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diff --git a/41282-h/41282-h.htm b/41282-h/41282-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c0e9eb --- /dev/null +++ b/41282-h/41282-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,11647 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Strange Adventures of Andrew Battell by Andrew Battell. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + + p.tb { margin-top: 1.50em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + p.indent { margin-top: 1.50em; + text-align: justify; margin-left: 5em; text-indent: -5em; + margin-bottom: .25em; font-size: .9em; + } + + p.indent2 { margin-top: .25em; + text-align: justify; margin-left: 9em; text-indent: -2em; + margin-bottom: .25em; font-size: .9em; + } + + p.indent3 { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + p.indent4 { margin-top: 0em; + text-align: justify; margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + } + + p.small { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; font-size: .9em; + } + p.caption { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: center; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 1.5em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + td.left {text-align: left; padding-right: 1em;} + td.right {text-align: right;} + td.center {text-align: center;} + .vertt {vertical-align: top;} + .vertb {vertical-align: bottom;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + ul {list-style-type: none;} + + ul.IX { /* styling the IndeX */ + list-style-type: none; + text-indent: -2em; font-size: .9em; margin-right: 2em; + } + ul.IX li { /* list items in an index list: compressed */ + margin-top: .3em; text-indent: -2em; margin-right: 2em; } + + .pagenum { position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: .7em; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .pagenum2 { position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: .75em; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .floatLeft {float: left; clear: right; margin-left: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em; + margin-top: 0em; margin-right: .1em; padding: 0; } + + .caption { text-align: center;} + + .oldtype {font-family: "Old English Text MT", fantasy, sans-serif;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .7em; text-decoration: none;} + + .big200 {font-size: 200%;} + .big150 {font-size: 150%;} + .small50 {font-size: 50%;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Strange Adventures of Andrew Battell, by +Andrew Battell + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Strange Adventures of Andrew Battell + of Leigh, in Angola and the Adjoining Regions + +Author: Andrew Battell + +Commentator: Anthony Knivet + +Editor: Samuel Purchas + Ernest George Ravenstein + +Release Date: November 3, 2012 [EBook #41282] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANDREW BATTELL *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Turgut Dincer, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i"></a></span></p> + +<h4>WORKS ISSUED BY<br /> +<span class="big200 oldtype">The Hakluyt Society</span></h4> + +<hr /> + +<h4>THE STRANGE ADVENTURES<br /> +<span class="small50">OF</span><br /> +<span class="big150">ANDREW BATTELL.</span></h4> + +<h4>SECOND SERIES.<br /> +No. VI.</h4> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii"></a></span></p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii"></a></span></p> + +<h1><span class="small50">THE</span><br /> +STRANGE ADVENTURES<br /> +<span class="small50">OF</span><br /> +<span class="big150">ANDREW BATTELL</span><br /> +<span class="small50">OF LEIGH,<br /> +IN ANGOLA AND THE ADJOINING REGIONS.</span></h1> + +<h4><i>REPRINTED FROM “PURCHAS HIS PILGRIMES.”</i></h4> + +<h4><span class="oldtype">Edited, with Notes and a Concise</span><br /> +HISTORY OF KONGO AND ANGOLA,<br /> +<span class="small50">BY</span><br /> +<span class="big150">E. G. RAVENSTEIN.</span></h4> + +<h5> +Reproduced, by permission of the<br /> +HAKLUYT SOCIETY<br /> +from the edition originally published by the Society<br /> +in 1901<br /> +KRAUS REPRINT LIMITED<br /> +Nendeln/Liechtenstein<br /> +1967</h5> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv"></a></span></p> + +<h4> +Printed in Germany<br /> +Lessing-Druckerei—Wiesbaden</h4> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v"></a></span></p> + +<h4>COUNCIL</h4> +<h6>OF</h6> +<h4>THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY.</h4> + +<hr /> +<p> +<span class="smcap">Sir Clements Markham</span>, K.C.B., F.R.S., <i>Pres. R.G.S.</i>, <span class="smcap">President</span>.<br /> +<span class="smcap">The Right Hon. The Lord Stanley of Alderley</span>, <span class="smcap">Vice-President</span>.<br /> +<span class="smcap">Rear-Admiral Sir William Wharton</span>, K.C.B., <span class="smcap">Vice-President</span>.<br /> +<span class="smcap">Commr. B. M. Chambers</span>, R.N.<br /> +<span class="smcap">C. Raymond Beazley</span>, M.A.<br /> +<span class="smcap">Colonel G. Earl Church.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Sir W. Martin Conway.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">F. H. H. Guillemard</span>, M.A., M.D.<br /> +<span class="smcap">Edward Heawood</span>, M.A.<br /> +<span class="smcap">Dudley F. A. Hervey</span>, C.M.G.<br /> +<span class="smcap">E. F. Im Thurn</span>, C.B., C.M.G.<br /> +<span class="smcap">J. Scott Keltie</span>, LL.D.<br /> +<span class="smcap">F. W. Lucas.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">A. P. Maudslay.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">E. J. Payne</span>, M.A.<br /> +<span class="smcap">Howard Saunders.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">H. W. Trinder.</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Charles Welch</span>, F.S.A.<br /><br /> +<span class="smcap">William Foster</span>, B.A., <i>Honorary Secretary</i>.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p> + +<h3>CONTENTS.</h3> +<hr /> +<table summary="TOC" border="0"> +<tr> +<td class="right vertt" colspan="3"><small>PAGE</small></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left" colspan="2"><p class="indent4"><span class="smcap">Introduction</span></p></td> +<td class="right vertb"><a href="#Page_ix">ix</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left" colspan="2"><p class="indent4"><span class="smcap">Bibliography</span></p></td> +<td class="right vertb"><a href="#Page_xviii">xviii</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="center" colspan="3"><hr /></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="center" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">The Strange Adventures of Andrew Battell of Leigh.</span></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="right vertt">I.</td><td class="left"><p class="indent4">Andrew Battell, his voyage to the River of Plate, who being +taken on to the coast of Brazill was sent to Angola</p></td> +<td class="right vertb"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="right vertt">II.</td><td class="left"><p class="indent4">His trading on the coast; offer to escape; imprisonment; +exile; escape and new imprisonment; his sending to +Elamba and Bahia das Vaccas; many strange occurrences</p></td> +<td class="right vertb"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="right vertt">III.</td><td class="left"><p class="indent4">Discovery of the Gagas: their wars, man-eating; over-running +countries. His trade with them, betraying, +escape to them, and living with them; with many +strange adventures. And also the rites and manner of +life observed by the Iagges, or Gagas, which no Christian +would ever know well but this author</p></td> +<td class="right vertb"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="right vertt">IV.</td><td class="left"><p class="indent4">His return to the Portugals: invasions of diverse countries; +abuses; flight from them, and living in the woods divers +months; his strange boat and coming to Loango</p></td> +<td class="right vertb"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="right vertt">V.</td><td class="left"><p class="indent4">Of the province of Engoy, and other regions of Loango; +with the customs there observed by the King and people</p></td> +<td class="right vertb"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="right vertt">VI.</td><td class="left"><p class="indent4">Of the provinces of Bongo, Calongo, Mayombe, Manikesocke, +Motimbas; of the ape-monster Pongo; their +Hunting, Idolatries, and divers other observations</p></td> +<td class="right vertb"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="right vertt">VII.</td><td class="left"><p class="indent4">Of the Zebra and Hippopotamus; the Portuguese Wars +in those parts; the Fishing, Grain, and other things +remarkable</p></td><td class="right vertb"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left" colspan="2"><p class="indent4"><span class="smcap">On the Religion and the Customs of the Peoples of +Angola, Congo, and Loango</span>, from <i>Purchas His +Pilgrimage</i>, 1613 (1617)</p></td><td class="right vertb"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="center" colspan="3"><hr /></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="center" colspan="3"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span>APPENDICES.</td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="right vertt">I.</td><td class="left"><p class="indent4"><span class="smcap">Anthony Knivet in Kongo and Angola</span></p></td> +<td class="right vertb"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="right vertt">II.</td><td class="left"><p class="indent4"><span class="smcap">A Sketch of the History of Kongo to the end +of the Seventeenth Century</span></p></td> +<td class="right vertb"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="right vertt">III.</td><td class="left"><p class="indent4"><span class="smcap">A List of the Kings of Kongo</span></p></td> +<td class="right vertb"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="right vertt">IV.</td><td class="left"><p class="indent4"><span class="smcap">A Sketch of the History of Angola to the end +of the Seventeenth Century</span></p></td> +<td class="right vertb"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="right vertt">V.</td><td class="left"><p class="indent4"><span class="smcap">A List of the Governors of Angola</span></p></td> +<td class="right vertb"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="center" colspan="3"><hr /></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left" colspan="2"><p class="indent4"><span class="smcap">Index and Glossary</span></p></td> +<td class="right vertb"><a href="#index">192</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<table summary="maps"> +<tr> +<td class="center">MAPS.</td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#Page_191">A General Map of Kongo and Angola.</a></span></td> +</tr><tr> +<td class="left"><span class="smcap"><a href="#Page_191">An Enlarged Map of Angola.</a></span></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i009.jpg" width="500" height="152" alt="Ornament" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<h3>INTRODUCTION.</h3> + +<p><span class="floatLeft"><img src="images/f.jpg" width="110" height="117" alt="F" /></span>OUR Englishmen are known to have +visited Angola towards the close of the +sixteenth century, namely, Thomas +Turner, Andrew Towres, Anthony +Knivet and Andrew Battell. All +four were taken by the Portuguese +out of English privateers in South-American waters, and +spent years of captivity as prisoners of war; happy, no +doubt, in having escaped the fate of many of their less +fortunate companions, who atoned with their lives for the +hazardous proceedings in which they had engaged.</p> + +<p>Thomas Turner,<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">1</a> although he furnished Samuel Purchas +with a few notes on Brazil, never placed on record what +happened to him whilst in Portuguese Africa. Towres was +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span> +sent to prison at Rio de Janeiro for the heinous offence of +eating meat on a Friday; he attempted an escape, was +retaken, and condemned to spend the rest of his captivity +in Angola. He died at Masanganu, as we learn from +Knivet. Knivet himself has left us an account of his +adventures in Angola and Kongo; but this account contains +so many incredible statements that it was with some +hesitation we admitted it into this volume, as by doing so +we might be supposed to vouch for the writer’s veracity.</p> + +<p>Andrew Battell, fortunately, has left behind him a fairly +circumstantial record of what he experienced in Kongo +and Angola. His narrative bears the stamp of truth, and +has stood the test of time. It is unique, moreover, as being +the earliest record of travels in the <i>interior</i> of this part of +Africa; for, apart from a few letters of Jesuit missionaries, +the references to Kongo or Angola printed up to Battell’s +time, were either confined to the coast, or they were purely +historical or descriptive. Neither F. Pigafetta’s famous +<i>Relatione del Reame di Congo</i>, “drawn out of the writings +and discourses of Duarte Lopez,” and first published at +Rome in 1591, nor the almost equally famous <i>Itinerarium</i> +of Jan Huyghen van Linschoten, of which an English +translation appeared as early as 1598, can be classed +among books of travel.<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">2</a> Samuel Braun, of Basel, who +served as barber-surgeon on board Dutch vessels which +traded at Luangu and on the Kongo, 1611-13, never left the +coast.<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">3</a> Nor did Pieter van der Broeck, who made three +voyages to the Kongo between 1607 and 1612 as supercargo +of Dutch vessels, penetrate inland.<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a> Nay, we are +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span> +even able to claim on behalf of Battell that he travelled +by routes not since trodden by European explorers.</p> + +<p class="tb">Of Andrew Battell’s history we know nothing, except +what may be gathered from his “Adventures,” and an +occasional reference to him by his friend, neighbour, and +editor, the Rev. Samuel Purchas. He seems to have been a +native of Leigh, in Essex, at the present day a mere fishing +village by the side of its populous upstart neighbour +Southend, but formerly a place of considerable importance. +As early as the fifteenth century it could boast of its guild +of pilots, working in harmony with a similar guild at Deptford +Strond, the men of Leigh taking charge of inward +bound ships, whilst Deptford provided pilots to the outward +bound. Henry VIII incorporated both guilds as the +“Fraternity of the Most Glorious and Indivisible Trinity +and of St. Clement;” and in the venerable church of +St. Clement, at Leigh, and the surrounding churchyard +may still be seen monuments erected in honour of contemporaries +of Battell who were Brethren of the Trinity +House; among whom are Robert Salmon (born 1567, died +1661) and Robert Chester (died 1632). But there is no +tombstone in memory of Andrew Battell; and if a memorial +tablet was ever dedicated to him, it must have been removed +when the church was renovated in 1837. Nor do the +registers of the church afford a clue to Battell’s death, for +the earliest of these documents only dates back to the year +1684. At the present time no person of the name of +Battell lives at Leigh.</p> + +<p class="tb">Samuel Purchas was Vicar of Eastwood, a small village +two miles to the north of Leigh, from 1604 to 1613. +Battell returned to Leigh about 1610, bringing with +him a little negro boy, who claimed to have been kept a +captive by a gorilla (see p. 55). Purchas had many conferences +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span> +with Battell, and the information obtained in this +manner was incorporated by him in <i>Purchas His Pilgrimage</i>, +the first edition of which was published in 1613,<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">5</a> and will +be found in this volume, pp. 71-87. Battell’s papers, +however, only reached Purchas after the author’s death, +and were first published by him in <i>Hakluytus Posthumus, +or Purchas His Pilgrimes</i>, in 1625.<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">6</a> There is reason to +fear that Purchas did not perform his duties as editor, as +such duties are understood at the present day. As an +instance, we notice that Battell distinctly told his editor in +private conference (see p. 83) that in his day nothing was +known about the origin of the Jagas, expressly denying +that Duarte Lopez could have any information about it; +yet, elsewhere (p. 19), Battell is made responsible for the +statement that they came from Sierra Leone. Nor is it +likely that Battell ever mentioned a lake Aquelunda +(p. 74), for no such lake exists; and Purchas’s authority +for its supposed existence is once more Duarte Lopez or +Pigafetta.</p> + +<p>Moreover, there is some ground for supposing that +Purchas abridged portions of the MS.; as, for instance, +the account of the overland trading trip to Kongo and +Mbata. Perhaps he likewise rearranged parts of his MS., +thus confusing the sequence of events, as will be seen when +we come to inquire into the chronology of Battell’s travels.</p> + +<p class="tb">There exists no doubt as to the object with which Abraham +Cocke sailed for the Plate River in 1589. Philip of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span> +Spain had acceded to the throne of Portugal in 1580, and +that prosperous little kingdom thus became involved in +the disaster which overtook the Armada, which sailed out +of Lisbon in May, 1588. English skippers therefore felt +justified in preying upon Portuguese trade in Brazil, and +intercepting Spanish vessels on their way home from the +Rio de la Plata. We do not think, however, that we do +Abraham Cocke an injustice when we assume him to have +been influenced in his hazardous enterprise quite as much +by the lust of gain as by patriotism.</p> + +<p>The determination of the chronology of Battell’s adventures +presents some difficulty, as his narrative contains but a +single date, namely, that of his departure from England on +May 7th, 1589. There are, however, incidental references +to events the dates of which are known; and these enable +us to trace his movements with a fair amount of confidence, +thus:—</p> + +<p> +1. Having left Plymouth in May, 1589, we suppose +Battell to have reached Luandu in June, 1590. +</p><p> +2. His journey up to Masanganu, his detention there for +two months, and return to Luandu, where he “lay eight +months in a poor estate” (p. 7), would carry us to the end +of June, 1591.</p><p> +3. Battell tells us that the Governor, D. João Furtado +de Mendonça, then employed him during two years and +a half trading along the coast. This, however, is quite +impossible: for Mendonça only assumed office in August, +1594; but, as he is the only Governor of Battell’s day who +held office for a longer period than two and a half years—his +term of office extending to 1602—and as Battell is +not likely to have forgotten the name of an employer who +gave him his confidence, we assume that he really did +make these trading trips, but at a subsequent period. +Purchas may be responsible for this transposition.</p> + +<p>4. He made a first attempt to escape (in a Dutch vessel), +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span> +but was recaptured, and sent to Masanganu, where he +spent “six miserable years,” 1591-96. +</p><p> +5. Second attempt to escape, and detention for three +months in irons at Luandu, up to June, 1596. +</p><p> +6. Campaign in Lamba and Ngazi (see p. 13, <i>note</i>). +After a field service of over three years, Battell was sent +back to Luandu, wounded. This would account for his time +up to 1598 or 1599. +</p><p> +7. I am inclined to believe that, owing to the confidence +inspired by his conduct in the field, the Governor now +employed him on the trading ships referred to above. +</p><p> +9. Trading trips to Benguella in 1600 or 1601. +</p><p> +10. Battell joins the Jagas, and spends twenty-one +months with them. Incidentally he mentions that the +chief, Kafuche, had been defeated by the Portuguese seven +years before that time (he was actually defeated in April, +1594). +</p><p> +11. Battell was at Masanganu when João Rodrigues +Coutinho was Governor (Coutinho assumed office in +1602). +</p><p> +12. Battell was present at the building of the presidio +of Kambambe by Manuel Cerveira Pereira in 1604; +and stayed there till 1606, when news was received +of the death of Queen Elizabeth, and he was promised +his liberty. The Queen died March 24th, 1603. +</p><p> +13. A journey to Mbamba, Kongo, etc., may have taken +up six months. +</p><p> +14. The Governor having “denied his word,” and a +new Governor being daily expected, Battell secretly left +the city, spent six months on the Dande, and was ultimately +landed at Luangu. (The new Governor expected +was only appointed in August, 1607; and his arrival was +actually delayed.) +</p><p> +15. In Luangu, Battell spent two years and a half—say +up to 1610.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span></p> + +<p>Great pains have been taken by me with the maps illustrating +this volume; and, if the outcome of my endeavour +does not differ in its broad features from the maps furnished +by M. d’Anville, in 1732, to Labat’s <i>Relation Historique de +l’Éthiopie Occidentale</i>, this should redound to the credit of +the great French geographer, but should not be accounted +a proof of lack of industry on my own part. Still, my +maps exhibit an advance in matters of detail, for our +knowledge of the country has increased considerably since +the days of d’Anville. They would have proved still more +satisfactory had the Portuguese thought it worth while to +produce a trustworthy map of a colony of which they had +claimed possession during four centuries. It seems almost +incredible that even now many of the routes followed by +the Conquistadores and missionaries of old cannot be laid +down upon a modern map for lack of information. Sonyo, +for instance, through which led the high road followed by +soldiers, traders, and missionaries going up to San Salvador +(the present route leaves the Kongo River at Matadi), is +almost a <i>terra incognita</i>. I am almost ashamed to confess +that I have even failed to locate the once-famous factory of +Mpinda; all I can say is, that it cannot have occupied the +site assigned to it on some Portuguese maps.</p> + +<p>I need hardly say that modern research lends no support +to the extravagant claims of certain geographers as to the +knowledge of Inner Africa possessed by the Portuguese in +the sixteenth century. Pigafetta’s fantastic map, with its +elaborate system of lakes and rivers, merely proves the +utter incapacity of its author to deal with questions of +critical geography. This has long since been recognised. +The map which accompanies Isaac Vossius’s <i>De Nili et +aliorum Fluminum Origine</i> (Hagae Com., 1659) only +shows one lake in Inner Africa, which borders on +“Nimeamaie vel Monemugi,” and may without hesitation +be identified with our Nyasa: for the Monemugi (Muene +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span> +Muji) is the chief of the Maravi or Zimbas. The “Iages, gens +barbara et inculta,” are placed right in the centre of Africa. +The “Fungeni,” which are shown as neighbours of the +“Macoco,” ought to have been placed to the west of Abyssinia, +as they are the Funj, or Fung, of the Egyptian +Sudan. If Ludolfus had carried out his intention of compiling +a map of the whole of Africa (in 1681), these +extravagancies of early map-makers would have been +exposed more fully long since.<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">7</a></p> + +<p class="tb">In collecting materials for the maps and for the notes +illustrating Battell’s narrative, I felt bound to consult all +accessible literary sources dealing with the history and +geography of Kongo and Angola. Whilst ploughing my +way through this mass of material, it struck me that a concise +history of these African countries, from the time of +their discovery to the end of the seventeenth century, might +form an acceptable appendix to Battell’s <i>Adventures</i>, and +at the same time increase the bulk of the volume dedicated +to him to more respectable proportions. Much material of +use for such a purpose has seen the light since the publication +of J. J. Lopes de Lima’s historical sketches. Yet I am +bound to confess that the result of all this tedious labour is +disappointing. I may have been able to rectify a few dates +and facts; but much remains to be done before we can +claim to be in possession of a trustworthy history of that +part of Africa. Possibly my little sketch may rouse a +Portuguese into taking up the work of the late Luciano +Cordeiro. Many documents not yet published should be +discoverable in the archives of Portugal, Spain, and Luandu.<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">8</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">[Pg xvii]</a></span></p> + +<p>The spelling of the proper names mentioned by Battell +is retained, as a matter of course; but it is obvious that in +the historical appendices the various ways in which native +names are spelt had to be reduced to a common system. +Much might be said in favour of accepting the Portuguese +manner of spelling, but after due consideration I decided +to adopt the system now generally followed (even by a few +Portuguese writers), viz., that all vowels should be sounded +as in Italian, and the consonants as in English, with the +only exception that the letter <i>g</i> should always be hard. +I therefore write Sonyo, instead of Sonho, Sogno, or Sonjo, +as the name of that district is spelt according to the +nationality of the writer. In transcribing the native names +I have had the unstinted assistance, among others, of the +Rev. Thomas Lewis, of the Baptist Missionary Society; yet +I am fully aware that the spelling adopted for many names +is at least doubtful, if not absolutely incorrect. This arises +quite as much from a defective hearing on the part of my +authorities, as from the illegibility of many early manuscripts +or the carelessness of copyists. All such doubtful +cases are dealt with in the <span class="smcap">Glossary</span> and <span class="smcap">Index</span>.</p> + +<p class="tb">In conclusion, I feel bound to acknowledge with gratitude +the kindly assistance rendered me by Mr. R. E. Dennett, +who is spending a life-time in Luangu; Mr. R. C. Phillips, +who is thoroughly acquainted with the Lower Kongo; the +Rev. Thomas Lewis, of the Baptist Missionary Society; +Captain Binger, of the French Foreign Office; and last, not +least, our ever-obliging Secretary, Mr. William Foster.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/i017.jpg" width="200" height="60" alt="Ornament" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xviii" id="Page_xviii">[Pg xviii]</a></span></p> + +<h3>BIBLIOGRAPHY.</h3> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Only the titles of a few books cited merely by the author’s name, or by abbreviated +references, are included in this list.</p></div> + +<p><i>How cited:</i></p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Alguns Doc.</span>—Alguns documentos do archivo nacional da Torre +do Tombo ácerca das navegações e conquistas Portuguezas. +Lisboa (Impr. nac.), 1892.</p> + +<p class="indent2">A Collection of documents, 1416-1554, edited by José Ramos-Coelho. +See Index <i>sub</i> Angola, Kongo, Manicongo.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Paiva Manso.</span>—Historia do Congo, obra posthuma do (Dr. Levy) +Visconde de Paiva Manso. Lisboa (Typ. da Acad.), 1877.</p> + +<p class="indent2">A collection of documents, 1492-1722.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Boletim.</span>—Boletim da Sociedade de Geographia de Lisboa.</p> + +<p class="indent2">The volume for 1883 contains documents now in the Bibliothéque +Nationale (instructions given to B. Dias, 1559; Letters of F. Garcia +Simões, F. Balthasar Barretta, and other Jesuits).</p> + +<p class="indent2">Memorias do Ultramar, Viagens explorações e conquistas +do Portuguezes. Collecção de Documentos por Luciano +Cordeira. Lisboa (Impr. nac.) 1881.</p> + +<p>The following Parts have been published:—</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Garcia Mendes.</span></p> + +<p class="indent2">(<i>a</i>) 1574-1620. Da Mina ao Cabo Negro segundo Garcia Mendes +Castello Branco (the writer of these reports was one of the +companions of Paulo Dias de Novaes).</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Rebello de Aragão.</span></p> + +<p class="indent2">(<i>b</i>) 1593-1631. Terras e Minas Africanas segundo Balthazar +Rebello de Aragão. (He went out to Africa in 1593).</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Benguella e seu Sertão.</span></p> + +<p class="indent2">(<i>c</i>) 1617-1622. Benguella e seu sertão per um Anonymo. (The +author of this account of the conquest of Benguella may possibly +have been Manuel Cerveira Pereira).</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Estabelecimentos.</span></p> + +<p class="indent2">(<i>d</i>) 1607. Estabelecimentos e Resgates Portuguezes na costa +occidental de Africa por um Anonymo.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Escravos e Mimas.</span></p> + +<p class="indent2">(<i>e</i>) 1516-1619. Escravos e Minas de Africa segundo Diversos.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">[Pg xix]</a></span></p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">D. Lopez.</span>—Relatione del Reame di Congo e delle circonvicine contrade +tratta dalli Scritti e ragionamente di Odoardo Lopez, +per Filippo Pigafetta. Roma, 1591.</p> + +<p class="indent2">This work has been translated into Latin, German, Dutch, French +and English, but has not hitherto found a competent editor. I +quote the English translation by Mrs. M. Hutchinson, published +at London in 1881.</p> + +<p class="indent2">Duarte Lopez went out to Kongo in 1578; and the bulk of this +volume is based upon information imparted to his editor when he +was in Rome in 1591. Pigafetta has most unwisely expanded the +information thus obtained into a description of the greater part +of Africa.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Cavazzi.</span>—Istorica descrizione de’ tre regni Congo, Matamba, e +Angola, accuratamente compilata, dal P. Gio. Antonio +Cavazzi da Montecuccolo. Bologna, 1687.</p> + +<p class="indent2">Cavazzi, a Capuchin, visited Kongo and Angola twice (1654-67, 1670-??) +and died at Genoa in 1693. This bulky folio only deals +with his first visit, and was edited by P. Fortunato Alamandini, of +Bologna. Labat (“Relation historique de l’Éthiopie,” Paris, 1732) +has given a useful version of it in French, which must, however, be +used with some caution. It is by far the most important work +we have at the hand of one of the early Catholic missionaries. +W. D. Cooley’s observation (“Inner Africa Laid Open,” London, +1852, p. 3), that the works published up to the time of Cavazzi +“would hardly furnish twenty pages of sound geographical intelligence,” +can apply only to what they say of Inner Africa; whilst +Lopez de Lima (“Ensaios,” p. xi) is hardly justified in calling +Cavazzi a “fabulista,” unless that opprobrious term be confined to +what the friar relates of the miracles wrought by himself and +others.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Dapper.</span>—Nauwkeurige beschrijving der Afrikaansche gewesten van +Olf. Dapper. Amst., 1668.</p> + +<p class="indent2">I quote the German translation (“Beschreibung von Afrika,” Amst., +1670).</p> + +<p class="indent2">This is a very careful compilation; more especially interesting, as +it contains information on the country collected during the Dutch +occupation (1642-48), not to be found elsewhere.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Cadornega.</span>—Historia das guerras de Angola (Historia General +Angolana), por D. A. de Oliveira Cadornega, in 1680-82.</p> + +<p class="indent2">Cadornega, a native of Villa Viçosa, accompanied D. Pedro +Cezar de Menezes to Angola in 1639, and died at Luandu in +1690. His work (in three volumes) only exists in MS. in the +library of the Academy of Sciences, Lisbon, and in the Bibliothéque +Nationale, Paris. I have not been able to consult it with the +minuteness which it deserves. A rough copy of a considerable +portion of it is to be found in the British Museum (<i>Add. MS.</i> +15,183, fol. 33). Copious extracts from it are given by Paiva +Manso and D. José de Lacerda (“Exame das Viagens do Dr. +Livingstone,” Lisbon, 1867).</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">[Pg xx]</a></span></p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Catalogo.</span>—Catalogo dos Governadores do Reine de Angola +(Collecçao de Noticias para a historia das nações ultramarinas +publicada pela Academia real das Sciencias, tome <span class="smcap">III</span>, +pt. 2). Lisboa, 1826.</p> + +<p class="indent2">This is an anonymous compilation, continued to the year 1784. +J. C. Feo Cardozo, in his “Memorias contendo a biographia +do Vico-Almirante Luiz da Motta Feo e Torres,” Paris, 1825, +also printed this chronological history, and continued it to the +year 1825. He has added the map drawn in 1790 by Colonel +L. C. C. Pinheiro Furtado. The “Catalogue” is useful, but it +is not free from very serious errors.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Bentley.</span>—Dictionary and Grammar of the Kongo Language, by +the Rev. W. Holman Bentley. 1887.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Cordeiro da Matta.</span>—Ensaio de Diccionario Kimbundu-Portugueze +coordenado par L. D. Cordeiro da Matta. Lisboa, +1893.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Lopes de Lima, ensaio.</span>—Ensaios sobre a Statistica das possessões +Portuguezes (III. Ensaio sobre a Statistice d’Angola e Benguella), +por José Joaquim Lopes de Lima (Imp. nac.), 1846.</p> + +<p class="indent2">This is a fundamental work. The historical account is contained +in the Introduction and in chap. v.</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Lopes de Lima, an. mar.</span>—Descobrimento, posse, e conquista do +reino do Congo pelos Portuguezes no Seculo xvi, por J. J. +Lopes de Lima (“Annaes maritimos e coloniaes,” Lisboa, +1845, pp. 93-108).</p> + +<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">Lopes de Lima.</span>—Successos do Reino do Congo, no seculo xvii, +pelo J. J. Lopes de Lima (<i>ibid.</i>, pp. 194-99).</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i122.jpg" width="500" height="148" alt="Ornament" title="" /> +</div> + +<h2>THE STRANGE ADVENTURES<br /> +<span class="small50">OF</span><br /> +ANDREW BATTELL OF LEIGH IN ESSEX,<br /> +<span class="small50">SENT BY THE PORTUGALS PRISONER TO ANGOLA,<br /> +WHO LIVED THERE, AND IN THE ADJOINING<br /> +REGIONS, NEAR EIGHTEEN YEARS.</span></h2> + +<hr /> + +<h4>§ I.</h4> + +<h4><i>Andrew Battel, his Voyage to the River of Plate, who being +taken on the coast of Brasill, was sent to Angola.</i></h4> + +<h4>[<i>From the Thames to Cape Palmas.</i>]</h4> + +<p><span class="floatLeft"><img src="images/i.jpg" width="110" height="110" alt="I" /></span>N the year 1589, Abraham Cocke<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">9</a> of +Limehouse, began his voyage toward +the River of Plate, with two pinnaces<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">10</a> +of fifty tons apiece: the one was called +the <i>May-Morning</i>, the other the <i>Dolphin</i>.</p> + +<p>We sailed from the river Thames the twentieth of April; +and the six and twentieth of the same month we put into +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> +Plimmoth [Plymouth], where we took in some provision +for the voyage. The seventh of May we put to sea, and +with foul weather were beaten back again into Plimmoth, +where we remained certain days, and then proceded on our +voyage: And running along the coast of Spain and Barbary +we put into the road of Sancta Cruz,<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">11</a> and there set +our Light-horse-man<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">12</a> together which we carried in two +pieces. Abraham Cocke made great account hereof, thinking +that this boat should have made his voyage. This +done, we put to sea, and running along the coast of Guinea +we were becalmed, because we were so near the coast.</p> + +<h4>[<i>St. Thomé and the Gulf of Guinea.</i>]</h4> + +<p>Here our men fell sick of the scurvy, in such sort, that +there were very few sound. And being within three or +four degrees of the equinoctial line we fell with the Cape +de las Palmas, where we had some refreshing, wherewith +our men recovered. The people of the Cape de las Palmas +[Cabo das Palmas] made much of us, saying that they +would trade with us; but it was but to betray us, for they +are very treacherous, and were like to have taken our boat, +and hurt some of our men. From this Cape we lay south-west +off;<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">13</a> but the current and the calms deceived us, so +that we were driven down to the isle of St. Thomé,<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">14</a> thinking +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> +that we had been further off to the Sea than we were. +And being in distress for wood and water, we went in on +the south end between San Tome and the islands das +Rolas,<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">15</a> where we rode very smooth, and with our light-horse-man +went on shore, thinking to have watered, but we +found none in the island. Here we had great store of +plantains and oranges. We found a village of negroes, +which are sent from San Tome, for the Portugals of San +Tome do use, when their slaves be sick or weak, to send +them thither to get their strength again. For the islands +are very fruitful, and though there be no fresh water, +yet they maintain themselves with the wine of the +palm-trees. Having refreshed ourselves with the fruit of +this island, we burned the village. And running on the +east side of San Tome we came before the town;<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">16</a> but we +durst not come near, for the castle shot at us, which hath +very good ordnance in it.</p> + +<p>Then we lay east and by south toward the main, and in +four and twenty hours we had sight of the Cape de Lopo +Gonsalves:<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">17</a> and being within three leagues of the said cape +we cast about and stood again toward the island of San +Tome, and turned up on the west side of the island; and +coming to a little river, which runneth out of the mountains, +we went on shore with our Light-horse-man, with six +or seven butts to fill with water. But the governor had +ambushed one hundred men of the island; and when we +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> +were on shore they came upon us, and killed one of our +men and hurt another: wherefore we retired to our boat +and got aboard.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Across the Atlantic to the Brazils.</i>]</h4> + +<p>Then Abraham Cocke determined to fetch the coast of +Brasil, and lay west-south-west into the sea: and being +some fifty leagues off, we fell into a shoal of dolphins,<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">18</a> +which did greatly relieve us, for they did follow our ship all +the way, till we fell [in] with the land, which was some +thirty days. And running along the coast of Brasil till we +came to Ilha Grande,<a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">19</a> which standeth in five [<i>sic</i>] degrees +southward of the line, we put in betwixt the island and the +main, and haled our ships on shore, and washed them, and +refreshed ourselves, and took in fresh water. In this island +are no inhabitants, but it is very fruitful. And being here +some twelve days there came in a little pinnace which was +bound to the River of Plate, which came in to water and +to get some refreshments: and presently we went aboard, +and took the Portugal merchant out of the pinnace, which +told Abraham Cocke, that within two months there should +two pinnaces come from the River of Plate, from the town +of Buenos Aires.</p> + +<h4>[<i>The Rio de la Plata.</i>]</h4> + +<p>From this town there come every year four or five +caravels to Bahia<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">20</a> in Brasil, and to Angola in Africa, which +bring great store of treasure, which is transported overland +out of Peru into the River of Plate. There Abraham +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> +Cocke, desirous to make his voyage, took some of the +<i>Dolphin’s</i> men into his ship, and sent the <i>Dolphin</i> home +again, which had not as yet made any voyage. This +Portugal merchant carried us to a place in this island, +where there was a banished man,<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">21</a> which had planted great +store of plantains, and told us that we might, with this fruit, +go to the River of Plate: for our bread and our victuals +were almost all spent.</p> + +<p>With this hard allowance we departed from this island, +and were six-and-thirty days before we came to the Isle of +Lobos Marinos,<a name="FNanchor_22" id="FNanchor_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">22</a> which is in the mouth of the River of +Plate. This island is half a mile long, and hath no fresh +water, but doth abound with seals and sea-morses,<a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">23</a> in such +sort that our light-horseman could not get on shore for +them, without we did beat them with our oars: and the +island is covered with them. Upon these seals we lived +some thirty days, lying up and down in the river, and were +in great distress of victuals. Then we determined to run +up to Buenos Aires, and with our light-horseman to take +one of the pinnaces that rid at the town. And, being so +high up the river as the town, we had a mighty storm at +south-west,<a name="FNanchor_24" id="FNanchor_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">24</a> which drove us back again, and we were fain +to ride under the Isla Verde<a name="FNanchor_25" id="FNanchor_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">25</a>—that is, the green island—which +is in the mouth of the river on the north side.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> + +<h4>[<i>A Prisoner of the Portuguese.</i>]</h4> + +<p>Here we were all discomforted for lack of victuals and +gave over the voyage, and came to the northward again, +to the isle of Sant Sebastian, lying just under the tropic +of Capricorn.<a name="FNanchor_26" id="FNanchor_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">26</a> There we went on shore to catch fish, and +some went up into the woods to gather fruit, for we were +all in a manner famished. There was at that time a canoe +fraught with Indians, that came from the town of Spiritu +Sancto.<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">27</a> These Indians landed on the west side of the +island, and came through the woods and took five of us, +and carried us to the River of Janeiro [Rio de Janeiro]. +After this mischance our captain, Abraham Cocke, went +to sea, and was never heard of more.<a name="FNanchor_28" id="FNanchor_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">28</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> + +<h4>[<i>Transported to Angola—A Voyage to the Zaire.</i>]</h4> + +<p>When we that were taken had remained four months +in the River of Janeiro, I and one Torner<a name="FNanchor_29" id="FNanchor_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">29</a> were sent to +Angola in Africa, to the city of Saint Paul,<a name="FNanchor_30" id="FNanchor_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">30</a> which standeth +in nine degrees to the southward of the equinoctial line. +Here I was presently taken out of the ship and put into +prison, and sent up the River Quansa,<a name="FNanchor_31" id="FNanchor_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">31</a> to a town of +garrison, which is 130 miles up the river. And being +there two months the pilot of the governor’s pinnace died: +then I was commanded to carry her down to the city, +where I presently fell sick, and lay eight months in a poor +estate, for they hated me because I was an Englishman. +But being recovered of my sickness, Don John Hurtado de +Mendoça,<a name="FNanchor_32" id="FNanchor_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">32</a> who then was governor, commanded me to go +to the river of Congo, called Zaire, in a pinnace, to trade +for elephants’ teeth,<a name="FNanchor_33" id="FNanchor_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">33</a> wheat,<a name="FNanchor_34" id="FNanchor_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">34</a> and oil of the palm-tree. +The river Zaire<a name="FNanchor_35" id="FNanchor_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">35</a> is fifty leagues from the city, to the northward, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +and is the greatest river in all that coast. In the +mouth of that river is an island, called the Isle de Calabes, +which had at that time a town in it. Here we laded our +pinnace with elephants’ teeth, wheat, and oil of the palm, +and so returned to the city again.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> + +<h4>§ II.</h4> + +<p class="indent3"><i>His trading on the coast; offer to escape; imprisonment; +exile; escape and new imprisonment; his sending to +Elamba and Bahia das Vaccas; many strange occurrences.</i></p> + +<h4>[<i>Trading in Loango.</i>]</h4> + +<p>When I was sent to Longo [Loango], which is fifteen +leagues to the northward of the River Zaire, and carried all +commodities fit for that country, as long glass beads, and +round blue beads, and seed beads, and looking-glasses, blue +and red coarse cloth, and Irish rugs, which were very rich +commodities. Here we sold our cloth at a great rate, for +we had for one yard of cloth three elephants’ teeth, that +weighed 120 pounds; and we bought great store of palm-cloth<a name="FNanchor_36" id="FNanchor_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">36</a> +and elephants’ tails.