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diff --git a/41289-0.txt b/41289-0.txt index 3a18bb2..6653640 100644 --- a/41289-0.txt +++ b/41289-0.txt @@ -1,35 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Magazine Style-Code, by Leigh H. Irvine - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Magazine Style-Code - -Author: Leigh H. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Magazine Style-Code - -Author: Leigh H. Irvine - -Release Date: November 4, 2012 [EBook #41289] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MAGAZINE STYLE-CODE *** - - - - -Produced by Greg Bergquist, Jennifer Linklater, and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - PUBLISHED BY - THE MYSELL-ROLLINS BANK NOTE CO. - - - - - THE - MAGAZINE - STYLE-CODE - - BY - LEIGH H. IRVINE - - - CROWN PUBLISHING CO. - SAN FRANCISCO - 1906 - - PRINTERS LITHOGRAPHERS ENGRAVERS - 22 Clay Street, San Francisco, Cal. - - - - - THE MAGAZINE STYLE-CODE - - A MANUAL FOR THE GUIDANCE OF AUTHORS, - REPORTERS, TYPEWRITERS, MINISTERS, - LAWYERS, PROOFREADERS, COMPOSITORS, - PUBLISHERS, AND - ALL WHO WRITE. - - LARGELY CODIFIED FROM THE SYSTEM OF - THEODORE LOW DE VINNE, FROM THE - CENTURY MAGAZINE, THE CENTURY - COMPANY'S BOOKS, - AND THE TREATISES - OF F. HORACE - TEALL. - - ABBREVIATIONS, THE USE OF CAPITAL - LETTERS, COMPOUND WORDS, - ETC., FULLY ILLUSTRATED - AND EXPLAINED. - - BY - LEIGH H. IRVINE - - _Author of The New California, An Affair in the South Seas, - The Writer's Blue Book, and Other Works._ - - CROWN PUBLISHING COMPANY - SAN FRANCISCO. - 1906. - - _Copyright, 1906_, - SAMUEL EPPSTEIN - - - DEDICATED - TO - THEODORE LOW DE VINNE, - - WHOSE WORKS ON TYPOGRAPHY HAVE BEEN - THE AUTHOR'S GUIDE AND INSPIRATION - IN THE PREPARATION OF - THIS LITTLE BOOK. - - - - -SOURCES OF AUTHORITY. - - -=1.= It is to be regretted that every publishing-house does not start on -the principle that a thorough system of doing things right should -precede the turning out of printed matter; but the press of business is -so great, the demands for 'rush work' are so many, that system comes -last, if at all. Managers are busy with the cash account and the -pay-roll, for which reason a great deal is left to chance. - -Thus it falls that the negligence, incompetence, or preoccupation of -printing-office managers makes good systems of typography the exception -rather than the rule. It is a reflection on the art preservative that -the slipshod methods and unscholarly composition of the daily newspaper -type often corrupt the pages of trade-and class-publications, as well as -of magazines and books. See paragraph 45 of this book for an explanation -of the use of hyphens in the foregoing sentence. See paragraph 68 for -the use of single quote-marks herein. - -The hurried work of newspapermen may be partly excused on the ground of -haste, yet in another sense it requires no more time to do a thing the -right way than to do it the wrong way. - -Printing-houses that pretend to turn out careful work, such as -publishing books and periodicals, should follow some model of -unquestioned authority; but as proper exemplars are not often at hand, -the daily newspaper, being omnipresent, is taken for a pattern. - -The purpose of this handbook is to furnish a guide based on the -scholarship and technical knowledge of some of the world's greatest -authors and printers. As blunders and inconsistencies creep into print -everywhere, even when special care is taken to avoid them, the author -expects this very work to be an example of the mistakes it warns others -to avoid. Such shortcomings as here appear, however, should serve to -emphasize the need of great pains by all who write and print. - -Some years ago it fell to the author to harmonize the style-codes of -three printing-houses that were doing work for him. In seeking a model -of accuracy and typographical neatness the system expounded by Theodore -Low De Vinne, used by the _Century Magazine_ and the Century Company, -was chosen. - -It was discovered that there never has been any formal style-code in use -by the De Vinne-Century printers. They have learned the style by -studying De Vinne's _Correct Composition_ and like works of his on -typography. Office experience teaches printers the written and unwritten -laws of the De Vinne code. - -The method of the Century printers has been largely the method of the -author of this manual. By correspondence with Mr. De Vinne, by studying -his books, and by the practical application of his rules to the work of -many offices the writer has come to know his methods, which are believed -to be the simplest and most scholarly in use in the United States -to-day. More than eighty per cent of the rules herein expounded are -codified from the works of De Vinne, or gleaned from Teall and similar -sources of indisputable authority. The work of the Chicago Proofreaders' -Association has been found helpful in the compounding of words. - -System is as necessary in a printing-house as in a bank, and -classification and obedience to the law of the office are absolutely -essential to the production of correct composition. Since many editors -and patrons, authors and others are usually either careless or untrained -in the art of preparing copy, the printer must be extremely painstaking -and methodic, or his work will be censured, and he will be blamed for -every fault that shows itself in 'cold type.' The owners of newspapers -printed at other men's offices are especially unreasonable when mistakes -occur. No matter how careless such customers are with their work, they -expect the printer to be infallible. Every publisher of wide experience -will corroborate this statement. The skilful writer expects reasonable -accuracy, the ignoramus wants printers to be Macaulays and mind-readers -as well. - - -=2. Why Style-codes are Necessary.= Style-codes are necessary because -much of the copy that is presented to printers is neither written nor -edited with reference to accuracy, consistency, or the rules of orderly -typography. Indeed much copy is not edited at all; it reaches the case -or the machine with its original crudities thick upon it, and if -blunders are discovered by the public the slovenly authors defend -themselves by charging them to 'errors of the types,' or blunders of the -printers. On account of the general carelessness of writers, style-codes -are necessary; they enable printers and proofreaders to hold writers -within reasonable bounds. If all things were written just as they should -be printed, style-codes would be useless. - - -=3. Edited Manuscripts Save Money.= Just as short words and short, -simple sentences save the time and energy required to gather the meaning -that would be clouded by the use of long, involved sentences, so clearly -written and accurately prepared manuscripts save time, energy, and money -in the printing-office. - -Typewritten copy is almost a necessity in this busy age, but whether -penned or typed, manuscripts should be consistent in style, and above -all readily legible. Fast typesetting machines should not be made slow -and expensive by the carelessness and indistinct manuscripts of editors -and other writers for the press. - - -=4. Uniformity is Essential to Success.= Uniformity in the method of -using capital letters, compound words, punctuation marks, etc., is -essential where any care is taken with printed matter. It is astonishing -that many editors, reporters, ministers, lawyers, and others who write -for publication are not only ignorant of typographical niceties, but of -fundamentals as well. Going further, it may be said that many -printing-houses are conducted in a haphazard way, as if uniformity and -accuracy were luxuries beyond price. Even under the best system, -contradictions and other errors are certain to abound. The best that can -be expected is to reduce blunders to the minimum. - - -=5. Passing the Blame to Printers.= Many writers pass the responsibility -and the blame to printers. This is a slovenly and unreasonable course. -Printers do not agree, some are incompetent, all are busy with other -details than editing copy, and it is not the duty of printers to correct -the blunders of writers. Again, a printer may see but a fraction of a -given manuscript, and may not know, unless there is an office -style-card, what system is the author's desire. A style-card will show -printers the way out of many dark places, and will overcome many of the -obstacles presented by the copy of untrained editors and writers. In -well-arranged offices, however, the compositor's right to make changes -is a limited one. - -It is the duty of typographers to follow copy unless there is a clear -inadvertence, such as going =too= town instead of =to= town, for -example. Writers should understand that printers, though often highly -competent to write or edit manuscripts better than those who present -them as copy, are too busy at the case or the machine to stop and edit -copy, form a style-code, consult dictionaries, verify quotations, -harmonize discrepancies, and prevent the blunders of writers in general. -If nobody edits copy, one of two things happens--the blunders are put -into type for the public eye, or they are corrected by the proofreader. -The former course destroys the printer's reputation, the latter adds to -the cost of work. - - -=6. Making Copy is an Art.= The world's universities do not teach how to -prepare copy for printers. Often college men are not only poor writers -of English, but they are as careless of the niceties of typography as -are printers in most houses, editors of some publications, ministers, -school-teachers, reporters, and public officers. In most manuscripts -inconsistencies abound. Numbers, for example, should be spelled out, or -written in arabic or in roman numerals, yet the three methods are -sometimes seen on one page of copy. - - -=7. Uniform Methods Throughout.= Abbreviations, the use of italic, of -smaller bodies of types, of varying measures, of bold-face, light-faced -antique, and like typographical methods for indicating headings, cut-in -notes, emphatic words, etc., should be under some definite and sensible -plan. - - -=8. Points for Writers.= Paper for linotype operators as well as that -for hand-compositors should be about the size of commercial note, and -the writing should run the long way of the page, the reason being that -sheets of the commercial note size fit into the machine 'copy-holder' -very neatly. Good margins should be left at the top and sides, this for -side-notes and catch-lines for headings. Names of persons, etc., should -be 'printed out' carefully in manuscripts, and interlineations should be -avoided. Blind hands have always caused infinite trouble in -printing-houses. (Consult 'blind' in the _Standard Dictionary_.) - - -=9. Style-codes Should be Mastered.= Those in authority in -publishing-houses and elsewhere should compel reporters, editors, -printers, proofreaders, and others whose duty it is to know =style= to -master the office code. In many instances the carelessness of writers -adds to the cost of production in every other department of publishing. -Strangely, however, many writers assume offhand that anybody can -capitalize words correctly and uniformly. Such writers jump to -conclusions in the most reckless way imaginable. Their methods and -definitions are no more correct than were the definitions given by a -band of amateur scientists who described a crab in answer to the great -Cuvier's question. They said a crab was a small, red fish that walks -backward. "A perfect definition," said Cuvier, "except that the crab is -not a fish, is not red, and does not walk backward." - - -=10. Office Dictionary Should Govern.= One dictionary should be selected -as the sovereign guide in every printing-house. If some things in the -chosen dictionary seem wrong there should be a list or card of -variations from authority. For many reasons the author of this little -book prefers the _Standard Dictionary_ to all others. It seems to have, -among other things, the most consistent and thorough method of -compounding words. Its spellings are the simplest, its pronunciations -the most rational. The incomparable work of F. Horace Teall shines in -the department that deals with the important subject of compounding -English words. Teall's _English Compound Words and Phrases_ should be -before every editor. As elsewhere explained, his system is a little -behind the times, owing to a recent movement to solidify words. See -paragraph 41. - - -=11. What Printers Should Edit.= There is a class of matter which -printers should edit as they proceed in their work, and this they should -do without delay or risk of exceeding authority. Reprint should be made -to conform to the office style. Often editors have ample time to read -clippings with sufficient care for acceptance, but without time or means -to make such excerpts conform to the governing code. Owing to lack of -marginal space and space between printed lines, there is no room for -certain emendations, the changing of compounds, and the rearrangement -of capitals. For these reasons most reprint reaches the printer as it -originally appeared in the 'exchange' from which it was clipped. - -Even if an editor should take pains to change the style of reprint the -result would be an unsatisfactory net-work of interlineations, carets, -transpositions, rings, and other marks--in short, it would be bad copy. -Some editors make it a rule to quote the general style of the clipping, -holding that the style of the clipping is as much a part of the author's -personality as are his words and sentences. Unfortunately there are -usually so many contradictions and inaccuracies, so many evidences of -_no style whatever_, that it is not a sensible plan to follow reprint -copy. The best system is for the compositor to follow the code of his -office, and the code should be so well known to him that to follow it -would be a pleasure. - -In many small offices, where copy-readers or copy-editors are not -employed, a knowledge of the style-code by printers and proofreaders is -of vital importance. It has been computed by a committee of printers of -wide experience that a style-code will save from three to five per cent -of the cost of composition. In offices conducted along the lines of -chaos the waste of time is great. - - -=12. Authors are the Supreme Authority.= There is no doubt that every -author has the right to dictate what shall be the typographical form of -his work, but no self-respecting publisher's imprint or hall-mark ever -appears on the pages of slovenly work. Even the author who demands his -own way should be shown his inconsistencies and slacknesses, if they -exist. The productions of some authors, who insist that copy be followed -by the printer, betray lack of system before the work has reached the -end of a galley; but if a writer urges that his faults be put in type -his orders should be followed. Instructions are often obeyed, greatly to -the amusement of everybody in the office, including the battery boy and -the devil. - - - - -ABBREVIATIONS IN GENERAL. - - -=13. Anno Domini= should be printed with small capitals when abbreviated -as A. D. - - -=14. Apostrophes for Plural of Letters Wrong.= De Vinne aptly says on -page 285 of _Correct Composition_ that the apostrophe is not proper to -express plurality. Its use in print for this purpose is the repetition -of an indefensible colloquialism, even though the dictionaries record -the form. Letters should be spelled as follows; aes, bees, cees, dees, -ees, efs, gees, aitches, ies, jays, kays, els, ems, ens, oes, pees, -ques, ars, esses, tees, ues, vees, ws or dubleyuz, exes, wyes, zees. -With the exception of esses this is the form given by the _Standard -Dictionary_. - - -=15. Apostrophe to be Omitted.= Mida's _Criterion_ and Dean's Landing -need the apostrophe as a sign of possession, but when referred to as -_Midas_ and Deans, the apostrophe is useless, and should be omitted. -Harper's Ferry, but only Harpers when used in the curtailed form for the -Ferry, meaning Harper's Ferry. See De Vinne's _Correct Composition_, -page 284. Consult paragraph 68 of this book. - - -=16. Apostrophe in Possessives.= Do not omit the apostrophe in such -names as James's, Banks's, and Williams's in possessive use. It is a -slovenly newspaper custom to omit apostrophes, except when the sound of -a second ess makes a disagreeable hissing. Whenever the second ess is -distinctly pronounced it should be inserted after the apostrophe. De -Vinne, Teall, Bain, Alford, Moon, and others are firm in demanding the -ess and the apostrophe whenever the sound of the second ess is given in -speech. Bain says: "We say St. James's and St. Giles's, Burns's, and -Douglas's." This is also the style of such magazines as the _Century_. -See paragraphs 15 and 68. - - -=17. Arabic Numbers.= Books should be disfigured as little as possible -by arabic numerals in the text. Numbers thus set are always dry and -forbidding in appearance. See paragraphs 19, 24, and Words, under -paragraph 27, division (16). - - -=18. A. M., etc.= Capital and small capital letters are not needed in -abbreviating time, as a. m. and p. m. for ante meridiem and post -meridiem. It is best to spell out =six o'clock=, etc. A. M. means -master of arts and anno mundi. P. M. means postmaster. If _time_ is -meant, confusion sometimes arises. De Vinne uses the period, and says -the colon is an ignorant substitution in this sense: =2.30= p. m. and -=1.45= a. m., not =2:30=, or =1:45=. See De Vinne's _Correct -Composition_, page 82. - - -=19. Ages of Persons.= Spell out the ages of persons. John Jones is not -=aged= twenty-one years. He is twenty-one years =of age=, or twenty-one -years old--not an =aged= person. The last use of =aged= is proper. - - -=20. Books.= See paragraphs 36, 52; also see division twelve under -paragraph 27. - - -=21. Co. and Company.= Co. should be set in capitals (=CO.=) when the -firm name is in capitals. The name JOHN BROWN'S Co. is unsightly. Unless -=Co.= is the style of the company, or incorporation, spell out the -word. In Co's no period is needed after the =o=. De Vinne's _Correct -Composition_, page 291. - - -=22. Credits.= See paragraph 52. Credits at the end of matter are best -set in italic lower-case, without any em dash to connect the credit with -the quotation. See De Vinne's _Correct Composition_, page 150. - - -=23. Dates.= When the numeral precedes the name of the month it may be -written as the =28th= of November, but when the numeral follows, it -should be November =28=. In =2d=, =3d=, and like abbreviations, there is -no need of =n=, as in =2nd=. - -=Years.= Two consecutive years should be run thus: During 1897-98, and -not 1897-8. It is proper to say the heroes of '49. See paragraph 24. - - -=24. Figures.= Commas are not needed in four figures, as: 1897, 5798. -The comma should not be inserted between figures expressive of dates, as -in June, 1898. - -Numbers of infrequent occurrence should be spelled out rather than put -in roman numerals. The engine weighed five thousand tons, there were -fifty-two gallons in the barrel, there were seventeen thousand men in -the regiments. See paragraph 17. - - -=25. Hours.= Print 11.30 a. m., and not 11:30 a. m. Use the period -rather than the colon. See paragraph 18. - - -=26. Month, etc.= Month, inst., prox., and ult., often abbreviated in -letters, are improper in all first-class work. Spell out the name of the -month, as March and January, not Mar. and Jan. Spell out days of the -week. - - - - -27. MISCELLANEOUS. - - -(1) =e. g.= for exempli gratia, i. e. for id est, q. v. for quod vide, -viz. for videlicet or to wit, etc. for et cetera, are barely tolerated -in good work and are discarded by many houses. If authors will use such -symbols they should spell them out. Italic is not needed in these -examples. See De Vinne's _Correct Composition_, page 41. - -(2) =Dep't=, treas., sec., gov't, and similar abbreviations are not -permissible. - -(3) =Do= not use Xmas and Xtns for Christmas and Christians. - -(4) =MS. and MSS.= MS. for manuscript and MSS. for manuscripts. There -should be no period after the =M=. - -(5) =New York.= Do not use N. Y. when you refer to New York City. - -(6) =Towns and Cities.= Do not abbreviate the names of towns and -cities, and avoid abbreviation of the names of states, except when they -follow town and city names. See paragraph 29. - -(7) =Titles.= It is a proper and decorous system to spell out doctor, -professor, general, colonel, captain, major, and like titles. Good book -and magazine work oppose abbreviations of such titles. Mr., Mrs., Jr., -Sr., are allowed as here written. - -(8) =To wit= should not be compounded. - -(9) =Spell out= fort, mount, point, port, saint, etc. in every use. - -(10) =Parentheses.= Inclose the names of states in parentheses when used -in the following way: The Albany (N. Y.) Law School; the Milpitas (Cal.) -_Gazette_. See paragraph 29. - -(11) =Pet Names.= Bill, Bob, Jim, Tom, Joe, etc., are not abbreviations, -and therefore they need no period after the last letter. - -(12) =Quarto=, octavo, twelvemo, thirty-twomo, etc., are best, but 4to, -8vo, and 12mo may be used, if they do not begin a sentence. - -(13) =Streets.= The numerical names of streets should be spelled out, as -Fifteenth Street, Twenty-second Street. - -(14) =Time.= See paragraph 18. Spell out the names of days of the week, -as well as names of months. - -(15) =Titles.= If John Jones has many titles following his name, it is -best to set them in small capitals, as: M. D., F. R. S., PH. D., K. C. -B. To set all in capitals is to give the name too little prominence. One -or two titles may be set in capitals, but when there are three or four, -use small capitals. - -(16) =Words.= Words are preferred in legal documents, as: Jean must -appear in court on the tenth of August, in the year of our Lord one -thousand nine hundred and six. - -(17) =PS.= PS. (for postscript or postscriptum) without a period or -space between the letters. See MS., number (4), paragraph 27. - -(18) =Commas Essential.= Commas are essential in certain cases where -they are often omitted. Many printers seem to think it is treason to put -a comma before =and= in a series of three words, and the Chicago -Proofreaders' Association omits commas in such instances. The system is -slovenly, however. De Vinne properly expounds the rule. On page 253 of -_Correct Composition_ he says: "The comma is needed when the simplicity -and directness of a sentence are broken by the addition or repetition of -nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs that do not qualify the words that -directly follow." He cites this example: "Ulysses was wise, eloquent, -cautious, and intrepid." Note the comma after =cautious=. Use the comma -without hesitation when the qualifying words are more than two in -number; as, the bay was calm, beautiful, and clear as crystal. The comma -is sometimes erroneously omitted before the conjunction in such cases -as: Jean, Lucinda and Alice have departed. There is no person whose name -is Lucinda and Alice. Again, the impression may be made, by the omission -of the comma, that Lucinda and Alice went together, and not with Jean. - -Another point to be remembered is that when the words are not in pairs, -the comma must be used, even if =or= frequently intervenes. _Correct -Composition_, page 254. When the words are in pairs, connected by the -word =and=, or disconnected by the word =or=, the comma is needed only -at the end of each pair. _De Vinne._ - - -=28. Names.