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diff --git a/41532-h/41532-h.htm b/41532-h/41532-h.htm index 9d46a7a..e2f5847 100644 --- a/41532-h/41532-h.htm +++ b/41532-h/41532-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Swift, by Leslie Stephen</title> <style type="text/css"> @@ -56,25 +56,9 @@ </style> </head> <body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41532 ***</div> <h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Swift, by Leslie Stephen</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> -<p>Title: Swift</p> -<p> English Men of Letters Series</p> -<p>Author: Leslie Stephen</p> -<p>Release Date: December 1, 2012 [eBook #41532]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SWIFT***</p> <p> </p> -<h4>E-text prepared by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (<a href="http://archive.org">http://archive.org</a>)</h4> <p> </p> <table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> <tr> @@ -753,7 +737,7 @@ the Dean to finish what he had on his plate. “What, sir, eat my stalks! “Ay, sir; King William always ate his stalks.” “And were you,” asked Faulkner’s hearer when he related the story, “were you blockhead enough to obey him?” “Yes,” replied Faulkner, “and if you had dined with Dean Swift -<i>tête-à-tête</i> you would have been obliged to eat your stalks too!” For the +<i>tête-à -tête</i> you would have been obliged to eat your stalks too!” For the present Swift was the recipient not the imposer of stalks; and was to receive the first shock, as he tells us, that helped to cure him of his vanity. The question of the Triennial Bill was agitating political @@ -963,11 +947,11 @@ revolutions in the kingdom of the rooks amusing his leisure. The results of his studies will be considered directly. A list of books read in 1697 gives some hint of their general nature. They are chiefly classical and historical. He read Virgil, Homer, Horace,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> Lucretius, Cicero’s -<i>Epistles</i>, Petronius Arbiter, Ælian, Lucius Florus, Herbert’s <i>Henry +<i>Epistles</i>, Petronius Arbiter, Ælian, Lucius Florus, Herbert’s <i>Henry VIII.</i>, Sleidan’s <i>Commentaries, Council of Trent</i>, Camden’s <i>Elizabeth</i>, Burnet’s <i>History of the Reformation</i>, Voiture, Blackmore’s <i>Prince Arthur</i>, Sir J. Davis’s poem of <i>The Soul</i>, and two or three travels, -besides Cyprian and Irenæus. We may note the absence of any theological +besides Cyprian and Irenæus. We may note the absence of any theological reading, except in the form of ecclesiastical history; nor does Swift study philosophy, of which he seems to have had a sufficient dose in Dublin. History seems always to have been his favourite study, and it @@ -1131,7 +1115,7 @@ patched over with modern pedantry.” The moral finds a more poetical embodiment in the famous apologue of the Bee and the Spider in the <i>Battle of the Books</i>. The bee had got itself entangled in the spider’s web in the library, whilst the books were beginning to wrangle. The two have a sharp -dispute, which is summed up by Æsop as arbitrator. The spider represents +dispute, which is summed up by Æsop as arbitrator. The spider represents the moderns who spin their scholastic pedantry out of their own insides; whilst the bee, like the ancients, goes direct to nature. The moderns produce nothing but “wrangling and satire, much of a nature with the @@ -1164,7 +1148,7 @@ lady in the lobster, or like a mouse under a canopy of state, or like a shrivelled beau within the penthouse of a modern periwig, and the voice was suited to the visage, sounding weak and remote;” and that the book is concluded by an episode, in which Bentley and Wotton try a diversion and -steal the armour of Phalaris and Æsop, but are met by Boyle, clad in a +steal the armour of Phalaris and Æsop, but are met by Boyle, clad in a suit of armour given him by all the gods, who transfixes them on his spear like a brace of woodcocks on an iron skewer.</p> @@ -1216,12 +1200,12 @@ himself.</p> <p>The <i>Tale of a Tub</i> is another challenge thrown down to pretentious pedantry. The vigorous, self-confident intellect has found out the -emptiness and absurdity of a number of the solemn formulæ which pass +emptiness and absurdity of a number of the solemn formulæ which pass current in the world, and tears them to pieces with audacious and rejoicing energy. He makes a mock of the paper chains with which solemn professors tried to fetter his activity, and scatters the fragments to the four winds of heaven.