<a name="FNanchor_37" id="FNanchor_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">37</a> So, in little time we laded +our pinnace. For this voyage I was very welcome to the +governor, who promised me my liberty if I would serve +him. So I went in his pinnace two years and a half upon +the coast.</p> + +<h4>[<i>An Attempted Escape.</i>]</h4> + +<p>Then there came a ship of Holland to the city, the +merchant of which ship promised to carry me away. And, +when they were ready to depart I went secretly on board, +but I was betrayed by Portugals which sailed in the ship, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +and was fetched on shore by sergeants of the city and put +in prison, and lay with great bolts of iron two months, +thinking that the governor would have put me to death. +But at last I was banished for ever to the Fort of +Massangano, to serve in the conquest of those parts. +Here I lived a most miserable life for the space of six years +without any hope to see the sea again.</p> + +<h4>[<i>A Second Attempt at Escape.</i>]</h4> + +<p>In this fort there were Egyptians and Moriscoes that were +banished as myself. To one of these Egyptians<a name="FNanchor_38" id="FNanchor_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">38</a> I brake +my mind, and told him that it were better for us to venture +our lives for our liberty than to live in that miserable place. +This Egyptian was as willing as myself, and told me he +would procure ten of his consorts to go with us. So we got +three Egyptians and seven Portugals. That night we got +the best canoe that we could find, and went down the river +Cuanza, and being as far down as Mani Cabech,<a name="FNanchor_39" id="FNanchor_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">39</a> which is +a little lord in the province of Elamba [Lamba], we went +on shore with our twelve muskets, powder and shot. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +Here we sunk our canoe, because they should not know +where we went on shore. We made a little fire in the +wood, and scorched Guinea wheat,<a name="FNanchor_40" id="FNanchor_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">40</a> which we [had] +brought from Massangano, to relieve us, for we had none +other food.</p> + +<p>As soon as it was night, we took our journey all that +night and the next day, without any water at all. The +second night we were not able to go, and were fain to dig +and scrape up roots of trees, and suck them to maintain +life. The third day we met with an old negro which was +travelling to Mani Cabech. We bound his hands behind +him, and made him lead us the way to the Lake of +Casansa.<a name="FNanchor_41" id="FNanchor_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">41</a> And, travelling all that day in this extreme +hot country we came to the Bansa [mbanza], or town, of +Mani Casansa, which lyeth within the land twelve leagues +from the city of San Paulo. Here we were forced to ask +water, but they would give us none. Then we determined +to make them flee their houses with our shot; but seeing +that we were desperately bent they called their Lord, Mani +Casansa, who gave us water and fair speeches, desiring us +to stay all night, only to betray us; but we departed presently, +and rested that night in (<i>sic</i>) the lake of Casansa.</p> + +<p>The fourth day, at night, we came to the river which is +towards the north,<a name="FNanchor_42" id="FNanchor_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">42</a> and passed it with great danger. For +there are such abundance of crocodiles in this river that no +man dare come near the riverside when it is deep. The +fifth day, at night, we came to the river Dande, and +travelled so far to the eastward that we were right against +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +the Serras, or mountains of Manibangono,<a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">43</a> which is a lord +that warreth against the King of Congo, whither we intended +to go. Here we passed the river, and rested half +the night. And being two leagues from the river we met +with negroes, which asked us whither we travelled. We +told them that we were going to Congo. These negroes +said that we were in the wrong way, and that they were +Masicongos,<a name="FNanchor_44" id="FNanchor_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">44</a> and would carry us to Bambe,<a name="FNanchor_45" id="FNanchor_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">45</a> where the +Duke of Bambe lay.</p> + +<p>So we went some three miles east, up into the land, till we +perceived that we were in the wrong way, for we travelled +by the sun, and would go no further that way, and turned +back again to the westward; they stood before us with their +bows, arrows and darts, ready to shoot at us. But we, +determining to go through them, discharged six muskets +together and killed four, which did amaze them, and made +them to retire. But they followed us four or five miles, and +hurt two of our company with their arrows. The next day +we came within the borders of Bamba, and travelled all that +day. At night we heard the surge of the sea. The seventh +day, in the morning, we saw the captain of the city come +after us with horsemen and great store of negroes. Hereupon +our company being dismayed, seven of our faint-hearted +Portugals hid themselves in the thickets. I, and +the four Egyptians, thought to have escaped, but they +followed us so fast that we were fain to go into a little +wood. As soon as the captain had overtaken us he discharged +a volley of shot into the wood, which made us lose +one another.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> + +<h4>[<i>Surrenders to a Portuguese Captain.</i>]</h4> + +<p>Thus, being all alone, I bethought myself that if the +negroes did take me in the woods they would kill me: +wherefore, thinking to make a better end among the +Portugals and Mulatoes, I came presently out of the wood +with my musket ready charged, making none account of +my life. But the captain, thinking that we had been all +twelve together, called to me and said: “Fellow Soldier, I +have the governor’s pardon; if you will yield yourselves +you shall have no hurt.” I, having my musket ready, +answered the captain that I was an Englishman, and had +served six years at Massangono, in great misery; and came +in company with eleven Portugals and Egyptians, and here +am left all alone; and rather than I will be hanged, I will +die amongst you. Then the captain came near unto me +and said: “Deliver thy musket to one of the soldiers; and I +protest, as I am a gentleman and a soldier, to save thy life +for thy resolute mind.” Whereupon I yielded up my +musket and myself.</p> + +<p>Then the captain commanded all the soldiers and +negroes to search the woods, and to bring them out alive +or dead, which was presently done. Then they carried us +to the city of San Paulo, where I and the three Egyptians +lay in prison three months with collars of iron, and great +bolts upon our legs, and hardly escaped.</p> + +<h4>[<i>A campaign in Lamba.</i>]<a name="FNanchor_46" id="FNanchor_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">46</a></h4> + +<p>At that time the governor sent four hundred men, that +were banished out of Portugal, up into the country of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +Elambe. Then I was with proclamation through the city +banished for ever to the wars, and marched with them to +Sowonso,<a name="FNanchor_47" id="FNanchor_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">47</a> which is a lord that obeyeth the Duke of Bamba; +from thence to Samanibansa, and then to Namba Calamba, +which is a great lord, who did resist us. But we burnt his +town, and then he obeyed us, and brought three thousand +warlike negroes to us. From thence [we marched] to +Sollancango, a little lord, that fought very desperately +with us, but was forced to obey; and then to Combrecaianga,<a name="FNanchor_48" id="FNanchor_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">48</a> +where we remained two years. From this place we +gave many assaults and brought many lords to subjection. +We were fifteen thousand strong, and marched to the +Outeiro,<a name="FNanchor_49" id="FNanchor_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">49</a> or mountain, of Ingombe. But first we burnt +all Ingasia, which was his country, and then we came to +the chief town of Ingombe, which is half a day’s journey +to go up.<a name="FNanchor_50" id="FNanchor_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">50</a></p> + +<p>This lord came upon us with more than twenty thousand +bows, and spoilt many of our men. But with our shot we +made a great spoil among them, whereupon he retired up +into the mountain, and sent one of his captains to our +general, signifying that the next day he would obey him. +The next day he entered our camp with great pomp, with +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> +drums, petes,<a name="FNanchor_51" id="FNanchor_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">51</a> and Pongoes,<a name="FNanchor_52" id="FNanchor_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">52</a> or waits, and was royally +received; and he gave great presents, and greatly enriched +the general, and them which marched up. Upon the top +of the mountain is a great plain, where he hath his chief +town; very fresh, full of palm-trees, sugar-canes, potatoes, +and other roots, and great store of oranges and lemons. +Here is a tree that is called <i>Engeriay</i>,<a name="FNanchor_53" id="FNanchor_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">53</a> that beareth a fruit +as big as a pome-water,<a name="FNanchor_54" id="FNanchor_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">54</a> and hath a stone in it, present +remedy (<i>sic</i>) for the wind colic, which was strange to the +Portugals. Here is a river of fresh water, that springeth +out of the mountains and runneth all along the town. We +were here five days, and then we marched up into the +country, and burned and spoiled for the space of six weeks, +and then returned to Engombe again, with great store of +margarite stones,<a name="FNanchor_55" id="FNanchor_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">55</a> which are current money in that land. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +Here we pitched our camp a league from this pleasant +mountain, which remained twelve months: but I was shot +in my right leg, and many Portugals and Mulatoes were +carried to the city to be cured.</p> + +<h4>[<i>A Voyage to Benguella.</i>]</h4> + +<p>Then the governor sent a fregatte to the southward, with +sixty soldiers, myself being one of the company, and all +kinds of commodities. We turned up to the southward +until we came into twelve degrees. Here we found a fair +sandy bay. The people of this place brought us cows and +sheep, wheat<a name="FNanchor_56" id="FNanchor_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">56</a> and beans; but we staid not there, but came +to Bahia das Vaccas: that is, the Bay of Cows, which the +Portugals call Bahia de Torre,<a name="FNanchor_57" id="FNanchor_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">57</a> because it hath a rock like +a tower. Here we rode on the north side of the rock, in a +sandy bay, and bought great store of cows, and sheep—bigger +than our English sheep—and very fine copper. +Also, we bought a kind of sweet wood, called <i>Cacongo</i>,<a name="FNanchor_58" id="FNanchor_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">58</a> +which the Portugals esteem much, and great store of wheat +and beans. And having laded our bark we sent her home; +but fifty of us staid on shore, and made a little fort with +rafters of wood, because the people of this place are +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> +treacherous, and not to be trusted. So, in seventeen days +we had five hundred head of cattle; and within ten days +the governor sent three ships, and so we departed to the +city.</p> + +<p>In this bay may any ship ride without danger, for it is a +smooth coast. Here may any ship that cometh out of the +East Indies refresh themselves. For the Portugals carracks<a name="FNanchor_59" id="FNanchor_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">59</a> +now of late come along the coast, to the city, to water and +refresh themselves. These people are called <i>Endalanbondos</i>,<a name="FNanchor_60" id="FNanchor_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">60</a> +and have no government among themselves, and +therefore they are very treacherous, and those that trade +with these people must stand upon their own guard. They +are very simple, and of no courage, for thirty or forty men +may go boldly into the country and fetch down whole herds +of cattle. We bought the cattle for blue glass beads of an +inch long, which are called <i>Mopindes</i>,<a name="FNanchor_61" id="FNanchor_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">61</a> and paid fifteen beads +for one cow.</p> + +<p>This province is called Dombe,<a name="FNanchor_62" id="FNanchor_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">62</a> and it hath a ridge of +high <i>serras</i>, or mountains, that stretch from the <i>serras</i> or +mountains of Cambambe, wherein are mines, and lie along +the coast south and by west. Here is great store of fine +copper, if they would work in their mines; but they take +no more than they wear for a bravery. The men of this +place wear skins about their middles and beads about their +necks. They carry darts of iron, and bow and arrows in +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +their hands. They are beastly in their living, for they have +men in women’s apparel, whom they keep among their +wives.</p> + +<p>Their women wear a ring of copper about their necks, +which weigheth fifteen pound at the least; about their arms +little rings of copper, that reach to their elbows; about +their middle a cloth of the <i>Insandie</i> tree, which is neither +spun nor woven;<a name="FNanchor_63" id="FNanchor_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">63</a> on their legs rings of copper that reach +to the calves of their legs.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> + +<hr /> + +<h4>§ III.</h4> + +<p class="indent3"><i>Discovery of the Gagas: their wars, man-eating; overrunning +countries. His trade with them, betraying, +escape to them, and living with them; with many strange +adventures. And also the rites and manner of life +observed by the Iagges or Gagas, which no Christian +could ever know well but this author.</i><a name="FNanchor_64" id="FNanchor_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">64</a></p> + +<h4>[<i>A Second Voyage to Benguella.</i>]</h4> + +<p>In our second voyage, turning up along the coast, we +came to the Morro, or cliff of Benguelle,<a name="FNanchor_65" id="FNanchor_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">65</a> which standeth in +twelve degrees of southerly latitude. Here we saw a +mighty camp on the south side of the river Cova.<a name="FNanchor_66" id="FNanchor_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">66</a> And +being desirous to know what they were, we went on shore +with our boat; and presently there came a troop of five +hundred men to the waterside. We asked them who they +were. Then they told us that they were the Gagas, or +Gindes, that came from Sierra de lion [Serra Leôa],<a name="FNanchor_67" id="FNanchor_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">67</a> and +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +passed through the city of Congo, and so travelled to the +eastward of the great city of Angola, which is called +Dongo.<a name="FNanchor_68" id="FNanchor_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">68</a> The great Gaga, which is their general, came +down to the waterside to see us, for he had never seen +white men before. He asked wherefore we came. We told +him that we came to trade upon the coast. Then he bade +us welcome, and called us on shore with our commodities. +We laded our ship with slaves in seven days, and bought +them so cheap that many did not cost one real, which were +worth in the city [of Loanda] twelve milreis.</p> + +<p>[In a marginal note, Purchas adds:—</p> + +<p class="small">“He, in discourse with me, called them Iagges, and their chief +the great Iagge. I think he writ them Gagas for Giagas, by false +spelling.”]</p> + +<h4>[<i>Among the Jagas.</i>]</h4> + +<p>Being ready to depart, the great Giaga staid us, and +desired our boat to pass his men over the river Cova, for +he determined to overrun the realm of Benguele, which +was on the north side of the river Cova. So we went with +him to his camp, which was very orderly, entrenched with +piles of wood; we had houses provided for us that night, +and many burthens [loads] of palm-wine, cows, goats and +flour.</p> + +<p>In the morning, before day, the general did strike his +<i>gongo</i>,<a name="FNanchor_69" id="FNanchor_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">69</a> which is an instrument of war that soundeth like +a bell, and presently made an oration with a loud voice, +that all the camp might hear, that he would destroy the +Benguelas, with such courageous and vehement speeches +as were not to be looked for among the heathen people. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +And presently they were all in arms, and marched to the +river side, where he had provided <i>Gingados</i>.<a name="FNanchor_70" id="FNanchor_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">70</a> And being +ready with our boat and <i>Gingados</i>, the general was fain to +beat them back because of the credit who should be first. +We carried over eighty men at once, and with our muskets +we beat the enemy off, and landed, but many of them were +slain. By twelve of the clock all the Gagas were over.</p> + +<p>Then the general commanded all his drums, <i>tavales</i>,<a name="FNanchor_71" id="FNanchor_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">71</a> +<i>petes</i>, <i>pongos</i>, and all his instruments of warlike music to +strike up, and gave the onset, which was a bloody day for +the Benguelas. These Benguelas presently broke, and +turned their backs, and a very great number of them were +slain, and were taken captives, man, woman and child. +The prince, Hombiangymbe, was slain, which was ruler of +this country, and more than one hundred of his chief lords, +and their heads presented and thrown at the feet of the +great Gaga. The men, women and children that were +brought in captive alive, and the dead corpses that were +brought to be eaten, were strange to behold. For these +Gagas are the greatest cannibals and man-eaters that be in +the world, for they feed chiefly upon man’s flesh [notwithstanding +of their] having all the cattle of that country.</p> + +<p>They settled themselves in this country and took the +spoil of it. We had great trade with these Gagas, five +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> +months, and gained greatly by them. These Gagas were +not contented to stay in this place of Benguela, although +they lacked almost nothing. For they had great store of +cattle and wheat, and many other commodities; but they +lacked wine, for in these parts there are no palm-trees.</p> + +<p>After the five months were expired they marched toward +the province of Bambala,<a name="FNanchor_72" id="FNanchor_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">72</a> to a great lord that is called +Calicansamba, whose country is five days up into the land. +In these five months’ space we made three voyages to the +city of San Paul, and coming the fourth time we found +them not.</p> + +<h4>[<i>March into the Interior.</i>]</h4> + +<p>Being loth to return without trade, we determined to go +up into the land after them. So we went fifty on shore, +and left our ship riding in the Bay of Benguela to stay for +us. And marching two days up into the country we came +to a great lord which is called Mofarigosat; and coming +to his first town we found it burnt to the ground, for the +Gagas had passed and taken the spoil. To this lord we +sent a negro which we had bought of the Gagas, and [who] +lived with us, and bid him say that he was one of the great +Gaga’s men, and that he was left to carry us to the camp. +This lord bade us welcome for fear of the great Gaga, +but he delayed the time, and would not let us pass till +the Gaga was gone out of his country. This lord Mofarigosat, +seeing that the Gagas were clear of him, began to +palter with us, and would not let us go out of his land till +we had gone to the wars with him, for he thought himself +a mighty man having us with him. For in this place they +never saw [a] white man before, nor guns. So we were +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +forced to go with him, and destroyed all his enemies, and +returned to his town again. Then we desired him that +he would let us depart; but he denied us, without we +would promise him to come again, and leave a white man +with him in pawn.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Left as an Hostage.</i>]</h4> + +<p>The Portugals and Mulatos being desirous to get away +from this place, determined to draw lots who should stay; +but many of them would not agree to it. At last they +consented together that it were fitter to leave me, because +I was an Englishman, than any of themselves. Here I was +fain to stay perforce. So they left me a musket, powder and +shot, promising this lord, Mofarigosat, that within two +months they would come again and bring a hundred men +to help him in his wars, and to trade with him. But all +was to shift themselves away, for they feared that he would +have taken us all captives. Here I remained with this +lord till the two months were expired, and was hardly used, +because the Portugals came not according to promise.</p> + +<p>The chief men of this town would have put me to death, +and stripped me naked, and were ready to cut off mine head. +But the Lord of the town commanded them to stay longer, +thinking that the Portugals would come. And after that +I was let loose again, I went from one town to another, +shifting for myself within the liberties of the lord. And +being in fear of my life among them I ran away, purposing +to go to the camp of the Gagas.</p> + +<h4>[<i>He joins the Jagas.</i>]</h4> + +<p>And having travelled all that night, the next day I +came to a great town which was called Cashil, which stood +in a mighty overgrown thicket. Here I was carried into +the town, to the lord Cashil. And all the town, great and +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +small, came to wonder at me, for in this place there was +never any white man seen. Here were some of the great +Gaga’s men, which I was glad to see, and went with these +Gagas to Calicansamba, where the camp was.</p> + +<p>This town of the lord Cashil is very great and is so +overgrown with <i>Olicondie</i> [<i>baobab</i>]<a name="FNanchor_73" id="FNanchor_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">73</a> trees, cedars,<a name="FNanchor_74" id="FNanchor_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">74</a> and palms, +that the streets are darkened with them. In the middle of +the town there is an image, which is as big as a man, and +standeth twelve feet high; and at the foot of the image +there is a circle of elephants’ teeth, pitched into the ground. +Upon these teeth stand great store of dead men’s skulls, +which are [were] killed in the wars, and offered to this +image. They used to pour palm oil at his feet, and kill +goats, and pour their blood at his feet. This image is +called Quesango,<a name="FNanchor_75" id="FNanchor_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">75</a> and the people have great belief in him, +and swear by him; and do believe when they are sick that +Quesango is offended with them. In many places of this +town were little images, and over them great store of +elephants’ teeth piled.<a name="FNanchor_76" id="FNanchor_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">76</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> + +<p>The streets of this town were paled with palm-canes, +very orderly. Their houses were round like a hive, and, +within, hanged with fine mats very curiously wrought. On +the south-east end of the town was a mokiso [<i>mukishi</i>] +which had more than three tons of elephants’ teeth piled +over him.</p> + +<p>From this town of Cashil I travelled up into the country +with the Gagas<a name="FNanchor_77" id="FNanchor_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">77</a> two days, and came to Calicansamba, +where the great Gaga had his camp, and was welcome to +him. Among the cannibal people I determined to live, +hoping in God that they would travel so far to the westward +that we should see the sea again; and so I might +escape by some ship. These Gagas remained four +months in this place, with great abundance and plenty +of cattle, corn, wine, and oil, and great triumphing, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> +drinking, dancing, and banquetting, with man’s flesh, which +was a heavy spectacle to behold.</p> + +<p>At the end of four months they marched towards the +<i>Serras</i>, or mountains of Cashindcabar, which are mighty +high, and have great copper mines, and they took the spoil +all the way as they went. From thence they went to the +river Longa,<a name="FNanchor_78" id="FNanchor_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">78</a> and passed it, and settled themselves in the +town of Calango,<a name="FNanchor_79" id="FNanchor_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">79</a> and remained there five or six months. +Then we arose and entered into the province of Tondo,<a name="FNanchor_80" id="FNanchor_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">80</a> +and came to the river Gonsa [Coanza],<a name="FNanchor_81" id="FNanchor_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">81</a> and marched on +the south side of the river to a lord that was called +Makellacolonge, near to the great city of Dongo. Here +we passed over mighty high mountains, and found it very +cold.</p> + +<p>Having spent sixteen months among these cannibals, +they marched to the westward again, and came along the +river Gonsa, or Gunza, to a lord that is called Shillambansa,<a name="FNanchor_82" id="FNanchor_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">82</a> +uncle to the King of Angola. We burnt his chief town, +which was after their fashion very sumptuously builded. +This place is very pleasant and fruitful. Here we found +great store of wild peacocks,<a name="FNanchor_83" id="FNanchor_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">83</a> flying up and down the +trees, in as great abundance as other birds. The old lord +Shillambansa was buried in the middle of the town, and +had a hundred tame peacocks kept upon his grave, which +peacocks he gave to his <i>Mokeso</i>, and they were called +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> +<i>Angello Mokeso</i>,<a name="FNanchor_84" id="FNanchor_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">84</a> that is, the Devil’s or Idol’s Birds, and +were accounted as holy things. He had great store of +copper, cloth, and many other things laid upon his grave, +which is the order of that country.<a name="FNanchor_85" id="FNanchor_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">85</a></p> + +<p>From this place we marched to the westward, along the +river Coanza, and came right against the <i>Serras</i> or mountains +of Cambambe, or Serras de Prata.<a name="FNanchor_86" id="FNanchor_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">86</a> Here is the great +fall of water, that falleth right down, and maketh a mighty +noise that is heard thirty miles. We entered into the +province of Casama,<a name="FNanchor_87" id="FNanchor_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">87</a> and came to one of the greatest +Lords, which was called Langere. He obeyed the great +Gaga, and carried us to a Lord called Casoch,<a name="FNanchor_88" id="FNanchor_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">88</a> which was +a great warrior, for he had some seven years before overthrown +the Portugals camp, and killed eight hundred +Portugals and forty-thousand negroes, that were on the +Portugals side. This Lord did stoutly withstand the +Gagas, and had the first day a mighty battle, but had not +the victory that day. So we made a sconce of trees after +their fashion, and remained four months in the wars with +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +them. I was so highly esteemed with the great Gaga, +because I killed many negroes with my musket, that I had +anything that I desired of him. He would also, when they +went out to the wars, give charge to his men over me. By +this means I have been often carried away in their arms, +and saved my life. Here we were within three days’ +journey of Massangano, before mentioned, where the +Portugals have a fort: and I sought means, and got to the +Portugals again with merchant negroes that came to the +camp to buy slaves.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Military Organisation of the Jagas.</i>]</h4> + +<p>There were in the camp of the Gagas twelve captains. +The first, called Imbe Calandola,<a name="FNanchor_89" id="FNanchor_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">89</a> their general, a man of +great courage. He warreth all by enchantment, and taketh +the Devil’s counsel in all his exploits. He is always making +of sacrifices<a name="FNanchor_90" id="FNanchor_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">90</a> to the Devil, and doth know many times what +shall happen unto him. He believeth that he shall never +die but in the wars. There is no image among them, but +he useth certain ceremonies. He hath straight laws to his +soldiers: for, those that are faint-hearted, and turn their +backs to the enemy, are presently condemned and killed +for cowards, and their bodies eaten. He useth every night +to make a warlike oration upon an high scaffold, which +doth encourage his people.</p> + +<p>It is the order of these people, wheresoever they pitch +their camp, although they stay but one night in a place, to +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +build their fort, with such wood or trees as the place +yieldeth: so that the one part of them cutteth down trees +and boughs, and the other part carrieth them, and buildeth +a round circle with twelve gates.<a name="FNanchor_91" id="FNanchor_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91" class="fnanchor">91</a> So that every captain +keepeth his gate. In the middle of the fort is the general’s +house, intrenched round about, and he hath many porters +to keep the door. They build their houses very close +together, and have their bows, arrows, and darts standing +without their doors; and when they give alarm, they are +suddenly all out of the fort. Every company at their doors +[gates?] keep very good watch in the night, playing upon +their drums and <i>tavales</i>.<a name="FNanchor_92" id="FNanchor_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92" class="fnanchor">92</a></p> + +<h4>[<i>A River of Gold.</i>]</h4> + +<p>These Gagas told us of a river that is to the southward +of the Bay of Vaccas,<a name="FNanchor_93" id="FNanchor_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93" class="fnanchor">93</a> that hath great store of gold: and +that they gathered up great store of grains of gold upon +the sand, which the fresh water driveth down in the time +of rain. We found some of this gold in the handles of +their hatchets, which they use to engrave with copper; and +they called it copper also, and do not esteem it.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> + +<h4>[<i>Palm Wine.</i>]</h4> + +<p>These Gagas delight in no country, but where there is +great store of Palmares, or groves of palms. For they +delight greatly in the wine and in the fruit of the palm, +which serveth to eat and to make oil. And they draw +their wine contrary to the Imbondos.<a name="FNanchor_94" id="FNanchor_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94" class="fnanchor">94</a> These palm-trees +are six or seven fathoms high, and have no leaves but in +the top: and they have a device to go up to the top of the +tree, and lay no hands on it, and they draw the wine in the +top of the tree in a bottle.</p> + +<p>But these Gagas cut the palm-trees down by the root, +which lie ten days before they will give wine. And then +they make a square hole in the top and heart of the tree, +and take out of the hole every morning a quart, and at +night a quart So that every tree giveth two quarts of +wine a day for the space of six and twenty days, and then +it drieth up.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Jaga Raids.</i>]</h4> + +<p>When they settle themselves in any country, they cut +down as many palms as will serve them wine for a month: +and then as many more, so that in a little time they spoil +the country. They stay no longer in a place than it will +afford them maintenance. And then in harvest-time they +arise, and settle themselves in the fruitfullest place they +can find; and do reap their enemy’s corn, and take their +cattle. For they will not sow, nor plant, nor bring up any +cattle, more than they take by wars.<a name="FNanchor_95" id="FNanchor_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">95</a> When they come into +any country that is strong, which they cannot the first +day conquer, then their General buildeth his fort, and +remaineth sometimes a month or two quiet. For he saith, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> +it is as great wars to the inhabitants to see him settled in +their country, as though he fought with them every day. +So that many times the inhabitants come and assault him +at his fort: and these Gagas defend themselves and flesh<a name="FNanchor_96" id="FNanchor_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96" class="fnanchor">96</a> +them on for the space of two or three days. And when +their General mindeth to give the onset, he will, in the +night, put out some one thousand men: which do ambush +themselves about a mile from their fort. Then in the +morning the great Gaga goeth with all his strength out of +the fort, as though he would take their town. The inhabitants +coming near the fort to defend their country, being +between them, the Gagas give the watchword with their +drums, and then the ambushed men rise, so that very few +escape. And that day their General overunneth the +country.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Dress and Ornaments.</i>]</h4> + +<p>The great Gaga Calando<a name="FNanchor_97" id="FNanchor_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor">97</a> hath his hair very long, +embroidered with many knots of Banba<a name="FNanchor_98" id="FNanchor_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor">98</a> shells, which are +very rich among them, and about his neck a collar of +<i>masoes</i>,<a name="FNanchor_99" id="FNanchor_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99" class="fnanchor">99</a> which are also shells, that are found upon that +coast, and are sold among them for the worth of twenty +shillings a shell: and about his middle he weareth <i>landes</i>, +which are beads made of the ostrich eggs.<a name="FNanchor_100" id="FNanchor_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">100</a> He weareth a +palm-cloth about his middle, as fine as silk. His body is +carved and cut with sundry works, and every day anointed +with the fat of men.<a name="FNanchor_101" id="FNanchor_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101" class="fnanchor">101</a> He weareth a piece of copper cross +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> +his nose<a name="FNanchor_102" id="FNanchor_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102" class="fnanchor">102</a>, two inches long, and in his ears also. His body +is always painted red and white. He hath twenty or thirty +wives, which follow him when he goeth abroad; and one +of them carrieth his bows and arrows; and four of them +carry his cups of drink after him. And when he drinketh +they all kneel down, and clap their hands and sing.<a name="FNanchor_103" id="FNanchor_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103" class="fnanchor">103</a></p> + +<p>Their women wear their hair with high <i>trompes</i> full of +bamba [<i>mbamba</i>] shells, and are anointed with civet.<a name="FNanchor_104" id="FNanchor_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104" class="fnanchor">104</a> They +pull out four of their teeth, two above and two below, for +a bravery. And those that have not their teeth out are +loathsome to them, and shall neither eat nor drink with +them. They wear great store of beads about their necks, +arms, and legs; about their middles, silk cloths.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Infanticide.</i>]</h4> + +<p>The women are very fruitful, but they enjoy none of +their children: for as soon as the woman is delivered of +her child, it is presently buried quick [alive], so that there +is not one child brought up in all this generation.<a name="FNanchor_105" id="FNanchor_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105" class="fnanchor">105</a> But +when they take any town they keep the boys and girls of +thirteen or fourteen years of age as their own children. +But the men and women they kill and eat. These little +boys they train up in the wars, and hang a collar about +their necks for a disgrace, which is never taken off till he +proveth himself a man, and bring his enemy’s head to the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> +General: and then it is taken off and he is a freeman, and +is called <i>Gonso</i> or soldier.<a name="FNanchor_106" id="FNanchor_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor">106</a> This maketh them all desperate, +and forward to be free, and counted men: and so they do +increase. In all this camp there were but twelve natural +Gagas that were their captains, and fourteen or fifteen +women. For it is more than fifty years since they came +from Serra de Lion, which was their native country. +But their camp is sixteen thousand strong, and sometimes +more.<a name="FNanchor_107" id="FNanchor_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107" class="fnanchor">107</a></p> + +<h4>[<i>Human Sacrifices.</i>]<a name="FNanchor_108" id="FNanchor_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108" class="fnanchor">108</a></h4> + +<p>When the great Gaga Calandola undertaketh any great +enterprise against the inhabitants of any country, he +maketh a sacrifice to the Devil, in the morning, before the +sun riseth. He sitteth upon a stool, having upon each side +of him a man-witch: then he hath forty or fifty women +which stand round about him, holding in each hand a +<i>zevra</i> [zebra]<a name="FNanchor_109" id="FNanchor_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109" class="fnanchor">109</a> or wild horse’s tail, wherewith they do flourish +and sing. Behind them are great store of petes, ponges, +and drums, which always play. In the midst of them is +a great fire; upon the fire an earthen pot with white +powders, wherewith the men-witches do paint him on the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> +forehead, temples, ’thwart the breast and belly, with long +ceremonies and inchanting terms. Thus he continueth +till sun is down. Then the witches bring his <i>Casengula</i>,<a name="FNanchor_110" id="FNanchor_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110" class="fnanchor">110</a> +which is a weapon like a hatchet, and put it into his hand, +and bid him be strong against his enemies: for his <i>mokiso</i> +is with him. And presently there is a man-child brought, +which forthwith he killeth. Then are four men brought +before him; two whereof, as it happeneth, he presently +striketh and killeth; the other two he commandeth to be +killed without the fort.</p> + +<p>Here I was by the men-witches ordered to go away, +as I was a Christian, for then the Devil doth appear to +them, as they say. And presently he commandeth five +cows to be killed within the fort, and five without the fort: +and likewise as many goats, and as many dogs, and the +blood of them is sprinkled in the fire, and their bodies are +eaten with great feasting and triumph. And this is used +many times by all the other captains of their army.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Burial of the Dead.</i>]</h4> + +<p>When they bury the dead they make a vault in the +ground, and a seat for him to sit.<a name="FNanchor_111" id="FNanchor_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111" class="fnanchor">111</a> The dead hath +his head newly embroidered, his body washed, and anointed +with sweet powders. He hath all his best robes put on, +and is brought between two men to his grave, and set in +seat as though he were alive. He hath two of his wives +set with him, with their arms broken, and then they cover +over the vault on the top. The inhabitants when they die +are buried after the same fashion, and have the most part +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +of their goods buried with them. And every month there +is a meeting of the kindred of the dead man, which mourn +and sing doleful songs at his grave for the space of three +days, and kill many goats, and pour their blood upon his +grave, and palm-wine also; and use this ceremony as long +as any of their kindred be alive.<a name="FNanchor_112" id="FNanchor_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112" class="fnanchor">112</a> But those that have no +kindred think themselves unhappy men, because they have +none to mourn for them when they die. These people are +very kind one to another in their health; but in their +sickness they do abhor one another, and will shun their +company.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p> + +<hr /> + +<h4>§ IV.</h4> + +<p class="indent3"><i>His return to the Portugals: invasions of diverse countries; +abuses; flight from them and living in the woods diverse +months; his strange boat, and coming to Loango.</i></p> + +<h4>[<i>João Rodrigues Coutinho’s Campaign, 1602.</i>]</h4> + +<p>Being departed from the Gagas I came to Masangano, +where the Portugals have a town of garrison. There was +at that time a new Governor, which was called Sienor Iuan +Coutinho,<a name="FNanchor_113" id="FNanchor_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113" class="fnanchor">113</a> who brought authority to conquer the mines or +mountains of Cambamba; and to perform that service the +King of Spain had given him seven years’ custom off all +the slaves and goods that were carried thence to the West +Indies, Brazil, or whithersoever, with condition that he +should build three castles, one in Demba,<a name="FNanchor_114" id="FNanchor_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114" class="fnanchor">114</a> which are the +salt mines, the other in Cambamba, which are the silver +mines, and the other in Bahia das Vaccas, or the Bay +of Cows.</p> + +<p>This gentleman was so bountiful at his coming that his +fame was spread through all Congo, and many mulatoes +and negroes came voluntarily to serve him. And being +some six months in the city he marched to the Outaba of +Tombo,<a name="FNanchor_115" id="FNanchor_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115" class="fnanchor">115</a> and there shipped his soldiers in pinnaces, and +went up the river Consa or Coanza, and landed at the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +Outaba of Songo,<a name="FNanchor_116" id="FNanchor_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116" class="fnanchor">116</a> sixty miles from the sea. This lord +Songo is next to Demba, where the salt-mines be. In this +place there is such store of salt that most part of the +country are perfect clear salt, without any earth or filth in +it, and it is some three feet under the earth as it were ice; +and they cut it out in stones of a yard long, and it is +carried up into the country, and is the best commodity +that a man can carry to buy anything whatsoever.</p> + +<p>Here the Governor staid ten days, and sent a pinnace to +Masangano for all the best soldiers that were there. So +the captain of the castle sent me down among a hundred +soldiers, and I was very well used by the Governor; and +he made me a sergeant of a Portugal company, and then +he marched to Machimba,<a name="FNanchor_117" id="FNanchor_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117" class="fnanchor">117</a> from thence to Cauo, and then +to Malombe, a great lord. Here we were four days, and +many lords came and obeyed us. From thence we marched +to a mighty lord called Angoykayongo,<a name="FNanchor_118" id="FNanchor_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118" class="fnanchor">118</a> who stood in the +defence of his country with more than sixty thousand men. +So we met with him, and had the victory, and made a +great slaughter among them. We took captives all his +women and children, and settled ourselves in his town, +because it was a very pleasant place, and full of cattle and +victuals. And being eight days in this town the Governor +sickened and died, and left a captain in his room to +perform the service.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p> + +<h4>[<i>Manuel Cerveira Pereira carries on the war.</i>]</h4> + +<p>After we had been two months in the country of +Angoykayongo we marched towards Cambambe, which +was but three days’ journey, and came right against the +Serras da Prata, and passed the river Coanza, and presently +overran the country, and built a fort hard by the riverside. +Here I served two years.</p> + +<p>They opened the silver-mines, but the Portugals did not +like of them as yet, because they yielded small share of +silver.<a name="FNanchor_119" id="FNanchor_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119" class="fnanchor">119</a></p> + +<p>This new upstart governor was very cruel to his soldiers, +so that all his voluntary men left him; and by this means +he could go no further.