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   HIGHLAND TARGETS
   AND OTHER SHIELDS.
@@ -583,361 +549,4 @@ FOOTNOTES:
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 James Drummond
 
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-Project Gutenberg's Highland Targets and Other Shields, by James Drummond
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-Title: Highland Targets and Other Shields
-
-Author: James Drummond
-
-Release Date: December 1, 2012 [EBook #41527]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HIGHLAND TARGETS AND OTHER SHIELDS ***
-
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-Produced by Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed
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-
-  HIGHLAND TARGETS
-  AND OTHER SHIELDS.
-
-
-  BY JAMES DRUMMOND,
-  R.S.A., F.S.A. SCOT.
-
-
-  Edinburgh:
-  PRINTED BY NEILL AND COMPANY.
-  1873.
-
-
-
-
-(10.)
-
-_Read before the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, April 1871._
-
-_The_ FIFTY COPIES _now printed for private circulation contain additional
-matter, with different and more numerous illustrations._
-
-
-
-
-There is a class of Scottish antiquities to which hitherto comparatively
-little attention has been paid by the archæologist. I mean the warlike
-weapons, offensive and defensive, of our Highland forefathers, many of
-which were used down to a comparatively recent period. Of these weapons
-much ignorance seems to prevail even among the Highlanders themselves, who
-almost invariably answer inquiries as to their age, that they had no doubt
-they had been used from time immemorial.
-
-In England, and on the Continent, much interest has been taken in the
-study of arms and armour. On the Continent, the books are endless; in
-England there are the works of Meyrick, Grose, and Skelton, with Boutell's
-"Monumental Brasses and Slabs," and others of a kindred nature, all
-showing how much instruction may be gained by such inquiries when followed
-out in a proper spirit. In Scotland, we certainly have M'Ian's
-"Highlanders," and the "Costume of the Clans" by John and Charles Sobieski
-Stuart, both admirable works, but treating more of dress than of the
-armour and weapons, which, though alluded to, can scarcely be said to be
-illustrated, and without delineation they are almost valueless, as so
-much, in these weapons, depends upon the ornamental detail for character.
-
-At present I wish to call attention only to one of these Highland weapons,
-the _Targaid_ or Target. No weapon of war has, at different periods and
-among different nations, assumed so many forms as the shield. It was
-square, oblong, and kite-shaped. The brass mounting of one of the last
-form, which was found under 6 feet of moss on the hill of Benibreae, in
-Lochaber, with other brass ornaments for a shield or armour, shown in the
-accompanying woodcuts, has been deposited in our Museum by Cluny
-Macpherson, Castle Cluny. The shield assumed a variety of other forms, it
-was triangular, crescent, and fiddle-shaped, concave and convex; it was
-hollow and fluted, also oval and circular, varying in size from being
-large enough to protect the whole body to the small mediæval hand shield,
-which was no larger than the iron or bronze boss of the Scandinavian or
-Anglo-Saxon shield. During the 15th and 16th century, a sort of tilting
-shield was introduced; it was made to fit the shoulder, sometimes covering
-the chin also, and was screwed to the armour. I have one of these, which
-is cross-barred lozenge-ways, and between the spaces is elaborately
-engraved.
-
-[Illustration: Elongated Bent Plate of Thin Brass, 25 inches long, and
-Circular Plate, 13 inches diameter, with Boss of Thin Brass, 8 inches
-long, found at Benibreae.]
-
-The circular and oval forms seem to have been the most common and the most
-continuous in their use, and it is with these we have at present to do.
-The round shield was an early Greek, Etruscan, and Roman form, it was also
-used by the Assyrian, Mexican, and Indian nations, and is still used by
-many of the savage tribes of Africa. On the Trajan column, both the Romans
-and Dacians, again, have them nearly all of an oval form, while on the
-Roman sculptured stone found near Carriden,[1] Linlithgowshire, the
-ancient Britons have them of an oblong-square, with a boss in the centre,
-while the Roman soldier's is of an oval shape. With one of this form,
-convex and radiating from the central umbo, a Roman soldier is armed on a
-bas-relief found at Housesteads, Northumberland[2]. The Scandinavian and
-British shield of bronze was circular, and was chased or struck up in the
-metal itself, generally having a large boss in the centre, with a series
-of concentric circles, between which the space was filled up with rows of
-small nail-head-like studs. Those found at Yetholm,[3] and now in our
-Museum, are beautiful specimens of this class. They have also been found
-in Ireland, and one very similar to these last, but with fewer circles,
-was this year got in Lough Gur, County Limerick. Occasionally there are
-more large bosses than the central one, these again surrounded by smaller
-studs in rows. Of this variety there are good specimens in the British and
-Copenhagen Museums. Underneath the central boss is the handle.
-
-[Illustration: Handle and Studs of Bronze Shields.]
-
-On many of the early sculptured stones in the north-eastern counties of
-Scotland, such shields are represented, but whether of bronze or wood it
-is impossible to say. On a stone at Benvie, a figure on horseback has a
-shield having a central boss with a series of concentric circles, and
-figures on the cross near Dupplin Castle have the same; these may be of
-bronze, such as the Yetholm specimens, while, on a fragment from Dull,
-Perthshire, now in the Museum, figures are represented having shields with
-a large central and four smaller bosses. A figure is represented on the St
-Andrew's sarcophagus carrying a shield of an oval form, which has the
-narrow ends hollowed out, and a large central boss. On the Irish crosses
-such shields are also figured. On one of these in the street of Kells,
-county Meath, a battle is represented, the combatants on one side having
-simple round shields and swords, while the others are armed with spears
-and shields having an enormous spike or pointed boss, of which there is
-also one on a fragment at Jarrow, Durham. The shields of the chiefs,
-sculptured on their tombstones in the West Highlands, seem invariably of a
-triangular form, and on one slab alone, at Kilmory, Knapdale, does the
-shield seem circular. I should suppose, however, that the wooden shield
-was more common than the bronze one, from the immense number of bosses
-which have been found all over the country, the wood having rotted away,
-leaving the bosses which are of iron or bronze. The iron specimens had
-often a bronze rim; occasionally they were plated with silver, and in some
-rare cases overlaid with a thin plating of gold.
-
-[Illustration: Fragment of Dull Cross.]
-
-[Illustration: Sarcophagus at St Andrew's.]
-
-[Illustration: West Highland Chief.]
