or "stir up the fire under the kettle;" and when any one says "the kettle is overturned," that means there will be no feast.</p> <p>There is generally only one festival in each nation. All the bodies are -placed in the same grave. I say generally, for this year when the fête +placed in the same grave. I say generally, for this year when the fête des Morts took place the kettle-boiling was divided and five villages at this point where we are stationed made a separate band and placed their dead in a separate grave. He who had been captain of the preceding @@ -5454,7 +5412,7 @@ among themselves all the good things they had brought, and even of carrying them home, contrary to the custom at ordinary feasts. Lastly, at the close of the feast, as a compliment to him who had entertained them, they imitated as they sang the cry of the spirits, and left the -cabin crying <i>haéé haé</i>.</p> +cabin crying <i>haéé haé</i>.</p> <p>The master of the feast, and even <i>Anenkhiondic</i>, captain-general of all the country, sent to invite us several times with much solicitation. You @@ -5470,7 +5428,7 @@ some affairs which came up unexpectedly, and the uncertainty of the weather, caused it to be put off until Monday.</p> <p>The seven or eight days before the feast were passed in collecting the -bodies (les âmes) as well as assembling the strangers who were invited; +bodies (les âmes) as well as assembling the strangers who were invited; meanwhile from morning till night gifts were distributed by the living to the young men in honor of the dead. On one side women were drawing the bow to see who should have the prize, which was sometimes a girdle @@ -5484,14 +5442,14 @@ remains of his friends, that is the bones, packed upon his back after the manner that I have described, under a beautiful robe. Some arranged their packets in the shape of a man, decorated with strings of beads, with a fine crown of red hair. On leaving their village the whole -company cried <i>haéé haé</i> and repeated this "cry of the spirits" all +company cried <i>haéé haé</i> and repeated this "cry of the spirits" all along the way. This cry, they say, comforts them greatly, otherwise their burdens, although souls, would weigh very heavily and cause a -weakness of the side (costé) for the rest of their lives. They travel by +weakness of the side (costé) for the rest of their lives. They travel by short stages; the people of our village were three days in going four -leagues and in reaching <i>Ossossané</i>, which we call Rochelle, where all +leagues and in reaching <i>Ossossané</i>, which we call Rochelle, where all the ceremonies were to be held. As soon as they arrive near any village -they shout again the haéé haé. The whole village comes out to meet them; +they shout again the haéé haé. The whole village comes out to meet them; many presents are again distributed on this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> occasion. Each one repairs to some one of the cabins; all find a place to put their bundles; this is done without confusion. At the same time the captains hold a council @@ -5511,7 +5469,7 @@ the remains of her father and children. She is the daughter of a captain who died at a great age and who formerly occupied a high position in the country. She combed his hair; she touched the bones one after another with as much affection as if she would have given them life; she placed -near him his <i>Atsatonesai</i>, that is, his packet of rods (bûchettes) of +near him his <i>Atsatonesai</i>, that is, his packet of rods (bûchettes) of the council, which are all the books and papers of the country. As for her children, she put upon their arms bracelets of shells and glass beads and bathed their bones with her tears. She could hardly be @@ -5665,7 +5623,7 @@ before, came to make us a proposal on the part of all the anciens of the country. At that time the boiling of the kettle (chaudiere) was not yet divided. They proposed to us then that we should consent to exhume the remains of the two Frenchmen who had died in this country, to wit, -Guillaume Chaudron and Estienne Bruslé, who was killed four years ago, +Guillaume Chaudron and Estienne Bruslé, who was killed four years ago, and that their bones might be placed in the common grave of their dead. We replied at first that this could not be done; that it was forbidden; that as they had been baptized, and were, as we hoped, in heaven, we @@ -5717,16 +5675,16 @@ with condescension, that he did not claim anything and that he was willing that the other, who is the chief at this place, should have on his side the remains of our two Frenchmen. The latter replied that he laid no claim to the one that had been buried at Rochelle, but that as -for the body of Estienne Bruslé it belonged to him, as it was he that +for the body of Estienne Bruslé it belonged to him, as it was he that had engaged with him and led him into this country. So here the bodies were separated, one on one side, the other on the other side. At this some one said privately that indeed he (the chief) had the right to -demand the body of Estienne Bruslé, and that it was reasonable that he +demand the body of Estienne Bruslé, and that it was reasonable that he should render some honor to his bones, since they had killed him. This could not be said so discreetly but that the captain had a hint of it; he concealed his feelings, however, at the time. After the council, as we had already gone, he raised this reproach and began to talk with the -captain of Rochelle, and finally gave over entirely the body of Bruslé, +captain of Rochelle, and finally gave over entirely the body of Bruslé, in order not to embitter and make bloody this sore, of which the people of this point have not yet cleared themselves. This caused us to resolve, that we might keep in favor with those of Rochelle, not to @@ -5768,7 +5726,7 @@ such precious pledges if they did not desire to keep faith with us. You would say that they were waiting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> only to see some one among them to be the first to take this bold step and dare to go contrary to the custom of the country. They are, finally, a people who have a permanent home -(demeure arrestée), are judicious, capable of reason, and well +(demeure arrestée), are judicious, capable of reason, and well multiplied.