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diff --git a/41501-0.txt b/41501-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c09a78b --- /dev/null +++ b/41501-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3278 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41501 *** + + HOW TO READ + HUMAN NATURE: + + ITS INNER STATES AND + OUTER FORMS + + By WILLIAM WALKER ATKINSON + + + WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS + + + L. N. FOWLER & CO. + 7, Imperial Arcade, Ludgate Circus + London, E. C., England + + 1916 + THE ELIZABETH TOWNE CO. + HOLYOKE, MASS. + + + + + COPYRIGHT 1913 + BY + ELIZABETH TOWNE + + + + + HOW TO READ + HUMAN NATURE + + + + +CONTENTS + + + Chapter Page + I. Inner State and Outer Form 9 + II. The Inner Phase: Character 29 + III. The Outer Form: Personality 38 + IV. The Temperaments 47 + V. The Mental Qualities 68 + VI. The Egoistic Qualities 76 + VII. The Motive Qualities 81 + VIII. The Vitative Qualities 89 + IX. The Emotive Qualities 93 + X. The Applicative Qualities 100 + XI. The Modificative Qualities 107 + XII. The Relative Qualities 114 + XIII. The Perceptive Qualities 122 + XIV. The Reflective Qualities 139 + XV. The Religio-Moral Qualities 148 + XVI. Faces 156 + XVII. Chins and Mouths 169 + XVIII. Eyes, Ears, and Noses 177 + XIX. Miscellaneous Signs 186 + + + + +CHAPTER I + +INNER STATE AND OUTER FORM + + +"Human Nature" is a term most frequently used and yet but little +understood. The average person knows in a general way what he and others +mean when this term is employed, but very few are able to give an +off-hand definition of the term or to state what in their opinion +constitutes the real essence of the thought expressed by the familiar +phrase. We are of the opinion that the first step in the process of +correct understanding of any subject is that of acquaintance with its +principal terms, and, so, we shall begin our consideration of the +subject of Human Nature by an examination of the term used to express +the idea itself. + +"Human," of course, means "of or pertaining to man or mankind." +Therefore, Human Nature means the _nature_ of man or mankind. "Nature," +in this usage, means: "The natural disposition of mind of any person; +temper; personal character; individual constitution; the peculiar +mental characteristics and attributes which serve to distinguish one +person from another." + +Thus we see that the essence of the _nature_ of men, or of a particular +human being, is the _mind_, the mental qualities, characteristics, +properties and attributes. Human Nature is then a phase of psychology +and subject to the laws, principles and methods of study, examination +and consideration of that particular branch of science. + +But while the general subject of psychology includes the consideration +of the inner workings of the mind, the processes of thought, the nature +of feeling, and the operation of the will, the special subject of Human +Nature is concerned only with the question of character, disposition, +temperament, personal attributes, etc., of the individuals making up the +race of man. Psychology is general--Human Nature is particular. +Psychology is more or less abstract--Human Nature is concrete. +Psychology deals with laws, causes and principles--Human Nature deals +with effects, manifestations, and expressions. + +Human Nature expresses itself in two general phases, i.e., (1) the +phase of Inner States; and (2) the phase of Outer Forms. These two +phases, however, are not separate or opposed to each other, but are +complementary aspects of the same thing. There is always an action and +reaction between the Inner State and the Outer Form--between the Inner +Feeling and the Outer Expression. If we know the particular Inner State +we may infer the appropriate Outer Form; and if we know the Outer Form +we may infer the Inner State. + +That the Inner State affects the Outer Form is a fact generally +acknowledged by men, for it is in strict accordance with the general +experience of the race. We know that certain mental states will result +in imparting to the countenance certain lines and expressions +appropriate thereto; certain peculiarities of carriage and manner, voice +and demeanor. The facial characteristics, manner, walk, voice and +gestures of the miser will be recognized as entirely different from that +of the generous person; those of the coward differ materially from those +of the brave man; those of the vain are distinguished from those of the +modest. We know that certain mental attitudes will produce the +corresponding physical expressions of a smile, a frown, an open hand, a +clenched fist, an erect spine or bowed shoulders, respectively. We also +know that certain feelings will cause the eye to sparkle or grow dim, +the voice to become resonant and positive or to become husky and weak; +according to the nature of the feelings. + +Prof. Wm. James says: "What kind of emotion of fear would be left if the +feeling neither of trembling lips nor of weakened limbs, neither of +goose-flesh nor of visceral stirrings, were present, it is quite +impossible for me to think. Can one fancy the state of rage and picture +no ebullition in the chest, no flushing of the face, no dilation of the +nostrils, no clenching of the teeth, no impulse to vigorous action, but +in their stead limp muscles, calm breathing, and a placid face?" + +Prof. Halleck says: "All the emotions have well-defined muscular +expression. Darwin has written an excellent work entitled, _The +Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals_, to which students must +refer for a detailed account of such expression. A very few examples +must suffice here. In all the exhilarating emotions, the eyebrows, the +eyelids, the nostrils, and the angles of the mouth are raised. In the +depressing passions it is the reverse. This general statement conveys so +much truth, that a careful observer can read a large part of the history +of a human being written in the face. For this reason many phrenologists +have wisely turned physiognomists. Grief is expressed by raising the +inner ends of the eyebrows, drawing down the corners of the mouth, and +transversely wrinkling the middle part of the forehead. In Terra del +Fuego, a party of natives conveyed to Darwin the idea that a certain man +was low-spirited, by pulling down their cheeks in order to make their +faces long. Joy is expressed by drawing backward and upward the corners +of the mouth. The upper lip rises and draws the cheeks upward, forming +wrinkles under the eyes. The elevation of the upper lip and the nostrils +expresses contempt. A skillful observer can frequently tell if one +person admires another. In this case the eyebrows are raised, disclosing +a brightening eye and a relaxed expression; sometimes a gentle smile +plays about the mouth. Blushing is merely the physical expression of +certain emotions. We notice the expression of emotion more in the +countenance, because the effects are there more plainly visible; but the +muscles of the entire body, the vital organs, and the viscera, are also +vehicles of expression." + +These things need but a mention in order to be recognized and admitted. +This is the _action_ of the Inner upon the Outer. There is, however, a +_reaction_ of the Outer upon the Inner, which while equally true is not +so generally recognized nor admitted, and we think it well to briefly +call your attention to the same, for the reason that this correspondence +between the Inner and the Outer--this _reaction_ as well as the +_action_--must be appreciated in order that the entire meaning and +content of the subject of Human Nature may be fully grasped. + +That the _reaction_ of the Outer Form upon the Inner State may be +understood, we ask you to consider the following opinions of well-known +and accepted authorities of the New Psychology, regarding the +established fact that a _physical expression related to a mental state, +will, if voluntarily induced, tend to in turn induce the mental state +appropriate to it_. We have used these quotations in other books of this +series, but will insert them here in this place because they have a +direct bearing upon the particular subject before us, and because they +furnish direct and unquestioned authority for the statements just made +by us. We ask you to consider them carefully, for they express a most +important truth. + +Prof. Halleck says: "By inducing an expression we can often cause its +allied emotion.... Actors have frequently testified to the fact that +emotion will arise if they go through the appropriate muscular +movements. In talking to a character on the stage, if they clench the +fist and frown, they often find themselves becoming really angry; if +they start with counterfeit laughter, they find themselves growing +cheerful. A German professor says that he cannot walk with a +schoolgirl's mincing step and air without feeling frivolous." + +Prof. Wm. James says: "Whistling to keep up courage is no mere figure of +speech. On the other hand, sit all day in a moping posture, sigh, and +reply to everything with a dismal voice, and your melancholy lingers. If +we wish to conquer undesirable emotional tendencies in ourselves, we +must assiduously, and in the first instance coldbloodedly, go through +the _outward movements_ of those contrary dispositions which we wish to +cultivate. Smooth the brow, brighten the eye, contract the dorsal rather +than the ventral aspect of the frame, and speak in a major key, pass the +genial compliment, and your heart must indeed be frigid if it does not +gradually thaw." + +Dr. Wood Hutchinson, says: "To what extent muscular contractions +condition emotions, as Prof. James has suggested, may be easily tested +by a quaint and simple little experiment upon a group of the smallest +voluntary muscles of the body, those that move the eyeball. Choose some +time when you are sitting quietly in your room, free from all disturbing +influences. Then stand up, and assuming an easy position, cast the eyes +upward and hold them in that position for thirty seconds. Instantly and +involuntarily you will be conscious of a tendency toward reverential, +devotional, contemplative ideas and thoughts. Then turn the eyes +sideways, glancing directly to the right or to the left, through +half-closed lids. Within thirty seconds images of suspicion, of +uneasiness, or of dislike will rise unbidden to the mind. Turn the eyes +on one side and slightly downward, and suggestions of jealousy or +coquetry will be apt to spring unbidden. Direct your gaze downward +toward the floor, and you are likely to go off into a fit of reverie or +abstraction." + +Prof. Maudsley says: "The specific muscular action is not merely an +exponent of passion, but truly an essential part of it. If we try while +the features are fixed in the expression of one passion to call up in +the mind a different one, we shall find it impossible to do so." + +We state the fact of the _reaction_ of the Outer upon the Inner, with +its supporting quotations from the authorities, not for the purpose of +instructing our readers in the art of training the emotions by means of +the physical, for while this subject is highly important, it forms no +part of the particular subject under our present consideration--but +that the student may realize the close relationship existing between the +Inner State and the Outer Form. These two elements or phases, in their +constant action and reaction, manifest the phenomena of Human Nature, +and a knowledge of each, and both give to us the key which will open for +us the door of the understanding of Human Nature. + +Let us now call your attention to an illustration which embodies both +principles--that of the Inner and the Outer--and the action and reaction +between them, as given by that master of subtle ratiocination, Edgar +Allan Poe. Poe in his story "The Purloined Letter" tells of a boy at +school who attained great proficiency in the game of "even or odd" in +which one player strives to guess whether the marbles held in the hand +of his opponent are odd or even. The boy's plan was to gauge the +intelligence of his opponent regarding the matter of making changes, and +as Poe says: "this lay in mere observation and admeasurement of the +astuteness of his opponents." Poe describes the process as follows: "For +example, an arrant simpleton is his opponent, and, holding up his +closed hand, asks, 'are they even or odd?' Our schoolboy replies, 'odd,' +and loses; but upon the second trial he wins, for he then says to +himself, 'the simpleton had them even upon the first trial, and his +amount of cunning is just sufficient to make him have them odd upon the +second; I will therefore guess odd;'--he guesses and wins. Now, with a +simpleton a degree above the first, he would have reasoned thus: 'This +fellow finds that in the first instance I guessed odd, and, in the +second, he will propose to himself upon the first impulse, a simple +variation from even to odd, as did the first simpleton; but then a +second thought will suggest that this is too simple a variation, and +finally he will decide upon putting it even as before. I will therefore +guess even;' he guesses even and wins." + +Poe continues by stating that this "is merely an identification of the +reasoner's intellect with that of his opponent. Upon inquiring of the +boy by what means he effected the _thorough_ identification in which his +success consisted, I received answer as follows: 'When I wish to find +out how wise, or how stupid, or how good, or how wicked is any one, or +what are his thoughts at the moment, _I fashion the expression of my +face, as accurately as possible in accordance with the expression of +his, and then wait to see what thoughts or sentiments arise in my mind +or heart, as if to match or correspond with the expression_.' This +response of the school boy lies at the bottom of all the spurious +profundity which has been attributed to Rochefoucauld, to La Bougive, to +Machiavelli, and to Campanella." + +In this consideration of Human Nature we shall have much to say about +the Outer Form. But we must ask the reader to always remember that the +Outer Form is always the expression and manifestation of the Inner +State, be that Inner State latent and dormant within the depths of the +subconscious mentality, or else active and dynamic in conscious +expression. Just as Prof. James so strongly insists, we cannot imagine +an inner feeling or emotion without its corresponding outward physical +expression, so is it impossible to imagine the outward expressions +generally associated with a particular feeling or emotion without its +corresponding inner state. Whether or not one of these, the outer or +inner, is the _cause_ of the other--and if so, _which one_ is the cause +and which the effect--need not concern us here. In fact, it would seem +more reasonable to accept the theory that they are correlated and appear +simultaneously. Many careful thinkers have held that action and reaction +are practically the same thing--merely the opposite phases of the same +fact. If this be so, then indeed when we are studying the Outer Form of +Human Nature we are studying psychology just as much as when we are +studying the Inner States. Prof. Wm. James in his works upon psychology +insists upon the relevancy of the consideration of the outward +expressions of the inner feeling and emotion, as we have seen. The same +authority speaks even more emphatically upon this phase of the subject, +as follows: + +"The feeling, in the coarser emotions, results from the bodily +expression.... My theory is that the bodily changes follow directly the +perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same +changes as they occur _is_ the emotion.... Particular perceptions +certainly do produce widespread bodily effects by a sort of immediate +physical influence, antecedent to the arousal of an emotion or emotional +idea.... Every one of the bodily changes, whatsoever it may be, is +_felt_, acutely or obscurely, the moment it occurs.... If we fancy some +strong emotion, and then try to abstract from our consciousness of it +all the feelings of its bodily symptoms, we have nothing left behind.... +A disembodied human emotion is a sheer nonentity. I do not say that it +is a contradiction in the nature of things, or that pure spirits are +necessarily condemned to cold intellectual lives; but I say that for +_us_ emotion disassociated from all bodily feeling is inconceivable. The +more closely I scrutinize my states, the more persuaded I become that +whatever 'coarse' affections and passions I have are in very truth +constituted by, and made up of, those bodily changes which we ordinarily +call their expression or consequence.... But our emotions must always be +_inwardly_ what they are, whatever may be the physiological ground of +their apparition. If they are deep, pure, worthy, spiritual facts on any +conceivable theory of their physiological source, they remain no less +deep, pure, spiritual, and worthy of regard on this present sensational +theory." + +Kay says: "Does the mind or spirit of man, whatever it may be, in its +actings in and through the body, leave a material impression or trace in +its structure of every conscious action it performs, which remains +permanently fixed, and forms a material record of all that it has done +in the body, to which it can afterward refer as to a book and recall to +mind, making it again, as it were, present to it?... We find nature +everywhere around us recording its movements and marking the changes it +has undergone in material forms,--in the crust of the earth, the +composition of the rocks, the structure of the trees, the conformation +of our bodies, and those spirits of ours, so closely connected with our +material bodies, that so far as we know, they can think no thought, +perform no action, without their presence and co-operation, may have +been so joined in order to preserve a material and lasting record of +all that they think and do." + +Marsh says: "Every human movement, every organic act, every volition, +passion, or emotion, every intellectual process, is accompanied with +atomic disturbance." Picton says: "The soul never does one single action +by itself apart from some excitement of bodily tissue." Emerson says: +"The rolling rock leaves its scratches on the mountain; the river its +channel in the soil; the animal its bones in the stratum; the fern and +leaf their modest epitaph in the coal. The falling drop makes its +sculpture in the sand or stone.... The ground is all memoranda and +signatures, and every object covered over with hints which speak to the +intelligent. In nature this self-registration is incessant." Morell +says: "The mind depends for the manifestation of all its activities upon +a material organism." Bain says: "The organ of the mind is not the brain +by itself; it is the brain, nerve, muscles, organs of sense, viscera.... +It is uncertain how far even thought, reminiscence, or the emotions of +the past and absent could be sustained without the more distant +communication between the brain and the rest of the body." And, thus, as +we consider the subject carefully we see that psychology is as much +concerned with the physical manifestations of the mental impulses and +states as with the metaphysical aspect of those states--as much with the +Outer Form as with the Inner State--for it is practically impossible to +permanently separate them. + +As an illustration of the physical accompaniment or Outer Form, of the +psychical feeling or Inner State, the following quotation from Darwin's +"Origin of the Emotions," will well serve the purpose: + +"Fear is often preceded by astonishment, and is so far akin to it that +both lead to the senses of sight and hearing being instantly aroused. In +both cases the eyes and mouth are widely opened and the eyebrows raised. +The frightened man at first stands like a statue, motionless and +breathless, or crouches down as if instinctively to escape observation. +The heart beats quickly and violently, so that it palpitates or knocks +against the ribs; but it is very doubtful if it then works more +efficiently than usual, so as to send a greater supply of blood to all +parts of the body; for the skin instantly becomes pale as during +incipient faintness. This paleness of the surface, however, is probably +in large part, or is exclusively, due to the vaso-motor centre being +affected in such a manner as to cause the contraction of the small +arteries of the skin. That the skin is much affected under the sense of +great fear, we see in the marvelous manner in which perspiration +immediately exudes from it. This exudation is all the more remarkable, +as the surface is then cold, and hence the term, a cold sweat; whereas +the sudorific glands are properly excited into action when the surface +is heated. The hairs also on the skin stand erect, and the superficial +muscles shiver. In connection with the disturbed action of the heart the +breathing is hurried. The salivary glands act imperfectly; the mouth +becomes dry and is often opened and shut. I have noticed that under +slight fear there is a strong tendency to yawn. One of the best marked +symptoms is the trembling of all the muscles of the body; and this is +often seen in the lips. From this cause, and from the dryness of the +mouth, the voice becomes husky or indistinct or may altogether fail.... +As fear increases into an agony of terror, we behold, as under all +violent emotions, diversified results. The heart beats wildly or fails +to act and faintness ensues; there is a death-like pallor; the breathing +is labored; the wings of the nostrils are widely dilated; there is a +gasping and convulsive motion of the lips; a tremor of the hollow cheek, +a gulping and catching of the throat; the uncovered and protruding +eyeballs are fixed on the object of terror; or they may roll restlessly +from side to side. The pupils are said to be enormously dilated. All the +muscles of the body may become rigid or may be thrown into convulsive +movements. The hands are alternately clenched and opened, often with a +twitching movement. The arms may be protruded as if to avert some +dreadful danger, or may be thrown wildly over the head. The Rev. Mr. +Hagenauer has seen this latter action in a terrified Australian. In +other cases there is a sudden and uncontrolled tendency to headlong +flight; and so strong is this that the boldest soldiers may be seized +with a sudden panic." + +In conclusion, let us say that just as the above striking description of +the master-scientist, Darwin, shows us that the particular emotion has +its outer manifestations--the particular Inner State its Outer Form--so +has the general _character_ of the person its outer manifestation, and +Outer Form. And, just as to the eye of the experienced observer at a +distance (even in the case of a photographic representation, +particularly in the case of a moving picture) may recognize the Inner +State from the Outer Form of the feeling or emotion, so may the +experienced character reader interpret the whole character of the person +from the Outer Form thereof. The two interpretations are based on +exactly the same general principles. The inner thought and feeling +manifest in the outer physical form. He who learns the alphabet of Outer +Form may read page after page of the book of Human Nature. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +THE INNER PHASE: CHARACTER + + +Do you know what "character" is? The word itself, in its derivation and +original usage, means: "a stamp, mark or sign, engraved or stamped." As +time passed the term was applied to the personal peculiarities of +individuals, and was defined as: "the personal qualities or attributes +of a person; the distinguishing traits of a person." Later the term was +extended to mean: "the part enacted by anyone in a play." In the common +usage of the term we seek to convey an idea in which each and all of the +above stated meanings are combined. A man's character is the result of +_impressions_ made upon his own mind, or those of the race. It is also +the sum of his personal qualities and attributes. It is also, in a +sense, the part he plays in the great drama of life. + +Each man's character has its inner phase consisting of the accumulated +impressions of the past which seek to manifest in the present. And, +likewise, the character of each man manifests in an outer phase of +form, mark, and stamp of _personality_. There are no two characters +precisely alike. There is an infinite possibility of combination of the +elements that go to make up character. This is accordance with what +appears to be a universal law of nature, for there are no two blades of +grass exactly alike, nor two grains of sand bearing an exact resemblance +to each other. Nature seems to seek after and to manifest variety of +form and quality. But, still, just as we may classify all things, +animate and inanimate, into general classes and then into subordinate +ones--each genus and each species having its particular characteristics, +qualities and attributes, so we may, and do, classify human character +into general classes and then into particular subdivisions into which +each individual is found to fit. This fact makes it possible for us to +study Human Nature as a science. + +The character of each individual is held to be the result of the +impressions made upon the plastic material of the mind, either in the +form of past impressions upon his ancestors or of past impressions +received by the individual. The past impressions reach him through the +channel of heredity, while the personal impressions come to him through +environment. But by heredity we do not mean the transmission of the +personal characteristics of one's parents or even grand-parents, but +something far deeper and broader. We believe that one inherits far less +of the qualities of one's parents than is generally believed. But, we +believe that much that goes to make up our character is derived from the +associated qualities and impressions of many generations of ancestors. +Inasmuch as each individual contains within him the transmitted +qualities of nearly every individual who lived several thousand years +ago, it may be said that each individual is an heir to the accumulated +impressions of the race, which however form in an infinite variety of +combinations, the result being that although the root of the race is the +same yet each individual differs in combination from each other +individual. As Luther Burbank has said: "Heredity means much, but what +is heredity? Not some hideous ancestral specter, forever crossing the +path of a human being. Heredity is simply the sum of all the effects of +all the environments of all past generations on the responsive +ever-moving life-forces." + +The records of the past environment of the race are stored away in the +great region of the subconscious mentality, from whence they arise in +response to the call of some attractive object of thought or perception, +always, however, modified and restrained by the opposite +characteristics. As Prof. Elmer Gates has said: "At least ninety per +cent of our mental life is sub-conscious. If you will analyze your +mental operations you will find that conscious thinking is never a +continuous line of consciousness, but a series of conscious data with +great intervals of subconsciousness. We sit and try to solve a problem +and fail. We walk around, try again and fail. Suddenly an idea dawns +that leads to a solution of the problem. The sub-conscious processes +were at work. We do not volitionally create our own thinking. It takes +place in us. We are more or less passive recipients. We cannot change +the nature of a thought, or of a truth, but we can, as it were, guide +the ship by a moving of the helm." + +But character is dependent upon race inheritance only for its raw +materials, which are then worked into shape by the influence of +environment and by the will of the individual. A man's environment is, +to some extent at least, dependent upon the will. A man may change his +environment, and by the use of his will he may overcome many inherited +tendencies. As Halleck well says: "Heredity is a powerful factor, for it +supplies raw material for the will to shape. Even the will cannot make +anything without material. Will acts through choice, and some kinds of +environment afford far more opportunities for choice than others. +Shakespeare found in London the germ of true theatrical taste, already +vivified by a long line of miracle plays, moralities and interludes. In +youth he connected himself with the theatre, and his will responded +powerfully to his environment. Some surroundings are rich in suggestion, +affording opportunity for choice, while others are poor. The will is +absolutely confined to a choice between alternatives. _Character then, +is a resultant of will power, heredity and environment._ The modern +tendency is to overestimate the effects of heredity and environment in +forming character; but, on the other hand, we must not underestimate +them. The child of a Hottentot put in Shakespeare's home, and afterward +sent away to London with him, would never have made a Shakespeare; for +heredity would not have given the will sufficient raw material to +fashion over into such a noble product. We may also suppose a case to +show the great power of environment. Had a band of gypsies stolen +Shakespeare at birth, carried him to Tartary, and left him among the +nomads, his environment would never have allowed him to produce such +plays as he placed upon the English stage." + +Many persons are reluctant to admit the effect of heredity upon +character. They seem to regard heredity as the idea of a monster ruling +the individual with an iron hand, and with an emphasis upon undesirable +traits of character. Such people lose sight of the fact that at the best +heredity merely supplies us with the raw material of character rather +than the finished product, and that _there is much good in this raw +material_. We receive our inheritance of good as well as bad. Deprive a +man of the advantage of his heredity, and we place him back to the plane +of the savage, or perhaps still lower in the scale. Heredity is simply +the shoulders of the race affording us a place for our feet, in order +that we may rise higher than those who lived before. For _heredity_, +substitute _evolution_, and we may get a clearer idea of this element of +character. + +As for environment, it is folly to deny its influence. Take two young +persons of equal ability, similar tastes, and the same heredity, and +place them one in a small village, and the other in a great metropolis, +and keep them there until middle-age, and we will see the influence of +environment. The two may be equally happy and contented, and may possess +the same degree of book-education, but, nevertheless, their experiences +will have been so different that the character of the two individuals +must be different. In the same way, place the two young persons, one in +the Whitechapel district, and the other amidst the best surroundings +and example, and see the result. Remember, that in _environment_ is +included the influence of other persons. The effect of environment +arises from Suggestion, that great moulding and creative principle of +the mind. It is true that, "As a man thinketh, so is he," but a man's +thoughts depend materially upon the _associations_ of environment, +experience, and suggestion. As Ziehen says: "We cannot think as we will, +but we must think as just those associations which happen to be present +prescribe." + +But, without going further into the question of the elements which go +toward forming character, let us take our position firmly upon the fact +that each individual is stamped with the impression of a special +character--a _character_ all his own. Each has his own character or part +to play in the great drama of life. The character of some seems fixed +and unchangeable, while that of others is seen to be in the process of +change. But in either case each and every man has his own character or +manifestation of Human Nature, in its inner and outer aspects. And each +individual, while in a sense forming a special class by himself, +nevertheless belongs to a larger class, which in turn is a part of a +still larger, and so on. + +Instead of studying the philosophy or metaphysics of character, or even +its general psychology, let us in this particular volume devote our +attention to the elements which go to form the character of each and +every person, so that we may understand them when we meet them in +manifested form. And let us learn the Outer Form which accompany these +Inner States. + +Upon the stage of Life move backward and forward many characters, each +having his or her own form, manner and appearance, which like those of +the characters upon the mimic stage, may be recognized if we will but +bestow a little care upon the subject. The Othellos, Hamlets, Shylocks, +Iagos, Richards, Lears, and the rest are to be found in everyday life. +The Micawbers, Chuzzlewits, Twists, and the rest are in as full evidence +on the streets and in the offices, as in the books. The person who is +able to read and interpret Human Nature is possessed of a knowledge far +more useful to him than that contained within the covers of musty books +upon impractical subjects. + + + + +CHAPTER III + +THE OUTER PHASE: PERSONALITY + + +Just as _character_ is the inner phase of Human Nature, so is +_personality_ its outer phase. To many the two terms are synonymous, but +analysis will show the shades of difference between them. A man's +_character_ is his inner self, while his _personality_ is the outward +indication of his self. The word, in this sense, is defined as: "That +which constitutes the personal traits of a person, as his manner, +conduct, habits, appearance, and other observable personal +peculiarities." + +The word is derived from the Latin word, _persona_, meaning, "a mask +used by play-actors," which in turn was derived from the two words +_per_, meaning "through," and _sono_, meaning, "to sound," or combined, +"to sound through." And the derivation of the term really gives us an +idea of its inner meaning, for the personality is really the mask worn +by the character, and _through which it sounds_, speaks, or manifests +itself, Jeremy Taylor once said: "No man can long put on _person_ and +act a part but his evil manners will peep through the corners of his +white robe." Archbishop Trench once said that the real meaning of the +phrase, "God is no respecter of _persons_" is that the Almighty cared +nothing for what _part_ in life a person plays, but _how_ he plays it. +The old-time play-actor was wont to assume a mask of the features of the +part he played, just as the modern actor "makes up" for the part and +walks, speaks and acts in accordance therewith. Whether or not the +individual be aware of the fact, Nature furnishes to each his mask of +personality--his _persona_--by which those who understand may recognize +the part he plays, or his character. In both the inner _character_, and +the outer _personality_, each individual struts the stage of life and +plays his part. + +The mask or "make up," of personality, by which men may read each +other's character, is evolved and developed from the instinctive +physical expression accompanying thought, feeling and emotion. Just as +the frown accompanying the feeling of annoyance or anger will, if +repeated sufficiently often, become fixed upon the countenance of the +man, so will all of his general thoughts, feelings and emotions register +themselves in his manner, gait, tone of voice, carriage and facial +expression. Moreover, his inherited tendencies will show themselves in +the same way. + +Professor Wm. James says, regarding the genesis of emotional reactions: +"How come the various objects which excite emotion to produce such +special and different bodily effects? This question was not asked till +quite recently, but already some interesting suggestions toward +answering it have been made. Some movements of expression can be +accounted for as weakened repetitions of movements which formerly (when +they were stronger) were of utility to the subject. Others are similarly +weakened repetitions of movements which under other conditions were +physiologically necessary concomitants of the useful movements. Of the +latter reactions, the respiratory disturbances in anger and fear might +be taken as examples--organic reminiscences, as it were, reverberations +in imagination of the blowings of the man making a series of combative +efforts, or the pantings of one in precipitate flight. Such at least is +a suggestion made by Mr. Spencer which has found approval." + +Herbert Spencer says, on this subject: "To have in a slight degree such +psychical states as accompany the reception of wounds, and are +experienced during flight, is to be in a state of what we call fear. And +to have in a slight degree such psychical states as the processes of +catching, killing, and eating imply, is to have the desires to catch, +kill and eat. That the propensities to the acts are nothing else than +nascent excitations of the psychical state involved in the acts, is +proved by the natural language of the propensities. Fear, when strong, +expresses itself in cries, in efforts to escape in palpitations, in +tremblings; and these are just the manifestations that go along with an +actual suffering of the evil feared. The destructive passion is shown in +a general tension of the muscular system, in gnashing of teeth and +protrusion of the claws, in dilated eyes and nostrils in growls; and +these are weaker forms of the actions that accompany the killing of +prey. To such objective evidences every one can add subjective +evidences. Everyone can testify that the psychical state called fear +consists of mental representations of certain painful results; and that +the one called anger consists of mental representations of the actions +and impressions which would occur while inflicting some kind of pain." + +Professor Wm. James adds the following to the discussion: "So slight a +symptom as the snarl or sneer, the one-sided uncovering of the upper +teeth, is accounted for by Darwin as a survival from the time when our +ancestors had large canines, and unfleshed him (as dogs do now) for +attack. Similarly the raising of the eyebrows in outward attention, the +opening of the mouth in astonishment, come, according to the same +author, from the utility of these movements in extreme cases. The +raising of the eyebrows goes with the opening of the eye for better +vision, the opening of the mouth with the intensest listening, and with +the rapid catching of the breath which precedes muscular effort. The +distension of the nostrils in anger is interpreted by Spencer as an +echo of the way in which our ancestors had to breathe when, during +combat, their 'mouth was filled up by a part of an antagonist's body +that had been seized.' The trembling of fear is supposed by Mantegazza +to be for the sake of warming the blood. The reddening of the face and +neck is called by Wundt a compensatory arrangement for relieving the +brain of the blood-pressure which the simultaneous excitement of the +heart brings with it. The effusion of tears is explained both by this +author and by Darwin to be a blood-withdrawing agency of a similar sort. +The contraction of the muscles around the eyes, of which the primitive +use is to protect those organs from being too much gorged with blood +during the screaming fits of infancy, survives in adult life in the +shape of the frown, which instantly comes over the brow when anything +difficult or displeasing presents itself either to thought or action." + +Thus, it will be seen, the fact that all inward states manifest +themselves to some degree in outward physical expression, brings with it +the logical inference that particular mental states when habitually +manifested tend to fix in the physical organism the expression +associated with them. As "thoughts take form in action," so habitual +mental states tend to register traces of those actions. A piece of paper +folded in a certain way several times shows plainly the marks on the +folding. In the same manner the creases in our clothing, shoes and +gloves, show the marks of our personal physical form. A habitual mental +state of cheerfulness is accompanied by a frequent exercise of the +muscles expressing the physical signs of that feeling, and finally the +smile wrinkles are formed that all may read them. In the same way the +gloomy, pessimistic mental attitude produces the marks and wrinkles +showing the habit of frequent down-turning of the corners of our mouths. +A habitual mental attitude of suspicion will tend to impart the +appearance of the "suspicious peering" to our eyes. The mental attitude +of combativeness will likewise give us the traditional set jaw and +tightly compressed lips. The mental attitude of lack of self-respect +will show itself in our walk, and so, in the opposite manner with the +mental attitude of self-respect. People grow to walk, talk, carry +themselves, and "look like" their habitual mental attitude. + +Dr. A. T. Schofield, says: "'He is a dull scholar,' it is said, 'who +cannot read a man's character even from a back view.' Round a statue of +the prince Consort in Edinburgh stand representative groups paying +homage to him. If you get a back view of any of these you can see +unconscious mind impressed on matter, and can tell at once the sailor or +soldier, peasant or scholar or workman. Look at the body and face of a +man when the mind is gone. Look at the body of a man who has lost his +self-respect. Look at the body of a thief, of a sot, of a miser. Compare +the faces and expressions of a philanthropist, of a beggar, of a +policeman, of a scholar, of a sailor, of a lawyer, of a doctor, of a +shop-walker, of a sandwich man, of a farmer, of a successful +manufacturer, of a nurse, of a refined girl, of a servant, of a barmaid, +of a nun, of a ballet dancer, of an art student, and answer to yourself +these two questions: First, are these different expressions of body and +face due essentially to _physical_ or _psychical_ causes? And, secondly, +do these psychical causes act on the facial and other muscles in +consciousness or out of consciousness. The only possible answers to +these two questions leave us with this fact, were no other proof +possible, that we each have within us an unconscious _psychical_ power +(here called the unconscious mind) which has sufficient force to act +upon the body and display psychical conceptions through physical media." + +It is impossible for us (at least by any of the five senses) to peer +into the mental chamber of other men and there read the record of their +_character_, or to interpret the combination of Human Nature therein +moulded and formed. But nevertheless we are not balked in our desire, +for by learning to interpret the outward signs of personality we may +arrive with a wonderful degree of success at an understanding of the +character, mind, or Human Nature in others. From the seen Outer we may +deduce the unseen Inner. We may discern the shape of that which is +concealed, by observing the form of the covering which hides it from +sight. The body, like the fabled veil of the goddess, "conceals but to +reveal." + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +THE TEMPERAMENTS + + +The student of Human Nature soon discovers that among men, as among the +animals, there is to be observed a great variety of "quality," and +various classes of "temperament." Among cattle we notice great +differences of form which differences indicate certain qualities +inherent in the beast. Certain qualities are recognized by their outward +forms as being indicative of sturdiness, staying-qualities, strong +vitality, etc., which render their possessor valuable for draught oxen. +Other qualities indicate the value of another animal for meat producing. +Others, the production of large quantities of milk. Others, prolific +breeding. And, so on, each set of qualities being recognized by its +outward form and being taken into consideration by breeders. In the same +way, breeders recognize certain qualities in horses which they take +advantage of in breeding for the strength of draught horses; the speed +of thoroughbred runners and trotters; the docility and gentleness of +driving horses and saddle animals. The draught horse and the +thoroughbred runner or trotter may be easily distinguished by the eye of +the average person, while it requires the eye of the expert to +distinguish other points and signs of quality which prove the existence +of certain traits of temperament in the animal. The same is true in the +case of chickens and other fowls. Some types are adapted for laying, +others for meat purposes, others for gameness, etc. Not only the +physical qualities but also the temperamental traits of the beast or +bird are distinguished by the expert, and are taken advantage of in +breeding to develop and evolve the indicated trait or quality. + +Nearly anyone may distinguish the temperamental difference between the +savage dog and the affectionate one--between the vicious horse and the +docile one. We know at once that certain dogs may be approached and +others kept at a distance--that certain horses are safe to ride or +drive, and that others are unsafe and dangerous. A visit to a horse and +cattle show, or a poultry and pigeon exhibition, will show even the +most skeptical person that Inner States manifest in Outer Form. And a +little further study and observation will show that what is true of +these lower animals is likewise true of the human being. Men, like +animals, may be intelligently and scientifically classified according to +the general "quality" or "temperament." While each individual is +different in a way from every other individual, nevertheless, each +individual belongs to a certain class and may be labelled accordingly. A +few outward signs will indicate his class, and we may confidently expect +that he will manifest the leading qualities