= Never abbreviate Jas., Jos., Thos., Geo., Wm., Theo., -Chas., and other Christian names. The decorous system is to spell the -names in full, except when following exact signatures in legal documents -and other formal matter. - - -=29. Names of States.= Names of states following names of towns, except -the names of Alaska, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Ohio, and Utah, are -abbreviated as follows: - - Alabama Ala. - Arizona Ariz. - Arkansas Ark. - California Cal. - Colorado Colo. - Connecticut Conn. - Delaware Del. - Florida Fla. - Georgia Ga. - Illinois Ill. - Indiana Ind. - Indian Territory I. T. - Kansas Kan. - Kentucky Ky. - Louisiana La. - Maryland Md. - Massachusetts Mass. - Michigan Mich. - Minnesota Minn. - Mississippi Miss. - Missouri Mo. - Montana Mont. - Nebraska Neb. - Nevada Nev. - New Hampshire N. H. - New Jersey N. J. - New Mexico N. M. - New York N. Y. - North Carolina N. C. - North Dakota N. D. - Oklahoma Okla. - Oregon Ore. - Pennsylvania Pa. - Rhode Island R. I. - South Carolina S. C. - South Dakota S. D. - Tennessee Tenn. - Texas Tex. - Vermont Vt. - Washington Wash. - Virginia Va. - West Virginia W. Va. - Wisconsin Wis. - Wyoming Wyo. - - -=30. Brackets.= Teall says that an insertion not merely disconnected, -but having no effect upon the meaning of the context, should be inclosed -within brackets. Examples: I swear that I was naturalized [here state -name] in Missouri. My son, I must tell you all. [Some private details -are here blotted out. _Editor._] You must keep these things secret. De -Vinne says: "Parentheses always inclose remarks apparently made by the -writer of the text. Brackets inclose remarks certainly made by the -editor or reporter of that text." See _Correct Composition_, page 279. - - -=31. By-laws.= De Vinne says: "By-laws are frequently printed with the -side-headings Art. 1 for Article 1, Sec. 2 for Section 2, etc., but it -is better practice to print the word in full in the paragraph where it -first appears, and to omit the word in subsequent paragraphs, using the -proper figure only, as is customary in verses of the Bible and in -hymn-books." - - -=32. Can not.= =Can not= is preferred to =cannot=, though there is -authority for both forms. =Can not= and =shall not=, according to the -usage of good writers, are treated as shown. - - - - -33. CAPITAL LETTERS IN GENERAL. - - -A - - Arbor Day, Decoration Day, Labor Day, Black Friday. - - Ascension Day, in Bible sense. - - Almighty and like terms in lieu of God. - - arctic ivory and all similar mercantile uses of such words as arctic - in that sense. Even titanic and herculean, in some uses. - - Arctic when referring to that region. - - algebra, botany and all sciences. See sciences. - - arabic when referring to letters of that name or to merchandise. - - autumn unless the word is personified. Seasons are not capitalized. - See seasons. - - association, church, companies, political, and similar names are - written in small letters, thus: trustee, councilman, supervisor, - congressman, director, secretary, president, governor, - superintendent, etc., unless the title precedes a surname, in which - case it is capitalized as a title. If a title selected may be - applied to two or more persons use the small letter, not the - capital. Abbreviated expressions take the capital letter as an - initial, as: =the= Union, =the= Club, =the= Church, =the= Senate, - =the= Company, =the= Chamber, =the= State, =the= Nation, when such - shortened expressions are clearly used in place of the full name of - the body in question. The Union, if you mean of states, or if you - mean a certain typographical union. - - -B - - Bank Holiday, because this is its proper name as much as Wednesday is - the name of a day. - - Bible, and all names like Scriptures, Holy Writ. - - the Board of Education, meaning a special one. - - a board of education, meaning any one. - - Bay of Naples. - - a bay, meaning any one. - - Baconian philosophy, because with direct reference to Bacon; but - =herculean=, meaning strong, platonic, etc., unless referring - directly to Plato. - - Bills are capitalized, as: Pure Food Bill, Highway Bill, Labor Bill, - Revenue Bill. - - Buildings. Capitalize Chronicle Building, White House, Pressmen's - Hall, Linotype Building, Carnegie Free Library Block, etc. - - -C - - Christmas and all synonyms, as Yule-tide. - - city of New York, but New York City, its official name. - - a city of Kentucky, or any city of a class, because common nouns. - this City, meaning San Francisco or any other place clearly meant. - - a chief-justice. - - the Chief-justice of Missouri. - - an aged justice, or a former chief-justice. - - castile soap. See merchandise. - - china goods, china silk, etc. See merchandise. - - cisalpine, transatlantic, etc. - - county of Holt, but Holt County, its exact name. See counties. - - the County, meaning one in particular; in lieu of full name. - - a county--any one. - - Counties: Holt County is the name of the political division or - corporation, and when =the County= is used as a shorter expression, - it is clearly a synonym for the full name. - - the Congress of the United States, or Congress, the Legislature. - - the Congressman, meaning a special one. Several congressmen and - senators were there. In this sense the nouns are common. - - =Congressman= illustrates De Vinne's rule that a title not a synonym - for a specified person (one only) should not begin with a capital. - See Association. - - Centuries take a lower-case letter: fifteenth century, nineteenth, - twentieth, etc. This is an exception to the rule concerning - historical epochs, but custom has made it proper. - - a club, meaning any. - - the Club, meaning the Century Club. - - Columbia College, Stanford University, etc. - - the Constitution of the United States, of any particular state or - society. - - a constitution, meaning any. - - the Continent, meaning of Europe, or when used as a substitute for - the full name of any other continent. - - coolie, negro, greaser, gringo, gipsy. See nicknames, which are never - capitalized. - - -D - - Decoration Day, like all historic names. See Historic names. - - Deity, God, Father, Son, Holy Ghost, Jehovah, Holy Spirit, =Saviour=, - Creator, Providence, Heaven, when used for God, and all words that - refer directly to Deity as a name, heaven and hell in ordinary use. - Heaven, meaning God. - - devil as an expletive. - - Devil, if John Milton's is meant, also Satan, Beelzebub. - - Definite Titles. When definite titles or names are shortened, like the - Senate, the Club, etc., meaning a particular senate or club, use - capitals. Likewise where =the= State or =the= Government means one - in particular, as following a reference to California, capitals - should be used. The Union, =the= Nation, etc., follow the same rule. - - -E - - the East, meaning an undefined geographical section. - - an east wind blew, however, meaning mere direction. - - the Ex-president. - - an ex-president, ex-mayor, ex-governor, etc. When capitalized, the - first letter of the compound takes the capital, as: Ex-president - Cleveland. Many good writers prefer the expression _former_ - president, etc. - - Erie Canal. - - the earth. Though the name of a definite planet, this word is not - capitalized. It is a clear exception to the rule. The sun and the - moon usually go in lower-case. - - -F - - Fast Day. - - the Flood of the Bible. - - Fourth of July. - - Father, meaning God. See Deity. - - fall of the year, except when personified. See seasons. - - Federal Government, meaning the Government of the United States. - - -G - - Golden Rule, the. - - Good Friday. - - God in every sense, but the gods of fable. See Deity. - - the General when referring to one in particular. See official titles. - - a general, any one. See official titles, definite titles, etc. - - grammar, same as botany, chemistry, and other sciences. - - Geographical names thus: The South Side, the East Side, the West, the - Northeast, Back Bay, Tenderloin District, Monterey Bay, Missouri - River, Goat Island, Gold Mountain. Sherwood's Pier, Idora Park, Ross - Valley, Waverley Place. - - Glacial, Triassic, etc., referring to geological uses. - - the Gospels, and all like terms; Scriptures, Holy Writ, the Word. - - the Governor, when in lieu of his name, or meaning one in particular. - - a governor, meaning any one. See official titles. - - -H - - Holy Spirit, but see Deity. - - Historic names, thus: Civil War, Middle Ages, Commencement Day, Lord's - Day, Silurian Age, Dark Ages, the Deluge, the Victorian Era, the - Renaissance. - - herculean, meaning full of strength, and unless direct reference is - made to Hercules and his age. - - hell and heaven. See Deity. - - House of Commons. - - House of Lords. - - heathen. - - Hades and like poetical names of a future abode. - - Holy Writ. - - -I - - india ink, used as merchandise. - - india rubber. Same as india ink. - - italic letters, never Italic. - - the Island, meaning Long Island, or any one previously named; the - Islands, meaning a special group previously named or suggested. The - various islands of the sea, however, but the South Sea Islands. - - -J - - Jesus Christ. - - Jehovah. See Deity. - - -K - - a king, but the King. See association. Kaiser, Czar, and President - follow this rule. - - -L - - Labor Day. See historic names. - - Lady Day. See historic names. - - Lord, Deity, Jesus Christ, God, etc. - - the Levant. - - A lord and a lady, but =the= Lord. - - -M - - a mayor, president, lord, governor, czar, etc. See association, - governor, official titles. - - the Mayor, King, President, Czar, Governor, etc. - - morocco goods. See merchandise. - - the Manager. See official titles. - - a manager. See official titles. - - Merchandise. Arctic, Tropics, Levant, Orient, and all geographical - names used as proper nouns go up; but nouns used to specify - merchandise go down, as: arctic ivory, india ink, russia leather, - morocco, turkey red, port wine, chinese blue. When words derived - from proper nouns have thus lost the direct connection or literal - sense of the name there is no need of capitals. Consult De Vinne's - _Correct Composition_, page 119. - - -N - - Names. White House, Gillis Opera House, Handel Hall, etc. - - New Year's. - - the North, meaning an undefined geographical section. - - a north wind. - - Northeast, Northwest, etc., follow same rule. Do not compound such - words. - - Nicknames: Creole, negro, mulatto, gipsy, quadroon, greaser, coolie, - peon, and like nicknames do not begin with a capital. See De Vinne. - - Nation, when in lieu of the United States or of any other particular - government. See state, etc. - - a nation of workers, however. - - nature ordinarily, except when in lieu of God. See Deity. - - negro. See nicknames. - - Nature when used for God. See Deity. - - -O - - oriental silk. See merchandise. - - the Orient. - - the Occident. - - Official titles: Mayor, judge, justice, king, governor, and the like - follow one rule, as do the terms treasurer, secretary of state, etc. - If they precede the name of one person (not of two or more) they - take the capital initial. If they follow a name or are preceded by - =the indefinite article a=, they need no capital. The name of the - office is never written with a capital in this sense: He ran for the - office of justice of the peace, president, governor, mayor, etc. - See association. - - -P - - a president. See official titles. - - the President, Czar, King, Governor, Mayor, etc. See official titles - and association. - - prussian blue. See merchandise. - - purgatory. - - paradise, except the Paradise of John Milton. - - Parliament. Same as Congress. See association. - - platonic follows herculean and Baconian. If meaning direct reference - to Plato or his system, capitalize; if meaning merely philosophical, - write =platonic=. See herculean. - - Political parties: Antis, Nationalist, Populist, Radical, Tory, - Democrat, Prohibitionist. Adjectives of the same, same rule. - - Personification: Anything may be personified, and all personified - words should be capitalized, as: The spirit of Fire; the voice of - Crime; the call of Duty; the ghost of Want. - - Pronouns standing for Deity go thus: his wisdom; him we fear; thou - God; thy Word; thee we adore. This is Biblical use. Capitalizing was - an error of hymn-books of the long ago. - - -Q - - Queen. See king, president, governor, official titles, etc. - - -R - - russia leather. See merchandise. - - Religious denominations: Catholics, Protestants, Jews, - Mohammedans--but pagan and heathen, for these terms are too - indefinite to take the capital. - - Republican. See political parties. - - rhetoric. See sciences. - - -S - - Saviour is the approved spelling when referring to Jesus Christ. - - a senate. - - the Senate of Illinois. - - the Society for the Prevention of Vice, and like names. - - a society for prevention of vice. - - the Southern Railroad. - - a southern railroad. - - a state of the United States. - - the State, meaning California; but the state of California. See - states. - - the South, an undefined geographical location. - - the Southeast. Same as South. - - a south wind. - - States: The state of New York, the empire of Germany; but New York - State, the German Empire, because the official names. The Southern - States, the Northern States, but the states and territories of the - United States. - - Sciences: All references to algebra, botany, geometry, chemistry, and - like names of science are written without the capital initial. - - Streets: First Street, Sixty-first Avenue, etc. - - Second Corps. - - Seasons: The seasons are not capitalized, unless in personification. - - spring is here. - - summer has departed. - - the Scriptures. See Bible and Gospels. - - -T - - =the= preceding the name of a newspaper or magazine is not - capitalized: =the= Herald, =the= Century, but in books it goes in - capital initial; as, "The Life of Emerson." - - the Tropics. - - tropical plants, tropical weather, etc. - - turkey red. See merchandise. - - Titles: It is as proper to say Scavenger Smith or Barber Brown as to - say Judge Jones and President Roosevelt. All such titles as - director, manager, weigher, inspector, and like names follow the - general rule. See association and official titles. - - a township. See county, association, etc. - - transatlantic, transpacific, transmissouri. - - -U - - universe. - - =the= Union, meaning the United States; the Nation, Republic, Federal - Government, etc. - - the Union, meaning one organization in particular, or when used in - lieu of the full name. See definite titles. - - -W - - Whitsunday. - - Whitsuntide. - - the West, meaning an undefined geographical section. - - a west wind. - - a ward meeting. - - the Sixth Ward politicians. - - the wards of the city. - - winter. See seasons. - - -Y - - Your Grace. - - Your Honor. - - Your Majesty. - - Your Reverence. - - Your Royal Highness. - - Yule-tide. See Christmas. - - -Z - - zoology. See sciences. - - the zodiac. - - the zenith. - - Zeus, the Greek god. - - -=34. Illustrations of the Code.= The following sentences illustrate the -rules herein expounded. See section 49: - -Saloon-keepers of the Reservation are in session at the Log Cabin Saloon -in this City, and Government officials of Federal and State power will -be asked to do nothing until the Supreme Court passes on the decisions -of other courts. If no satisfaction is obtained, the State will be asked -to refund sums expended in the two Kansas Citys--Kansas City, Mo., and -Kansas City, Kan. Notice that _the two Kansas cities_ would convey the -idea of two cities in Kansas, and _the two Kansas Cities_ would not be -an improvement. - -A NIGHT OF HORRORS. - -It was Labor Day, but there was a celebration equal to that of the -Fourth of July. No pagan holiday ever surpassed some of the heathenish -performances there enacted. According to the New York Herald -Ex-president Cleveland was there, accompanied by Colonel Hay, secretary -of state. The President of the United States was there, and various -ex-presidents' memories were honored. There were senators, assemblymen, -judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, and judges from other -supreme courts in the throng--but not one from the Supreme Court of the -state of Georgia, or from New York State. David Bennett Hill wore an -arctic coat from the Arctic. During the evening a German sang, and a -gipsy danced a jig. The Orient, the Arctic, the Tropics, and the Levant -contributed to the decorations. The dances were on a brussels carpet -direct from Brussels, according to the word of two doctors of divinity -who sat near six masters of art. The titled gentlemen laughed until they -shook down a bowl of paris green, and a shelf containing chinaware. The -Government (or Nation or Union, meaning the United States) was honored -by Alexis, grand duke and envoy extraordinary, who presented every -senator and every judge a morocco badge--two badges to the Chief Justice -of the highest court. A governor took umbrage, but the Governor of -California took native claret; and as he sipped it an old greaser with a -nose of turkey-red color, who looked like a ward politician from the -Fourth Ward of San Francisco, disgraced the South. Later a breeze sprang -from the east side of the Bay of Fundy and cooled off the representative -of the empire of Germany greatly to the relief of the German Empire -itself. Every man present hunted for his bowie-knife, except a Methodist -member of the Salvation Army, who quoted the Gospels, speaking often of -God and his Word, the Holy Writ. The Middle Ages would have been -disgraced if such italic head-lines as our papers contained had ever -disturbed their quiet life. It was a wonderful demonstration, even for a -night of the nineteenth century. Let us hope that foot-, side-, and -end-notes in small volumes of history may tell the story to coming -generations.--_Maritime World Code_, January, 1899. - - -=35. Chemical Terms.= In many chemical terms the final =e= is dropped, -as: Oxid, chlorid, quinin, chlorin, fibrin. - - - - -CITATIONS IN GENERAL. - - -=36. Books.= See paragraphs 22, 27, 52. Here is a standard form: -Macaulay's 2 History, iv, 14. This means the second volume of the work, -the fourth chapter, the fourteenth page. The iv should be set in -lower-case. - -Law Books. In citing law books abbreviate as follows: Briggs vs. Ewart, -51 Ala., 576; 78 Fed. Rep., 398, etc. - - -=37. Paragraphs.= Paragraphs, pages, verses, and sections of books are -marked in arabic, but cantos of poetry should be set in lower-case -roman. - - -=38. Pages.= Pages 145, 168, 172, and never p 145 or pp 145, 168, 172. -Spell out all such references. - - -=39. Publications.= In citing such publications as periodicals and -newspapers it is not necessary to use a capital for _the_ in _the New -York Herald_. In _The Life of Christ_ or the title of any other book -capitalize _The_. See paragraph 52. - - -=40. Scriptural Citations.= Unless many citations are made it is best to -spell out the names of books of Scripture, but when the references are -numerous they should be as follows: - -Old Testament. - - Gen. xi, 17 - Ex. - Lev. - Num. - Deut. - Joshua - Judges - Ruth - 1 Sam. - 2 Sam. - 1 Kings - 2 Kings - 1 Chron. - 2 Chron. - Ezra - Neh. - Esther - Job - Ps. - Prov. - Eccles. - Cant. or Song of Sol. - Isa. - Jer. - Lam. - Ezek. - Dan. - Hos. - Joel - Amos - Obad. - Jonah - Mic. - Nahum. - Hab. - Zeph. - Hag. - Zech. - Mal. - -New Testament. - - Matt. - Mark - Luke - John - Acts - Rom. - 1 Cor. - 2 Cor. - Gal. - Eph. - Phil. - Col. - 1 Thess. - 2 Thess. - 1 Tim. - 2 Tim. - Titus - Philem. - Heb. - Jas. - 1 Pet. - 2 Pet. - 1 John - 2 John - 3 John - Jude - Rev. - -The Apocrypha. - - 1 Esdras - 2 Esdras - Tobit - Judith - Rest of Esth. - Wisd. of Sol. - Ecclus. - Baruch - Song of Three Childr. - Susanna - Bel and Dragon - Pr. of Manasses - 1 Macc. - 2 Macc. - -=Scriptural Citations.= Scriptural citations of chapter and verse should -be thus: Chapter in lower-case roman numerals, and verse in figures, as: -Acts vii, 16. - - -=41. Compounds.= See also paragraphs 10 and 27. As stated in the -introduction, the _Standard Dictionary_ seems to be the only one that -gives the compounding of words. By its system both solidified and -hyphenated words of the compound type are shown. Teall's book on this -subject is really a codification of the compounds appearing in the -_Standard Dictionary_. Since Teall's list was made there have been some -changes in the system preferred by good writers. Every change has been -in the direction of solidifying. Teall gives bookkeeper as one word, but -make proof-reader two. He makes postmaster one word, post-office a -compound. The Chicago Proofreaders' Association is more consistent in -such cases, printing all words of this type in the solidified form. - -The following list is believed to be more consistent than the -Standard-Teall handling of the same words, and is therefore preferred: - - -=42. Some Examples.= (a) Words denoting an occupation or calling, as -baggagemaster, bagmaker, watchmaker, proofreader, bricklayer. - -(b) Words denoting a connecting use, as barnyard, crosshead, carwheel, -footboard, gaspipe. - -(c) Words denoting a state of being, as motherhood, fatherhood, -widowhood. - -(d) Words that are pronounced as one word and usually printed as such, -as claptrap, crackerjack, daredevil, haphazard. - - -=43. Approved Consolidations.= Words like steamboat, railroad, fishline, -firearms, pineapple, catfish, bluebird, blackboard, quartermaster are -best as here printed. It is proper to consolidate all words denoting a -species, kind or class of birds, animals or plants, as kingfisher, -meadowlark, bulldog, bloodhound, wildcat, goldenseal. - -(a) Anybody, anything, anywhere, evermore, everybody, everything, -everywhere, forevermore, somewhere, nobody, something, nowhere, nothing, -afterpiece, crossexamine, crossquestion, countermarch, antislavery, -antedate, schoolboy, schoolmate, schoolmistress, but school teacher, -school children and school teaching. - -(b) Other approved solidifications are words denoting tools, materials, -and implements, as: Strawboard, halftone, guidebook, screwdriver, -rosewater, typewriter, handbook. - - -=44. Compounds and Solids.