-
-During the excavations in the peat mosses of Thorsbjerg and Nydam, in
-South Jutland or Slesvig, under the sanction of the Danish government, and
-conducted by Conrad Engelhardt, between the years 1858 and 1863, remains
-of wooden shields were found in great abundance, these being thin boards
-varying in breadth from 3 to 9 inches, the average thickness 1/2 to 3/4 of
-an inch. Although hundreds of these were found, only three complete
-shields could be made up. The diameter seems to have been from 22 to 44
-inches; in the centre was the opening across which the handle was placed,
-over this opening was fixed the metal boss or umbo; on one piece only was
-found the remains of leather, the outer rim seems to have been protected
-by an edging of bronze. Occasionally the shields were highly ornamental,
-from having thin plates of bronze, cut into a sort of heraldic-looking
-pattern, riveted to them.
-
-Numerous iron and bronze bosses have been found in Anglo-Saxon graves,
-and to judge from the length of the rivets to attach these, the shields
-were 1/2-inch thick, in this respect resembling the Scandinavian
-specimens. One was found in Yorkshire in a perfect state, having a bronze
-boss and a metal rim. We are told of a king of the Goths in the year 553,
-the supposed age of these Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon shields, who,
-standing in the front of his band of warriors, received so many of the
-Roman javelins in his shield, which thus became so heavy that he was
-unable to hold it up, and was killed while his attendant was changing it
-for another. From this it would seem that the shield must, sometimes at
-least, have been of stronger material than those found in England or
-Slesvig.
-
-[Illustration: Wooden Shield, found in Blair-Drummond Moss.]
-
-The reading of this incident suggested to me that there was in our Museum
-the pieces of some circular object, very much decayed, and called in the
-old catalogue a wooden wheel, but, from the loose way in which the pieces
-were put together, it was difficult to say what it had been. On examining
-it, Mr Anderson and I were certain it could not have been a wheel, seeing
-that when it was carefully put together it was oval. I was now confirmed
-in my conjecture that it had been a shield, there being enough to show
-that the centre had been hollowed out for the handle, which, being raised
-on the outside, would form the boss. It, and part of another, were found
-in Blair-Drummond Moss, and presented to the Museum by the late Henry Home
-Drummond, Esq. The fragments of another were found in the same moss in
-1831: and, somewhere near it, a mortar or hand-mill, fashioned from the
-section of an oak; "there were also some flint arrow heads." Fortunately
-for comparison, a perfect specimen has been found since in Ireland, in the
-parish of Kiltubride, county Leitrim; it is 26-1/2 inches long by 21
-inches broad, and half an inch thick. Besides the boss, which is perfect
-and 3 inches high, there are seven slightly raised concentric circles, the
-whole carved out of one piece of wood, in this respect differing from the
-Blair-Drummond one, which is composed of three pieces most ingeniously put
-together by two mortises through the whole breadth, into which are put two
-pieces of wood about 2 inches broad and half an inch thick, these not only
-holding it together but preventing warping, while the centre is a solid
-piece of wood hollowed out for the hand, and is 7-1/2 inches in diameter,
-the two edges gradually bevelled up to make them join firmly. The shield
-is 2 feet long, 1 foot 7 inches broad, and at the thickest part 1-3/4
-inch, and gradually thinning towards the outer edge, where it is about 1
-inch. From this it will be seen that such a weapon in the hands of a
-powerful man who could use it would be an admirable defence, as in the
-case of the king of the Goths. Certainly shields of wood, half an inch
-thick, such as those found in Jutland and England (and the same may be
-said of the Irish one), would have been quite useless against the Roman
-javelins; and even Mr Engelhardt was puzzled how they could have been kept
-together to be effective, seeing he only found in one piece out of the
-hundreds any trace of dowelling.
-
-[Illustration: Section of Wooden Shield.]
-
-There can be no doubt that the Highland target is the traditional
-continuation of these early bronze and wooden shields, which evidently
-were the successors of the Cetra, or small round shield made from the skin
-of some animal, and mentioned by Tacitus as having been used by the
-Britons and also by the Mauritanians, who, he says, made it of elephants'
-skin. These must have resembled the shields used by some of the African
-tribes and North American Indians at the present day. They are almost
-invariably made of wood and covered with leather, the instances to the
-contrary, when they have been made of iron or steel, being the mere whims
-of individuals. One such is represented in the portrait of the Hon. James
-Campbell, son of John Lord Glenorchy (1708); another, having a formidable
-spike, is in my own possession,[4] and resembles one I have seen, said to
-have been used by an Earl of Marr, but there is nothing whatever of
-Highland character about them, being simply the iron or steel target
-formerly used in other European countries, which were occasionally
-embossed and engraved in a most elaborate manner. One of these, of Italian
-workmanship, is preserved in our Museum, having on it a classical subject
-in high relief, of the best style of this art during the 16th century. A
-curious Dutch shield of iron, belonging to Mr Charles Lees, R.S.A.,[4] is
-convex and covered with large bosses, some round and some of triangular
-form. It looks like a pageant shield.
-
-The leather of the Highland shield is very generally embossed with Celtic
-ornamentation,--a sort of repoussé work, in the form of the twisted
-interlacing ribbon pattern, with scroll leafage filling up odd corners of
-the design, and now and then rude attempts at animals.[5] On one belonging
-to Sir J. Noel Paton there is a galley, a fish, and a nondescript kind of
-animal; and among those in the Museum is one with birds and grotesque
-animals surrounding its outer margin, sometimes initials and a date, the
-whole design divided by concentric circles of brass nails and bosses, the
-latter often engraved; in this style of ornament they resemble the early
-bronze shields, with their bosses and smaller studs; sometimes they are
-bound by a brass or steel rim.
-
-[Illustration: Boss.]
-
-[Illustration: Boss.]
-
-Occasionally the shield was converted into a formidable weapon of offence
-by having a strong and long pike screwed into the centre. This can easily
-be understood when the manner of fighting adopted by the Highlanders is
-considered. On approaching the enemy, "after discharging their pieces,
-they threw them away, as was their custom, drew their broadswords," raised
-their targets, and rushed forward before the smoke had cleared away,
-generally scattering their opponents by the fury and impetuosity of their
-attack, as was the case at Killiecrankie, Prestonpans, and other
-engagements. In the coat of arms granted to M'Pherson of Clunie in 1672,
-and emblazoned upon the green banner of the clan, the supporters are two
-Highlanders dressed as they fought at the Battle of the Shirts--each is
-armed with a shield having this long spike. Rae also tells us, in his
-history of the Rebellion in 1715, that the Laird of Luss joined the
-Highland host followed by "forty or fifty stately fellows, in their hose
-and belted plaids, armed each of them with a well-fixed gun on their
-shoulders, a strong handsome target, with a sharp-pointed steel of about
-half an ell in length screwed into the navel of it," &c. These targets
-generally have so much similarity in design, that we cannot help thinking
-they must have been made at one place in great quantities. In the
-specimens figured by Skelton, Logan, and Dr Stuart, this likeness is very
-apparent.