of that particular class. + + +QUALITY + +The first classification of the individuals of the human race is that of +_Quality_. Independent of the various temperaments, although in a way +related to them, we find the various degrees of Quality manifested by +different individuals. "Quality" may be defined as the "degree of +_fineness_." It is that which we call "class" in race-horses; "breed" in +other animals and often "blood" in men and women. Perhaps one may +understand the classification better if he will recall the differences +apparent between the mongrel cur and the highbred dog; the "scrub" horse +and the thoroughbred; the common cow and the carefully bred Alderney or +other choice variety; the ordinary barnyard fowl and the prize-winner at +the poultry show. It is an intangible but real and readily recognized +difference, which however is almost impossible to convey by words. + +Men and women of the highest _Quality_ are essentially fine-grained, +possessed of fine feelings, refined natures, high tastes, and manifest +the signs of _true natural_ refinement and culture, which cannot be +successfully imitated by those who have acquired merely the artificial +manner and the outward polish. One may possess Quality in a high degree +and still be ignorant of the forms and little manners of so-called +"polite society," and yet will be recognized as one of "Nature's +noblemen," and as a "natural gentleman." + +Descending the scale we find lessening degrees of the manifestation of +Quality, until, finally we reach the lowest degree of the scale, that +of _low_ Quality. In this lowest degree we find individuals showing all +the outward signs of being coarse-grained, vulgar, of low tastes, brutal +instincts, and manifesting the signs of lack of refinement and culture. +Persons of low Quality are found in all walks of life. Some of those +possessing wealth and education belong to this class, and are never able +to counterfeit the reality. Quality is a matter of "soul," and not of +wealth, education or material advantages. A greyhound and a hyena give +us animal symbols of Quality, high and low. + +We meet many instances in which the individual is of too high Quality +for his environment, occupation or place in life. Such individuals +suffer keenly and are to be pitied. They incline toward high ideals and +are wounded and discouraged by the grossness which they see on all +sides. Those individuals of an average degree of Quality of course fit +into the usual environment far better than those above or below them in +the scale. We also meet individuals of low Quality in surroundings in +which they are out of place--we see many instances of "pigs in the +parlor." These individuals, however, find it much easier to descend to +their own level, than it is for the high Quality individuals to ascend +to theirs. The coarse man finds but little trouble in meeting with boon +companions whose tastes are harmonious to his. The person of extremely +high Quality may be said to have been born before his time, while those +of the lowest Quality are atavistic and born after their time. Remember, +always, that Quality is an attribute of "soul," and not of birth, +wealth, or even of education. We may find many "gentlemen" of humble +birth, small means and limited education; and also many "educated pigs" +of high lineage and full coffers. + +The Outer Form of Quality is shown by the relative _fineness_ of general +structure, and by the general form, appearance, manner, motion, voice, +laughter, and more than all by that indescribable impression of +"fineness" and "distinction" which they produce upon observing persons +with whom they come in contact. + +It must be remembered that Quality is a very different thing from +intellectuality or morality. A high Quality person may be immoral and +not specially intellectual, although there is almost always a _keenness_ +of perception, and almost intuitive recognition, in these cases--the +immorality is generally lacking in coarseness, and is usually connected +with perversion of the æsthetic faculties. In the same way, the person +of low Quality often may be moral according to the code, but will be +coarse in the manifestation of that virtue, and may possess a certain +low cunning which with many persons passes for intellect and "brains." +In speaking of Quality, the words "fineness" and "coarseness" come +easily to the mind and tongue and are perhaps the terms most suggestive +of the two extremes of this attribute of the Man. + + +TEMPERAMENT + +Next in the order of consideration we find what is called _Temperament_. +Temperament is defined as: "That individual peculiarity of organization +by which the manner of acting, feeling and thinking of each person is +permanently affected; disposition or constitution of the mind, +especially as regards the passions and affections." + +Hippocrates, the ancient Greek philosopher-physician (B. C. 468-367) +held to the existence of four temperaments, which he attributed to +certain qualities of the blood and the several secretions of the body +such as the bile, etc. While his theory was rejected by later +investigators, his classification continued until very recently under +the name of (1) the Sanguine; (2) the Lymphatic or Phlegmatic; (3) the +Choleric or Bilious; and (4) the Melancholic temperaments, respectively. +As a matter of general information on the subject we herewith give the +old classification with the attributes of each class: + +The _Sanguine_ temperament was held to be characterized by red or +light-brown hair, blue eyes, a fair or ruddy complexion, large arteries +and veins, a full and rapid pulse, slight perspiration, impatience of +heat, febrile tendency, and lively and cheerful temper, excitable +passions, a warm, ardent, impulsive disposition, and a liking for active +pursuits; + +The _Lymphatic_, or _Phlegmatic_ temperament was held to be +characterized by light, sandy, or whitish hair, light grey eyes, pallid +complexion, skin almost devoid of hair, flabby tissues, much +perspiration, small blood-vessels, a feeble and slow pulse, want of +energy, lack of activity, deficient spirit and vividness; + +The _Choleric_ or _Bilious_ temperament was held to be characterized by +black hair often curling, black or hazel eyes, and dark but ruddy +complexion, hairy skin, strong full pulse, firm muscles, great activity +and positiveness, strength of character, and an active brain. + +The _Melancholic_ temperament was held to be characterized by black +hair, black or hazel eyes, a dark leaden complexion, pulse slow and +feeble, and a disposition toward study, poetry, literature, and +sentiment. + +Some later authorities added a fifth temperament, called the _Nervous_ +temperament, which was held to be characterized by a medium complexion, +large brain, small physical frame, fineness of organization, thin hair, +finely cut features, quick lively disposition, intellectual tastes and +tendencies, sensitive nature, high capacity for enjoyment and +suffering. + +The latest authorities, however, discarded the old classification and +adopted one more simple although fully as comprehensive. The new +classification recognizes _three_ classes of temperament, viz: (1) the +Vital; (2) the Motive; and (3) the Mental, the characteristics of which +are held to be as follows: + +The _Vital_ temperament has its basis in the predominance of the +nutritive system, including the blood-vessels, lymphatics and the +glands. Its organs are the heart, lungs, stomach, liver, bowels, and the +entire internal vital system. It is characterized by a large, broad +frame; broad shoulders; deep chest; full round abdomen; round plump +limbs; short thick neck; comparatively small hands and feet; full face; +flushed and florid cheeks; and general "well fed" appearance. Those in +whom it is predominant are fond of out-of-door exercise, although not of +hard work; crave the "good things of life;" fond of sport, games and +play; love variety of entertainment and amusement; are affectionate; +love praise and flattery; prefer concrete rather than abstract subjects +of thought; look out for themselves; are selfish, but yet "good +fellows" when it does not cost too much physical discomfort to +themselves; usually enjoy good health, yet when ill are apt to be very +weak; tend to feverishness and apoplexy, etc. + +Persons of the Vital temperament may have either fair or dark +complexion, but in either case the cheeks and face are apt to be ruddy +and flushed. Those of the dark type are apt to have greater power of +endurance, while those of the light type are apt to be more sprightly +and active. This temperament is particularly noticeable in women, a +large proportion of whom belong to its class. This temperament furnishes +the majority of the good companions, sociable friends and acquaintances, +and theatre goers. A leading phrenologist says of them that they +"incline to become agents, overseers, captains, hotel-keepers, butchers, +traders, speculators, politicians, public officers, aldermen, +contractors, etc., rather than anything requiring steady or hard work." +We have noticed that a large number of railroad engineers and policemen +are of this temperament. + +The _Motive_ temperament has as its basis the predominance of the motive +or mechanical system, including the muscles, bones and ligaments--the +general system of active work and motion. Its organs are those of the +entire framework of the body, together with those muscles and ligaments, +large and small, general and special, which enable man to walk, move, +and work. It is characterized by strong constitution, physical power, +strong character, active feeling, and tendency toward work; large bones +and joints; hard muscles; angular and rugged figure; usually broad +shoulders and deep chest; comparatively small and flat abdomen; oblong +face; large jaw; high cheek-bones; strong large teeth; bushy coarse +hair; rugged features and prominent nose, ears, mouth, etc. Those in +whom it is predominant are fond of physical and mental work; are +tenacious and try to carry through what they undertake; resist fatigue; +are "good stayers;" are full of dogged persistence and resistance; and +are apt to manifest creative effort and work. + +Persons of the Motive temperament may have either dark or light +complexion. The Scotch or Scandanavian people show this temperament +strongly, as also do a certain type of Americans. The world's active +workers come chiefly from this class. This temperament is far more +common among men than among women. The fighting nations who have in +different times swept over other countries display this temperament +strongly. This temperament, predominant, although associated with the +other temperaments has distinguished the "men who do things" in the +world's history. It's "raw-bone" and gawkiness has swept things before +it, and has built up great things in all times. Its individuals have a +burning desire to "take hold and pull," or to "get together and start +something." As the name implies, this temperament is the "moving force" +in mankind. + +The _Mental_ temperament has its basis in the predominance of the +nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. Its organs are the +brain, or brains; the spinal cord with its connecting nerves--in fact +the entire nervous system, including the "sympathetic" nervous system, +the various _plexi_, and the nervous substance found in various parts of +the body. It is characterized by a light build; slight frame; +comparatively large head; quick movements; sharp features; thin sharp +nose; thin lips; sharp and not very strong teeth; keen, penetrating eye; +high forehead and upper head; fondness for brain work; disinclination +for physical drudgery; sensitive nature; quick perception; rapid mental +action; developed intuition; fine and shapely features; expressive +countenance, expressive and striking voice, generally rather +"high-strung," vividness and intensity of emotion and feeling, etc. + +Persons of this temperament are apt to be more or less "intense;" enjoy +and suffer keenly; are sensitive to reproach or criticism; are inclined +to be sedentary; take a pleasure in "thinking," and often burn their +candle of life at both ends, because of this tendency; and incline to +occupations in which their brains rather than their body is exercised. +They may be either of dark or of light complexion, and in either case +are apt to have bright, expressive eyes. The impression created by an +examination of their physical characteristics is that of _sharpness_. +The fox, weasel, greyhound, and similar animals illustrate this type. +Persons of this temperament are apt to be either _very_ good or _very_ +bad. They run to extremes, and sometimes execute a quick "right about +face." When properly balanced, this temperament produces the world's +greatest thinkers along all lines of thought. When not properly balanced +it produces the abnormally gifted "genius," between whom and the +unbalanced person there is but a slender line of division; or the +eccentric person with his so-called "artistic temperament," the "crank" +with his hobbies and vagaries, and the brilliant degenerate who dazzles +yet horrifies the world. + + +BALANCED TEMPERAMENTS + +The best authorities agree in the belief that the Balanced Temperament +is the most desirable. That is, the condition in which the three +temperaments balance each other perfectly, so that the weak points of +each are remedied by the strong points of the others, and the extremes +of each are neutralized and held in check by the influence of the +others. Prof. O. S. Fowler, the veteran phrenologist says upon this +point: "A well balanced organism, with all the temperaments large and in +about equal proportion, is by far the best and most favorable for both +enjoyment and efficiency; to general genius and real greatness; to +strength along with perfection of character; to consistency and power +throughout. The Motive large, with the Mental deficient, gives power +with sluggishness, so that the powers lie dormant; adding large Vital +gives great physical power and enjoyment, with too little of the Mental +and the moral, along with coarseness; while the Mental in excess creates +too much mind for body, too much exquisiteness and sentimentality for +the stamina, along with a green-house precocity most destructive of +life's powers and pleasures; whereas their equal balance gives abundance +of vital force, physical stamina, and mental power and susceptibility. +They may be compared to the several parts of a steamboat and its +appurtenances. The Vital is the steam-power; the Motive, the hulk or +framework; the Mental, the freight or passengers. Predominant Vital +generates more vital energy than can well be worked off, which causes +restlessness, excessive passion, and a pressure which endangers +outbursts and overt actions; predominant Motive gives too much frame or +hulk, moves slowly, and with weak Mental, is too light-freighted to +secure the great ends of life, predominant Mental overloads, and +endangers sinking; but all equally balanced and powerful, carry great +loads rapidly and well, and accomplish wonders. Such persons unite cool +judgments with intense and well-governed feelings; great force of +character and intellect with perfect consistency; scholarship with sound +common sense; far seeing sagacity with brilliancy; and have the highest +order of both physiology and mentality." + +Professor Nelson Sizer, another high authority said: "In nature the +temperaments exist in combination, one being, however, the most +conspicuous. So rarely do we find examples of an even mixture or +balance, that it may be said that they who possess it are marvellous +exceptions in the current of human society. Such an even mixture would +indicate a most extraordinary heritage; it would be constitutional +perfection. But, once in a while, a person is met in whom there is a +close approach to this balance, and we are accustomed to speak of it as +a _balanced_ temperament, it being difficult to determine which element +is in predominance." + + +MIXED TEMPERAMENTS + +The experience of the older phrenologists, which is verified by the +investigations of the later authorities, was that in the majority of +persons _two_ of the temperaments are well developed, the third +remaining comparatively undeveloped. Of the two active temperaments, +_one_ is usually found to be predominant, although in many the two are +found to be almost equally developed. But even in the last mentioned +instance one of the two seems to have been more actively called forth by +the environment of the person, and may therefore be regarded as the +ruling temperament. Arising from this fact we find the several classes +of Mixed Temperament, known, respectively, as: the Vital-Motive; the +Motive-Vital; the Motive-Mental; the Mental-Motive; the Vital-Mental; +and the Mental-Vital. In these classes the name of the predominant, or +most active temperament appears first, the second name indicating the +temperament relatively undeveloped or inactive. + +The _Vital-Motive_ and the _Motive-Vital_ temperaments give the +combination in which is manifested physical activity and strong +vitality. Those of these temperaments are adapted to out-of-door work, +such as farming, out-of-door trades, mechanics, soldiers and sailors, +and other occupations requiring strong vital power and muscular strength +and activity. The physical characteristics are the prominent bones and +strong muscles of the Motive, and well-rounded limbs and "stout" forms +of the Vital. When the Vital predominates, there is apt to be more +flesh; when the Motive predominates there is apt to be more ruggedness +and muscular development. + +The _Motive-Mental_ and _Mental-Motive_ temperaments give the +combination in which is manifested the physical activity of the Motive +and the mental activity of the Motive and the mental activity of the +Mental--the physical and mental characteristics of the Vital being +absent. The Mental element relieves the Motive of some of its crudeness +and roughness, while the Motive relieves the Mental of its tendency to +get away from the practical side of things. The strong frame and muscles +are balanced by the brain-development. Those of this temperament make +good practical business men, physicians, lawyers, scientists, explorers, +and others who have to work and think at the same time. These people +often manifest great executive ability. When the Motive predominates, +the tendency is toward out-of-door occupations in which the brain is +used in connection with bodily activity. When the Mental predominates +there is a tendency toward in-door occupations in which active brain +work is required. These people have well-developed heads, together with +wiry, strong bodies. Some of the most successful men have come from this +class. + +The _Vital-Mental_ and _Mental-Vital_ temperaments give the combination +in which is manifested many attractive traits which render their +possessor agreeable, companionable, and at the same time bright and +intelligent. The Vital element gives a plumpness to the form, while the +Mental imparts a brightness to the mind. This is the temperament of many +attractive women. The Mental activity tends to counterbalance the Vital +tendency toward physical ease and comfort. These people make good +orators, after dinner speakers, and agreeable society men and women, +actors, artists, poets, and popular literary men. The respective +predominance of the Mental or the Vital, in this combination, gives to +this class somewhat of a variety, but a little observation will soon +enable one to recognize the individuals belonging to it. A certain +combination in this class produces the trait of "emotionality," or +superficial feeling and sympathy. + +The student of Human Nature should pay much attention to Temperament and +the outward indications of each class and sub-class, for Temperament +gives us much of our best information regarding character and +disposition, in fact Character Reading depends materially upon the +interpretation of Temperament. + + + + +CHAPTER V + +THE MENTAL QUALITIES + + +We now approach the subject of the several particular mental qualities, +and the groups thereof, both in the phase of their inner states and that +of their outer form. In the consideration of both of these phases we +must avail ourselves of the investigations and researches of the old +phrenologists who cleared a path for all who follow. Although many of +the phrenological theories are rejected by modern psychologists and +biologists, nevertheless their work established a firm foundation for +the science of the study of the brain and its functions. And to Gall and +his followers we are indebted for the discovery and teaching that the +activity and development of the several mental qualities or faculties +manifest in outer form in the shape of the skull. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1 THE MENTAL QUALITIES] + +The general principles of phrenology may be briefly stated as follows: + +I. The Brain is the organ of the mind. + +II. The mind is not a single entity or power, but has several faculties, +stronger or weaker, which determine the character of the individual. + +III. That each faculty or propensity has a special organ in the brain. + +IV. The size of the brain (the quality being equal) is the true measure +of power. + +V. There are several groups of faculties, and each group is represented +by organs located in the same region of the brain. + +VI. The relative size of each organ results from the activity of its +appropriate faculty. + +VII. The size of the organ is indicated by the appearance and size of +the skull immediately over the region of the organ. + +VIII. The Quality and Temperament of the organization determine the +degree of vigor, activity, and endurance of the mental powers. + +Modern psychology and biology claim to have disproven many of the +phrenological contentions, while other lines of investigation have given +us other theories to account for the phenomena first noted by the +phrenologists. Some investigators of brain development and action hold +that while certain mental states manifest in outer form on portions of +the skull, the phenomenon is due to the action of the _cranial muscles_ +rather than to the fact of the localization of special faculties--that +each mental state is associated with certain actions on the part of +certain cranial muscles which in turn exert a modifying effect upon the +shape and size of the skull. + +As Erbes states it "the effect the scheme of cranial muscles have had +and still have upon the conformation of the skull, and, consequently, +had in determining the location of those areas and in giving brain and +mind a character approximately identical from end to end of the scale of +living things possessing the cerebro-spinal nervous system. In so far as +the neural matter is dependent upon the cranial muscles--aside from the +sensory stimuli--so far, likewise are the psychic manifestations, +through tongue or limb, modified by variations in those muscles that, +after their creative task is done, assume a vasomotor control over their +respective areas." The same writer also says: "The cerebral mass owes +its location and subsequent expansion, moreover, in a measure that mind +owes its character, primarily to the action of the muscles attached to +and lying upon its peripheral covering, the skull; these same muscles +thereafter, through exercising a cerebral vasomotor control, act in the +nature of keys for calling the evolved dependent brain areas into play, +singly and en masse." + +Others have held that the development of certain areas of the surface of +the skull is due to peculiar neural or nervous, activities having their +seat in certain parts of the brain adjacent to their appropriate area of +the skull, but these theories fail to explain the nature of the relation +between the mind, brain and the "nerve centres" aforesaid. + +These several authorities, and others, however, agree upon the fact that +certain areas of the brain are associated in some way with certain +mental states; and that these brain areas register their relative +activity upon the areas of the skull adjacent thereto; and that the +_activity_ and _power_ of each brain area, or faculty, is denoted by the +_size_ of the associated skull-area. Thus, the outward facts claimed by +phrenology are admitted, while their theories of cause are disputed. + +In this book we shall rest content with these "outward facts" of +phrenology, and shall not concern ourselves with the various theories +which seek to explain them, preferring to leave that task for others. In +considering the subject of the Outer Form associated with the Inner +State of Human Nature, we shall merely claim that _mental states +manifest in outer form in the shape and size of the head; and that +certain areas of the skull are thus associated with certain mental +states, the size and shape of the former denoting the degree of activity +of the latter_. + +The general scheme of classification of the various mental "faculties" +of the phrenologists, and the names given thereto by the old +phrenologists, have in the main been adhered to in this book. In a +number of cases, however, we have seen fit to re-arrange the groups in +accordance with the later ideas of the New Psychology, and have given to +some of the "faculties" names considered more appropriate to the later +classification, and understanding of the mental state. Moreover, in +order to avoid the phrenological theories attaching thereto, we have +decided not to use the terms, "faculties," "propensities," and +"sentiments," in referring to the several mental states; and shall +therefore use the term "_Qualities_" in the place thereof. The term +"quality," while denoting "the condition of being such or such; nature +relatively considered," does not carry with it the theory attached to +the phrenological term "faculty." But the _locality_ of the several +qualities of "faculties" has not been disturbed or changed--the _place_ +where each quality _manifests in outer form_, as assigned in this book, +agrees with that assigned by the old phrenologists, time having served +to establish the truth of the same, rather than to disprove it. + +The following is the classification and terminology adopted by us in +this book in the consideration of the Mental Qualities. (See Fig. 1.) + +I. THE EGOISTIC QUALITIES: Self-Esteem; and Approbativeness. + +II. THE MOTIVE QUALITIES: Combativeness; Destructiveness; Cunning; +Cautiousness; Acquisitiveness; and Constructiveness. + +III. THE VITATIVE QUALITIES: Vitativeness; Alimentativeness; and +Bibativeness. + +IV. THE EMOTIVE QUALITIES: Amativeness; Conjugality; Parental Love; +Sociability and Home-Love. + +V. THE APPLICATIVE QUALITIES: Firmness; and Continuity. + +VI. THE MODIFICATIVE QUALITIES: Ideality; Infinity; and Humor. + +VII. THE RELATIVE QUALITIES: Human Nature; Suavity; Sympathy; and +Imitation. + +VIII. THE PERCEPTIVE QUALITIES: Observation; Form; Size; Weight; Color; +Order; Calculation; Tune; Time; Locality; Eventuality; and Words. + +IX. THE REFLECTIVE QUALITIES: Analysis; and Logic. + +X. THE RELIGIO-MORAL QUALITIES: Reverence; Mysticism; Optimism; and +Conscientiousness. + +In the following several chapters we shall consider each group, in turn, +together with the particular Qualities of each group. _It must be +remembered that the power of each Quality is modified by the influence +of the other Qualities. Therefore in judging the character of an +individual, each and every Quality must be taken into consideration._ + + + + +CHAPTER VI + +THE EGOISTIC QUALITIES + + +The first group of Qualities is that known as the Egoistic Qualities, +which is composed of two particular Qualities, known, respectively, as +_Self-Esteem_; and _Approbativeness_. This group manifests outer form +immediately at the "crown" of the head, and on the sides directly +beneath or "side of" the crown. (See Fig. 2.) It is the seat of the +consciousness of Individuality and Personality, and the tendencies +arising directly therefrom. + +[Illustration: FIG. 2 THE EGOISTIC QUALITIES] + +SELF-ESTEEM. This Quality manifests in a strong sense of individual +power, self-respect, self-help, self-reliance, dignity, complacency, +pride of individuality, and independence. In excess it tends to produce +egotism, abnormal conceit, imperiousness, etc. Deficiency of it is apt +to produce lack of confidence in self, humility, self-depreciation, etc. +It gives to one the ambitious spirit, and the desire for executive +positions and places of authority. It resents assumption of authority +on the part of others, and chafes under restraint. It renders its +possessors dignified and desirous of the respectful recognition of +others. It manifests outer form on the middle line of the head, at the +"crown" (see group figure) just above Approbativeness, where it may be +perceived by reason of the enlargement of the "crown." When fully +developed, it tends to draw back the head, so that the latter is held +erect; whereas, when deficient it allows the head to droop forward in an +attitude lacking the appearance of pride. + +APPROBATIVENESS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire for praise, +approval, flattery, recommendation, fame, notoriety, good name, personal +display, show and outward appearance. It is a form of pride different +from that of Self-Esteem, for it is a vanity arising from personal +things and outward appearances, whereas Self-Esteem gives a pride to the +inner self or ego. Those in whom it is well-developed pay great +attention to outward form, ceremony, etiquette, fashion, and social +recognition, and are always to be found on the popular side and "with +the crowd." They thrive upon praise, approval and notoriety, and shrink +under censure, disapproval or lack of notice. One with Self-Esteem can +be happy when alone, and in fact often defies public opinion and fashion +from very pride of self; while one with Approbativeness largely +developed lacks the pride to rise above approval and the opinion of +others, while possessing a strong sense of vanity when public favor is +bestowed. It manifests outer form at the upper-back part of the head, +just above Cautiousness and below Self-Esteem, (see group figure). When +largely developed it rises like two mounts on either side of +Self-Esteem, but when Self-Esteem is large and Approbativeness is small, +the latter appears as two sunken places on either side of Self-Esteem. + +Self-Esteem values the _real self_ while Approbativeness values the +_appearances_ of personality. The one pursues the substance, the other +the shadows. Self-Esteem and Approbativeness are often confused in the +minds of the public. The true keynote of the first is Pride; of the +second, Vanity. The student should learn to carefully distinguish +between these two Qualities. Approbativeness may cause one to make a +monkey of himself in order to win notice, praise or laughter, while +Self-Esteem will never sacrifice self-respect and pride in order to win +applause. + + + + +CHAPTER VII + +THE MOTIVE QUALITIES + + +The second group is known as the Selfish Qualities, and is composed of +the following particular Qualities: _Combativeness_; _Destructiveness_; +_Cunning_; _Cautiousness_; _Acquisitiveness_ and _Constructiveness_. +This group manifests in outer form extending along the sides of the +lower head from the back toward the temples. (See Fig. 3.) + +[Illustration: FIG. 3 THE MOTIVE QUALITIES] + +COMBATIVENESS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to oppose, +resist, combat, defy, defend. Those in whom it is developed enjoy a +"scrap," and, in the words of the familiar saying, would "rather fight +than eat." When combined with Vitativeness it manifests in the tendency +to fight hard for life. When combined with Acquisitiveness it manifests +in the tendency to fight for money or property. When combined with +Amativeness it manifests in the tendency to fight for mates. When +combined with the family-loving Qualities it manifests in a tendency to +fight for the family. In fact, its particular direction is indicated +by the development and combination of the other Qualities. It manifests +in outer form at the sides of the lower-back part of the head, a little +back of the top part of the ear (see group figure), giving, when +developed, enlargement of that part of the head--a "broad back-head." +The "broad-headed" animals, birds, and fish have this propensity well +developed, while the "narrow-heads" have it in but a small degree. It is +also indicated by the strong jaw, and by the mouth indicating a "strong +bite." + +DESTRUCTIVENESS. This Quality, manifests in a strong desire to break +precedents, doing things in new ways, asserting authority, +extermination, severity, sternness, breaking down, crushing, "walking +over," etc. Its direction is largely governed by the other Qualities, as +for instance in combination with Acquisitiveness, it manifests in +breaking down opposition and precedents in business; while with large +conscientiousness it manifests in tearing down evil conditions, etc., +and in doing the work of "reform." It generally is accompanied with +large Combativeness, as the two go hand-in-hand. It manifests outer +form directly above, and back of the top-part of the ear (see group +figure). + +CUNNING. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to be cunning, sly, +close-mouthed, diplomatic, deceitful, and generally "foxy." It is best +illustrated by the example of the fox, which animal combines in itself +many of its qualities. The coyote also shows signs of having this +Quality well developed, as do birds of the crow and blackbird family, +and certain fishes. With strong Caution it renders one very secretive +and "close-mouthed." With strong Acquisitiveness it renders one sly and +tricky in business. With strong Approbativeness it renders one apt to +tell lying stories which magnify his importance and gratify his vanity. +With a vivid Imagination it inclines one to draw on that quality and lie +for the very love of romancing. It manifests outer form a little +distance above the top of the ear, immediately above Destructiveness, +and back of Acquisitiveness (see group figure). + +CAUTIOUSNESS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to avoid danger +or trouble; carefulness, prudence, watchfulness, anxiety, +self-protection, etc. In excess it is apt to render one fearful, +over-anxious, and even cowardly, but in combination with other Qualities +it tends to give to one a balance and to restrain him from rashness and +unnecessary risk. Its direction is also largely influenced by the +development of other Qualities. Thus with large Acquisitiveness it makes +one very cautious about money matters; with large family qualities it +renders one very careful about the family; with large Approbativeness it +renders one bashful, self conscious, and fearful of adverse criticism. +It manifests outer form toward the upper-back part of the head, directly +over Secretiveness (see group figure), and when developed is apparent by +the enlargement of the comparatively large area covered by it. An old +phrenological authority says of it: "This is the easiest found of all +the organs.... Starting at the middle of the back part of the ears, draw +a perpendicular line, when the head is erect, straight up to where the +head begins to slope back in forming the top, and Caution is located +just at the first turn." + +ACQUISITIVENESS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire either to +acquire, or else to hold property, money, or general objects of +possession. In some cases it contents itself with merely "getting," +while in others it also "holds on" to what is secured, the difference +arising from the combinations of the other Qualities. In itself, it may +be said to be merely the tendency toward "hoarding up," but the +combination with large Combativeness and Destructiveness enlarges its +scope and tends to make its possessor rapacious and grasping. It is the +instinct of the squirrel and the bee, and even the dog manifests it when +he buries a bone for future gnawing purposes. Those in whom it is +developed in connection with large Caution, manifest a strict economy +and even miserliness, while in others it expends itself in merely the +getting for the sake of the getting, the possessions often being +scattered prodigally afterward, the element of Approbativeness entering +largely into the latter action. It manifests outer form in the +lowest-middle section of the head, directly over Alimentiveness (see +group figure). + +CONSTRUCTIVENESS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to invent, +construct, build, create, put together, improve upon, add to, readjust, +etc. It manifests along three general lines, namely (1) Invention; (2) +Construction; and (3) Materialization, by which is meant the "making +real" of _ideals_ previously entertained--the "making come true" of the +dreams previously experienced--the _materialization_ of the ideas, +plans, and projects previously _visualized_. This Quality causes the +person to improve, alter, tinker with, build up, invent, and create +along the lines of his vocation or avocation. These people find it +difficult to refrain from tinkering with, altering, or "improving" +anything and everything with which they have to do. With large Logic, +Analysis, and Perceptives they manifest inventive ability; with large +Imitation they are fond of copying and constructing after models; with +large Ideality they work toward making their dreams come true. This +Quality is not confined to mechanical construction, as the old +phrenologists taught, but manifests itself in business literature, art, +and in fact in every vocation or occupation. With large Destructiveness, +it builds up new structures upon the ruins created by that Quality. In +persons of the Motive temperament it inclines toward mechanical +invention, creation and construction; while in persons of the Mental +temperament it manifests in creating and constructing ideas, thoughts, +theories, scientific classification, literary productions, etc., and in +persons of the Vital temperament it manifests in creating and improving +upon things calculated to appeal to persons of that class. It manifests +outer form in the lower and frontal part of the temples, backward and +upward from the outer corner of the eye-brow (see group figure). Prof. +O. S. Fowler says. "In broad-built and stocky persons it causes this +part of the temples to widen and bulge out, but in tall, long-headed +persons it _spreads_ out upon them, and hence shows to be less than it +really is." It is directly below Ideality and in front of +Acquisitiveness. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + +THE VITATIVE QUALITIES + + +The third group is known as the Vitative Qualities, which is composed of +the three respective particular Qualities: _Vitativeness_; +_Alimentativeness_; and _Bibativeness_. This group manifests in outer +form directly back of, and in front of, the middle part of the ear. (See +Fig. 4.) + +VITATIVENESS. This quality manifests in a strong desire to live; +resistance to disease and death; an intense clinging to life for the +mere fact of living, rather than for the sake of anything to be +accomplished by continued existence. It goes along with Combativeness, +and is especially noticeable in the "broad-headed" people and animals. +The cat tribe, hawks, turtles, sharks, venomous snakes, and others have +this propensity well developed, while it is deficient in the +"narrow-headed" animals, such as the rabbit, certain birds, certain +fish, and many harmless snakes. Those in whom it is developed "die +hard," while those in whom it is deficient die easily. This capacity +manifests in outer form in the area situated just back of the middle +part of the ear (see group figure). + +[Illustration: FIG. 4 THE VITATIVE QUALITIES] + +ALIMENTIVENESS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to gratify the +tastes for food, when large it inclines one toward gluttony, and tends +to make one "live to eat," instead of to "eat to live." Those in whom it +is largely developed eat heartily and like to see others doing the same; +while those in whom it is deficient care very little for the quality or +amount of their food and often actually resent the, to them, +"disgusting" sight of persons partaking of a hearty meal. It manifests +in outer form immediately in front of the upper part of the ear (see +group figure). + +BIBATIVENESS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to gratify the +appetite for drinks of various kinds. In its normal well-developed state +it manifests in a desire for water, milk and fluid foods, such as soups, +broths, etc., and other juicy things. Perverted it manifests in the +appetite for intoxicating liquors, tea and coffee, "soft drinks," and +the various decoctions of the modern soda-fountain. By some this +Quality is regarded as merely a phase of Alimentiveness, while others +consider it to be a separate Quality. It manifests in outer form +immediately in front of the locality of Alimentiveness, toward the eye. + + + + +CHAPTER IX + +THE EMOTIVE QUALITIES + + +The fourth group is that known as the Social Qualities, which group is +composed of the following particular Qualities: _Amativeness_; +_Conjugality_; _Parental Love_; _Sociability_ and _Home Love_. This +group manifests outer form at the lower-back portion of the head (see +Fig. 5), and shows itself by an enlargement of that region, causing the +head to "bulge" back of the ears. It may best be understood by an +examination of its several particular Qualities. + +[Illustration: FIG. 5 THE EMOTIVE QUALITIES] + +AMATIVENESS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire for sexual +indulgence and association with the opposite sex. Its purpose is, of +course, the reproduction of the race, but its abuse and perversion has +led man to many excesses and unnatural practices. It is a dynamic +propensity and its normal development is seemingly necessary in order to +produce the "life spirit," and vital activity mental and physical. Those +in whom it is deficient lack "spirit" and energy, while those in whom +it is developed to excess tend to lean toward excesses. When developed +normally it seems to add an attractiveness or "magnetism" to its +possessors; when deficient it renders the person "cold" non-magnetic and +unattractive; when over-developed and unrestrained it causes the person +to become disgusting and repulsive to the normal person; vulgar, +licentious and depraved. Its seat is in the cerebellum or "little +brain," and it manifests outer form by an enlarged "fullness" at the +nape of the neck, at the base of the skull (see group figure). It tends +to cause the head to lean backward and downward at the nape of the neck. +It also manifests by fullness of the lips, particularly in their +middles. The lips and position of the head of persons in whom this +quality is largely developed is indicative of the attitude and position +of kissing. Spurzheim says of it: "It is situated at the top of the +neck, and its size is proportionate to the space between the mastoid +process, immediately behind the ears, and the occipital spine, in the +middle of the hind head." It is noticeable that those in whom this +quality is fully or largely developed seem to have the power of +attracting or "charming" those of the opposite sex, while those who are +deficient in it lack this quality. + +CONJUGALITY. This quality manifests in a strong desire for a "mate"--and +_one_ mate only. While Amativeness may cause one to seek the society of +many of the opposite sex, Conjugality will act only to cause one to seek +the _one_ life partner. Conjugality causes the desire to "mate for +life." It is something quite different from Amativeness, although of +course related to it. The location of its outer form, between +Amativeness and Friendship, gives the key to its quality--_love with +companionship_. Those in whom it is well developed are very close to +their mates and tend toward jealousy; they suffer intensely when the +relation is inharmonious or disturbed in any way, and are often +brokenhearted at disappointment in love or the death of the mate. Those +in whom it is deficient feel very little true companionship for their +mates, and with Amativeness large are apt to be promiscuous in their +manifestation of love or passion; if one love is interrupted or +interfered with they find little difficulty in shifting their +affections. Those in whom it is strong are "true unto death," while +those in whom it is weak are fickle, inconstant and lack loyalty. The +Quality manifests outer form on each side of the lower-back of the head, +just above Amativeness and just below Friendship, and on either side of +Parental Love--the location being especially indicative of its nature +(see group figure). + +PARENTAL LOVE. This Quality manifests in a strong desire for and love of +children, particularly one's own. Those in whom it is very strong often +adopt children in addition to their own and love to caress children +wherever and whenever they may see them. It manifests outer form at the +lower-back part of the head on the middle-line of the head, above +Amativeness, and below Inhabitiveness (see group figure). + +SOCIABILITY. This Quality manifests in a strong desire for +companionship, fellowship, friends, sympathy, society, associates, etc. +It is the "social sense." Those in whom it is strong feel happy only +when surrounded by associates, friends or boon companions. They incline +toward lodges, clubs and social gatherings. To be alone is to suffer, to +such people. Those in whom it is weak prefer to be alone, or at the best +with a few carefully chosen companions, and avoid promiscuous +friendships and social gatherings. It manifests outer form just above +Conjugality, and at the sides of Parental love and Inhabitiveness, and +directly back of Cautiousness and the upper-part of Combativeness (see +group figure). + +HOME-LOVE. This Quality manifests