= The following list of compound words should -be used with hyphens or in the solidified form, as indicated: - - afterthought - after-years - agateware - aide-de-camp - air-brake - air-castle - air-cushion - air-faucet - air-filter - air-dried - alarm-clock - alcohol-engine - ale-bench - ale-brewer - ale-drinker - ale-drinking - alepot - alevat - alleyway - apple-moth - apple-seed - apple-peel - alehouse - almshouse - anglebar - angleworm - antechamber - - baggagemaster - bakeshop - ballroom - barn-yard - bartender - baseball - bath-house - bathroom - bearskin - bedchamber - billboard - billposter - birdhouse - birdseye - blackboard - blackmail - blacktail - blockhouse - bloodroot - bluebird - bluefish - bluestone - bluewing - bobtail - boilermaker - bondholder - bookbindery - bookkeeper-ing - bookmaker - bookmaking - bookman - bookmark - bookroom - bookstore - brakebeam - brakeshoe - brassfounder - brickyard - brownstone - bulldog - bullseye - - cakewalk - candlelight - cardboard - carwheel - casehardened - cashbook - catbird - catchline - catchword - catfish - churchyard - clambake - claptrap - clingstone - clockmaker - clockwork - clubhouse - clubroom - coalhod - coalmine - coalyard - coonskin - copperplate - cornerstone - cornfield - cornmeal - cornstalk - cottontail - cottonwood - countershaft - countersunk - countinghouse - countingroom - courthouse - courtyard - cowbell - cowboy - crackerjack - crosshatch - crosshead - crosspiece - cutthroat - - daredevil - darkroom - daybook - deathbed - deerhound - dewdrop - dockyard - doorkeeper - doormat - downpour - drawbar - dreamland - drugstore - drumfish - dugout - dustproof - dyewood - - earmark - eggcase - electroplate - eyebolt - eyepiece - - facewise - facsimile - fairyland - farmhouse - farmyard - feedlot - fencerow - fieldbook - filmholder - firearm - firefly - fireplace - fireproof - fishplate - fishoil - flagship - flagstaff - flintlock - flourmill - flywheel - foodstuffs - football - footboard - footbridge - foothills - footnote - footplate - footrace - footsore - footstool - fourfold, etc. - fourscore (80) - foxhound - foxskin - Freemason - freestone - - gagewheel - gamebag - gamedealer - gamekeeper - gaspipe - gatepost - glassblower - glassworks - goldenrod - goldenseal - goldmine - grandam - granddaughter - greenhouse - greenstone - gristmill - guidebook - gunmaker - - hailstorm - hairbreadth - halftone - handbook - handcar - handrail - haphazard - harbormaster - hardtack - headband - headboard - hilltop - homemade - horsecar - horseshoe - hothouse - - indoor - inkmaker - inkmaking - ironclad - ironfounder - ironware - - jackscrew - jacksnipe - jellyfish - jobroom - junkshop - - keelboat - kennelman - keyboard - knifebar - - ladylike - lambskin - landholder - landowner - lawbreaker - lawmaker - lawsuit - lifelong - lifetime - lighthouse - lockout - loophole - - manhole - mantelpiece - meadowlark - milestone - milldam - millpond - millstone - mockingbird - moldboard - mopboard - mouthpiece - mudhen - multicolor - multiphase - - nailhole - newsdealer - notebook - nowadays - - oatmeal - Oddfellowship - officeholder - officeseeker - oilcloth - onlooker - outbuilding - outdoor (a.) - outhouse - oxgall - - packhorse - packmule - payroll - pinkroot - plateholder - platemaker - pocketbook - pokeroot - poolroom - portemonnaie - postoffice - postmaster - pressroom - proofreader-ing - proofroom - prorate - - racecourse - racehorse - racetrack - rainfall - rainstorm - rattletrap - redbird - ricebird - redhead - redwing - reedbird - roadbed - rollermaker - ropewalk - rosewater - roundhouse - rowboat - runway - - sagebrush - sagehen - sailboat - saloonkeeper - salthouse - sandbar - sandhill - sandstone - sawmill - scalebeam - scattergun - schoolbook - schoolboy - schooldame - schoolfellow - schoolgirl - schoolhouse - schoolmaster - schoolmate - schoolmistress - schoolroom - scorecard - scrapbook - screwdriver - seagirt - sealskin - seashore - sedgefield - sheepdog - sheepskin - sheetwise - shipbuilding - shipchandler - shotgun - showcase - sidenote - signboard - skylark - slavepen - slidemaker - slugcasting - smokestack - snowdrift - snowflake - snowstorm - spaceband - spacebar - sprigtail - staghound - standpoint - statehouse - staybolt - stockholder - stockhouse - stockyard - stonecutter - stonedresser - storehouse - storeroom - storekeeper - strawboard - subhead - sunburned - switchboard - - tablecloth - tablespoonful - tailpiece - tapeworm - taxpayer - teaspoon - telltale - textbook - thoroughbred - threefold - thumbscrew - thunderstorm - tidewater - tieplate - tinware - tiptoe - to-day - to-morrow - trademark - transshipment - triphase - turnout - turnover - twofold, etc. - twoscore (40, etc.) - typefounder - typefoundry - typemaking - - voltmeter - - walkover - warehouse - washstand - wastepipe - watchcase - watercourse - watermark - watershed - waterworks - waterproof - wayfaring - weakfish - weekday - wellwisher - whitefish - windrow - windstorm - wirehaired - wolfskin - woodyard - workaday - workbag - workday - workingman - - yellowlegs - - -=45. Interrupted Compounds.= Benjamin Drew says, in _Pens and Types_: -When two words connected by a conjunction are severally compound parts -of a following word, the hyphen is omitted, as: - - We use cast and wrought iron pillars. - - I have pruned my peach and apple trees. - -Some authors follow the German style, inserting the hyphens, thus: - - We use cast- and wrought-iron pillars. - - I have pruned my peach- and apple-trees. - -The style in the last example is known as the =interrupted compound=. It -is gaining ground rapidly in the best printing-houses, and is -recommended by De Vinne, who uses it in his books. Here are some -examples: Foot-, top-, and side-notes; quarter-, eighth-, and half-kegs; -base- and foot-ball, foot- or side-note. This is good usage. See the -_Century_ magazine for examples, or see any books published by the -Century Company. There seems to be no other way to signify that both -words in such examples are compounds. - - -=46. No Fixed Rules.= There are no hard and fast rules regarding -compounds. It is, in fact, almost impossible to hold to a uniform, -consistent style. Here are some of De Vinne's compoundings: - -(a) Subject-matter, lower-case, making-up, memorandum-book, -proof-reader, fault-finding, type-setting, style-card, letter-writing, -printing-house, quote-marks, quotation-marks, piece-compositors, -five-to-em body, book-making, book-work, pre-historic, pre-raphaelite, -ill-bred, well-formed, good-looking, composing-room, dining-table, -canal-boat, ferry-house, dwelling-house [See list on page 74 of De -Vinne's _Composition_], over-wide, spelled-out, title-page, table-work, -old-style, bold-faced, hymn-book, to-morrow, to-day, head-lines, -type-writing, catch-lines, hair-space, thin-space, type-founders, -side-heading, type-setting, foot-note, letter-writer, side-notes, -six-point, cut-in note, center-note, shoulder-note, three-em indention, -wide-leaded, double-leaded, every-day world. Note that they do not agree -with the Chicago Proofreaders' Association list. - -(b) The following are approved forms: Fine-tooth saw, six-bit machine, -six-foot pole, two-year-old horse, but six-months-old baby. Bluewing, -whitefish, bricklayer, gaspipe, footboard, motherhood, widowhood. - - -=47. Specials.= The following list is for use in trade-journals: -Hopvine, hopyard, hop-picker, labor-union, labor-saving, liquordealer, -liquorseller, liquor-saloon, liquor-store, liquor-bottle, wine-merchant, -wineroom, winedealer, wine-taster, wine-press, wine-party, wine-vault, -wine-vinegar, wineglass, wineglassful, wine-stone, vine-disease, -trade-union, trade-mark, trade-journal, trade-name, trade-wind, -street-car, street-railroad, street-sweeper, street-sprinkler, -street-walker, pastepot, paperknife, papercutter, saloonmen, -saloonkeeper, barkeeper, barkeep, wood-alcohol. - -(a) Many words that might be solidified, under the rules of logic, are -set with hyphens because they present an unsightly appearance as one -word. These things are largely matters of fancy. - -(b) There are some such expressions as, =Italian and Chinese American -citizens=, which are very puzzling. The question arises whether hyphens -should be used in such expressions, and how. Such sentences are -sometimes erroneously written with one hyphen, as, =Italian and -Chinese-American citizens=. The sentence is proper enough as first -written, but a somewhat more discriminating use would be, =Italian- and -Chinese-American citizens=. In expressions like these the interrupted -compounds are properly written with hyphens. See paragraph 45. - - -=48. Dashes.= Avoid dashes in side-headings, as in this _Style-code_. -They are not needed at the end of a quotation, between it and the -credit. See paragraph 22. - -Also see De Vinne's _Correct Composition_, page 273. - - -=49. De Vinne Rules Violated.= Though the Century Company, the _Century -Magazine_, and editors high in authority follow the simple rules laid -down by De Vinne, there are many violations of these rules in the -_Century_ itself, as well as in its publications. Sometimes names of -newspapers are quoted, and sometimes they are set in italic. The system -of capitals is not closely followed. In a letter to the editor of this -work, Mr. De Vinne thus explained the failure of the publications of -the Century Company to show uniformity: "The Century Company has many -editors, and each editor has notions of his own that printers are -directed to follow. Though most of these editors abide by the rules -expounded by me in my works on typography, a study of some of our books -shows that the neglect to capitalize Bay, City, Island, etc., when the -word refers distinctly to a proper name, is a common error--so common -that the proofreaders find it a waste of time to suggest to editors and -authors the need of a capital. Yet I hold stoutly to the correctness of -the capital. Even careful editors are often overruled by authors. The -Century printing-house can not be held responsible, with justice, for -some of the eccentricities of our printing. It should be borne in mind -that a printer's business is to do what he is told." - - -=50. Division of Words.= De Vinne says the system most approved now -authorizes the division of a word, when consistent with pronunciation, -on the vowel at the end of the syllable. The system is defective in its -inability to make provision for the syllables that end with consonants. -Divisions of all kinds should be prevented as often as possible. The -Chicago Proofreaders' Association offers the following rules concerning -divisions. The reprint 'follows copy' as published by the Association: - -The proper division of words is an important matter. An improper -division is as much an error as a misplaced letter, and is oftentimes -more misleading. - -Follow the American rule of dividing words at the end of the line -according to pronunciation rather than the British rule of dividing on -the vowel or to show derivation. The dictionary in use in any particular -office should be followed, unless otherwise directed. - -Where a vowel constitutes a syllable in the middle of a word, place this -vowel in the first line, as promi-nent is preferable to prom-inent, -quali-ties to qual-ities, particu-lar to partic-ular, dili-gence to -dil-igence, sepa-rate to sep-arate, etc. Exceptions: In words ending in --able or -ible, the single vowel should be carried into the second line. - -There are frequent instances where a particular division of a word will -aid the reader in its pronunciation at first sight, obviating a -faltering or repetition, as pro-gress, verb, and prog-ress, noun; -distrib-ute, verb, and distri-bution, noun; pre-fer, verb, and -pref-erable, adjective. - -Never divide a word pronounced as one syllable, as "changed," -"drowned," "dipped," etc. - -Avoid all two-letter divisions except in very narrow measures or where -very large types are used. - -Avoid having three or more successive divisions at the ends of lines. - -Divide En-gland and En-glish as pronounced and as they are here printed. - -The addition of s to form the plural of a word--as horses, fences, -etc.--does not justify a division on the last portion so formed, as, -circumstan-ces, etc. Avoid all such divisions. - - - - -51. EDITORIAL OBSERVATIONS. - - -(1) =Employee= is a good English word. Avoid employe whenever possible -to do so. - -(2) =Headquarters= is usually plural, sometimes singular. - -(3) =Last held= meeting. =Held= is useless. Newcomer and Teall oppose -such expressions. - -(4) =Etc.= It is a common error to write =etc., etc.= Once is enough. - -(5) =Et al.= The use of =et als= is an error. It is always =et al.= - -(6) =Follows, as follows.= As follows is always the form, because it is -impersonal. =As follow= is not needed where the nominative is plural. -This is on the authority of the _Oxford Dictionary_, also of Doctor -Fernald of the _Standard_. - -(7) =Plurals.= These are preferred plurals: Cannon, craft for vessels, -heathen, fowl, cherubs, indexes, seraphs, beaus. In scientific writings -it may be =seraphim=, =formulae= instead of =formulas=, =beaux=, etc. - -(8) =Spoonfuls= and handfuls rather than spoonsfull and handsfull. - -(9) =The following named persons.= Omit =named=. Newcomer and Teall say -named is useless. - -(10) =Some preferences.= Use controller, not comptroller; draft, not -draught; drouth, not drought; program, not programme; dulness, not -dullness; fulness, not fullness; skilful, not skillful; wilful, not -willful; bazar, not bazaar; employee, not employe. - -(11) =On yesterday, on Sunday.= On is usually superfluous, except in -some sentences, where euphony or emphasis may make the =on= seem an -element of strength. - -(12) =Welsh rarebit.= Welsh =rabbit= is the correct expression. The use -of rarebit in this connection is from ignorance long current. See -Walsh's _Handbook of Literary Curiosities, Greenough & Kittredge's Words -and Their Ways in English Speech_, and the late editions of standard -dictionaries. - -(13) =Self-confessed.= Omit =self= in such expressions as -=self-confessed= murderer, etc. =Confessed= conveys the idea without any -assistance from =self=. - -(14) =er= words. Spell =theater=, =center=, and like words er, never -ending re. - - -=52. Books=, papers, plays, operas, and periodicals should be cited in -italic, as: Bowie's _Tenting On Coral Strands_, the _Sun_, _Lucia_, -_Mascot_, the _Century_. De Vinne notices an irregularity in the style -of setting credits. However, bibliographers prefer italic; but printers -(on account of the saving of labor), select quote-marks. If the name of -the play and that of the character are the same, as _Ingomar_, the name -of the play must be quoted, the character italicized. See De Vinne's -_Correct Composition_, page 224. See also paragraphs 22, 39. - - -=53. Ships and Vessels.= There is not any need to either quote or -italicize the names of vessels, unless there would be doubt as to what -the name means. In such cases italics are preferred, though quoting the -name will do. - - -=54. Newspapers and Magazines.= Names of newspapers and magazines should -be set in italic. Some papers and magazines quote magazines and -italicize newspapers. Italics are better in both cases. De Vinne runs -both in roman. The name of one's own paper is run in small capitals. -Linotype machines have upset these rules somewhat, but unwisely so in -careful work. - - -=55. Farther.= Use farther for distance. Further is used in the sense of -besides, moreover, being equivalent to additional. "I have gone further -in astronomy, you have traveled farther in miles." - - -=56. Foreign Words and Phrases.= All foreign words and phrases that have -not been Englished by long use should be italicized. Vice versa, en -route, pro tem, and like words should go in roman. Aid-de-camp, addenda, -ad valorem, alias, alibi, alma mater, anno Domini, ante bellum, a -propos, billet doux, bona fide, bravos, cafe, cantos, carte blanche, -viva voce, rendezvous, ultimatum, post-mortem, per cent., per capita, -per annum, facsimile, and about fifty like words go under the same rule. - - -=57. Unfamiliar Words.= Unfamiliar words are run in italic the first -time, but in roman thereafter, as: _Aloha_, _renigging_, _mulching_. But -see paragraph 68. - - -=58. Plays.= _Julius Caesar_ should be set in italic when it refers to -the character in Shakespeare's play, but the name Julius Caesar for the -man. The play itself should be "Julius Caesar," or _Julius Caesar_. See -paragraph 52. - - -=59. Salutations.= Under the old way salutations such as _Dear Sir_: -were put in italics with the colon as indicated. Dear Sir: as here -written is just as proper. Take your choice and you will not err. The -dash is not needed. It is well to let =Dear Sir:= occupy a line by -itself, properly indented. - -De Vinne says he never writes such salutations as Dear Sir in italic -though he admits that italic with a colon and no dash is the commonly -accepted form. He advises roman lower-case. - - -=60. Salutations and Indentions.= Salutations should be set in ordinary -roman, with hanging indention, thus: - - The Writers' and Proofreaders' Society for the Prevention of - Burial in the Potter's Field, 216 Goodfellows street. Office - of the Secretary, 37 New Testament House, New Orleans, - January 1, 1908. - - To the Superintendent of the Home for the Unfortunate Dead. - - _Dear Sir_: - - In reply to your request for a list of our members, etc. - The signature should be set in small capital letters. See De - Vinne's _Correct Composition_, page 168. - - -=61. Punctuation.= The Chicago Proofreaders' Association has these -rules: - -Omit periods after per cent, and after roman numerals when used strictly -as figures, but not when used in names, as Napoleon III. - -Use em dash in conversations such as this: - - Mr. Smith--Is your task completed? - - Mr. Brown--Nearly. - - -=62. Punctuation with Parentheses.= The comma should usually go after -the last parenthesis; it is seldom needed before the first one. De Vinne -says: "When any complete sentence is enclosed by parentheses, the period -should be before the last parenthesis, but when these parentheses -enclose a few words at the end of a sentence, the period should be after -the last parenthesis." - - -=63. Medieval= and such words are spelled the simplest way. See the -_Standard Dictionary_. Subpena, diarrhea, Etna Company. - - -=64. O, Oh, Oh!= These expressions are punctuated thus: O for a South -Sea home! O that I had insured in the Etna! Oh, how my tooth aches! Oh! -my crimes are deep and dark. - - -=65. Plural of Proper Names.= It is a common newspaper error to run -sentences like this, from the social columns of the San Francisco -_Examiner_ of July 15, 1906: "The Thomas H. Williams have been visiting -the City." The attempt to make the singular do the duty of the plural in -such a case is ridiculous. Williamses is the plural of Williams. -Printers and writers should learn how to write the plural of proper -names. - - -=66. Quote-marks.= It is sometimes a puzzle where to place quote-marks. -There is no better rule than that stated by De Vinne, who says that the -closing marks of quotation always should be placed after the comma or -the period in all places where these marks are needed; but the fact is -the proper place of the closing marks of quotation should be determined -by the quoted words only; they must inclose those words, and no more; -they may be before or after the points, according to the construction of -the sentence. When the quotation makes a complete sentence, put the -quotation-marks after the period at the end of that sentence; when the -quotation is at the end of but a portion of this sentence which -terminates with a colon, semicolon, or any other point, then put the -marks before the point. The mark of punctuation intended to define the -construction of the completed sentence should not be made a portion of -the fragmentary quoted matter. - -A fine example of this is seen in the following: He asked, "Who said my -mother lied?" and didn't Jones reply, "Nobody dared to say that"? - - -=67. Smaller Type.= Quote-marks are not needed when extracts or -quotations are set in smaller type than the body of the book or paper. -Some reputable publications do not quote the extracts, even when they -are set in the regular type of the publication and run in separate -paragraphs. The indenting of the matter one em at the beginning and one -em at the end of a line suffices. Such matter should be set solid when -the main text is leaded. - - -=68. Quote-marks, single.= When especial attention is called to a word -the single quote-marks are used in lieu of the old way of double quotes -or italic. Thus: He said he thought the word 'grafting' applied to -politics, not to horticulture. See De Vinne's _Correct Composition_, -page 213, where authors are advised to make one such emphasis of a word -suffice, because repetition irritates the reader. - - -=69. Reverend and the reverend.= Never say Reverend John Brown. It must -always be the Reverend John Brown, for reverend is not a title to be -used like captain or doctor. Honorable should be used in the same way, -if at all. - - -=70. Saviour and savior.= Preserve the historic way of spelling the -Saviour when Jesus Christ is meant. Other saviors are without the _u_. - - -=71. Specials.= Print birdsnest, birdseye, bullseye, heartsease (a plant -or flower), calvesfoot and neatsfoot as single words, without apostrophe -or hyphen, except when signifying the actual nest of a bird, the eye of -a bird or of a bull, etc. - - -=72. Spellings.= The Chicago _Proofreaders' Stylebook_ has given the -following list of generally misspelled words. The spellings here given -are in accordance with the _Century_, the _Standard_, and _Webster_. - - absinthin - acoustic - ax - amidin - antemetic - arabin - adz - - backward - baptize - barytone - benzoin - Bering (Sea) - blond (adj.) - bluing - bouquet - Budapest - bur - - caldron - calk, -er, -ing - calligraphy - camellia - cantharadin - carbureted - Chile (S. A.) - colter - consensus - cozy - - darky - defense - denouement - dilettante - downward - dram (weight) - dumfounded - - Eskimo - - forward - - gelatin - glycerin - gully - - hacienda - Hindu - Hindustan - - Mohammedan - mold, -er, -ing - molt, -ed, -ing - moneys - mustache - - nickel - - oculist - offense - - paraffin - pedagogy - polt - - quartet - quintet - - rarefy - ruble - Rumania - - straitlaced - sestet or - sextet - smolder, -ing - sobriquet - stanch - supersede - - tranquility - typify - - upward (not wards) - upward - - veranda - vermilion - vitreous - - whir - whisky - - -=73. United States are or United States Is.= If the expression is used -as a collective term, designating one great nation, the singular is -correct, but there are many sentences in which the plural verb must be -used. It is proper to follow copy or query the expression, if there is -doubt as to its correctness. - - -=74. Verbs, singular or plural.= There should be no hesitation in using -the singular form of a verb when the subject has a singular meaning. -Sometimes the logical subject is singular, the grammatical plural, as -in, =Ten dollars was paid.= By ellipsis, =the sum of= is understood. - -(a) =Addition.