-
-The question naturally suggests itself, Where were these made? As a rule,
-not in the Highlands; my own opinion being that, for the West Highlands,
-at all events, they were made in Glasgow. In confirmation of this opinion,
-my friend the late Joseph Robertson told me that, in the MS. account of
-one of Queen Mary's masques, Highlanders are mentioned as appearing in
-their native dress of skins, and having Glasgow targets. Mr Dickson was
-kind enough to make search for this, but did not succeed in finding it,
-although he also thinks he saw it somewhere taken notice of.
-
-Nothing is more difficult than to assign dates to Highland weapons of
-almost any sort, from the retention of forms and styles of ornamentation
-of a very early, down to a comparatively recent period, unless the weapon
-bears undoubted evidence of antiquity. Now and then a date is found upon
-Highland Targets, and by comparison of design and workmanship a date may
-be given to others of similar manufacture. Sometimes again, when the
-history of a particular target is known, it may be of no value whatever in
-determining the date of others which may have been used at the same time;
-such a one is at Cluny Castle, said to have been the property of Prince
-Charles Edward, but unfortunately it is of French manufacture, and has
-nothing whatever of Celtic character about it; instead of the usual
-decorations, it has patches of silver chasing in the form of warlike
-weapons and emblems, while at the centre, in the place of a boss, is a
-chasing in relief of the Medusa's head. In the armoury at Warwick Castle
-was a rival shield of similar design, also said to have been used by the
-Prince. This was unfortunately destroyed during the fire at the castle in
-1871.
-
-The same difficulty as to date is experienced with Scandinavian weapons of
-various sorts, and is well illustrated in a quaint kind of powder-horns,
-very antique in design, on which are carved a series of the heroes of
-antiquity, each armed with a circular shield, which at first sight looks
-very like the Highland target; but on examination it has a large central
-boss, with a series of studs between it and the rim, not unlike bronze
-specimens in the Museum at Copenhagen, like these also in having only one
-handle. I have two powder-horns of this kind, on one of which the date is
-only 1739; while on the other, which is evidently of an earlier period,
-there seems a fringe of some kind round the outer rim of all the shields.
-
-In the quaint account of the Duke of Somerset's "Expedicion into
-Scotlande" in 1547, "Set out by way of Diarie, by W. Patten," there is
-notice taken of the "Targetts" used by some of the Scots at the disastrous
-battle of Pinkie. "Nye this place of onset, whear the Scottes, at their
-runynge awey, had let fall their weapons (as I sayd) thear found we,
-bysyde their common maner of armour, certyn nice instrumentes for war (as
-we thought). And they wear, nue boordes endes cut of, being about a foot
-in breadth, and half a yarde in leangth; hauyng on the insyde, handels
-made very cunnynly of ii cordes endes: These a Gods name wear their
-targetts again the shot of our small artillerie, for they wear not able to
-hold out a canon. And with these, found we great rattels, swellyng bygger
-than the belly of a pottell pot, coouered with old parchement or dooble
-papers, small stones put in them to make noys, and set vpon the end of a
-staff of more then twoo els long, and this was their fyne deuyse to fray
-our horses when our horsmen shoulde cum at them: Howbeeit bycaus the
-ryders wear no babyes, nor their horses no colts, they coold neyther
-duddle the tone nor fray the toother: so that this pollecye was as witles
-as their pour forcedes." The above must not be looked upon as the ordinary
-military shield, but rather as an extemporised makeshift to answer the
-same purpose, by the irregular troops got together so hurriedly and with
-so much difficulty by the governor, the Earl of Arran, who had recourse
-to the desperate measure of sending the Fiery Cross through the country to
-raise the army. This old Celtic and Scandinavian custom was, even by these
-nations, only used in cases of eminent peril; but when this Cross, the:--
-
-  "Dread messenger of fate and fear,
-  Stretched onward in its fleet career,
-  The fisherman forsook the strand,
-  The swarthy smith took dirk and brand;
-  With changed cheer, the mower blithe
-  Left in the half-cut swathe the scythe;
-  The herds without a keeper stray'd,
-  The plough was in mid-furrow staid,
-  The falc'ner tossed his hawk away,
-  The hunter left the stag at bay;
-  Prompt at the signal of alarms,
-  Each son of Alpine rushed to arms."[6]
-
-And so it was on this occasion; the summons was at once obeyed, and a
-motley, undisciplined, and poorly-armed crowd were assembled, but
-unfortunately, not like the Highlanders, who were accustomed to the almost
-daily use of their weapons. I have given the whole paragraph from Patten's
-diary, as it clearly shows that both the "Targetts and Rattells," from the
-primitive nature of their construction, had been hastily made up, and were
-not "their common maner of armour." Something of the same sort may be
-alluded to in a description of the armour of the Highlanders to be found
-in the Wodrow MSS. under date 1678, where they are mentioned as carrying
-"targets and shields of the most odde and antique forme." The _shields_
-here referred to may have been like the "nue boordes endes cut of," &c.,
-and used by the poorer clansmen.
-
-[Illustration: Handles and Arm straps of Highland Targets.]
-
-Of late years, from the great scarcity of genuine targets, imitation ones
-have been much manufactured for the purpose of making up Highland
-trophies, but these have entirely failed in the embossing of the leather
-and engraving of the studs, where that has been attempted. This scarcity
-has been caused by the severe manner in which the disarming acts of 1746
-were enforced; and Boswell, describing in 1773 the armour at Dunvegan
-Castle, says--"There is hardly a target now to be found in the Highlands.