in a strong love of familiar places, +particularly of one's home and near-by country, and from this springs +love of country and patriotism. Those in whom it is strong dislike to +travel, and are subject to home-sickness. Those in whom it is weak are +fond of travel, readily change their places of abode, and are apt to +become "roamers" if they indulge the Quality. When over large, it +inclines one toward narrowness, sectionalism and provincialism; when +small, it inclines one toward frequent moves, and changes of residence +and location. It manifests outer form at the back part of the head, on +the middle-line, directly above Parental Love and below Continuity (see +group figure). When it is large it tends to produce a ridge, +flat-iron-shape and pointing upward; when small, it presents a +depression sufficient to contain the ball of the finger. Its close +connection to Continuity, on the one hand, and Parental Love on the +other, is very suggestive. + + + + +CHAPTER X + +THE APPLICATIVE QUALITIES + + +The fifth group, known as the Applicative Qualities, is composed of two +particular Qualities, known, respectively, as _Firmness_ and +_Continuity_. This group manifests in outer form on the centre-line of +the head, just above and just below the "crown," at which latter point +Self-Esteem is situated (see Fig. 6). + +[Illustration: FIG. 6 THE APPLICATIVE QUALITIES] + +FIRMNESS. This Quality manifests in a strong tendency toward stability, +tenacity, fixedness of purpose, and decision. When very highly developed +with the reasoning powers weak it often manifests as stubborness, +mulishness, obstinacy, etc. Those in whom it is largely developed +display firmness in decision, are "set in their ways," cannot be driven +by force or converted by argument when they have once formed an opinion +and taken a stand. The "indomitable will" arises from this Quality, in +fact this Quality might well be termed the "Will Quality," although it +manifests by that aspect of Will which shows itself as _fixedness_, +while its companion Quality, that of Continuity, manifests the phase of +Will known as "stick-to-it-iveness." Persons in whom Firmness is largely +developed make certain decisions and then abide by them. They may be +coaxed but never driven. Prof. O. S. Fowler, speaking of this Quality, +said: "No man ever succeeded without great will-power to hold on and +hold out in the teeth of opposing difficulties. I never knew a man +distinguished for anything, not even crimes, to lack it. It is an +indispensable prerequisite of greatness and goodness. Without it great +talents are of little avail, for they accomplish little; but with it +large, fair to middling capacities accomplish commendable results. +Success in life depends more on this than on any other single +attribute." + +This Quality manifests outer form on the centre-line of the back part of +the top head, just above Self-Esteem. The location may be ascertained by +holding the head erect, drawing an imaginary line upward from the +opening of the ears straight to the top of the head to the middle-line +or centre of the top of the head--the location is at this last-point. +It is usually quite prominent, and in many men unusually large. When +fully developed it gives a "tallness" to the head from the opening of +the ears to top of head. When it is weak, there is apt to be a flatness +or even a depression at the point of its location. It also manifests in +a "stiff upper lip," that is a firm upper lip, the latter often being +longer than ordinarily. A certain stiffness of the upper-lip is often +noticed when Firmness is habitually asserted, or in cases when the +Quality is temporarily called into play. The term "stiff upper lip" is +more than a mere figurative expression. Combe says of this Quality: +"When this organ predominates it gives a peculiar hardness to the +manner, a stiffness and uprightness to the gait, with a forcible and +emphatic tone to the voice." + +CONTINUITY. This propensity manifests in a strong tendency to "stick-to" +a thing once begun, until it is finished; a disinclination for change; a +habit of patient work and thought; a desire to do but one thing at a +time; etc. It is difficult to interest these people in _new_ +things--they hold fast to the _old_. They are naturally conservative and +are averse to "new-fangled" things. They are plodders and steady +workers, and run on like a clock when once wound up. They are apt to +possess the power of long and continued concentration upon anything +which attracts their attention, although it is difficult to attract +their attention to an entirely new thing. Prof. Sizer says: "Firmness +gives a stiff, determined fortitude, decision of character; it serves to +brace up the other faculties to the work in hand.... Firmness gives +determination and obstinacy of purpose, while _Continuity_ gives a +patient, perfecting, plodding application. Of two stone-cutters with +equal Firmness, they will be alike thorough and persevering, but if one +has large Continuity he prefers to use the drill in one place for hours, +while the other with small Continuity craves variety, and prefers to use +the chisel in cutting and dressing the entire surface of the stone." + +Continuity in excess often manifests in "long-windedness," prosiness, +boredom, prolixity and tiresomeness. When it is weak there is +manifested a "flightiness," tendency to change, lack of concentration, +attraction of the new, a shifting of base, change of mind, and general +instability and lack of "stick-to-itiveness." This Quality manifests +outer form on the centre line of the top back of the head, just below +the crown (Self-Esteem) and just above Inhabitiveness (see group +figure). Reference to the group figure will show that it is peculiar in +shape, and forms a semi-circular arch over a part of the top-back head. +When fully developed that part of the head is simply evenly rounded with +swelling; when deficient it leaves a hollow, crescent shape, horns +downward. In America we find the majority of people are weak in +Continuity, while in certain other countries it is found largely +developed in the majority of cases. This fact gives to Americans a +benefit in certain directions and a weakness in others. + +Both Firmness and Continuity are manifested almost entirely in +connection with the other Qualities, and are known almost altogether in +that way. In themselves they have almost abstract nature. In determining +character, they must be taken largely into consideration, because their +influence on the other Qualities is very great. In fact they may be said +to _determine_ the degree of _application_ of the other Qualities. + + + + +CHAPTER XI + +THE MODIFICATIVE QUALITIES + + +The sixth group is known as the Modificative Qualities (called by the +phrenologists "The Self-Perfecting Group"), which is composed of the +following particular Qualities. _Ideality_, _Infinity_ and _Humor_, +respectively. This group manifests outer form in the region of the +temples, and when large gives width to the sides of the fore part of the +head (See Figure 7). + +IDEALITY. This Quality could well be called the "Artistic" quality of +the mind. It manifests in a strong desire for the beautiful, the ideal, +the elegant, the polished, the graceful, the refined. It is also closely +connected with the phase of mental activity called "Imagination." Those +in whom it is largely developed manifest the artistic taste and +temperament, the love of art, beauty and the ideal, the poetic spirit, +the love of the refined and choice--and a corresponding dislike for all +opposed to these tastes and qualities. + +[Illustration: FIG. 7 THE MODIFICATIVE QUALITIES] + +Spurzheim says of it: "A poetic turn of mind results from a peculiar +mode of feeling. Vividness, glow, exaltation, imagination, inspiration, +rapture, exaggeration, and warmth of expression are requisite for +poetry. Poets depict a fictitious and imaginary world. This faculty +gives glow to the other faculties; impresses the poetical and ideal; +aspires to imaginary perfection in every thing; creates enthusiasm in +friendship, virtue, painting, music, etc.; produces sentimentality, and +leads to delicacy and susceptibility. It often acts with Spirituality +(Mysticism), located adjoining it, in embellishing poetry with the +mysterious and supernatural. Practical exaltation varies with this +organ." + +Combe says: "This faculty loves exquisiteness, perfection, and the +beau-ideal; gives inspiration to the poet; stimulates those faculties +which form ideas to create perfect scenes; inspires man with a ceaseless +love of improvement, and prompts him to form and realize splendid +conceptions; imparts an elevated strain to language, and shows a +splendor of eloquence and poetic feeling; and gives to conversation a +fascinating sprightliness and buoyancy--the opposite of dryness and +dullness." + +In addition to the above characteristics, which are largely due to the +co-operation of Mysticism, Infinity, and Reverence, there is another set +of manifestations which were largely overlooked by the older +phrenologists--the activity of the Imagination in connection with +Constructiveness. This combination of Constructiveness and Ideality is +found in the great scientists, inventors, great financiers, and others +whose plans for "building up" show that Ideality has been also very +active in the direction of picturing "what may be"--the _ideal_ which +Construction makes _real_. In much mental constructive work, there is +found the artistic element, which arises from Ideality. This Quality +manifests outer form in the upper and frontal portion of the temples, +just where the head begins to curve upward, and just in front of, or +under, the edges of the hair (see group figure). It is just above +Constructiveness, and just below Mysticism and Imitation, a position +which throws light on its several phases of manifestation above noted. + +INFINITY. This Quality manifests in a strong realization of the grand, +the majestic, the vast, the illimitable, the infinite, the eternal, the +absolute, the omnipotent, the omnipresent, the omniscient. It is the +realizing sense of The Great. Those in whom it is large are impressed by +the sublime, the majestic, the grand, in nature or in thought and +conception. Niagara; the great work of the architect; the thunder-storm; +the giant redwood of California; the ocean; or the thoughts of Infinity, +alike appeal to the one in whom this Quality is large. If Reverence be +large, the trend of Infinity will be toward religious ideas--the +greatness of God. If the intellectual faculties be in the ascendency, +Infinity will lead to high conceptions of Space, Nature, the Infinite. +If Ideality be large, Infinity will incline toward the grand and great +in art. If Constructiveness be well developed, Infinity will impel to +the creation of great works, enterprises, buildings, schemes, or what +not. Infinity influences everything in the direction of largeness and +greatness. This Quality manifests in outer form on the side of the head, +about midway between forehead and back-head, and about midway between +"top and bottom" of that part of the head which contains the brain (see +group figure). It is back of Ideality, and in front of Cautiousness; +below Optimism and above Acquisitiveness, on the side of the head where +the upward curve begins. + +HUMOR. This Quality manifests in a strong appreciation of the ludicrous, +humorous, ironical, facetious, and raillery. Spurzheim says: "Those who +write like Voltaire, Rabelais, Piron, Sterne, Rabener, Wieland, and all +who are fond of jest, raillery, ridicule, irony, and comical +conceptions, have the upper and outer parts of the forehead immediately +before Beauty (Ideality) of considerable size." Combe says: "I have +found in the manifestations of those whose Wit (Mirthfulness) +predominates over Causality (Logic) a striking love of the purely +ludicrous; their great delight being to heap absurd and incongruous +ideas together; extract laughter out of every object; and enjoy the +mirth their sallies created; and therefore agree with Spurzheim that the +sentiment of the ludicrous is its primitive function." Those in whom it +is very large are apt to be regarded as trifling and undignified, and +people often lack respect for them. Those in whom it is weak are apt to +be over-serious and dreary. A sense of humor is valuable in many ways, +among which is its influence in letting us see the silly side of much +pretentious nonsense which might otherwise deceive our reason and +judgment. Many a solemn and dignified fallacy or error can best be +attacked through a laugh and a realization of its absurdity. This +Quality manifests outer form on the upper and lateral part of the +forehead (see group figure). It is just before Ideality and just below +Imitation. When large it gives a square and prominent shape to this part +of the forehead. + + + + +CHAPTER XII + +THE RELATIVE QUALITIES + + +The seventh group is known as the Relative Qualities, and is composed of +the following four particular Qualities: _Human Nature_; _Suavity_; +_Sympathy_; and _Imitation_; respectively. The designation "Relative" is +applied to this group, by reason of the fact that its activities are +concerned with the _relations_ between the individual and others of his +kind. The group manifests outer form in the front-upper part of the +head, beginning just above the line of the hair, from which it extends +backward toward the top-head. (See Fig. 8.) + +[Illustration: FIG. 8 THE RELATIVE QUALITIES] + +HUMAN NATURE. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to read +character, discern human motives, interpret feelings and thoughts, and +to _know_ men and women thoroughly. Those in whom it is large seem to +read the mind, motives and character of those whom they meet, in an +almost intuitive manner--the ideas, feelings, thoughts, motives and +designs of others seem like an open book to them. They are natural +physiognomists, and understand Human Nature in both its inner states +and outer forms. This quality is largely developed in successful +salesmen, detectives, credit-men, politicians, and others whose success +depends largely upon the ability to read the character of those with +whom they come in contact. This Quality concerns itself with the entire +subject matter of this book, and is of the utmost importance to every +individual. It should be developed and trained. + +Prof. O. S. Fowler explains its manifestations, and at the same time +directs one along the lines of its cultivation, as follows: "Scan +closely all the actions of men, in order to ascertain their motives and +mainsprings of action; look with a sharp eye at man, woman and child, +all you meet, as if you would read them through; note particularly the +expression of the eye, as if you would imbibe what it signifies; say to +yourself, what faculty prompted this expression and that action? drink +in the general looks, attitude, natural language and manifestations of +men, and yield yourself to the impressions naturally made on you; that +is, study human nature both as a philosophy and a sentiment." + +This Quality manifests in outer form on the middle-line of the summit of +the forehead, just where the hair usually begins to appear, and from +thence slightly upward around the curve (see group figure). It is +directly above Analysis and is often mistaken for a continuation +thereof. Its nearness to that Quality indicates its relationship +thereto, the connection being very close; in fact, some authorities have +treated it as a particular phase of Analysis. It is directly in front of +and below Sympathy, which position is also suggestive, for we must first +_understand_ the feelings of others before we can sympathize with them. +It is between the two lobes of Suavity, which position is also +suggestive, for Suavity depends upon an understanding of the character +and feelings of others, in order that we may "fall in" with the same. In +the same way Imitation, which closely adjoins it, depends upon Human +Nature for its copying material. When largely developed this Quality +gives a peculiar fullness and height to the upper forehead. + +SUAVITY. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to be _agreeable_, +_suave_, _pleasant_, _polite_ and _attractive_ to other people. Those +in whom it is large possess a charming personality; a "winning way;" are +interesting and agreeable; polite, and often fascinating. They always +say the right thing to the right person at the right time and right +place. They sugar-coat unpleasant truths, and are natural diplomats. +This is the Quality of Tact. These people are "all things to all men," +and show every evidence of having "kissed the Blarney Stone," and of +understanding the manufacture and use of "soft soap." + +With Human Nature large, they, as Prof. O. S. Fowler says "know just how +and when to take and hoodwink men; with Secretiveness (Cunning) large +and Conscientiousness small, are oily and palavering, and flatter +victims, and serpent-like salivate before swallowing." When the +adjoining Quality of Humor is large, they add humor and wit to their +other attractive qualities. This Quality, in normal development, is the +lubricant which makes the wheels of social and business intercourse run +smoothly. In excess it renders one "too smooth" and "oily;" while its +deficiency renders one boorish, unattractive and disagreeable. It +manifests in outer form in the upper-fore part of the head, about the +hair-line, and _on each side of Human Nature_. It is just below +Imitation, just above Logic, and touches the upper side of Mirthfulness +(see group figure). Together with Human Nature, when both are large, it +tends to give a squareness and fullness to the upper part of the +forehead, and a somewhat angular turn to the forehead at that point. + +SYMPATHY. This Quality manifests in a strong feeling of kindness, +compassion, benevolence, sympathy, and desire to make and see others +happy. Its manifestation is always altruistic. When largely developed it +causes one to feel the pains of others, and to be unhappy at the sight, +thought or hearing of their pains and woes. When deficient or weak it +allows the person to be callous to the misfortunes of others. When +normally developed it causes one to radiate Kindness, Sympathy and +Compassion, but in excess it renders one miserable because of the +consciousness of the "world-pain," and often causes one to be the victim +of misplaced sympathy and confidence. It is unnecessary to state that +those in whom this propensity is strong are to be found serving their +fellow-men in charitable, philanthropic, and educational work. Some have +it in such excess that they will impoverish themselves and their +families in order to help perfect strangers or the race at large. It +manifests outer form on the fore part of the top head, on the +middle-line, commencing just about where the hair begins and running +back almost to the middle of the top-head. It is immediately in front of +Reverence. When large it tends to give the head a little forward tilt or +inclination, as if toward the person for whom sympathy is felt. In +listening to a story awakening sympathy, one naturally inclines the head +a little forward. + +IMITATION. This Quality manifests itself in the strong tendency to +reproduce, copy, take pattern of, or mimic. It plays an important part +in the work of the artist and the actor. It enables one in whom it is +largely developed to enter into the ideas, plans and works of others; to +"catch their spirit;" and to reproduce their work or ideas. In +connection with Ideality it forms a large part of the artistic talent +in all lines of creative work. With large Constructiveness and Ideality, +it makes the inventor and the designer who build upon that which has +gone before that which is new and original. With Self-Esteem small and +Approbativeness large, this Quality will cause the person to "follow my +leader" and imitate others, rather than to assert his own originality +and creative power. This Quality is noticeable principally as a modifier +of the other faculties and propensities. It manifests outer form on the +upper sides of the forehead, toward the top of the head (see group +figure). It lies just below Sympathy, and above Ideality; before +Mysticism, and back of Suavity. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + +THE PERCEPTIVE QUALITIES + + +The eighth group is known as the Perceptive Qualities, composed of the +following particular Qualities, respectively: _Observation_; _Form_ +_Size_; _Weight_; _Color_; _Order_; _Calculation_; _Tune_; _Time_; +_Locality_; _Eventuality_, and _Words_. This group manifests outer form +in the lower part of the forehead, in the region of the eye. (See Fig. +9.) When large this group often gives to the upper forehead the +appearance of "retreating" or sloping backward. Prof. O. S. Fowler says +of the appearance of those Qualities which manifest outer form _under_ +the eyebrows: "The following rule for observing their size obviates the +objection sometimes urged that the eyebrows and their arches prevent the +correct diagnosis of these smaller organs crowded so thickly together. +The rule is: _The shape of the eyebrows_ reveals the size, absolute and +relative, of each, thus: When _all_ are large, the eyebrow is long and +arching; when all are deficient, it is short and straight; when some +are large and others small, it arches over the large ones, but passes +horizontally over those which are small. This rule is infallible." The +other Qualities of the group, according to Prof. Sizer, "is located +above the eyes, and ... constitute about one-third of the depth of the +forehead, beginning at the arch of the eye." + +[Illustration: FIG. 9 THE PERCEPTIVE QUALITIES] + +OBSERVATION. This Quality was given the name of "Individuality" by the +early phrenologists, but this term is considered misleading, owing to +the later usage of that term. It manifests in a strong desire to +observe, see, examine, inspect, and "know" the things of the objective +life. Those in whom it is largely developed feel the insatiable urge of +the inquisitive spirit; they desire to investigate everything coming +under their notice. Many little details in the objects or subjects in +which they are interested are noticed by them, while overlooked by the +majority of people. + +Prof. Sizer says of it that it "gives a recognition of things and the +special points and facts of subjects; quickness of observation is an +important element in the acquisition of knowledge.... Those in whom it +is large are eager to see all that may be seen, and nothing escapes +their attention. It opens the door for the action of all the other +perceptive organs.... They are quick to notice everything that is +presented to the eye; and it goes farther, and enables us to recognize +that which we touch, or sounds we hear. The rattling strokes of a drum +are distinct noises, and each is an individuality." + +Prof. O. S. Fowler, says: "It is adapted, and adapts men to the +divisibility of matter, or that natural attribute which allows it to be +subdivided indefinitely. Yet each division maintains a personal +existence. It thus puts man in relation and contact with a world full of +things for his inspection, as well as excites in him an insatiable +desire to examine everything. It is therefore the _looking_ faculty. Its +distinctive office is to observe things. It asks: 'What is this?' and +says, 'Show me that!'