= Shall we say "two and two is four?" Professor William -Dwight Whitney decided for the _Century Dictionary_ (of which he was one -of the editors), that =two and two is four=, because the full meaning is -=the sum of= two and two, or something "=similarly unifying= in the -sense of two and two." - -(b) The singular verb should be used when the subject is plural in form, -though it represents a number of things to be taken together as forming -a unit. Here is an example: Thirty-four years =affects= one's -remembrance of some circumstances. _De Quincey._ - -(c) The singular verb is to be used with =book titles= and =similar -names and singulars= that are plural in form but logically a unit. See -Baskervill and Sewell's _English Grammar_, pages 312, 313. An example -from Goldsmith is: "The Three Pigeons expects me down every moment." So, -we should say the Odd Fellows meets to-night, meaning, by ellipsis, the -lodge of Odd Fellows. - -(d) Companies, associations, etc., are usually singular in meaning, as: -The Southern Pacific Company =is= in trouble, the Bar Association =is= -incorporated. However, collective nouns are to be followed by a plural -verb when the individuals are thought of separately, as: A multitude -=go= mad about it. _Emerson._ All our household =are= at rest. -_Coleridge._ - -(e) The following is from Teall: Three dollars =was= paid, ten dollars -=was= the price. When the meaning is simply a sum of money as one sum, -and not so many actual separate dollars, the verb should be singular. -Though the verb should be singular, this is so under the rules of logic, -rather than those of grammar. In literal strictness it would not be -ungrammatical to say ten dollars =were= paid. - -(f) Collective nouns are always singular in form, but many of them, if -not most, may be used even in that form with a plural verb, but such use -depends upon the nature of the thought to be expressed. Considered as -really singular are a =crowd=, an =army=, a =multitude=. It should be -remembered that these words also have regular plural forms, though often -used with the plural verb in the collective form. - -(g) All words like ethics, mathematics, physics, and politics are plural -in form, but they are usually treated as singular in meaning. The -dictionary definitions of such words all begin, "the science which -treats," etc. James Russell Lowell wrote politics _are_, and this has -been held sufficient justification for this use. _Teall._ - -(h) Either =bricks= or =brick= is proper as a plural. =Brick= probably -has the better standing. The _Century Dictionary_ says =brick= is the -proper singular collective. - - -=75. Whereabouts.= Whereabouts =is=, which is never =are=, is often -written with the plural verb, but it should not be considered a plural. -The error doubtless occurs from some fancied resemblance to -=headquarters=, which may be either singular or plural. - - -=76. Women.= Women's names should never be preceded by their husbands' -titles, as: Mrs. Governor Pardee, Mrs. General John Jones, Mrs. Doctor -Charles Ketchum. - - -=77. Variations.= In many of the job offices of the country, also in -newspaper offices where composition is done by the linotype, there will -be many variations from the style expounded in this little manual. For -example, it will not be practical to follow the italic citations of -books, magazines, newspapers, etc., in offices where the equipment does -not contain italic magazines. In such cases the use of roman is -recommended, without quote-marks, which are unnecessary and unsightly. -If the equipment does not carry small capitals, newspapers should run -their own names in roman, making no distinction between their own and -other publications. - -When there is no italic, it may be well to quote the names of books and -plays, also the names of vessels and characters in novels, plays, etc. -This should not be the custom with vessels and characters, except when -it is necessary to indicate that a vessel or a character, rather than a -person, is meant. - -Offices not able to carry out the code as set forth in detail in these -pages, should make notes of deviations, abiding by such portions of the -code as their equipments make possible. By a few interlineations, -notations, etc., or by an office card of deviations this work will be -made useful even where it is not followed to the letter. - - -=78. Wave-lines, etc.= The custom is almost too well known to record -that one line under a word or words means that the underscored matter is -to be set in italics, that two lines mean small capitals, and that three -signify capitals. Similarly, a wave-line under a word or words means -that the portions of the manuscript thus underscored are to be set in -lower-case bold-faced type. Two wave-lines under matter mean that it is -to be set in bold-faced capitals. A single line down the left side of -matter means that it is to be set in type smaller than the body of the -article, and two lines indicate that the matter is to be set in type of -still smaller face. - - -=79. Writers' Absurdities.= Book-offices have their own intricacies of -style, with the additional bother of having to suit the varying whims of -authors and publishers. "Many men of many minds" write for the papers, -but their various whims need not be humored as those of book-writers -need be. Authors of books frequently insist upon having things their own -way, and too often the printers have to make that way for them, in -opposition to what the authors write. This is certainly something for -which the authors should be made to pay. If an author is determined to -have certain matters of style conform to a certain set of whims, or -even of good, logical opinions, he should write accordingly, or pay -extra for the necessary changes. _Teall._ - - -=80. Work of Stenographers.= If stenographers would master the -principles of the system explained herein they would increase their -efficiency. As conducted nowadays there is great lack of system in the -work turned out by stenographers and others who use typewriting -machines. - -Though many of the principles and rules herein set forth are with -reference to the work of printing-houses, the fact remains that the -principles that make for good printing make also for good composition in -general. The De Vinne system should be mastered by typewriters, and used -by them on all work that is left to their own judgment. - - -=81. Words Spelled Anew.= There has been considerable recent (September, -1906) discussion of the reformed spelling as recommended by the -Simplified Spelling Board, of New York City. The list has been -recommended by eminent scholars of both Europe and America, and many of -the words have been in general use for many years. In adopting the list -recently, President Roosevelt said: "It is not an attack on the language -of Shakespeare and Milton, because it is in some instances a going back -to the forms they used, and in others merely the extension of changes -which, as regards other words, have taken place since their time. It is -not an attempt to do anything far-reaching or sudden or violent, or, -indeed, anything very great at all. It is merely an attempt to cast what -slight weight can properly be cast on the side of the popular forces -which are endeavoring to make our spelling a little less foolish and -fantastic." - - - - -82. THREE HUNDRED WORDS. - - -The complete list is as follows: - - =Use= =Instead of= - - abridgment abridgement - accouter accoutre - accurst accursed - acknowledgment acknowledgement - addrest addressed - adz adze - affixt affixed - altho although - anapest anapaest - anemia anaemia - anesthesia anaesthesia - anesthetic anaesthetic - antipyrin antipyrine - antitoxin antitoxine - apothem apothegm - apprize apprise - arbor arbour - archeology archaeology - ardor ardour - armor armour - artizan artisan - assize assise - ax axe - - bans banns - bark barque - behavior behaviour - blest blessed - blusht blushed - brazen brasen - brazier brasier - bun bunn - bur burr - - caliber calibre - caliper calliper - candor candour - carest caressed - catalog catalogue - catechize catechise - center centre - chapt chapped - check cheque - checker chequer - chimera chimaera - civilize civilise - clamor clamour - clangor clangour - clapt clapped - claspt clasped - clipt clipped - clue clew - coeval coaeval - color colour - colter coulter - commixt commixed - comprest compressed - comprize comprise - confest confessed - controller comptroller - coquet coquette - criticize criticise - cropt cropped - crost crossed - crusht crushed - cue queue - curst cursed - cutlas cutlass - cyclopedia cyclopaedia - - dactyl dactyle - dasht dashed - decalog decalogue - defense defence - demagog demagogue - demeanor demeanour - deposit deposite - deprest depressed - develop develope - dieresis diaeresis - dike dyke - dipt dipped - discust discussed - dispatch despatch - distil distill - distrest distressed - dolor dolour - domicil domicile - draft draught - dram drachm - drest dressed - dript dripped - droopt drooped - dropt dropped - dulness dullness - - ecumenical oecumenical - edile aedile - egis aegis - enamor enamour - encyclopedia encyclopaedia - endeavor endeavour - envelop envelope - Eolian Aeolian - eon aeon - epaulet epaulette - eponym eponyme - era aera - esophagus oesophagus - esthetic aesthetic - esthetics aesthetics - estivate aestivate - ether aether - etiology aetiology - exorcize exorcise - exprest expressed - - fagot faggot - fantasm phantasm - fantasy phantasy - fantom phantom - favor favour - favorite favourite - fervor fervour - fiber fibre - fixt fixed - flavor flavour - fulfil fulfill - fulness fullness - - gage gauge - gazel gazelle - gelatin gelatine - gloze glose - glycerin glycerine - good-by good-bye - gram gramme - gript gripped - - harbor harbour - harken hearken - heapt heaped - hematin haematin - hiccup hiccough - hock hough - homeopathy homoeopathy - homonym homonyme - honor honour - humor humour - husht hushed - hypotenuse hypothenuse - - idolize idolise - imprest impressed - instil instill - - jail gaol - judgment judgement - - kist kissed - - labor labour - lacrimal lachrymal - lapt lapped - lasht lashed - leapt leaped - legalize legalise - license licence - licorice liquorice - liter litre - lodgment lodgement - lookt looked - lopt lopped - luster lustre - - mama mamma - maneuver manoeuver - materialize materialise - meager meagre - medieval mediaeval - meter metre - mist missed - miter mitre - mixt mixed - mold mould - molder moulder - molding moulding - moldy mouldy - molt moult - mullen mullein - - naturalize naturalise - neighbor neigh - nipt nipped - - ocher ochre - odor odour - offense offence - omelet omelette - opprest oppressed - orthopedic orthopaedic - - paleography palaeography - paleontology palaeontology - paleozoic palaeozoic - parlor parlour - partizan partisan - past passed - patronize patronise - pedagog pedagogue - pedobaptist paedobaptist - phenix phoenix - phenomenon phaenomenon - pigmy pygmy - plow plough - polyp polype - possest possessed - practise (v. and n.) practice - prefixt prefixed - prenomen praenomen - prest pressed - pretense pretence - preterit preterite - pretermit praetermit - primeval primaeval - profest professed - program programme - prolog prologue - propt propped - pur purr - - quartet quartette - questor quaestor - quintet quintette - - rancor rancour - rapt rapped - raze rase - recognize recognise - reconnoiter reconnoitre - rigor rigour - rime rhyme - ript ripped - rumor rumour - - saber sabre - savior saviour - scepter sceptre - septet septette - sepulcher sepulchre - sextet sextette - silvan sylvan - simitar cimeter - sipt sipped - skilful skillful - skipt skipped - slipt slipped - smolder smoulder - snapt snapped - somber sombre - specter spectre - splendor splendour - stedfast steadfast - stept stepped - stopt stopped - strest stressed - stript stripped - subpena subpoena - succor succour - suffixt suffixed - sulfate sulphate - sulfur sulphur - sumac sumach - supprest suppressed - surprize surprise - synonym synonyme - - tabor tabour - tapt tapped - teazel teasel - tenor tenour - theater theatre - tho though - thoro thorough - thorofare thoroughfare - thoroly thoroughly - thru through - thruout throughout - tipt tipped - topt topped - tost tossed - transgrest transgressed - trapt trapped - tript tripped - tumor tumour - - valor valour - vapor vapour - vext vexed - vigor vigour - vizor visor - - wagon waggon - washt washed - whipt whipped - whisky whiskey - wilful willful - winkt winked - wisht wished - wo woe - woful woeful - woolen woollen - wrapt wrapped - - - - -83. FORMS OF ADDRESS. - - -The following correct forms of address are believed to conform to the -recognized custom, as indorsed by official, social, and scholarly -sources of authority. Most of the examples are from Westlake's "How to -Write Letters," but some are from Harper's Cyclopedia: - -=Army Officers.= See Military, Colonel, etc. - -=Associate Justice= of the Supreme Court of the United States, or of the -supreme court of any state. To Honorable John Brown, justice. Sir: - -=Assistant Secretaries= of Federal departments, heads of bureaus, etc. -To John Brown, Esq., secretary of state. Sir: - -=Bishop.= Except in the case of Methodists address a bishop as the Right -Reverend John Brown. Salutation--Right Reverend Sir: or Right Reverend -and Dear Sir: - -=Board of Education, Board of Trade, etc.= To the President and Members -of the ----. Sirs: or Honorable Sirs: or May it Please Your Honorable -Body. Other organizations of similar character are addressed after this -style. - -=Cabinet Members.= To the Honorable E. M. Stanton, secretary of war. -Another form is Honorable E. M. Stanton. The salutation is simply Sir: - -=Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.= To the Honorable Joseph McKenna, -chief justice of the Supreme Court, or To the Chief Justice of the -Supreme Court. Sir: or Mr. Chief Justice: - -=College Presidents.= Either Dear Sir: or Reverend and Dear Sir: as the -case may be. - -=Company, President of.= John Jones, president of the North German -Cracker Company. Sir: or Dear Sir: - -=Court or Judge.= Honorable Thomas F. Graham, judge of the Superior -Court. Sir: Dear Sir: or Your Honor: - -=Colonel.= Colonel John Brown, commanding the First Cavalry. Or Colonel -John Brown, U. S. A. Colonel: - -=Doctors.= Women doctors may be addressed as Doctor Mary Walker, or as -Mary Walker, M. D. See physicians. - -=Dentists.= Doctor John Brown. Sir: or Dear Sir: - -=Excellency.= Excellency, Your Excellency, His Excellency, etc., were -formerly applied to the President, but now such use is wrong. Foreign -ministers and governors are addressed as Excellency. - -=General.= General John Brown, commanding the armies of the U. S. -General: or Sir: The former is preferred. - -=Governor of a State.= To His Excellency Governor George C. Pardee, -Governor of the State of California, or His Excellency Governor George -C. Pardee. Sir: or Your Excellency: - -=Foreign Ministers.= To His Excellency Edward Everett, Envoy -Extraordinary at the Court of St. James. Your Excellency: or Sir: - -=Heads of State Departments, Members of State Senates, etc.= Honorable -John Brown, Attorney General, etc. Sir: - -=House of Representatives.= To the Honorable the Speaker of the House of -Representatives. Sir: or Mr. Speaker: - -=Honorable.= This title is applicable to judges, mayors, senators, -representatives in Congress, the heads of government departments and -others of similar rank below that of governor or President. It is -improper to thus designate the chiefs of bureaus, and other -subordinates. In official communications the official designation only -should be employed. - -=Judges in General.= Honorable John Brown. Sir: Dear Sir: - -=Justice of the Peace.= John Brown, Esq. Dear Sir: - -=Mayor.= Honorable John Brown, Mayor of ----. Sir: or Your Honor: - -=Navy Officers.= Admiral Bowman McCalla, Commanding U. S. N. Sir: -Commodores and others are addressed similarly, changing title to suit -the office. - -=Mr. and Esq.= These terms are somewhat interchangeable in America, but -an ignorant man should not be addressed as Esq. It is proper to confine -the title to persons of refinement. - -=My Dear Sir.= This implies closer friendship than Dear Sir. - -=Miss.= Miss Clara Barton. Dear Madam: or Dear Miss: or Miss Barton: - -=Mrs.= May be used, contrary to views expressed elsewhere in this -volume, before such titles as Mrs. General Sheridan, Mrs. Admiral -Porter. This custom has the sanction of good usage at the National -Capital, though critics condemn it. - -=Mrs.= Do not address a married woman as Mrs. Jane Smith. Address her as -Mrs. Erastus Smith if Erastus is her husband's name. - -=Mr.= Mr. is sometimes used before such titles as President, Chief -Justice, Attorney General, etc. - -=Military and Naval.= Those who rank under captain in the Army, and -commodore in the Navy, are addressed as Mr., Sir, or Dr., with U. S. N. -or U. S. A. after their names. - -=Physicians and Surgeons.= Doctor John Brown. Dear Sir: See Doctor for -women. - -=President of a Board of Education, Directors, Commissions, etc.= To -John Brown, Esq., President of ----. Sir: - -=President of the Senate.= To Honorable John Brown, President of the -Senate of the U. S. Sir: or Honorable Sir: - -=President of the U. S.= To the President, Washington, D. C., or To the -President, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C. Salutation is Sir: or -Mr. President: Omit all further ceremony. - -=Professor.= This title is conferred by election or by courtesy to men -of just scholarship. The title should not be applied to barbers, horse -trainers, dancing teachers and like persons. - -=Rector, Minister, Priest, Rabbi, or Reader.= The Reverend. -Salutation--Sir: Reverend Sir: Reverend and Dear Sir: - -=Reverend.= Always write =the= before the title Reverend. Never use Rev. -immediately before the surname. - - -ROMAN CATHOLIC CLERGY. - -=The Pope.= To Our Most Holy Father, Pope Pius IX:, or To His Holiness -Pope Pius IX. Most Holy Father:, or Your Holiness: Catholics write at -the end of the letter: Prostrate at the feet of Your Holiness, and -begging the Apostolic Benediction, I protest myself now and at all times -to be of Your Holiness the most obedient son, JOHN BROWN. - -Those who are not Catholics should trust to good sense to conclude -respectfully. - -=Cardinals.= To His Eminence Cardinal Brown, Bishop of ----: or To His -Eminence the Most Reverend Cardinal Brown. Most Eminent Sir: or Most -Eminent and Most Reverend Sir: Conclude thus: Of Your Eminence the most -obedient and most humble servant; or, I have the honor to remain, Most -Eminent Sir, with profound respect your obedient and humble servant. - -=Archbishop.= Most Reverend Archbishop Riordan, or Most Reverend John -Brown, Archbishop of ----. Most Reverend and Respected Sir:, or Most -Reverend and Dear Sir: Conclude thus: Most Reverend Sir, or Most -Reverend Archbishop, or Most Reverend and Dear Sir, Your obedient -servant. Most Reverend and Dear Sir: should be used by a clergyman or a -friend only. - -=Bishop.= Right Reverend John Brown, Bishop of ----. Right Reverend Sir: -Conclude: I have the honor to remain, Right Reverend Sir, Your obedient -servant. - -=Women Superiors.= Mother Angelica, Superior of ----. (Sisters of -Charity.) - -=Priests.= See Rector, etc. - -=Legal Titles.= Members of the bar should always be addressed with Esq. -following their names. - -=State Legislatures.= Same as the houses of Congress, except the name -and the phrase, in Congress assembled. - -=Senate of the United States.= To the Honorable the Senate of the United -States in Congress assembled. Honorable Sirs: or May It Please Your -Honorable Body: or The Honorable Senate: - -=Vice President.= To the Honorable Henry Wilson, Vice President of the -U. S., or (unofficial) Honorable Henry Wilson. Sir: - - - - -INDEX. - -Unless otherwise designated the citations are to paragraphs. - - - Abbreviations in general, 13 to 26 - - Abbreviations of names of states, 29 - - Address, forms of, 83 - - Ages of persons, 19 - - A. M., and like references, 18 - - Anno Domini, 13 - - Apostrophes to be omitted, when, 15 - - Apostrophe in possessives, 16 - - Apostrophe wrong for plurals, 14 - - Arabic numerals, 17 - - Authors are supreme, 12 - - Authority, sources of, 1 - - - Books, how cited, 22, 36, 52 and (12) under 27 - - Brick or bricks as plural, (h) 74 - - - Cantos, how cited, 37 - - Capital letters, when needed, 33, 34 - - Chemical terms, 35 - - Co. and Company, 21 - - Company, singular verb, (d) 74 - - Collective nouns, 74 - - Compounds in detail, 10, 27, 41, 42, 43 to 47 - - Commas essential, (18) under 27 - - Copymaking is an art, 6 - - Credits, how printed, 52 - - - Dashes, when omitted, 48 - - Dates, 23, 24 - - Dep't and similar abbreviations, (2) under 27 - - De Vinne's System, 1 - - De Vinne violated, 49 - - Dictionary of capital letters in detail, being alphabetically - arranged, 33 - - Dictionary should govern, 10 - - Division of words, 50 - - - Edited MSS. save money, 3 - - Editorial observations, 51 - - Employee preferred to employe, (1) under 51 - - Er words rather than re, Page 54 - - Et al., Page 52 - - Etc., Page 52 - - Ethics and similar words, (g) under 74 - - - Farther and further, 55 - - Figures, how used in dates, 24 - - Follows and as follow, Page 52 - - Following named, Page 53 - - Foreign words and phrases, 56 - - - Headquarters is or are, Page 52 - - Hours, how written, 25 - - - Interrupted compounds, 45 - - - Last held meeting, Page 52 - - Law books, how cited, 36 - - - Magazines, how named, 54 - - Medieval, etc., 63 - - Month, how written, 26 - - Money, ten dollars was paid, 74 - - MS. and MSS., (4) under 27 - - - Names not abbreviated, 28 - - Names, plural of, 65 - - Newspapers and magazines, 54 - - Night of Horrors, 34 - - Numbers, spell out, 24 - - - O, Oh, Oh!, 64 - - On yesterday or yesterday, Page 53 - - Operas and plays, 52 and 58 - - - Pages, how cited, 38 - - Paper, size for printers, 8 - - Paragraphs, how cited, 37 - - Parentheses and punctuation, 62 - - Parentheses for states, (10) under 27 - - Pet names, how used, (11) under 27 - - Plays and operas, how cited, 52 - - Plurals, Page 53 - - Plurals of names, 65 - - Preferred words, Page 53 - - Printers blamed, 5 - - Printers to edit reprint, 11 - - PS., (17) under 27 - - Publications, how cited, 39 - - Punctuation, some forms of, 61, 62 - - - Quarto, (12) under 27 - - Quote-marks in general, 66 and 68 - - Quote-marks, use of single, 68 - - - Reverend, the, 69 - - - Salutations, how written, 59, 60 - - Saviour and savior, 70 - - Scriptural citations, 40 - - Self-confessed, Page 54 - - Ships and vessels, 53 - - Simplified spelling, 82 - - Singulars and plurals, 74 - - Single quote-marks, 68 - - Singulars again, (c) under 74 - - Smaller type, 67 - - Specials, 71 - - Spellings preferred, 72 - - Spoonfuls, Page 53 - - States, names of abbreviated, 29 - - Stenographers need the code, 80 - - Streets, how printed, (13) under 27 - - Style-codes to be mastered, 9 - - Style-codes needed, 2 - - Sums-two and two is four, (a) under 74 - - - Time references, (14) under 27 - - Titles, how written, (7) and (15) under 27 - - To wit, (8) under 27 - - Towns and cities, (6) under 27 - - - Unfamiliar words, 57 - - United States is or are, 73 - - - Verbs, singular or plural, 74 - - - Wave-lines, 78 - - Welsh rabbit, Page 53 - - Whereabouts is, 75 - - Women and husband's titles, 76 - - Words, division of, 50 - - Words in legal papers, (16) under 27 - - - Years, 23 - - - * * * * * - - - _... THE ... - Mysell-Rollins - Bank Note Company_ - - MANUFACTURERS OF - - - NEW YORK No. 1 - _Reporter's Note Book_ - - the approved reporter's note book, used by - official stenographers and reporters - that know - - - BANK STOCK - _Reporter's Note Book_ - - made from our celebrated Bank Stock - Paper--Saves and relieves the sight - Fine for pen or pencil - - - _22 Clay Street - San Francisco California_ - - - * * * * * - - -Transcriber's Note: - -Bold text is surrounded by =equals signs=, and small caps have been -changed to ALL CAPS. - -Punctuation has been standardised. Variations in hyphenation and -obsolete or variant spelling have all been preserved. - -The following changes have been made: - -Page 20: twelvemo => 12mo: (12mo may be used) - -Page 45: standstone => sandstone - -Index: Abbreviations of names of states, 28 => 29 - -Index: States, names of abbreviated, 28 => 29 - -Index: Ethics and similar words, (9) under 74 => (g) under 74 - -Index: Headquarters is or are, 52 => Page 52 - -Index: Last held meeting, 52 => Page 52 - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Magazine Style-Code, by Leigh H. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Magazine Style-Code - -Author: Leigh H. Irvine - -Release Date: November 5, 2012 [EBook #41289] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MAGAZINE STYLE-CODE *** - - - - -Produced by Greg Bergquist, Jennifer Linklater, and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - - PUBLISHED BY - THE MYSELL-ROLLINS BANK NOTE CO. - - - - - THE - MAGAZINE - STYLE-CODE - - BY - LEIGH H. IRVINE - - - CROWN PUBLISHING CO. - SAN FRANCISCO - 1906 - - PRINTERS LITHOGRAPHERS ENGRAVERS - 22 Clay Street, San Francisco, Cal. - - - - - THE MAGAZINE STYLE-CODE - - A MANUAL FOR THE GUIDANCE OF AUTHORS, - REPORTERS, TYPEWRITERS, MINISTERS, - LAWYERS, PROOFREADERS, COMPOSITORS, - PUBLISHERS, AND - ALL WHO WRITE. - - LARGELY CODIFIED FROM THE SYSTEM OF - THEODORE LOW DE VINNE, FROM THE - CENTURY MAGAZINE, THE CENTURY - COMPANY'S BOOKS, - AND THE TREATISES - OF F. HORACE - TEALL. - - ABBREVIATIONS, THE USE OF CAPITAL - LETTERS, COMPOUND WORDS, - ETC., FULLY ILLUSTRATED - AND EXPLAINED. - - BY - LEIGH H. IRVINE - - _Author of The New California, An Affair in the South Seas, - The Writer's Blue Book, and Other Works._ - - CROWN PUBLISHING COMPANY - SAN FRANCISCO. - 1906. - - _Copyright, 1906_, - SAMUEL EPPSTEIN - - - DEDICATED - TO - THEODORE LOW DE VINNE, - - WHOSE WORKS ON TYPOGRAPHY HAVE BEEN - THE AUTHOR'S GUIDE AND INSPIRATION - IN THE PREPARATION OF - THIS LITTLE BOOK. - - - - -SOURCES OF AUTHORITY. - - -=1.= It is to be regretted that every publishing-house does not start on -the principle that a thorough system of doing things right should -precede the turning out of printed matter; but the press of business is -so great, the demands for 'rush work' are so many, that system comes -last, if at all. Managers are busy with the cash account and the -pay-roll, for which reason a great deal is left to chance. - -Thus it falls that the negligence, incompetence, or preoccupation of -printing-office managers makes good systems of typography the exception -rather than the rule. It is a reflection on the art preservative that -the slipshod methods and unscholarly composition of the daily newspaper -type often corrupt the pages of trade-and class-publications, as well as -of magazines and books. See paragraph 45 of this book for an explanation -of the use of hyphens in the foregoing sentence. See paragraph 68 for -the use of single quote-marks herein. - -The hurried work of newspapermen may be partly excused on the ground of -haste, yet in another sense it requires no more time to do a thing the -right way than to do it the wrong way. - -Printing-houses that pretend to turn out careful work, such as -publishing books and periodicals, should follow some model of -unquestioned authority; but as proper exemplars are not often at hand, -the daily newspaper, being omnipresent, is taken for a pattern. - -The purpose of this handbook is to furnish a guide based on the -scholarship and technical knowledge of some of the world's greatest -authors and printers. As blunders and inconsistencies creep into print -everywhere, even when special care is taken to avoid them, the author -expects this very work to be an example of the mistakes it warns others -to avoid. Such shortcomings as here appear, however, should serve to -emphasize the need of great pains by all who write and print. - -Some years ago it fell to the author to harmonize the style-codes of -three printing-houses that were doing work for him. In seeking a model -of accuracy and typographical neatness the system expounded by Theodore -Low De Vinne, used by the _Century Magazine_ and the Century Company, -was chosen. - -It was discovered that there never has been any formal style-code in use -by the De Vinne-Century printers. They have learned the style by -studying De Vinne's _Correct Composition_ and like works of his on -typography. Office experience teaches printers the written and unwritten -laws of the De Vinne code. - -The method of the Century printers has been largely the method of the -author of this manual. By correspondence with Mr. De Vinne, by studying -his books, and by the practical application of his rules to the work of -many offices the writer has come to know his methods, which are believed -to be the simplest and most scholarly in use in the United States -to-day. More than eighty per cent of the rules herein expounded are -codified from the works of De Vinne, or gleaned from Teall and similar -sources of indisputable authority. The work of the Chicago Proofreaders' -Association has been found helpful in the compounding of words. - -System is as necessary in a printing-house as in a bank, and -classification and obedience to the law of the office are absolutely -essential to the production of correct composition. Since many editors -and patrons, authors and others are usually either careless or untrained -in the art of preparing copy, the printer must be extremely painstaking -and methodic, or his work will be censured, and he will be blamed for -every fault that shows itself in 'cold type.' The owners of newspapers -printed at other men's offices are especially unreasonable when mistakes -occur. No matter how careless such customers are with their work, they -expect the printer to be infallible. Every publisher of wide experience -will corroborate this statement. The skilful writer expects reasonable -accuracy, the ignoramus wants printers to be Macaulays and mind-readers -as well. - - -=2. Why Style-codes are Necessary.= Style-codes are necessary because -much of the copy that is presented to printers is neither written nor -edited with reference to accuracy, consistency, or the rules of orderly -typography. Indeed much copy is not edited at all; it reaches the case -or the machine with its original crudities thick upon it, and if -blunders are discovered by the public the slovenly authors defend -themselves by charging them to 'errors of the types,' or blunders of the -printers. On account of the general carelessness of writers, style-codes -are necessary; they enable printers and proofreaders to hold writers -within reasonable bounds. If all things were written just as they should -be printed, style-codes would be useless. - - -=3. Edited Manuscripts Save Money.= Just as short words and short, -simple sentences save the time and energy required to gather the meaning -that would be clouded by the use of long, involved sentences, so clearly -written and accurately prepared manuscripts save time, energy, and money -in the printing-office. - -Typewritten copy is almost a necessity in this busy age, but whether -penned or typed, manuscripts should be consistent in style, and above -all readily legible. Fast typesetting machines should not be made slow -and expensive by the carelessness and indistinct manuscripts of editors -and other writers for the press. - - -=4. Uniformity is Essential to Success.= Uniformity in the method of -using capital letters, compound words, punctuation marks, etc., is -essential where any care is taken with printed matter. It is astonishing -that many editors, reporters, ministers, lawyers, and others who write -for publication are not only ignorant of typographical niceties, but of -fundamentals as well. Going further, it may be said that many -printing-houses are conducted in a haphazard way, as if uniformity and -accuracy were luxuries beyond price. Even under the best system, -contradictions and other errors are certain to abound. The best that can -be expected is to reduce blunders to the minimum. - - -=5. Passing the Blame to Printers.= Many writers pass the responsibility -and the blame to printers. This is a slovenly and unreasonable course. -Printers do not agree, some are incompetent, all are busy with other -details than editing copy, and it is not the duty of printers to correct -the blunders of writers. Again, a printer may see but a fraction of a -given manuscript, and may not know, unless there is an office -style-card, what system is the author's desire. A style-card will show -printers the way out of many dark places, and will overcome many of the -obstacles presented by the copy of untrained editors and writers. In -well-arranged offices, however, the compositor's right to make changes -is a limited one. - -It is the duty of typographers to follow copy unless there is a clear -inadvertence, such as going =too= town instead of =to= town, for -example. Writers should understand that printers, though often highly -competent to write or edit manuscripts better than those who present -them as copy, are too busy at the case or the machine to stop and edit -copy, form a style-code, consult dictionaries, verify quotations, -harmonize discrepancies, and prevent the blunders of writers in general. -If nobody edits copy, one of two things happens--the blunders are put -into type for the public eye, or they are corrected by the proofreader. -The former course destroys the printer's reputation, the latter adds to -the cost of work. - - -=6. Making Copy is an Art.= The world's universities do not teach how to -prepare copy for printers. Often college men are not only poor writers -of English, but they are as careless of the niceties of typography as -are printers in most houses, editors of some publications, ministers, -school-teachers, reporters, and public officers. In most manuscripts -inconsistencies abound. Numbers, for example, should be spelled out, or -written in arabic or in roman numerals, yet the three methods are -sometimes seen on one page of copy. - - -=7. Uniform Methods Throughout.= Abbreviations, the use of italic, of -smaller bodies of types, of varying measures, of bold-face, light-faced -antique, and like typographical methods for indicating headings, cut-in -notes, emphatic words, etc., should be under some definite and sensible -plan. - - -=8. Points for Writers.= Paper for linotype operators as well as that -for hand-compositors should be about the size of commercial note, and -the writing should run the long way of the page, the reason being that -sheets of the commercial note size fit into the machine 'copy-holder' -very neatly. Good margins should be left at the top and sides, this for -side-notes and catch-lines for headings. Names of persons, etc., should -be 'printed out' carefully in manuscripts, and interlineations should be -avoided. Blind hands have always caused infinite trouble in -printing-houses. (Consult 'blind' in the _Standard Dictionary_.) - - -=9. Style-codes Should be Mastered.= Those in authority in -publishing-houses and elsewhere should compel reporters, editors, -printers, proofreaders, and others whose duty it is to know =style= to -master the office code. In many instances the carelessness of writers -adds to the cost of production in every other department of publishing. -Strangely, however, many writers assume offhand that anybody can -capitalize words correctly and uniformly. Such writers jump to -conclusions in the most reckless way imaginable. Their methods and -definitions are no more correct than were the definitions given by a -band of amateur scientists who described a crab in answer to the great -Cuvier's question. They said a crab was a small, red fish that walks -backward. "A perfect definition," said Cuvier, "except that the crab is -not a fish, is not red, and does not walk backward." - - -=10. Office Dictionary Should Govern.= One dictionary should be selected -as the sovereign guide in every printing-house. If some things in the -chosen dictionary seem wrong there should be a list or card of -variations from authority. For many reasons the author of this little -book prefers the _Standard Dictionary_ to all others. It seems to have, -among other things, the most consistent and thorough method of -compounding words. Its spellings are the simplest, its pronunciations -the most rational. The incomparable work of F. Horace Teall shines in -the department that deals with the important subject of compounding -English words. Teall's _English Compound Words and Phrases_ should be -before every editor. As elsewhere explained, his system is a little -behind the times, owing to a recent movement to solidify words. See -paragraph 41. - - -=11. What Printers Should Edit.= There is a class of matter which -printers should edit as they proceed in their work, and this they should -do without delay or risk of exceeding authority. Reprint should be made -to conform to the office style. Often editors have ample time to read -clippings with sufficient care for acceptance, but without time or means -to make such excerpts conform to the governing code. Owing to lack of -marginal space and space between printed lines, there is no room for -certain emendations, the changing of compounds, and the rearrangement -of capitals. For these reasons most reprint reaches the printer as it -originally appeared in the 'exchange' from which it was clipped. - -Even if an editor should take pains to change the style of reprint the -result would be an unsatisfactory net-work of interlineations, carets, -transpositions, rings, and other marks--in short, it would be bad copy. -Some editors make it a rule to quote the general style of the clipping, -holding that the style of the clipping is as much a part of the author's -personality as are his words and sentences. Unfortunately there are -usually so many contradictions and inaccuracies, so many evidences of -_no style whatever_, that it is not a sensible plan to follow reprint -copy. The best system is for the compositor to follow the code of his -office, and the code should be so well known to him that to follow it -would be a pleasure. - -In many small offices, where copy-readers or copy-editors are not -employed, a knowledge of the style-code by printers and proofreaders is -of vital importance. It has been computed by a committee of printers of -wide experience that a style-code will save from three to five per cent -of the cost of composition. In offices conducted along the lines of -chaos the waste of time is great. - - -=12. Authors are the Supreme Authority.= There is no doubt that every -author has the right to dictate what shall be the typographical form of -his work, but no self-respecting publisher's imprint or hall-mark ever -appears on the pages of slovenly work. Even the author who demands his -own way should be shown his inconsistencies and slacknesses, if they -exist. The productions of some authors, who insist that copy be followed -by the printer, betray lack of system before the work has reached the -end of a galley; but if a writer urges that his faults be put in type -his orders should be followed. Instructions are often obeyed, greatly to -the amusement of everybody in the office, including the battery boy and -the devil. - - - - -ABBREVIATIONS IN GENERAL. - - -=13. Anno Domini= should be printed with small capitals when abbreviated -as A. D. - - -=14. Apostrophes for Plural of Letters Wrong.= De Vinne aptly says on -page 285 of _Correct Composition_ that the apostrophe is not proper to -express plurality. Its use in print for this purpose is the repetition -of an indefensible colloquialism, even though the dictionaries record -the form. Letters should be spelled as follows; aes, bees, cees, dees, -ees, efs, gees, aitches, ies, jays, kays, els, ems, ens, oes, pees, -ques, ars, esses, tees, ues, vees, ws or dubleyuz, exes, wyes, zees. -With the exception of esses this is the form given by the _Standard -Dictionary_. - - -=15. Apostrophe to be Omitted.= Mida's _Criterion_ and Dean's Landing -need the apostrophe as a sign of possession, but when referred to as -_Midas_ and Deans, the apostrophe is useless, and should be omitted. -Harper's Ferry, but only Harpers when used in the curtailed form for the -Ferry, meaning Harper's Ferry. See De Vinne's _Correct Composition_, -page 284. Consult paragraph 68 of this book. - - -=16. Apostrophe in Possessives.= Do not omit the apostrophe in such -names as James's, Banks's, and Williams's in possessive use. It is a -slovenly newspaper custom to omit apostrophes, except when the sound of -a second ess makes a disagreeable hissing. Whenever the second ess is -distinctly pronounced it should be inserted after the apostrophe. De -Vinne, Teall, Bain, Alford, Moon, and others are firm in demanding the -ess and the apostrophe whenever the sound of the second ess is given in -speech. Bain says: "We say St. James's and St. Giles's, Burns's, and -Douglas's." This is also the style of such magazines as the _Century_. -See paragraphs 15 and 68. - - -=17. Arabic Numbers.= Books should be disfigured as little as possible -by arabic numerals in the text. Numbers thus set are always dry and -forbidding in appearance. See paragraphs 19, 24, and Words, under -paragraph 27, division (16). - - -=18. A. M., etc.= Capital and small capital letters are not needed in -abbreviating time, as a. m. and p. m. for ante meridiem and post -meridiem. It is best to spell out =six o'clock=, etc. A. M. means -master of arts and anno mundi. P. M. means postmaster. If _time_ is -meant, confusion sometimes arises. De Vinne uses the period, and says -the colon is an ignorant substitution in this sense: =2.30= p. m. and -=1.45= a. m., not =2:30=, or =1:45=. See De Vinne's _Correct -Composition_, page 82. - - -=19. Ages of Persons.= Spell out the ages of persons. John Jones is not -=aged= twenty-one years. He is twenty-one years =of age=, or twenty-one -years old--not an =aged= person. The last use of =aged= is proper. - - -=20. Books.= See paragraphs 36, 52; also see division twelve under -paragraph 27. - - -=21. Co. and Company.= Co. should be set in capitals (=CO.=) when the -firm name is in capitals. The name JOHN BROWN'S Co. is unsightly. Unless -=Co.= is the style of the company, or incorporation, spell out the -word. In Co's no period is needed after the =o=. De Vinne's _Correct -Composition_, page 291. - - -=22. Credits.= See paragraph 52. Credits at the end of matter are best -set in italic lower-case, without any em dash to connect the credit with -the quotation. See De Vinne's _Correct Composition_, page 150. - - -=23. Dates.= When the numeral precedes the name of the month it may be -written as the =28th= of November, but when the numeral follows, it -should be November =28=. In =2d=, =3d=, and like abbreviations, there is -no need of =n=, as in =2nd=. - -=Years.= Two consecutive years should be run thus: During 1897-98, and -not 1897-8. It is proper to say the heroes of '49. See paragraph 24. - - -=24. Figures.= Commas are not needed in four figures, as: 1897, 5798. -The comma should not be inserted between figures expressive of dates, as -in June, 1898. - -Numbers of infrequent occurrence should be spelled out rather than put -in roman numerals. The engine weighed five thousand tons, there were -fifty-two gallons in the barrel, there were seventeen thousand men in -the regiments. See paragraph 17. - - -=25. Hours.= Print 11.30 a. m., and not 11:30 a. m. Use the period -rather than the colon. See paragraph 18. - - -=26. Month, etc.= Month, inst., prox., and ult., often abbreviated in -letters, are improper in all first-class work. Spell out the name of the -month, as March and January, not Mar. and Jan. Spell out days of the -week. - - - - -27. MISCELLANEOUS. - - -(1) =e. g.= for exempli gratia, i. e. for id est, q. v. for quod vide, -viz. for videlicet or to wit, etc. for et cetera, are barely tolerated -in good work and are discarded by many houses. If authors will use such -symbols they should spell them out. Italic is not needed in these -examples. See De Vinne's _Correct Composition_, page 41. - -(2) =Dep't=, treas., sec., gov't, and similar abbreviations are not -permissible. - -(3) =Do= not use Xmas and Xtns for Christmas and Christians. - -(4) =MS. and MSS.= MS. for manuscript and MSS. for manuscripts. There -should be no period after the =M=. - -(5) =New York.= Do not use N. Y. when you refer to New York City. - -(6) =Towns and Cities.= Do not abbreviate the names of towns and -cities, and avoid abbreviation of the names of states, except when they -follow town and city names. See paragraph 29. - -(7) =Titles.= It is a proper and decorous system to spell out doctor, -professor, general, colonel, captain, major, and like titles. Good book -and magazine work oppose abbreviations of such titles. Mr., Mrs., Jr., -Sr., are allowed as here written. - -(8) =To wit= should not be compounded. - -(9) =Spell out= fort, mount, point, port, saint, etc. in every use. - -(10) =Parentheses.= Inclose the names of states in parentheses when used -in the following way: The Albany (N. Y.) Law School; the Milpitas (Cal.) -_Gazette_. See paragraph 29. - -(11) =Pet Names.= Bill, Bob, Jim, Tom, Joe, etc., are not abbreviations, -and therefore they need no period after the last letter. - -(12) =Quarto=, octavo, twelvemo, thirty-twomo, etc., are best, but 4to, -8vo, and 12mo may be used, if they do not begin a sentence. - -(13) =Streets.= The numerical names of streets should be spelled out, as -Fifteenth Street, Twenty-second Street. - -(14) =Time.= See paragraph 18. Spell out the names of days of the week, -as well as names of months. - -(15) =Titles.= If John Jones has many titles following his name, it is -best to set them in small capitals, as: M. D., F. R. S., PH. D., K. C. -B. To set all in capitals is to give the name too little prominence. One -or two titles may be set in capitals, but when there are three or four, -use small capitals. - -(16) =Words.= Words are preferred in legal documents, as: Jean must -appear in court on the tenth of August, in the year of our Lord one -thousand nine hundred and six. - -(17) =PS.= PS. (for postscript or postscriptum) without a period or -space between the letters. See MS., number (4), paragraph 27. - -(18) =Commas Essential.= Commas are essential in certain cases where -they are often omitted. Many printers seem to think it is treason to put -a comma before =and= in a series of three words, and the Chicago -Proofreaders' Association omits commas in such instances. The system is -slovenly, however. De Vinne properly expounds the rule. On page 253 of -_Correct Composition_ he says: "The comma is needed when the simplicity -and directness of a sentence are broken by the addition or repetition of -nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs that do not qualify the words that -directly follow." He cites this example: "Ulysses was wise, eloquent, -cautious, and intrepid." Note the comma after =cautious=. Use the comma -without hesitation when the qualifying words are more than two in -number; as, the bay was calm, beautiful, and clear as crystal. The comma -is sometimes erroneously omitted before the conjunction in such cases -as: Jean, Lucinda and Alice have departed. There is no person whose name -is Lucinda and Alice. Again, the impression may be made, by the omission -of the comma, that Lucinda and Alice went together, and not with Jean. - -Another point to be remembered is that when the words are not in pairs, -the comma must be used, even if =or= frequently intervenes. _Correct -Composition_, page 254. When the words are in pairs, connected by the -word =and=, or disconnected by the word =or=, the comma is needed only -at the end of each pair. _De Vinne._ - - -=28. Names.