</p> <p>I made mention, the past year, of twelve nations entirely sedentary and @@ -5783,7 +5741,7 @@ this, and did not wait for Him to bring forth the fruit in his own time.</p> <p>It is true that I have some little apprehension for the time when it will be necessary to speak to them in a new way of their manners and to -teach them "à clouër leur chairs" and restrain themselves in the honesty +teach them "à clouër leur chairs" and restrain themselves in the honesty of marriage, breaking off their excesses for fear of the judgment of God upon their vices. Then it will be a question of telling them openly, "<i>Quoniam qui talia agunt regnum Dei non possidebunt.</i>" I fear that they @@ -5843,7 +5801,7 @@ southern portion of that State with much care, should follow almost word for word this and the next statement of Squier and Davis (Mound-Builders, p. 50) and adopt them as his own, without modification or protest, when in the appendix containing his exceedingly valuable -notes on the "Archæology of Butler County" nearly all the facts given +notes on the "Archæology of Butler County" nearly all the facts given bearing on these points show them to be incorrect.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Ancient Monuments, p. 161.</p></div> @@ -5858,7 +5816,7 @@ bearing on these points show them to be incorrect.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Pioneer Life.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Potherie, Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale, II, p. +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Potherie, Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale, II, p. 43.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> History of Indian Tribes of the United States, Part @@ -5931,7 +5889,7 @@ facts.</p></div> no other significance than to indicate the relative positions of the graves and the positions of the skeletons.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37" id="Footnote_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Mœurs des Sauvages Amériquains, II, pp. 447-445.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37" id="Footnote_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Mœurs des Sauvages Amériquains, II, pp. 447-445.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38" id="Footnote_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> Jesuit Relations for 1636, pp. 128-139. For a translation of the lively description of the burial ceremonies of the @@ -5948,7 +5906,7 @@ paper.</p></div> Squier and Davis's, "Ancient Monuments," p. 30; Baldwin's "Ancient America," p. 57; Bancroft's "Native Races," IV, p. 785; Conant's "Foot-Prints of Vanished Races," p. 38; Marquis de Nadaillac's -"L'Amérique Préhistorique," p. 185, etc.</p></div> +"L'Amérique Préhistorique," p. 185, etc.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43" id="Footnote_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Sixteenth and Seventeenth Report Peabody Museum, p. 346.</p></div> @@ -5959,7 +5917,7 @@ VIII, p. 25.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45" id="Footnote_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Transactions of the American Philological Society, <a name="TN-7_anchor" id="TN-7_anchor" href="#TN-7">Vol.</a> III.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46" id="Footnote_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Archæology of the United States, Smithsonian +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46" id="Footnote_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Archæology of the United States, Smithsonian Contributions, Vol. VIII, p. 31.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47" id="Footnote_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Page 253.</p></div> @@ -6026,7 +5984,7 @@ Pl. 1.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77" id="Footnote_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Referred to on p. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78" id="Footnote_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Translated from Relations des Jésuites, 1636, pp. +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78" id="Footnote_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Translated from Relations des Jésuites, 1636, pp. 128-139, by Miss Nora Thomas.</p></div> @@ -6086,7 +6044,7 @@ Pl. 1.</p></div> <br /> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Burke County, North Carolina, mounds <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br /> <br /> -<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Butler County, Ohio, archæology of <a href="#Page_13">13</a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Butler County, Ohio, archæology of <a href="#Page_13">13</a></span><br /> <br /> <br /> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Caldwell County, North Carolina, mounds <a href="#Page_61">61-71</a></span><br /> @@ -6404,386 +6362,6 @@ Pl. 1.</p></div> <span style="margin-left: 2em;">Wisconsin, mounds in <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14-23</a></span><br /> </p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Burial Mounds of the Northern Sections -of the United States, by Cyrus Thomas - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BURIAL MOUNDS, NORTHERN SECTIONS OF US *** - -***** This file should be named 41557-h.htm or 41557-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/1/5/5/41557/ - -Produced by Aleka McAdams, PM for Bureau of American -Ethnology, First-Hand-History and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by the -Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at -http://gallica.bnf.fr) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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