... Before we can know the uses, properties, +causes, etc., of things, we must first know that such things _exist_, +and of this Observation informs us." + +This Quality is largely involved in the process of Attention. It usually +manifests in the form of _involuntary attention_, that is, attention to +interesting things. But, under the influence of the will, with Firmness +large, it manifests _voluntary attention_, or attention or study of +objects not interesting in themselves, but which it is important to +study and know. It is largely developed in children and undeveloped +adults in the phase of curiosity or desire to observe _new_ things. In +adults, of developed minds, it manifests as attention to things of +_material interest_ and important subjects or objects of study. This +Quality is the master of its associated Qualities in this group, and is +involved in all of their activities. + +It manifests outer form in the middle of the lower part of the forehead, +between the inner ends of the eyebrows, and above the top of the +nose--"just above the root of the nose," in fact. Prof. O. S. Fowler +says: "When it is large, the eyebrows flex downward at their nasal ends, +and the lower part of the forehead projects. When it is deficient, the +eyebrows are straight at their inner ends, and come close together" (See +group figure). + +FORM. This Quality manifests in a cognizance, appreciation, and +recollection of the _form and shape_ of objects observed. Those in whom +it is large most readily perceive, recognize and remember details of +form and shape, faces, etc. It manifests outer form between, and +slightly above, the eyes, on each side of Observation (see group +figure). When large it tends to push the eyes apart and outward. Sizer +says: "The width between the eyes is the indication of its +development.... When small the eyes are nearer together, which gives a +pinched expression to that part of the face; when the organ is large, +the eyes appear to be separated, pushing away from the root of the nose. +Distinguished artists have the eyes widely separated." Audobon said of +Bewick, an eminent English wood-engraver, "His eyes were placed farther +apart than those of any man I have ever seen." + +SIZE. This Quality manifests in a cognizance, appreciation, and +recollection of the size and _magnitude_ of objects observed. Those in +whom it is large most readily perceive, recognize and remember the size, +dimensions, proportion, distance, height and depth, quantity, bulk of +things. It manifests outer form on each side of Observation, but a +little lower down (see group figure), in the angle formed by the root of +the nose and arch of the eyebrows. Prof. O. S. Fowler says: "In +proportion as it is large it causes the inner portion of the eyebrows to +project over the inner portions of the eyes, quite like the eaves of a +house, forming a shed over the inner portion of each eye." + +WEIGHT. This Quality manifests in a cognizance, appreciation, and +recollection of _weight_, _balance and gravity_ of things. Those in +whom it is large most readily perceive, recognize, and remember the +weight of things; and also things out of balance or plumb. These people +seem to have the faculty of balancing themselves nicely, and keeping +their feet on a slippery surface, on a tight-rope, etc., and often walk +with a swinging, free motion, indicating a sense of balance and +security. This Quality manifests under the eyebrows, next to Size, about +a half inch from the upper part of the nose, rising somewhat above the +inner part of the eyeball and the bridge of the nose. Prof. O. S. Fowler +says: "Draw a perpendicular line from the centre of each eye up to the +eyebrow; Weight is _internally_, and Color _externally_ of this line +under the eyebrows." + +COLOR. This Quality manifests in a cognizance, appreciation, and +recollection of the color, hue, shade, and tint of things. Those in whom +it is large most readily perceive, recognize and remember the colors, +shadings, blendings and combination of tints, and to compare, match and +harmonize colors instinctively. It manifests outer form under the +eyebrows, just back of Weight (see rule for finding, in last paragraph), +and occupies the space directly under the centre of the arch of the +eyebrows (see group figure). When largely developed it gives an upward +and forward arch to the eyebrows. + +ORDER. This Quality manifests in a cognizance, appreciation, and +recollection of _order_, _method and arrangement_. Those in whom it is +large most readily perceive, recognize, and remember the order and +sequence in which objects appear or are arranged. They are very +methodical, precise, and pay attention to details of arrangement and +system. They "have a place for everything," and like to "keep +everything in its place." In business they are "strong on system," +sometimes overdoing it. They are also fond of rules, laws, customs, and +codes, and adhere strictly thereto. They like everything pigeon-holed, +labelled, or else fenced in and off from every other thing. Are also +great disciplinarians. This Quality manifests outer form next to Color, +and beneath the junction of the bony ridges (on the sides of the head) +and the eyebrows, (see group figure). Prof. O. S. Fowler says: "When +very large it forms an arch, almost an angle, in the eyebrows at this +point, accompanied by its projection or hanging over.... When small, the +eyebrows at this point retire, and are straight and flat, wanting that +arched projection given by large Order." Combe says: "Its large +development produces a square appearance at the external angle of the +lower part of the forehead." + +CALCULATION. This Quality manifests in a cognizance, appreciation, and +recollection of _number_, _figures_, _calculations_, _etc._ Those in +whom it is largely developed most readily perceive, recognize, and +remember anything concerned with the _number_ of things, or +calculations based thereon. They are natural arithmeticians and +mathematicians. Calculation comes easy to them, and in cases of high +development they may be said to "think mathematically." This Quality +manifests outer form next to Order, and under the outer ends of the +eyebrows (see group figure). + +Prof. O. S. Fowler, says: "It elongates the ends of the eyebrows +laterally, and flexes them horizontally in proportion as it is +developed, yet when deficient the eyebrow is left short externally, does +not project beyond the eye, and terminates running _downwards_." Gall +says: "Its convolution is a continuation of the lowest convolution of +Tune, and is placed on the most external part of the orbital plate, in a +furrow running from before backwards. When it is very large it depresses +the external part of the plate, so that the superorbital arch is +irregular, except in its internal part; its external line representing a +straight line, which descends obliquely. Hence the external part of the +eyelid is depressed, and conceals the corresponding part of the eye." + +TUNE. This Quality manifests in a cognizance, appreciation, and +recollection of _tune_, _music_, _harmony_, _melody_, etc. Those in whom +it is large most readily perceive, recognize, and remember all connected +with the subject of Music. It is the musical sense, taste and faculty. +Its characteristics are too well-known to require elaboration. It +manifests outer form in the lateral and lower part of the forehead, +above Order and Calculation, in front of Constructiveness, and back of +Time (see group figure). Prof. O. S. Fowler says: "When large it fills +out the lower, frontal portions of the temples.... Still, being located +in a kind of corner ... and the temporal muscle passing over it, its +position varies somewhat, which renders observation more difficult, +except in the heads of children, in whom it is generally larger than in +adults." + +TIME. This Quality manifests in a cognizance, appreciation, and +recollection of _time_, _duration_, _rhythm_, _etc._ Those in whom it is +large most readily perceive, recognize, and remember all connected with +the flight of time, dates, duration, periodicity, chronology, etc. +Spurzheim says of it that it, "perceives the duration, simultaneousness, +and succession of phenomena." It may be called "the time sense" which is +so apparent in some persons, and so noticeable by reason of its absence +in others. It manifests outer form above Color and Weight, in front of +Tune, and back of Locality (see group figure). + +LOCALITY. This Quality manifests in a cognizance, appreciation, and +recollection of _places_, _positions_, _locations_, _directions_, etc. +Those in whom it is large most readily perceive, recognize, and remember +places, directions, positions, land-marks, points-of-the compass, roads, +paths, streets, and other things having to do with _space_. Such persons +are never "lost" nor confused as to direction or locality; they have an +almost instinctive "sense of direction." It is the geographical or +traveller's sense. It is found large in the majority of travellers, +sailors, civil engineers, etc. Persons in whom it is large can find +themselves about a strange city without trouble, and will remember old +scenes, places, locations for years. Those in whom it is weak +frequently "get lost," or mixed up regarding place, position and +direction. + +It manifests outer form over Size and Weight, or about three-quarters of +an inch above the inner half of the eyebrows, and runs upwards and +outwards (see group figure). It is said to have been immensely developed +and apparent in Capt. Cook, the eminent explorer, and the portraits of +Columbus and other great explorers and travellers show a distinct +enlargement of this locality. Gall, who discovered the location of this +Quality, took casts of the heads of noted explorers and travellers, and +others manifesting the "sense of place and direction," and upon +comparing them, "found in them all, in the region directly over the +eyes, two large prominences, which began just inside the root of the +nose, and ascended obliquely upwards and outwards as far as the middle +of the forehead." Dr. Caldwell states that, "Daniel Boone who was +perpetually going from one place to another, was the most celebrated +hunter and woodsman of his age, and possessed this organ in a degree of +development so bold and prominent that it deformed his face." + +EVENTUALITY. This Quality manifests in a cognizance appreciation and +recollection of _facts_, _events_, _happenings_, _occurrences_, _news_, +_etc._ Those in whom it is large most readily perceive, recognize and +remember striking events, facts, doings, occurrences--in short, _news_. +Such persons have the "nose for news" which is so important to the +newspaper man, scientific investigator, researcher in any line, and +general investigator. It is the "historical faculty," and the +"journalistic sense," as well as an important part of the "scientific +instinct." These people make good witnesses, story tellers, and +entertainers. They know "what is going on," and are the people to go to +when one wishes to "hear the news," or to learn the past history of +anything or anybody. + +This Quality manifests outer form in the centre of the forehead, +immediately above Observation, and in front of Locality (see group +figure). When large it tends to "fill out" the middle of the forehead. +Prof. O. S. Fowler says: "It sometimes seems deficient, because the +surrounding organs are large, whereas close inspection shows it to be +large. Steady the head with the left hand, and place the second finger +of the right in the very centre of the forehead, firmly on the head, and +then work the skin horizontally. If your finger caresses an up-and-down +ridge about the size of a pipe-stem, this faculty is vigorous, and has +been much used and strengthened by culture of late years. Where it is +not noticeably full, but has been taxed by business or literary +pursuits, or had a great many little things to do for years, it appears +deficient to the eye, but the rule just given for this perpendicular +pipe-stem ridge signifies great activity and vigor in it." (See group +figure.) + +WORDS. This Quality manifests in a cognizance, appreciation and +recollection of _words_, _terms_, _phrases_, _etc._, and their meanings. +Those in whom it is large most readily perceive, recognize and remember +the words, expressions, gestures and other modes of communication +between the minds of men, and are proficient not only in perceiving and +understanding them, but also in employing and using them. It is the +taste, power, and ability to receive verbal Impressions and to manifest +verbal Expression. It produces the orator, and the adept in the use of +words in writing. To those persons in whom it is largely developed, +words take on life and reality, and become living thought. In excess, it +produces verbosity, talkativeness, and "windiness" of expression. When +deficient, it renders one unable to properly express himself. It +manifests outer form above and partly behind the superorbital plates, +which form the roof of the sockets of the eyes, and when large tends to +press the eyes forward and downward. Its location was discovered by +Gall, who observed that those fluent in the use of words almost always +had _full and prominent eyes, and_ _prominent under eye-lids_. The +fullness of the eyes and lower eyelids, therefore, is its distinguishing +mark. + +Professor O. S. Fowler says: "See how the eyes stand out beyond the +cheekbone--the best standard points from which to estimate its size, +because, though it may be large, yet the Perceptives may be still +larger, in which case the latter will project forward still farther even +beyond large Expression. (Words). Hence the fullness of the eyes should +not be compared with the eyebrows as much as _with the bone below them_, +which not being subject to kindred mutations, forms a correct measuring +point of observation." The pressure outward of the under eyelids, is a +good sign of the development of this Quality. It may be objected to that +Quality of Words is not, strictly speaking, a _Perceptive_, but when it +is realized that before words may be fluently used, they must be +_perceived_, _recognized_, _and remembered_, the reason for our +inclusion of this Quality in the Perceptive class may be understood. + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + +THE REFLECTIVE QUALITIES + + +The ninth group is known as the Reflective Qualities, which is composed +of the two following particular Qualities: _Analysis_ and _Logic, +respectively_. This group is accorded the highest place among the mental +Qualities, for Reason is ranked higher than Emotion, Feeling or +Sentiment. Its purpose is to philosophize, penetrate, investigate, +originate, pursue the processes of inductive and deductive reasoning, +analyze, synthesize, take apart, put together, combine, harmonize, +search for, discover, and to manifest all the processes of Rational +Thought, using the report of the Perceptives as "raw material." This +group manifests outer form in the upper part of the forehead, +immediately above the Reflective Qualities. (See Fig. 10.) When large it +gives to the upper part of the forehead that appearance of +_intellectuality_, which is so commonly recognized, and which has given +rise to the semi-slang phrase "high-brow" as applied to persons +manifesting intellect. + +[Illustration: FIG. 10 THE REFLECTIVE QUALITIES] + +ANALYSIS. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to _analyze_, +_compare_, _classify_, _infer_, _discriminate_, _illustrate_, _etc._ It +gathers together the "raw material" of perception, and proceeds to +analyze and compare its particular parts, and then to group the parts +together in a new classification and synthesis. Those in whom it is +largely developed manifest the power of _comparison_ to a high degree, +discovering points of resemblance and difference almost intuitively. +They will plunge to the heart of a subject in a short time, and will be +able to extract the _essence_ of an object or subject with comparatively +little effort. + +Spurzheim says of it: "The great law of this faculty seems to be to form +abstract ideas, generalizations, and harmony among the operations of the +other faculties.... It pre-supposes, however, the activity of the other +faculties, and cannot act upon them if they are inactive." + +Professor Nelson Sizer says that it, "frequently discovers unexpected +resemblances among other things, and people who have it in a very active +condition are constantly surprising those in whom it is dull by their +novel illustrations. It is the source of the ability some writers +possess of using frequently metaphors and analogies.... While it +contributes to reason, it is not strictly so, _per se_.... It endeavors +to prove that one thing is of such and such a nature, because it +resembles another that is so and so; and because the majority of people +have it fairly developed, they are prone to convert an illustration into +an argument. It exercises a most important influence upon the mind in +the way of analytical capability; and one who has it largely developed +is quick in discovering and understanding differences, enigmatical +assertions and improper or inaccurate allusions; hence it is essential +to critical acumen." + +Gall says, regarding its discovery: "I often conversed with a +philosopher endowed with great vivacity, who, when unable to prove his +point by logic, had recourse to a comparison, by which he often threw +his opponents off the track, which he could not do by arguments." It +tends to reason by analogy, and to make rapid and clever +generalizations. The majority of scientists have it largely developed, +as also do discoverers in all lines of investigation and research, and +as Gall says: "Its possessors seize and judge well of the relations of +things, etc., and are well fitted for business." It is attracted by +investigation and thought regarding concrete things, rather than by +abstract subjects. It is scientific, rather than philosophical. + +As Prof. O. S. Fowler says, it: "illustrates with great cleverness and +facility from the known to the unknown, and discovers the deeper +analogies which pervade nature, and has an extraordinary power of +discovering new truths. It reasons clearly and correctly from +conclusions and scientific facts up to the laws which govern them; +discerns the known from the unknown; detects error by its incongruity +with facts; has an excellent talent for comparing, explaining, +expounding, criticising, exposing, etc.; employs similes and metaphors +well; puts this and that together, and draws correct inferences from +them." + +This Quality manifests in outer form in the middle of the upper part of +the forehead, along the middle-line, just below the hair, directly above +Eventuality, and between the two lobes of Logic (see group figure). +Prof. O. S. Fowler says of it: "It commences at the centre of the +forehead and runs upward nearly to the hair. When it projects beyond +surrounding organs it resembles a cone, its apex forming a ridge which +widens as it rises. Its ample development elevates the middle of the +upper portion of the forehead, and gives it an ascending form." + +LOGIC. This Quality manifests in a strong desire to inquire into the +"Why?" of things--into Causes--into the "Wherefore?"; and to reason +therefrom to _effects_ and application of laws. Those in whom it is +large manifest the power of _logical reasoning_ to a high degree, and +abhor fallacies. This is the _philosophical_ faculty of mind. It +searches back of facts and phenomena for _causes_, _motives_ _and laws_, +and then reasons deductively from these. Combe says: "This faculty +prompts us on all occasions to ask, "Why is this so, and what is its +object?" It _demands reasons and proofs_ in the reasoning of its owner, +as well as from others." + +Prof. Nelson Sizer says: "It gives ability to look deeply into subjects, +and to appreciate the logical sequences of arguments, hence it is large +in persons who indicate genius in metaphysics, political economy, and +all sciences of a profound character.... When prominent, and the +perceptive faculties are moderate, and Comparison (Analysis) is not +equally influential, it tends to speculative thinking. Men so +constituted are given to spinning improbable theories; their notions are +too abstract for ordinary minds, and they are looked upon as dull and +heavy weights in society. On the other hand when it (Logic) is +deficient, the individual is superficial and incapable of taking +comprehensive views of subjects; or forming judgments that will apply to +the affairs of life successfully." + +Professor O. S. Fowler says that this Quality gives "the desire to know +the _why and wherefore_ of things, and to investigate their laws; +ability to reason from causes down to effects, and from effects up to +causes; the therefore and wherefore; ability to adapt ways and means to +ends, to plan, contrive, invent, create resources, apply power +advantageously, make heads save hands, kill two birds with one stone, +predict the results of given measures, etc." + +This Quality manifests outer form in the sides of the upper part of the +forehead, one either side of Analysis and over Locality (see group +figure). When large it gives to the forehead a "high, bold, square" +form. With large Perceptives this Quality does not present so prominent +an appearance and so marked a comparison, but with the Perceptives small +it gives to the brow an "overhanging" appearance. With Analysis equally, +or nearly as strong, the fullness of course extends well across the +forehead; but with Analysis much smaller, Logic presents a bulging on +each side of the forehead; while with Analysis large and Logic small, +the latter gives the appearance of two depressions on each side of the +forehead. + +Spurzheim well says of the combination of Analysis and Logic (which he +terms "Comparison" and "Causality," respectively): "Causality and +Comparison combined constitute Reason. Without Causality (Logic) there +can be no argumentative reasoning; without Comparison (Analysis), no +comprehensive views, and no nice distinctions. Observation teaches +objects, and Eventuality facts, while Comparison (Analysis) points out +their identity, analogy, difference or harmony, whereas Causality +(Logic) seeks their causes, and all together discern general principles +and laws; draw conclusions, inductions and creations, and constitute a +truly philosophical understanding." + + + + +CHAPTER XV + +THE RELIGIO-MORAL QUALITIES + + +The tenth group is known as the Religio-Moral Qualities, and