= Never abbreviate Jas., Jos., Thos., Geo., Wm., Theo., -Chas., and other Christian names. The decorous system is to spell the -names in full, except when following exact signatures in legal documents -and other formal matter. - - -=29. Names of States.= Names of states following names of towns, except -the names of Alaska, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Ohio, and Utah, are -abbreviated as follows: - - Alabama Ala. - Arizona Ariz. - Arkansas Ark. - California Cal. - Colorado Colo. - Connecticut Conn. - Delaware Del. - Florida Fla. - Georgia Ga. - Illinois Ill. - Indiana Ind. - Indian Territory I. T. - Kansas Kan. - Kentucky Ky. - Louisiana La. - Maryland Md. - Massachusetts Mass. - Michigan Mich. - Minnesota Minn. - Mississippi Miss. - Missouri Mo. - Montana Mont. - Nebraska Neb. - Nevada Nev. - New Hampshire N. H. - New Jersey N. J. - New Mexico N. M. - New York N. Y. - North Carolina N. C. - North Dakota N. D. - Oklahoma Okla. - Oregon Ore. - Pennsylvania Pa. - Rhode Island R. I. - South Carolina S. C. - South Dakota S. D. - Tennessee Tenn. - Texas Tex. - Vermont Vt. - Washington Wash. - Virginia Va. - West Virginia W. Va. - Wisconsin Wis. - Wyoming Wyo. - - -=30. Brackets.= Teall says that an insertion not merely disconnected, -but having no effect upon the meaning of the context, should be inclosed -within brackets. Examples: I swear that I was naturalized [here state -name] in Missouri. My son, I must tell you all. [Some private details -are here blotted out. _Editor._] You must keep these things secret. De -Vinne says: "Parentheses always inclose remarks apparently made by the -writer of the text. Brackets inclose remarks certainly made by the -editor or reporter of that text." See _Correct Composition_, page 279. - - -=31. By-laws.= De Vinne says: "By-laws are frequently printed with the -side-headings Art. 1 for Article 1, Sec. 2 for Section 2, etc., but it -is better practice to print the word in full in the paragraph where it -first appears, and to omit the word in subsequent paragraphs, using the -proper figure only, as is customary in verses of the Bible and in -hymn-books." - - -=32. Can not.= =Can not= is preferred to =cannot=, though there is -authority for both forms. =Can not= and =shall not=, according to the -usage of good writers, are treated as shown. - - - - -33. CAPITAL LETTERS IN GENERAL. - - -A - - Arbor Day, Decoration Day, Labor Day, Black Friday. - - Ascension Day, in Bible sense. - - Almighty and like terms in lieu of God. - - arctic ivory and all similar mercantile uses of such words as arctic - in that sense. Even titanic and herculean, in some uses. - - Arctic when referring to that region. - - algebra, botany and all sciences. See sciences. - - arabic when referring to letters of that name or to merchandise. - - autumn unless the word is personified. Seasons are not capitalized. - See seasons. - - association, church, companies, political, and similar names are - written in small letters, thus: trustee, councilman, supervisor, - congressman, director, secretary, president, governor, - superintendent, etc., unless the title precedes a surname, in which - case it is capitalized as a title. If a title selected may be - applied to two or more persons use the small letter, not the - capital. Abbreviated expressions take the capital letter as an - initial, as: =the= Union, =the= Club, =the= Church, =the= Senate, - =the= Company, =the= Chamber, =the= State, =the= Nation, when such - shortened expressions are clearly used in place of the full name of - the body in question. The Union, if you mean of states, or if you - mean a certain typographical union. - - -B - - Bank Holiday, because this is its proper name as much as Wednesday is - the name of a day. - - Bible, and all names like Scriptures, Holy Writ. - - the Board of Education, meaning a special one. - - a board of education, meaning any one. - - Bay of Naples. - - a bay, meaning any one. - - Baconian philosophy, because with direct reference to Bacon; but - =herculean=, meaning strong, platonic, etc., unless referring - directly to Plato. - - Bills are capitalized, as: Pure Food Bill, Highway Bill, Labor Bill, - Revenue Bill. - - Buildings. Capitalize Chronicle Building, White House, Pressmen's - Hall, Linotype Building, Carnegie Free Library Block, etc. - - -C - - Christmas and all synonyms, as Yule-tide. - - city of New York, but New York City, its official name. - - a city of Kentucky, or any city of a class, because common nouns. - this City, meaning San Francisco or any other place clearly meant. - - a chief-justice. - - the Chief-justice of Missouri. - - an aged justice, or a former chief-justice. - - castile soap. See merchandise. - - china goods, china silk, etc. See merchandise. - - cisalpine, transatlantic, etc. - - county of Holt, but Holt County, its exact name. See counties. - - the County, meaning one in particular; in lieu of full name. - - a county--any one. - - Counties: Holt County is the name of the political division or - corporation, and when =the County= is used as a shorter expression, - it is clearly a synonym for the full name. - - the Congress of the United States, or Congress, the Legislature. - - the Congressman, meaning a special one. Several congressmen and - senators were there. In this sense the nouns are common. - - =Congressman= illustrates De Vinne's rule that a title not a synonym - for a specified person (one only) should not begin with a capital. - See Association. - - Centuries take a lower-case letter: fifteenth century, nineteenth, - twentieth, etc. This is an exception to the rule concerning - historical epochs, but custom has made it proper. - - a club, meaning any. - - the Club, meaning the Century Club. - - Columbia College, Stanford University, etc. - - the Constitution of the United States, of any particular state or - society. - - a constitution, meaning any. - - the Continent, meaning of Europe, or when used as a substitute for - the full name of any other continent. - - coolie, negro, greaser, gringo, gipsy. See nicknames, which are never - capitalized. - - -D - - Decoration Day, like all historic names. See Historic names. - - Deity, God, Father, Son, Holy Ghost, Jehovah, Holy Spirit, =Saviour=, - Creator, Providence, Heaven, when used for God, and all words that - refer directly to Deity as a name, heaven and hell in ordinary use. - Heaven, meaning God. - - devil as an expletive. - - Devil, if John Milton's is meant, also Satan, Beelzebub. - - Definite Titles. When definite titles or names are shortened, like the - Senate, the Club, etc., meaning a particular senate or club, use - capitals. Likewise where =the= State or =the= Government means one - in particular, as following a reference to California, capitals - should be used. The Union, =the= Nation, etc., follow the same rule. - - -E - - the East, meaning an undefined geographical section. - - an east wind blew, however, meaning mere direction. - - the Ex-president. - - an ex-president, ex-mayor, ex-governor, etc. When capitalized, the - first letter of the compound takes the capital, as: Ex-president - Cleveland. Many good writers prefer the expression _former_ - president, etc. - - Erie Canal. - - the earth. Though the name of a definite planet, this word is not - capitalized. It is a clear exception to the rule. The sun and the - moon usually go in lower-case. - - -F - - Fast Day. - - the Flood of the Bible. - - Fourth of July. - - Father, meaning God. See Deity. - - fall of the year, except when personified. See seasons. - - Federal Government, meaning the Government of the United States. - - -G - - Golden Rule, the. - - Good Friday. - - God in every sense, but the gods of fable. See Deity. - - the General when referring to one in particular. See official titles. - - a general, any one. See official titles, definite titles, etc. - - grammar, same as botany, chemistry, and other sciences. - - Geographical names thus: The South Side, the East Side, the West, the - Northeast, Back Bay, Tenderloin District, Monterey Bay, Missouri - River, Goat Island, Gold Mountain. Sherwood's Pier, Idora Park, Ross - Valley, Waverley Place. - - Glacial, Triassic, etc., referring to geological uses. - - the Gospels, and all like terms; Scriptures, Holy Writ, the Word. - - the Governor, when in lieu of his name, or meaning one in particular. - - a governor, meaning any one. See official titles. - - -H - - Holy Spirit, but see Deity. - - Historic names, thus: Civil War, Middle Ages, Commencement Day, Lord's - Day, Silurian Age, Dark Ages, the Deluge, the Victorian Era, the - Renaissance. - - herculean, meaning full of strength, and unless direct reference is - made to Hercules and his age. - - hell and heaven. See Deity. - - House of Commons. - - House of Lords. - - heathen. - - Hades and like poetical names of a future abode. - - Holy Writ. - - -I - - india ink, used as merchandise. - - india rubber. Same as india ink. - - italic letters, never Italic. - - the Island, meaning Long Island, or any one previously named; the - Islands, meaning a special group previously named or suggested. The - various islands of the sea, however, but the South Sea Islands. - - -J - - Jesus Christ. - - Jehovah. See Deity. - - -K - - a king, but the King. See association. Kaiser, Czar, and President - follow this rule. - - -L - - Labor Day. See historic names. - - Lady Day. See historic names. - - Lord, Deity, Jesus Christ, God, etc. - - the Levant. - - A lord and a lady, but =the= Lord. - - -M - - a mayor, president, lord, governor, czar, etc. See association, - governor, official titles. - - the Mayor, King, President, Czar, Governor, etc. - - morocco goods. See merchandise. - - the Manager. See official titles. - - a manager. See official titles. - - Merchandise. Arctic, Tropics, Levant, Orient, and all geographical - names used as proper nouns go up; but nouns used to specify - merchandise go down, as: arctic ivory, india ink, russia leather, - morocco, turkey red, port wine, chinese blue. When words derived - from proper nouns have thus lost the direct connection or literal - sense of the name there is no need of capitals. Consult De Vinne's - _Correct Composition_, page 119. - - -N - - Names. White House, Gillis Opera House, Handel Hall, etc. - - New Year's. - - the North, meaning an undefined geographical section. - - a north wind. - - Northeast, Northwest, etc., follow same rule. Do not compound such - words. - - Nicknames: Creole, negro, mulatto, gipsy, quadroon, greaser, coolie, - peon, and like nicknames do not begin with a capital. See De Vinne. - - Nation, when in lieu of the United States or of any other particular - government. See state, etc. - - a nation of workers, however. - - nature ordinarily, except when in lieu of God. See Deity. - - negro. See nicknames. - - Nature when used for God. See Deity. - - -O - - oriental silk. See merchandise. - - the Orient. - - the Occident. - - Official titles: Mayor, judge, justice, king, governor, and the like - follow one rule, as do the terms treasurer, secretary of state, etc. - If they precede the name of one person (not of two or more) they - take the capital initial. If they follow a name or are preceded by - =the indefinite article a=, they need no capital. The name of the - office is never written with a capital in this sense: He ran for the - office of justice of the peace, president, governor, mayor, etc. - See association. - - -P - - a president. See official titles. - - the President, Czar, King, Governor, Mayor, etc. See official titles - and association. - - prussian blue. See merchandise. - - purgatory. - - paradise, except the Paradise of John Milton. - - Parliament. Same as Congress. See association. - - platonic follows herculean and Baconian. If meaning direct reference - to Plato or his system, capitalize; if meaning merely philosophical, - write =platonic=. See herculean. - - Political parties: Antis, Nationalist, Populist, Radical, Tory, - Democrat, Prohibitionist. Adjectives of the same, same rule. - - Personification: Anything may be personified, and all personified - words should be capitalized, as: The spirit of Fire; the voice of - Crime; the call of Duty; the ghost of Want. - - Pronouns standing for Deity go thus: his wisdom; him we fear; thou - God; thy Word; thee we adore. This is Biblical use. Capitalizing was - an error of hymn-books of the long ago. - - -Q - - Queen. See king, president, governor, official titles, etc. - - -R - - russia leather. See merchandise. - - Religious denominations: Catholics, Protestants, Jews, - Mohammedans--but pagan and heathen, for these terms are too - indefinite to take the capital. - - Republican. See political parties. - - rhetoric. See sciences. - - -S - - Saviour is the approved spelling when referring to Jesus Christ. - - a senate. - - the Senate of Illinois. - - the Society for the Prevention of Vice, and like names. - - a society for prevention of vice. - - the Southern Railroad. - - a southern railroad. - - a state of the United States. - - the State, meaning California; but the state of California. See - states. - - the South, an undefined geographical location. - - the Southeast. Same as South. - - a south wind. - - States: The state of New York, the empire of Germany; but New York - State, the German Empire, because the official names. The Southern - States, the Northern States, but the states and territories of the - United States. - - Sciences: All references to algebra, botany, geometry, chemistry, and - like names of science are written without the capital initial. - - Streets: First Street, Sixty-first Avenue, etc. - - Second Corps. - - Seasons: The seasons are not capitalized, unless in personification. - - spring is here. - - summer has departed. - - the Scriptures. See Bible and Gospels. - - -T - - =the= preceding the name of a newspaper or magazine is not - capitalized: =the= Herald, =the= Century, but in books it goes in - capital initial; as, "The Life of Emerson." - - the Tropics. - - tropical plants, tropical weather, etc. - - turkey red. See merchandise. - - Titles: It is as proper to say Scavenger Smith or Barber Brown as to - say Judge Jones and President Roosevelt. All such titles as - director, manager, weigher, inspector, and like names follow the - general rule. See association and official titles. - - a township. See county, association, etc. - - transatlantic, transpacific, transmissouri. - - -U - - universe. - - =the= Union, meaning the United States; the Nation, Republic, Federal - Government, etc. - - the Union, meaning one organization in particular, or when used in - lieu of the full name. See definite titles. - - -W - - Whitsunday. - - Whitsuntide. - - the West, meaning an undefined geographical section. - - a west wind. - - a ward meeting. - - the Sixth Ward politicians. - - the wards of the city. - - winter. See seasons. - - -Y - - Your Grace. - - Your Honor. - - Your Majesty. - - Your Reverence. - - Your Royal Highness. - - Yule-tide. See Christmas. - - -Z - - zoology. See sciences. - - the zodiac. - - the zenith. - - Zeus, the Greek god. - - -=34. Illustrations of the Code.= The following sentences illustrate the -rules herein expounded. See section 49: - -Saloon-keepers of the Reservation are in session at the Log Cabin Saloon -in this City, and Government officials of Federal and State power will -be asked to do nothing until the Supreme Court passes on the decisions -of other courts. If no satisfaction is obtained, the State will be asked -to refund sums expended in the two Kansas Citys--Kansas City, Mo., and -Kansas City, Kan. Notice that _the two Kansas cities_ would convey the -idea of two cities in Kansas, and _the two Kansas Cities_ would not be -an improvement. - -A NIGHT OF HORRORS. - -It was Labor Day, but there was a celebration equal to that of the -Fourth of July. No pagan holiday ever surpassed some of the heathenish -performances there enacted. According to the New York Herald -Ex-president Cleveland was there, accompanied by Colonel Hay, secretary -of state. The President of the United States was there, and various -ex-presidents' memories were honored. There were senators, assemblymen, -judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, and judges from other -supreme courts in the throng--but not one from the Supreme Court of the -state of Georgia, or from New York State. David Bennett Hill wore an -arctic coat from the Arctic. During the evening a German sang, and a -gipsy danced a jig. The Orient, the Arctic, the Tropics, and the Levant -contributed to the decorations. The dances were on a brussels carpet -direct from Brussels, according to the word of two doctors of divinity -who sat near six masters of art. The titled gentlemen laughed until they -shook down a bowl of paris green, and a shelf containing chinaware. The -Government (or Nation or Union, meaning the United States) was honored -by Alexis, grand duke and envoy extraordinary, who presented every -senator and every judge a morocco badge--two badges to the Chief Justice -of the highest court. A governor took umbrage, but the Governor of -California took native claret; and as he sipped it an old greaser with a -nose of turkey-red color, who looked like a ward politician from the -Fourth Ward of San Francisco, disgraced the South. Later a breeze sprang -from the east side of the Bay of Fundy and cooled off the representative -of the empire of Germany greatly to the relief of the German Empire -itself. Every man present hunted for his bowie-knife, except a Methodist -member of the Salvation Army, who quoted the Gospels, speaking often of -God and his Word, the Holy Writ. The Middle Ages would have been -disgraced if such italic head-lines as our papers contained had ever -disturbed their quiet life. It was a wonderful demonstration, even for a -night of the nineteenth century. Let us hope that foot-, side-, and -end-notes in small volumes of history may tell the story to coming -generations.--_Maritime World Code_, January, 1899. - - -=35. Chemical Terms.= In many chemical terms the final =e= is dropped, -as: Oxid, chlorid, quinin, chlorin, fibrin. - - - - -CITATIONS IN GENERAL. - - -=36. Books.= See paragraphs 22, 27, 52. Here is a standard form: -Macaulay's 2 History, iv, 14. This means the second volume of the work, -the fourth chapter, the fourteenth page. The iv should be set in -lower-case. - -Law Books. In citing law books abbreviate as follows: Briggs vs. Ewart, -51 Ala., 576; 78 Fed. Rep., 398, etc. - - -=37. Paragraphs.= Paragraphs, pages, verses, and sections of books are -marked in arabic, but cantos of poetry should be set in lower-case -roman. - - -=38. Pages.= Pages 145, 168, 172, and never p 145 or pp 145, 168, 172. -Spell out all such references. - - -=39. Publications.= In citing such publications as periodicals and -newspapers it is not necessary to use a capital for _the_ in _the New -York Herald_. In _The Life of Christ_ or the title of any other book -capitalize _The_. See paragraph 52. - - -=40. Scriptural Citations.= Unless many citations are made it is best to -spell out the names of books of Scripture, but when the references are -numerous they should be as follows: - -Old Testament. - - Gen. xi, 17 - Ex. - Lev. - Num. - Deut. - Joshua - Judges - Ruth - 1 Sam. - 2 Sam. - 1 Kings - 2 Kings - 1 Chron. - 2 Chron. - Ezra - Neh. - Esther - Job - Ps. - Prov. - Eccles. - Cant. or Song of Sol. - Isa. - Jer. - Lam. - Ezek. - Dan. - Hos. - Joel - Amos - Obad. - Jonah - Mic. - Nahum. - Hab. - Zeph. - Hag. - Zech. - Mal. - -New Testament. - - Matt. - Mark - Luke - John - Acts - Rom. - 1 Cor. - 2 Cor. - Gal. - Eph. - Phil. - Col. - 1 Thess. - 2 Thess. - 1 Tim. - 2 Tim. - Titus - Philem. - Heb. - Jas. - 1 Pet. - 2 Pet. - 1 John - 2 John - 3 John - Jude - Rev. - -The Apocrypha. - - 1 Esdras - 2 Esdras - Tobit - Judith - Rest of Esth. - Wisd. of Sol. - Ecclus. - Baruch - Song of Three Childr. - Susanna - Bel and Dragon - Pr. of Manasses - 1 Macc. - 2 Macc. - -=Scriptural Citations.= Scriptural citations of chapter and verse should -be thus: Chapter in lower-case roman numerals, and verse in figures, as: -Acts vii, 16. - - -=41. Compounds.= See also paragraphs 10 and 27. As stated in the -introduction, the _Standard Dictionary_ seems to be the only one that -gives the compounding of words. By its system both solidified and -hyphenated words of the compound type are shown. Teall's book on this -subject is really a codification of the compounds appearing in the -_Standard Dictionary_. Since Teall's list was made there have been some -changes in the system preferred by good writers. Every change has been -in the direction of solidifying. Teall gives bookkeeper as one word, but -make proof-reader two. He makes postmaster one word, post-office a -compound. The Chicago Proofreaders' Association is more consistent in -such cases, printing all words of this type in the solidified form. - -The following list is believed to be more consistent than the -Standard-Teall handling of the same words, and is therefore preferred: - - -=42. Some Examples.= (a) Words denoting an occupation or calling, as -baggagemaster, bagmaker, watchmaker, proofreader, bricklayer. - -(b) Words denoting a connecting use, as barnyard, crosshead, carwheel, -footboard, gaspipe. - -(c) Words denoting a state of being, as motherhood, fatherhood, -widowhood. - -(d) Words that are pronounced as one word and usually printed as such, -as claptrap, crackerjack, daredevil, haphazard. - - -=43. Approved Consolidations.= Words like steamboat, railroad, fishline, -firearms, pineapple, catfish, bluebird, blackboard, quartermaster are -best as here printed. It is proper to consolidate all words denoting a -species, kind or class of birds, animals or plants, as kingfisher, -meadowlark, bulldog, bloodhound, wildcat, goldenseal. - -(a) Anybody, anything, anywhere, evermore, everybody, everything, -everywhere, forevermore, somewhere, nobody, something, nowhere, nothing, -afterpiece, crossexamine, crossquestion, countermarch, antislavery, -antedate, schoolboy, schoolmate, schoolmistress, but school teacher, -school children and school teaching. - -(b) Other approved solidifications are words denoting tools, materials, -and implements, as: Strawboard, halftone, guidebook, screwdriver, -rosewater, typewriter, handbook. - - -=44. Compounds and Solids.