</p> + +<p>At this time there came news by the Jesuits that the +Queen of England was dead, and that King James had +made peace with Spain.<a name="FNanchor_120" id="FNanchor_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120" class="fnanchor">120</a> Then I made a petition to the +Governor, who granted me licence to go into my country; +and so I departed with the Governor and his train to the +city of St. Paul. But he left five hundred soldiers in the +fort of Cambambe, which they hold still.<a name="FNanchor_121" id="FNanchor_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121" class="fnanchor">121</a></p> + +<h4>[<i>A Trading Trip to Congo.</i>]</h4> + +<p>Then I went with a Portugal merchant to the province of +Bamba, and from thence to the Outeiro [“hill”], or city standing +upon a mountain of Congo,<a name="FNanchor_122" id="FNanchor_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122" class="fnanchor">122</a> from thence to Gongon<a name="FNanchor_123" id="FNanchor_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123" class="fnanchor">123</a> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +and Batta,<a name="FNanchor_124" id="FNanchor_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124" class="fnanchor">124</a> and there we sold our commodities and returned +in six months to the city [Loanda] again.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Final Escape from Captivity.</i>]</h4> + +<p>Then I purposed to have shipped myself for Spain, and +thence homewards. But the Governor denied his word, +and commanded me to provide myself within two days to +go up to the Conquest again. This Governor had served +his three years,<a name="FNanchor_125" id="FNanchor_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125" class="fnanchor">125</a> and the citizens looked every day for +another out of Portugal. So I determined to absent +myself for ten or twenty days, till the other Governor came, +and then to come to the city again. For every Governor +that cometh maketh proclamation for all men that be +absent, to come with free pardon.</p> + +<p>The same day, at night, I departed from the city with +two negro boys that I had, which carried my musket and +six pounds of powder, and a hundred bullets, and that +little provision of victuals that I could make. In the +morning I was some twenty miles from the city, up along +the river Bengo, and there I staid certain days, and then +passed Bengo and came to the river Dande, which is to the +northward, purposing to know what news was in the city, +for I was near the highway of Congo. And one of my +negroes inquired of those that passed, and brought me +word that it was certain that the new Governor came not +that year.</p> + +<p>Now I was put to my shifts, whether I would go to the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> +city again and be hanged, or to stay and live in the woods, +for I had run away twice before. So I was forced to live +in the woods a month, betwixt the rivers of Dande and +Bengo. Then I went to Bengo again, to Mani Kaswea, +and passed over the river, and went to the lake of Casansa.<a name="FNanchor_126" id="FNanchor_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126" class="fnanchor">126</a> +Here is the greatest store of wild beasts that is in any +place of Angola. About this lake I staid six months, and +lived only upon dried flesh, as buffes [buffaloes], deer, +mokokes,<a name="FNanchor_127" id="FNanchor_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127" class="fnanchor">127</a> impolancas,<a name="FNanchor_128" id="FNanchor_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128" class="fnanchor">128</a> and roebucks, and other sorts, +which I killed with my musket, and dried the flesh, as the +savages do, upon an hurdle, three feet from the ground, +making underneath it a great fire, and laying upon the +flesh green boughs, which keep the smoke and heat of the +fire down, and dry it. I made my fire with two little +sticks, as the savages used to do. I had sometimes Guinea +wheat [maize] which my negro boy would get of the +inhabitants for pieces of dried flesh.</p> + +<p>This lake of Casanze doth abound with fish of sundry +sorts. I have taken up a fish that hath skipped out of +the water on shore, four feet long, which the heathen call +Sombo.<a name="FNanchor_129" id="FNanchor_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129" class="fnanchor">129</a></p> + +<p>Thus, after I had lived six months with the dried flesh +and fish, and seeing no end of my misery, I wrought +means to get away.</p> + +<p>In this lake are many little island that are full of trees +called <i>Memba</i> [<i>bimba</i>]<a name="FNanchor_130" id="FNanchor_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130" class="fnanchor">130</a> which are as light as cork and as +soft. Of these trees I built a <i>lergado</i> [<i>Jangada</i>], with a +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> +knife of the savages that I had, in the fashion of a box +nailed with wooden pegs, and railed round about, because +the sea should not wash me out; and with a blanket +that I had I made a sail, and prepared three oars to row +withall.</p> + +<p>This lake of Casanza is eight miles over, and issueth +into the river Bengo. So I entered into my <i>gingado</i> +[<i>Jangada</i>], and my two negro boys, and rowed into the +river Bengo, and so came down with the current twelve +leagues to the bar. Here I was in great danger, because +the sea was great; and being over the bar I rode into the +sea, and then sailed afore the wind along the coast, which +I knew well, minding to go to the kingdom of Longo +[Loango], which is towards the north; and being that +night at sea, the next day I saw a pinnace come before +the wind, which came from the city, and was bound to +San Thomé, and she came near to me. The master was +my great friend, for we had been mates together, and for +pity’s sake he took me in, and set me on shore in the port +of Longo, where I remained three years, and was well +beloved of the king, because I killed him deer and fowls +with my musket.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> + +<h4><a name="V" id="V"></a>§ V.</h4> + +<p class="indent3"><i>Of the Province of Engoy [Ngoyo], and other Regions of +Loango, with the Customs there observed by the King +and People.</i></p> + +<h4>[<i>Kabinda.</i>]</h4> + +<p>From the Point of the Palmar [Ponta do Palmar],<a name="FNanchor_131" id="FNanchor_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131" class="fnanchor">131</a> which +is the north side of the river Zaire, is the port of Cabenda +[Kabinda],<a name="FNanchor_132" id="FNanchor_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132" class="fnanchor">132</a> where many ships use to water and refresh +themselves; and it is five leagues northwards. This place +is called, Engoy [Ngoyo], and is the first province of Longo +[Loango], and is full of woods and thickets. And seven +leagues northwards of that place is the river Cacongo,<a name="FNanchor_133" id="FNanchor_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133" class="fnanchor">133</a> a +very pleasant place and fruitful. Here is great stock of +elephants’ teeth, and a boat of ten tons may go up the river.</p> + +<p>The Mombales<a name="FNanchor_134" id="FNanchor_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134" class="fnanchor">134</a> have great trade with them, and pass +the river Zaire in the night, because then it is calm, and +carry great store of elephants’ teeth to the town of Mani +Sonna [Sonyo], and sell them in the port of Pinda to the +Portugals, or any other stranger that first cometh.<a name="FNanchor_135" id="FNanchor_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135" class="fnanchor">135</a></p> + +<p>At four leagues from Cacongo is the river of Caye, or +Longo Leuyes.<a name="FNanchor_136" id="FNanchor_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136" class="fnanchor">136</a> This town of Caye [Kaia] is one of the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> +four seats or lordships of Longo. And then the Angra, or +Gulf, das Almadias.<a name="FNanchor_137" id="FNanchor_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137" class="fnanchor">137</a> In this gulf, or bay, are great store +of canoes or fishermen, because the sea is smoother there +than upon the coast. And two leagues northward is the +port of Longo [Loango]. And it is a sandy bay, and a +ship may ride within a musket-shot of the shore in four or +five fathoms.</p> + +<h4>[<i>The Capital of Loango.</i>]</h4> + +<p>The town of Mani Longo is three miles from the waterside, +and standeth on a great plain. This town is full of +palm and plantain-trees and very fresh, and their houses +are built under the trees. The streets are wide and long, +and always clean swept. The King hath his houses on the +west side, and before his door he hath a plain, where he +sitteth, when he has any feastings or matters of wars to +treat of. From this plain there goeth a great wide street, +some musket-shot from the place; and there is a great +market every day, and it doth begin at twelve of the clock.</p> + +<p>Here is great store of palm-cloths of sundry sorts, which +is their merchandizes; and a great store of victuals, flesh, +hens, fish, wine, oil, and corn. Here is also very fine log +wood,<a name="FNanchor_138" id="FNanchor_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138" class="fnanchor">138</a> which they use to dye withall—it is the root of the +log wood which is the best—and <i>molangos</i><a name="FNanchor_139" id="FNanchor_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139" class="fnanchor">139</a> of copper. Here +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> +is likewise great store of elephants’ teeth, but they sell none +in the market-place.</p> + +<h4>[<i>A Royal Audience.</i>]</h4> + +<p>The King hath ten great houses, and is never certain to +be found but in the afternoon, when he cometh to sit. +And then he keepeth always [to] one house. The house is +very long, and at twelve of the clock it is full of noblemen. +They sit upon carpets upon the ground. The house is +always full of people till midnight.</p> + +<p>The last king, Gembe [Njimbe],<a name="FNanchor_140" id="FNanchor_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140" class="fnanchor">140</a> never used to speak in +the day, but always in the night. But this king speaketh +in the day: howbeit he spendeth most of the day with his +wives. And when the king cometh in he goeth to the +upper end of the house, where he hath his seat, as it were +a throne. And when the king is set, they clap their hands +and salute him, saying in their language: <i>Byani Pemba</i>, +<i>Ampola</i>, <i>Moneya</i>, <i>Quesinge</i>.<a name="FNanchor_141" id="FNanchor_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141" class="fnanchor">141</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p> + +<h4>[<i>The King’s Wives.</i>]<a name="FNanchor_142" id="FNanchor_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142" class="fnanchor">142</a></h4> + +<p>On the south side of the king’s houses he hath a circuit +[compound] or village, where his wives dwell, and in this +circuit no man may come on pain of death. He hath in +this place one hundred and fifty wives and more. And if +any man be taken within this circuit, if he be with a +woman, or do but speak to her, they be both brought into +the market-place and their heads be cut off, and their bodies +quartered, and lie one day in the street. The last king +Gymbe [Njimbi], had four hundred children by his women.</p> + +<h4>[<i>The King Drinks!</i>]</h4> + +<p>When the king drinketh he hath a cup of wine brought, +and he that bringeth it hath a bell in his hand, and as soon +as he hath delivered the cup to the king, he turneth his +face from the king and ringeth the bell; and then all that +be there fall down upon their faces, and rise not till the +king have drunk. And this is very dangerous for any +stranger that knoweth not the fashions, for if any seeth the +king drink he is presently killed, whatsoever he be. There +was a boy of twelve years, which was the king’s son. This +boy chanced to come unadvisedly when his father was in +drinking. Presently the king commandeth he should be +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> +well apparelled and victuals prepared. So the youth did +eat and drink. Afterward the king commandeth that he +should be cut in quarters and carried about the city, with +proclamation that he saw the king drink.<a name="FNanchor_143" id="FNanchor_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143" class="fnanchor">143</a></p> + +<h4>[<i>The King at Dinner.</i>]<a name="FNanchor_144" id="FNanchor_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144" class="fnanchor">144</a></h4> + +<p>Likewise for his diet, when it is dinner-time, there is a +house of purpose, where he always eateth, and there his +diet is set upon a <i>bensa</i>,<a name="FNanchor_145" id="FNanchor_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145" class="fnanchor">145</a> like a table. Then he goeth in, +and hath the door shut. So when he hath eaten, then he +knocketh and cometh out. So that none see the king eat +nor drink. For it is their belief, that if he be seen eating +or drinking, he shall presently die. And this is an order +with all kings that now are, or shall succeed, unless they +abolish this cruel custom.</p> + +<h4>[<i>The King as a Rain-maker.</i>]</h4> + +<p>The king is so honoured as though he were a god among +them, and is called <i>Sambe</i> and <i>Pongo,</i><a name="FNanchor_146" id="FNanchor_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146" class="fnanchor">146</a> that is God. And +they believe that he can give them rain when he listeth. +So once a year, when it is time to rain, that is in December, +the people come to beg rain and bring their gifts to the +king, for none come empty.<a name="FNanchor_147" id="FNanchor_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147" class="fnanchor">147</a> Then he appointeth the day, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> +and all the lords far and near come to the feast with all +their troops, as they go in the wars. And when all the +troops of men be before the king, the greatest Lord +cometh forthwith his bows and arrows, and sheweth his +skill with his weapon; and then he hath a merry conceit or +jest that he speaketh before the king, and kneeleth at his +feet; and then the king thanketh him for his love; and in +like manner they do all.</p> + +<p>The king sitteth abroad in a great place, and hath a +carpet spread upon the ground, which is some fifteen +fathoms about, of fine <i>ensacks</i>,<a name="FNanchor_148" id="FNanchor_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148" class="fnanchor">148</a> which are wrought like +velvet, and upon the carpet his seat, which is a fathom from +the ground. Then he commanded his <i>Dembes</i> [Ndamba]<a name="FNanchor_149" id="FNanchor_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149" class="fnanchor">149</a> +to strike up, which are drums, so great, that they cannot +carry them, and others that are very great. He hath also +eight <i>Pongos</i>,<a name="FNanchor_150" id="FNanchor_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150" class="fnanchor">150</a> which are his waits, made of the greatest +elephants’ teeth, and are hollowed and scraped light, which +play also. And with the drums and waits they make an +hellish noise. After they have sported and shewed the +king pleasure, he ariseth and standeth upon his throne, +and taketh a bow and arrows in his hand, and shooteth to +the sky; and that day there is great rejoicing, because +sometimes they have rain. I was once there when the +king gave rain, and it chanced that day to rain mightily, +which made the people have a great belief in their folly.<a name="FNanchor_151" id="FNanchor_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151" class="fnanchor">151</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p> + +<h4>[<i>Albinos.</i>]</h4> + +<p>Here are sometimes born in this country white children, +which is very rare among them, for their parents are +negroes. And when any of them are born, they are presented +unto the king and are called <i>Dondos</i> [<i>Ndundu</i>].<a name="FNanchor_152" id="FNanchor_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152" class="fnanchor">152</a> +These are as white as any white man. These are the king’s +witches, and are brought up in witchcraft, and always +wait on the king. There is no man that dare meddle with +these <i>Dondos</i>. If they go to the market they may take +what they list, for all men stand in awe of them. The +King of Longo had four of them.</p> + +<h4>[<i>The Nkishi, or Fetishes.</i>]</h4> + +<p>The king also is a witch, and believeth in two idols +which are in Longo. The one is called <i>Mokisso à Longo</i>, +the other is called <i>Checocke</i>.<a name="FNanchor_153" id="FNanchor_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153" class="fnanchor">153</a> This last is a little black +image, and standeth in a little house at a village called +Kinga, which standeth in the landing-place of Longo. +This house of <i>Checocke</i> standeth in the highway, and they +that go by clap their hands, which is the courtesy of the +country. Those that be craftsmen, as fishermen, hunters, +and witches, do offer to this idol, that they may have good +luck. This <i>Checocke</i> doth sometimes in the night come +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> +and haunt some of his best beloved: sometimes a man, +sometimes a boy or a woman. And then they be frantic +for the space of three hours; and whatsoever the frantic +person speaketh, that is the will of <i>Checocke</i>. And they +make a great feast and dancing at his house.<a name="FNanchor_154" id="FNanchor_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154" class="fnanchor">154</a></p> + +<p>There is another <i>Mokisso</i> which is also in Kinga, and it +is called <i>Gomberi</i>. It is the name of a woman, and is in +a house where an old witch dwelleth, and she is called +<i>Ganga Gomberi</i>, which is, the Priest of <i>Gomberi</i>. Here +once a year is a feast made, and <i>Ganga Gomberi</i> speaketh +under the ground.<a name="FNanchor_155" id="FNanchor_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155" class="fnanchor">155</a> And this is a common thing every +year. I have asked the negroes what it was, and they told +me that it was a strong <i>Mokisso</i> that is come to abide +with <i>Checocke</i>.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Children are born White.</i>]</h4> + +<p>The children in this country are born white, and change +their colour in two days to a perfect black. As, for +example, the Portugals, which dwell in the kingdom of +Congo, have sometimes children by the negro women, and +many times the fathers are deceived, thinking when the +child is born it is theirs, and within two days it proveth the +son or daughter of a negro; which the Portugals do greatly +grieve at, for they rejoice when they have a mulato child, +though it be a bastard.</p> + +<h4>[<i>The Royal Princes.</i>]</h4> + +<p>The town of Longo [Loango] standeth in the midst of +four Lordships, and is governed by four Princes, which +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> +are the King’s sisters’ sons, for the King’s sons can never +be kings. The first is Mani Cabango,<a name="FNanchor_156" id="FNanchor_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156" class="fnanchor">156</a> the second Mani +Salag, the third Mani Bock, the fourth Mani Cay. This +Mani Cay is next to be king, and hath his train and court +as a Prince. And when the King dieth he cometh presently +into the seat of the King. Then, Mani Bock +cometh to Cay, Mani Salag cometh to Bock, and Mani +Cabango cometh to Salag. And then they provide another +to go to Cabango, so there be four Princes that wait on +the King when their turns come.</p> + +<h4>[<i>The Kings Mother.</i>]</h4> + +<p>The mother of these Princes is called Mani Lombo,<a name="FNanchor_157" id="FNanchor_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157" class="fnanchor">157</a> and +she is the highest and chief woman in all the land. She +maketh choice of her husband, and when she is weary of +him she putteth him away, and taketh another. Her +children are greatly honoured, and whosoever passeth by +them kneel down and clap their hands, which is the +courtesy of the country.</p> + +<p>These Lordships are champaign grounds, and full of +corn and fruit.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Palm Cloth.</i>]<a name="FNanchor_158" id="FNanchor_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158" class="fnanchor">158</a></h4> + +<p>The men in this kingdom make good store of palm-cloth +of sundry sorts, very fine and curious. They are never +idle: for they make fine caps of needlework as they go in +the streets.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> + +<h4>[<i>The Royal Tombs.</i>]</h4> + +<p>There is a place two leagues from the town of Longo, +called Longeri,<a name="FNanchor_159" id="FNanchor_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159" class="fnanchor">159</a> where all their kings be buried, and it is +compassed round about with elephants’ teeth pitched in the +ground, as it were a Pale, and it is ten roods in compass.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Europeans Committed to the Sea.</i>]</h4> + +<p>These people will suffer no white man to be buried in +their land,<a name="FNanchor_160" id="FNanchor_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160" class="fnanchor">160</a> and if any stranger or Portugal come thither +to trade, and chance to die, he is carried in a boat two +miles from the shore, and cast into the sea. There was +once a Portugal gentleman, that came to trade with them, +and had his house on shore. This gentleman died, and +was buried some four months. That year it did not rain so +soon as it was wont, which beginneth about December, so +that they lacked rain for some two months. Then their +<i>mokisso</i> told them that the Christian, which was buried, +must be taken out of the earth, and cast into the sea; and +within three days it rained, which made them have a great +belief in the devil.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p> + +<h4>§ VI.</h4> + +<p class="indent3"><i>Of the Provinces of Bongo, Calongo, Mayombe, Manikesocke, +Motimbas: of the ape-monster Pongo: their Hunting, +Idolatries, and divers other observations.</i></p> + +<h4>[<i>Bongo.</i>]</h4> + +<p>To the eastward of Longeri is the Province of Bongo, +and it bordereth on Mococke, [of which] the great Angeca<a name="FNanchor_161" id="FNanchor_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161" class="fnanchor">161</a> +is king. In this place is great store of iron, and palm-cloth, +and elephants’ teeth, and great store of corn.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Cango.</i>]</h4> + +<p>To the north-east is the great province of Cango,<a name="FNanchor_162" id="FNanchor_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162" class="fnanchor">162</a> and +it is fourteen days journey from the town of Longo. +This place is full of mountains and rocky ground, and full +of woods, and hath great store of copper. The elephants +in this place do excel, and there are so many that the +people of Longo hath great store of elephants’ teeth, and +bring them to the port of Longo.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Calongo.</i>]</h4> + +<p>To the northwards of Longo, three leagues, is the river +Quelle:<a name="FNanchor_163" id="FNanchor_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163" class="fnanchor">163</a> and on the north side is the province of Calongo +[Chilunga]. This country is always tilled, and full of corn, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> +and is all plain and champaign ground, and hath great +store of honey. Here are two little villages that show at +sea like two hummocks,<a name="FNanchor_164" id="FNanchor_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164" class="fnanchor">164</a> which are the marks to show the +port of Longo; and fifteen miles northward is the river +Nombo,<a name="FNanchor_165" id="FNanchor_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165" class="fnanchor">165</a> but it hath no depth for any bark to go in. This +province, towards the east, bordereth upon Bongo; and +towards the north upon Mayombe, which is nineteen leagues +from Longo along the coast.</p> + +<p>[<i>Yumbe.</i>]<a name="FNanchor_166" id="FNanchor_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166" class="fnanchor">166</a></p> + +<p>The province of Mayombe is all woods and groves, +so overgrown that a man may travel twenty days +in the shadow, without any sun or heat. Here is no +kind of corn nor grain, so that the people liveth only +upon plantains and roots of sundry other sorts, very good, +and nuts; nor any kind of tame cattle, nor hens. But +they have great store of elephants’ flesh, which they +greatly esteem, and many kinds of wild beasts; and great +store of fish. Here is a great sandy bay, two leagues to +the southward of Cape Negro, which is the port of +Mayombe. Sometimes the Portugals take logwood<a name="FNanchor_167" id="FNanchor_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167" class="fnanchor">167</a> in +this bay. Here is a great river called Banna.<a name="FNanchor_168" id="FNanchor_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168" class="fnanchor">168</a> In the +winter it hath no bar, because the general winds cause a +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> +great sea; but when the sun hath his south declination, +then a boat may go in, for then it is smooth because of +the rain. This river is very great, and hath many islands, +and people dwelling in them. The woods are covered +with baboons, monkeys, apes and parrots, that it will fear +any man to travel in them alone. Here also are two kinds +of monsters, which are common in these woods, and very +dangerous.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Gorillas and Chimpanzis.</i>]<a name="FNanchor_169" id="FNanchor_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169" class="fnanchor">169</a></h4> + +<p>The greatest of these two monsters is called <i>Pongo</i> +[<i>Mpungu</i>] in their language, and the lesser is called <i>Engeco</i>. +This <i>Pongo</i> is in all proportions like a man, but that he is +more like a giant in stature than a man; for he is very tall, +and hath a man’s face, hollow-eyed, with long hair upon his +brows. His face and ears are without hair, and his hands +also. His body is full of hair, but not very thick, and it is +of a dunnish colour. He differeth not from a man but in +his legs, for they have no calf. He goeth always upon his +legs, and carryeth his hands clasped upon the nape of his +neck when he goeth upon the ground. They sleep in the +trees, and build shelters from the rain. They feed upon +fruit they find in the woods and upon nuts, for they eat +no kind of flesh. They cannot speak, and have no more +understanding than a beast.</p> + +<p>The people of the country, when they travel in the +woods, make fires when they sleep in the night. And in +the morning, when they are gone, the <i>Pongoes</i> will come +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> +and sit about the fire till it goeth out, for they have no +understanding to lay the wood together. They go many +together, and kill many negroes that travel in the woods. +Many times they fall upon the elephants, which come to +feed where they be, and so beat them with their clubbed +fists and pieces of wood that they will run roaring away +from them.</p> + +<p>Those <i>Pongoes</i> are never taken alive, because they are +so strong that ten men cannot hold one of them, but yet +they take many of their young ones with poisoned arrows. +The young Pongo hangeth on his mother’s belly, with his +hands clasped fast about her, so that when the country +people kill any of the females, they take the young one +which hangeth fast upon his mother. When they die +among themselves, they cover the dead with great heaps of +boughs and wood, which is commonly found in the forests.</p> + +<p>[Purchas adds in a marginal note:</p> + +<p class="small">“He told me in a conference with him that one of these Pongos +took a negro boy of his, which lived a month with them, for they +hurt not those which they surprise at unawares, except they look +on them, which he [the boy] avoided. He said, their height +was like a man’s, but their bigness twice as great. I saw the +negro boy.</p> + +<p class="small">“What the other monster [the Engeco] should be he hath forgotten +to relate, and these papers came to my hand since his death, +which otherwise, in my often conferences, I might have learned. +Perhaps he meaneth the Pigmy Pongo-killers mentioned.”]</p> + +<h4>[<i>Hunting Dogs.</i>]</h4> + +<p>The Morombes<a name="FNanchor_170" id="FNanchor_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170" class="fnanchor">170</a> use to hunt with their country-dogs, +and kill many kinds of little beasts, and great store of +pheasants. But their dogs be dumb, and cannot bark at +all.<a name="FNanchor_171" id="FNanchor_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171" class="fnanchor">171</a> They hang wooden clappers about their necks, and +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> +follow them by rattling of the clappers. The huntsmen +have <i>Petes</i> [whistles], which they whistle their dogs withall. +These dogs, in all this country, are very little, with prickt +ears, and are for the most part red and dun. The Portugal +mastiff dog, or any other great dog, are greatly esteemed +because they do bark. I have seen a dog sold up in the +country for thirty pounds.</p> + +<h4>[<i>The Maramba Fetish.</i>]<a name="FNanchor_172" id="FNanchor_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172" class="fnanchor">172</a></h4> + +<p>In the town of Mani Mayombe is a fetish called +Maramba, and it standeth in a high basket made like a +hive, and over it a great house. This is their house of +religion, for they believe only in him, and keep his laws, +and carry his reliques always with them. They are for the +most part witches, and use their witchcraft for hunting and +killing of elephants and fishing, and helping of sick and +lame men, and to forecast journeys, whether they shall +speed well or evil. By this Maramba are all thefts and +murders tried, for in this country they use sometimes to +bewitch one another to death. And when any dieth, their +neighbours are brought before the Maramba; and if it be +a great man that dieth, the whole town cometh to swear. +The order is, when they come before Maramba, to kneel +and clasp Maramba in their arms, and to say: <i>Emeno, +eyge bembet Maramba</i>, that is, “I come to be tried, O +Maramba.”<a name="FNanchor_173" id="FNanchor_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173" class="fnanchor">173</a> And if any of them be guilty, they fall down +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> +stark dead for ever. And if any of them that swear hath +killed any man or child before, although it may be twenty +years past, he presently dieth. And so it is for any other +matter.</p> + +<p>From this place, as far as it is to Cape de Lopo Gonsalves, +they are all of this superstition. I was twelve +months in this place, and saw many die after this sort.</p> + +<p>These people be circumcised,<a name="FNanchor_174" id="FNanchor_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174" class="fnanchor">174</a> as they are through +all Angola, except the kingdom of Congo, for they be +Christians. And those that will be sworn to Maramba<a name="FNanchor_175" id="FNanchor_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175" class="fnanchor">175</a> +come to the chief Gangas, which are their priests or men-witches, +as boys of twelve years of age, and men and +women. Then the Gangas put them into a dark house, +and there they remain certain days with very hard diet. +After this they are let abroad, and commanded not to +speak for certain days, what injury soever they be offered, +so that they suffer great penury before they be sworn. +Lastly, they are brought before Maramba, and have two +marks cut upon their shoulders before, like a half moon, +and are sworn by the blood that falleth from them, that +they shall be true to him. They are forbidden some one +kind of flesh and some one kind of fish, with many other +toys [trifles]. And if they eat any of this forbidden meat +they presently sicken, and never prosper.<a name="FNanchor_176" id="FNanchor_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176" class="fnanchor">176</a> They all carry +a relique of Maramba in a little box, and hang it about +their necks, under their left arms.</p> + +<p>The Lord of this province of Mayombe hath the ensign +or shape of Maramba carried before him, and whithersoever +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> +he goeth; and when he sitteth down it is set before him; +and when he drinketh his palm-wine the first cup is poured +at the foot of the <i>Mokiso</i> or idol, and when he eateth +anything, the first piece he throweth towards his left hand, +with enchanting words.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Sette.</i>]</h4> + +<p>From Cape Negro northward is a great Lord called +Mani Seat,<a name="FNanchor_177" id="FNanchor_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177" class="fnanchor">177</a> which has the greatest store of elephants’ teeth +of any Lord in the kingdom of Longo, for his people +practice nothing else but to kill elephants. And two of +these negroes will easily kill an elephant with their darts. +And here is great store of logwood.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Mani Kesock.</i>]<a name="FNanchor_178" id="FNanchor_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178" class="fnanchor">178</a></h4> + +<p>There is another Lord, to the eastward, which is called +Mani Kesock, and he is eight days’ journey from Mayombe. +Here I was with my two negro boys to buy elephants’ hairs +and tails. And in a month I bought twenty thousand, +which I sold to the Portugals for thirty slaves, and all my +charges borne.</p> + +<p>From this place I sent one of my negro boys to Mani +Seat with a looking-glass. He did esteem it much, and +sent me four elephants’ teeth (very great) by his own men, +and desired me to cause the Portugals, or any other ship, +to come to the northward of the Cape Negro, and he would +make fires where his landing place is, for there was never +yet any Portugal or other stranger in that place.<a name="FNanchor_179" id="FNanchor_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179" class="fnanchor">179</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p> + +<h4>[<i>Pygmy Elephant-Hunters.</i>]</h4> + +<p>To the north-east of Mani Kesock are a kind of little +people called Matimbas,<a name="FNanchor_180" id="FNanchor_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180" class="fnanchor">180</a> which are no bigger than boys of +twelve years old, but are very thick, and live only upon +flesh, which they kill in the woods with their bows and +darts. They pay tribute to Mani Kesock, and bring all +their elephants’ teeth and tails to him. They will not enter +into any of the Marombos<a name="FNanchor_181" id="FNanchor_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181" class="fnanchor">181</a> houses, nor will suffer any to +come where they dwell; and if by chance any Maramba, or +people of Longo [Loango], pass where they dwell, they +will forsake that place and go to another.</p> + +<p>The women carry bow and arrows, as well as the men, +and one of these will walk in the woods alone, and kill the +<i>Pongos</i> [gorillas] with their poisoned arrows. I have asked +the Marombos whether the elephant sheddeth his teeth or +no, and they say no! But sometimes they find their teeth +in the woods, but they find their bones also.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Poison Ordeals.</i>]</h4> + +<p>When any man is suspected of any offence he is carried +before the king, or before Mani Bomma [Mamboma],<a name="FNanchor_182" id="FNanchor_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182" class="fnanchor">182</a> +which is, as it were, a judge under the king. And if it be +upon matter that he denieth, and cannot be proved but by +their oath, then the suspected person is thus sworn: they +have a kind of root which they call <i>Imbondo</i> [<i>mbundu</i>].<a name="FNanchor_183" id="FNanchor_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183" class="fnanchor">183</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p> + +<p>This root is very strong, and is scraped into water. The +virtue of this root is, that if they put too much of it into +water, the person that drinketh it cannot void urine, and so +it striketh up into the brain, as though he were drunk, and +he falleth down, as though he were dead. And those that +fall are counted as guilty, and are punished.<a name="FNanchor_184" id="FNanchor_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184" class="fnanchor">184</a></p> + +<p>[Purchas adds, in a marginal note:—</p> + +<p class="small">“He told me that this root makes the water as bitter as gall (he +tasted it), and one root will serve to try one hundred. They +which have drunk and made water are cleared, before which, if +dizziness take them, they cry: <i>Undoke</i>, <i>Undoke</i>,<a name="FNanchor_185" id="FNanchor_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185" class="fnanchor">185</a> and presently +execute them. See my <i>Relations</i>, b. 7 c. 10, which I writ from his +mouth.<a name="FNanchor_186" id="FNanchor_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186" class="fnanchor">186</a> Neither may this be ascribed to the virtue of the herb, +but to the vice of the Devil, a murderer and his instrument, the +<i>Ganga</i> or priest.<a name="FNanchor_187" id="FNanchor_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187" class="fnanchor">187</a> And therefore that conjecture seems unprobable. +For how could an ordinary trial of life where are so +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> +many so perilous; and therefore curious (more than) spectators, +nor perceive this in so long and frequent experience, which costs +so many their dearest friends their dearest life? I think rather +that this was the transcriber’s conjecture. I remember no such +scruple in his narrations to me. Who knows not the Devil’s +ambition of Deity, and cruel misanthropy or man-hating? This +is his apish imitation of Divinity, and those rites prescribed for +trial in the case of jealousy, Numbers, v.<a name="FNanchor_188" id="FNanchor_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188" class="fnanchor">188</a> In Guinea like trial is +made by salt, and also by the <i>Fetisseroes</i> pot. In <i>Benomotapa</i> +by water also; in the <i>Maramba</i> trial before [mentioned (see +p. 56)], and <i>Motamba</i> trial by hot iron in Angola;<a name="FNanchor_189" id="FNanchor_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189" class="fnanchor">189</a> the ploughshares +in olden times with us; and the trial of witches in +the East parts by water, etc., were not unlike in deceivable +superstition.”]</p> + +<h4>[<i>Death and Witchcraft.</i>]<a name="FNanchor_190" id="FNanchor_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190" class="fnanchor">190</a></h4> + +<p>In this country none of any account dieth but they kill +another for him, for they believe they die not of their own +natural death, but that some other hath bewitched them +to death. And all those are brought in by the friends of +the dead which they suspect, so that many times there +come five hundred men and women to take the drink made +of the foresaid root <i>Imbonda</i> [<i>mbundu</i>]. They are brought +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> +all to the high street or market-place, and there the master +of the <i>Imbonda</i> sitteth with his water, and giveth everyone +a cop of water by one measure; and they are commanded +to walk in a certain place till they make water, and then +they be free. But he that cannot urine presently falleth +down dead, and all the people, great and small, fall upon +him with their knives and beat and cut him into pieces. +But I think the witch that giveth the water is partial, and +giveth to him whom he will have to die, the strongest +water, but no man can perceive it that standeth by. And +this is done at the town of Longo almost every week in +the year.</p> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> + +<h4>§ VII.</h4> + +<p class="indent3"><i>Of the Zebra and Hippopotamus; The Portugal Wars in +those parts; the Fishing, Grain, and other things +remarkable.</i></p> + +<h4>[<i>Domestic Animals.</i>]</h4> + +<p>In this kingdom there is no kind of tame cattle but +goats, for none other cattle will live here. Oxen and kine +have been brought hither, but they presently die. The +hens in this place do so abound that a man may buy thirty +for the worth of sixpence in beads.<a name="FNanchor_191" id="FNanchor_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191" class="fnanchor">191</a></p> + +<h4>[<i>Wild Birds.</i>]</h4> + +<p>Here is store of pheasants, and great plenty of partridges +and wild fowl. Here is a kind of fowl that lives in the +land bigger than a swan, and they are like a heron, with +long legs and long necks, and it is white or black, and +hath in her breast a bare place without feathers, where she +striketh with her beak. This is the right Pelican, and not +those sea-birds which the Portugals call pelicans, which are +white and as big as geese, and these abound in this +country also.</p> + +<h4>[<i>The Zebra.</i>]</h4> + +<p>Here is also the <i>zevera</i> or zebra, which is like a horse, +but that his mane, his tail, his strakes and divers colours +down his sides and legs do make a difference. These +<i>zeveras</i> are all wild and live in great herds, and will +suffer a man to come within shot of them, and let them +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> +shoot three or four times at them before they will run +away.<a name="FNanchor_192" id="FNanchor_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192" class="fnanchor">192</a></p> + +<h4>[<i>The Hippopotamus.</i>]</h4> + +<p>Moreover, there are great store of sea or river horses, +which feed always on the land, and live only by grass, and +they be very dangerous in the water. They are the +biggest creature in this country, except the elephant. +They have great virtue in the claws of their left forefoot, +and have four claws on every foot, like the claws of an ox. +The Portugals make rings of them, and they are a present +remedy for the flux.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i084.jpg" width="500" height="396" alt="The Zevera, or Zebra." title="" /> +</div> + +<h4>[<i>Portuguese dealings with the Natives.</i>]</h4> + +<p>The Portugals make war against the negroes in this +manner. They have out of Congo a nobleman, which is +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> +known to be a good Christian and of good behaviour. +He bringeth out of Congo some one hundred negroes that +are his followers. This <i>Macicongo</i> [<i>mwishi-Kongo</i>]is made +<i>Tandala</i>,<a name="FNanchor_193" id="FNanchor_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193" class="fnanchor">193</a> or general over the black camp, and hath +authority to kill, to put down Lords and make Lords, and +hath all the chief doings with the negroes. And when any +Lord cometh to obey he first cometh to Tandala and +bringeth his present, as slaves, kine and goats. Then the +Tandala carrieth him before the Portugal Governor, and +bringeth two slaves for the Governor’s page, before he +goeth in. Then he must have a great gift for the Governor, +which is sometimes thirty or forty slaves, besides cattle. +But when he cometh before the Governor he kneeleth +down and clappeth his hands, and falleth down with his +face upon the ground, and then he riseth and saith: “I have +been an enemy, and now I protest to be true, and never +more to lift my hand against you.” Then the Governor +calleth a soldier, which hath deserved a reward, and giveth +the Lord to him. This soldier seeth that he have no +wrong; and the Lord acknowledgeth him to be his master, +and he doth maintain the soldier and maketh him rich. +Also, in the wars he commandeth his master’s house to be +built before his own, and whatsoever he hath taken that +day in the wars, he passeth [divideth] with his master. +So that there is no Portugal soldier of any account, but +hath his negro <i>sova</i>, or Lord.<a name="FNanchor_194" id="FNanchor_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194" class="fnanchor">194</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> + +<h4>[<i>Fishing.</i>]</h4> + +<p>They use upon this coast to fish with harping irons, and +wait upon a great fish that cometh once a day to fish along +the shore, which is like a grampus. He runneth very near +the shore and driveth great shoals of fish before him; and +the negroes run along the shore as fast as they are able to +follow him, and strike their harping irons round about him, +and kill great store of fish, and leave them upon the sand +till, the fish hath done feeding; and then they come and +gather their fish up.</p> + +<p>This fish will many times run himself on ground, but +they will presently shove him off again, which is as much +as four or five men can do. They call him <i>Emboa</i>, which +is in their speech a dog, and will by no means hurt or kill +any of them.<a name="FNanchor_195" id="FNanchor_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195" class="fnanchor">195</a></p> + +<p>Also, they use in the bays and rivers, where shoal water +is, to fish with mats, which are made of long rushes, +and they make them of an hundred fathoms long. The +mats swim upon the water, and have long rushes hanged +upon one edge of the mat, and so they draw the mat in +compass, as we do our nets. The fishes, fearing the rushes +that hang down, spring out of the water and fall upon the +mat, that lyeth flat on the water, and so are taken.