-After the disarming act they made them serve as covers to their
-butter-milk barrels." By this means, no doubt, a number would be
-preserved. In other places, again, where the target was a fine one, and
-cared for by the family, the embossed leather cover, the really valuable
-part, seems to have been taken off and rolled up, in which state it would
-easily be concealed. This appears to have been the case with the one to
-which I would specially call attention.[7] It was brought from the island
-of Skye many years ago, and is not only different from the ordinary
-specimens in beauty and symmetry of design, which is worked out in a
-different and more artistic manner, but is also peculiar from having
-embossed at its centre the heraldic cognisance of the Lord of the Isles,
-of which Nesbit says, "The Macdonalds of the Isles carried, as in our old
-books, a double-headed eagle displayed." Its diameter is one foot eight
-inches, which is the average size of the Highland target. It must not be
-thought that leather and leather-covered targets were peculiar to the
-Highlands in mediæval times; they were common in most European countries;
-Spain, in particular, was famous for them, and it may not be improbable
-that this was made in that country for one of the Macdonald chiefs, there
-having been a great traffic between the West Highlands and Spain, hides
-being exchanged for armour of all sorts, swords in particular. Spencer
-also speaks, in his "View of the State of Ireland," 1586, of the Northern
-Irish, especially of the Scots, as having round leather targets, often
-coloured in rude fashion. In this respect they differ from those of our
-Highlanders, as I am not aware of theirs ever having been painted,
-although the open work of the brass ornamentation was frequently filled in
-with leather or cloth of a bright colour. At the present day shields of
-buffalo hide or other strong leather are in use among many of the oriental
-nations; they are circular and almost invariably convex, the edges turned
-up towards the front, and are often most gorgeously emblazoned in gold and
-colour, having bosses of brass, silver, or even gold. In the Society's
-Museum are several fine specimens; one of these has an elaborate pattern
-in relief upon it, painted in purple and gold, while another has an
-ornamental design painted upon it in green and gold. Among the native
-tribes of Africa they are also used, being generally made from the skin of
-the rhinoceros, and by the Kaffirs of an oval shape, and so large that
-they act as a protection for the whole body; while the Fans use them of
-many forms manufactured from elephant skin. The Nubians sometimes make
-them of crocodile's skin, to which they attach much value. The shield of
-the Abyssinian is convex, and made of buffalo hide with bosses of silver
-or brass. Among some of the North American Indians they are also common.
-The Highland target differs from those of the early Britons and
-Scandinavians in having one or two arm-straps, and occasionally an
-arm-piece of leather, as well as a handle; the very early shields of
-bronze or wood, only having a handle below the central boss. The back of
-these targets is almost invariably covered with deer skin, below which is
-stuffing of some sort to deaden the effect of a blow upon the arm. On the
-Trajan column all the shields seem to have the double arrangement, while
-the Greeks used an arm-piece and a handle towards the rim.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-I.
-
-THE MACDONALD TARGET.
-
-
-This Target is covered with strong black leather, the Celtic ornamentation
-on it, which is highly artistic in character, being embossed in delicate
-relief, with the spaces around the pattern carefully and closely etched
-with a sharp point in a sort of endless cross-hatching, thus producing a
-dim flattened surface, and giving value to the raised design, which almost
-entirely covers the surface, leaving no space for any of the brass
-decorations so common on Highland targets. In the centre is the double
-headed eagle of the Macdonalds Lords of the Isles.
-
-[Illustration: THE MACDONALD TARGET. IN THE POSSESSION OF MR DRUMMOND,
-R.S.A.]
-
-
-
-
-II.
-
-HIGHLAND TARGETS.
-
-
-The two first are in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries. The one is
-of an early type and is bound with brass. On the outer circle of the
-design is stamped a series of rude attempts at birds. It originally has
-had a spike. The same class of ornamentation having been in use with
-little variation from an early period, it is no easy matter to affix dates
-to Highland and Scandinavian weapons of any sort, in such a specimen as
-this, however, age is unmistakeable. The second is of a pattern not
-unusual, with mountings of large bosses and triangular decorations of
-brass. The third is of chaste and symmetrical design, and the last is
-curious, from having worked upon it initials and a date as part of the
-pattern--D. M'L. 1723.
-
-[Illustration: HIGHLAND TARGETS.]
-
-
-
-
-III.
-
-HIGHLAND TARGETS.
-
-
-The first is elaborate and uncommon in the design upon the leather, and is
-more than usually rich in the variety of its brass decoration, it has
-originally had a large central boss. This fine specimen was the family
-target of the Campbells of Jura, and now belongs to Mr Gourlay Steell,
-R.S.A. The others are very good illustrations of the ordinary class of Old
-Highland targets.
-
-[Illustration: HIGHLAND TARGETS.]
-
-
-
-
-IV.
-
-BRONZE SHIELDS.
-
-
-The large shield is one of two found in 1837, during drain-making
-operations near Yetholm, they are nearly similar in size and pattern.
-Shortly after they were found, the gentleman to whom they belonged
-exhibited them at a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries; but after his
-death, they seem to have been so little cared for, that they were thrown
-into a garret with other lumber, of the antiquarian kind, and when the
-establishment was broken up, were bought with the rest as a _speculative
-lot_ of Chinese curiosities for a few shillings; but the purchaser
-fortunately offered them for sale at the Museum. This is a good
-illustration how many valuables of this kind go amissing or find their way
-to the melting-pot. Since then another was turned up in Yetholm Bog by a
-ploughman. Such shields have been found in England and Wales as well as in
-Scotland. In Ireland they are more rare, and among these few the plate
-represents one lately got in Lough Gur, County Limerick.
-
-[Illustration: SCOTTISH AND IRISH BRONZE SHIELDS.]
-
-
-
-
-V.
-
-VARIOUS SHIELDS FOR COMPARISON.
-
-
-The first is a shield of crocodile's skin from Nubia, when made of this
-material they were very highly prized by the natives, and consequently not
-often met with in collections. This specimen is in the Antiquarian Museum.
-They were oftener made from hippopotamus skin. The next is oriental and of
-buffalo hide, and below it is a Dutch or German shield of iron on a strong
-framework of wood, the iron covering having a series of triangular studs
-struck up on its surface, while a number of circular pointed ones are
-rivetted on it, surrounding the large central boss. The other is a steel
-or iron shield of a class sometimes shewn in Scotland as Highland, but in
-reality the same as were used in other European countries.
-
-[Illustration: _Circular Shields._]
-
-
-
-
-VI.
-
-ROMAN LEGIONARY SCULPTURED STONE.
-
-
-This splendid slab was found in 1868 on a rocky promontory within ten
-yards of the sea, close by the harbour of Bridgeness, Linlithgowshire, it
-was face down, and covered by about two feet of soil. It is divided into
-three panels, the centre one being an inscription dedicatory to their
-emperor by the second legion on the completion of a portion of the wall of
-Antoninus, about A.D. 150. The panel to the right of the inscription has
-sculptured on it a Roman soldier, having a rounded shield with boss,
-galloping over some of the natives, who have oblong square shields with
-circular bosses. On the other is a group by an altar. This interesting
-relic was presented to the Antiquarian Museum by Harry Cadell, of Grange,
-Esquire.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-FOOTNOTES:
-
-[1] Plate VI.
-
-[2] Museum of the Antiquaries.
-
-[3] Plate IV.
-
-[4] Plate V.
-
-[5] Plates II., III.
-
-[6] Lady of the Lake.