= The following list of compound words should -be used with hyphens or in the solidified form, as indicated: - - afterthought - after-years - agateware - aide-de-camp - air-brake - air-castle - air-cushion - air-faucet - air-filter - air-dried - alarm-clock - alcohol-engine - ale-bench - ale-brewer - ale-drinker - ale-drinking - alepot - alevat - alleyway - apple-moth - apple-seed - apple-peel - alehouse - almshouse - anglebar - angleworm - antechamber - - baggagemaster - bakeshop - ballroom - barn-yard - bartender - baseball - bath-house - bathroom - bearskin - bedchamber - billboard - billposter - birdhouse - birdseye - blackboard - blackmail - blacktail - blockhouse - bloodroot - bluebird - bluefish - bluestone - bluewing - bobtail - boilermaker - bondholder - bookbindery - bookkeeper-ing - bookmaker - bookmaking - bookman - bookmark - bookroom - bookstore - brakebeam - brakeshoe - brassfounder - brickyard - brownstone - bulldog - bullseye - - cakewalk - candlelight - cardboard - carwheel - casehardened - cashbook - catbird - catchline - catchword - catfish - churchyard - clambake - claptrap - clingstone - clockmaker - clockwork - clubhouse - clubroom - coalhod - coalmine - coalyard - coonskin - copperplate - cornerstone - cornfield - cornmeal - cornstalk - cottontail - cottonwood - countershaft - countersunk - countinghouse - countingroom - courthouse - courtyard - cowbell - cowboy - crackerjack - crosshatch - crosshead - crosspiece - cutthroat - - daredevil - darkroom - daybook - deathbed - deerhound - dewdrop - dockyard - doorkeeper - doormat - downpour - drawbar - dreamland - drugstore - drumfish - dugout - dustproof - dyewood - - earmark - eggcase - electroplate - eyebolt - eyepiece - - facewise - facsimile - fairyland - farmhouse - farmyard - feedlot - fencerow - fieldbook - filmholder - firearm - firefly - fireplace - fireproof - fishplate - fishoil - flagship - flagstaff - flintlock - flourmill - flywheel - foodstuffs - football - footboard - footbridge - foothills - footnote - footplate - footrace - footsore - footstool - fourfold, etc. - fourscore (80) - foxhound - foxskin - Freemason - freestone - - gagewheel - gamebag - gamedealer - gamekeeper - gaspipe - gatepost - glassblower - glassworks - goldenrod - goldenseal - goldmine - grandam - granddaughter - greenhouse - greenstone - gristmill - guidebook - gunmaker - - hailstorm - hairbreadth - halftone - handbook - handcar - handrail - haphazard - harbormaster - hardtack - headband - headboard - hilltop - homemade - horsecar - horseshoe - hothouse - - indoor - inkmaker - inkmaking - ironclad - ironfounder - ironware - - jackscrew - jacksnipe - jellyfish - jobroom - junkshop - - keelboat - kennelman - keyboard - knifebar - - ladylike - lambskin - landholder - landowner - lawbreaker - lawmaker - lawsuit - lifelong - lifetime - lighthouse - lockout - loophole - - manhole - mantelpiece - meadowlark - milestone - milldam - millpond - millstone - mockingbird - moldboard - mopboard - mouthpiece - mudhen - multicolor - multiphase - - nailhole - newsdealer - notebook - nowadays - - oatmeal - Oddfellowship - officeholder - officeseeker - oilcloth - onlooker - outbuilding - outdoor (a.) - outhouse - oxgall - - packhorse - packmule - payroll - pinkroot - plateholder - platemaker - pocketbook - pokeroot - poolroom - portemonnaie - postoffice - postmaster - pressroom - proofreader-ing - proofroom - prorate - - racecourse - racehorse - racetrack - rainfall - rainstorm - rattletrap - redbird - ricebird - redhead - redwing - reedbird - roadbed - rollermaker - ropewalk - rosewater - roundhouse - rowboat - runway - - sagebrush - sagehen - sailboat - saloonkeeper - salthouse - sandbar - sandhill - sandstone - sawmill - scalebeam - scattergun - schoolbook - schoolboy - schooldame - schoolfellow - schoolgirl - schoolhouse - schoolmaster - schoolmate - schoolmistress - schoolroom - scorecard - scrapbook - screwdriver - seagirt - sealskin - seashore - sedgefield - sheepdog - sheepskin - sheetwise - shipbuilding - shipchandler - shotgun - showcase - sidenote - signboard - skylark - slavepen - slidemaker - slugcasting - smokestack - snowdrift - snowflake - snowstorm - spaceband - spacebar - sprigtail - staghound - standpoint - statehouse - staybolt - stockholder - stockhouse - stockyard - stonecutter - stonedresser - storehouse - storeroom - storekeeper - strawboard - subhead - sunburned - switchboard - - tablecloth - tablespoonful - tailpiece - tapeworm - taxpayer - teaspoon - telltale - textbook - thoroughbred - threefold - thumbscrew - thunderstorm - tidewater - tieplate - tinware - tiptoe - to-day - to-morrow - trademark - transshipment - triphase - turnout - turnover - twofold, etc. - twoscore (40, etc.) - typefounder - typefoundry - typemaking - - voltmeter - - walkover - warehouse - washstand - wastepipe - watchcase - watercourse - watermark - watershed - waterworks - waterproof - wayfaring - weakfish - weekday - wellwisher - whitefish - windrow - windstorm - wirehaired - wolfskin - woodyard - workaday - workbag - workday - workingman - - yellowlegs - - -=45. Interrupted Compounds.= Benjamin Drew says, in _Pens and Types_: -When two words connected by a conjunction are severally compound parts -of a following word, the hyphen is omitted, as: - - We use cast and wrought iron pillars. - - I have pruned my peach and apple trees. - -Some authors follow the German style, inserting the hyphens, thus: - - We use cast- and wrought-iron pillars. - - I have pruned my peach- and apple-trees. - -The style in the last example is known as the =interrupted compound=. It -is gaining ground rapidly in the best printing-houses, and is -recommended by De Vinne, who uses it in his books. Here are some -examples: Foot-, top-, and side-notes; quarter-, eighth-, and half-kegs; -base- and foot-ball, foot- or side-note. This is good usage. See the -_Century_ magazine for examples, or see any books published by the -Century Company. There seems to be no other way to signify that both -words in such examples are compounds. - - -=46. No Fixed Rules.= There are no hard and fast rules regarding -compounds. It is, in fact, almost impossible to hold to a uniform, -consistent style. Here are some of De Vinne's compoundings: - -(a) Subject-matter, lower-case, making-up, memorandum-book, -proof-reader, fault-finding, type-setting, style-card, letter-writing, -printing-house, quote-marks, quotation-marks, piece-compositors, -five-to-em body, book-making, book-work, pre-historic, pre-raphaelite, -ill-bred, well-formed, good-looking, composing-room, dining-table, -canal-boat, ferry-house, dwelling-house [See list on page 74 of De -Vinne's _Composition_], over-wide, spelled-out, title-page, table-work, -old-style, bold-faced, hymn-book, to-morrow, to-day, head-lines, -type-writing, catch-lines, hair-space, thin-space, type-founders, -side-heading, type-setting, foot-note, letter-writer, side-notes, -six-point, cut-in note, center-note, shoulder-note, three-em indention, -wide-leaded, double-leaded, every-day world. Note that they do not agree -with the Chicago Proofreaders' Association list. - -(b) The following are approved forms: Fine-tooth saw, six-bit machine, -six-foot pole, two-year-old horse, but six-months-old baby. Bluewing, -whitefish, bricklayer, gaspipe, footboard, motherhood, widowhood. - - -=47. Specials.= The following list is for use in trade-journals: -Hopvine, hopyard, hop-picker, labor-union, labor-saving, liquordealer, -liquorseller, liquor-saloon, liquor-store, liquor-bottle, wine-merchant, -wineroom, winedealer, wine-taster, wine-press, wine-party, wine-vault, -wine-vinegar, wineglass, wineglassful, wine-stone, vine-disease, -trade-union, trade-mark, trade-journal, trade-name, trade-wind, -street-car, street-railroad, street-sweeper, street-sprinkler, -street-walker, pastepot, paperknife, papercutter, saloonmen, -saloonkeeper, barkeeper, barkeep, wood-alcohol. - -(a) Many words that might be solidified, under the rules of logic, are -set with hyphens because they present an unsightly appearance as one -word. These things are largely matters of fancy. - -(b) There are some such expressions as, =Italian and Chinese American -citizens=, which are very puzzling. The question arises whether hyphens -should be used in such expressions, and how. Such sentences are -sometimes erroneously written with one hyphen, as, =Italian and -Chinese-American citizens=. The sentence is proper enough as first -written, but a somewhat more discriminating use would be, =Italian- and -Chinese-American citizens=. In expressions like these the interrupted -compounds are properly written with hyphens. See paragraph 45. - - -=48. Dashes.= Avoid dashes in side-headings, as in this _Style-code_. -They are not needed at the end of a quotation, between it and the -credit. See paragraph 22. - -Also see De Vinne's _Correct Composition_, page 273. - - -=49. De Vinne Rules Violated.= Though the Century Company, the _Century -Magazine_, and editors high in authority follow the simple rules laid -down by De Vinne, there are many violations of these rules in the -_Century_ itself, as well as in its publications. Sometimes names of -newspapers are quoted, and sometimes they are set in italic. The system -of capitals is not closely followed. In a letter to the editor of this -work, Mr. De Vinne thus explained the failure of the publications of -the Century Company to show uniformity: "The Century Company has many -editors, and each editor has notions of his own that printers are -directed to follow. Though most of these editors abide by the rules -expounded by me in my works on typography, a study of some of our books -shows that the neglect to capitalize Bay, City, Island, etc., when the -word refers distinctly to a proper name, is a common error--so common -that the proofreaders find it a waste of time to suggest to editors and -authors the need of a capital. Yet I hold stoutly to the correctness of -the capital. Even careful editors are often overruled by authors. The -Century printing-house can not be held responsible, with justice, for -some of the eccentricities of our printing. It should be borne in mind -that a printer's business is to do what he is told." - - -=50. Division of Words.= De Vinne says the system most approved now -authorizes the division of a word, when consistent with pronunciation, -on the vowel at the end of the syllable. The system is defective in its -inability to make provision for the syllables that end with consonants. -Divisions of all kinds should be prevented as often as possible. The -Chicago Proofreaders' Association offers the following rules concerning -divisions. The reprint 'follows copy' as published by the Association: - -The proper division of words is an important matter. An improper -division is as much an error as a misplaced letter, and is oftentimes -more misleading. - -Follow the American rule of dividing words at the end of the line -according to pronunciation rather than the British rule of dividing on -the vowel or to show derivation. The dictionary in use in any particular -office should be followed, unless otherwise directed. - -Where a vowel constitutes a syllable in the middle of a word, place this -vowel in the first line, as promi-nent is preferable to prom-inent, -quali-ties to qual-ities, particu-lar to partic-ular, dili-gence to -dil-igence, sepa-rate to sep-arate, etc. Exceptions: In words ending in --able or -ible, the single vowel should be carried into the second line. - -There are frequent instances where a particular division of a word will -aid the reader in its pronunciation at first sight, obviating a -faltering or repetition, as pro-gress, verb, and prog-ress, noun; -distrib-ute, verb, and distri-bution, noun; pre-fer, verb, and -pref-erable, adjective. - -Never divide a word pronounced as one syllable, as "changed," -"drowned," "dipped," etc. - -Avoid all two-letter divisions except in very narrow measures or where -very large types are used. - -Avoid having three or more successive divisions at the ends of lines. - -Divide En-gland and En-glish as pronounced and as they are here printed. - -The addition of s to form the plural of a word--as horses, fences, -etc.--does not justify a division on the last portion so formed, as, -circumstan-ces, etc. Avoid all such divisions. - - - - -51. EDITORIAL OBSERVATIONS. - - -(1) =Employee= is a good English word. Avoid employe whenever possible -to do so. - -(2) =Headquarters= is usually plural, sometimes singular. - -(3) =Last held= meeting. =Held= is useless. Newcomer and Teall oppose -such expressions. - -(4) =Etc.= It is a common error to write =etc., etc.= Once is enough. - -(5) =Et al.= The use of =et als= is an error. It is always =et al.= - -(6) =Follows, as follows.= As follows is always the form, because it is -impersonal. =As follow= is not needed where the nominative is plural. -This is on the authority of the _Oxford Dictionary_, also of Doctor -Fernald of the _Standard_. - -(7) =Plurals.= These are preferred plurals: Cannon, craft for vessels, -heathen, fowl, cherubs, indexes, seraphs, beaus. In scientific writings -it may be =seraphim=, =formulae= instead of =formulas=, =beaux=, etc. - -(8) =Spoonfuls= and handfuls rather than spoonsfull and handsfull. - -(9) =The following named persons.= Omit =named=. Newcomer and Teall say -named is useless. - -(10) =Some preferences.= Use controller, not comptroller; draft, not -draught; drouth, not drought; program, not programme; dulness, not -dullness; fulness, not fullness; skilful, not skillful; wilful, not -willful; bazar, not bazaar; employee, not employe. - -(11) =On yesterday, on Sunday.= On is usually superfluous, except in -some sentences, where euphony or emphasis may make the =on= seem an -element of strength. - -(12) =Welsh rarebit.= Welsh =rabbit= is the correct expression. The use -of rarebit in this connection is from ignorance long current. See -Walsh's _Handbook of Literary Curiosities, Greenough & Kittredge's Words -and Their Ways in English Speech_, and the late editions of standard -dictionaries. - -(13) =Self-confessed.= Omit =self= in such expressions as -=self-confessed= murderer, etc. =Confessed= conveys the idea without any -assistance from =self=. - -(14) =er= words. Spell =theater=, =center=, and like words er, never -ending re. - - -=52. Books=, papers, plays, operas, and periodicals should be cited in -italic, as: Bowie's _Tenting On Coral Strands_, the _Sun_, _Lucia_, -_Mascot_, the _Century_. De Vinne notices an irregularity in the style -of setting credits. However, bibliographers prefer italic; but printers -(on account of the saving of labor), select quote-marks. If the name of -the play and that of the character are the same, as _Ingomar_, the name -of the play must be quoted, the character italicized. See De Vinne's -_Correct Composition_, page 224. See also paragraphs 22, 39. - - -=53. Ships and Vessels.= There is not any need to either quote or -italicize the names of vessels, unless there would be doubt as to what -the name means. In such cases italics are preferred, though quoting the -name will do. - - -=54. Newspapers and Magazines.= Names of newspapers and magazines should -be set in italic. Some papers and magazines quote magazines and -italicize newspapers. Italics are better in both cases. De Vinne runs -both in roman. The name of one's own paper is run in small capitals. -Linotype machines have upset these rules somewhat, but unwisely so in -careful work. - - -=55. Farther.= Use farther for distance. Further is used in the sense of -besides, moreover, being equivalent to additional. "I have gone further -in astronomy, you have traveled farther in miles." - - -=56. Foreign Words and Phrases.= All foreign words and phrases that have -not been Englished by long use should be italicized. Vice versa, en -route, pro tem, and like words should go in roman. Aid-de-camp, addenda, -ad valorem, alias, alibi, alma mater, anno Domini, ante bellum, a -propos, billet doux, bona fide, bravos, cafe, cantos, carte blanche, -viva voce, rendezvous, ultimatum, post-mortem, per cent., per capita, -per annum, facsimile, and about fifty like words go under the same rule. - - -=57. Unfamiliar Words.= Unfamiliar words are run in italic the first -time, but in roman thereafter, as: _Aloha_, _renigging_, _mulching_. But -see paragraph 68. - - -=58. Plays.= _Julius Caesar_ should be set in italic when it refers to -the character in Shakespeare's play, but the name Julius Caesar for the -man. The play itself should be "Julius Caesar," or _Julius Caesar_. See -paragraph 52. - - -=59. Salutations.= Under the old way salutations such as _Dear Sir_: -were put in italics with the colon as indicated. Dear Sir: as here -written is just as proper. Take your choice and you will not err. The -dash is not needed. It is well to let =Dear Sir:= occupy a line by -itself, properly indented. - -De Vinne says he never writes such salutations as Dear Sir in italic -though he admits that italic with a colon and no dash is the commonly -accepted form. He advises roman lower-case. - - -=60. Salutations and Indentions.= Salutations should be set in ordinary -roman, with hanging indention, thus: - - The Writers' and Proofreaders' Society for the Prevention of - Burial in the Potter's Field, 216 Goodfellows street. Office - of the Secretary, 37 New Testament House, New Orleans, - January 1, 1908. - - To the Superintendent of the Home for the Unfortunate Dead. - - _Dear Sir_: - - In reply to your request for a list of our members, etc. - The signature should be set in small capital letters. See De - Vinne's _Correct Composition_, page 168. - - -=61. Punctuation.= The Chicago Proofreaders' Association has these -rules: - -Omit periods after per cent, and after roman numerals when used strictly -as figures, but not when used in names, as Napoleon III. - -Use em dash in conversations such as this: - - Mr. Smith--Is your task completed? - - Mr. Brown--Nearly. - - -=62. Punctuation with Parentheses.= The comma should usually go after -the last parenthesis; it is seldom needed before the first one. De Vinne -says: "When any complete sentence is enclosed by parentheses, the period -should be before the last parenthesis, but when these parentheses -enclose a few words at the end of a sentence, the period should be after -the last parenthesis." - - -=63. Medieval= and such words are spelled the simplest way. See the -_Standard Dictionary_. Subpena, diarrhea, Etna Company. - - -=64. O, Oh, Oh!= These expressions are punctuated thus: O for a South -Sea home! O that I had insured in the Etna! Oh, how my tooth aches! Oh! -my crimes are deep and dark. - - -=65. Plural of Proper Names.= It is a common newspaper error to run -sentences like this, from the social columns of the San Francisco -_Examiner_ of July 15, 1906: "The Thomas H. Williams have been visiting -the City." The attempt to make the singular do the duty of the plural in -such a case is ridiculous. Williamses is the plural of Williams. -Printers and writers should learn how to write the plural of proper -names. - - -=66. Quote-marks.= It is sometimes a puzzle where to place quote-marks. -There is no better rule than that stated by De Vinne, who says that the -closing marks of quotation always should be placed after the comma or -the period in all places where these marks are needed; but the fact is -the proper place of the closing marks of quotation should be determined -by the quoted words only; they must inclose those words, and no more; -they may be before or after the points, according to the construction of -the sentence. When the quotation makes a complete sentence, put the -quotation-marks after the period at the end of that sentence; when the -quotation is at the end of but a portion of this sentence which -terminates with a colon, semicolon, or any other point, then put the -marks before the point. The mark of punctuation intended to define the -construction of the completed sentence should not be made a portion of -the fragmentary quoted matter. - -A fine example of this is seen in the following: He asked, "Who said my -mother lied?" and didn't Jones reply, "Nobody dared to say that"? - - -=67. Smaller Type.= Quote-marks are not needed when extracts or -quotations are set in smaller type than the body of the book or paper. -Some reputable publications do not quote the extracts, even when they -are set in the regular type of the publication and run in separate -paragraphs. The indenting of the matter one em at the beginning and one -em at the end of a line suffices. Such matter should be set solid when -the main text is leaded. - - -=68. Quote-marks, single.= When especial attention is called to a word -the single quote-marks are used in lieu of the old way of double quotes -or italic. Thus: He said he thought the word 'grafting' applied to -politics, not to horticulture. See De Vinne's _Correct Composition_, -page 213, where authors are advised to make one such emphasis of a word -suffice, because repetition irritates the reader. - - -=69. Reverend and the reverend.= Never say Reverend John Brown. It must -always be the Reverend John Brown, for reverend is not a title to be -used like captain or doctor. Honorable should be used in the same way, -if at all. - - -=70. Saviour and savior.= Preserve the historic way of spelling the -Saviour when Jesus Christ is meant. Other saviors are without the _u_. - - -=71. Specials.= Print birdsnest, birdseye, bullseye, heartsease (a plant -or flower), calvesfoot and neatsfoot as single words, without apostrophe -or hyphen, except when signifying the actual nest of a bird, the eye of -a bird or of a bull, etc. - - -=72. Spellings.= The Chicago _Proofreaders' Stylebook_ has given the -following list of generally misspelled words. The spellings here given -are in accordance with the _Century_, the _Standard_, and _Webster_. - - absinthin - acoustic - ax - amidin - antemetic - arabin - adz - - backward - baptize - barytone - benzoin - Bering (Sea) - blond (adj.) - bluing - bouquet - Budapest - bur - - caldron - calk, -er, -ing - calligraphy - camellia - cantharadin - carbureted - Chile (S. A.) - colter - consensus - cozy - - darky - defense - denouement - dilettante - downward - dram (weight) - dumfounded - - Eskimo - - forward - - gelatin - glycerin - gully - - hacienda - Hindu - Hindustan - - Mohammedan - mold, -er, -ing - molt, -ed, -ing - moneys - mustache - - nickel - - oculist - offense - - paraffin - pedagogy - polt - - quartet - quintet - - rarefy - ruble - Rumania - - straitlaced - sestet or - sextet - smolder, -ing - sobriquet - stanch - supersede - - tranquility - typify - - upward (not wards) - upward - - veranda - vermilion - vitreous - - whir - whisky - - -=73. United States are or United States Is.= If the expression is used -as a collective term, designating one great nation, the singular is -correct, but there are many sentences in which the plural verb must be -used. It is proper to follow copy or query the expression, if there is -doubt as to its correctness. - - -=74. Verbs, singular or plural.= There should be no hesitation in using -the singular form of a verb when the subject has a singular meaning. -Sometimes the logical subject is singular, the grammatical plural, as -in, =Ten dollars was paid.= By ellipsis, =the sum of= is understood. - -(a) =Addition.= Shall we say "two and two is four?" Professor William -Dwight Whitney decided for the _Century Dictionary_ (of which he was one -of the editors), that =two and two is four=, because the full meaning is -=the sum of= two and two, or something "=similarly unifying= in the -sense of two and two." - -(b) The singular verb should be used when the subject is plural in form, -though it represents a number of things to be taken together as forming -a unit. Here is an example: Thirty-four years =affects= one's -remembrance of some circumstances. _De Quincey._ - -(c) The singular verb is to be used with =book titles= and =similar -names and singulars= that are plural in form but logically a unit. See -Baskervill and Sewell's _English Grammar_, pages 312, 313. An example -from Goldsmith is: "The Three Pigeons expects me down every moment." So, -we should say the Odd Fellows meets to-night, meaning, by ellipsis, the -lodge of Odd Fellows. - -(d) Companies, associations, etc., are usually singular in meaning, as: -The Southern Pacific Company =is= in trouble, the Bar Association =is= -incorporated. However, collective nouns are to be followed by a plural -verb when the individuals are thought of separately, as: A multitude -=go= mad about it. _Emerson._ All our household =are= at rest. -_Coleridge._ - -(e) The following is from Teall: Three dollars =was= paid, ten dollars -=was= the price. When the meaning is simply a sum of money as one sum, -and not so many actual separate dollars, the verb should be singular. -Though the verb should be singular, this is so under the rules of logic, -rather than those of grammar. In literal strictness it would not be -ungrammatical to say ten dollars =were= paid. - -(f) Collective nouns are always singular in form, but many of them, if -not most, may be used even in that form with a plural verb, but such use -depends upon the nature of the thought to be expressed. Considered as -really singular are a =crowd=, an =army=, a =multitude=. It should be -remembered that these words also have regular plural forms, though often -used with the plural verb in the collective form. - -(g) All words like ethics, mathematics, physics, and politics are plural -in form, but they are usually treated as singular in meaning. The -dictionary definitions of such words all begin, "the science which -treats," etc. James Russell Lowell wrote politics _are_, and this has -been held sufficient justification for this use. _Teall._ - -(h) Either =bricks= or =brick= is proper as a plural. =Brick= probably -has the better standing. The _Century Dictionary_ says =brick= is the -proper singular collective. - - -=75. Whereabouts.