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p> + +<h4>[“<i>Corn.</i>”]</h4> + +<p>They have four sorts of corn in Longo. The first is +called <i>Masanga</i>,<a name="FNanchor_196" id="FNanchor_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196" class="fnanchor">196</a> and it groweth upon a straw as big as a +reed, and hath an ear a foot long, and is like hempseed. +The second is called <i>Masembala</i>.<a name="FNanchor_197" id="FNanchor_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197" class="fnanchor">197</a> This is of great increase, +for of one kernel there springs four or five canes, which are +ten foot high, and they bear half a pint of corn apiece. +This grain is as big as tares, and very good. Thirdly, they +have another that groweth low like grass, and is very like +mustard-seed: and this is the best.<a name="FNanchor_198" id="FNanchor_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198" class="fnanchor">198</a> They have also the +great Guinea wheat, which they call <i>Mas-impoto</i>.<a name="FNanchor_199" id="FNanchor_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199" class="fnanchor">199</a> This is +the least esteemed.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Ground-nuts.</i>]</h4> + +<p>They have very good Peason [peas], somewhat bigger +than ours, but they grow not as ours do; for the pods grow +on the roots, underneath the ground, and by their leaves +they know when they be ripe.<a name="FNanchor_200" id="FNanchor_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200" class="fnanchor">200</a> They have another kind +of Peason, which they call <i>Wando</i>.<a name="FNanchor_201" id="FNanchor_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201" class="fnanchor">201</a> This is a little tree, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> +and the first year that it is planted it beareth no fruit; but +after, it beareth fruit three years, and then it is cut +down.<a name="FNanchor_202" id="FNanchor_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202" class="fnanchor">202</a></p> + +<h4>[<i>Plantains, or Bananas.</i>]</h4> + +<p>Their plantain trees bear fruit but once, and then are +cut down, and out of the root thereof spring three or four +young trees.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Bees and the Baobab.</i>]</h4> + +<p>They have great store of honey, which hangeth in the +<i>Elicondy</i> trees.<a name="FNanchor_203" id="FNanchor_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203" class="fnanchor">203</a> They gather it with a hollow piece of +wood, or chest, which they hang in the top of the tree, and +once a year it is full, by smoke rewarding the laborious +creatures with robbery, exile, death.</p> + +<p>[Purchas here adds in the margin, “out of Battell’s +own reports”:—</p> + +<p class="small">This <i>Alicunde</i> or <i>Elicondi</i> tree is very tall and exceeding +great, some as big as twelve men can fathom, spreading +like an oak. Some of them are hollow, and from the +liberal skies receive such plenty of water, that they are +hospitable entertainers of thousands in this thirsty region. +Once have I known three or four thousand remain at one +of these trees, and thence receiving all their watery provision +for four and twenty hours, and yet not empty. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> +The negroes climbed up with pegs of hardwood (which that +softer easily receiveth, the smoothness not admitting other +climbing), and I think that some one tree hold forty tuns +of water.</p> + +<p>This tree affords not less bountiful hospitality to the +back than belly, yielding (as her belly to their bellies, so) +her back to their backs; excepting that this is better from +the younger trees, whose tenderer backs being more seasonable +for discipline, are so soundly beaten (for man’s fault, +whence came the first nakedness), whereby one fathom +cut from the tree is extended into twenty, and is presently +fit for wearing, though not so fine as the <i>Iuzanda</i><a name="FNanchor_204" id="FNanchor_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204" class="fnanchor">204</a> tree +yields. This tree yields excellent cloth from the inner +bark thereof by like beating.]</p> + +<h4>[<i>Palm Trees.</i>]</h4> + +<p>Of their palm trees, which they keep with watering +and cutting every year, they make velvets, satins, taffetas, +damasks, sarsenets, and such like; out of the leaves, +cleansed and purged, drawing long threads and even, for +that purpose. They draw wine (as it is said) from the +palm-tree. There is another kind of palm-tree which +beareth a fruit good for the stomach and for the liver, +and most admirable.<a name="FNanchor_205" id="FNanchor_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205" class="fnanchor">205</a></p> + +<h4>[<i>A Crocodile Story.</i>]</h4> + +<p>One crocodile was so huge and greedy that he +devoured an <i>Alibamba</i>,<a name="FNanchor_206" id="FNanchor_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206" class="fnanchor">206</a> that is, a chained company of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> +eight or nine slaves, but the indigestible iron paid him his +wages, and murdered the murderer, found afterwards in +his belly. I have seen them watch their prey, hauling in +gennet, man, or other creature, into the water. But one +soldier thus wrapt in shallower water drew his knife, took +his taker in the belly, and slew him.</p> + +<h4>[<span class="smcap">The End.</span>]</h4> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/i090.jpg" width="200" height="166" alt="Ornament" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i091.jpg" width="500" height="105" alt="Ornament" title="" /> +</div> + +<h5>ON THE</h5> +<h3>RELIGION AND THE CUSTOMS</h3> +<h6>OF THE PEOPLES OF</h6> +<h2>ANGOLA, CONGO AND LOANGO.</h2> + +<hr /> + +<p class="small">The following notes on the religion and customs of the Negroes +of Angola, Congo and Loango, are taken from Book vii, +chapters ix and x, of <i>Purchas His Pilgrimage, or Relations of the +World and the Religions observed in all Ages and Places discovered +from the Creation unto this Present</i>. London (H. Fetherstone), +1617. This account is a compilation. Purchas quotes, among +others, Duarte Lopez, De Barros, Osorio, Marmol, and Du Jarric. +In what follows, we confine ourselves to the oral information +which Purchas received from his friends or acquaintances, +Andrew Battell and Thomas Turner.</p> + +<hr /> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Chap. IX, § I.—Angola.</span></h4> + +<h4>[<i>The Slave Trade.</i>]</h4> + +<p><span class="floatLeft"><img src="images/m.jpg" width="110" height="110" alt="M" /></span>ASTER THOMAS TURNER, one +that had lived a long time in Brasil, +and had also been at Angola, reported +to me<a name="FNanchor_207" id="FNanchor_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207" class="fnanchor">207</a> that it was supposed +eight and twenty thousand slaves +(a number almost incredible, yet such +as the Portugals told him) were yearly shipped from +Angola and Congo, at the Haven of Loanda.<a name="FNanchor_208" id="FNanchor_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208" class="fnanchor">208</a> He named +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> +to me a rich Portugal in Brasil, which had ten thousand of +his own, working in his <i>Ingenios</i><a name="FNanchor_209" id="FNanchor_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209" class="fnanchor">209</a> (of which he had eighteen) +and in his other employments. His name was John du +Paus, exiled from Portugal, and thus enriched in Brasil.<a name="FNanchor_210" id="FNanchor_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210" class="fnanchor">210</a> +A thousand of his slaves at one time entered into conspiracy +with nine thousand other slaves in the country, and +barricaded themselves for their best defence against their +master, who had much ado to reduce some of them into +their former servitude.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Fetishes.</i>]</h4> + +<p>To return to Angola, we may add the report of another +of our countrymen, Andrew Battell (my near neighbour, +dwelling at Leigh, in Essex) who served under Manuel +Silvera Pereira,<a name="FNanchor_211" id="FNanchor_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211" class="fnanchor">211</a> Governor under the King of Spain, at his +city of St. Paul, and with him went far into the country of +Angola, their army being eight hundred Portugals and +fifty thousand Naturals. This Andrew Battell telleth that +they are all heathens in Angola. They had their idols of +wood in the midst of their towns, fashioned like a negro, +and at the foot thereof was a great heap of elephants’ +teeth, containing three or four tuns of them: these were +piled in the earth, and upon them were set the skulls of +dead men, which they had slain in the wars, in monument +of their victory.<a name="FNanchor_212" id="FNanchor_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212" class="fnanchor">212</a> The idol they call <i>Mokisso</i> [<i>Mukishi</i>], +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> +and some of them have houses built over them. If any be +sick, he accounteth it <i>Mokisso’s</i> hand, and sendeth to +appease his angry God, with pouring wine (which they +have of the palm tree) at his feet.<a name="FNanchor_213" id="FNanchor_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213" class="fnanchor">213</a> They have proper +names of distinction for their <i>Mokissos</i>, as <i>Kissungo</i>, <i>Kalikete</i>, +etc., and use to swear by them, <i>Kissungo wy</i>, that is, +by <i>Kissungo</i>.<a name="FNanchor_214" id="FNanchor_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214" class="fnanchor">214</a></p> + +<h4>[<i>Trial by Ordeal.</i>]</h4> + +<p>They have another more solemn oath in trial of controversies: +this trial is called <i>Motamba</i>,<a name="FNanchor_215" id="FNanchor_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215" class="fnanchor">215</a> for which purpose +they lay a kind of hatchet, which they have, in the fire, and +the <i>Ganga-Mokisso</i>, or <i>Mokisso’s</i> Priest,<a name="FNanchor_216" id="FNanchor_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216" class="fnanchor">216</a> taketh the same +red-hot, and draweth it near to the skin of the accused +party; and if there be two, he causeth their legs to be set +near together, and draweth this hot iron without touching +between them; if it burns, that party is condemned as +guilty, otherwise he is freed.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Burial.</i>]<a name="FNanchor_217" id="FNanchor_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217" class="fnanchor">217</a></h4> + +<p>For the ceremonies about the dead, they first wash him, +then paint him, thirdly apparel him in new clothes, and +then bring him to his grave, which is made like a vault, +after it is digged a little way down, undermined, and made +spacious within; and there set him on a seat of earth, with +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +his beads (which they use on chains and bracelets for +ornament), and the most part of his goods, with him in his +last home. They kill goats and shed the blood in the +graves, and pour wine there in memorial of the dead.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Dogs.</i>]<a name="FNanchor_218" id="FNanchor_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218" class="fnanchor">218</a></h4> + +<p>... Andrew Battell saith that the Dogs in these +countries are all of one sort, prick-eared curs of a mean +bigness, which they use also to hunt with, but they open +not (for they cannot bark), and therefore they hang clappers +made of little boards about their necks. He hath seen +a mastiff sold for three slaves....</p> + +<h4>[<i>Quizama.</i>]</h4> + +<p>This kingdom [of Angola] hath many lordships subject +thereto, as far as the sea-coast as Cape Negro. Towards a +lake called Aquelunda<a name="FNanchor_219" id="FNanchor_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219" class="fnanchor">219</a> lieth a country called Quizama, the +inhabitants whereof being governed after the manner of +a commonwealth, have showed themselves friendly to the +Portugals, and helped them in their wars against Angola. +The houses in Angola are made in fashion like a bee-hive.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Women and the Moon.</i>]</h4> + +<p>The women at the first sight of the new moon, turn up +their bums in despite, as offended with their menstruous +courses, which they ascribe unto her.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span></p> + +<p>[<i>Horses’ Tails.</i>]<a name="FNanchor_220" id="FNanchor_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220" class="fnanchor">220</a></p> + +<p>The men sometimes, in a valorous resolution, will devote +themselves unto some haughty attempt in the wars; and, +taking leave of the king, will vow never to return until +they bring him a horse-head, or some other thing, very +dangerous in the enterprise, and will either do it or die. +Horse-tails are great jewels, and two slaves will be given +for one tail, which commonly they bring from the River of +Plate, where horses are exceedingly increased and grown +wild. They will, by firing the grass round about, hem +the horses about with a fiery circle, the fire still straightening +and growing nearer till they have advantage enough to +kill them. Thus have the European cattle, of horse and +kine, so increased in the other world, as they spare not +to kill the one for their hides, and the other for their tails.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Chapter IX, § II.—Of Congo.</span></h4> + +<h4>[<i>A Crocodile Story.</i>]<a name="FNanchor_221" id="FNanchor_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221" class="fnanchor">221</a></h4> + +<p>... Andrew Battell told me of a huge crocodile +which was reported to have eaten a whole <i>Alibamba</i>, that +is, a company of eight or nine slaves chained together, and +at last paid for his greediness: the chain holding him +slave, as before it had the negroes, and by his undigestible +nature devouring the devourer; remaining in the belly of +him after he was found, in testimony of this victory. He +hath seen them watch and take their prey, haling a gennet, +man, or other creature into the water. A soldier thus +drawn in by a crocodile, in shallower waters, with his +knife wounded him in the belly, and slew him.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Chapter IX, § III.—Of their ... Strange +Trees....</span></h4> + +<p>Having stated that they use in Congo to make “clothes +of the <i>Enzanda</i> tree,<a name="FNanchor_222" id="FNanchor_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222" class="fnanchor">222</a> of which some write the same things +that are reported of the Indian fig-tree,” that it sends forth +a hairy substance from the branches, which no sooner +touch the ground but they take root, and grow up in +such sort, that one tree would multiply itself into a wood +if nature set not some obstacle (a marginal note adds +that “Andrew Battell saith that the tree which thus +strangely multiplieth itself is called the <i>Manga</i> tree”<a name="FNanchor_223" id="FNanchor_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223" class="fnanchor">223</a>). +Purchas continues as follows:—</p> + +<p>“But more admirable is that huge tree called <i>Alicunde</i>,<a name="FNanchor_224" id="FNanchor_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224" class="fnanchor">224</a> +of which my friend Andrew Battell supposeth some are as +big (besides their wonderful tallness) as twelve men can +fathom. It spreads like a oak. Some of them are hollow, +and the liberal clouds into those natural casks disperse +such plenty of water, that one time three or four thousand +of them, in that hot region, continued four and twenty +hours at one of these, which yielded them all drink of her +watery store, and was not emptied. Their negroes climbed +up with pegs<a name="FNanchor_225" id="FNanchor_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225" class="fnanchor">225</a> (for the tree is smooth and not therefore otherwise +to be climbed, and so soft that it easily receiveth pegs +of harder wood, driven into her yielding substance with a +stone), and dipped the water, as it had been out of a well. +He supposed that there is forty tuns of water in some one +of them. It yielded them a good opportunity for honey, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> +to which end the country people make a kind of chest, +with one hole in the same, and hang it upon one of +these trees, which they take down once a year, and with +fire or smoke chasing or killing the bees, take thence a +large quantity of honey.<a name="FNanchor_226" id="FNanchor_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226" class="fnanchor">226</a> Neither is it liberal alone to the +hungry or thirsty appetite, but very bountifully it clothes +their backs, and the bark thereof, which, being taken from +the younger <i>Alicundes</i> [<i>nkondo</i>], and beaten, one fathom +which they cut out from the tree will by this means extend +itself into twenty, and presently is cloth fit for wearing, +though not so fine as that which the <i>Inzanda</i><a name="FNanchor_227" id="FNanchor_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227" class="fnanchor">227</a> tree yieldeth. +[It serves them also for boats, one of which cut out in proportion +of a scute<a name="FNanchor_228" id="FNanchor_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228" class="fnanchor">228</a> will hold hundreds of men.”]<a name="FNanchor_229" id="FNanchor_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229" class="fnanchor">229</a> In a +further marginal note Purchas adds: “These boats, saith +Andrew Battell, are made of another tree, for the <i>Alicunde</i> +is of too spongy a substance for that purpose.”</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Chapter X, § I.—Of Loango.</span></h4> + +<h4>[<i>Offerings.</i>]</h4> + +<p>... Andrew Battell lived among them [the Bramas +of Loango]<a name="FNanchor_230" id="FNanchor_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230" class="fnanchor">230</a> for two years and a half. They are, saith he, +heathens, and observe many superstitions. They have +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> +their <i>Mokissos</i> or images [<i>nkishi</i>] to which they offer in +proportion to their sorts and suits;<a name="FNanchor_231" id="FNanchor_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231" class="fnanchor">231</a> the fisher offereth +fish when he sueth for his help in his fishing; the countryman, +wheat; the weaver, <i>Alibungos</i>,<a name="FNanchor_232" id="FNanchor_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232" class="fnanchor">232</a> [that is] pieces of +cloth; others bring bottles of wine; all wanting that they +would have, and bringing what they want, furnishing their +<i>Mokisso</i> with those things whereof they complain themselves +to be disfurnished.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Funeral Rites.</i>]</h4> + +<p>Their ceremonies for the dead are divers. They bring +goats and let them bleed at the <i>Mokisso’s</i> foot, which they +after consume in a feasting memorial of the deceased +party, which is continued four or five days together, and +that four or five several times in the year, by all his friends +and kindred. The days are known, and though they dwell +twenty miles thence, yet they will resort to these memorial +exequies, and, beginning in the night, will sing doleful and +funeral songs till day, and then kill, as aforesaid, and make +merry. The hope of this maketh such as have store of +friends to contemn death; and the want of friends to +bewail him makes a man conceive a more dreadful apprehension +of death.<a name="FNanchor_233" id="FNanchor_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233" class="fnanchor">233</a></p> + +<h4>[<i>Prohibitions—Taboo.</i>]</h4> + +<p>Their conceit is so ravished with superstition that many +die of none other death. <i>Kin</i><a name="FNanchor_234" id="FNanchor_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234" class="fnanchor">234</a> is the name of unlawful and +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> +prohibited meat, which, according to each kindred’s devotion, +to some family is some kind of fish; to another a +hen; to another, a buffe [beef]; and so of the rest: in +which they observe their vowed abstinence so strictly that +if any should (though all unawares) eat of his <i>Kin</i>, he +would die of conceit, always presenting to his accusing +conscience the breach of his vow, and the anger of <i>Mokisso</i>. +He hath known divers thus to have died, and sometimes +would, when some of them had eaten with him, make them +believe that they had eaten of their <i>Kin</i>, till, having sported +himself with their superstitious agony, he would affirm the +contrary.</p> + +<p>They use to set in their fields and places where corn or +fruits grow, a basket, with goat’s horns, parrot’s feathers, +and other trash: this is the <i>Mokisso’s</i> Ensign, or token, +that it is commended to his custody; and therefore, the +people very much addicted to theft, dare not meddle, or +take anything. Likewise, if a man, wearied with his +burthen, lay it down in the highway, and knit a knot of +grass, and lay thereon; or leave any other note (known to +them) to testify that he hath left it there in the name of +his idol, it is secured from the lime-fingers of any +passenger. Conceit would kill the man that should transgress +in this kind.<a name="FNanchor_235" id="FNanchor_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235" class="fnanchor">235</a></p> + +<p>In the <i>banza</i> [<i>mbanza</i>], or chief city, the chief idol is +named <i>Chekoke</i>.<a name="FNanchor_236" id="FNanchor_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236" class="fnanchor">236</a> Every day they have there a market, +and the <i>Chekoke</i> is brought forth by the <i>Ganga</i>, or priest, +to keep good rule, and is set in the market-place to prevent +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> +stealing. Moreover, the king hath a Bell,<a name="FNanchor_237" id="FNanchor_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237" class="fnanchor">237</a> the strokes +whereof sound such terror into the heart of the fearful +thief that none dare keep any stolen goods after the sound +of that bell. Our author inhabited in a little reed-house, +after the Loango manner, and had hanging by the walls, in +a cloth case, his piece, wherewith he used to shoot fowls +for the king, which, more for the love of the cloth than the +piece, was stolen. Upon complaint, this bell (in form like +a cow-bell) was carried about and rung, with proclamation +to make restitution; and he had his piece next morning +set at his door. The like another, found in a bag of beans +of a hundred pound weight, stolen from him, and recovered +by the sound of this bell.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Poison Ordeal.</i>]<a name="FNanchor_238" id="FNanchor_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238" class="fnanchor">238</a></h4> + +<p>They have a dreadful and deadly kind of trial in controversies, +after this manner: there is a little tree, or shrub, +with a small root (it is called <i>Imbunda</i>) about the bigness +of one’s thumb, half a foot long, like a white carrot. Now, +when any listeth to accuse a man, or a family, or whole +street, of the death of any of his friends, saying, that such +a man bewitched him, the <i>Ganga</i> assembleth the accused +parties, and scrapes that root, the scrapings whereof he +mixeth with water, which makes it as bitter as gall (he +tasted of it); one root will serve for the trial of a hundred +men. The <i>Ganga</i> brews the same together in gourds, and +with plantain stalks hitteth everyone, after they have +drunk, with certain words. Those that have received the +drink walk by, till they can make urine, and then they are +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> +thereby free’d. Others abide till either urine frees them, +or dizziness takes them, which the people no sooner perceive +but they cry, <i>Undoke, Undoke</i>,<a name="FNanchor_239" id="FNanchor_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239" class="fnanchor">239</a> that is “naughty witch”; +and he is no sooner fallen by his dizziness, but they knock +him on the head, and dragging him away, hurl him over +the cliff. In every Liberty<a name="FNanchor_240" id="FNanchor_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240" class="fnanchor">240</a> they have such drinks, which +they make in case of theft, and death of any person. +Every week it falls out that some or other undergoes this +trial, which consumeth multitudes of people.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Albinos.</i>]<a name="FNanchor_241" id="FNanchor_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241" class="fnanchor">241</a></h4> + +<p>There be certain persons called <i>Dunda</i> [<i>ndundu</i>], which +are born by negro parents, and yet are, by some unknown +cause, white. They are very rare, and when such happen +to be born, they are brought to the king, and become great +witches: they are his councillors, and advise him of lucky +and unlucky days for execution of his enterprises. When +the king goes any whither the <i>Dundas</i> go with him, and +beat the ground round about with certain exorcisms before +the king sits down, and then sit down by him. They will +take anything in the market, none daring to contradict +them.</p> + +<h4>[<i>The Gumbiri Fetish.</i>]</h4> + +<p>Kenga is the landing-place of Loanga. They have +there an idol called <i>Gumbiri</i>, and a holy house called +<i>Munsa Gumbiri</i>,<a name="FNanchor_242" id="FNanchor_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242" class="fnanchor">242</a> kept and inhabited by an old woman, +where once a year is a solemn feast, which they celebrate +with drums, dances, and palm-wines; and then, they say, +he speaketh under the ground. The people call him +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> +<i>Mokisso Cola</i>,<a name="FNanchor_243" id="FNanchor_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243" class="fnanchor">243</a> or a strong <i>Mokisso</i>, and say, that he comes +to stay with <i>Chekoke</i>, the idol of the banza. That <i>Chekoke</i> +is a negro image, made sitting on a stool; a little house is +then made him. They anoint him with <i>Toccola</i> [<i>tacula</i>],<a name="FNanchor_244" id="FNanchor_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244" class="fnanchor">244</a> +which is a red colour made of a certain wood, ground on a +stone, and mixed with water, wherewith they daily paint +themselves, from the waist upwards, esteeming it a great +beauty; otherwise they account not themselves ready. It +is for like purposes carried from hence to Angola.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Possessed of the Fetish.</i>]</h4> + +<p>Sometimes it falls out that some man or boy is taken +with some sudden enthusiasm, or ravishment, becoming +mad, and making a whooping and great clamours.</p> + +<p>They call them <i>Mokisso-Moquat</i><a name="FNanchor_245" id="FNanchor_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245" class="fnanchor">245</a> that is, taken of the +<i>Mokisso</i>. They clothe them very handsomely, and whatever +they bid in that fit (for it lasteth not very long), they +execute as the <i>Mokisso’s</i> charge.</p> + +<h4>[<i>The Maramba Fetish.</i>]<a name="FNanchor_246" id="FNanchor_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246" class="fnanchor">246</a></h4> + +<p><i>Morumba</i><a name="FNanchor_247" id="FNanchor_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247" class="fnanchor">247</a> is thirty leagues northwards from hence, in the +Mani Loango’s dominions, where he [Battell] lived nine +months. There is a house, and in it a great basket, proportioned +like to a hive, wherein is an image called +<i>Morumba</i>, whose religion extendeth far. They are sworn +to this religion at ten or twelve years old; but, for probation +are first put in a house, where they have hard diet, and +must be mute for nine or ten days, any provocation to +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> +speak notwithstanding. Then do they bring him before +<i>Morumba</i>, and prescribe him his <i>Kin</i> [kina], or perpetual +abstinence from some certain meat. They make a cut in +his shoulder like to a half moon, and sprinkle the blood at +<i>Morumba’s</i> feet, and swear him to that religion. In the +wound they put a certain white powder in token of his +late admission; which, so long as it continueth, doth +privilege him to take his meat and drink with whomsoever +he pleaseth, none denying him the same, at free cost.</p> + +<p>They also have their fatal trials before this image, where +the accused party, kneeling down and clasping the hive, +saith: “<i>Mene quesa cabamba Morumba</i>,” signifying that he +comes thither to make trial of his innocence;<a name="FNanchor_248" id="FNanchor_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248" class="fnanchor">248</a> and if he +be guilty he falls down dead; being free he is free’d.</p> + +<p>Andrew Battell saith he knew six or seven, in his +being there, that made this trial.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Chap. X, § III.—Of the Giacchi, or Iagges.</span><a name="FNanchor_249" id="FNanchor_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249" class="fnanchor">249</a></h4> + +<h4>[<i>Origin of the Jagas.</i>]</h4> + +<p>... Andrew Battel lived (by occasion of the Portugals +treachery) with the Iagges a longer time than ever any +Christian or white man had done, namely, sixteen months, +and served them with their [his] musket in the wars; +neither could Lopez (saith he) have true intelligence +whence they came,<a name="FNanchor_250" id="FNanchor_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250" class="fnanchor">250</a> for the Christians at that time had +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> +but uncertain conjectures of them: neither after had the +Portugals any conversing, but by way of commerce; but +he, being betrayed, fled to them for his life, and after, by +stealth, escaped from them: the only European that ever +lived in their camp.</p> + +<p>He saith they are called Iagges by the Portugals, by +themselves Imbangolas*<a name="FNanchor_251" id="FNanchor_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251" class="fnanchor">251</a> (which name argues them to be of +the Imbij and Galæ before mentioned) and come from +Sierra Liona;*<a name="FNanchor_252" id="FNanchor_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252" class="fnanchor">252</a> that they are exceeding devourers of man’s +flesh, for which they refuse beef and goats, whereof they +take plenty. They have no settled habitation, but wander +in an unsettled course.</p> + +<h4>[<i>Infanticide among the Jaga.</i>]</h4> + +<p>They rise in harvest, and invading some country, there +stay as long as they find the palms, or other sufficient +means of maintenance, and then seek new adventure. +For they neither plant nor sow, nor breed up cattle, and, +which is more, strange, they nourish up none of their own +children, although they have ten or twenty wives a man, of +the properest and comeliest slaves they can take. But when +they are in travail they dig a hole in the earth, which +presently receiveth in that dark prison of death the newborn +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> +creature, not yet made happy with the light of life. +Their reason is that they will not be troubled with education, +nor in their flitting wanderings be troubled with such +cumbersome burthens.<a name="FNanchor_253" id="FNanchor_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253" class="fnanchor">253</a></p> + +<p>Once, a secret providence both punisheth the father’s +wickedness, and preventeth a viperous generation, if that +maybe a prevention where there is a succession without +generation; and as Pliny saith of the Esseni (lib. v, c. 15), +<i>Gens æterna est in qua nepto nascitur</i>. For of the conquered +nations they [the Jaga] preserve the boys from ten +to twenty years of age, and bring them up as the hope of +their succession, like <i>Negro-azimogli</i>,<a name="FNanchor_254" id="FNanchor_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254" class="fnanchor">254</a> with education fitting +their designs. These wear a collar about their neck in +token of slavery, until they bring an enemy’s head slain in +battle, and then they are uncollared, free’d, and dignified +with the title of soldiers; if one of them runs away he is +killed and eaten; so that, hemmed in betwixt hope and +fear, they grow very resolute and adventurous, their collars +breeding shame, disdain, and desperate fury, till they +redeem their freedom as you have heard.</p> + +<p>Elembe,<a name="FNanchor_255" id="FNanchor_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255" class="fnanchor">255</a> the great Iagge, brought with him twelve +thousand of these cruel monsters from Sierra Liona, and +after much mischief and spoil settled himself in Benguele,<a name="FNanchor_256" id="FNanchor_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256" class="fnanchor">256</a> +twelve degrees from the Zone southwards, and there +breedeth and groweth into a nation. But Kelandula, +sometime his page, proceeds in that beastly life before +mentioned, and the people of Elembe, by great troops, +run to him and follow his camp in hope of spoil.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span></p> + +<h4>[<i>Human Sacrifices.</i>]</h4> + +<p>They have no <i>fetissos</i>, or idols. The great Iagge, or +Prince, is master of all their ceremonies, and a great witch. +I have seen this Kelandula (sayth our author) continue a +sacrifice from sun to sun, the rites whereof are these: +himself sat on a stool, in great pomp, with a cap adorned +with peacocks’ feathers (which fowls, in one country called +<i>Shelambanza</i>,<a name="FNanchor_257" id="FNanchor_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257" class="fnanchor">257</a> are found wild; and in one place, empaled +about the grave of the king, are fifty kept and fed by an +old woman, and are called <i>Ingilla Mokisso</i>, that is, Birds of +Mokisso).<a name="FNanchor_258" id="FNanchor_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258" class="fnanchor">258</a> Now, about him thus set, attended forty or +fifty women, each of them waving continually a zebra’s tail +in their hands. There were also certain Gangas, priests +or witches. Behind them were many with drums and +pipes, and <i>pungas</i><a name="FNanchor_259" id="FNanchor_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259" class="fnanchor">259</a> (certain instruments made of elephants’ +teeth, made hollow a yard and a half, and with a hole like +a flute, which yield a loud and harsh sound, that may be +heard a mile off). These strike and sound, and sing, and +the women wave (as is said) till the sun be almost down. +Then they bring forth a pot, which is set on the fire with +leaves and roots, and the water therein, and with a kind of +white powder the witches or Gangas spot themselves, one +on the one cheek, the other on the other; and likewise +their foreheads, temples, breasts, shoulders, and bellies, +using many enchanting terms, which are holden to be +prayers for victory. At sunset a Ganga brings his <i>Kissengula</i>,<a name="FNanchor_260" id="FNanchor_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260" class="fnanchor">260</a> +or war-hatchet, to the Prince (this weapon they use +to wear at their girdles) and putting the same in his hands +bid him to be strong, [that] their God goes with him, and +he shall have victory. After this they bring him four or +five negroes, of which, with a terrible countenance, the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> +great Iagge with his hatchet kills two, and the other two +are killed without the fort. Likewise, five kine are slain +within, and other five without the fort; and as many goats +and as many dogs, after the same manner.</p> + +<p>This is their sacrifice, at the end whereof all the flesh is, +in a feast, consumed. Andrew Battell was commanded to +depart when the slaughter begun, for their devil, or +<i>Mokisso</i> (as they said) would then appear and speak to +them.<a name="FNanchor_261" id="FNanchor_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261" class="fnanchor">261</a></p> + +<p>This sacrifice is called <i>Kissembula</i><a name="FNanchor_262" id="FNanchor_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262" class="fnanchor">262</a> which they solemnise +when they undertake any great enterprise. There were +few left of the natural Iagges, but of this unnatural brood +the present succession was raised.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/i107.jpg" width="200" height="103" alt="Ornament" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr /> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 88<br />Pg 89]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i109.jpg" width="500" height="119" alt="Ornament" title="" /> +</div> + +<h3>APPENDIX I.</h3> +<hr /> +<h4>ANTHONY KNIVET IN KONGO AND ANGOLA:</h4> + +<h5>BEING</h5> + +<h5>Extracts from “The Admirable Adventures and Strange Fortunes<br /> +of <span class="smcap">Master Antonie Knivet</span>, which went with <span class="smcap">Master<br /> +Thomas Candish</span> in his Second Voyage to the South<br /> +Sea, 1591,” published in <i>Purchas His Pilgrimes</i>,<br /> +Part IV, lib. vi, c. 7. London, 1625.</h5> + +<hr /> +<h5><span class="smcap">Introduction.</span></h5> + +<p><span class="floatLeft"><img src="images/m.jpg" width="110" height="110" alt="M" /></span>ASTER ANTHONY KNIVET joined the second expedition of +Thomas Cavendish, which left England +in August, 1591. He seems to +have served on board the <i>Roebuck</i>, +of which vessel one Cocke was +captain. Nothing in his narrative enables us to identify +this Cocke with the Abraham Cocke of Limehouse, who +was “never heard of more” after he parted from Battell +on the coast of Brazil in 1590, nor with the Abram +Cocke who, according to Knivet, put in at the Ilha Grande +in 1598, in the hope of making prizes of some of the +richly-laden Spanish vessels returning from the Rio de la +Plata. Battell, surely, may be supposed to have been +acquainted with the fate of his old shipmate, whilst Knivet +gives no hint that the Abram Cocke of the Ilha Grande +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> +was the captain of the <i>Roebuck</i>, to whom he was indebted +for his life when Cavendish was about to throw him overboard +in Magellan’s Strait. It is, however, just possible +that there was but one Abraham Cock, who had not been +heard of for some time when Battell returned to England +about 1610.<a name="FNanchor_263" id="FNanchor_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263" class="fnanchor">263</a></p> + +<p>When Cavendish returned from Magellan’s Strait, he put +Knivet and nineteen other sick men ashore near St. +Sebastian, to shift for themselves. Knivet was ultimately +taken by the Portuguese; but they spared his life, and he +became the “bond-slave” of Salvador Corrêa de Sá, the +Governor of Rio de Janeiro; and apart from the time he +spent among the cannibal Indians, and on a voyage to +Angola, he remained with his master to the end, and +returned with him to Portugal in 1599.</p> + +<p>My friend, Colonel G. Earl Church, to whom I applied +for an opinion on the trustworthiness of Knivet’s statements +with regard to Brazil, writes as follows:—</p> + +<p>“Yesterday morning I spent at the R. Geo. Soc., refreshing +my memory of Knivet’s extraordinary adventures. +One must read them always bearing in mind the romantic +spirit of the age in which they were written, and the novel +surroundings in which every adventurer found himself in +the New World. Giving due weight to all this, I find +Knivet’s relation of his voyages singularly truthful, so far +as my knowledge of Brazil goes. What he states, excepting +in two or three minor particulars, clashes with no +geographical, descriptive, or historical point with which +I am familiar, and he often throws in a sentence which +relates to facts which no man could invent, and which +makes his narrative impressive with truthfulness. I utterly +discard Cavendish’s opinion of his men and companions +for Cavendish appears to have been one of the most cold-blooded +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> +freebooters who ever cut a throat or raided a +settlement or scuttled a prize.”</p> + +<p>I regret not being able to write in terms equally favourable +of what Knivet claims to have experienced during his +visit to Angola and Kongo. Knivet says that he ran away +from bondage on June 27th, 1597, and that he reached the +“port of Angola” after a perilous voyage of five months, +that is in November. He then sailed up the Kwanza, and +reached Masanganu, where he remained three months, +when he was arrested in consequence of a requisition of his +master and sent back to Brazil, which he must have +reached before June, 1598. We should be quite prepared +to accept this part of his story if his description of Masanganu +did not show that he can never have been there. +Knivet, however, is not content with such modest honours, +but claims to have resided for some time at the court of +the King of Kongo, and to have fallen in the hands of the +Portuguese when on his road to Prester John’s country. +By them he was carried to Masanganu, where he lived +three months. These two accounts are absolutely irreconcilable. +As to the author’s astounding geographical +misstatements, I refer the reader to the notes appended to +his narrative.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">First Account</span> (<i>Purchas</i>, pp. 1220-2).</h4> + +<p>Continually I desired my master to give me leave to get +my living, intending to come into my country, but the +Governor would not let me go from him. When I saw no +means to get leave of my master, I determined to run +away to Angola, for to serve the King as a soldier in +Massangano till such time that I might pass myself to the +King of Anyeca,<a name="FNanchor_264" id="FNanchor_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264" class="fnanchor">264</a> which warreth against the Portugals, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> +and so have come through Prester Johns country into +Turkey.</p> + +<p>On the seven and twentieth day of June, 1597, I embarked +myself unknown to my master, in a small ship of +one Emanuell Andrea, for to come for Angola. In this +voyage we were driven so near the Cape of Good Hope +that we thought all of us should have been cast away, the +seas are there so great; and by reason of the current they +brake in such sort that no ship is able to endure. There +we brake both our main mast and our mizzen. It pleased +God to send us the wind Eastward, which brought us to our +desired harbour [of] Angola.<a name="FNanchor_265" id="FNanchor_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265" class="fnanchor">265</a> We had been five months +in our voyage, and by that means other ships that departed +two months after us were there before us.</p> + +<p>When I heard that there were ships of the River of +Ienero [Rio de Janeiro], I durst not go ashore for fear of +being known of some of the Portugals. The next day +after that we came into the harbour, there came a great +boat aboard us, to ask if we would sell any Cassava meal. +We told them we would, and asked them whither they +went with their boat. They answered, that they tarried +for the tide to go up to the River of Guansa [Kwanza] to +Masangano. Then I thought it a fit time for my purpose, +and so embarked myself in the bark. The Portugals +marvelled to see me go willingly to Masangano; for there +men die like chickens, and no man will go thither if he +can chose.</p> + +<p>Nine days we were going up the River of Guansa +[Kwanza], in which time two Portugal soldiers died; the +country is so hot that it pierceth their hearts. Three days +after I had been in Masangano, Don Francisco de Mendosa +Fortado,<a name="FNanchor_266" id="FNanchor_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266" class="fnanchor">266</a> the Governor of the city of Kongo, having +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> +received a letter from Salvador Coria de Sasa [Salvador +Corrêa de Sá], who was his great friend, sent a Pursuivant +for me, who brought me by land through the King of +Kongo’s country, and in six days we came to a town called +Saint Francis<a name="FNanchor_267" id="FNanchor_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267" class="fnanchor">267</a> (where the Governor was), hard by the +kingdom of Manicongo.</p> + +<p>When I came before the Governor he used me very +kindly in words, and asked me what I meant, to cast myself +away wilfully in Masangano. Then I told him how long I +had served Salvador Coria de Sasa; and in how many +dangers I had been for him and his Son, without ever +having any recompence of any of them, and therefore I +thought it better to venture my life in the King’s service, +than to live his Bond-slave. The Governor commanded +me to be carried to Angola, and charged a pair of bolts to +be put upon my legs, because I should not run away.</p> + +<p>About a fortnight after I was sent back again in a Carvell +[caravel] of Francis Lewes, and in two months we arrived +in the River of Jenero [Rio de Janeiro], and I was carried +with my bolts on my legs before the Governor; when he +saw me he began to laugh and to jest with me, saying that +I was welcome out of England. So, after many jests he +spake, he bade pull off my bolts from my legs, and gave me +clothes and used me very well.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Second Account</span> (<i>Purchas</i>, pp. 1233-7).</h4> + +<p>Angola is a kingdom of itself in Ethiopia, where first the +Portugals did begin to inhabit: The country of Angola +cometh along the coast; as Portugal doth upon Spain, so +doth Angola run upon the Kingdom of Longa [Luangu] +and Manicongo.