-
-[7] Plate I.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Highland Targets and Other Shields, by 
-James Drummond
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-Project Gutenberg's Highland Targets and Other Shields, by James Drummond
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-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
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-Title: Highland Targets and Other Shields
-
-Author: James Drummond
-
-Release Date: December 1, 2012 [EBook #41527]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ASCII
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-produced from images generously made available by The
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-
-  HIGHLAND TARGETS
-  AND OTHER SHIELDS.
-
-
-  BY JAMES DRUMMOND,
-  R.S.A., F.S.A. SCOT.
-
-
-  Edinburgh:
-  PRINTED BY NEILL AND COMPANY.
-  1873.
-
-
-
-
-(10.)
-
-_Read before the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, April 1871._
-
-_The_ FIFTY COPIES _now printed for private circulation contain additional
-matter, with different and more numerous illustrations._
-
-
-
-
-There is a class of Scottish antiquities to which hitherto comparatively
-little attention has been paid by the archaeologist. I mean the warlike
-weapons, offensive and defensive, of our Highland forefathers, many of
-which were used down to a comparatively recent period. Of these weapons
-much ignorance seems to prevail even among the Highlanders themselves, who
-almost invariably answer inquiries as to their age, that they had no doubt
-they had been used from time immemorial.
-
-In England, and on the Continent, much interest has been taken in the
-study of arms and armour. On the Continent, the books are endless; in
-England there are the works of Meyrick, Grose, and Skelton, with Boutell's
-"Monumental Brasses and Slabs," and others of a kindred nature, all
-showing how much instruction may be gained by such inquiries when followed
-out in a proper spirit. In Scotland, we certainly have M'Ian's
-"Highlanders," and the "Costume of the Clans" by John and Charles Sobieski
-Stuart, both admirable works, but treating more of dress than of the
-armour and weapons, which, though alluded to, can scarcely be said to be
-illustrated, and without delineation they are almost valueless, as so
-much, in these weapons, depends upon the ornamental detail for character.
-
-At present I wish to call attention only to one of these Highland weapons,
-the _Targaid_ or Target. No weapon of war has, at different periods and
-among different nations, assumed so many forms as the shield. It was
-square, oblong, and kite-shaped. The brass mounting of one of the last
-form, which was found under 6 feet of moss on the hill of Benibreae, in
-Lochaber, with other brass ornaments for a shield or armour, shown in the
-accompanying woodcuts, has been deposited in our Museum by Cluny
-Macpherson, Castle Cluny. The shield assumed a variety of other forms, it
-was triangular, crescent, and fiddle-shaped, concave and convex; it was
-hollow and fluted, also oval and circular, varying in size from being
-large enough to protect the whole body to the small mediaeval hand shield,
-which was no larger than the iron or bronze boss of the Scandinavian or
-Anglo-Saxon shield. During the 15th and 16th century, a sort of tilting
-shield was introduced; it was made to fit the shoulder, sometimes covering
-the chin also, and was screwed to the armour. I have one of these, which
-is cross-barred lozenge-ways, and between the spaces is elaborately
-engraved.
-
-[Illustration: Elongated Bent Plate of Thin Brass, 25 inches long, and
-Circular Plate, 13 inches diameter, with Boss of Thin Brass, 8 inches
-long, found at Benibreae.]
-
-The circular and oval forms seem to have been the most common and the most
-continuous in their use, and it is with these we have at present to do.
-The round shield was an early Greek, Etruscan, and Roman form, it was also
-used by the Assyrian, Mexican, and Indian nations, and is still used by
-many of the savage tribes of Africa. On the Trajan column, both the Romans
-and Dacians, again, have them nearly all of an oval form, while on the
-Roman sculptured stone found near Carriden,[1] Linlithgowshire, the
-ancient Britons have them of an oblong-square, with a boss in the centre,
-while the Roman soldier's is of an oval shape. With one of this form,
-convex and radiating from the central umbo, a Roman soldier is armed on a
-bas-relief found at Housesteads, Northumberland[2]. The Scandinavian and
-British shield of bronze was circular, and was chased or struck up in the
-metal itself, generally having a large boss in the centre, with a series
-of concentric circles, between which the space was filled up with rows of
-small nail-head-like studs. Those found at Yetholm,[3] and now in our
-Museum, are beautiful specimens of this class. They have also been found
-in Ireland, and one very similar to these last, but with fewer circles,
-was this year got in Lough Gur, County Limerick. Occasionally there are
-more large bosses than the central one, these again surrounded by smaller
-studs in rows. Of this variety there are good specimens in the British and
-Copenhagen Museums. Underneath the central boss is the handle.
-
-[Illustration: Handle and Studs of Bronze Shields.]
-
-On many of the early sculptured stones in the north-eastern counties of
-Scotland, such shields are represented, but whether of bronze or wood it
-is impossible to say. On a stone at Benvie, a figure on horseback has a
-shield having a central boss with a series of concentric circles, and
-figures on the cross near Dupplin Castle have the same; these may be of
-bronze, such as the Yetholm specimens, while, on a fragment from Dull,
-Perthshire, now in the Museum, figures are represented having shields with
-a large central and four smaller bosses. A figure is represented on the St
-Andrew's sarcophagus carrying a shield of an oval form, which has the
-narrow ends hollowed out, and a large central boss. On the Irish crosses
-such shields are also figured. On one of these in the street of Kells,
-county Meath, a battle is represented, the combatants on one side having
-simple round shields and swords, while the others are armed with spears
-and shields having an enormous spike or pointed boss, of which there is
-also one on a fragment at Jarrow, Durham. The shields of the chiefs,
-sculptured on their tombstones in the West Highlands, seem invariably of a
-triangular form, and on one slab alone, at Kilmory, Knapdale, does the
-shield seem circular. I should suppose, however, that the wooden shield
-was more common than the bronze one, from the immense number of bosses
-which have been found all over the country, the wood having rotted away,
-leaving the bosses which are of iron or bronze. The iron specimens had
-often a bronze rim; occasionally they were plated with silver, and in some
-rare cases overlaid with a thin plating of gold.
-
-[Illustration: Fragment of Dull Cross.]
-
-[Illustration: Sarcophagus at St Andrew's.]
-
-[Illustration: West Highland Chief.]