= Whereabouts =is=, which is never =are=, is often -written with the plural verb, but it should not be considered a plural. -The error doubtless occurs from some fancied resemblance to -=headquarters=, which may be either singular or plural. - - -=76. Women.= Women's names should never be preceded by their husbands' -titles, as: Mrs. Governor Pardee, Mrs. General John Jones, Mrs. Doctor -Charles Ketchum. - - -=77. Variations.= In many of the job offices of the country, also in -newspaper offices where composition is done by the linotype, there will -be many variations from the style expounded in this little manual. For -example, it will not be practical to follow the italic citations of -books, magazines, newspapers, etc., in offices where the equipment does -not contain italic magazines. In such cases the use of roman is -recommended, without quote-marks, which are unnecessary and unsightly. -If the equipment does not carry small capitals, newspapers should run -their own names in roman, making no distinction between their own and -other publications. - -When there is no italic, it may be well to quote the names of books and -plays, also the names of vessels and characters in novels, plays, etc. -This should not be the custom with vessels and characters, except when -it is necessary to indicate that a vessel or a character, rather than a -person, is meant. - -Offices not able to carry out the code as set forth in detail in these -pages, should make notes of deviations, abiding by such portions of the -code as their equipments make possible. By a few interlineations, -notations, etc., or by an office card of deviations this work will be -made useful even where it is not followed to the letter. - - -=78. Wave-lines, etc.= The custom is almost too well known to record -that one line under a word or words means that the underscored matter is -to be set in italics, that two lines mean small capitals, and that three -signify capitals. Similarly, a wave-line under a word or words means -that the portions of the manuscript thus underscored are to be set in -lower-case bold-faced type. Two wave-lines under matter mean that it is -to be set in bold-faced capitals. A single line down the left side of -matter means that it is to be set in type smaller than the body of the -article, and two lines indicate that the matter is to be set in type of -still smaller face. - - -=79. Writers' Absurdities.= Book-offices have their own intricacies of -style, with the additional bother of having to suit the varying whims of -authors and publishers. "Many men of many minds" write for the papers, -but their various whims need not be humored as those of book-writers -need be. Authors of books frequently insist upon having things their own -way, and too often the printers have to make that way for them, in -opposition to what the authors write. This is certainly something for -which the authors should be made to pay. If an author is determined to -have certain matters of style conform to a certain set of whims, or -even of good, logical opinions, he should write accordingly, or pay -extra for the necessary changes. _Teall._ - - -=80. Work of Stenographers.= If stenographers would master the -principles of the system explained herein they would increase their -efficiency. As conducted nowadays there is great lack of system in the -work turned out by stenographers and others who use typewriting -machines. - -Though many of the principles and rules herein set forth are with -reference to the work of printing-houses, the fact remains that the -principles that make for good printing make also for good composition in -general. The De Vinne system should be mastered by typewriters, and used -by them on all work that is left to their own judgment. - - -=81. Words Spelled Anew.= There has been considerable recent (September, -1906) discussion of the reformed spelling as recommended by the -Simplified Spelling Board, of New York City. The list has been -recommended by eminent scholars of both Europe and America, and many of -the words have been in general use for many years. In adopting the list -recently, President Roosevelt said: "It is not an attack on the language -of Shakespeare and Milton, because it is in some instances a going back -to the forms they used, and in others merely the extension of changes -which, as regards other words, have taken place since their time. It is -not an attempt to do anything far-reaching or sudden or violent, or, -indeed, anything very great at all. It is merely an attempt to cast what -slight weight can properly be cast on the side of the popular forces -which are endeavoring to make our spelling a little less foolish and -fantastic." - - - - -82. THREE HUNDRED WORDS. - - -The complete list is as follows: - - =Use= =Instead of= - - abridgment abridgement - accouter accoutre - accurst accursed - acknowledgment acknowledgement - addrest addressed - adz adze - affixt affixed - altho although - anapest anapaest - anemia anaemia - anesthesia anaesthesia - anesthetic anaesthetic - antipyrin antipyrine - antitoxin antitoxine - apothem apothegm - apprize apprise - arbor arbour - archeology archaeology - ardor ardour - armor armour - artizan artisan - assize assise - ax axe - - bans banns - bark barque - behavior behaviour - blest blessed - blusht blushed - brazen brasen - brazier brasier - bun bunn - bur burr - - caliber calibre - caliper calliper - candor candour - carest caressed - catalog catalogue - catechize catechise - center centre - chapt chapped - check cheque - checker chequer - chimera chimaera - civilize civilise - clamor clamour - clangor clangour - clapt clapped - claspt clasped - clipt clipped - clue clew - coeval coaeval - color colour - colter coulter - commixt commixed - comprest compressed - comprize comprise - confest confessed - controller comptroller - coquet coquette - criticize criticise - cropt cropped - crost crossed - crusht crushed - cue queue - curst cursed - cutlas cutlass - cyclopedia cyclopaedia - - dactyl dactyle - dasht dashed - decalog decalogue - defense defence - demagog demagogue - demeanor demeanour - deposit deposite - deprest depressed - develop develope - dieresis diaeresis - dike dyke - dipt dipped - discust discussed - dispatch despatch - distil distill - distrest distressed - dolor dolour - domicil domicile - draft draught - dram drachm - drest dressed - dript dripped - droopt drooped - dropt dropped - dulness dullness - - ecumenical oecumenical - edile aedile - egis aegis - enamor enamour - encyclopedia encyclopaedia - endeavor endeavour - envelop envelope - Eolian Aeolian - eon aeon - epaulet epaulette - eponym eponyme - era aera - esophagus oesophagus - esthetic aesthetic - esthetics aesthetics - estivate aestivate - ether aether - etiology aetiology - exorcize exorcise - exprest expressed - - fagot faggot - fantasm phantasm - fantasy phantasy - fantom phantom - favor favour - favorite favourite - fervor fervour - fiber fibre - fixt fixed - flavor flavour - fulfil fulfill - fulness fullness - - gage gauge - gazel gazelle - gelatin gelatine - gloze glose - glycerin glycerine - good-by good-bye - gram gramme - gript gripped - - harbor harbour - harken hearken - heapt heaped - hematin haematin - hiccup hiccough - hock hough - homeopathy homoeopathy - homonym homonyme - honor honour - humor humour - husht hushed - hypotenuse hypothenuse - - idolize idolise - imprest impressed - instil instill - - jail gaol - judgment judgement - - kist kissed - - labor labour - lacrimal lachrymal - lapt lapped - lasht lashed - leapt leaped - legalize legalise - license licence - licorice liquorice - liter litre - lodgment lodgement - lookt looked - lopt lopped - luster lustre - - mama mamma - maneuver manoeuver - materialize materialise - meager meagre - medieval mediaeval - meter metre - mist missed - miter mitre - mixt mixed - mold mould - molder moulder - molding moulding - moldy mouldy - molt moult - mullen mullein - - naturalize naturalise - neighbor neigh - nipt nipped - - ocher ochre - odor odour - offense offence - omelet omelette - opprest oppressed - orthopedic orthopaedic - - paleography palaeography - paleontology palaeontology - paleozoic palaeozoic - parlor parlour - partizan partisan - past passed - patronize patronise - pedagog pedagogue - pedobaptist paedobaptist - phenix phoenix - phenomenon phaenomenon - pigmy pygmy - plow plough - polyp polype - possest possessed - practise (v. and n.) practice - prefixt prefixed - prenomen praenomen - prest pressed - pretense pretence - preterit preterite - pretermit praetermit - primeval primaeval - profest professed - program programme - prolog prologue - propt propped - pur purr - - quartet quartette - questor quaestor - quintet quintette - - rancor rancour - rapt rapped - raze rase - recognize recognise - reconnoiter reconnoitre - rigor rigour - rime rhyme - ript ripped - rumor rumour - - saber sabre - savior saviour - scepter sceptre - septet septette - sepulcher sepulchre - sextet sextette - silvan sylvan - simitar cimeter - sipt sipped - skilful skillful - skipt skipped - slipt slipped - smolder smoulder - snapt snapped - somber sombre - specter spectre - splendor splendour - stedfast steadfast - stept stepped - stopt stopped - strest stressed - stript stripped - subpena subpoena - succor succour - suffixt suffixed - sulfate sulphate - sulfur sulphur - sumac sumach - supprest suppressed - surprize surprise - synonym synonyme - - tabor tabour - tapt tapped - teazel teasel - tenor tenour - theater theatre - tho though - thoro thorough - thorofare thoroughfare - thoroly thoroughly - thru through - thruout throughout - tipt tipped - topt topped - tost tossed - transgrest transgressed - trapt trapped - tript tripped - tumor tumour - - valor valour - vapor vapour - vext vexed - vigor vigour - vizor visor - - wagon waggon - washt washed - whipt whipped - whisky whiskey - wilful willful - winkt winked - wisht wished - wo woe - woful woeful - woolen woollen - wrapt wrapped - - - - -83. FORMS OF ADDRESS. - - -The following correct forms of address are believed to conform to the -recognized custom, as indorsed by official, social, and scholarly -sources of authority. Most of the examples are from Westlake's "How to -Write Letters," but some are from Harper's Cyclopedia: - -=Army Officers.= See Military, Colonel, etc. - -=Associate Justice= of the Supreme Court of the United States, or of the -supreme court of any state. To Honorable John Brown, justice. Sir: - -=Assistant Secretaries= of Federal departments, heads of bureaus, etc. -To John Brown, Esq., secretary of state. Sir: - -=Bishop.= Except in the case of Methodists address a bishop as the Right -Reverend John Brown. Salutation--Right Reverend Sir: or Right Reverend -and Dear Sir: - -=Board of Education, Board of Trade, etc.= To the President and Members -of the ----. Sirs: or Honorable Sirs: or May it Please Your Honorable -Body. Other organizations of similar character are addressed after this -style. - -=Cabinet Members.= To the Honorable E. M. Stanton, secretary of war. -Another form is Honorable E. M. Stanton. The salutation is simply Sir: - -=Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.= To the Honorable Joseph McKenna, -chief justice of the Supreme Court, or To the Chief Justice of the -Supreme Court. Sir: or Mr. Chief Justice: - -=College Presidents.= Either Dear Sir: or Reverend and Dear Sir: as the -case may be. - -=Company, President of.= John Jones, president of the North German -Cracker Company. Sir: or Dear Sir: - -=Court or Judge.= Honorable Thomas F. Graham, judge of the Superior -Court. Sir: Dear Sir: or Your Honor: - -=Colonel.= Colonel John Brown, commanding the First Cavalry. Or Colonel -John Brown, U. S. A. Colonel: - -=Doctors.= Women doctors may be addressed as Doctor Mary Walker, or as -Mary Walker, M. D. See physicians. - -=Dentists.= Doctor John Brown. Sir: or Dear Sir: - -=Excellency.= Excellency, Your Excellency, His Excellency, etc., were -formerly applied to the President, but now such use is wrong. Foreign -ministers and governors are addressed as Excellency. - -=General.= General John Brown, commanding the armies of the U. S. -General: or Sir: The former is preferred. - -=Governor of a State.= To His Excellency Governor George C. Pardee, -Governor of the State of California, or His Excellency Governor George -C. Pardee. Sir: or Your Excellency: - -=Foreign Ministers.= To His Excellency Edward Everett, Envoy -Extraordinary at the Court of St. James. Your Excellency: or Sir: - -=Heads of State Departments, Members of State Senates, etc.= Honorable -John Brown, Attorney General, etc. Sir: - -=House of Representatives.= To the Honorable the Speaker of the House of -Representatives. Sir: or Mr. Speaker: - -=Honorable.= This title is applicable to judges, mayors, senators, -representatives in Congress, the heads of government departments and -others of similar rank below that of governor or President. It is -improper to thus designate the chiefs of bureaus, and other -subordinates. In official communications the official designation only -should be employed. - -=Judges in General.= Honorable John Brown. Sir: Dear Sir: - -=Justice of the Peace.= John Brown, Esq. Dear Sir: - -=Mayor.= Honorable John Brown, Mayor of ----. Sir: or Your Honor: - -=Navy Officers.= Admiral Bowman McCalla, Commanding U. S. N. Sir: -Commodores and others are addressed similarly, changing title to suit -the office. - -=Mr. and Esq.= These terms are somewhat interchangeable in America, but -an ignorant man should not be addressed as Esq. It is proper to confine -the title to persons of refinement. - -=My Dear Sir.= This implies closer friendship than Dear Sir. - -=Miss.= Miss Clara Barton. Dear Madam: or Dear Miss: or Miss Barton: - -=Mrs.= May be used, contrary to views expressed elsewhere in this -volume, before such titles as Mrs. General Sheridan, Mrs. Admiral -Porter. This custom has the sanction of good usage at the National -Capital, though critics condemn it. - -=Mrs.= Do not address a married woman as Mrs. Jane Smith. Address her as -Mrs. Erastus Smith if Erastus is her husband's name. - -=Mr.= Mr. is sometimes used before such titles as President, Chief -Justice, Attorney General, etc. - -=Military and Naval.= Those who rank under captain in the Army, and -commodore in the Navy, are addressed as Mr., Sir, or Dr., with U. S. N. -or U. S. A. after their names. - -=Physicians and Surgeons.= Doctor John Brown. Dear Sir: See Doctor for -women. - -=President of a Board of Education, Directors, Commissions, etc.= To -John Brown, Esq., President of ----. Sir: - -=President of the Senate.= To Honorable John Brown, President of the -Senate of the U. S. Sir: or Honorable Sir: - -=President of the U. S.= To the President, Washington, D. C., or To the -President, Executive Mansion, Washington, D. C. Salutation is Sir: or -Mr. President: Omit all further ceremony. - -=Professor.= This title is conferred by election or by courtesy to men -of just scholarship. The title should not be applied to barbers, horse -trainers, dancing teachers and like persons. - -=Rector, Minister, Priest, Rabbi, or Reader.= The Reverend. -Salutation--Sir: Reverend Sir: Reverend and Dear Sir: - -=Reverend.= Always write =the= before the title Reverend. Never use Rev. -immediately before the surname. - - -ROMAN CATHOLIC CLERGY. - -=The Pope.= To Our Most Holy Father, Pope Pius IX:, or To His Holiness -Pope Pius IX. Most Holy Father:, or Your Holiness: Catholics write at -the end of the letter: Prostrate at the feet of Your Holiness, and -begging the Apostolic Benediction, I protest myself now and at all times -to be of Your Holiness the most obedient son, JOHN BROWN. - -Those who are not Catholics should trust to good sense to conclude -respectfully. - -=Cardinals.= To His Eminence Cardinal Brown, Bishop of ----: or To His -Eminence the Most Reverend Cardinal Brown. Most Eminent Sir: or Most -Eminent and Most Reverend Sir: Conclude thus: Of Your Eminence the most -obedient and most humble servant; or, I have the honor to remain, Most -Eminent Sir, with profound respect your obedient and humble servant. - -=Archbishop.= Most Reverend Archbishop Riordan, or Most Reverend John -Brown, Archbishop of ----. Most Reverend and Respected Sir:, or Most -Reverend and Dear Sir: Conclude thus: Most Reverend Sir, or Most -Reverend Archbishop, or Most Reverend and Dear Sir, Your obedient -servant. Most Reverend and Dear Sir: should be used by a clergyman or a -friend only. - -=Bishop.= Right Reverend John Brown, Bishop of ----. Right Reverend Sir: -Conclude: I have the honor to remain, Right Reverend Sir, Your obedient -servant. - -=Women Superiors.= Mother Angelica, Superior of ----. (Sisters of -Charity.) - -=Priests.= See Rector, etc. - -=Legal Titles.= Members of the bar should always be addressed with Esq. -following their names. - -=State Legislatures.= Same as the houses of Congress, except the name -and the phrase, in Congress assembled. - -=Senate of the United States.= To the Honorable the Senate of the United -States in Congress assembled. Honorable Sirs: or May It Please Your -Honorable Body: or The Honorable Senate: - -=Vice President.= To the Honorable Henry Wilson, Vice President of the -U. S., or (unofficial) Honorable Henry Wilson. Sir: - - - - -INDEX. - -Unless otherwise designated the citations are to paragraphs. - - - Abbreviations in general, 13 to 26 - - Abbreviations of names of states, 29 - - Address, forms of, 83 - - Ages of persons, 19 - - A. M., and like references, 18 - - Anno Domini, 13 - - Apostrophes to be omitted, when, 15 - - Apostrophe in possessives, 16 - - Apostrophe wrong for plurals, 14 - - Arabic numerals, 17 - - Authors are supreme, 12 - - Authority, sources of, 1 - - - Books, how cited, 22, 36, 52 and (12) under 27 - - Brick or bricks as plural, (h) 74 - - - Cantos, how cited, 37 - - Capital letters, when needed, 33, 34 - - Chemical terms, 35 - - Co. and Company, 21 - - Company, singular verb, (d) 74 - - Collective nouns, 74 - - Compounds in detail, 10, 27, 41, 42, 43 to 47 - - Commas essential, (18) under 27 - - Copymaking is an art, 6 - - Credits, how printed, 52 - - - Dashes, when omitted, 48 - - Dates, 23, 24 - - Dep't and similar abbreviations, (2) under 27 - - De Vinne's System, 1 - - De Vinne violated, 49 - - Dictionary of capital letters in detail, being alphabetically - arranged, 33 - - Dictionary should govern, 10 - - Division of words, 50 - - - Edited MSS. save money, 3 - - Editorial observations, 51 - - Employee preferred to employe, (1) under 51 - - Er words rather than re, Page 54 - - Et al., Page 52 - - Etc., Page 52 - - Ethics and similar words, (g) under 74 - - - Farther and further, 55 - - Figures, how used in dates, 24 - - Follows and as follow, Page 52 - - Following named, Page 53 - - Foreign words and phrases, 56 - - - Headquarters is or are, Page 52 - - Hours, how written, 25 - - - Interrupted compounds, 45 - - - Last held meeting, Page 52 - - Law books, how cited, 36 - - - Magazines, how named, 54 - - Medieval, etc., 63 - - Month, how written, 26 - - Money, ten dollars was paid, 74 - - MS. and MSS., (4) under 27 - - - Names not abbreviated, 28 - - Names, plural of, 65 - - Newspapers and magazines, 54 - - Night of Horrors, 34 - - Numbers, spell out, 24 - - - O, Oh, Oh!, 64 - - On yesterday or yesterday, Page 53 - - Operas and plays, 52 and 58 - - - Pages, how cited, 38 - - Paper, size for printers, 8 - - Paragraphs, how cited, 37 - - Parentheses and punctuation, 62 - - Parentheses for states, (10) under 27 - - Pet names, how used, (11) under 27 - - Plays and operas, how cited, 52 - - Plurals, Page 53 - - Plurals of names, 65 - - Preferred words, Page 53 - - Printers blamed, 5 - - Printers to edit reprint, 11 - - PS., (17) under 27 - - Publications, how cited, 39 - - Punctuation, some forms of, 61, 62 - - - Quarto, (12) under 27 - - Quote-marks in general, 66 and 68 - - Quote-marks, use of single, 68 - - - Reverend, the, 69 - - - Salutations, how written, 59, 60 - - Saviour and savior, 70 - - Scriptural citations, 40 - - Self-confessed, Page 54 - - Ships and vessels, 53 - - Simplified spelling, 82 - - Singulars and plurals, 74 - - Single quote-marks, 68 - - Singulars again, (c) under 74 - - Smaller type, 67 - - Specials, 71 - - Spellings preferred, 72 - - Spoonfuls, Page 53 - - States, names of abbreviated, 29 - - Stenographers need the code, 80 - - Streets, how printed, (13) under 27 - - Style-codes to be mastered, 9 - - Style-codes needed, 2 - - Sums-two and two is four, (a) under 74 - - - Time references, (14) under 27 - - Titles, how written, (7) and (15) under 27 - - To wit, (8) under 27 - - Towns and cities, (6) under 27 - - - Unfamiliar words, 57 - - United States is or are, 73 - - - Verbs, singular or plural, 74 - - - Wave-lines, 78 - - Welsh rabbit, Page 53 - - Whereabouts is, 75 - - Women and husband's titles, 76 - - Words, division of, 50 - - Words in legal papers, (16) under 27 - - - Years, 23 - - - * * * * * - - - _... THE ... - Mysell-Rollins - Bank Note Company_ - - MANUFACTURERS OF - - - NEW YORK No. 1 - _Reporter's Note Book_ - - the approved reporter's note book, used by - official stenographers and reporters - that know - - - BANK STOCK - _Reporter's Note Book_ - - made from our celebrated Bank Stock - Paper--Saves and relieves the sight - Fine for pen or pencil - - - _22 Clay Street - San Francisco California_ - - - * * * * * - - -Transcriber's Note: - -Bold text is surrounded by =equals signs=, and small caps have been -changed to ALL CAPS. - -Punctuation has been standardised. Variations in hyphenation and -obsolete or variant spelling have all been preserved. - -The following changes have been made: - -Page 20: twelvemo => 12mo: (12mo may be used) - -Page 45: standstone => sandstone - -Index: Abbreviations of names of states, 28 => 29 - -Index: States, names of abbreviated, 28 => 29 - -Index: Ethics and similar words, (9) under 74 => (g) under 74 - -Index: Headquarters is or are, 52 => Page 52 - -Index: Last held meeting, 52 => Page 52 - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Magazine Style-Code, by Leigh H. 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