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p> + +<p>In Angola the Portugals have a City called the Holy +Ghost,<a name="FNanchor_268" id="FNanchor_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268" class="fnanchor">268</a> where they have great store of Merchandise, and +the Moors do come thither with all kind of such things as +the country yieldeth; some bring elephant’s teeth, some +bring negro slaves to sell, that they take from other +kingdoms which join hard by them; thus do they use once +a week, as we keep markets, so do all the Blackamoors +bring hens and hogs, which they call gula,<a name="FNanchor_269" id="FNanchor_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269" class="fnanchor">269</a> and hens they +call Sange,<a name="FNanchor_270" id="FNanchor_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270" class="fnanchor">270</a> and a kind of beast that they take in the +wilderness, like a dog, which they call ambroa:<a name="FNanchor_271" id="FNanchor_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271" class="fnanchor">271</a> then they +have that beast which before I have told you of, called +gumbe, which is bigger than a horse.<a name="FNanchor_272" id="FNanchor_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272" class="fnanchor">272</a></p> + +<p>The Blackamoors do keep good laws, and fear their King +very much; the King is always attended with the nobles +of his realm, and whensoever he goeth abroad, he has always +at the least two hundred archers in his guard, and ten or +twelve more going before him, singing and playing with +pipes made of great canes, and four or five young Moors +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> +coming after him as his pages. After them follow all his +noblemen.</p> + +<p>When there falleth out any controversy among them, they +crave battle of the King, and then they fight it out before +him. They come before the King and fall flat on their +breasts; then they rise up and kneel upon their knees, +stretching out their arms crying, <i>Mahobeque benge, benge</i>;<a name="FNanchor_273" id="FNanchor_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273" class="fnanchor">273</a> +then the King striketh them on the shoulders with a horse-tail; +then they go to the camp, and with their bows they +fight it out till they kill one another. After the battle is +done, if any liveth, he that liveth falleth down before the +King in the same manner as he did when he went to the +field; and after a long oration made, he taketh the horse-tail +from the King’s shoulder, and waveth it about the King’s +head, and then layeth it on his shoulder again, and goeth +away with great honour, being accompanied with all the +nobles of the Court. The Moors of Angola do know that +there is a God, and do call God <i>Caripongoa</i>,<a name="FNanchor_274" id="FNanchor_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274" class="fnanchor">274</a> but they +worship the sun and the moon.</p> + +<p>The country is champaign plain, and dry black earth, +and yieldeth very little corn; the most of anything that it +yieldeth is plantons [plantains], which the Portugals call +<i>baynonas</i> [bananas], and the Moors call them <i>mahonge</i><a name="FNanchor_275" id="FNanchor_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275" class="fnanchor">275</a> and +their wheat they call <i>tumba</i>,<a name="FNanchor_276" id="FNanchor_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276" class="fnanchor">276</a> and the bread <i>anou</i>; and if +you will buy any bread of them, you must say, <i>Tala cuna +auen tumbola gimbo</i>; that is, <i>Give me some bread, here is</i> +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> +<i>money</i>.<a name="FNanchor_277" id="FNanchor_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277" class="fnanchor">277</a> Their money is called <i>gullginbo</i>,<a name="FNanchor_278" id="FNanchor_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278" class="fnanchor">278</a> a shell of a fish +that they find by the shore-side; and from Brazil the +Portugals do carry great store of them to Angola.</p> + +<p>These Moors do esteem very much of red, blue and yellow +cloths. They will give a slave for a span of cloth in +breadth, I mean, and the length of it, of the breadth of the +piece; those pieces of cloth they wear about their middles, +and under it they hang the skin of a great weasel before +them, and another behind them, and this is all the garments +that they wear. A weasel in their language is called <i>puccu</i>.<a name="FNanchor_279" id="FNanchor_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279" class="fnanchor">279</a> +You can do a Blackamoor no greater disgrace than to take +away his skin from before him, for he will die with grief if +he cannot be revenged.</p> + +<p>The Portugals do mark them as we do sheep, with a hot +iron, which the Moors call <i>crimbo</i>.<a name="FNanchor_280" id="FNanchor_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280" class="fnanchor">280</a> The poor slaves stand +all in a row one by another, and sing <i>Mundele que sumbela +he Carey ha belelelle</i>,<a name="FNanchor_281" id="FNanchor_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281" class="fnanchor">281</a> and thus the poor rogues are beguiled, +for the Portugals make them believe that they that have +not the mark is not accounted a man of any account in +Brazil or in Portugal, and thus they bring the poor Moors +to be in a most damnable bondage under the cover of love.</p> + +<p>The country of Angola yieldeth no stone, and very little +wood: the Moors do make their houses all covered with earth. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> +These houses are no bigger than a reasonable chamber, +and within are many partitions, like the cabins of a ship, in +such sort that a man cannot stand upright in them. Their +beds are made of great bulrushes sewed together with the +rinds of a tree. They do make cloth like spark of velvet +(but it is thinner) of the bark of a tree, and that cloth they +do call <i>mollelleo</i>.<a name="FNanchor_282" id="FNanchor_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282" class="fnanchor">282</a></p> + +<p>The elephants do feed in the evening and in the morning in +low marshes, as there be many. The Moors do watch which +way they come, and as soon as the elephants are at meat, +they dig great holes in the ground, and cover them with +sticks, and then they cover the pits with earth; and when +they have made all ready they go to the elephants and +shoot at them with their arrows; and as soon as the +elephants feel themselves hurt, they run at whatsoever they +see before them, following after the Blackamores that chase +them. Then they fall into the deep pits where, after they +are once in, they cannot get out.</p> + +<p>The Moors of Angola are as black as jet; they are men +of good stature; they never take but one wife, whom they +call <i>mocasha</i>.<a name="FNanchor_283" id="FNanchor_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283" class="fnanchor">283</a> These Moors do cut long streaks in their +faces, that reach from the top of their ears to their chins. +The women do wear shells of fishes<a name="FNanchor_284" id="FNanchor_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_284" class="fnanchor">284</a> on their arms, and on +the small of their legs. The law amongst them is, that if +any Moor do lie with another’s wife, he shall lose his ears +for his offence. These Moors do circumcise their children, +and give them their names, as we do when we baptize.</p> + +<p>Angola may very easily be taken, for the Portugals have +no forts to defend it of any strength.</p> + +<p>The King<a name="FNanchor_285" id="FNanchor_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285" class="fnanchor">285</a> of Congo is the greatest King in all Ethiopia; +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> +and doth keep in the field continually sixty thousand +soldiers, that do war against the King of Vangala,<a name="FNanchor_286" id="FNanchor_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_286" class="fnanchor">286</a> and the +King of Angola; this King is a Christian, and his brother-in-law +of arms with the King of Spain. His servants of +his house are most of them all Portugals, and he doth +favour them very much.</p> + +<p>The King is of a very liberal condition, and very favourable +to all travellers, and doth delight very much to hear +of foreign countries. He was in a manner amazed to hear +how it was possible Her Majesty [Queen Elizabeth] had +lived a maiden Queen so long, and always reigned in peace +with her subjects. When I was brought before the King, +and told him of my country, what plenty of things we had, +if the Portugals had not liked of it, they would interrupt +my speech, and the King would show himself very angry, +and tell them that every man was best able to speak of his +country, and that I had no reason but to tell him that which +was true.</p> + +<p>The King of Congo, when he goeth to the camp to see +his army, rideth upon an elephant in great pomp and +majesty; on either side of the elephant he hath six slaves. +Two of them were kings, that he himself had taken in the +field; all the rest were of noble birth; some of them were +brothers to the King of Ancica, and some of them were of +the chiefest blood of the great King of Bengala. These +noble slaves, at every command of the King of Congo, do fall +flat on the ground on their breasts. When the King doth +ride, as you have heard, they carry a canopy, as it were a +cloth of state, over his head. His two secretaries, the one +a nobleman of Spain, the other a Moor, do ride next after +him. Before him goeth at the least five hundred archers +which are his guard; then there followeth a Moor, which +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> +doth nothing but talk aloud in praise of the King, telling +what a great warrior he hath been, and praising his wisdom +for all things that he hath accomplished very honourably +to his great fame of such as knew him.</p> + +<p>When this King of Congo cometh to his host, all the +soldiers, as he passeth, fall flat on their faces to the ground. +He never cometh into his host after any battle, but he +dubbeth at the least twenty Knights Portugals, and as +many Moors, giving them very great living according to +their callings, and the service that they have done. The +brother of this King was in Spain at my coming from thence +for ambassador from his brother.<a name="FNanchor_287" id="FNanchor_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287" class="fnanchor">287</a></p> + +<p>Here the Portugal Captain would have taken me perforce, +to have been a common soldier, but the King commanded +that they should let me go whither I would, and my determination +at that time was to have gone for the country of +Prester John [Abyssinia], for I had a great desire to see +the River of Nilo and Jerusalem (for I accounted myself as +a lost man, not caring into what country or kingdom I came) +But it was not the will of God that I should at that time +obtain my desire, for travelling through the kingdom of +Congo, to have gone to the kingdom of Angila,<a name="FNanchor_288" id="FNanchor_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_288" class="fnanchor">288</a> it was my +fortune to meet a company of Portugal soldiers that went +to a conquest that the King of Spain had newly taken, +called Masangana; which place is on the borders of Anguca. +Here they made me serve like a drudge, for both day +and night I carried some stone and lime to make a fort.</p> + +<p>It lyeth right under the Line, and standeth in a bottom +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> +in the middle of four hills, and about are many fogges [bogs] +but not one river.<a name="FNanchor_289" id="FNanchor_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_289" class="fnanchor">289</a> It is the unfirmest country under the sun. +Here the Portugals die like chickens. You shall see men in +the morning very lusty, and within two hours dead. Others, +that if they but wet their legs, presently they swell bigger +than their middles;<a name="FNanchor_290" id="FNanchor_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_290" class="fnanchor">290</a> others break in the sides with a draught +of water. O, if you did know the intolerable heat of the +country, you would think yourself better a thousand times +dead, than to live there a week. There you shall see poor +soldiers lie in troops, gaping like camelians [camels?] for a +puff of wind.</p> + +<p>Here lived I three months, not as the Portugals did, +taking of physick, and every week letting of blood and +keeping close in their houses when they had any rain, +observing hours, and times to go abroad morning and +evening, and never to eat but at such and such times. I +was glad when I had got anything at morning, noon, or +night; I thank God I did work all day from morning till +night; had it been rain or never so great heat, I had always +my health as well as I have in England.</p> + +<p>This country is very rich. The king had great store of +gold<a name="FNanchor_291" id="FNanchor_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_291" class="fnanchor">291</a> sent him from this place: the time that I was there, +the King of Angica had a great city at Masangana; which +city Paulas Dias, Governor of Angola, took and situated +there; and finding hard by it great store of gold, fortified +it with four forts, and walled a great circuit of ground round +about it, and within that wall; now the Portugals do build +a city, and from this city every day they do war against +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> +the King of Angica, and have burnt a great part of his +kingdom.</p> + +<p>The Angicas<a name="FNanchor_292" id="FNanchor_292"></a><a href="#Footnote_292" class="fnanchor">292</a> are men of goodly stature; they file their +teeth before on their upper jaw, and on their under jaw, +making a distance between them like the teeth of a +dog; they do eat man’s flesh; they are the stubbornest +nation that lives under the sun, and the resolutest in +the field that ever man saw; for they will rather kill +themselves than yield to the Portugals. They inhabit +right under the line, and of all kinds of Moors these are +the blackest. They do live in the law of the Turks, and +honour Mahomet. They keep many concubines, as the +Turks do; they wash themselves every morning upwards, +falling flat on their faces towards the east. They wear +their hair all made in plaits on their heads, as well men as +women; they have good store of wheat, and a kind of grain +like vetches, of which they make bread: they have great +store of hens like partridges, and turkeys, and all their +feathers curl on their backs. Their houses are like the +other houses of the kingdoms aforenamed.</p> + +<p>And thus I end, showing you as brief as I can, all the +nations and kingdoms, that, with great danger of my life, +I travelled through in twelve years of my best age, getting +no more than my travel for my pain. From this kingdom, +Angica, was I brought in irons again to my master, Salvador +Corea de Sasa, to the City of San Sebastian in Brazil, as +you have heard.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/i121.jpg" width="200" height="48" alt="Ornament" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i122.jpg" width="500" height="148" alt="Ornament" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr /> +<h3>APPENDIX II.</h3> + +<h4>A SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF KONGO</h4> +<h6>TO THE</h6> +<h5><span class="smcap">end of the seventeenth century.</span></h5> + +<h5><span class="smcap">The Early History of Kongo.</span></h5> + +<p><span class="floatLeft"><img src="images/i.jpg" width="110" height="110" alt="I" /></span>F traditions may be accepted where +written history fails us, the foundation +of the Empire of Kongo lies back no +further than the middle of the fifteenth +century.</p> + +<p>The founder of the dynasty and first +King of Kongo—Ntotela ntinu nekongo—was Nimi a +Lukeni, the son of Nimi a nzima and of Lukeni lua +nsanzi, the daughter of Nsa ku ki-lau. His father appears +to have been a mere village chief in Kurimba (Corimba),<a name="FNanchor_293" id="FNanchor_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_293" class="fnanchor">293</a> +a district of the kingdom of Kwangu. He had established +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> +himself at a ferry on a great river (<i>nzari</i>), now known to +us as the Kwangu, and levied a toll upon all travellers who +crossed the stream. One day the young man’s aunt came +that way, and claimed exemption on the ground of being +the old chief’s sister. Her brother was absent, and not only +was the claim denied, but young Nimi a Lukeni, notwithstanding +that she was with child, caused her to be disembowelled. +The younger members of his clan looked +upon this act of brutality as one of bravery, and shielded +him against his father’s just wrath. He then placed himself +at their head, assumed the title of <i>ntinu</i> (king), and +started westward upon a career of conquest.</p> + +<p>The country he was about to invade was inhabited by a +people kindred to those of Angola and of the country to +the north of the Zaire, split up into numerous small clans<a name="FNanchor_294" id="FNanchor_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_294" class="fnanchor">294</a> +ruled by independent kinglets. This, no doubt, would +account for the rapidity and the extent of his conquests, +which have been matched however, in our own days, by +the Makololo.</p> + +<p>Having defeated Mbumbulu mwana Mpangala of +Mpemba-kasi, he founded his capital—Mbazi a nkanu—<a name="FNanchor_295" id="FNanchor_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_295" class="fnanchor">295</a> +upon a rock within that chief’s territory. By degrees he +extended his conquests southward to the Kwanza and +even beyond, installed his uncle Nsa ku ki-lau as ruler of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> +the important province of Mbata, bestowed large territories +upon others of his adherents, and even restored some +of their father’s territories to the children of the Mwana +Mpangala. His “sons,” attended by the great Nganga +Ngoyo, he sent across the Zaire, and they became the +founders of the “kingdoms” of Kakongo and Luangu; +whilst a third son, by a slave woman, is supposed to be +the ancestor of the “counts” of Sonyo or Soyo.<a name="FNanchor_296" id="FNanchor_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_296" class="fnanchor">296</a> +Anciently the King of Kakongo, before he assumed his +kingship, was bound to marry a princess of the blood +royal of Kongo, whilst he of Luangu married a princess +of Kakongo; yet the ruler of Luangu was highest in rank, +for he enjoyed the title of <i>nunu</i> (“aged person”), whilst +his brother of Kakongo had to be contented with the +inferior title of <i>nkaji</i> (“spouse”). The Kings were elected +by the feudal princes, but their choice was limited to the +sons of princesses, as in a great part of negro Africa.<a name="FNanchor_297" id="FNanchor_297"></a><a href="#Footnote_297" class="fnanchor">297</a></p> + +<p>Of the early institutions of Kongo we know next to +nothing, though we may presume that the law of succession +was originally the same there as in the sister-states to the +north, for the first Ntotela was succeeded by two nephews +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> +(Nanga kia ntinu and another, whose name has not reached +us). But even thus early, and anterior to the introduction +of Christianity, the old law of succession was broken +through, for Nkuwu a ntinu, the fourth Ntotela, was a son +of Ntinu Nimi a Lukeni, and was succeeded by a son of his +own, Nzinga a Nkuwa, the first Christian Ntotela, better +known in history as John I.</p> + +<p>If Dapper may be believed, it was the custom to bury +twelve virgins with the earlier kings—a distinction much +sought after, as in other parts of Africa; but the people of +Kongo have never been charged with cannibalism, nor its +rulers with the bloody rites practised by the Jaga.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Cão’s Discovery of the Kongo</span>, 1482.<a name="FNanchor_298" id="FNanchor_298"></a><a href="#Footnote_298" class="fnanchor">298</a></h4> + +<p>It was towards the end of 1482, that the natives at the +mouth of the River Kongo for the first time saw rising +above the horizon the white wings of a European vessel, +ascending, as it were, from the Land of Spirits; and we +can imagine their surprise when they for the first time +beheld the bleached faces of its inmates. Yet they came +on board, offering ivory in exchange for cloth. The interpreters +from the Guinea coast who were with Cão +naturally failed to make themselves understood, but they +learnt from signs that far inland there dwelt a powerful +king. Cão at once despatched some Christian negroes in +search of this potentate. They were the bearers of suitable +presents, and were instructed to assure the King of the +friendly intentions of his visitors, whose only desire it was +to trade with him.</p> + +<p>Before continuing his voyage, Cão set up the first +of the stone pillars, or <i>padroes</i>, which he had on board. +He then sailed south along the coast, noting its prominent +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> +features, but curiously missed the Kwanza or River of +Angola, although its clayey waters discolour the sea for ten +or fifteen miles. On a low foreland, Cabo do Lobo,<a name="FNanchor_299" id="FNanchor_299"></a><a href="#Footnote_299" class="fnanchor">299</a> ten +miles beyond the cliffs named by him Castello d’Alter +Pedroso, he set up a second pillar, to mark the furthest +point reached by him.</p> + +<p>On again returning to the Kongo, he was annoyed to +find that his messengers had not returned; and as he was +naturally anxious to make known in Portugal his discovery +of a magnificent river and a powerful kingdom, he left +them behind him, and seized instead four unsuspecting +visitors to his ship as “hostages;” giving their friends to +understand that they should be restored to them after the +lapse of fifteen months, when they would be exchanged for +his own men. These latter appear to have been treated +with distinction at first, but when the King heard of Cão’s +high-handed proceedings he refused to admit them any +longer to his presence, and even threatened them with +death, should his own people not be restored.</p> + +<p>Among the hostages carried off by Cão there was a +man of some distinction in his own country, Nsaku +(Caçuto) by name, who picked up Portuguese quickly, and +much pleased King John by the information he was able +to give. He, as well as his companions, were much petted +in Portugal, and, in defiance of all sumptuary laws, were +dressed in fine cloths and silks.</p> + +<p>Cão himself, soon after his arrival, in April, 1484, was +appointed a cavalier in the Royal household, granted an +annuity of 18,000 reals, and on the 14th of that month +he was “separated from the common herd,” and granted a +coat-of-arms charged with the two pillars erected by him +during this memorable voyage.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Cão’s Second Voyage, 1485-6.</span></h4> + +<p>Cão’s departure on a second voyage was much delayed, +either because the King’s Council were opposed to these +adventures, which strained the resources of a small kingdom +like Portugal, or—and this is more likely—because it +was desired that a change in the Royal Arms, which was +only made in June, 1485, should be recorded on the stone +pillars which Cão was to take with him.</p> + +<p>Great was the rejoicing when Cão’s “fleet” appeared in +the Kongo, and the hostages, loud in praise of the good +treatment they had received, were once more among their +friends. Cão at once forwarded rich presents to the King, +with an invitation to throw aside all fetishes, and to +embrace the only true and saving faith; promising that, on +his return from a voyage to the south, he would personally +visit the capital of his kingdom. This promise Cão was +not permitted to fulfil, for having set up a pillar on Monte +Negro (15° 40´ S.) and another on Cape Cross (21° 50´),<a name="FNanchor_300" id="FNanchor_300"></a><a href="#Footnote_300" class="fnanchor">300</a> +he died a short distance beyond. Of the details of his +death we know nothing.<a name="FNanchor_301" id="FNanchor_301"></a><a href="#Footnote_301" class="fnanchor">301</a> It seems, however, that the loss +of their commander induced a speedy return home: for +Cão’s vessels must have arrived in Portugal before August, +1487, as in that month Dias sailed on his famous voyage, +taking with him the negroes whom Cão had kidnapped to +the south of the Kongo, with a view to their learning +Portuguese, and being employed as interpreters in future +voyages.</p> + +<p>Cão, therefore, never saw the King of Kongo; and there +are good grounds for believing that Nsaku who was sent by +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> +the King to Portugal to ask for priests, masons, carpenters, +agricultural labourers, and women to make bread, only +reached Europe in one of Dias’s vessels, in December, +1488. Nsaku, most certainly, was first introduced to +King John at Beja, in January, 1489, when he and his +companions were baptised, the King himself, the Queen, +and gentlemen of title acting as sponsors.(312) He was +sent back to the Kongo with Don Gonçalo de Sousa, +in December, 1490, about two years after he had been +baptised.<a name="FNanchor_302" id="FNanchor_302"></a><a href="#Footnote_302" class="fnanchor">302</a></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">The Embassy of 1490-1.</span><a name="FNanchor_303" id="FNanchor_303"></a><a href="#Footnote_303" class="fnanchor">303</a></h4> + +<p>Don João de Sousa, the ambassador, left Portugal on +December 19th, 1490, with a fleet commanded by Gonçalo +de Sousa, as captain-major. Among the pilots were Pero +d’Alemquer and Pero Escovar, men famous in the maritime +history of Portugal. Ten Franciscan Friars<a name="FNanchor_304" id="FNanchor_304"></a><a href="#Footnote_304" class="fnanchor">304</a> went +out with this fleet, and so did Nsaku, the ambassador of +the King of Kongo. The plague was raging at Lisbon at +the time, and before the vessels reached the Cape Verde +Islands, this dreaded disease had carried off João de Sousa +(the ambassador), the captain-major, and many others. +Ruy de Sousa, a nephew of the captain-major, was then +chosen to take the place of D. João de Sousa.</p> + +<p>After a voyage of a hundred days the vessels reached +the Kongo, and the Mwana of Sonyo and his son, who +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> +had already been instructed in the Christian doctrine by a +priest from S. Thomé, were baptised on Easter Sunday, +April 3rd, 1491, and were thenceforth known as Don +Manuel and Don Antonio da Silva; for it was the practice +of the Portuguese, from the very beginning, to bestow +Portuguese names and titles upon the negroes who submitted +to the sacrament of baptism.</p> + +<p>This ceremony performed, Ruy de Sousa started for the +King’s capital,<a name="FNanchor_305" id="FNanchor_305"></a><a href="#Footnote_305" class="fnanchor">305</a> which he reached on April 29th. The +King received him seated on a platform, in a chair inlaid +with ivory. He wore a loin-cloth, presented to him by +Cão, copper bracelets, and a cap of palm-cloth. A zebra +tail depended from his left shoulder—a badge of royalty.<a name="FNanchor_306" id="FNanchor_306"></a><a href="#Footnote_306" class="fnanchor">306</a></p> + +<p>The King was about to join his son Mbemba a Nzinga, +Duke of Nsundi, who had taken the field against the +Bateke;<a name="FNanchor_307" id="FNanchor_307"></a><a href="#Footnote_307" class="fnanchor">307</a> but before doing so he was anxious to be baptised. +The foundations of a church having been laid on Rood +Day, May 3rd,<a name="FNanchor_308" id="FNanchor_308"></a><a href="#Footnote_308" class="fnanchor">308</a> the King and his Queen were baptised at +once by Frei João de Santa Maria, and were named Don +João and Donna Leonor, after the King and Queen of +Portugal.</p> + +<p>The King, marching for the first time under the banner +of the Cross, and supported by the firearms of his +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> +Portuguese allies, came back a victor to his capital. His +eldest son and many nobles were then baptised.</p> + +<p>When Ruy de Sousa departed, he left behind him Frei +Antonio<a name="FNanchor_309" id="FNanchor_309"></a><a href="#Footnote_309" class="fnanchor">309</a> with other priests, and gave instructions for an +exploration of the Kongo river above the cataracts, which +do not appear to have been acted upon. He also founded +a factory near the mouth of the Kongo, where the +enterprising people of S. Thomé had already established +commercial relations, although formal permission to do so +was only granted them by King Manuel on March 26th, +1500. Dom Pedro, a cousin of the King of Kongo, +accompanied him, with nine attendants, who, having been +taught to read and write, returned to their native country +with D. João Soares, early in 1494.<a name="FNanchor_310" id="FNanchor_310"></a><a href="#Footnote_310" class="fnanchor">310</a></p> + +<p>The missionaries lost no time in preaching the doctrines +of their Church; but whilst Don Affonso proved an ardent +Christian, who recklessly destroyed all fetishes discovered +in his province of Nsundi, the King himself soon grew +lukewarm, owing to the priests’ interference with polygamy +and other valued social institutions. In the country at +large, the heathen still held their ground.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">D. Affonso I</span>, 1509-1540.<a name="FNanchor_311" id="FNanchor_311"></a><a href="#Footnote_311" class="fnanchor">311</a></h4> + +<p>And thus it happened that when João I died in 1509, +the chiefs favoured his second son, <i>Mpanzu a nzinga</i>,<a name="FNanchor_312" id="FNanchor_312"></a><a href="#Footnote_312" class="fnanchor">312</a> a +heathen, whilst the dowager queen and the Count of Sonyo +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> +took the part of the elder brother. Don Affonso, immediately +on hearing of his father’s illness, hurried up to the +capital, accompanied by only thirty-six Christians. He +found that his father had died. His brother approached +with a mighty army, but five flaming swords seen in the +heavens on the eve of battle gave courage to his small +following, whilst a white cross and the appearance of St. +James at the head of the celestial host struck terror into +the hearts of the assailants. They fled in a panic.<a name="FNanchor_313" id="FNanchor_313"></a><a href="#Footnote_313" class="fnanchor">313</a> Mpanzu +himself was taken, wounded, and decapitated.</p> + +<p>Order having been restored throughout the country, +King Affonso availed himself of the presence of Gonçalo +Rodriguez Ribeiro, who had come from Portugal with a +number of priests, and was about to return to that country, +to send an embassy to Pope Julius II and King Manuel.<a name="FNanchor_314" id="FNanchor_314"></a><a href="#Footnote_314" class="fnanchor">314</a> +The head of this mission was Don Pedro (de Castro?), a +cousin of the King (who was accompanied by his wife), and +with him went D. Manuel, a brother of the King, and +D. Henrique, a son. The presents conveyed to Portugal +included seven hundred copper bracelets, elephant tusks, +slaves, parrots, civet cats and other animals, and native +cloth. D. Henrique remained behind at Rome, where he +was ordained and created Bishop of Utica in 1518.<a name="FNanchor_315" id="FNanchor_315"></a><a href="#Footnote_315" class="fnanchor">315</a></p> + +<p>The mission sent by King Manuel in return was far-reaching +in its effects upon the political development of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> +Kongo.<a name="FNanchor_316" id="FNanchor_316"></a><a href="#Footnote_316" class="fnanchor">316</a> Of its magnitude we may judge when we learn +that it embarked in five vessels. Its leader, Simão da +Silva, dying on the road to S. Salvador, his place was taken +by Alvaro Lopes, the Royal factor. In his company were +priests, experienced soldiers, masons and carpenters to +build churches and a royal palace, and a lawyer (<i>leterado</i>) +to explain the law books which figured among the royal +gifts, besides horses, mules, cloth, banners, church furniture +and images. The ambassador was instructed to explain +the management of the royal household in Portugal, and +King Affonso quickly learnt the lessons he received, and +at once introduced the Portuguese titles of Duke, Marquis, +and Count. The ambassador likewise had with him an +elaborate coat-of-arms for the King,<a name="FNanchor_317" id="FNanchor_317"></a><a href="#Footnote_317" class="fnanchor">317</a> and twenty less +ambitious heraldic designs for his principal noblemen; and +the monarch himself adopted a title closely imitated from +that of his “brother” of Portugal.<a name="FNanchor_318" id="FNanchor_318"></a><a href="#Footnote_318" class="fnanchor">318</a> The ambassador was +likewise instructed to make inquiries about the origin of +the Kongo in a lake, and to bring home cargoes of slaves, +copper and ivory.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p> + +<p>The King was delighted with all these gifts, not being +aware that by accepting them he virtually acknowledged +himself to be a vassal of the King of Portugal; and +he published a long manifesto to his people, in which he +dwelt upon his past career, the blessings of the Christian +faith, and the honours now done him. He actually read +the six bulky folios, but he told Ruy d’Aguiar (in 1516) +that if complicated laws like these were to be introduced +in his dominions, not a day would pass without a legal +offence of some kind being committed.<a name="FNanchor_319" id="FNanchor_319"></a><a href="#Footnote_319" class="fnanchor">319</a></p> + +<p>The intercourse between Kongo and Lisbon must have +been very active in those days. We learn, for instance, +that in 1526 the King asked for physicians and apothecaries, +and in 1530 he forwarded to his “brother” +Manuel two silver bracelets, which he had received from +Matamba. Many young Kongoese were sent to Portugal +to be educated; but, to judge from a letter written by the +King in 1517, the results were not always very gratifying.<a name="FNanchor_320" id="FNanchor_320"></a><a href="#Footnote_320" class="fnanchor">320</a> +Nay, he accuses Antonio Viera, to whom he entrusted +twenty young relations to be taken to Portugal, of having +parted with several among them to Mpanzu-alumbu, his +enemy, and of having left others behind him at S. Thomé.<a name="FNanchor_321" id="FNanchor_321"></a><a href="#Footnote_321" class="fnanchor">321</a> +A second embassy left Kongo in 1540, to do homage to +Pope Paul III. It was headed by D. Manuel, a brother +of the King, who had been a member of D. Pedro’s +mission. King Affonso expected the King of Portugal +to pay 3,000 cruzados towards the expenses of this mission, +in consideration of the large profits which he derived from +the trade with Kongo.<a name="FNanchor_322" id="FNanchor_322"></a><a href="#Footnote_322" class="fnanchor">322</a></p> + +<p>As a member of the Church militant, King Affonso +deserved well of the priesthood. He ruthlessly ordered all +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> +fetishes to be destroyed throughout his dominions, but +supplied their place with images of saints, crosses, agni dei, +and other ecclesiastical paraphernalia, which he held to be +more effectual. The clergy were numerous in his day, and +in addition to secular priests included Franciscans, Dominicans +and Austin Friars. They were wealthy, too, for +lands and slaves had been given them, and Christian +churches arose even in remote parts of the country. A +Franciscan friar, Antonio de Dénis (known in the world as +D. Diogo de Vilhegas) had been appointed Bishop of +S. Thomé and Kongo,<a name="FNanchor_323" id="FNanchor_323"></a><a href="#Footnote_323" class="fnanchor">323</a> and took possession of his see in +1534, on which occasion exceptional honours were shown +him. He was a man of energy and much sincerity, but, +unhappily for his Church, survived only a few years. On +his death-bed he desired that D. Henrique, the King’s son, +whom he himself had ordained a priest, when in Rome, +and whom the Pope (as already mentioned) had created +Bishop of Utica in 1518, should succeed him in the episcopal +chair. The Pope, however, before he would consent +to the appointment of a native, desired personally to +inquire into the matter. D. Henrique went to Rome, +but died on the voyage home, in 1539 or earlier.</p> + +<p>King Affonso deserved his reputation as a zealous +Christian, and had certainly proved himself a good friend +to the regular and secular clergy who undertook to convert +his people. Yet, as early as 1515, he had occasion to +call upon the King of Portugal to aid him in suppressing +the irregularities of these “unworthy preachers of the +Holy Catholic Faith,” whose inordinate desire of power +and covetousness brought scandal upon the Church, and +promised little for the future.<a name="FNanchor_324" id="FNanchor_324"></a><a href="#Footnote_324" class="fnanchor">324</a> Towards the close of his +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> +reign, in 1540, one of these priests, Frei Alvaro, actually +attempted to assassinate the King, in church, and after +Mass!<a name="FNanchor_325" id="FNanchor_325"></a><a href="#Footnote_325" class="fnanchor">325</a></p> + +<p>The Portuguese living at the time in Kongo were +placed under a royal factor and a Corregedor (magistrate), +and enjoyed ex-territorial jurisdiction. They had +a factory at Mpinda, at the mouth of the Kongo, where +the King of Portugal levied heavy duties. The commercial +relations do not appear to have been at all times of the +most friendly nature. In 1514 the King complained that +Fernão de Mello, the Governor of S. Thomé, traded with +the Mpangu-lungu<a name="FNanchor_326" id="FNanchor_326"></a><a href="#Footnote_326" class="fnanchor">326</a> who were his enemies; and in 1526 he +remonstrated against the conduct of the Portuguese slave-merchants. +Indeed, so preposterous were the claims put +forward by the Portuguese officials, that King Affonso, +in 1517, humbly begged to be allowed to employ a +ship of his own when trading; or, at least to be exempted +from paying the heavy duties exacted by a foreign, +albeit suzerain, power upon the outlanders trading in his +kingdom. These ill-advised exactions explain, too, why +trade gradually deserted the Kongo, and sought more +favourable openings to the south, at Luandu, as is shown +by an inquiry held in 1548.<a name="FNanchor_327" id="FNanchor_327"></a><a href="#Footnote_327" class="fnanchor">327</a></p> + +<p>The Portuguese made an effort to exploit the mineral +wealth of the country. Ruy Mendes, the “factor of the +copper mines,” is stated to have discovered lead; and +Gimdarlach (Durlacher?), a German “fundidor,” in 1593 +discovered copper, lead, and silver. The King, however, +would not allow the mines to be worked, for he feared +that such a concession might cost him his kingdom.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span></p> + +<p>Proposals for the exploration of the interior were made, +but bore no fruit. Gregòrio de Quadra, who had spent +several years as a prisoner among the Arabs, was sent +to Kongo in 1520, with instructions to make his way +thence to the country of Prester John. The King refused +his consent; Quadra returned to Portugal, and died a +monk.<a name="FNanchor_328" id="FNanchor_328"></a><a href="#Footnote_328" class="fnanchor">328</a> Balthasar de Castro, the companion of Manuel +Pacheco in Angola, desired to explore the upper Kongo in +1526; but neither his scheme nor that of Manuel Pacheco +himself, who was to have built two brigantines, seems to +have been carried out.</p> + +<p>Of the domestic wars corned on by the King, we know +next to nothing. Angola and Matamba seem to have +been virtually independent in his day, though the island of +Luandu, with its valuable cowry-fishery, was held by him +and his successors until 1649. He conquered, however, +Mpanzu-alumbu (Mpangu-lunga?)<a name="FNanchor_329" id="FNanchor_329"></a><a href="#Footnote_329" class="fnanchor">329</a> on the lower Kongo, a +district inhabited by a predatory tribe.<a name="FNanchor_330" id="FNanchor_330"></a><a href="#Footnote_330" class="fnanchor">330</a> That his successes +in these “wars” were due to his Portuguese mercenaries +and their fire-locks is a matter of course.</p> + +<p>Don Affonso died in 1540, or soon afterwards, leaving +behind him a son, D. Pedro, who succeeded him, and three +daughters.<a name="FNanchor_331" id="FNanchor_331"></a><a href="#Footnote_331" class="fnanchor">331</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">D. Pedro and his Successors</span>, 1540-1561.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pedro I</span> had been educated in Portugal, and is +described by Cavazzi as a wise prince who had inherited +all the virtues of his father, and was a great friend of the +missionaries. His reign was apparently a short one,<a name="FNanchor_332" id="FNanchor_332"></a><a href="#Footnote_332" class="fnanchor">332</a> +and he was succeeded by a cousin, <span class="smcap">D. Francisco</span>, who +only reigned two or three years, and left the kingdom to +a son,<a name="FNanchor_333" id="FNanchor_333"></a><a href="#Footnote_333" class="fnanchor">333</a> <span class="smcap">D. Diogo</span>.<a name="FNanchor_334" id="FNanchor_334"></a><a href="#Footnote_334" class="fnanchor">334</a> Duarte Lopez describes this prince as +a man of noble mind, witty, intelligent, prudent in council, +an upholder of the missionaries, and at the same time a great +warrior who, in the course of a few years, conquered many +of the neighbouring countries. His “wars” certainly did +not enlarge the borders of his kingdom, and the only war +we know of ended in disaster. The Portuguese at S. +Salvador, jealous of the growing commercial importance of +Luandu, had persuaded the King to send an army against +Ngola Mbandi, they themselves furnishing an auxiliary +corps. The Kongoese, in spite of this, were defeated +on the river Dande (about 1556); and Ngola not only +appealed to Portugal for protection, but also allied himself +with the Jagas, with whose aid he invaded Kongo (in +1558).</p> + +<p>Nor were the relations of D. Diogo with the missionaries +quite as friendly as Lopez would lead us to believe. As +early as 1549, D. Diogo complained of the overbearing +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> +conduct of the Jesuits who had arrived in that year in the +company of D. João Baptista, the Bishop of S. Thomé;<a name="FNanchor_335" id="FNanchor_335"></a><a href="#Footnote_335" class="fnanchor">335</a> the +priests, on their side, accused the King of having shown +little respect to the bishop, and of having ordered them to +be pulled out of their pulpits, when they denounced his +vices and those of his people.<a name="FNanchor_336" id="FNanchor_336"></a><a href="#Footnote_336" class="fnanchor">336</a> The Jesuits may have +been over-zealous in the performance of what they conceived +to be their duty, and too prone to meddle in +politics; but they seem to have led clean lives, which cannot +be said of all of their clerical brethren. When D. Gaspar +Cão,<a name="FNanchor_337" id="FNanchor_337"></a><a href="#Footnote_337" class="fnanchor">337</a> the Bishop of S. Thomé and Kongo, a man who +took the duties of his office seriously, visited S. Salvador, +these priests openly defied his authority. But after +several of the recalcitrant priests had been deported to +Portugal, whilst others had left voluntarily with such +wealth as they had been able to amass, discipline was +re-established.<a name="FNanchor_338" id="FNanchor_338"></a><a href="#Footnote_338" class="fnanchor">338</a></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">A Reign of Anarchy, 1561-1568.</span></h4> + +<p>When Diogo died, about 1561, the Portuguese residents +endeavoured to secure the throne for one of their own +creatures, and caused the duly elected favourite of the +people to be assassinated. As a result, the people of +S. Salvador rose upon the Portuguese, many of whom were +killed, not even priests being spared. The accounts<a name="FNanchor_339" id="FNanchor_339"></a><a href="#Footnote_339" class="fnanchor">339</a> of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> +this period of disorder are too confused to enable us +to be certain even of the names of the reigning kings. +<span class="smcap">D. Affonso II</span>, a son (probably illegitimate) of D. Diogo, +ascended the throne of his father, but was murdered by +his brother, <span class="smcap">D. Bernardo</span>, who appears to have been +the candidate favoured by the Portuguese. He at once +sent Father Estevão de Laguos on an embassy to Queen +Catherine of Portugal, who, in a letter dated June 26th, +1562,<a name="FNanchor_340" id="FNanchor_340"></a><a href="#Footnote_340" class="fnanchor">340</a> congratulated him upon his accession, whilst gently +chiding him for the murder of his brother. This King +was evidently friendly disposed towards the Portuguese; +and Antonio Vieira, a negro, who had visited Portugal as +member of an embassy, when writing to Queen Catherine +in April 1566,<a name="FNanchor_341" id="FNanchor_341"></a><a href="#Footnote_341" class="fnanchor">341</a> suggested that he might be induced to +allow the mines of copper and tin to be worked. D. +Bernardo is stated by the Duke of Mbamba to have fallen +in a war with the Anzicas, “in defence of Christianity and +the Fatherland.” He was succeeded by <span class="smcap">D. Henrique</span>, +a brother of D. Diogo, who, after a short and troubled reign, +died of a wound received in a battle, either against some +revolted vassals,<a name="FNanchor_342" id="FNanchor_342"></a><a href="#Footnote_342" class="fnanchor">342</a> or fighting the Anzicanas.<a name="FNanchor_343" id="FNanchor_343"></a><a href="#Footnote_343" class="fnanchor">343</a> He was the +last king of the original dynasty, for Alvaro I, his successor, +was only a step-son.