is composed +of the following particular Qualities: _Reverence_, _Mysticism_, +_Optimism_, and _Conscientiousness_, respectively. This group manifests +outer form at the front-top of the head, and on either side thereof (see +Fig. 11). + +[Illustration: FIG. 11 THE RELIGIO-MORAL QUALITIES] + +REVERENCE. This Quality manifests in a strong reverence, respect and awe +for and of higher beings, persons in authority, sacred things, religious +ideas, constituted authority, leaders, teachers, and heroes. It may be +symbolically expressed by the word, "Worship." Like that of Mysticism, +this Quality contains within its field the highest and the lowest. It +manifests the reverence and veneration for the highest conceptions of +Deity and Being; and also the fear and base servile worship of idols, +demoniac deities, devil-gods, etc. Likewise, it manifests in respect and +submission for the lawfully constituted authorities; and also for false +leaders and prophets, charlatans and imposters. In the same way it +causes a hero-worship for those who have performed meritorious tasks and +have wrought good for the race; but also for the unworthy persons whose +sensational deeds have brought them into the "limelight" of notoriety. +It manifests in all forms of the highest religion; and in the lowest +forms of devil-worship and low superstitious awe and fear, in the +richest religious experiences, and in the wildest fanaticism and +hallucinations. The direction of the manifestation is decided by the +relative development of the other propensities, particularly those of +the reasoning faculties. + +This Quality manifests outer form on the middle-top of the head, along +the middle-line directly in front of Firmness, back of Sympathy, and +just above Mysticism and Optimism (see group figure). When largely +developed, it causes the middle of the top of the head to "bulge," +particularly if Mysticism be also largely developed, the combination +usually being thus. + +MYSTICISM. This Quality manifests in a strong attraction for the +supernatural, the marvellous, the unknown, the mysterious. When +perverted it leads to superstition, gross credulity, belief in +witchcraft; faith in signs, omens, and warnings, etc. When balanced by +certain other Qualities it leads one to the higher flights of religious +experience, faith, and consciousness of the "light within;" but when not +so balanced it leads one to credulity, superstition and religious, +occult, and mystical imposture. + +"Psychic" phenomena are familiar to those in whom it is largely +developed in connection with certain other mental qualities; +clairvoyance, second-sight, spirit-vision and other peculiar experiences +being common to these people. The prophets, seers, and wonder-workers +belong to this class of "psychics." Poets possess this Quality in many +cases. The manifestations of this Quality include some of the very +highest and the very lowest of "spiritual" experiences and feelings. +This paradox is explained when we consider the influence of the other +Qualities, high and low, operating in connection with that of Mysticism. +In the garden of Mysticism grow the choicest flowers and the rankest and +most noxious weeds. + +This Quality is located immediately in front of Optimism, and below on +either side of Reverence, on the front-upper part of the head (see group +figure). When developed it renders the front top-head broad and +prominent. + +OPTIMISM. This Quality manifests in a strong tendency to look on the +bright side of things, to expect the best, to anticipate the best. +Spurzheim says of it: "Hope is necessary to the happiness of man in +almost all situations and often gives more satisfaction than even +success. Those who are everlastingly scheming or building castles in the +air have it large. It believes possible whatever the other faculties +desire. It is not confined to this life, but inspires hopes of a future +state, and belief in the immortality of the soul. When too strong it +expects the unreasonable and impossible; but when too weak, with Caution +large, it produces low spirits, melancholy and despair." + +This Quality when full produces optimists; when weak, pessimists; when +medium, the average person who swings between the two extremes partaking +of the nature of each. Those in whom it is developed to excess are apt +to see success in everything, and with a lively imagination translate +dreams into realities; of these persons it has been said: "show them an +egg, and the next minute the air is full of feathers." When this Quality +is weak the person is disposed to look for the worm in the apple, decay +at the heart of the rose, and for the skeleton beneath the form of +beauty. It has been said that "the optimist sees nothing but the body of +the doughnut; the pessimist, nothing but the hole." + +This Propensity manifests outer form at the middle sides of the upper +head, in front of Conscientiousness, back of Spirituality (see group +figure). + +CONSCIENTIOUSNESS. This Quality manifests in a strong tendency to act +according to truth, principle, duty, the accepted code of ethics, +conception of right, accepted religious teachings--in short to regulate +conduct according to the particular standard of "right and wrong" +accepted by the person. Those in whom it is large feel keenly their +personal responsibility, duty, and moral obligation. With Reverence +large, they model their standard of duty upon religious standards, +while with Reverence small, and Sociability large, they model their +standard upon social ethics, the Brotherhood of Man, and the "social +conscience." In fact the Quality itself gives rise to what is generally +called the "social conscience." + +Combe says of this Propensity: "After more than thirty years experience +of the world in actual life, and in various countries, I cannot remember +an instance in which I have been permanently treated unjustly by one in +whom this organ and intellect were large. Momentary injustice, through +irritation or misrepresentation, may have been done; but after correct +information and time to become cool, I have found such persons ever +disposed to act on the dictates of Conscience; as well satisfied with +justice.... It leads to punctuality in keeping appointments so as not to +waste their time; to the ready payment of debts; will not send +collectors away unsatisfied except from inability to pay; are reserved +in making promises, but punctual in keeping them; and when favorably +combined, are consistent in conduct.... Its predominance makes a strict +disciplinarian and a rigid but just master; invests all actions with a +sense of duty; thereby sometimes rendering estimable persons +disagreeable." + +In normal manifestation this Quality renders its possessor a most worthy +and estimable individual; but when abnormally developed and not balanced +by judgment and the reasoning faculties, it produces persecutors and +religious and ethical tyrants, adhering to the letter of the law rather +than to its spirit. Conscience is generally esteemed, but careful +observers deplore the "ingrown conscience" and "blue-law spirit" of +those of large Conscientiousness, large Destructiveness, and small +Sympathy. Many so-called "reformers" belong to this last class. This +Quality manifests outer form on the side of the top part of the head, +just below and on either side of Firmness. It lies between Firmness and +Cautiousness, with Optimism just in front of it and Approbativeness just +back of it (see group figure). + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + +FACES + + +Next to the shape of the head, the facial expression furnishes us with +the most marked indication of the outer form accompanying the inner +mental state. In fact, many authorities hold that the facial expression +affords the most easily read and most comprehensive index of character, +and that, therefore, Physiognomy possesses many points of superiority +over Phrenology. The truth seems to be that Physiognomy and Phrenology +are twin-sciences, and that the true student of Human Nature should +acquaint himself thoroughly with both. + +Physiognomy is "the science and art of discovering or reading the temper +and other characteristic qualities of the mind by the features of the +face." The philosophy underlying the science of Physiognomy has been +stated at length in the first several chapters of this book, the essence +of which is that _mental states manifest in outward form_. The majority +of persons apply the principles of Physiognomy more or less +unconsciously in judging the characters of those with whom they come in +contact. Nearly every one scans closely the features of those whom they +meet for the first time, and form a general impression therefrom. +Children and domestic animals possess an instinctive knowledge of facial +expression and can often tell very accurately the general disposition +toward them possessed by various persons. Certain persons are generally +considered to "look stupid," while others have "a bright, intelligent +expression"; some look "tricky," while others "look honest" and +trustworthy. + +Professor Nelson Sizer says: "Though all human beings have the general +human form and features--though all have eyes, nose, mouth, chin, etc., +yet each one has a different face and look from every other. And, more, +yet, the same person has a very different facial look at different +times, according as he is angry or friendly, etc. And always the same +look when in the same mood. Of course, then, something causes this +expression--especially, since all who are angry, friendly, etc., have +one general or similar expression; that is, one look expresses anger, +another affection, another devotion, another kindness, etc. And since +nature always works by means, she must needs have her physiognomical +tools. Nor are they under the control of the will, for they act +spontaneously. We cannot help, whether we will or no, laughing when +merry, even though in church, pouting when provoked, and expressing all +our mental operations, down even to the very innermost recesses of our +souls, in and by our countenances. And with more minuteness and +completeness than by words, especially when the expressions are intense +or peculiar." + +Professor Drayton says, "Everything, from head to feet, of form, size, +and action, indicates in some degree, the character of the individual, +or state of mind, and feeling in exercise for the time being. The +arching or depressing of the eyebrows, the full opening or partial +closing of the eye, the pursing or pouting of the lips, the firm set +jaw, the elevated head, the lofty shoulders, the stiff attitude, the +dignified and stately step, or the reverse of this, will impress each +observer in respect to the changing moods which may exist in a given +individual.... Each of the mental organs has its natural language, as +shown in pantomine, which is exhibited by the gestures and motions of +the head, hands and body. Children and animals read the feelings of +their parents or masters by their motions and attitudes, which are often +more influential than words. The brain is the central source of motive +and mental power; every action has its root or seat of impulse in the +brain and its connections, and as the mind forms purposes, the will is +sent out to the extremities, and the external motions express the inward +thought and feeling. Habitual states of mind tend to produce habitual +forms and expressions of face and body; a person who suffers pain for +years, will have in the face an expression of the internal state; one +who has been nurtured in gladness, though the face may not be beautiful, +will wear the sunshine of joy; one who has had care and responsibility, +will come to show it in the face, in the walk, and in the voice, as one +who has been subjugated and kept subordinate will have the word +humiliation written in his features not only, but in all his movements +and attitudes." + + +SHAPES OF FACES + +The authorities in Physiognomy divide the faces of persons into three +general classes, viz: (1) The Round Face; (2) The Oblong Face; and (3) +The Pear-shaped Face. + +[Illustration: FIG. 12 ROUND FACE] + +In Fig. 12, we see the Round Face. This face is indicative of the Vital +Temperament. It is usually associated with broad shoulders, short neck, +full chest, and plumpness, with enlarged abdomen in middle life. These +people love ease and physical comforts, good eating and drinking, and +not too much hard mental or physical work. They are solicitous of the +comfort of their bodies, and generally "look out for No. 1" in this +respect. They are generally good-natured and sociable, and often jolly. + +[Illustration: FIG. 13 OBLONG FACE] + +In Fig. 13, we see the Oblong Face. This face is indicative of the +Motive Temperament. It is usually associated with a compact firm body, +which while well filled out can scarcely be called plump, certainly not +fleshy. These people are generally strong and active, persevering and +sparing neither themselves or others in the direction of work. They are +apt to have a very fair share of common sense; are _practical_; and are +generally _reliable_. + +[Illustration: FIG. 14 PEAR-SHAPED FACE] + +In Fig. 14, we see the Pear-shaped Face. This face is indicative of the +Mental Temperament. It is usually associated with a delicately formed +body, and finely proportioned physical shape; the shoulders often being +narrow, and the neck long. These people manifest the characteristics of +mental and nervous force, rather than of vital or motive energy. They +often have bright, expressive eyes, and show other signs of the artistic +or literary character. They are inclined to be sensitive and +impressionable, and to suffer and enjoy keenly. + +In addition to the aforementioned general types, there are several +others which are modifications thereof, and which we shall now consider. + +In Fig. 15, we see the Square Face. This face indicates a combination of +the Motive and Vital Temperaments, with the Religio-Moral Qualities +deficient and the Selfish-Qualities predominant. These people usually +have square, stocky bodies, strong and wiry, and are tenacious of life. +They are Materialistic to a degree, and cannot understand others who +differ temperamentally from them. Usually, they have Combativeness and +Destructiveness large; strong Perceptive Qualities; and but moderate +Conscientiousness. They look out for themselves, pushing others aside, +and not being disturbed by "the higher feelings." They are generally +stubborn; and their weak point is apt to be Amativeness. + +[Illustration: FIG. 15 SQUARE FACE] + +In Fig. 16, we see the Egg-shaped Face. This face indicates the Mental +Temperament with the Psychic Qualities largely in the ascendent. The +Selfish Qualities are weak, while the Qualities of Mysticism, Reverence +and Ideality are large. These people are generally known as "spiritual," +and are often very "psychic." They are generally impractical and dwell +in an ideal world apart from the things of earth. + +[Illustration: FIG. 16 EGG-SHAPED FACE] + +In Fig. 17, we see the Inverted-Egg-shaped Face. This face indicates the +extreme form of the Vital Temperament, associated with an absence of the +active qualities which should accompany it. The Mental and Motive +Qualities are quite deficient, while the purely _Animal_ Qualities are +strong. The result is a _pig-like_ nature, content with wallowing in the +mud of the animal propensities and having a full swill-barrel. These +people are essentially lazy, gross, worthless, and animal-like. Note the +large lower-face (without the strong jaw), and the small upper head. +Note the broad nose, and general lazy expression. + +[Illustration: FIG. 17 INVERTED EGG-SHAPED FACE] + +In Figs. 18 and 19, respectively, we see the contrast between Broad and +Narrow Faces. The rule is that Broad Faces indicate fight, +destructiveness, and acquisitiveness--the Selfish Faculties, in fact; +while Narrow Faces indicate a lack of these qualities. The broad-headed +animals are the fighters, while the narrow-heads are the timid and +peaceful, as a rule. The same principle applies in the case of men. Look +over the charts of the Qualities, and see why this is. + +[Illustration: FIG. 18 BROAD FACE] + +The above mentioned several types or classes of faces have, of course, +innumerable variations and combinations, but a careful study of these +several types will give one the general key to all faces. It is well to +obtain a side view, as well as a full-face view, of the face one wishes +to study. + +[Illustration: FIG. 19 NARROW FACE] + +In studying faces, not only the general shape of the face must be +observed, but also the various features thereof, as for instance: the +chin; the mouth; the nose; the eyes; the ears; etc. These features form +the subject of the following chapters. + + + + +CHAPTER XVII + +CHINS AND MOUTHS + + +Physiognomists regard the chin as an important feature to be considered +in the study of faces as the outer form of character. The following are +the principal points of the "reading" of chins. + +In Fig. 20 we see the first point to be observed in the study of chins. +The rule is to draw an imaginary perpendicular line from the point at +the root of the nose, between the two eyebrows. In the normal and +average type, the line touches the upper lip and chin. But we find the +normal condition in but comparatively few cases, the majority +manifesting a variation backward or forward. When the chin is found to +recede from the line, it is interpreted as an indication of weakness, +lack of stability and firmness, and a general vacillating and unstable +character. When the chin projects beyond the line, it is interpreted as +indicating firmness, stubborness, and a generally selfish nature, which +is considered "strong" by contrast with the "weak" receding chin. When +the projecting chin is _pointed_, it indicates that the strength is +manifested as grasping, miserliness, etc.; while if it is _square_, it +indicates Combativeness and Destructiveness as well as Acquisitiveness; +and if it is _very broad and square_, it indicates the domineering, +"bossy," tyrannical, self-willed character. + +[Illustration: FIG. 20 CHIN STUDY] + +The above points regarding the chin must always be taken into +consideration. The following points are based on the shape of the chin +when in _normal position_, that is when the perpendicular line descends +in a straight line from the root of the nose to the chin: + +The _narrow-round chin_ indicates _idealistic feeling_ not manifesting +in decided action. These people have high desires, longings, and +aspiration, but lack the will to act upon the same. + +The _narrow-square chin_ indicates the idealistic nature, _accompanied +by the will to act_ upon the same. + +The _broad-round chin_ indicates _substantial feeling_, without the will +to manifest it in decided action. These people desire ordinary, plain, +practical things, but lack the initiative, will and nerve to overcome +obstacles to acquire them. + +The _broad-square chin_ indicates that the feelings are plain, practical +and substantial, _with the will to back them up_. + +From the above, it will be seen that _roundness_ indicates _feeling_; +and that _squareness_ denotes _will_; that narrowness denotes +_ideality_; while _broadness_ denotes _practical, substantial, plain_ +desires and tastes. + +The _dimpled or indented chin_ indicates the warm artistic temperament +with its accompanying desire for love of the opposite sex, desire for +affection, and alas! too often a fickleness and lack of loyalty and +fidelity in love affairs. + + +JAWS + +A _broad, firm jaw_ indicates strong Combativeness, Destructiveness and +Firmness. + +A _narrow, loose jaw_ indicates the reverse of the qualities above +noted. + +A _loose, drooping jaw and open mouth_ indicates timidity, weakness, +shyness, or despondency. + +The _fighters_ in all walks of life manifest the strong, firm jaw. It is +the survival of the primitive "bite" in the animal or cave-man. + + +MOUTHS + +The Orientals have a proverb which runs as follows: "By a man's eyes, +know what he might have been, or may be; by his mouth, knew what he has +been, and is." The study of the mouth is one of the greatest interest, +and one which will richly repay one for his time and thought. It will be +noticed that there is a great difference between the mouth and lips of +an individual in childhood, in youth, and in middle-age, which fact +shows the truth of the Oriental proverb just quoted. The mouth indeed +shows what a man has been and is. + +_Small mouths_ generally denote undeveloped, childish, or babyish +character, neither good nor bad. + +_Large mouths_ denote matured character, good or bad. When firm, they +denote force and energy. When half-open, they denote dullness and +heaviness. When showing full protruding lips, they denote sensuality and +selfish passions and tastes. When very large and flexible, they denote +the "windy" person who is fond of talking and hearing the sound of his +own voice--when one says that another is "big-mouthed" he states a truth +which physiognomy bears out. + +An _upward curve_ of the corners of the mouth, denotes a cheerful, +optimistic disposition and mental attitude. Likewise, a _downward curve_ +denotes a despondent, pessimistic disposition and mental attitude. A +graceful bow-like curve, shows a well-balanced and "all around" +disposition. + +_Tightly closed lips_ indicate a firmness, and often a "closeness" of +disposition. _Loosely closed lips_ indicate a lack of firmness, and +often a spendthrift tendency. _Lips that touch lightly and protrude +slightly_ in a "kiss-like" shape, indicate vanity, love of praise and +flattery, and often a desire to be petted. + +_Puffed-out lips_ indicate sloth, dullness, lack of energy and ambition, +general heaviness. _Coarse lips_ indicate lack of refinement, and often +grossness. _Particularly full lips_ indicate Amativeness and sometimes +Sensuality. + +_Slanting mouths_ indicate trickiness, "foxiness" and general +unreliability. _Crooked mouths_, or mouths greatly out of symmetry, are +held by many authorities to indicate lack of Conscientiousness, and +often criminal tendencies. + +_Full, red, middle-lips_ indicate love of the opposite sex. _Thin, pale +middle-lips_ denote the opposite traits. + +_A long upper-lip_ indicates Self-Esteem. _A short upper-lip_ denotes +deficient Self-Esteem, but often also a strong Approbativeness. (John D. +Rockefeller has an almost abnormally long upper lip.) + +The affectionate faculties are believed to manifest in outer form in the +center of the lips, because of certain nerve centers at that place. A +fullness and enlargement there denotes strong affection, while +deficiency in the affectionate qualities manifest in the opposite +direction. + +Will and self-control is shown by the relative firmness and "set" of the +lips and mouth. + +Besides the above mentioned characteristics, the student will soon +perceive that there are certain "expressions" of the lips and mouth +which, although impossible of expression