-
-During the excavations in the peat mosses of Thorsbjerg and Nydam, in
-South Jutland or Slesvig, under the sanction of the Danish government, and
-conducted by Conrad Engelhardt, between the years 1858 and 1863, remains
-of wooden shields were found in great abundance, these being thin boards
-varying in breadth from 3 to 9 inches, the average thickness 1/2 to 3/4 of
-an inch. Although hundreds of these were found, only three complete
-shields could be made up. The diameter seems to have been from 22 to 44
-inches; in the centre was the opening across which the handle was placed,
-over this opening was fixed the metal boss or umbo; on one piece only was
-found the remains of leather, the outer rim seems to have been protected
-by an edging of bronze. Occasionally the shields were highly ornamental,
-from having thin plates of bronze, cut into a sort of heraldic-looking
-pattern, riveted to them.
-
-Numerous iron and bronze bosses have been found in Anglo-Saxon graves,
-and to judge from the length of the rivets to attach these, the shields
-were 1/2-inch thick, in this respect resembling the Scandinavian
-specimens. One was found in Yorkshire in a perfect state, having a bronze
-boss and a metal rim. We are told of a king of the Goths in the year 553,
-the supposed age of these Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon shields, who,
-standing in the front of his band of warriors, received so many of the
-Roman javelins in his shield, which thus became so heavy that he was
-unable to hold it up, and was killed while his attendant was changing it
-for another. From this it would seem that the shield must, sometimes at
-least, have been of stronger material than those found in England or
-Slesvig.
-
-[Illustration: Wooden Shield, found in Blair-Drummond Moss.]
-
-The reading of this incident suggested to me that there was in our Museum
-the pieces of some circular object, very much decayed, and called in the
-old catalogue a wooden wheel, but, from the loose way in which the pieces
-were put together, it was difficult to say what it had been. On examining
-it, Mr Anderson and I were certain it could not have been a wheel, seeing
-that when it was carefully put together it was oval. I was now confirmed
-in my conjecture that it had been a shield, there being enough to show
-that the centre had been hollowed out for the handle, which, being raised
-on the outside, would form the boss. It, and part of another, were found
-in Blair-Drummond Moss, and presented to the Museum by the late Henry Home
-Drummond, Esq. The fragments of another were found in the same moss in
-1831: and, somewhere near it, a mortar or hand-mill, fashioned from the
-section of an oak; "there were also some flint arrow heads." Fortunately
-for comparison, a perfect specimen has been found since in Ireland, in the
-parish of Kiltubride, county Leitrim; it is 26-1/2 inches long by 21
-inches broad, and half an inch thick. Besides the boss, which is perfect
-and 3 inches high, there are seven slightly raised concentric circles, the
-whole carved out of one piece of wood, in this respect differing from the
-Blair-Drummond one, which is composed of three pieces most ingeniously put
-together by two mortises through the whole breadth, into which are put two
-pieces of wood about 2 inches broad and half an inch thick, these not only
-holding it together but preventing warping, while the centre is a solid
-piece of wood hollowed out for the hand, and is 7-1/2 inches in diameter,
-the two edges gradually bevelled up to make them join firmly. The shield
-is 2 feet long, 1 foot 7 inches broad, and at the thickest part 1-3/4
-inch, and gradually thinning towards the outer edge, where it is about 1
-inch. From this it will be seen that such a weapon in the hands of a
-powerful man who could use it would be an admirable defence, as in the
-case of the king of the Goths. Certainly shields of wood, half an inch
-thick, such as those found in Jutland and England (and the same may be
-said of the Irish one), would have been quite useless against the Roman
-javelins; and even Mr Engelhardt was puzzled how they could have been kept
-together to be effective, seeing he only found in one piece out of the
-hundreds any trace of dowelling.
-
-[Illustration: Section of Wooden Shield.]
-
-There can be no doubt that the Highland target is the traditional
-continuation of these early bronze and wooden shields, which evidently
-were the successors of the Cetra, or small round shield made from the skin
-of some animal, and mentioned by Tacitus as having been used by the
-Britons and also by the Mauritanians, who, he says, made it of elephants'
-skin. These must have resembled the shields used by some of the African
-tribes and North American Indians at the present day. They are almost
-invariably made of wood and covered with leather, the instances to the
-contrary, when they have been made of iron or steel, being the mere whims
-of individuals. One such is represented in the portrait of the Hon. James
-Campbell, son of John Lord Glenorchy (1708); another, having a formidable
-spike, is in my own possession,[4] and resembles one I have seen, said to
-have been used by an Earl of Marr, but there is nothing whatever of
-Highland character about them, being simply the iron or steel target
-formerly used in other European countries, which were occasionally
-embossed and engraved in a most elaborate manner. One of these, of Italian
-workmanship, is preserved in our Museum, having on it a classical subject
-in high relief, of the best style of this art during the 16th century. A
-curious Dutch shield of iron, belonging to Mr Charles Lees, R.S.A.,[4] is
-convex and covered with large bosses, some round and some of triangular
-form. It looks like a pageant shield.
-
-The leather of the Highland shield is very generally embossed with Celtic
-ornamentation,--a sort of repousse work, in the form of the twisted
-interlacing ribbon pattern, with scroll leafage filling up odd corners of
-the design, and now and then rude attempts at animals.[5] On one belonging
-to Sir J. Noel Paton there is a galley, a fish, and a nondescript kind of
-animal; and among those in the Museum is one with birds and grotesque
-animals surrounding its outer margin, sometimes initials and a date, the
-whole design divided by concentric circles of brass nails and bosses, the
-latter often engraved; in this style of ornament they resemble the early
-bronze shields, with their bosses and smaller studs; sometimes they are
-bound by a brass or steel rim.
-
-[Illustration: Boss.]
-
-[Illustration: Boss.]
-
-Occasionally the shield was converted into a formidable weapon of offence
-by having a strong and long pike screwed into the centre. This can easily
-be understood when the manner of fighting adopted by the Highlanders is
-considered. On approaching the enemy, "after discharging their pieces,
-they threw them away, as was their custom, drew their broadswords," raised
-their targets, and rushed forward before the smoke had cleared away,
-generally scattering their opponents by the fury and impetuosity of their
-attack, as was the case at Killiecrankie, Prestonpans, and other
-engagements. In the coat of arms granted to M'Pherson of Clunie in 1672,
-and emblazoned upon the green banner of the clan, the supporters are two
-Highlanders dressed as they fought at the Battle of the Shirts--each is
-armed with a shield having this long spike. Rae also tells us, in his
-history of the Rebellion in 1715, that the Laird of Luss joined the
-Highland host followed by "forty or fifty stately fellows, in their hose
-and belted plaids, armed each of them with a well-fixed gun on their
-shoulders, a strong handsome target, with a sharp-pointed steel of about
-half an ell in length screwed into the navel of it," &c. These targets
-generally have so much similarity in design, that we cannot help thinking
-they must have been made at one place in great quantities. In the
-specimens figured by Skelton, Logan, and Dr Stuart, this likeness is very
-apparent.