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">D. Alvaro I and the Ayaka, 1568-1574.</span><a name="FNanchor_344" id="FNanchor_344"></a><a href="#Footnote_344" class="fnanchor">344</a></h4> + +<p>D. Alvaro, immediately on his accession, sent an +embassy to Portugal, to apologise for the massacre of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> +many Portuguese during the reigns of his predecessors, +which he excused on the ground of the vices and abuses of +the clergy. These excuses were apparently accepted in +Portugal, fortunately for D. Alvaro, for the very next year +the dreaded Ayaka<a name="FNanchor_345" id="FNanchor_345"></a><a href="#Footnote_345" class="fnanchor">345</a> invaded his kingdom by way of +Mbata; and, being worsted, the King fled with his adherents +to the Hippopotamus Island,<a name="FNanchor_346" id="FNanchor_346"></a><a href="#Footnote_346" class="fnanchor">346</a> on the lower Kongo, +where they suffered many hardships, and whence he +appealed piteously to the Portuguese for help. This help +was not denied him. Francisco de Gouvea, corregedor of +S. Thomé, in 1570, hastened to his aid with six hundred +Portuguese, expelled the Ayaka, reinstated the King in his +capital, and built a wall round S. Salvador for greater +security. The King fully recognised the value of the +service that had been rendered him, for Paulo Dias de +Novaes told Garcia Mendes<a name="FNanchor_347" id="FNanchor_347"></a><a href="#Footnote_347" class="fnanchor">347</a> that he acknowledged himself +a vassal of Portugal;<a name="FNanchor_348" id="FNanchor_348"></a><a href="#Footnote_348" class="fnanchor">348</a> and as neither gold or silver had +been discovered in his country, he agreed to pay a tribute +in <i>njimbos</i>, which he actually did for a few years.</p> + +<p>No sooner was Alvaro once more seated securely upon +his throne than he sent the Count of Sonyo against Ngola +(1572). Several encounters took place in Musulu and +Mbuila (Ambuila); but in the end Ngola was allowed +to retain his father’s conquests, the river Dande being fixed +upon as the boundary between the two kingdoms. Kongo, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> +however, retained possession of the valuable island of +Luandu.</p> + +<p>Among other events of this reign we should mention a +second visit of D. Gaspar Cão, the bishop, shortly before +his death (in 1574); and the scandal caused by the burial of +a notorious infídel, D. Francisco Mbula matadi, in the +church of S. Cruz, the roof of which was taken off by +night, and the body, carried away by the Devil!<a name="FNanchor_349" id="FNanchor_349"></a><a href="#Footnote_349" class="fnanchor">349</a></p> + +<p>D. Alvaro only enjoyed his prosperity for a short time, +for when Paulo Dias landed at Luandu, in 1575, he was +already dead.<a name="FNanchor_350" id="FNanchor_350"></a><a href="#Footnote_350" class="fnanchor">350</a></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">D. Alvaro II, 1574-1614.</span></h4> + +<p>Alvaro II, a son of Alvaro I, is described by Bishop D. +Manuel Baptista as a “zealous Christian, father and friend +of all;”<a name="FNanchor_351" id="FNanchor_351"></a><a href="#Footnote_351" class="fnanchor">351</a> but it is evident that he looked not with overmuch +favour upon the Portuguese residents in his country, +and he is charged, in a memoir addressed by Domingos +d’Abreu Brito to King Philip I, in 1592 with having +plotted with the kings of Ndongo and Matamba against +the Portuguese. An army which he sent ostensibly to the +aid of the Portuguese in 1583 retired, apparently without +striking a blow, whilst he furnished a contingent to the +forces of Matamba which invaded Angola in 1590. He +hindered, by specious excuses, the completion of a stone +fort at Mpinda, which had been commenced in 1609 by +Antonio Gonçalves Pitta, until all the workmen had died. +He favoured Dutch traders to the great detriment of the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> +Portuguese; and we know from Samuel Braun,<a name="FNanchor_352" id="FNanchor_352"></a><a href="#Footnote_352" class="fnanchor">352</a> that an +effort was made in 1612 to expel the Dutch from the +Kongo, and that it would have been successful, had not +the natives sided with these heretical enemies, whose +dealings appeared to them to be more generous. Moreover, +the King, although he had promised Sebastian da +Costa (1580) that he would allow the supposed silver mines +to be sought for, eventually refused his consent.<a name="FNanchor_353" id="FNanchor_353"></a><a href="#Footnote_353" class="fnanchor">353</a></p> + +<p>Turning to Church affairs, we hear of the usual applications +for missionaries, and of several episcopal visitations +by D. F. Antonio de Goiva (1578), D. Manuel de Ulhoa, +D. Miguel Baptista Rangel, and D. Manuel Baptista. D. +Manuel de Ulhoa presided over a synod at S. Salvador, in +1585, and laid down statutes for the government of his +see. D. Miguel Baptista Rangel was the first Bishop of +Kongo, which had been separated from the diocese of +S. Thomé by a Bull of May 20th, 1596. His successor, +D. Manuel Baptista, resided for several years in Kongo, +where he died in 1621; and a letter addressed to King +Philip II, in 1612,<a name="FNanchor_354" id="FNanchor_354"></a><a href="#Footnote_354" class="fnanchor">354</a> speaks of the results of over a century +of missionary effort as insignificant, and describes the +people as incurable barbarians, full of vice.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">D. Pedro II Affonso</span>, 1622-1624.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bernardo II</span>, a son of Alvaro II, only reigned for a +few months, for he was killed by his brother, <span class="smcap">Alvaro III</span>, +and a complaint addressed to him by the Governor of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> +Angola about the admission of heretical Dutchmen to +trade in Sonyo was answered by his successor. This +Alvaro III, the fratricide, is nevertheless described by +Cavazzi as having been “wise, modest, courageous, and +above all a zealous Christian.” It was during his reign, in +1619, that the Jesuits founded a college at S. Salvador. +A proposed mission of Italian Capuchins came to +nothing, for King Philip of Spain, by royal letters of +September 22nd, 1620, forbade foreign missionaries to +enter Portuguese colonies without first obtaining a royal +license.<a name="FNanchor_355" id="FNanchor_355"></a><a href="#Footnote_355" class="fnanchor">355</a> Alvaro III died on May 26th, 1622, and was +succeeded by <span class="smcap">D. Pedro II Affonso</span>, whom Cavazzi +describes as a son of Alvaro III; whilst a Jesuit canon of +S. Salvador,<a name="FNanchor_356" id="FNanchor_356"></a><a href="#Footnote_356" class="fnanchor">356</a> who wrote an interesting life of this prince in +1624, makes him out to have been a son of Mbiki a +ntumba, Duke of Nsundi, and a descendant, in the female +line, of the first King of Kongo. If this biographer can be +trusted, he was a man of much promise, and of a mild, +forgiving temper; for although the Duke of Mbamba had +sought his life, he conferred upon him the marquisate of +Wembo. His reign was a short and troubled one. In +August, 1622, the Duke of Mbata had been killed by +rebels, and his vassal, the King of Kwangu (Ocango), had +suffered a defeat. João Corrêa de Souza, the Governor of +Angola, summoned him to surrender Luandu Island and +all the copper mines; and this being refused, the Portuguese +under Luiz Gomez, aided by the Jagas, crossed the +Dande at Ikau and invaded Nambu a ngongo, and (in +December) also Mbumbi, where the Duke of Mpemba +and many others were killed and eaten by the Jagas, in +spite of their being Christians. The people of the invaded +districts revenged themselves by killing the Portuguese +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> +living in their midst, the King vainly endeavouring to +protect them. These invaders had scarcely been driven +off, when Captain Silvestre Soares, with a body of Jagas, +entered Ngombe and Kabanda. But that which gave +most pain to the King was the destruction of the kingdom +of Bangu, and the murder of its King by the Jagas, with +the aid of the King of “Loango,” which was the “trunk +and origin of the kingdom of Kongo.”<a name="FNanchor_357" id="FNanchor_357"></a><a href="#Footnote_357" class="fnanchor">357</a> In the midst of +these afflictions, the King was rejoiced to learn the arrival +of D. Simão Mascarenhas at Luanda; but he met with an +accident, and died on April 13th, 1624, after a short reign +of less than two years, and mourned by six sons and two +daughters.<a name="FNanchor_358" id="FNanchor_358"></a><a href="#Footnote_358" class="fnanchor">358</a></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">D. Pedro’s successors, 1624-1641.</span></h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Garcia</span>, the eldest son of D. Pedro, when elected +was only twenty years of age, He was succeeded by +<span class="smcap">D. Ambrosio</span>, in October, 1626, whose reign, up till +March, 1631, was one continuous warfare with his powerful +vassals. The country became unsafe, and the Portuguese +retired for a time from S. Salvador. <span class="smcap">Alvaro IV</span>, a son +of Alvaro III, made himself master of the kingdom, and +retained possession until his death, February 25th, 1636. +He was succeded by his son, <span class="smcap">Alvaro V</span>, who, doubting +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> +the loyalty of his half-brothers, the Duke of Mbamba and +the Marquis of Kiowa, made war upon them, was defeated +and taken prisoner, but liberated. Unmindful of the +generosity of his opponents, he once more tried the fortune +of battle, was taken again, and executed (in August, 1636). +The Duke of Mbamba was unanimously elected in his +place, and reigned, as <span class="smcap">Alvaro VI</span>, until his death on February +22nd, 1641. He waged two unsuccessful wars against +the Count of Sonyo, in 1636 and again in 1637; and was +obliged to surrender the district of Makuta (Mocata) to +his adversary.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Garcia II Affonso, o Kimbaku, 1641-1663,</span><a name="FNanchor_359" id="FNanchor_359"></a><a href="#Footnote_359" class="fnanchor">359</a></h4> + +<p>the half-brother and old companion in arms of Alvaro +VI, took possession of the throne at a critical time; for in +August of the year of his accession, the Dutch captured +Luandu, and the fortunes of the Portuguese were at the +lowest ebb. The Dutch lost no time in sending an +embassy to Kongo (1642),<a name="FNanchor_360" id="FNanchor_360"></a><a href="#Footnote_360" class="fnanchor">360</a> and these new allies lent him +their assistance in a small war against Mwana Nsala, who +had defied the royal authority.<a name="FNanchor_361" id="FNanchor_361"></a><a href="#Footnote_361" class="fnanchor">361</a> But they declined to give +effective help against a more powerful vassal, the Count of +Sonyo, as it might have interfered with their trade interests +on the Lower Kongo.<a name="FNanchor_362" id="FNanchor_362"></a><a href="#Footnote_362" class="fnanchor">362</a> The King’s army was defeated twice +on April 29th, 1645, when Affonso, the King’s son, was taken +prisoner, and again in July 1648, in the forest of Mfinda +angulu. Meanwhile the Dutch had broken the padrão set +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> +up by Cão at the mouth of the Kongo; they had re-named +S. Antonio’s Bay after their river Pampus at Amsterdam; +had gone to S. Salvador; and at least one of them, Johan +Herder,<a name="FNanchor_363" id="FNanchor_363"></a><a href="#Footnote_363" class="fnanchor">363</a> had travelled far inland, and visited the Mwana +Nkundi on the Kwangu. The heretical tracts and books +which they liberally distributed were in due course burnt +by the Capuchin friars.</p> + +<p>Portugal was, moreover, irritated by the admission of +Italian and Castilian Capuchins, a batch of whom, headed +by P. Bonaventura of Alessano,<a name="FNanchor_364" id="FNanchor_364"></a><a href="#Footnote_364" class="fnanchor">364</a> arrived at S. Salvador, +on September 2nd, 1645, without having previously called +at Lisbon. This first mission was followed by three others +in 1648, 1651 and 1654,<a name="FNanchor_365" id="FNanchor_365"></a><a href="#Footnote_365" class="fnanchor">365</a> and mission stations were established +in Mbata, in Nkusu, Nsundi, Mpemba, Mbwela, +and Wembo (Ovando).<a name="FNanchor_366" id="FNanchor_366"></a><a href="#Footnote_366" class="fnanchor">366</a> Among the more noteworthy +missionary travels of the time was that of P. Girolamo +of Montesarchio, who visited Konko a bele (Concobello), +in 1652.<a name="FNanchor_367" id="FNanchor_367"></a><a href="#Footnote_367" class="fnanchor">367</a></p> + +<p>Even greater offence was given to Portugal by a mission +which the King despatched to Rome in 1646, and +which arrived there, by way of Holland, in May, 1648. +P. Angelo de Valenza, the head of this mission, had been +instructed to beg the Pope to appoint three bishops for +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> +Kongo, Matamba and the Makoko’s country, without +reference to the claims of Portugal. This the Pope +declined to do; but to show his pleasure at receiving this +mission, he had a medal struck in memory of its visit, with +the inscription “Et Congo agnovit Pastorem,” and sent the +King a Royal crown blessed by himself. The King, however, +when his mission returned (1651), and when he heard +that the Pope had refused to change Kongo from an elective +into a hereditary monarchy, grew wroth. He openly +renounced Christianity, forbade the Capuchins to preach +the word of God, and recalled his native ngangas. But +when some bags containing relics and ornaments, which the +King had taken out of the churches, were miraculously +spared by a fire which broke out in his palace, he reconsidered +his position. A reconciliation with the Capuchins +was effected, and soon afterwards the King, in penitential +robes, actually marched at the head of a procession which +had been organised to turn away a threatened plague of +locusts; he allowed himself to be crowned by P. Giannuario +of Nola, in the name of his Holiness, and took an +active part in the celebration of the Pope’s jubilee.<a name="FNanchor_368" id="FNanchor_368"></a><a href="#Footnote_368" class="fnanchor">368</a></p> + +<p>Meanwhile the Portuguese had recovered Luandu, and +the King was called upon to pay the penalty for having +made friendship with the Dutch heretics, and admitted +foreigners as missionaries. Bartholomeu de Vasconcellos +invaded Kongo. The King at once sent P. Domingos +Cardoso, a Jesuit, and the Capuchin Friar Bonaventura +Sardo, to Luandu, where they had an interview with the +Governor (on February 19th, 1649), and preliminary terms +of peace were arranged.<a name="FNanchor_369" id="FNanchor_369"></a><a href="#Footnote_369" class="fnanchor">369</a> The treaty was reported upon by +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> +the <i>Conselho Ultramarino</i>, and confirmed in 1651 at Lisbon, +whither Friar Bonaventura<a name="FNanchor_370" id="FNanchor_370"></a><a href="#Footnote_370" class="fnanchor">370</a> of Sorrento had gone to do +homage to the King of Portugal, on behalf of the Prefect +of the Capuchins, as also to plead the cause of his Order in +reference to the proposed treaty. The terms of this treaty, +as modified, were as follows:—Castilians or Dutchmen +not to be permitted to reside or travel in Kongo nor +their ships to be admitted, unless provided with a Portuguese +passport; the Capuchin friars to communicate with +Rome only by way of Luandu or Lisbon, and no Castilians +to be admitted among them; the Kings of Kongo +and Portugal to mutually assist each other if attacked by +an enemy; an ambassador of the King of Kongo to take +up his residence at Luandu, as also a royal prince, as +hostage, or in his absence two or three men of rank; compensation +to be granted for all the losses suffered by the +Portuguese since the arrival of the Dutch, and fugitive +slaves to be surrendered; Portuguese merchants to be +exempted from the payment of tolls; a site to be granted +at the mouth of the Kongo for a fortress; all gold and +silver mines to be ceded to the crown of Portugal, and +the country to the south of the river Dande to be ceded +absolutely; and finally the King of Kongo to acknowledge +himself a “tributario” of Portugal.</p> + +<p>The King seems to have long hesitated before he ratified +this treaty, for in 1656, Diogo Gomes de Morales was +ordered to invade Kongo to enforce it, and was on the point +of crossing the river Loje into Mbamba, when he was +recalled, as envoys from the King had arrived at Luandu, +definitely to arrange the terms of peace.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span></p> + +<p>During the later years of his life, D. Garcia once more fell +away from his Christian teachers, whom he accused of +being influenced by political motives. Suspecting the +Duke of Mpemba of a desire to deprive his son of the +succession, he had him executed; and when the native +diviners accused his eldest son, Affonso, of aiming at his +life, he had his second son elected as his successor. He +died in 1663.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">D. Antonio I, 1663-66.</span></h4> + +<p>D. Antonio had been enjoined by his dying father to +avenge the humiliation forced upon him by the Portuguese. +He inaugurated his reign by killing his own brother and +other relatives, whom he suspected of disloyalty. The +warnings of heaven—fiery balls, an earthquake, which +destroyed part of his capital, a plague, which decimated +the population—were disregarded by him.</p> + +<p>He very soon found himself involved in a war with the +Portuguese, who claimed possession of the mines which +had been promised by treaty, and complained of raids +made upon friendly chiefs. On July 13th, 1665, the King +called upon his people to rise in defence of their country +and liberty.<a name="FNanchor_371" id="FNanchor_371"></a><a href="#Footnote_371" class="fnanchor">371</a> His diviners had promised him an easy +victory. The Portuguese had recently been reinforced +from Brazil, yet the army which they were able to put into +the field only numbered four hundred Europeans, with two +field guns and six thousand negroes. It was commanded +by Luiz Lopez de Sequeira, the captain-major, with +whom were Manuel Rebello de Brito, Diogo Rodriguez de +Sá, Simão de Matos and Antonio Araujo Cabreira, the +serjeant-major. The hostile forces met on January 1st, +1666, at Ulanga, near the Pedras de Ambuilla.<a name="FNanchor_372" id="FNanchor_372"></a><a href="#Footnote_372" class="fnanchor">372</a> Antonio, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> +seeing the small force opposed to him, hoped to gain an +easy victory; but the Portuguese, formed in square, resisted +the onslaught of his hosts for six hours. At last the King +left the ranks, desirous of a personal encounter with Lopez +de Sequeira; but he was shot down, his head was cut off, +and stuck upon a pike. His followers fled in dismay. The +missionaries assert that the Virgin Mary, with her Child, +was seen to stand by the side of the Portuguese leader, +directing the battle, and that a fiery rain fell upon the +idolaters.<a name="FNanchor_373" id="FNanchor_373"></a><a href="#Footnote_373" class="fnanchor">373</a></p> + +<p>The Governor of Angola, in commemoration of this +victory, built the chapel of N.S. da Nazareth at Luandu, +whilst the King of Portugal amply rewarded the victors.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">A Time of Anarchy, after 1666.</span></h4> + +<p>We are indebted to Pedro Mendes for an account of the +history of Kongo from the death of D. Antonio in 1666 to +the beginning of the eighteenth century.<a name="FNanchor_374" id="FNanchor_374"></a><a href="#Footnote_374" class="fnanchor">374</a> During that +time, according to this authority, there were fourteen Kings +of Kongo, of whom four were beheaded (or killed) by the +Musurongo, five by the Ezikongo, three died a natural +death, and two were survivors when he wrote, namely, D. +Pedro IV, at Salvador, and D. João at Mbula.<a name="FNanchor_375" id="FNanchor_375"></a><a href="#Footnote_375" class="fnanchor">375</a> At one +time there were actually three kings in the field.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Alvaro VII</span>, a royal prince who had passed his early +life in retirement, but who, on being raised to the throne, +turned out a monster of iniquity, was killed by his own +subjects, abetted by the Count of Sonyo (1666), under +whose auspices took place the election of his successor, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> +<span class="smcap">D. Alvaro VIII</span> (1666-70), who was in turn removed by +the Marquis of Mpemba. Alvaro VIII<a name="FNanchor_376" id="FNanchor_376"></a><a href="#Footnote_376" class="fnanchor">376</a> had allowed the +Portuguese to search for gold, but this search turned out as +fruitless as the search for silver at Kambambe. Meanwhile +<span class="smcap">D. Affonso III Affonso</span> had been proclaimed at +Kibangu, the new capital (1667), whilst <span class="smcap">D. Pedro III</span> +<i>nsukia ntamba</i> was put up as an opposition King in +Mbula. The latter defeated his rival, who fled beyond the +Mbiriji (Ambriz), and died there (of poison?). His widow, +D. Anna, a daughter of a former King, Garcia, retired to +Nkondo (Mucondo), and survived her husband until 1680. +The people proclaimed <span class="smcap">D. Garcia III</span> <i>nenganga mbemba</i><a name="FNanchor_377" id="FNanchor_377"></a><a href="#Footnote_377" class="fnanchor">377</a> +his successor, whilst the opposition, at the old capital +(S. Salvador), declared <span class="smcap">D. Daniel de Guzman</span>, descendant +of Mpanzu (Alvaro I), to be the rightful King. D. Daniel +took the field against D. Garcia III, but, before he reached +the residence of that King, he was overtaken by D. Pedro +of Mbula; his army was dispersed, and himself beheaded. +His children sought refuge with the Count of Sonyo, and +by treachery they succeeded in getting D. Pedro into their +power, and killed him. The people of Mbula thereupon +raised his brother, <span class="smcap">D. João</span>, to the throne, who survived +until after 1710. S. Salvador, after D. Daniel had deserted +it, became the haunt of wild beasts.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile <span class="smcap">D. Rafael</span>, Marquis of Mpemba, who had +been proclaimed King some time anterior to this, had been +obliged to seek refuge among the Portuguese, and his +reinstatement was one of the objects of the disastrous +expedition of 1670,<a name="FNanchor_378" id="FNanchor_378"></a><a href="#Footnote_378" class="fnanchor">378</a> by which it was sought to punish +Count Estevão da Silva of Sonyo for his desecration of +Christian churches and the ill-treatment of Portuguese +traders: or, rather, his dealings with heretic competitors.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> + +</p><p>João Soares de Almeida, the commander of this expedition, +had with him five hundred Portuguese, supported by a +strong force of native allies, among whom was a Jaga +Kalandula. He won a battle, in which Estevão was killed; +but Pedro, the brother of the unfortunate Count, rallied the +forces of Sonyo, unexpectedly fell upon the Portuguese +near the Mbiriji (Ambriz),and scarcely a man among them +escaped. Count Pedro then expelled the Italian Capuchins, +who were supposed to be friendly to Portugal, and invited +in their stead Belgian members of the same Order, who +arrived in September, 1673, under the lead of P. Wouters. +But, having been accused of stopping the rain, and having +in reply excommunicated the Count, they were speedily +expelled.<a name="FNanchor_379" id="FNanchor_379"></a><a href="#Footnote_379" class="fnanchor">379</a> Peace between Sonyo and Portugal was only +restored in 1690, when the former promised to abolish +idolatry and to sell no slaves to heretics.</p> + +<p>It was about this period (between 1669 and 1675) that +Francisco do Murça, the captain-major of Dande, visited +S. Salvador, and proceeded thence to Mbata and the +Kwangu, where he was told that this river flowed through +the kingdom of the Makoko, and entered the sea at +Mpinda, a fact long before known to the missionaries. +These latter had not quite abandoned the Kongo, notwithstanding +these troubles, and in 1668 the Capuchins still +occupied their monasteries at the capital of Mbamba and at +Mpembu;<a name="FNanchor_380" id="FNanchor_380"></a><a href="#Footnote_380" class="fnanchor">380</a> whilst Girolamo Merolla (1682-88) and Antonio +Zucchelli steadily laboured (1700-02) in Sonyo and +Luangu.<a name="FNanchor_381" id="FNanchor_381"></a><a href="#Footnote_381" class="fnanchor">381</a></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">D. Andre</span> succeeded D. Garcia, but died after a +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> +short reign. <span class="smcap">D. Manuel</span> <i>nzinga elenge</i>, a descendant of +Mpanzu, was duly elected, but expelled by the sons of the +late D. Garcia, who raised <span class="smcap">Alvaro IX</span> to the throne in his +stead. This prince was never recognised by the Count of +Sonyo, who looked upon D. Manuel, who had sought +refuge with him, as the legitimate King. He was reinstated +by him for a time, but ultimately fell into the power +of his enemies, and was beheaded.</p> + +<p>Alvaro IX was succeeded in 1694 by his brother <span class="smcap">Pedro +IV</span> <i>nsanu a mbemba</i>, also known as <i>agoa rosada</i>,<a name="FNanchor_382" id="FNanchor_382"></a><a href="#Footnote_382" class="fnanchor">382</a> who once +more returned to the ancient capital. He and D. João of +Mbula were the only Kings alive in 1701, when the Capuchin +Friar Francisco de Pavia, and his colleague Friar João +Maria went throughout the kingdom of Kongo, preaching +peace, and calling upon the leading men to recognise +D. Pedro as their King; and thus put an end to quarrels +which had distracted the country for an entire generation.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">A Retrospect.</span></h4> + +<p>And if we ask to what extent, and in what manner, have +the natives of Kongo been benefited by two centuries of +contact with the civilisation of Europe, and of missionary +effort, we feel bound to admit that they have not been +benefited at all—either materially or morally. On the +contrary. There were, no doubt, a few earnest men among +the missionaries, and the Church of Rome deserves some +credit for the zeal with which she addressed herself to the +object of converting the natives. At the same time it +cannot be denied that the instruments she employed, the +methods she pursued, and the surrounding circumstances, +were not favourable to success. And success there has +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> +been none—at least, none of an enduring nature—notwithstanding +the boastful, if not absolutely mendacious, reports +of her missionaries. The assertion that there was a time +when the whole of Kongo had become Roman Catholic +must raise a smile on the face of those who have attentively +studied the missionary reports. There were eleven +churches and a crowd of priests at the capital; but the +outlying provinces were but poorly attended to. The +number of missionaries, even including the native helpers, +was never large enough to administer, even to a tithe of the +population, those rites and sacraments, which the Roman +Catholic Church professes to be of essential importance.<a name="FNanchor_383" id="FNanchor_383"></a><a href="#Footnote_383" class="fnanchor">383</a></p> + +<p>I quite agree with the Rev. J. Leighton Wilson, when he +says that the “great spiritual edifice” [raised by the missionaries] +has not only “crumbled into the dust, but it has left +the unfortunate inhabitants of that country in as deep +ignorance and superstition, and perhaps in greater poverty +and degradation, than they would have been if Roman +Catholicism had never been proclaimed among them.”<a name="FNanchor_384" id="FNanchor_384"></a><a href="#Footnote_384" class="fnanchor">384</a> +Father José Antonio de Souza, who resided at S. Salvador +from 1881-87, and was subsequently created Bishop of +Mozambique, virtually admits this, for he says: “Christianity +did not penetrate deeply; it passed over the country +like a heavy rain, which scarcely wetted the surface of the +land, and left the subsoil absolutely dry and sterile.”<a name="FNanchor_385" id="FNanchor_385"></a><a href="#Footnote_385" class="fnanchor">385</a> He +adds significantly: “By the side of the missionary stood +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> +the slave-trader.” And surely it was the export slave +trade, created by the cupidity of the Portuguese, but shared +in by Dutch, French and English, which undermined the +prosperity of the country, and decimated its population. +And the missionaries never raised a protest against this +traffic, although it was against the tenets of their Church,<a name="FNanchor_386" id="FNanchor_386"></a><a href="#Footnote_386" class="fnanchor">386</a> +for they profited by it. The only thing which they did for +the wretched slaves was to endeavour to secure, as far as +possible, that they should not fall into the hands of +heretics; so that at least their souls might be saved, whatever +became of their bodies.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/i155.jpg" width="200" height="68" alt="Ornament" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i109.jpg" width="500" height="119" alt="Ornament" title="" /> +</div> + +<h3>APPENDIX III.</h3> + +<h4>A LIST OF THE KINGS OF KONGO.</h4> + +<h5>(NTOTELA NTINU MAKONGO.)</h5> + +<p>1. Ntinu mini a lukeni.</p> + +<p>2. Nanga kia ntinu, his nephew or cousin.</p> + +<p>3. — —</p> + +<p>4. Nkuwu a ntinu, son of No. 1.</p> + +<p>5. João I Nzinga a nkuwu, son of No. 4, baptised May 3rd, 1491, +died 1509.</p> + +<p>6. Mpanzu a nzinga (Mpanzu a kitima?), second son of No. 5, 1509.</p> + +<p>7. Affonso I Mbemba a nzinga (Mbemba nelumbu), eldest son of No. 5, +1509-40.</p> + +<p>8. Pedro I Nkanga a mbemba, son of No. 7, 1540-44.</p> + +<p>9. Francisco Mpudi a nzinga, 1544-46.</p> + +<p>10. Diogo Nkumbi a mpudi, son of No. 9, 1546-61.</p> + +<p>11. Affonso II Mpemba a nzinga, an illegitimate son of No. 10? 1561.</p> + +<p>12. Bernardo I, (bastard) son of No. 10, 1561-67.</p> + +<p>13. Henrique (Nerika) a mpudi, son of No. 9, 1567-68.</p> + +<p>14. Alvaro I o Mpanzu, Mini a lukeni lua mbamba, stepson of No. 12, +1568-74.</p> + +<p>15. Alvaro II Nempanzu a Mini, son of No. 14, 1574-1614.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> + +<p>16. Bernardo II Nenimi a mpanzu, son of No. 15, 1615.</p> + +<p>17. Alvaro III Mbiki a mpanzu, Duke of Mbamba, son of No. 15, 1615 to +May 26th, 1622.</p> + +<p>18. Pedro II Affonso Nkanga a mbiki, son of Mbiki an tumbo, Duke of +Nsundi, grandson of a daughter of No. 7, 1622 to April 13th, 1624.</p> + +<p>19. Garcia I Mbemba a nkanga, Duke of Mbamba, son of No. 18, April 1624, +to June 26th, 1626.</p> + +<p>20. Ambrosio I, October 10th, 1626, to March, 1631.</p> + +<p>21. Alvaro IV, son of No. 17, 1631 to February 25th, 1636.</p> + +<p>22: Alvaro V, son of No. 21, 1636-38.</p> + +<p>23. Alvaro VI, Duke of Mbamba, August, 1638, to February 22nd, 1641.</p> + +<p>24. Garcia II o kimbaku, (Nkanga a lukeni), Marquis of Kiwa, 1641-63.</p> + +<p>25. Antonio I Nevita a nkanga, mwana mulaza, son of No. 24, 1663-66.</p> + +<p>26. Alvaro VII Nepanzu a masundu, 1666-67.</p> + +<p>27. Pedro III Nsukia ntamba of Mbula, 1667-79.</p> + +<p>28. Alvaro VIII, 1667-78.</p> + +<p>29. Affonso III Affonso, 1667-69.</p> + +<p>30. Garcia III Nenganga mbemba, 1669-78.</p> + +<p>31. Rafael I, marquis of Mpemba, 1669-75.</p> + +<p>32. Daniel de Guzman Nemiala nia gimbuilla (?), a descendant of No. 14, +1678-80.</p> + +<p>33. João of Mbula, brother of No. 27, 1679—(He was alive in +1710).</p> + +<p>34. André mulaza, a descendant of No. 25, 1679.</p> + +<p>35. Manuel Nzinga elenge, a descendant of No. 14, 1680-16—.</p> + +<p>36. Alvaro IX Nenimi a mbemba, a descendant both of No. 14 and of No. +25.</p> + +<p>37. Pedro IV, Nsanu a mbemba (Agoa rosada), brother of No. 36, acceded +1694, and was alive in 1710.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> + +<p>38. Pedro Constantino Kibangu. He was executed in 1709.</p> + +<p>The dates given for Nos. 26-38, are for the most part very uncertain: +Nos. 26, 28, 31, and 32 I believe to have resided at S. Salvador; Nos. +29, 30, 34, 35, 36 and 37, at Kibangu; Nos. 27 and 33, in Mbula.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/i090.jpg" width="200" height="166" alt="Ornament" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i091.jpg" width="500" height="105" alt="Ornament" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr /> +<h3>APPENDIX IV.</h3> + +<h4>A SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF ANGOLA</h4> +<h6>TO THE</h6> +<h5>END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.</h5> + +<h5><span class="smcap">Early Portuguese Visitors.</span></h5> + +<p>The inhabitants of S. Thomé were granted +permission in 1500<a name="FNanchor_387" id="FNanchor_387"></a><a href="#Footnote_387" class="fnanchor">387</a> to trade as far as +the Kongo river; but it is just possible +that long before that time, and notwithstanding +an interdict of 1504, they +had felt their way southward along the +coast, and had discovered that a profitable trade, not +hampered by the presence of royal officials or “farmers,” +might be carried on at Luandu, and up a river which, after +the King of the country, was called the river of Ngola +(Angola).</p> + +<p>Several years afterwards, a representative of this Ngola, +whilst on a visit at S. Salvador, suggested that missionaries +should be sent to convert his master. King Manuel was +nothing loth to act upon this suggestion, and entrusted +Manuel Pacheco and Balthasar de Castro, both of whom +were old residents in Kongo, with an expedition, whose +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> +main object was to report on the missionary and commercial +prospects in Ngola’s country, to inquire into the +existence of reputed silver mines, and, eventually, to +explore the coast as far as the Cape of Good Hope. On +arriving at the bar of Ngola’s river (the Kwanza), B. de +Castro was to go to the King’s court, where, if circumstances +were favourable, he was to be joined by a priest. +Pacheco himself was to return to Portugal, with a cargo of +slaves, ivory, and silver.<a name="FNanchor_388" id="FNanchor_388"></a><a href="#Footnote_388" class="fnanchor">388</a></p> + +<p>No report of this mission has hitherto seen the light; +but we know that B. de Castro actually reached Ngola’s +residence, and that he was retained there as a prisoner, +until released in 1526, through the intervention of the King +of Kongo. He reported that he never saw silver or precious +stones anywhere in Angola.<a name="FNanchor_389" id="FNanchor_389"></a><a href="#Footnote_389" class="fnanchor">389</a></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">The Early History of Ndongo (Angola).</span></h4> + +<p>Ndongo is the original name of the vast territory now +known as Angola, from the name or title of its ruler +(Ngola) when first the Portuguese became acquainted with +it. The early history of this region is involved in obscurity, +but it seems that its chiefs at one time owed allegiance to +the King of Kongo, whose authority was finally shaken off +about the middle of the sixteenth century, the King only +keeping possession of Luandu island and its valuable +<i>njimbu</i> fishery.</p> + +<p>Cavazzi, Antonio Laudati of Gaeta, Cadornega, and +others, have published long lists of Kings of “Angola;” +but nearly all the names they give are not those of the +Kings, but the titles which they assumed,<a name="FNanchor_390" id="FNanchor_390"></a><a href="#Footnote_390" class="fnanchor">390</a> and by which +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> +they were generally known. The full title of the King of +Ndongo was <i>Ngola kiluanji kia Samba</i>,<a name="FNanchor_391" id="FNanchor_391"></a><a href="#Footnote_391" class="fnanchor">391</a> and that title is +still borne by the present ruler, who claims to be a +descendant of the kings of old, and whose <i>Kabasa</i><a name="FNanchor_392" id="FNanchor_392"></a><a href="#Footnote_392" class="fnanchor">392</a> on the +River Hamba (Va-umba or Umba) still occupies the +locality assigned by the missionaries to Queen Nzinga’s +<i>Kabasa</i>, where they built the church of S. Maria of +Matamba.</p> + +<p>Cavazzi’s Matamba, however, included the whole of +Queen Nzinga’s kingdom, as it existed in his day, whilst +the original Matamba, as also the country known by that +name in the present day, had much narrower limits. It +was originally tributary to Kongo, but one of its rulers +assumed the title of <i>Kambulu</i>, that is, King, and renounced +all vassalage to his former suzerain. It existed as an +independent kingdom until 1627, when the famous +Queen Nzinga took prisoner the dowager Queen, Muongo +Matamba, and incorporated this ancient kingdom in her +own dominions.<a name="FNanchor_393" id="FNanchor_393"></a><a href="#Footnote_393" class="fnanchor">393</a></p> + +<p>It may have been a Ngola kiluanji, described by Cavazzi +as the son of Tumba ria ngola and of a Ngola kiluanji kia +Samba, who first invaded lower Ndongo, and assigned his +conquest to one of his sons. But all is uncertainty, and +there exists an inextricable confusion in the names of the +Kings of upper and lower Ndongo as transmitted to us. +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> +One thing, however, is certain, namely, that as early as +1520 the country down to the sea was held by a king +bearing the name or title of Ngola.<a name="FNanchor_394" id="FNanchor_394"></a><a href="#Footnote_394" class="fnanchor">394</a></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">The First Expedition of Paulo Dias de +Novaes, 1560.</span></h4> + +<p>In 1556 Ngola Ineve,<a name="FNanchor_395" id="FNanchor_395"></a><a href="#Footnote_395" class="fnanchor">395</a> being threatened by Kongo, sent +an ambassador to Portugal asking for the establishment of +friendly relations. This ambassador arriving in the year +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> +of the death of King John III (1557), action was deferred +until 1559, when three caravels were fitted out and placed +under the command of Paulo Dias, a grandson of the +discoverer of the Cape of Good Hope. Dias left Lisbon on +December 22nd, 1559, and called at S. Thomé (where Bishop +Gaspar Cão observed that the Jesuits, who accompanied +Dias, would meet with no success as long as commercial +intercourse was prohibited).<a name="FNanchor_396" id="FNanchor_396"></a><a href="#Footnote_396" class="fnanchor">396</a> Dias arrived at the bar of the +Kwanza on May 3rd, and there waited patiently for six +months, when Musungu, a native chief, made his appearance +at the head of a crew of painted warriors, armed with +bows and arrows. In his company Dias, accompanied by +the Jesuit fathers and twenty men, travelled up the country +for sixty leagues, when he arrived at the royal residence.<a name="FNanchor_397" id="FNanchor_397"></a><a href="#Footnote_397" class="fnanchor">397</a> +The King, not any longer the Ngola who had asked for +missionaries, but his successor,<a name="FNanchor_398" id="FNanchor_398"></a><a href="#Footnote_398" class="fnanchor">398</a> received his visitors kindly, +but would net allow them to depart until they had helped +him against one of his revolted Sobas, called Kiluanji kia +kwangu by Garcia Mendes.<a name="FNanchor_399" id="FNanchor_399"></a><a href="#Footnote_399" class="fnanchor">399</a> Having rendered this service +Dias was dismissed, but the Jesuits remained behind as +hostages. Whilst Dias was absent in Europe, Ngola +defeated an army sent against him, and thus compelled the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> +recognition of the Dande river as his boundary, the island +of Luandu alone, with its productive <i>njimbu</i> fishery, +remaining with Kongo. Ngola ndambi died (in 1568?) +before Dias returned.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">The Second Expedition of Dias, 1574.</span></h4> + +<p>After a considerable delay, Dias was sent out as “Conquistador” +of the territory recently visited by him. He left +Lisbon on October 23rd, 1574, with seven vessels and +three hundred and fifty men, most of them cobblers, +tailors, and tradesmen.<a name="FNanchor_400" id="FNanchor_400"></a><a href="#Footnote_400" class="fnanchor">400</a> Among his officers were Pedro da +Fonseca, his son-in-law, Luis Serrão, André Ferreira Pereira, +and Garcia Mendes Castellobranco, all of whom subsequently +won distinction as “Conquistadores.” Three Jesuit +fathers (with P. Balthasar Barreira as superior), and three +Dominicans accompanied him. These latter, however, not +finding the country to their liking, soon sought more +comfortable quarters in Kongo. Dias was authorised to +grant estates (including full seignorial rights) to all such +among his companions as were prepared to build a small +fort at their own expense.</p> + +<p>In February, 1575, the fleet sighted the coast near the +Kwanza, and passing over the bar of Kurimba cast anchor +in the fine bay of Luandu, and on February 20th Dias +laid the foundations of a church.<a name="FNanchor_401" id="FNanchor_401"></a><a href="#Footnote_401" class="fnanchor">401</a> The island, at that time, +was inhabited by forty Portuguese who had come from +Kongo, and a considerable number of native Christians. +Its cowry fisheries yielded great profit to its owner, the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> +King of Kongo, who was represented by a governor.<a name="FNanchor_402" id="FNanchor_402"></a><a href="#Footnote_402" class="fnanchor">402</a> Not +finding the site originally chosen for his capital to be +suitable, Dias, in 1576, removed to what is now known as +the Morro de S. Miguel, and he named the new colony +“Reino de Sebaste na conquista de Ethiopia,” in honour of +the King who fell gloriously at Al Kasr el Kebir, and its +capital S. Paulo de Luandu.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the customary presents were exchanged with +the King, whose name or title seems to have been Ngola a +kiluanji. The King’s gifts included slaves, cattle, copper +and silver bracelets, and aromatic Kakongo wood. The +Cardinal King D. Henrique (1578-80) converted the silver +bracelets into a chalice, which he presented to the church +of Belem.</p> + +<p>Friendly relations continued for three years. The King +had been duly helped against his rebellious sobas; Pedro +da Fonseca lived at the King’s residence as “ministro +conservador” of the Portuguese, and a brisk trade seems +to have sprung up with the new town of S. Paulo de +Luandu, when it was insinuated to the King that the +Portuguese ultimately intended to take possession of his +country, and to sell his subjects abroad as slaves. The +<i>Catalogo</i> traces these insinuations to the jealousy of a +Portuguese trader “inspired by the Devil,” and although +neither Garcia Mendes nor Abreu de Brito alludes to this +infamy, their not doing so does not disprove the positive +statement of the <i>Catalogo</i>.<a name="FNanchor_403" id="FNanchor_403"></a><a href="#Footnote_403" class="fnanchor">403</a> Moreover, whether the King’s +mind was influenced by envoys from Kongo, or by a +traitorous Portuguese, it must be admitted that the intentions +of the Portuguese were not altogether misrepresented.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p> + +<p>At all events, the results were immediately disastrous, for +twenty Portuguese traders, who were at the King’s kabasa +at the time, were murdered, together with one thousand +slaves, and their merchandise was confiscated.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Dias in the Field</span>, 1578-89.</h4> + +<p>Dias, before this happened, had already (in 1577) built +the fort of S. Cruz,<a name="FNanchor_404" id="FNanchor_404"></a><a href="#Footnote_404" class="fnanchor">404</a> ten leagues up the Kwanza, and was at +the time at a stockade on the Penedo de S. Pedro, still +higher up on the river.<a name="FNanchor_405" id="FNanchor_405"></a><a href="#Footnote_405" class="fnanchor">405</a> When there, he was warned not to +advance any further, and, suspecting treachery, he retired +with his one hundred and fifty men to Kanzele (Anzele),<a name="FNanchor_406" id="FNanchor_406"></a><a href="#Footnote_406" class="fnanchor">406</a> +where he entrenched himself (in 1578). Twenty days later +he received news of the massacre. Dias at once hastened +back to Luandu for reinforcements, the serjeant-major, +Manuel João, meanwhile valiantly defending the stockade +and raiding the neighbourhood.</p> + +<p>In September, 1580, Dias again left Luandu with three +hundred men. Slowly he proceeded along the Kwanza by +land and in boats, punished the sobas Muchima, Kitangombe, +and Kizua, in Kisama, and defeated the King’s +army at Makunde,<a name="FNanchor_407" id="FNanchor_407"></a><a href="#Footnote_407" class="fnanchor">407</a> where he had his headquarters for two +years, during which time his subordinates, João Serrão, +Manuel João, and others, established his authority among +the sobas of Kisama and Lamba (Ilamba).</p> + +<p>In 1582 he removed to Masanganu, at the “meeting of +the waters” of the Lukala and Kwanza. Determined to +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> +capture the reputed silver mines of Kambambe, he set out +with Luiz Serrão, eighty Portuguese, and a “guerra +preta” of thirty thousand men. During his forward +march he defeated the soba Mbamba Tungu; and at an +entrenched camp at Teka ndungu, on February 2nd, 1584, +he inflicted a crushing defeat upon the King’s forces; the +Jesuit Father Balthasar Barreiro claiming no little credit +for having contributed to this victory by his prayers.