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> In one of the first sections he announces the -philosophy afterwards expounded by Herr Teufelsdröckh, according to which +philosophy afterwards expounded by Herr Teufelsdröckh, according to which “man himself is but a micro-coat;” if one of the suits of clothes called animals “be trimmed up with a gold chain, and a red gown, and a white rod, and a pert look, it is called a Lord Mayor; if certain ermines and furs be @@ -1364,7 +1348,7 @@ it ridicules “abuses;” but one man’s use is another’s ab may appear to us venerable or absurd according to our own creed. One test, however, may be suggested, which may guide our decision. Imagine the <i>Tale of a Tub</i> to be read by Bishop Butler and by Voltaire, who called Swift a -<i>Rabelais perfectionné</i>. Can any one doubt that the believer would be +<i>Rabelais perfectionné</i>. Can any one doubt that the believer would be scandalized and the scoffer find himself in a thoroughly congenial element? Would not any believer shrink from the use of such weapons even though directed against his enemies? Scott urges that the satire was @@ -1538,7 +1522,7 @@ with Swift. His doctrine was, briefly, that: virtue was the one thing which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> deserved love and admiration; and yet that virtue in this hideous chaos of a world, involved misery and decay. What would be the logical result of such a creed, I do not presume to say. Certainly, we should -guess, something more pessimistic or Manichæan than suits the ordinary +guess, something more pessimistic or Manichæan than suits the ordinary interpretation of Christian doctrine. But for Swift this state of mind carried with it the necessity of clinging to some religious creed: not because the creed held out promises of a better hereafter, for Swift was @@ -1551,7 +1535,7 @@ morality, and for going on living, when all the game of life seemed to be decidedly going in favour of the devil, and suicide to be the most reasonable course. At least, it enabled him to associate himself with the causes and principles which he recognized as the most ennobling element in -the world’s “mad farce;” and to utter himself in formulæ consecrated by +the world’s “mad farce;” and to utter himself in formulæ consecrated by the use of such wise and good beings as had hitherto shown themselves amongst a wretched race. Placed in another situation, Swift no doubt might have put his creed—to speak after the Clothes Philosophy—into a @@ -2157,7 +2141,7 @@ had again to write to the Archbishop, recounting his failure, his attempt to remonstrate with Wharton, the new Lord Lieutenant, and the too certain collapse of the whole business. The failure was complete; the promised boon was not granted, and Swift’s chance of a bishopric had pretty well -vanished. Halifax, the great Whig Mæcenas, and the Bufo of Pope, wrote to +vanished. Halifax, the great Whig Mæcenas, and the Bufo of Pope, wrote to him in his retirement at Dublin, declaring that he had “entered into a confederacy with Mr. Addison” to urge Swift’s claims upon Government, and speaking of the declining health of South,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> then a Prebendary of @@ -2411,7 +2395,7 @@ to be introduced to St. John; to dine with Harley next Tuesday; and after an interview of four hours, the minister sets him down at St James’s Coffee-house in a hackney coach. “All this is odd and comical!” exclaims Swift; “he knew my Christian name very well,” and, as we hear next day, -begged Swift to come to him often, but not to his levée: “that was not a +begged Swift to come to him often, but not to his levée: “that was not a place for friends to meet.” On the 10th of October, within a week from the first introduction, Harley promises to get the firstfruits business, over which the Whigs had haggled for years, settled by the following Sunday. @@ -2813,7 +2797,7 @@ were not conciliatory; and it was folly to irritate without injuring. Meanwhile reports of ministerial plans gave him a little courage; and in a day or two the secret was out. He was on his way to the post on Saturday, December 28th, when the great news came. The ministry had resolved on -something like a <i>coup d’état</i>, to be long mentioned with horror by all +something like a <i>coup d’état</i>, to be long mentioned with horror by all orthodox Whigs and Tories. “I have broke open my letter,” scribbled Swift in a coffee-house, “and tore it into the bargain, to let you know that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> we are all safe. The queen has made no less than twelve new peers ... and has @@ -3242,7 +3226,7 @@ external accidents of power and rank. The end came soon. Swift heard that Oxford was about to resign. He wrote at once (July 25, 1714) to propose to accompany him to his country house. Oxford replied two days later in a letter oddly characteristic. He begs Swift to come with him; “If I have -not tired you <i>tête-à-tête</i>, fling away so much of your time upon one who +not tired you <i>tête-à -tête</i>, fling away so much of your time upon one who loves you;” and then rather spoils the pathos by a bit of hopeless doggerel. Swift wrote to Miss Vanhomrigh on August 1. “I have been asked,” he says, “to join with those people now in power; but I will not do it. I @@ -3298,7 +3282,7 @@ and an old maid, who are all at board wages, and when I do not dine abroad or make an entertainment (which last is very rare), I eat a mutton pie and drink half a pint of wine; my amusements are defending my small dominions against the archbishop, and endeavouring to reduce my rebellious choir. -<i>Perditur hæc inter misero lux.</i>” In another of the dignified letters +<i>Perditur hæc inter misero lux.