-
-The question naturally suggests itself, Where were these made? As a rule,
-not in the Highlands; my own opinion being that, for the West Highlands,
-at all events, they were made in Glasgow. In confirmation of this opinion,
-my friend the late Joseph Robertson told me that, in the MS. account of
-one of Queen Mary's masques, Highlanders are mentioned as appearing in
-their native dress of skins, and having Glasgow targets. Mr Dickson was
-kind enough to make search for this, but did not succeed in finding it,
-although he also thinks he saw it somewhere taken notice of.
-
-Nothing is more difficult than to assign dates to Highland weapons of
-almost any sort, from the retention of forms and styles of ornamentation
-of a very early, down to a comparatively recent period, unless the weapon
-bears undoubted evidence of antiquity. Now and then a date is found upon
-Highland Targets, and by comparison of design and workmanship a date may
-be given to others of similar manufacture. Sometimes again, when the
-history of a particular target is known, it may be of no value whatever in
-determining the date of others which may have been used at the same time;
-such a one is at Cluny Castle, said to have been the property of Prince
-Charles Edward, but unfortunately it is of French manufacture, and has
-nothing whatever of Celtic character about it; instead of the usual
-decorations, it has patches of silver chasing in the form of warlike
-weapons and emblems, while at the centre, in the place of a boss, is a
-chasing in relief of the Medusa's head. In the armoury at Warwick Castle
-was a rival shield of similar design, also said to have been used by the
-Prince. This was unfortunately destroyed during the fire at the castle in
-1871.
-
-The same difficulty as to date is experienced with Scandinavian weapons of
-various sorts, and is well illustrated in a quaint kind of powder-horns,
-very antique in design, on which are carved a series of the heroes of
-antiquity, each armed with a circular shield, which at first sight looks
-very like the Highland target; but on examination it has a large central
-boss, with a series of studs between it and the rim, not unlike bronze
-specimens in the Museum at Copenhagen, like these also in having only one
-handle. I have two powder-horns of this kind, on one of which the date is
-only 1739; while on the other, which is evidently of an earlier period,
-there seems a fringe of some kind round the outer rim of all the shields.
-
-In the quaint account of the Duke of Somerset's "Expedicion into
-Scotlande" in 1547, "Set out by way of Diarie, by W. Patten," there is
-notice taken of the "Targetts" used by some of the Scots at the disastrous
-battle of Pinkie. "Nye this place of onset, whear the Scottes, at their
-runynge awey, had let fall their weapons (as I sayd) thear found we,
-bysyde their common maner of armour, certyn nice instrumentes for war (as
-we thought). And they wear, nue boordes endes cut of, being about a foot
-in breadth, and half a yarde in leangth; hauyng on the insyde, handels
-made very cunnynly of ii cordes endes: These a Gods name wear their
-targetts again the shot of our small artillerie, for they wear not able to
-hold out a canon. And with these, found we great rattels, swellyng bygger
-than the belly of a pottell pot, coouered with old parchement or dooble
-papers, small stones put in them to make noys, and set vpon the end of a
-staff of more then twoo els long, and this was their fyne deuyse to fray
-our horses when our horsmen shoulde cum at them: Howbeeit bycaus the
-ryders wear no babyes, nor their horses no colts, they coold neyther
-duddle the tone nor fray the toother: so that this pollecye was as witles
-as their pour forcedes." The above must not be looked upon as the ordinary
-military shield, but rather as an extemporised makeshift to answer the
-same purpose, by the irregular troops got together so hurriedly and with
-so much difficulty by the governor, the Earl of Arran, who had recourse
-to the desperate measure of sending the Fiery Cross through the country to
-raise the army. This old Celtic and Scandinavian custom was, even by these
-nations, only used in cases of eminent peril; but when this Cross, the:--
-
-  "Dread messenger of fate and fear,
-  Stretched onward in its fleet career,
-  The fisherman forsook the strand,
-  The swarthy smith took dirk and brand;
-  With changed cheer, the mower blithe
-  Left in the half-cut swathe the scythe;
-  The herds without a keeper stray'd,
-  The plough was in mid-furrow staid,
-  The falc'ner tossed his hawk away,
-  The hunter left the stag at bay;
-  Prompt at the signal of alarms,
-  Each son of Alpine rushed to arms."[6]
-
-And so it was on this occasion; the summons was at once obeyed, and a
-motley, undisciplined, and poorly-armed crowd were assembled, but
-unfortunately, not like the Highlanders, who were accustomed to the almost
-daily use of their weapons. I have given the whole paragraph from Patten's
-diary, as it clearly shows that both the "Targetts and Rattells," from the
-primitive nature of their construction, had been hastily made up, and were
-not "their common maner of armour." Something of the same sort may be
-alluded to in a description of the armour of the Highlanders to be found
-in the Wodrow MSS. under date 1678, where they are mentioned as carrying
-"targets and shields of the most odde and antique forme." The _shields_
-here referred to may have been like the "nue boordes endes cut of," &c.,
-and used by the poorer clansmen.
-
-[Illustration: Handles and Arm straps of Highland Targets.]
-
-Of late years, from the great scarcity of genuine targets, imitation ones
-have been much manufactured for the purpose of making up Highland
-trophies, but these have entirely failed in the embossing of the leather
-and engraving of the studs, where that has been attempted. This scarcity
-has been caused by the severe manner in which the disarming acts of 1746
-were enforced; and Boswell, describing in 1773 the armour at Dunvegan
-Castle, says--"There is hardly a target now to be found in the Highlands.