<a name="FNanchor_408" id="FNanchor_408"></a><a href="#Footnote_408" class="fnanchor">408</a> As +a result of this success, many of the sobas declared in +favour of Portugal, but so inconsiderable were the forces +at the command of Dias that he could do no more +than maintain his position at Masanganu. An army under +the Duke of Mbamba, which had been promised to him, +was never sent.<a name="FNanchor_409" id="FNanchor_409"></a><a href="#Footnote_409" class="fnanchor">409</a> Reinforcements, however, arrived in +the course of 1584 and 1586,<a name="FNanchor_410" id="FNanchor_410"></a><a href="#Footnote_410" class="fnanchor">410</a> and Dias fought a battle on +the Lukala. But his subordinates did not always meet +with a like success; and João Castanhosa Vellez, with one +hundred Portuguese, was completely routed by the soba +Ngola Kalungu.<a name="FNanchor_411" id="FNanchor_411"></a><a href="#Footnote_411" class="fnanchor">411</a></p> + +<p>As an incident of the governorship of Paulo Dias may +be mentioned the building of a fort at Benguella velho, by +his nephew, Antonio Lopes Peixoto, in 1587. Unhappily, +fifty men of the garrison ventured abroad, unarmed, and +fell in an ambush; and of the twenty who had remained in +the fort, and who offered a stout resistance, only two +escaped. As a matter of fact, the losses of human life in +these native wars were very considerable.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p> + +<p>Paulo Dias died in the midst of preparations for a fresh +expedition against Ngola, in October, 1589, and was buried +in the church of N. S. da Victoria, which he himself had +built at Masanganu.<a name="FNanchor_412" id="FNanchor_412"></a><a href="#Footnote_412" class="fnanchor">412</a></p> + +<p>His soldiers elected Luiz Serrão, the captain-major, to +succeed him.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Luiz Serrão and the Battle of 1590.</span></h4> + +<p>Luiz Serrão, having completed his preparations, started +with an army numbering one hundred and twenty eight +Portuguese musketeers (with three horses), and fifteen +thousand native allies armed with bows. With this utterly +insufficient force he crossed the Lukala, and then advanced +to the east. On Friday, December 25th, 1590, when at +Ngwalema a kitambu (Anguolome aquitambo) in Ari,<a name="FNanchor_413" id="FNanchor_413"></a><a href="#Footnote_413" class="fnanchor">413</a> he +found himself face to face with the King of Matamba, +whose army had been reinforced by Ngola, the King of +Kongo, the Jaga Kinda,<a name="FNanchor_414" id="FNanchor_414"></a><a href="#Footnote_414" class="fnanchor">414</a> and others. Serrão desired to +retire before this overwhelming host, but his subordinate +officers, André Ferreira Pereira and Francisco de Sequeira, +persuaded him to attack the enemy. He did so, on +Monday, December 28th, 1590, and was defeated. The +retreat was effected in good order. The vanguard of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> +forty musketeers was led by João de Velloria, then came +the “guerra preta,” whilst Serrão himself commanded +the rear, and fought almost daily with his pursuers. The +camp at Lukanza, with its valuable contents, had to be +abandoned. At length, on reaching Akimbolo,<a name="FNanchor_415" id="FNanchor_415"></a><a href="#Footnote_415" class="fnanchor">415</a> many +leagues to the rear, the fugitives met Luiz Mendez Rapozo, +who had come up from Luandu with seventy-eight men. +At last they reached the old presidio of Mbamba Tungu +and Masanganu; Manuel Jorge d’Oliveira was at once sent +down to Luandu for reinforcements, and on their arrival +the siege was raised. L. Serrão survived this disaster only +for a month; and when he died, his officers elected Luiz +Ferreira Pereira, the captain-major, to take his place. The +sobas all around, and in Lamba and Ngulungu, headed by +one Muzi Zemba (Muge Asemba), were in the field, but +they were held in check by Pereira, and the Portuguese +name continued to be respected.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">The Jaga.</span></h4> + +<p>Jaga or Jaka is a military title,<a name="FNanchor_416" id="FNanchor_416"></a><a href="#Footnote_416" class="fnanchor">416</a> and by no means the +name of a people. The predatory man-eating bands at +whose head they invaded the agricultural districts towards +the sea coast, included elements of all kinds, not unlike the +bands of the “Zulu” of our own time; and hence, one of +the names by which they became known in Angola was +Bangala.<a name="FNanchor_417" id="FNanchor_417"></a><a href="#Footnote_417" class="fnanchor">417</a> I have already stated that I do not think that +these military leaders, or Jaga, have anything to do with +the tribe of the Ayaka to the east of Kongo. Still less +can we adopt the monstrous notion that the various +inland tribes who, in the course of the sixteenth century, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> +descended upon the coast of the most opposite parts of +Africa, are to be identified with our Jaga. It was João +Bermudes<a name="FNanchor_418" id="FNanchor_418"></a><a href="#Footnote_418" class="fnanchor">418</a> who first identified the Galla of Abyssinia with +the Sumba, who raided the coast of Guinea about 1570. +Duarte Lopez (pp. 66, 67) would have us believe that the +Jaga came out of Moenemuge (Mwene muji), and called +themselves Agag.<a name="FNanchor_419" id="FNanchor_419"></a><a href="#Footnote_419" class="fnanchor">419</a> But the people of Mwene muji, or the +land of the Maravi, are in reality the Zimbas, who raided +Kilwa and Mombasa in 1589, whilst “Agag” looks to me +like a corruption of Agau, which is the name of an +Abyssinian tribe.<a name="FNanchor_420" id="FNanchor_420"></a><a href="#Footnote_420" class="fnanchor">420</a> And hence arises this absurd confusion +of Father Guerreiro, who expects us to believe that the Jaga +are known in Kongo as Iacas, in Angola as Gindes,<a name="FNanchor_421" id="FNanchor_421"></a><a href="#Footnote_421" class="fnanchor">421</a> in +“India” (that is, on the East coast of Africa) as Zimbas, +in Prester John’s country as Gallas, and in Sierra Leone +as Sumbas! Battell, who reports facts and leaves hypotheses +alone, confesses that in his day nothing was known +about the origin of this dreaded people.<a name="FNanchor_422" id="FNanchor_422"></a><a href="#Footnote_422" class="fnanchor">422</a></p> + +<p>We have already met with Jaga in Kongo, as allies of +Ngola. In 1590 they were fighting Luiz Serrão as the +allies of Matamba, and by 1600 they appear to have +advanced as far as the coast of Benguella, where Battell +joined them, and had an opportunity of gaining an intimate +knowledge of their daily life, not enjoyed by any other +traveller. H. D. de Carvalho<a name="FNanchor_423" id="FNanchor_423"></a><a href="#Footnote_423" class="fnanchor">423</a> and A. R. Neves<a name="FNanchor_424" id="FNanchor_424"></a><a href="#Footnote_424" class="fnanchor">424</a> have been +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> +at the trouble of collecting such information on their +origin as it is possible to gather after the lapse of three +centuries. Entrusting ourselves to the guidance of the +former of these authors, we learn that Kinguri, the son of +the chief of the Bungo, in Lunda, was excluded by his +father from the succession, in favour of his sister Lueji. +Gathering around him his adherents, he left his native +land to found a “state” elsewhere. He first settled in +Kioko, then crossed the Upper Kwanza into Kimbundu +(Binbundu of Bié), and reached Lubolo, where he made +friends with the chief, Ngongo, whose daughter Kulachinga +he married. He then crossed the Kwanza above Kambambe, +entered into friendly relations with the Portuguese, visited +the Governor, D. Manuel,<a name="FNanchor_425" id="FNanchor_425"></a><a href="#Footnote_425" class="fnanchor">425</a> and offered to fight on the side +of the Portuguese. He was granted land at Lukamba,<a name="FNanchor_426" id="FNanchor_426"></a><a href="#Footnote_426" class="fnanchor">426</a> on +the river Kamueji. Being dissatisfied with this land, on +account of its sterility, he again turned to the eastward, +and, crossing the Lui, finally settled in the country still +occupied by his successors, who (according to Carvalho), +were Kasanje, Ngonga ka mbanda, Kalunga ka kilombo, +Kasanje ka Kulachinga, etc.<a name="FNanchor_427" id="FNanchor_427"></a><a href="#Footnote_427" class="fnanchor">427</a> Having settled down, +Kinguri invited his father-in-law to join him, and his +forces were subsequently increased by some discontented +subjects of Queen Nzinga, led by Kalungu. His followers, +being thus a mixture of many tribes, the Jagas were +thenceforth chosen alternately among the three leading +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> +families of Kulachinga (Kinguri’s wife), Ngongo and +Kalunga.<a name="FNanchor_428" id="FNanchor_428"></a><a href="#Footnote_428" class="fnanchor">428</a></p> + +<p>It is perfectly clear from this information, collected in +Lunda and Kasanje, that it throws no light upon the +original Jaga, although it may explain the origin of the +Jaga still ruling at Kasanje.</p> + +<p>The account given by Ladislaus Magyar<a name="FNanchor_429" id="FNanchor_429"></a><a href="#Footnote_429" class="fnanchor">429</a> evidently +refers to the same leader. According to him, a Jaga +Kanguri settled in the country now occupied by the Sonyo +three hundred years ago. His people were cannibals, but +the more intelligent among them saw that this practice +would ultimately lead to the destruction of the subject +tribes upon whom they depended for support, and they +founded the secret society of the Empacaceiros<a name="FNanchor_430" id="FNanchor_430"></a><a href="#Footnote_430" class="fnanchor">430</a> for the +suppression of cannibalism. Being worsted in a civil war, +they crossed the upper Kwanza into Bié, whilst Kanguri +turned to the north-west and settled in Kasanje.</p> + +<p>Cavazzi seems to go further back, for he tells us that +Zimbo, who was the first chief of the Jaga (Aiacca), invaded +Kongo, whilst one of his chiefs, “Dongij” (Ndongo?), +invaded Matamba, and that the bloody “kichile,”<a name="FNanchor_431" id="FNanchor_431"></a><a href="#Footnote_431" class="fnanchor">431</a> or +customs, were introduced by Musasa the wife, and Tembandumba +the daughter, of this “Dongij.” The daughter +married Kulambo, whom she poisoned; he was succeeded +by Kinguri, who was killed during an invasion of +Angola, Kulachimbo a great warrior, Kassanje, and many +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> +others; the last of whom, Kassanje ka nkinguri, was baptised +in 1657.<a name="FNanchor_432" id="FNanchor_432"></a><a href="#Footnote_432" class="fnanchor">432</a></p> + +<p>I confess my inability to evolve the truth out of these +conflicting statements, and can only suppose that the title +of “Jaga” was assumed by the leaders of predatory hordes +of very diverse origin, in order to inspire terror in the +hearts of peaceful tribes; just, as in more recent times, +certain tribes in East Africa pretend to be Zulu for a like +reason.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">D. Francisco and D. Jeronymo d’Almeida</span>, +1592-1594.</h4> + +<p>The new Governor, D. Francisco d’Almeida, arrived at +S. Paulo, on June 24th, 1592, accompanied by four hundred +foot-soldiers and fifty African horse, all picked men. +Among the volunteers attending him were his brother, +D. Jeronymo, Luis Lopez de Sequeira and Balthasar +Rebello de Aragõa;<a name="FNanchor_433" id="FNanchor_433"></a><a href="#Footnote_433" class="fnanchor">433</a> and perhaps also Domingos d’Abreu +de Brito, who, in a “Summario e descripção do Reino de +Angola,” presented to King Philip I, proposed an expedition +across Africa, and the protection of the road to be +opened by a chain of forts.<a name="FNanchor_434" id="FNanchor_434"></a><a href="#Footnote_434" class="fnanchor">434</a></p> + +<p>The new Governor, immediately on his arrival, found +himself face to face with a religious difficulty. The +Jesuits, ever since the days of Dias, expected to be +consulted in all government business. They desired to be +appointed “preceptors” (amos) of the native chiefs, their +aim being evidently to create a theocratic government, +such as they established subsequently in Paraguay. They +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> +“used their spiritual influence to induce the conquered +sobas to refuse obedience to the civil powers;” and when +d’Almeida made use of the authority conferred upon him +at Madrid in order to crush this “nascent theocracy,” he +was excommunicated.<a name="FNanchor_435" id="FNanchor_435"></a><a href="#Footnote_435" class="fnanchor">435</a> He certainly was unequal to cope +with these domineering priests. Disheartened, he threw +up a charge to which he felt unequal, and took ship for +Brazil (April 8th, 1593).<a name="FNanchor_436" id="FNanchor_436"></a><a href="#Footnote_436" class="fnanchor">436</a></p> + +<p>D. Jeronymo, at the urgent request of the Camara, took +up the reins of government, and being of a more conciliatory +nature than his brother, made peace with the +Jesuits, and was thus able to take the field. He started +with four hundred men and twenty horses, and received +the submission of the sobas of Kisama, excepting the most +powerful among them. On reaching the salt mines of +Ndemba<a name="FNanchor_437" id="FNanchor_437"></a><a href="#Footnote_437" class="fnanchor">437</a> he founded a “presidio,” and garrisoned it with +one hundred men. On his way to the silver-mines of +Kambambe he was struck down with fever, and returned +to Luandu, leaving Balthasar d’Almeida de Sousa and +Pedro Alvares Rebello in command of the troops. They +were imprudent, and on April 22nd, 1594, fell into an +ambush prepared for them by the powerful chief Kafuche +kabara (Cafuxe cambara). Only the captain-major, thanks +to the swiftness of his horse, and a few men, escaped this +disaster.<a name="FNanchor_438" id="FNanchor_438"></a><a href="#Footnote_438" class="fnanchor">438</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">João Furtado de Mendonça, 1594-1602.</span></h4> + +<p>D. Jeronymo was on the point of hurrying up with +reinforcements when João Furtado de Mendonça arrived +at Luandu (August 1st, 1594). He brought with him, not +only four hundred men with thirty horses, but also twelve +European women,<a name="FNanchor_439" id="FNanchor_439"></a><a href="#Footnote_439" class="fnanchor">439</a> the first ever seen in Luandu, in whose +honour the town was decorated.</p> + +<p>One of the most memorable events of his governorship +was a campaign which he conducted up the river Mbengu. +Starting at the worst time of the year (in March, 1496), he +quickly lost two hundred men by fever. Having brought +up fresh recruits from Luandu, he avenged himself for a +disaster brought about by his own ignorance, by an +exceptional severity in his treatment of the “rebels,” +many of whom were blown from guns. This expedition +kept the field for several years, and proceeded as far as +Ngazi (Ingasia), the chief of which district was called +Ngombe—the bullock.<a name="FNanchor_440" id="FNanchor_440"></a><a href="#Footnote_440" class="fnanchor">440</a></p> + +<p>Meanwhile, João de Velloria,<a name="FNanchor_441" id="FNanchor_441"></a><a href="#Footnote_441" class="fnanchor">441</a> the captain-major, had +severely punished the rebellious sobas of Lamba. Masanganu +was once more blockaded by the King Ngola (1597), +until relieved by Balthasar Rebello de Aragão. On again +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> +descending the Kwanza, he built a presidio in the territory +of the chief Muchima, in Kisama (1559).<a name="FNanchor_442" id="FNanchor_442"></a><a href="#Footnote_442" class="fnanchor">442</a></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">The Campaign of 1602-3.</span><a name="FNanchor_443" id="FNanchor_443"></a><a href="#Footnote_443" class="fnanchor">443</a></h4> + +<p>A new Governor, João Rodrigues Coutinho, arrived +early in 1602. He was acceptable to the Jesuits, and soon +won the hearts of the people by his liberality. He had +been authorised by the King to bestow five habits of the +Order of Christ, dub five knights, and appoint thirty +King’s chamberlains (moços da camara). Seven years’ +receipts of the export duty on slaves were to be devoted +to the building of forts at the salt mines (Ndemba), +Kambambe, and in Benguela.</p> + +<p>Six months after his arrival, the Governor took the field +against the powerful chief Kafuche. His force was the +most formidable that had ever been at the disposal of a +Governor, numbering no less than eight hundred Portuguese. +It was joined at Songo by a portion of the garrison +of Masanganu. Unhappily, the Governor died before +coming in contact with the enemy, and appointed Manuel +Cerveira Pereira as his successor. Battell calls this man +an “upstart,” and he certainly had many enemies; but he +is well spoken of by the Jesuits, and was an able soldier. +On August 10th, 1603, he inflicted a crushing defeat upon +Kafuche, at Agoakaiongo,<a name="FNanchor_444" id="FNanchor_444"></a><a href="#Footnote_444" class="fnanchor">444</a> on the very spot where, seven +years before, the Portuguese had met with a great +disaster. Overcoming the stout resistance of the chiefs +of the Museke,<a name="FNanchor_445" id="FNanchor_445"></a><a href="#Footnote_445" class="fnanchor">445</a> he arrived at the head of the navigation +of the Kwanza, and there, at Kambambe, he founded the +Presidio da N.S. do Rozario (1604). Having punished +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> +several of the neighbouring chiefs, including Shila mbanza +(Axilambanza), the father-in-law of King Ngola, and left +João de Araujo e Azevedo<a name="FNanchor_446" id="FNanchor_446"></a><a href="#Footnote_446" class="fnanchor">446</a> in command of the new +presidio, Pereira returned to the coast.</p> + +<p>S. Paulo de Luandu had by that time grown into a fine +town, where commerce flourished. Unfortunately for the +lasting prosperity of the colony, human beings constituted +the most valuable article of export, and the profits yielded +by this slave trade attracted Dutch and French interlopers, +notwithstanding a royal decree of 1605, which excluded +all foreign vessels from the vast territories claimed by +Portugal. In 1607 there were four “Presidios” or forts in +the interior, namely Muchima, Agoakaiongo, Masanganu, +and Kambambe.<a name="FNanchor_447" id="FNanchor_447"></a><a href="#Footnote_447" class="fnanchor">447</a></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">D. Manuel Pereira Forjaz and Bento Banha +Cardoso, 1607-15.</span></h4> + +<p>We have already stated that Manuel Cerveira Pereira +had many enemies, and when D. Manuel Pereira Forjaz, the +new Governor, arrived towards the end of 1607, very serious +accusations must have been brought against the former, +for he was at once sent back to Lisbon. There, however, +we are bound to assume that he refuted these accusations, +for otherwise it is not likely that he would have been +re-appointed Governor eight years afterwards: unless, indeed, +he had friends at court who profited by his delinquencies. +Forjaz himself showed to little advantage. He +superseded the commandant of Kambambe by one of his +own creatures, and the fort would certainly have been +taken by the sobas who blockaded it, had not Roque de +S. Miguel and Rebello de Aragão hastened to its relief. +Forjaz, moreover, is accused of having imposed an annual +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> +tax upon the sobas, yielding from twelve to thirteen +thousand cruzados, which seem to have found their way +into his own pockets, and those of his favourites.<a name="FNanchor_448" id="FNanchor_448"></a><a href="#Footnote_448" class="fnanchor">448</a> When +he suddenly died in his bed, on April 11th, 1611, the bishop +and the leading men called upon the captain-major, +Bento Banha Cardoso, to take charge of the government. +Cardoso was a man of enterprise, and successful in his +undertakings, but cruel. In 1611 he defeated King +Ngola. The sobas Kilonga and Mbamba Tungu, who fell +into his hands, were beheaded, as were also several of their +makotas. To avenge these executions, fourteen sobas of +Ngola and Matamba made an attack upon Kambambe in +the following year; and although that place was valiantly +defended until relieved, it took a year before order was +restored in the surrounding district. To keep these sobas +in check, a fort (Mbaka) was built on the river Lukala +(1614), eight leagues from Masanganu.<a name="FNanchor_449" id="FNanchor_449"></a><a href="#Footnote_449" class="fnanchor">449</a> In Kisama, the +territory of Nambua ngongo (Nabo angungo) was raided +in the same year.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">An Attempt to Cross Africa.</span></h4> + +<p>Before proceeding with our account, there remains to be +noticed a serious attempt to cross the whole of Africa +from the west coast to “Manomotapa,” on the Zambezi, +which was made by Balthasar Rebello de Aragão, by +order of D. Manuel Pereira Forjaz. Rebello de Aragão +himself furnishes a very short account of this expedition,<a name="FNanchor_450" id="FNanchor_450"></a><a href="#Footnote_450" class="fnanchor">450</a> +from which we learn that he discovered copper and iron, +and was told that there was also silver. The natives bred +cattle and cultivated the land, and they told him of a lake, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> +in lat. 16° S., giving rise to many rivers, including the +Nile. Unfortunately, when he had advanced one hundred +and forty leagues from the sea, and eighty beyond the +place he started from (Kambambe?), he was summoned +back, as the fort just named was threatened by King +Ngola.<a name="FNanchor_451" id="FNanchor_451"></a><a href="#Footnote_451" class="fnanchor">451</a></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">The Conquest of Benguella.</span></h4> + +<p>In 1615, Manuel Cerveira Pereira<a name="FNanchor_452" id="FNanchor_452"></a><a href="#Footnote_452" class="fnanchor">452</a> returned to the scene +of his former labours, with special instructions to take +possession of Benguella, which for a considerable time +past had been visited by trading vessels. But before he +started upon this enterprise, he ordered his old comrade, +João (or Paio?) de Araujo e Azevedo, to deal with Kakulu +Kabasa,<a name="FNanchor_453" id="FNanchor_453"></a><a href="#Footnote_453" class="fnanchor">453</a> Mbumba (Bumba) a ndala, Kilomba kia tubia, +and other revolted chiefs in Angola, whilst he himself +penetrated into the country of the Kakulu Kahenda,<a name="FNanchor_454" id="FNanchor_454"></a><a href="#Footnote_454" class="fnanchor">454</a> who +had given offence by assisting fugitive slaves and interfering +with traders.</p> + +<p>Having entrusted Antonio Gonçalves Pitta with the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> +government of S. Paulo, he left that place for the South, on +April 11th, 1617, with four vessels, a patacho, and one +hundred soldiers.<a name="FNanchor_455" id="FNanchor_455"></a><a href="#Footnote_455" class="fnanchor">455</a> Finding the site of the old fort near +the Terra das duas Puntas unsuitable, he continued his +voyage along the coast, until he came in sight of a +“sombreiro,” overlooking the Bahia das Vaccas;<a name="FNanchor_456" id="FNanchor_456"></a><a href="#Footnote_456" class="fnanchor">456</a> and +there he built the fort of S. Filippe de Benguella, which +in course of time developed into a city of some importance. +The sobas of Ndombe, of whose territory he had possessed +himself, naturally objected to the presence of these uninvited +strangers, but they were compelled to submit after five +defeats. The Jaga on the river Murombo likewise gave in, +after three months’ fighting, but soon afterwards broke +the peace, and was executed. The chief Kalunga, at the +mouth of the Koporolo (Kuporol), and the cattle-keeping +Mukimba in the neighbouring hills, also submitted. It +scarcely admits of doubt that Pereira, in the course of his +many military excursions, discovered copper, sulphur and +salt,<a name="FNanchor_457" id="FNanchor_457"></a><a href="#Footnote_457" class="fnanchor">457</a> but he was to benefit little by these discoveries. His +harsh conduct and greed had estranged his people. +Headed by a priest and by their officers, they mutinied, +put their leader on board a patacho, and shipped him off +to S. Paulo, where no notice was taken of his presence, the +Governor being absent at that time, because of a native +war (1618).<a name="FNanchor_458" id="FNanchor_458"></a><a href="#Footnote_458" class="fnanchor">458</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p> + +<p>Pereira once more returned to Madrid, and having +explained matters to the satisfaction of the authorities, +he was sent back, and again reached S. Felippe de Benguella +on August 8th, 1620. He sailed north to Sumba +mbela’s country, at the mouth of the river Kuvu. A couple +of days inland he discovered more copper, three quintals +of which he took to S. Paulo. He died in the midst of his +labours. The <i>Catalogo</i> credits him with having gone +inland as far as Kakonda.<a name="FNanchor_459" id="FNanchor_459"></a><a href="#Footnote_459" class="fnanchor">459</a></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">The Colonial Government.</span></h4> + +<p>We have already learned that the native sobas were +handed over to the mercy of individual “conquistadores,” +and Rebello de Aragão declares that these sobas were +being “robbed and maltreated.” They were required by +their masters to pay a tax in slaves, to furnish carriers, +and render all kinds of services,<a name="FNanchor_460" id="FNanchor_460"></a><a href="#Footnote_460" class="fnanchor">460</a> without payment. In +addition to this the Governor, D. M. P. Forjaz, imposed +upon them a poll-tax, which produced from twelve to +thirteen thousand cruzados (say £1,650<a name="FNanchor_461" id="FNanchor_461"></a><a href="#Footnote_461" class="fnanchor">461</a>) a year. Rebello +de Aragão maintains that the native wars were largely due +to this pernicious system, which enriched the Governor and +his officials, whilst traders were made to suffer, and ceased +to visit the “feiras” because of the extortionate demands +made upon them. At Mpinda nearly all the “honest” trade +had passed into the hands of the Dutch, because of the +monopoly conferred upon Portuguese slave-dealers. He +declares that a tax of 20 per cent. on the salt mined at +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> +Ndemba would pay all the legitimate expenses of government; +but that, although the export duty on slaves yielded +from five to six thousand cruzados, there had not yet been +built a decent house for the government offices.</p> + +<p>Garcia Mendes Castellobranco, in a memoir<a name="FNanchor_462" id="FNanchor_462"></a><a href="#Footnote_462" class="fnanchor">462</a> addressed +to the King in 1620, is equally outspoken with regard to +the treatment of the native chiefs, who, he maintains, ought +not to be taxed more heavily than at the time when they +were still subjects of a native king. He, too, refers to the +salt mines as a source of revenue, recommends the levying +of a toll at river crossings, and the expropriation of the +uncultivated territory around S. Paulo.<a name="FNanchor_463" id="FNanchor_463"></a><a href="#Footnote_463" class="fnanchor">463</a></p> + +<p>Many of these abuses may, no doubt, be traced to the +demoralising influence of the slave-trade and the insufficient +pay of the officials. A slave costing £3 7<i>s.</i> in the interior +(or nothing, if taken in the course of one of the frequent +slave raids) was sold for more than double that sum on the +coast; and whilst money could be made thus easily the +great natural resources of the country were neglected and +the population—which, on the arrival of the Portuguese, is +said to have been very considerable—shrank from year to +year.<a name="FNanchor_464" id="FNanchor_464"></a><a href="#Footnote_464" class="fnanchor">464</a></p> + +<p>The export duties on slaves and ivory were farmed out +in 1607 to one Duarte Dias Enriques for twenty million +reis annually (about £6,600).<a name="FNanchor_465" id="FNanchor_465"></a><a href="#Footnote_465" class="fnanchor">465</a></p> + +<p>S. Paulo and Masanganu enjoyed municipal institutions +at that time, but all outside these cities was ruled by +military adventurers. The Governor (in 1607) was paid a +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> +salary of £267, but the other officials were decidedly +underpaid; and thus, almost of necessity, were driven to +increase their incomes by illegitimate means.<a name="FNanchor_466" id="FNanchor_466"></a><a href="#Footnote_466" class="fnanchor">466</a></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">The War with Ngola nzinga mbandi.</span></h4> + +<p>Luiz Mendes de Vasconcellos, the new Governor, arrived +in November, 1617, and almost immediately found himself +involved in a war with the King of Ndongo. Nzinga +mbandi ngola kiluanji,<a name="FNanchor_467" id="FNanchor_467"></a><a href="#Footnote_467" class="fnanchor">467</a> a great tyrant, had been “removed” +by his indignant subjects shortly before the arrival of +the new Governor. He left behind him three daughters, +one of whom, born in 1582, became famous as Queen D. +Anna de Souza Nzinga, and two sons, one by a legitimate +wife, the other by a slave woman. It was the latter, Ngola +nzinga mbandi,<a name="FNanchor_468" id="FNanchor_468"></a><a href="#Footnote_468" class="fnanchor">468</a> whom his partisans raised to the throne, +which he reached through rivers of blood, among his +victims being his own brother, a son of his sister, and many +of the trusted councillors of his father. In 1618 the +usurper took the field, intending to expel the Portuguese, +who seem to have given provocation by shifting the old +presidio of Mbaka (Ambaca) to a site much higher up the +Lukala.<a name="FNanchor_469" id="FNanchor_469"></a><a href="#Footnote_469" class="fnanchor">469</a> The Governor, ably supported by his captain-major, +Pedro de Souza Coelho, not only defeated the King, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> +but also captured his queen and many other persons of +consideration. The King sued for peace, but as he failed +to surrender the Portuguese whom he had taken prisoner, +the war was renewed in 1619. His allies fared no better +than the King himself. His vice-king of lower Ndongo, +Ngola ari,<a name="FNanchor_470" id="FNanchor_470"></a><a href="#Footnote_470" class="fnanchor">470</a> was compelled to pay a tribute of one hundred +slaves annually (in 1620); and while the Governor raided +the territories of Kahibalongo, Ndonga, and Kasa, his +lieutenant, Lopo Soares Laço, destroyed the kilombos of +the sobas Ngunza a ngombe and Bangu.</p> + +<p>It had been recognised by this time that many of these +punitive expeditions were provoked by the lawless conduct +of white traders, mulattoes and negros calçados (that is, +shoe-wearing negroes), who went inland on slaving expeditions; +and only Pumbeiros descalços, that is, native agents +or traders not yet sufficiently civilised to wear shoes, should +be permitted to do so in future.<a name="FNanchor_471" id="FNanchor_471"></a><a href="#Footnote_471" class="fnanchor">471</a></p> + +<p>When King Ngola nzinga mbandi heard of the arrival +of João Corrêa de Souza, the new Governor, in September, +1621,<a name="FNanchor_472" id="FNanchor_472"></a><a href="#Footnote_472" class="fnanchor">472</a> he at once sent his sister to Luandu to arrange +terms of peace. This woman, then about forty years of +age, proved an excellent diplomatist. When the Governor +alluded to the payment of tribute, she declared that +tribute could only be demanded from a conquered people, +and the treaty ultimately signed was one of reciprocity: +fugitive slaves were to be surrendered, and assistance to +be given against common enemies.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p> + +<p>Before this able ambassadress left Luandu, she was +received into the bosom of Holy Mother Church, being +baptised as D. Anna de Souza (1622); and on her +return home she persuaded her brother to apply for +the services of a priest, or <i>Mamaganga</i>.<a name="FNanchor_473" id="FNanchor_473"></a><a href="#Footnote_473" class="fnanchor">473</a> A priest was +sent, but he was a native, who had been ordained at +Luandu, and one of the King’s own subjects. The King +looked upon this as an insult; he treated the priest with +great indignity, and once more invaded the Portuguese +territory. Thrice beaten, and deserted by his vassals, he +fled to the island of Ndangi,<a name="FNanchor_474" id="FNanchor_474"></a><a href="#Footnote_474" class="fnanchor">474</a> in the Kwanza river, where +he died of poison administered by his own sister Nzinga, +who thus avenged the murder of her son (1623).</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Queen Nzinga</span>, 1623-1636.</h4> + +<p>Nzinga at once renounced Christianity, and the bloody +rites of the Jaga were celebrated when she ascended +her throne. She inaugurated her reign by the murder +of her brother’s son, of his adherents, and her supposed +enemies. Having reduced her own people to subjection, +with the aid of the Jaga, she declared war upon Portugal. +D. Felippe de Souza Ngola ari, the King of Ndongo +recognised by the Portuguese, was at once ordered to +defend the frontier, and, if possible, to invade the territories +of his kinswoman. On consideration, however, it +was thought best, in the interest of trade, to avoid a +serious conflict. An officer was sent to the court of the +Queen, offering to restore the lost provinces (and thus +sacrificing their vassal D. Felippe), on condition of her +acknowledging herself a vassal, and paying tribute. These +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> +conditions were haughtily rejected, and the war began in +earnest.</p> + +<p>João de Araujo e Azevedo was placed at the head of the +Portuguese invading force.<a name="FNanchor_475" id="FNanchor_475"></a><a href="#Footnote_475" class="fnanchor">475</a> He raided the country along +the Lukala, and then turned back upon the Kwanza, +occupied the islands of Ukole and Kitaka, and came up +with the Queen’s camp at Ndangi Island. The Queen, +having consulted the spirit of her brother Ngola mbandi,<a name="FNanchor_476" id="FNanchor_476"></a><a href="#Footnote_476" class="fnanchor">476</a> +declined to risk a battle, and fled into Hako (Oacco). The +Portuguese followed in pursuit, passing through Bemba, +Malemba and Kipupa, and Little Ngangela (Ganguella); +came up with the Queen’s forces in the territory of soba +Matima (Mathemo), and inflicted a serious defeat upon +them. Among the prisoners taken were the Queen’s +sisters, Kambe and Funji, and many Makotas. The +pursuit was continued as far as Kina grande in Ngangela, +a deep and difficult gorge, into which some of the soldiers +and the <i>guerra preta</i> descended by means of ropes. When +the Queen fled to the kingdom of Songo, the Portuguese +forces retired to the west (1627).<a name="FNanchor_477" id="FNanchor_477"></a><a href="#Footnote_477" class="fnanchor">477</a></p> + +<p>The two princesses were taken to Luandu, where the +Governor, Fernão de Souza, lodged them in his own +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> +house. In baptism (1628), they received the names of +D. Barbara and D. Engracia.</p> + +<p>The Portuguese had no sooner retired than Queen +Nzinga returned to Ndangi Island, and having been +reinforced by several Jaga, she undertook the conquest of +Matamba. At Makaria ka matamba she took prisoner +the dowager-queen<a name="FNanchor_478" id="FNanchor_478"></a><a href="#Footnote_478" class="fnanchor">478</a> Muongo Matamba, and her daughter. +The mother was branded as a slave, and died of grief; +but the daughter was taken into favour, and was baptised +in 1667.</p> + +<p>Having thus destroyed the ancient kingdom of Matamba, +the Queen once more invaded Portuguese territory, but +she turned back when she heard that the Jaga Kasanji was +raiding her recent conquest, upon which he claimed to +have prior rights.</p> + +<p>At the same time she interfered continually with the +commerce of the Portuguese with the interior; and it was +only in 1636, when the Governor, Francisco de Vasconcellos +da Cunha, sent D. Gaspar Borgia and Father Antonio +Coelho on a mission to the Jaga in Little Ngangela, and +to the Queen at her Kabasa, in Umba, that peaceable +relations were established. The Queen, however, persistently +refused to surrender her claims to the provinces +of Ndongo which had been occupied by the Portuguese.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Minor Events</span>, 1624-1641.</h4> + +<p>Punitive expeditions were frequent. In 1624 the Jaga +Kasanji, who had taken advantage of the conflicts between +the Portuguese and Queen Nzinga to rob Pumbeiros, was +severely punished, and Captain Roque de Miguel returned +from this expedition with a large number of captives, who +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> +as a matter of course, were sold into slavery. During the +provisional governorship of the bishop D. Simão de +Mascarenhas<a name="FNanchor_479" id="FNanchor_479"></a><a href="#Footnote_479" class="fnanchor">479</a> (1623-4), Lopo Soares Laço meted out +punishment to the Jagas Nzenza a ngombe and Bangu-Bangu, +and to the irrepressible Kafuche.<a name="FNanchor_480" id="FNanchor_480"></a><a href="#Footnote_480" class="fnanchor">480</a> A few years +later, in 1631, the captain-major Antonio Bruto waged a +successful war against rebellious sobas, and more especially +impressed the natives by his victory over the dreaded +Mbuila anduwa (Ambuila Dua), who held out for six +months in a rocky stronghold deemed impregnable. The +invasion of Kongo, in 1622, by order of Governor João +Corrêa de Souza, who claimed the surrender of Luandu +Island and of all the copper mines, has already been +referred to (see p. 123).</p> + +<p>Among the very few measures calculated to promote +the material or moral interests of the colony may be +mentioned the establishment of the three <i>feiras</i>, of Ndondo, +Beja, and Lukamba, in 1625; the foundation of a <i>Santa +casa da misericordia</i> (Poor-house and hospital) at S. Paulo +de Luandu, by the bishop D. Simão de Mascarenhas; the +compulsory cultivation of the banks of Mbengu (Bengo), +when Luandu was threatened with famine owing to the +non-arrival of provision ships from Brazil, in 1629;<a name="FNanchor_481" id="FNanchor_481"></a><a href="#Footnote_481" class="fnanchor">481</a> the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> +reform of the administration of the Royal revenue, by +Fernão de Souza, in the same year; and the creation of a +board of revenue (<i>Junta da fazenda</i>), charged with the +collection of the tithes and of the tribute payable by the +native chiefs, by Francisco de Vasconcellos da Cunha, in +1638.</p> + +<p>The affairs of the missions will be dealt with subsequently, +in a comprehensive manner, but a difficulty which +arose in 1623 between the Governor, João Corrêa de +Souza, and the Jesuits, may be dealt mentioned at once. In +1619, Gaspar Alvares,<a name="FNanchor_482" id="FNanchor_482"></a><a href="#Footnote_482" class="fnanchor">482</a> a wealthy merchant of Luandu, +placed 20,000 cruzados at the service of the Fathers, in +order that they might found a seminary<a name="FNanchor_483" id="FNanchor_483"></a><a href="#Footnote_483" class="fnanchor">483</a> for the education +of twelve natives. Subsequently he himself became a +member of the Society of Loyola, and devoted the whole +of his fortune, amounting to 400,000 cruzados, to its +purposes. The Governor not unnaturally objected to this +sudden enrichment of a Society which had always been a +thorn in the side of the government. Alvares himself +escaped to S. Salvador, but the Prefect of the Jesuits and +three Fathers were sent as prisoners to Lisbon, where they +were at once liberated; whilst the Governor himself, who +arrived soon afterwards, perhaps with the intention of +justifying his hasty proceedings, was thrown into prison, +and died in the <i>limoeiro</i> in 1626.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">The Dutch in Angola.</span></h4> + +<p>When Philip of Spain seized upon the crown of Portugal +in 1580, that unfortunate country became at once +involved in the troubles between Spain and the United +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> +Netherlands. No sooner had the destruction of the +<i>Armada</i>, in 1588, enabled the Dutch to take the offensive +on sea, than they began to compete for a share in the +trade of the Portuguese possessions. The Dutch at first +kept on the defensive, but in 1598 they and the Portuguese +came into hostile collision near the Ilha do Principe; and +all efforts to exclude these noxious heretics from sharing +in the trade of the Kongo proved futile, more especially as +the natives themselves preferred their Dutch visitors to +the masterful Portuguese.<a name="FNanchor_484" id="FNanchor_484"></a><a href="#Footnote_484" class="fnanchor">484</a></p> + +<p>An armistice concluded in 1609 expired in 1621. The +Dutch West-India Company was founded in that very +year, and thenceforth the Dutch proceeded aggressively. +In 1623 they burnt several <i>patachos</i> off the mouth of the +Kwanza; in 1629 a Dutch squadron cruised during three +months off the coast of Benguella and captured four Portuguese +merchantmen, but failed to force their way into +the harbour of Luandu. In 1633 two Dutch vessels +menaced S. Felippe de Benguella, but were driven off by +Lopo Soares Laço, after a stout fight, on November 15th. +In 1637, Bartholomeu de Vasconcellos da Cunha, the +Governor’s brother, captured a Dutch man-of-war of 24 +guns. At that time the coast was being regularly patrolled +by Portuguese men-of-war,<a name="FNanchor_485" id="FNanchor_485"></a><a href="#Footnote_485" class="fnanchor">485</a> and in 1638 the foundations +of the Fort S. Miguel were laid on the Morro de S. Paulo, +the original site of the city of S. Paulo.</p> + +<p>When Portugal recovered her independence, in December, +1640, D. João IV of Bragança at once sent Tristão +de Mendoza Furtado to the Hague, with instructions to +demand a suspension of hostilities. The West-India +Company, which profited largely from a state of war, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> +declared in favour of a definite treaty of peace, but +objected to the conclusion of an armistice. The Portuguese +envoy had no authority to sign such a treaty; but after +protracted negotiations an armistice for ten years was +signed on June 23rd, 1641, which was to take force outside +Europe as soon as it became known there.</p> + +<p>Meantime, the directors of the West-Indian Company +had instructed Count John Moritz of Nassau to take +advantage of the momentary weakness of Portugal, after +her war of liberation, to seize all he could before the terms +of the treaty became known.<a name="FNanchor_486" id="FNanchor_486"></a><a href="#Footnote_486" class="fnanchor">486</a> Count Moritz, being desirous +to increase the supply of slaves for the plantations in +Brazil, determined to seize upon Luandu. A fleet of +twenty-one vessels was at once fitted out at Pernambuco, +and placed under the command of Cornelis Cornelissen +Jol, surnamed Houtebeen, or “Wooden leg.” It was +manned by nine hundred sailors, and had on board two +thousand troops, commanded by Jeems Hindersen. This +formidable armament left Pernambuco in June 30th, 1641, +sighted Cabo Negro on August 5th, and having captured +the <i>Jesus Maria</i>, on a voyage from Madeira, was by her +piloted into the harbour of Luandu. On August 24th the +Dutch fleet unexpectedly appeared off S. Paulo, surprising +its inhabitants in the midst of their rejoicings at the +accession of the “liberator king.” S. Paulo, at that time, +was a city of twenty thousand inhabitants, including three +thousand Portuguese; but the Governor, Pedro Cezar de +Menezes, though he was at the head of nine hundred +white troops, offered only a feeble resistance; and, accompanied +by many of the citizens, he withdrew to the river +Mbengu, and subsequently to Masanganu. The booty +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> +which fell into the hands of the Dutch included thirty +ships and ninety-eight cannon.</p> + +<p>They lost no time in gaining the goodwill of the neighbouring +sobas, sent an embassy to the King of Kongo (see +p. 125), and entertained offers of alliance from Queen +Nzinga. Aki musanu (Aca mochana) and Nambu a ngongo +(Nabo a ngongo), who had risen upon the Portuguese, were +joined by one hundred and fifty Dutchmen, and thus +enabled to overcome their enemies, whose leaders, André +da Costa and João Vieira, they killed (1642).</p> + +<p>In the following year (1643) information was received +that the truce had been signed, but the Dutch director very +naturally declined to surrender the town. He agreed, +however, to suspend hostilities. Pedro Cezar had been +instructed by his government to avail himself of the first +opportunity to recover the city,<a name="FNanchor_487" id="FNanchor_487"></a><a href="#Footnote_487" class="fnanchor">487</a> and it was evidently with +a view to this eventuality that he established a camp on +the river Mbengu. The Dutch suspected his treacherous +design, and at dawn on May 26th, 1643, they surprised his +force. Many Portuguese were killed (including Antonio +Bruto), while Pedro Cezar himself, Bartholomeu de Vasconcellos +da Cunha, and one hundred and eighty seven +soldiers were taken prisoner. The remainder escaped to +Masanganu. The forces assembled there under the captain-major, +Antonio de Miranda, were unable to retrieve this +disaster, but the Governor, aided by friends, managed soon +afterwards to escape.</p> + +<p>But though unequal to meeting the Dutch in the field, +the Portuguese were still able to enforce their authority +upon the natives; and in 1645 Diogo Gomes de +Morales led an expedition into Lubolo and Mbalundu +(Bailundo), and reduced the <i>kolombos</i> of thirty “Jagas” +to obedience.