</i>” In another of the dignified letters which show the finest side of his nature, he offered to join Oxford, whose intrepid behaviour, he says, “has astonished every one but me, who know you so well.” But he could do nothing beyond showing sympathy; and he @@ -3557,7 +3541,7 @@ Swift’s poetry, however, is always plain matter of fact, and we may read <i>Cadenus</i> (which means of course <i>Decanus</i>) <i>and Vanessa</i> as Swift’s deliberate and palpably sincere account of his own state of mind. Omitting a superfluous framework of mythology in the contemporary taste, we have a -plain story of the relations of this new Heloïse and Abelard. Vanessa, he +plain story of the relations of this new Heloïse and Abelard. Vanessa, he tells us, united<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> masculine accomplishments to feminine grace; the fashionable fops (I use Swift’s own words as much as possible) who tried to entertain her with the tattle of the day, stared when she replied by @@ -3685,8 +3669,8 @@ James’s Street, Kensington, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id thinks often of these, especially on horseback,<a name='fna_48' id='fna_48' href='#f_48'><small>[48]</small></a> as I am assured.” This prosaic list of names recall, as we find, various old meetings. And, finally, one letter contains an avowal of a singular kind. “Soyez -assurée,” he says, after advising her “to quit this scoundrel island,” -“que jamais personne du monde a été aimée, honorée, estimée, adorée par +assurée,” he says, after advising her “to quit this scoundrel island,” +“que jamais personne du monde a été aimée, honorée, estimée, adorée par votre ami que vous.” It seems as though he were compelled to throw her just a crumb of comfort here: but, in the same breath, he has begged her to leave him for ever.</p> @@ -3914,8 +3898,8 @@ Temple’s when he was a little over twenty-one. The main symptoms were a giddiness, which frequently attacked him, and was accompanied by deafness. It is quite recently that the true nature of the complaint has been identified. Dr. Bucknill<a name='fna_56' id='fna_56' href='#f_56'><small>[56]</small></a> seems to prove that the symptoms are those of -“Labyrinthine vertigo,” or Ménière’s disease, so called because discovered -by Ménière in 1861. The references to his sufferings, brought together by +“Labyrinthine vertigo,” or Ménière’s disease, so called because discovered +by Ménière in 1861. The references to his sufferings, brought together by Sir William Wilde in 1849,<a name='fna_57' id='fna_57' href='#f_57'><small>[57]</small></a> are frequent in all his writings. It tormented him for days, weeks, and months, gradually becoming more permanent in later years. In 1731 he tells Gay that his giddiness attacks @@ -4289,7 +4273,7 @@ the wishes of the Irish nation.</p> <p>Carteret, upon landing, began by trying to suppress his adversary. A reward of 300<i>l.</i> was offered for the discovery of the author of the fourth letter. A prosecution was ordered against the printer. Swift went -to the levée of the Lord Lieutenant, and reproached him bitterly for his +to the levée of the Lord Lieutenant, and reproached him bitterly for his severity against a poor tradesman who had published papers for the good of his country. Carteret answered in a happy quotation from Virgil, a feat which always seems to have brought consolation to the statesman of that @@ -5607,7 +5591,7 @@ buried in St. Patrick’s Cathedral, and over his grave was placed an epitaph, containing the last of those terrible phrases which cling to our memory whenever his name is mentioned. Swift lies, in his own words,—</p> -<p class="poem">Ubi sæva indignatio<br /> +<p class="poem">Ubi sæva indignatio<br /> Cor ulterius lacerare nequit.</p> <p>What more can be added?</p> @@ -5934,7 +5918,7 @@ in favour of Jonathan.</p> of the Life of Swift</i>, pp. 13, 14. His arguments seem to me sufficiently clear and conclusive, and they are accepted by Monck Mason, though treated contemptuously by Mr. Forster, p. 34. On the other hand, I agree with Mr. -Forster that Swift’s complicity in the <i>Terræ Filius</i> oration is not +Forster that Swift’s complicity in the <i>Terræ Filius</i> oration is not proved, though it is not altogether improbable.</p> <p><a name='f_6' id='f_6' href='#fna_6'>[6]</a> Temple had the reversion of his father’s office.</p> @@ -5957,8 +5941,8 @@ the former date in mentioning Stella’s age; but the other is equally possible.</p> <p><a name='f_12' id='f_12' href='#fna_12'>[12]</a> Wotton first accused Swift of borrowing the idea of the battle from a -French book, by one Coutray, called <i>Histoire Poétique de la Guerre -nouvellement declarée entre les Anciens et Modernes</i>. Swift declared (I +French book, by one Coutray, called <i>Histoire Poétique de la Guerre +nouvellement declarée entre les Anciens et Modernes</i>. Swift declared (I have no doubt truly) that he had never seen or heard of this book. But Coutray, like Swift, uses the scheme of a mock Homeric battle. The book is prose, but begins with a poem. The resemblance is much closer than Mr. @@ -6187,360 +6171,6 @@ Correspondence.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SWIFT***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 41532-h.txt or 41532-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/1/5/3/41532">http://www.gutenberg.org/4/1/5/3/41532</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed.</p> - -<p> -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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