-After the disarming act they made them serve as covers to their
-butter-milk barrels." By this means, no doubt, a number would be
-preserved. In other places, again, where the target was a fine one, and
-cared for by the family, the embossed leather cover, the really valuable
-part, seems to have been taken off and rolled up, in which state it would
-easily be concealed. This appears to have been the case with the one to
-which I would specially call attention.[7] It was brought from the island
-of Skye many years ago, and is not only different from the ordinary
-specimens in beauty and symmetry of design, which is worked out in a
-different and more artistic manner, but is also peculiar from having
-embossed at its centre the heraldic cognisance of the Lord of the Isles,
-of which Nesbit says, "The Macdonalds of the Isles carried, as in our old
-books, a double-headed eagle displayed." Its diameter is one foot eight
-inches, which is the average size of the Highland target. It must not be
-thought that leather and leather-covered targets were peculiar to the
-Highlands in mediaeval times; they were common in most European countries;
-Spain, in particular, was famous for them, and it may not be improbable
-that this was made in that country for one of the Macdonald chiefs, there
-having been a great traffic between the West Highlands and Spain, hides
-being exchanged for armour of all sorts, swords in particular. Spencer
-also speaks, in his "View of the State of Ireland," 1586, of the Northern
-Irish, especially of the Scots, as having round leather targets, often
-coloured in rude fashion. In this respect they differ from those of our
-Highlanders, as I am not aware of theirs ever having been painted,
-although the open work of the brass ornamentation was frequently filled in
-with leather or cloth of a bright colour. At the present day shields of
-buffalo hide or other strong leather are in use among many of the oriental
-nations; they are circular and almost invariably convex, the edges turned
-up towards the front, and are often most gorgeously emblazoned in gold and
-colour, having bosses of brass, silver, or even gold. In the Society's
-Museum are several fine specimens; one of these has an elaborate pattern
-in relief upon it, painted in purple and gold, while another has an
-ornamental design painted upon it in green and gold. Among the native
-tribes of Africa they are also used, being generally made from the skin of
-the rhinoceros, and by the Kaffirs of an oval shape, and so large that
-they act as a protection for the whole body; while the Fans use them of
-many forms manufactured from elephant skin. The Nubians sometimes make
-them of crocodile's skin, to which they attach much value. The shield of
-the Abyssinian is convex, and made of buffalo hide with bosses of silver
-or brass. Among some of the North American Indians they are also common.
-The Highland target differs from those of the early Britons and
-Scandinavians in having one or two arm-straps, and occasionally an
-arm-piece of leather, as well as a handle; the very early shields of
-bronze or wood, only having a handle below the central boss. The back of
-these targets is almost invariably covered with deer skin, below which is
-stuffing of some sort to deaden the effect of a blow upon the arm. On the
-Trajan column all the shields seem to have the double arrangement, while
-the Greeks used an arm-piece and a handle towards the rim.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-I.
-
-THE MACDONALD TARGET.
-
-
-This Target is covered with strong black leather, the Celtic ornamentation
-on it, which is highly artistic in character, being embossed in delicate
-relief, with the spaces around the pattern carefully and closely etched
-with a sharp point in a sort of endless cross-hatching, thus producing a
-dim flattened surface, and giving value to the raised design, which almost
-entirely covers the surface, leaving no space for any of the brass
-decorations so common on Highland targets. In the centre is the double
-headed eagle of the Macdonalds Lords of the Isles.
-
-[Illustration: THE MACDONALD TARGET. IN THE POSSESSION OF MR DRUMMOND,
-R.S.A.]
-
-
-
-
-II.
-
-HIGHLAND TARGETS.
-
-
-The two first are in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries. The one is
-of an early type and is bound with brass. On the outer circle of the
-design is stamped a series of rude attempts at birds. It originally has
-had a spike. The same class of ornamentation having been in use with
-little variation from an early period, it is no easy matter to affix dates
-to Highland and Scandinavian weapons of any sort, in such a specimen as
-this, however, age is unmistakeable. The second is of a pattern not
-unusual, with mountings of large bosses and triangular decorations of
-brass. The third is of chaste and symmetrical design, and the last is
-curious, from having worked upon it initials and a date as part of the
-pattern--D. M'L. 1723.
-
-[Illustration: HIGHLAND TARGETS.]
-
-
-
-
-III.
-
-HIGHLAND TARGETS.
-
-
-The first is elaborate and uncommon in the design upon the leather, and is
-more than usually rich in the variety of its brass decoration, it has
-originally had a large central boss. This fine specimen was the family
-target of the Campbells of Jura, and now belongs to Mr Gourlay Steell,
-R.S.A. The others are very good illustrations of the ordinary class of Old
-Highland targets.
-
-[Illustration: HIGHLAND TARGETS.]
-
-
-
-
-IV.
-
-BRONZE SHIELDS.
-
-
-The large shield is one of two found in 1837, during drain-making
-operations near Yetholm, they are nearly similar in size and pattern.
-Shortly after they were found, the gentleman to whom they belonged
-exhibited them at a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries; but after his
-death, they seem to have been so little cared for, that they were thrown
-into a garret with other lumber, of the antiquarian kind, and when the
-establishment was broken up, were bought with the rest as a _speculative
-lot_ of Chinese curiosities for a few shillings; but the purchaser
-fortunately offered them for sale at the Museum. This is a good
-illustration how many valuables of this kind go amissing or find their way
-to the melting-pot. Since then another was turned up in Yetholm Bog by a
-ploughman. Such shields have been found in England and Wales as well as in
-Scotland. In Ireland they are more rare, and among these few the plate
-represents one lately got in Lough Gur, County Limerick.
-
-[Illustration: SCOTTISH AND IRISH BRONZE SHIELDS.]
-
-
-
-
-V.
-
-VARIOUS SHIELDS FOR COMPARISON.
-
-
-The first is a shield of crocodile's skin from Nubia, when made of this
-material they were very highly prized by the natives, and consequently not
-often met with in collections. This specimen is in the Antiquarian Museum.
-They were oftener made from hippopotamus skin. The next is oriental and of
-buffalo hide, and below it is a Dutch or German shield of iron on a strong
-framework of wood, the iron covering having a series of triangular studs
-struck up on its surface, while a number of circular pointed ones are
-rivetted on it, surrounding the large central boss. The other is a steel
-or iron shield of a class sometimes shewn in Scotland as Highland, but in
-reality the same as were used in other European countries.
-
-[Illustration: _Circular Shields._]
-
-
-
-
-VI.
-
-ROMAN LEGIONARY SCULPTURED STONE.
-
-
-This splendid slab was found in 1868 on a rocky promontory within ten
-yards of the sea, close by the harbour of Bridgeness, Linlithgowshire, it
-was face down, and covered by about two feet of soil. It is divided into
-three panels, the centre one being an inscription dedicatory to their
-emperor by the second legion on the completion of a portion of the wall of
-Antoninus, about A.D. 150. The panel to the right of the inscription has
-sculptured on it a Roman soldier, having a rounded shield with boss,
-galloping over some of the natives, who have oblong square shields with
-circular bosses. On the other is a group by an altar. This interesting
-relic was presented to the Antiquarian Museum by Harry Cadell, of Grange,
-Esquire.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-FOOTNOTES:
-
-[1] Plate VI.
-
-[2] Museum of the Antiquaries.
-
-[3] Plate IV.
-
-[4] Plate V.
-
-[5] Plates II., III.
-
-[6] Lady of the Lake.
-
-[7] Plate I.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Highland Targets and Other Shields, by
-James Drummond
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