in words, nevertheless may be +almost instinctively recognized by the careful observer. Lips, like +eyes, tell their story plainly to the careful and practiced observer. It +is a safe rule to _avoid those whose mouths arouse an instinctive +distrust in your mind_. Watch closely the mouths of people speaking to +you, and you will receive many a plain signal of danger, and many an +assurance of safety. The eyes, while full of information, often deceive +those not fully versed in their secret code--but the mouth tells its +tale in plain, simple, understandable terms, signs and symbols. + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII + +EYES, EARS AND NOSES + + +It has been said that "the eyes are the windows of the soul," and indeed +they do express a _something_ that is not possible to any other part of +the face or body. When unrestrained the eye correctly portrays the +innermost feelings and emotions affecting and influencing us, and in +many cases we are able to get a clear and unobstructed view of the soul +behind the eyes by gazing into them. But, alas! it is possible to mask +the expression of the eyes, and to counterfeit emotions and feelings +which do not exist within the mind. Men and women trained in the arts of +dissimulation and concealment, may, and do, conceal their thoughts and +feelings which ordinarily would be reflected in their eyes; and many, +especially women, are able to counterfeit feelings which have no real +existence in their minds or souls. We have seen women bestowing upon the +unsuspecting "mere man," the most artless, ingenuous "baby stare," while +at the same time their minds were filled with craft and cunning. We +have seen others whose eyes portrayed the most absolute innocence and +truth, while their hearts were filled with selfish, base feelings, and +their minds with cunning schemes. The trained diplomat and skilled +gambler successfully mask their thoughts, and their eyes reflect nothing +of their secrets; and, upon occasion, they are able to throw into their +eyes any desired expression. The best authorities on Physiognomy hold +that the mouth is a much more reliable index of thought and character +than the eye--for the eye may lie, while the mouth betrays itself even +when attempting the counterfeit. + +But, nevertheless, the eyes _do_ betray character, not by their +expression but by their shape and form. Habitual mental states reflect +in the outer form of the eyes, in spite of the care of their owners not +to let them tell the secret of the thought and feeling of the moment. +The story is told _not by the expression_ of the eye, but by the muscles +surrounding the eyes, the eye-lids, etc. In fact, the _eye-lids_ supply +the greater part of that which we call the "expression of the eye," +their contractions and relaxations producing the effect. + +_Secretiveness, cunning, and closeness_ are denoted by closely drawn +eye-lids, a furtive look often being imparted thereby. This position of +the eye-lids has been likened to an instinctive inclination to draw the +eye-lids together to hide the expression of the eye, but it probably +arises from the original trait of the animal to protect his eyes from +attack when engaging in a fight, or raid. As an instance of this, it +will be found that a feeling of cruelty, or desire to hurt another, will +manifest in a compression of the eye-lids, and a tightening of the upper +eyelid which assumes a straight form. _Frankness, truthfulness and +honesty_ are, in the same way, indicated by open, free looking eyes. +This expression may be counterfeited upon occasions, but the counterfeit +may be detected by observing the eyes when the owner is off guard. + +The _fighting, destructive, motive feelings_ are indicated by _straight +lines_ of the lids. _Affection, benevolence, sympathy, and love_, +manifest in curving, drooping, full eye-lids, the absence of straight +lines being marked. _Amativeness and Alimentiveness_ show in very thick +eye-lids, giving a sensual gross expression to the eyes. +_Destructiveness_ manifests in a tightening of the upper lid, and a +bearing down upon the eyeball. _Approbativeness_ gives a peculiar +"coquettish" relaxation of the upper eye-lid, which is suggestive of the +desire to wink in a meaning manner. _Humor_ gives a peculiar contraction +to the eye-lids, and at the same time producing the little lines +radiating from each outer corner of the eye-lids--the "laughing +wrinkles." _Ideality, Optimism, and Mysticism_ impart an open expression +to the eyes. _Cautiousness_, when large, also gives to the eyes an open, +almost startled, surprised expression. + +_Large, protruding eyes_ are held to be indicative of wordiness, +talkativeness, and lack of careful thought--the desire to talk for the +pleasure of hearing oneself talk. + +In connection with the subject of the outer form manifesting in the +eyes, we would call your attention to the quotation from Prof. O. S. +Fowler, appearing in Lesson XIII, in which he speaks of certain of the +Perceptive Qualities which indicate in outer form in the region of the +eye, as follows: "The shape of the eyebrows reveals the size, absolute +and relative, of each, thus: When _all_ are large, the eyebrow is long +and arching; when all are deficient, it is long and straight; when some +are large and others small, it arches over the large ones, but passes +horizontally over those which are small. This rule is infallible." In +connection therewith, we suggest that the student re-read carefully +Chapter XIII, which deals with the Perceptive Qualities which manifest +outer form in the region of the eye. + + +EARS + +Many physiognomists pass lightly over the subject of the ears as an +index of character, while others seem to specialize on this feature. + +The _round ear_ is held to indicate the Vital Temperament. The _oblong +ear_, the Motive Temperament; and the _pear-shaped ear_ the Mental +Temperament. + +_Quality_ is held to be indicated by the relative delicateness in the +moulding of the ear, a coarse, misshapen ear being held to indicate an +uncultivated nature; while a delicately moulded, shapely ear is held to +indicate culture and refinement. + +A _long, narrow ear_ is held to indicate an ambitious, striving nature. +An ear _pointed at the tip_ (upper part) is held to be indicative of +selfishness and general "foxiness." + + +NOSES + +All physiognomists agree upon the importance of the nose as an index of +character. The majority of people recognize the sign of a large, strong +nose, on the one hand, and a small, weak nose on the other. + +[Illustration: FIG. 21 A, ROMAN; B, GRECIAN; C, CHERUBIC] + +In Fig. 21 we see the three general forms of the nose, the Roman; +Grecian and Cherubic; respectively. The _Roman nose_ is held to be +indicative of Self-Esteem, Combativeness, Destructiveness and +Acquisitiveness. The _Grecian nose_ is held to be indicative of +Ideality, Conscientiousness, Reverence and other "higher qualities." The +_Cherubic nose_ is held to be indicative of feminine qualities, social +attractiveness, and emotional qualities. There are of course innumerable +modifications and combinations of these three general classes. + +[Illustration: FIG. 22 THREE TEMPERAMENTS] + +In Fig. 22 we see the classification adopted by some authorities, who +divide the nose into three general parts, each of which is held to +indicate one of the three Temperaments, and the Qualities which are +related to each. Thus the hard bony part, including the bridge, +indicates the Motive; the tip and end, the Mental; and the "wings" on +each side of the nostrils, the Vital. There is much truth in this +classification, and a careful study of this illustration will aid the +student in his understanding of noses as an outer sign of character. In +fact, this illustration may be used as a basis for the whole subject of +the meaning of noses as outer signs of character. + +Large nostrils indicate strong Vitativeness and physical well-being, and +often strong Emotive Qualities. Narrow, small, or tight nostrils +indicate weak Vitativeness and Vital Force. An authority says: "If the +nostrils are wide-apart, the man is merciful. If the nostrils are +wide-open, like those of a bull, resemblances to that animal prevail in +violent wrath and hard breathing." + +The tip of the nose indicates the several mental qualities. The sharp +pointed tip indicates an inquisitive, prying, investigating nature--a +general "sharpness" so to speak. A blunt tip indicates a lack of +"sharpness" and inquisitiveness. The upturned tip, or "pug," indicates a +trifling, superficial, gossiping tendency. As a general rule the sharp +tip indicates thought, while the rounded tip indicates feeling. + +The bony part of the nose, when prominent, indicates the strength of the +Motive Qualities, such as Combativeness, Destructiveness, +Acquisitiveness, Constructiveness, etc. It generally accompanies the +people who push forward and "do things" in spite of obstacles--it is the +nose of the great generals, and the majority of great financiers. + + + + +CHAPTER XIX + +MISCELLANEOUS SIGNS + + +While the subject of hands may be thought to belong to the study of +Palmistry, with which we have no concern in this book, nevertheless we +think that we should include herein a brief reference to the several +classes of the hand as indicative of the outer form of mental states. +That the shape of the hand often reveals information regarding the +character of its owner is admitted by the best authorities on the +subject. Many persons who discard the theories of Palmistry still regard +the subject of the shape and meaning of hands as apart from that study, +and believe that an understanding of the indications of the several +classes of hands is important to the students of Human Nature. + +There are seven general types of hands, viz: (1) The Spatulate; (2) the +Square; (3) the Artistic; (4) the Elementary; (5) the Mixed; (6) the +Philosophic; and (7) the Psychic. Following we give a brief recital of +the qualities held to be indicated by each. + +[Illustration: FIG. 23 SPATULATE HAND] + +In Fig. 23, we see the Spatulate Hand, the special peculiarities of +which are the straight, smooth fingers and the "splay" tips. This type +of hand is held to indicate an active, energetic nature, that is +satisfied only when it is employed and doing something useful. This hand +is eminently "practical," and its owner cares very little for art, +poetry, or literature. + +[Illustration: FIG. 24 SQUARE HAND] + +In Fig. 24, we see the Square Hand, the special peculiarities of which +are its general "squareness" of the palm, and generally of the +finger-tips. This also is a useful hand, and its owner is amenable to +authority, and makes a good employee or helper. It indicates a quiet, +peaceable disposition, and its owner is usually found to be careful, +orderly, and dependable--the sense of _order_ being especially strong. + +[Illustration: FIG. 25 ARTISTIC HAND] + +In Fig. 25, we see the Artistic Hand, the special peculiarities of which +are the suppleness and softness of the hand; its symmetrical form; and +its long, tapering fingers. Its owners are of the poetic and artistic +nature, with a taste for beautiful and refined things, artistic +environment, bright and witty speech, and "choice" things generally. The +Qualities of Ideality and Words are apt to be well developed in these +cases, and "the artistic temperament" is found in its full development +here. + +[Illustration: FIG. 26 ELEMENTARY HAND] + +In Fig. 26, we see the Elementary Hand, the special peculiarities of +which are its short, thick fingers, and its thick heavy palm. Its owners +are "of the earth, earthy," and have but very little imagination and +fine taste. + +[Illustration: FIG. 27 PHILOSOPHIC HAND] + +In Fig. 27, we have the Philosophic Hand, the special peculiarities of +which are its large thumb, rounded finger-tips, and its projecting +joints. Its owners are thinkers, investigators, and reasoners along +practical lines, and are generally skeptical and inclined to demand +proof of anything and everything. + +[Illustration: FIG. 28 PSYCHIC HAND] + +In Fig. 28, we see the Psychic Hand, the special peculiarities of which +are the extreme slenderness of the entire hand, and the long thin, +pointed fingers. Its owners have Mysticism highly developed, and incline +toward the mysterious, supernatural, occult, and imaginative, and are +generally of an extremely nervous, sensitive nature. + +Very few hands adhere strictly to any one of these several types, but +are more or less composite or "mixed." In such cases the characteristics +of each type mingle and blend, and must be interpreted accordingly. The +following peculiarities are also noted by the authorities: + +THE THUMB. The thumb is divided into three parts, each indicating a +certain quality, as follows: (1) the top part or division, which +indicates Will; (2) the second or middle part, which indicates Logic; +(3) the "ball" or fat lower portion, which indicates Passion. The +comparative size of either of these parts indicates the strength of its +particular qualities. + +THE FINGERS. Hard fingers indicate work, activity, and energy. Soft +fingers indicate love of ease, disinclination for work, laziness. Very +hard hands denote heaviness and general stupidity, also gross tastes and +undeveloped nature. Smooth fingers denote artistic tastes, etc.; while +knotted fingers denote philosophic thought and argument, orderliness +and taste for material facts and things. Short fingers denote quick +judgment and impatience of detail; while long fingers denote a love of +detail, elaboration and "fussiness." Spatulate fingers indicate +tidiness, usefulness, and a desire to be doing useful work. + + +THE PALM. Hardness of the palm, as of the fingers, denotes activity, +energy and work; while softness denotes love of ease, laziness, etc. +Wideness of the palm denotes generosity, broad-mindedness, etc.; while a +narrow palm denotes the reverse. Firm palms generally denote the Motive +Temperament; while soft, flabby palms denote the Vital temperament. + + +THE WALK + +The study of the Walk as an index of character is favored by many +authorities. There are three general types of walks, viz (1) the long +stride, in regular time; (2) the short, quick, and somewhat jerky step; +(3) the short but regular step. + +Those who walk with a long stride generally take a broad view of things, +but if their walk is also slow they are apt to lack energy and push. +The short, quick step denotes activity, but small ideas and often +pettiness. The combination of the long stride and the quick movement is +held to indicate both large ideas and activity. A draggy, shuffling walk +is held to indicate a careless, shiftless nature; and a springy movement +is indicative of mental activity. A mincing walk is held to denote +"finickiness," affectation, and general artificiality; while a careless +walk denotes a disregard for appearances and a general unconventional +nature. Those who walk in a straight line, direct to the object they +seek, are apt to move in the same way in other affairs of life; while +those who zig-zag from side to side display the same lack of directness +in business affairs and other activities of life. In the same way, one +who makes short-cuts across corners, etc., is held to have the same +tendency in active affairs. + +Approbativeness shows itself in a strutting walk; while Self-Esteem +manifests in a dignified carriage. Deficient, Self-Esteem shows itself +in a cringing walk; while strong Reverence produces a respectful, +deferential carriage. Approbativeness causes a slight swagger, with a +defiant carriage of the head, while Combativeness manifests in a "get +out of my way" pushing walk, the head being slightly lowered as if to +"butt" a way through. Cunning manifests in a foxy, sly walk; while +Cautiousness shows in a timid, hesitating step; and Acquisitiveness in a +general carefulness and watchfulness as manifested in gait. A +combination of Cunning, Cautiousness and Acquisitiveness, which is quite +common, manifests in a light, stealthy step, giving the suggestion of +"tip-toeing," and in extreme cases may show even the "snaky" gliding +motion from side to side, in noiseless progression. + +A little study and observation will convince anyone that the walk and +carriage of an individual correspond very closely to his general +character. And just as we may recognize one's mental characteristics +when reproduced in outer form in the walk; so may we deduce the +existence of mental characteristics in a stranger, from the outer form +of his walk and carriage. The study of walk and carriage is very +interesting, and will repay one for the time and trouble expended upon +it. One may practice by observing the walk of an individual whose +character is known, for the purpose of seeing the outer form of these +characteristics; and also by observing the walk of those whose +characters are unknown, and endeavoring to form an idea of their mental +states and characteristics by means of their peculiarities of gait and +carriage. One will be astonished at the proficiency attained in a short +time by a little practice along these lines. + + +VOICE + +The Voice is a great revealer of character. Prof. O. S. Fowler says: +"Whatever makes a noise, from the deafening roar of sea, cataract, and +whirlwind's mighty crash, through all forms of animal life, to the sweet +and gentle voice of woman, makes a sound which agrees perfectly with the +maker's character. Thus the terrific roar of the lion, and the soft +cooing of the dove, correspond exactly with their respective +dispositions; while the rough and powerful bellow of the bull, the +fierce yell of the tiger, the coarse, guttural moan of the hyena, the +swinish grunt, the sweet warblings of birds, in contrast with the +raven's croak and the owl's hoot, each correspond perfectly with their +respective characteristics. And this law holds equally true of man. +Hence human intonations are as superior to brutal as human character +exceeds animal. Accordingly, the peculiarities of all human beings are +expressed in their voices and mode of speaking. Coarse-grained and +powerful animal organizations have a coarse, harsh and grating voice, +while in exact proportion as persons become refined and elevated +mentally, will their tones of voice become correspondingly refined and +perfected." + +Prof. L. A. Vaught says: "Affectionate voices always come from the +backhead. Heavy, thunderous voices always come from the sidehead. +Egotistical voices come from the crown of the head. Kind, respectful and +straightforward voices come from the top-head." + +A clear, distinct utterance is held to indicate clear, logical thought, +while indistinct, confused, slurring utterance is indicative of +careless, illogical and hasty thought processes. Sharp and shrill notes +denote nervous tension and lack of restraint, as witness the voice of +the shrew or the hysterical woman, or the high-strung nervous man. +Self-restraint is shown by calm, deep, forceful utterances. Slowness in +delivery denotes slow, deliberate mental processes, while quickness, and +"snappiness" in speech, denotes quick, active habits of thought. The +cheerful voice of the optimistic person, and the rasping whine of the +chronic pessimist, are well known. The voice of self-reliance, and the +voice of fear and lack of self-esteem, are easily recognized. The +strident, overconfident note of the boaster and vain-glorious person, is +easily distinguished from that of the modest, careful, reliable person. + +All the several mental Qualities manifest in the voice, in tone, pitch +or feeling. The Emotive Qualities give the affectionate voice; +Self-Esteem gives the confident voice; Approbativeness gives the voice +of affectation and conceit; Combativeness gives the "let me alone" tone; +Destructiveness gives the "get out of my way" note; Cunning and +Acquisitiveness give the tone of deceit and flattery; and so on, through +the entire scale. In studying voices it will help you to ask "What +Quality or Qualities produce this voice?" in each case. Study the +voices of those whose characteristics you know, and then apply the +experience to others whose characteristics are unknown. + + +LAUGHS + +Laughter is full of the expression of character. One may often +accurately determine the character of a person whose face is not seen or +known. A hearty laugh is indicative of sympathy, companionship and +general sociability, as well as a well developed sense of humor. A +giggle is indicative of pettiness, trifling and general mental +light-weight. The repressed laugh shows self-control and often caution +and cunning, the tone denoting the difference. The vulgar "haw-haw" +denotes a correspondingly gross nature. The peculiar shrill, rasping, +parrot-like laugh of the courtesan is typical, and when ever heard +should act as a note of warning. It is difficult to state in words the +various qualities of the laugh, but each is distinctive and well +expresses the Quality causing it. It may be said that each and every +mental Quality has its corresponding note in the laugh, which note may +be learned and recognized by a little practice and actual observation. + + +THE HAND-SHAKE + +The manner of shaking hands is indicative of the characteristics of the +individual. Handshakes may be divided into three general classes, viz, +(1) the hearty handshake, which indicates good-feeling, earnestness, and +interest; (2) the mechanical handshake, which denotes indifference, lack +of feeling, and lack of interest; and (3) the selfish handshake, which +denotes cunning, heartlessness, and desire and disposition to take +advantage of the other party. There is a "something" in the handshake +which is almost impossible to express in words, but which is recognized +instinctively by those having Human Nature well developed. It is more of +a "feeling" of certain Qualities manifested by the other person. A +little thought and attention paid to this subject will tend to develop +this recognition on the part of one deficient in it. One may, with a +little practice, learn to distinguish between the honest and the +dishonest; the moral and the immoral; the active and the passive; the +energetic and the slothful; the grasp of good-fellowship, and that of +superciliousness; the friendly and the antagonistic; the candid and the +deceitful; and all the other various kinds of handshakes. Mental states +manifest in outer form in handshakes as in many other physical actions +and appearances. + +First study the several Qualities in their inner aspect, and then learn +to distinguish the various outer forms of each. From the inner proceed +to the outer, and having learned the way you will be able to retrace +your steps from the outer to the inner in the case of other persons. The +principle once grasped, the rest is all a matter of practice and +experience. + + +FINIS. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of How to Read Human Nature, by +William Walker Atkinson + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41501 *** |