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p> + +<p>In 1645, the Portuguese of Brazil, under the leadership +of João Fernandez Vieira, rose upon their Dutch +oppressors, and in the same year the Dutch occupied +S. Felippe de Benguella. The garrison under Antonio +Teixeira de Mendonça, the captain-major, and Antonio +Gomez de Gouvea, an experienced <i>sertanejo</i>, or backwoodsman, +retired northward along the coast. On reaching +Kikombo Bay, on July 27th, 1645, they met there +Francisco de Sotto-maior, just arrived from Rio de Janeiro +with reinforcements. By advice of Gomez, the troops and +stores were landed in Suto Bay, near Cabo ledo, and conducted +by him in three detachments to Masanganu, without +the Dutch becoming aware of their arrival. The +Governor, Pedro Cezar de Menezes, returned by the same +route to Rio, taking with him a cargo of slaves.</p> + +<p>These reinforcements arrived just in time to be employed +against Queen Nzinga. That lady had set a black +and a white cock to fight each other, and the defeat of +the white cock was looked upon by her as a favourable +augury for venturing an attack upon Masanganu. But +Gaspar Borges de Madureira fell upon her before her +forces had been concentrated (January, 1646). She +suffered a severe defeat, notwithstanding the presence of +Dutch auxiliaries. Her sisters once more fell into the +hands of the Portuguese. D. Engracia was strangled soon +afterwards for an act of treachery, whilst D. Barbara was +kept in honourable captivity until 1657.<a name="FNanchor_488" id="FNanchor_488"></a><a href="#Footnote_488" class="fnanchor">488</a></p> + +<p>Meanwhile the Dutch had made preparations for an +advance up the Kwanza. They had built Fort Mols at +the mouth of the river, and another fort higher up. +The Governor, Francisco de Sotto-maior, having died +of fever in May, 1646, measures for a spirited defence +were taken by the three captains-major, Bartholomeu de +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> +Vasconcellos da Cunha, Antonio Teixeira de Mendonça, +and João Juzarte de Andrada. Muchima, which had been +furiously assaulted by the Dutch, was relieved by Diogo +Gomes de Morales. But in the following year the +Portuguese suffered a reverse at Kawala (Caoalla), and +Masanganu itself was threatened by the combined forces +of Queen Nzinga, Kongo, and the Dutch.</p> + +<p>However a saviour was at hand in this extremity. On +August 12th, 1648, Salvador Corrêa de Sá Benevides,<a name="FNanchor_489" id="FNanchor_489"></a><a href="#Footnote_489" class="fnanchor">489</a> with +nineteen vessels, having on board nine hundred soldiers, +cast anchor in the harbour of Luandu, and summoned the +Dutch to surrender within forty-eight hours. On their +refusal he landed his troops, and after a short bombardment +of Fort S. Miguel, to which the Dutch had withdrawn, +early on August 15th he delivered an assault, which cost +him one hundred and sixty three men, but led to the surrender +of a garrison numbering one thousand one hundred +men, including French and German mercenaries. When +these prisoners had been joined by the three hundred +Dutchmen who were with Queen Nzinga, and the garrison +of Benguella, which surrendered without a blow, they were +shipped off to Europe. The city, in memory of the event, +assumed the name of “S. Paulo da Assumpção de +Loanda,” for it was on the Day of Ascension of the Virgin +Mary that a seven years’ captivity ended. The anniversary +of that event is celebrated to the present day by a religious +procession.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Restoration of Portuguese Authority.</span></h4> + +<p>No time was lost in restoring the authority of Portugal +throughout the colony. The King of Kongo was compelled +to accept a treaty by which Luandu Island and the +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> +whole of the country to the south of the Dande river were +unconditionally surrendered, and other advantages held +out (p. 128). Queen Nzinga, although she declined the +overtures of Captain Ruy Pegado<a name="FNanchor_490" id="FNanchor_490"></a><a href="#Footnote_490" class="fnanchor">490</a> for a formal treaty, +retired inland, and gave no trouble for a number of years. +As to the sobas of Lamba, Kisama, Lubolo, and the +Modiku islands, they were visited by punitive expeditions +commanded by Antonio Teixeira de Moraes, Diogo Mendes +de Morales, Vicente Pegado de Pontes, and Francisco de +Aguiar.</p> + +<p>Order having been restored, the Governor, Salvador +Corrêa de Sá, caused the ruined buildings to be repaired, +and granted crownland to the inhabitants for houses and +gardens. In a very short time prosperity returned, and +the trade of Luandu was as flourishing as ever it had +been.<a name="FNanchor_491" id="FNanchor_491"></a><a href="#Footnote_491" class="fnanchor">491</a></p> + +<p>But although the Portuguese were masters on shore, the +Dutch, and occasionally also French or English “pirates” +frequented the coast. In 1650 Alvaro d’Aguiar defeated +five of these interlopers, who had made prizes of two ships +on a voyage from Brazil; in 1651 João Duque was killed in +an action with Dutch men-of-war; in 1652 João de Araujo +drove away the Dutch from Mpinda and Luangu; in 1658 +the same officer made a prize of a English slaver off +Benguella. A second English slaver was captured in 1659 +by João Cardoso, who also captured a Dutch vessel off the +Kongo in 1661. In 1662 the definite treaty of peace +between Portugal and Holland was signed, and “pirates” +are no longer heard of; although Dutch vessels provided +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> +with passes, or favoured by the Governors, seem to have +been admitted to Portuguese ports.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Queen Nzinga and Her Successors.</span></h4> + +<p>Queen Nzinga, after the return of her General from a +raid on the territory of Mbuila (Imbuille), in 1655, whence +he brought a miraculous crucifix, felt troubled in her conscience; +and on consulting the spirits of five of her ancestors +(see p. 166), she learned, to her no small terror, that they +were suffering eternal torments, which she could only escape +by once more embracing the Christian faith, and seeking +the friendship of the Portuguese.<a name="FNanchor_492" id="FNanchor_492"></a><a href="#Footnote_492" class="fnanchor">492</a> Upon this advice she +acted. The negotiations for a treaty were conducted by +Captain Manuel Freis Peixoto and the Capuchin friar +Antonio of Gaeta, who came to her Court for that purpose +in 1657. Her sister, D. Barbara, was restored to her on +payment of a ransom of two hundred slaves,<a name="FNanchor_493" id="FNanchor_493"></a><a href="#Footnote_493" class="fnanchor">493</a> and the +river Lukala was thenceforth to form the boundary between +the Queen’s dominions and those of the Portuguese. +No tribute was to be paid by her. Friar Antonio had +the honour of once more baptising this ancient lady, then +seventy-five years of age, and also of marrying her, legitimately, +to a slave-youth, Don Salvatore; while her sister, +D. Barbara, allied herself unto D. Antonio Carrasco +Nzinga a mona, a foster-brother of the Queen, and the +General-in-Chief of her armies. A church, S. Maria de +Matamba, was specially built for these interesting ceremonies. +This remarkable woman died on December 17th, +1663, after Father Cavazzi had administered to her the +last consolations of religion, and was buried in the church +of St. Anna, which had been built within the precincts of +the Royal palace.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p> + +<p>When D. Barbara died, on March 24th, 1666, her husband, +D. Antonio Carrasco Nzinga a mona, killed the +legitimate heir, D. João Guterres Ngola kanini, and +usurped the throne, but was himself slain in a battle +against D. Francisco Guterres Ngola kanini, in 1680. The +conqueror then attacked the allies of the Portuguese, +robbed the pumbeiros, and beheaded the Jaga Kasanji +(1682).<a name="FNanchor_494" id="FNanchor_494"></a><a href="#Footnote_494" class="fnanchor">494</a> Luiz Lopez de Sequeira at once took the field +against him with five hundred and thirty infantry, +thirty-seven horse, and ten thousand <i>empacaceiros</i>, and +defeated him at Katole, a place within three days of +the Royal <i>kabasa</i>. The King himself lost his life, but +so did the leader of the Portuguese<a name="FNanchor_495" id="FNanchor_495"></a><a href="#Footnote_495" class="fnanchor">495</a> and Vasco de +Mello da Cunha. João Antonio de Brito, who took the +command after his leader’s death, remained encamped +for thirty days on the site of the battle; and finding +that the enemies did not return, retired to Mbaka; +from which we may judge that the Portuguese, too, suffered +heavy losses. D. Veronica (or Victoria) Guterres, the +sister of the late King, sued for peace, which was readily +granted. Fresh complications threatened in 1689, when +the Queen was charged—falsely, it appears—with having +stirred up the soba Kahenda to rebel against his Portuguese +masters; but matters were arranged through the +intervention of bishop D. João Franco de Oliveira. No +further trouble seems to have occurred with the successors +of Queen Nzinga until 1744, when the Queen<a name="FNanchor_496" id="FNanchor_496"></a><a href="#Footnote_496" class="fnanchor">496</a> provoked +a war by killing a white trader and robbing pumbeiros: +the result of which was the capture of her capital by +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> +Bartholomeu Duarte de Sequeira, and the cession of the +Kinalunga Islands to Portugal.<a name="FNanchor_497" id="FNanchor_497"></a><a href="#Footnote_497" class="fnanchor">497</a></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">The Last of the Kings of Ndongo, 1671.</span></h4> + +<p>We have seen that D. João de Souza Ngola ari had +been installed as the first King of Ndongo, recognised +by the Portuguese (see p. 164), about 1627, and had been +succeeded by D. Filippe de Souza, who died in 1660, +and by João II. The hope that this tributary would +prove a staunch ally of the Portuguese was not to be +realised, for immediately after the disastrous campaign +against Sonyo (see p. 131), in 1670, D. João Ngola ari +raised the standard of rebellion, and invaded the district +of Mbaka. The Governor, Francisco de Tavora,<a name="FNanchor_498" id="FNanchor_498"></a><a href="#Footnote_498" class="fnanchor">498</a> a future +Viceroy of India, who on account of his youth (he was +only 23 years of age) and supposed prudence had been +nick-named <i>o menino prudente</i>, despatched his captain-major, +Luiz Lopes de Sequeira, to reduce the rebel to +obedience. Ngola ari met with a defeat on the river +Luchilu, close to the Pedras of Pungu a ndongo, which +were considered impregnable. Yet, on a dark night, on +November 18th, 1671, Manuel Cortes, the leader of the +<i>guerra preta</i>, surprised this rocky stronghold. The King +himself was taken, and beheaded as a traitor. Thenceforth +there was no further need for punitive expeditions on +a large scale.<a name="FNanchor_499" id="FNanchor_499"></a><a href="#Footnote_499" class="fnanchor">499</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Relations with Kongo.</span></h4> + +<p>No sooner had the Portuguese regained possession of +S. Paulo than the King of Kongo was called to account +for having sided with the Dutch and favoured the operations +of “foreign” Capuchins. A threatened invasion of his +kingdom (1649) speedily led to the conclusion of a treaty +of peace (see p. 126). But as the supposed gold and silver +mines were not ceded, as promised, the Portuguese once +more invaded the country, and in the bloody battle of +Ulanga, in 1666, the King lost his life and crown (p. 129). +From that time to the close of the century anarchy reigned +in Kongo. The disastrous expedition against Sonyo in +1670 (see p. 131) was partly undertaken in order to +support one of the many rival kings of that period.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Minor Punitive Expeditions</span>, 1658-95.</h4> + +<p>João Fernandes Vieira, who had gained fame as the +leader of the Portuguese patriots in Brazil, where the capture +of Pernambuco had won him the surname of <i>o hero de +nossa edade</i>, arrived as Governor on April 18th, 1658, +and before the close of the year, a serious rebellion broke +out in Upper Ngulungu. The captain-major, Bartholomeu +de Vasconcellos, took the field, and compelled Ngolome a +kayitu (Golome Acaita), to surrender his rocky stronghold +after a siege of four months; Tanga a ngongo submitted +quietly, but Kiluanji kia kanga (Quiloange Acango), +faced the Portuguese four times, and then retired inland +without yielding submission.</p> + +<p>A second expedition, in the same year, traversed the +districts to the south of the Kwanza.<a name="FNanchor_500" id="FNanchor_500"></a><a href="#Footnote_500" class="fnanchor">500</a> It started from +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> +Masanganu, and having crossed the Kwanza into Hako +was joined by Ngunza mbambe;<a name="FNanchor_501" id="FNanchor_501"></a><a href="#Footnote_501" class="fnanchor">501</a> it entered the district of +Kabeza, where the Jaga of Rimba brought further reinforcements. +Jaga Ngonga ka anga, the chief of Nsela +(Shella), on the river Kuvu, surrendered his capital, Kangunza, +by the advice of his diviners, without striking a +blow, and submitted to be baptised. The expedition then +returned to Mbaka by way of the river Gango and Tamba; +whilst Cavazzi, who accompanied it as chaplain, took +a more direct road through Kabeza.</p> + +<p>After the great victory over the King of Kongo in 1666 +(see p. 130), a detachment under Antonio da Silva was sent +into the territory of the Ndembu Mutemu Kingengo, whilst +another, under Diogo Gomes Morales, raided the villages of +Nambua nongo, these chiefs having aided the defeated +King.</p> + +<p>Kisama, at all times an unruly district, and even now +virtually independent, though situated on the sea and +within easy reach of Luandu, has repeatedly given trouble +to the Portuguese. In 1672, the sobas of the district +unsuccessfully assaulted the fort at Muchima. In 1686 +they blockaded that fort, until relieved by João de Figueiredo +e Souza. In 1689, the sobas Kimone kia sanga and +Muchima interfered with the free navigation of the +Kwanza, and were punished by the Portuguese leader +just named; and in 1695, the rebellion of the soba +Katala brought into the field the captain-major, Manuel +de Magalhães Leitão.</p> + +<p>A rebellion in Lubolo, in 1677, was suppressed by +Luiz Lopez de Sequeira. The soba Ngunga mbambe was +killed, and his allies, Sakeda, Ngola kitumba, and Ngola +Kabuku, were severely punished.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p> + +<p>Far more serious was an expedition which the Governor, +Gonçalo da Costa de Alcaçova Carneiro de Menezes, +despatched against the ndembu Mbuilu (Ambuilla), who +had expelled the Portuguese residents, robbed the Pumbeiros, +and burnt the church. João de Figueireda e Souza, +a trusted officer, was given the command; and notwithstanding +that the garrison of Masanganu mutinied and +refused to join him, he mustered, on May 25th, 1682, a +formidable force of six hundred musketeers, forty-two +horse, and a <i>guerra preta</i> of forty thousand men, with two +field guns. Unfortunately, he lost precious time by +lingering two months at Kamolembe, where many of his +people died; and when at last ready to start, he heard +that Mbuila had been reinforced by two “armies” sent to +his aid by King Manuel of Kongo<a name="FNanchor_502" id="FNanchor_502"></a><a href="#Footnote_502" class="fnanchor">502</a> and Queen Nzinga, +and lost his head. Fortunately for the Portuguese a +stroke of paralysis carried off this pusillanimous leader, +and his place was taken by Pascoal Rodrigues, a man of +much energy, who marched straight upon the mbanza of +Mbuilu, and there achieved a great victory. Mbuilu fled +to his neighbour and ally Ndamba (Dambe). The number +of prisoners taken was so great that it was feared they +might endanger the safety of their captors, and they +were mercilessly beheaded, a nephew of Mbuilu alone +being sent a prisoner to Luandu.<a name="FNanchor_503" id="FNanchor_503"></a><a href="#Footnote_503" class="fnanchor">503</a></p> + +<p>When Pascaol Rodrigues fell ill, the Governor appointed +João Baptista de Maia to succeed him. The troops passed +the rainy season in barracks. On the return of fine weather, +Mbuilu was pursued into the territory of Ndamba and +killed. The mbanzas and over one hundred and fifty +libatas were burnt. The Ndembu Kabanda, a partisan of +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> +Mbuilu, was pursued by the sergeant-major, Lourenço de +Barros Morim, and the leader of the <i>guerra preta</i>, Gonçalo +Borges de Barros, and killed with many of his people. +Another ndembu having been installed, and sworn +allegiance to the King of Portugal, the army returned to +Mbaka, and thence to Lembo near Masanganu. The +victorious troops were refused admission into the latter, +the garrison of which had mutinied. It was only after the +Governor had promised a pardon to the offenders, with the +exception of the leaders, that order was restored (1693).</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Benguella.</span></h4> + +<p>S. Filippe de Benguella was founded in 1617 by Manuel +Cerveira Pereira, and in 1661 its fortifications were rebuilt +by Gaspar de Almeida Silva, whilst Manuel de Tovar +Froes fought the neighbouring sobas. A further step in +advance was taken in 1682, when the sergeant-major, +Pedro da Silva, founded the presidio of Kakonda a velha, +in the territory of the soba Bongo. Two years later, in +1684, this presidio was surprised by Bongo, and Manuel da +Rocha Soares, its commandant, was killed. Carlos de +Lacerda, who was despatched to avenge this outrage, being +compelled to fall back before superior forces, João Bráz de +Goes, the captain-major of Benguella, himself took the field. +The Jaga, deserted by his people, sought refuge with +Ngola njimbu (Golla Gimbo), but was pursued and captured,<a name="FNanchor_504" id="FNanchor_504"></a><a href="#Footnote_504" class="fnanchor">504</a> +and the present presidio was built eighty miles further +inland (1685), in the territory of the soba Kitata. An +attempt made by the soba of Huambo (Hiamba), in 1698, +to expel the Portuguese was frustrated by Antonio de Faria, +its commandant. A more formidable attack by the neighbouring +sobas, in 1718, proved equally ineffectual. The +Portuguese had thus gained an advanced post nearly one +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> +hundred and fifty miles from the coast, the possession of +which opened up to them fresh sources for the supply of +slaves, and contributed not a little to the growing prosperity +of S. Filippe de Benguella.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Ecclesiastical Affairs.</span></h4> + +<p>The Jesuits were the earliest missionaries in Angola; but +it would be in vain to look to them for any precise geographical +or historical information, such as is furnished by +members of the Society established in other parts of the +world. They confined their activity to the seat of Government +and its immediate vicinity, and Portuguese authors +are severe upon their love of power and covetousness. +Their relations with the Governors were on many occasions +strained, but it cannot be asserted that the Jesuit Fathers +were in every instance in the wrong.<a name="FNanchor_505" id="FNanchor_505"></a><a href="#Footnote_505" class="fnanchor">505</a> As an illustration of +their masterfulness, the following incident may serve. In +1661, the Governor, João Fernandez Vieira, very properly +ordered that pigs, should no longer be allowed to run about +the streets of the capital. The Jesuits did not deign to +take the slightest notice of this order; and when several of +their slaves were arrested for disregarding it, they protested +against this exercise of authority, and actually excommunicated +the Governor. But the Governor was not +to be frightened. He reported the case to his King, D. +Affonso VI, and the King in a Royal rescript of December +9th, 1666, severely reproved the Jesuits for their insolence; +and threatened, in case of similar conduct, to deprive them +of the crown lands, and to take other legal measures +against them.</p> + +<p>Franciscans (Tertiaries of the Order of St. Joseph) +followed the Jesuits in 1604. Then came the Capuchins, +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> +for the most part Italians and Castilians, in 1651; and +lastly barefooted Carmelites (Religiozos de S. Thereza). +Of all these friars the Italian Capuchins alone appear to +have done good work; and to members of their Order, and +especially to Giovanni Antonio Cavazzi, of Montecuccoli, +Antonio Laudati, of Gaeta, and Antonio Zucchelli, of +Gradisco, we are indebted for much useful information +regarding the people among whom they laboured. Many +of the other friars seem to have been men whom their +superiors in Europe were glad to part with; and the same +may be said with reference to the secular clergy.</p> + +<p>A report of the ecclesiastical affairs of Angola and Kongo, +drawn up in 1694 by Gonçalo de Alcaçova Carneiro +Carvalho da Costa de Menezes, by order of the Governor, +presents us with a deplorable picture of the state of affairs +in that year. Throughout the country there were only +thirty-six friars<a name="FNanchor_506" id="FNanchor_506"></a><a href="#Footnote_506" class="fnanchor">506</a> and twenty-nine secular clergy; and of +these as many as twenty-nine had taken up their quarters +in the capital. Of fifty churches and chapels, many were +without priests, and had fallen into ruins. The village +missions (missões das Sanzalas) had long been given up, +and many baptised negroes had returned to the ancient +superstitions. The author proposes the institution of a +court of clerics, in order that all lapses of this kind might +be punished in accordance with the “sacred canons.” A +board of missions (Junta das missões), which had been +created in 1693, and richly endowed,<a name="FNanchor_507" id="FNanchor_507"></a><a href="#Footnote_507" class="fnanchor">507</a> allowed things to +drift. Lopes de Lima<a name="FNanchor_508" id="FNanchor_508"></a><a href="#Footnote_508" class="fnanchor">508</a> ascribes the failure of the Christian +missions, first, to the small number of missionaries +and priests; secondly, to the corruption of the clergy; +and thirdly, to the slave-trade.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Measures of Administration.</span></h4> + +<p>João Fernandez Vieira must be credited with the first +serious attempt to organise the military forces of the +country (1660), by raising a regiment, or <i>terço</i>, of infantry, +for Luandu, and a company for each presidio. These +“regulars” were to be supported by the <i>guerra preta</i>, or +<i>empacaceiros</i>. A company of cavalry was added to the +regular troops in 1672; and the exemption from every +kind of military service conferred upon the inhabitants of +Luandu since 1660 was partly abolished in 1695, and +orders given for the organisation of a <i>terço</i> of <i>ordenanças</i> +(militia) for Luandu, and of seventeen companies for the +districts and presidios. The fortifications of Luandu had +been much improved since the expulsion of the Dutch. +The fort of S. Miguel, at Luandu, which was begun in +1638, had been completed by D. João de Lencastre in +1689; and at the close of the century there existed forts, +sufficiently strong to resist native attack, at Muchima, +Masanganu, Kambambe, Pungu a ndonga, Mbaka, S. +Filippe de Benguella, and Kakonda.</p> + +<p>The only measure bearing upon the civil administration +of the country seems to have been the publication of a +<i>Regimento</i> for the guidance of officers of revenue and of +justice, in 1675. At the same time, an extra export-duty +of ten testões<a name="FNanchor_509" id="FNanchor_509"></a><a href="#Footnote_509" class="fnanchor">509</a> was ordered to be paid on every slave, the +proceeds to go towards the dowry of Queen Catherine, the +consort of Charles II of England.</p> + +<p>The introduction of copper coins (<i>makutas</i>) into Luandu, +in 1624, caused much dissatisfaction, and actually led to +a mutiny of the troops, who not unnaturally felt agrieved at +being expected to accept 200 reis in copper as an equivalent +of a native cloth, up to that time valued at 700 +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> +reis.<a name="FNanchor_510" id="FNanchor_510"></a><a href="#Footnote_510" class="fnanchor">510</a> The mutiny was suppressed, and the five ringleaders +were executed. In the interior of the country, the ancient +currency remained in force, larger amounts being paid in +merchandise (<i>fazenda de lei</i>), whilst smaller sums were +paid in <i>zimbos</i> (njimbu) or cowries, <i>libongos</i> (mbongo, +plural jimbongo), or square pieces of native cloth, or blocks +of rock-salt.</p> + +<p>The only attempt at geographical exploration was that +of José de Roza, who left Masanganu in 1678, for the +lower Zambezi, but turned back after only a few days’ +journey, owing to the hostility of the natives.</p> + +<p class="tb">At the end of the seventeenth century, Portugal held +sway over a territory of over fifty thousand square miles; +she maintained fortified posts far inland; her traders had +penetrated as far as the upper Kwanza; and on the coast +she held the prosperous cities of S. Paulo de Luandu and +S. Filippe de Benguella. But this prosperity depended +almost exclusively upon the slave trade. Scarcely any +attempt had been made to develop the great natural +resources of the country, and even the food of the inhabitants +was still largely supplied by the Brazils. The colonists +introduced included too large a criminal element; the +Government officials were more intent upon realising large +fortunes<a name="FNanchor_511" id="FNanchor_511"></a><a href="#Footnote_511" class="fnanchor">511</a> than permanently benefiting the country they had +been sent to rule; and even among the preachers of the +gospel were men quite unfit to hold the office which they +filled. And this deplorable state of affairs continued long +beyond the period with which we have dealt. Lopes de +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> +Lima<a name="FNanchor_512" id="FNanchor_512"></a><a href="#Footnote_512" class="fnanchor">512</a> calls D. Francisco Innocencio de Sousa Coutinho, who +was appointed in 1764, the “first Governor who undertook +to civilise this semi-barbarous colony; and who during his +rule of eight years and a-half, did more in that sense than +all his predecessors had ever thought of.” Up to his time, +“Governors, captains, magistrates, men of the church and +the cloister” were only intent upon dividing the spoils +of office, and acted in the most scandalous manner.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/i207.jpg" width="200" height="171" alt="Ornament" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> +<img src="images/i208.jpg" width="500" height="97" alt="Ornament" title="" /> +</div> + +<hr /> +<h3>APPENDIX V.</h3> + +<h4>A LIST OF THE GOVERNORS OF ANGOLA,<br /> +1575-1702.</h4> + +<h5><i>The date of arrival and departure are given, unless stated +otherwise.</i></h5> + +<p>1. Paulo Dias de Novaes, February, 1575; October,1589.</p> + +<p>2.<a href="#Footnote_512" class="fnanchor">513</a> Luiz Serrão, captain-major, 1589-91.</p> + +<p>3.<a href="#Footnote_512" class="fnanchor">513</a> André Ferreira Pereira, 1591, to June, 1592.</p> + +<p>4. D. Francisco d’Almeida, June 24th, 1592, to April 8th, +1593.</p> + +<p>5.<a href="#Footnote_512" class="fnanchor">513</a> D. Jeronymo d’Almeida, 1593-4.</p> + +<p>6. João Furtado de Mendonça, August 1st, 1594, to 1602.</p> + +<p>7. João Rodrigues Coutinho, appointed January 23rd, +1601; arrived in 1602.</p> + +<p>8. <a href="#Footnote_512" class="fnanchor">513</a> Manuel Cerveira Pereira, 1603-7.</p> + +<p>9. D. Manuel Pereira Forjaz, end of 1607; died April +11th, 1611.</p> + +<p>10.<a href="#Footnote_512" class="fnanchor">513</a> Bento Banha Cardoso, captain-major, elected April +15th, 1611 to 1615.</p> + +<p>11. Manuel Cerveira Pereira, second term of office, +1615 to 1617.</p> + +<p>12. Luiz Mendes de Vasconcellos, November, 1617, to +1621.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p> + +<p>13. João Corrêa de Souza, September, 1621; departed +1623.</p> + +<p>14.<a href="#Footnote_512" class="fnanchor">513</a> Pedro de Souza Coelho, captain-major, during five +months, 1623.</p> + +<p>15.<a href="#Footnote_512" class="fnanchor">513</a> D. Simão de Mascarenhas, Bishop of Kongo and +Angola, 1623 to 1624.</p> + +<p>16. Fernão de Souza, appointed October 21st, 1623; +in possession February, 1624, to 1630.</p> + +<p>17. D. Manuel Pereira Coutinho, 1630 to 1634.</p> + +<p>18. Francisco de Vasconcellos da Cunha, 1634 to 1639.</p> + +<p>19. Pedro Cezar de Menezes, 1639 to 1645.</p> + +<p>20. Francisco de Sotto-maior, September, 1645, to May, +1646.</p> + +<p>21.<a href="#Footnote_512" class="fnanchor">513</a> Bartholomeu de Vasconcellos da Cunha, Antonio +Texeira de Mendonça, and João Juzarte de Andrada, the +captains-major, 1646 to 1648.</p> + +<p>22. Salvador Corrêa de Sá Benevides, August, 1648 to +1651.</p> + +<p>23. Rodrigo de Miranda Henriques, October, 1651; +died 1653.</p> + +<p>24.<a href="#Footnote_512" class="fnanchor">513</a> Bartholomeu de Vasconcellos da Cunha, captain-major, +1653 to 1655.</p> + +<p>25. Luiz Martins de Souza Chichorro, October, 1655 to +1658.</p> + +<p>He was killed in an engagement with a Dutch corsair, on +the voyage to Brazil.</p> + +<p>26. João Fernandez Vieira, 1658 to 1661.</p> + +<p>27. André Vidal de Negreiros, May 10th 1661, to +August, 1666.</p> + +<p>28. Tristão da Cunha, August, 1666, to January, 1667; +when the people compelled him to depart in the vessel in +which he had come.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></p> + +<p>29.<a name="FNanchor_513" id="FNanchor_513"></a><a href="#Footnote_513" class="fnanchor">513</a> Antonio de Araujo e Azevedo, president of the +Camara of Luandu, 1667 to 1669.</p> + +<p>30. Francisco de Tavora, August 26th, 1669, to 1676.</p> + +<p>31. Ayres de Saldanha de Menezes e Souza, August +25th, 1676, to 1680.</p> + +<p>32. João da Silva e Souza, September 11th, 1680, to 1684.</p> + +<p>33. Luiz Lobo da Silva, September 12th, 1684, to 1688.</p> + +<p>34. D. João de Lencastre, September 8th, 1688, to 1691.</p> + +<p>35. Gonçalo da Costa de Alcaçova Carneiro de Menezes, +November 1st, 1691, to 1694.</p> + +<p>36. Henrique Jaques de Magalhães, November 3rd, +1694, to 1697.</p> + +<p>37. Luiz Cezar de Menezes, November 9th, 1697, to 1700.</p> + +<p>38. Bernardo de Tavora Souza Tavares, September 5th, +1700, to 1702.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a href="images/map1z.jpg"> +<img src="images/map1.jpg" width="500" height="615" alt="MAP OF KONGO & ANGOLA" title="" /> +</a></div> +<p class="caption">MAP OF KONGO & ANGOLA<br /> +illustrating their<br /> +HISTORY TO THE CLOSE OF THE 17<sup><small>TH</small></sup> CENTURY</p> + +<hr /> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"><a href="images/map2z.jpg"> +<img src="images/map2.jpg" width="500" height="267" alt="Ornament" title="" /> +</a></div> +<p class="caption">MAP OF NDONGO (ANGOLA)</p> + +<hr /> + +<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">1</span></a> Battell tells us (p. 7) that he and Thomas Turner were transported +to Angola in the same vessel (1590). Purchas conferred with Turner +after he had returned to England, and obtained from him an account +of his travels, he having “lived the best part of two years in Brazil” +(<i>lib.</i> vi, c. 8). Elsewhere we learn that he “had also been in Angola” +(see p. 71). +</p><p> +This apparently straightforward information is quite irreconcilable +with what we are told by Knivet; for Knivet says he met Turner at +Pernambuco (about 1598); that he advised him to go to Angola; that +Turner acted on this advice, and “made great profit of his merchandise, +for which he thanked me when we met in England.” Concerning +Knivet, see <i>post</i>, p. 89.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">2</span></a> This description does not, of course, apply to his “Voyage to the +East Indies,” but it does to his “Description of the whole Coast of +Guinea, Manicongo, Angola, etc.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">3</span></a> His <i>Schifffarten</i> was first published at Basel in 1624. On this +traveller, see an <i>Abhandlung</i> by D. G. Henning (Basel, 1900), who +rather absurdly calls him the “first German scientific traveller in +Africa.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">4</span></a> <i>Vijf verscheyde Journalen ... Amsterdam [1620].</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">5</span></a> Subsequent editions appeared in 1614, 1617, and 1626.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">6</span></a> Battell’s narrative was reprinted in Astley’s <i>New General Collection +of Voyages</i>, vol. iii (1746), and Pinkerton’s <i>Collection</i>, vol. xvi +(1813). Translations or abstracts were published in the <i>Collections</i> of +Pieter van der Aa (Leiden, 1706-07); of Gottfried (Leiden, 1706-26); +of Prévôt (Paris, 1726-74); in the <i>Allgemeine Historie der Reisen</i> +(Leipzig, 1747-77), in the <i>Historische Beschrijving der Reisen</i> (The +Hague, 1747-67), and by Walckenaer (Paris, 1826-31).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">7</span></a> See “The Lake Region of Central Africa: a Contribution to the +History of African Cartography,” by E. G. Ravenstein (<i>Scottish Geogr. +Mag.</i>, 1891).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">8</span></a> Among documents, the publication of which seems desirable are +Don G. Abreu de Brito’s <i>Summario e Descripção do Reino de Angola</i>, +1592; and Cadornega’s <i>Historia</i> (at least, in abstract).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">9</span></a> Abraham Cocke had been in the Brazils before this voyage, for +we learn from Purchas (bk. vi, Pt. <span class="smcap">IV</span>, London, 1625, p. 1141) that +George, Earl of Cumberland, who had left Gravesend on June 26, +1586, with three ships and a pinnace, fell in, on January 10, 1587, with +a Portuguese vessel, a little short of the River Plate, and in her found +“Abraham Cock, of Leigh, near London,” whom he brought home +with him.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">10</span></a> Pinnace: formerly applied to any small vessel, usually schooner-rigged; +at present limited to a large rowing-boat carried by great ships.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">11</span></a> Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">12</span></a> Light-horseman: a pinnace, a rowing-boat.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">13</span></a> Vessels bound for Brazil usually cross the Equator about long. +22° W. If Captain Cock really intended to go direct to Brazil, he +had no business at Cabo das Palmas. Can his voyage to S. Thomé +really have been, as he says, an involuntary deviation from his direct +course?</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">14</span></a> The island of S. Thomé was discovered by the Portuguese about +1472, and received its first settlers in 1486. In the course of the +sixteenth century it suffered much from the depredations of French, +English, and Dutch pirates, as also (1574) from a revolt headed by the +Angolares: that is, the descendants of Angolan slaves who had swum +ashore when the vessel which carried them was wrecked, in 1544, on +the Sette Pedras, and had fled to the woods near. The Fortaleza de +S. Sebastião was intended to defend the capital against piratical +attacks. It was completed in 1575; but the Dutch, under Admiral +Van der Dam, nevertheless sacked the city in 1600. Only four years +before the author’s arrival, in 1485, the city had been destroyed by fire.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">15</span></a> The Ilhéo das Rôlas (Turtle-dove Island) lies about a mile off the +southern extremity of S. Thomé. It is of volcanic origin, rises to a +considerable height, and is densely wooded. The inhabitants (about +100) are dependent upon the rain for their drinking water, for there +are no springs. The chief articles of export are cacao and coffee.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">16</span></a> That is, the Povoação of early days, on the Bahia de Anna de +Chaves, incorporated in 1535 as the Cidade de S. Thomé.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">17</span></a> Cabo de Lopo Gonçalves, thus named after its discoverer, Cape +Lopez of our charts, in lat 0° 36´ S.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">18</span></a> The “dolphin” of British sailors is the <i>doirada</i>, or gilthead, of the +Portuguese (<i>Coryphaena hippurus</i>), and delights to swim in the +shadow of the vessel.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">19</span></a> The Ilha Grande lies in lat. 23° 10´ S., sixty miles to the west of +Rio de Janeiro. It is about seventeen miles in length, lofty, and +shelters a safe bay, surrounded with magnificent scenery.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20"><span class="label">20</span></a> S. Salvador, on the Bahia de todos os Santos, lat. 13° S.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21"><span class="label">21</span></a> That is, one of the “degradados” or convicts, whom it is even now +customary to banish to the Colonies.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22" id="Footnote_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22"><span class="label">22</span></a> The Isla de Lobos Marinos (Seal Island) lies off Maldonado +Point, and forms a conspicuous landmark for vessels approaching the +Rio de la Plata.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23" id="Footnote_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23"><span class="label">23</span></a> The Seal (<i>phoca vitulina</i>, Linn.) and Otary (<i>Otaria jubata</i>, +Desm.) have become very rare. The morse or walrus is found only in +the Northern hemisphere.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24" id="Footnote_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24"><span class="label">24</span></a> These south-westerly winds are known as <i>Pamperos</i>. They are +more frequent in winter. In summer they blow with greater force, +but generally cease sooner.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25" id="Footnote_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25"><span class="label">25</span></a> Isla Verde can be no other than Flores, a small island further +west than the Isla de Lobos.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26" id="Footnote_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26"><span class="label">26</span></a> The Ilha de São Sebastião, in lat. 23° 50´ S.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27"><span class="label">27</span></a> Espirito Santo, a town on the coast of Brazil, in lat. 20° 20´ S.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28"><span class="label">28</span></a> This capture must have happened at the end of 1589, or, at latest, +early in 1590, yet Thomas Knivet, who only left England with Cavendish +in August 1591, gives an account of the capture of five Englishmen +(Purchas iv, 1625, p. 1220) which at the first glance seems to be a +different version of this very incident. Knivet professes to have been +at Rio de Janeiro at the time, two months after his return from Angola +in 1598. He says: “There came a small man-of-war to Great Island +[Ilha Grande, 70 miles west of Rio]; the captain’s name was <i>Abram +Cocke</i>; he lay in wait for the ships on the River of Plate, and had +taken them if it had not been for five of his men that ran away with +his boat that discovered his being there; for within a sevennight after +he was gone three caravels came within the same road where he was. +These five men were taken by a Friar who came from S. Vincent, +and were brought to the river of Janeiro. I being at this time in +some account with the Governor favoured them as well as I could.” +In the further course of his narrative Knivet names two of these five +men, namely, <i>Richard Heixt</i> and <i>Thomas Cooper</i>. <i>Thomas Turner</i> +is referred to elsewhere, but not under circumstances which would +lead one to assume that he was one of the five. Battell is not +mentioned at all. +</p><p> +Are we to suppose, then, that Captain Cocke <i>was</i> heard of once more, +and that in 1599 he lost five men on the Ilha Grande, just as nine +years before he had lost five on the island of San Sebastian? Such a +coincidence is possible, but most improbable.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29" id="Footnote_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29"><span class="label">29</span></a> This Thomas Turner, or Torner, subsequently returned to England, +and Purchas had speech with him.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30"><span class="label">30</span></a> São Paulo de Loanda, the capital of Angola, 8° 48´ S.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31" id="Footnote_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31"><span class="label">31</span></a> The Kwanza, the most important river of Angola, navigable from +the sea as far as the rapids of Cambambe. The “town of garrison” +was Masanganu, founded in 1582.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32" id="Footnote_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32"><span class="label">32</span></a> João Furtado de Mendonça only arrived at Loanda on August 1, +1594. He remained Governor until early in 1602, when he was succeeded +by João Rodriguez Coutinho.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33" id="Footnote_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33"><span class="label">33</span></a> That is, the two incisors of the upper jaw, commonly known as +“tusks.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34" id="Footnote_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34"><span class="label">34</span></a> Battell’s “wheat” is <i>masa-mamputo</i>, or zea mayz. Elsewhere he +speaks of “Guinea wheat,” and this might be sorghum or millet; but +as he says that the natives call the grain “mas impoto,” there can be +no doubt about its identity with <i>masa-mamputo</i>, the grão de Portugal, +or maize, which, according to Ficalho, was imported from America.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35" id="Footnote_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35"><span class="label">35</span></a> The River of Congo is known to the natives as “Nzadi,” or “Nzari,” +which merely signifies “great river “(Bentley’s <i>Dictionary of the Congo +Language</i>). For Isle de Calabes we ought perhaps to read Ilha das +Calabaças (Calabash Island). The position of this island I am unable +to determine. Perhaps it is the same as an Ilheo dos Cavallos +Marinhos (Hippopotamus Island), described by Pimentel as lying +within the Cabo do Padrão, Congo mouth. Duarte Lopez (<i>A Report +of the Kingdom of Congo, drawn out of the Writings of Duarte Lopez</i>, +by F. Pigafetta, 1591. Translated by Margareta Hutchinson. London, +1881) says it was the first island met with on entering the Zaire, and +that, although small, the Portuguese had a town upon it.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36" id="Footnote_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36"><span class="label">36</span></a> Palm cloth is made from the fronds of the <i>ntera</i>, or fan palm +(<i>Hyphæne Guineensis</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37" id="Footnote_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37"><span class="label">37</span></a> Dapper (<i>Africa</i>, Amsterdam, 1670, p. 520) tells us that the hairs +from an elephant’s tail were highly valued by the natives, who wove +them into necklaces and girdles; fifty of these hairs or bristles were +worth 1000 reis! Duarte Lopez (<i>Kingdom of Congo</i>, London, 1881, +p. 46) says that one such tail was equal in value to two or three slaves, +and that native hunters followed the elephants up narrow and steep +defiles, and there cut off the desired spoils. Battell himself (see p. 58) +bought 20,000 (hairs) which he sold to the Portugals for thirty slaves.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38" id="Footnote_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38"><span class="label">38</span></a> The Egyptians were, of course, Ciganos, or gypsies. They appeared +in Portugal in the beginning of the sixteenth century. A +Royal order of 1526 ordered them to leave the kingdom, but appears +to have had no more effect than a law of 1538, which, on account of +the thefts of which they were accused, and their sorceries, threatened +them with a flogging and the confiscation of their goods, if caught +within the kingdom. This law was re-enacted in 1557, when the +galleys were substituted for a flogging; and in 1592 a still more severe +law was enacted, which threatened with death all those who should not +quit the kingdom within four months. Battel’s associates were, no +doubt, gipsies who had been sent as convicts to Angola (see F. A. +Coelho, <i>Os Ciganos de Portugal</i>, Lisbon, 1892). +</p><p> +The Moriscoes are the Moors of Morocco. Early Portuguese +writers refer to the men who had fought in Africa (Morocco) as +Africanos, and Battell’s Moriscoes were in all probability Moorish +prisoners of war, or Moors expelled from Portugal.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39" id="Footnote_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39"><span class="label">39</span></a> Mani or Muene, lord and even king, as Muene Putu, King of +Portugal, but also applied to a mere village chief. The <i>Cabech</i> of +Battell must have resided somewhere about Muchima, but on the right +bank of the Coanza.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40" id="Footnote_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40"><span class="label">40</span></a> Battell’s Guinea wheat is <i>masa-mamputo</i>, or <i>grão de Portugal</i>, +the zea mayz of botanists, which, according to Candolle and Ficalho, +was introduced from America.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41" id="Footnote_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41"><span class="label">41</span></a> Kasanza’s lake can confidently be identified with the Lalama Lake +of modern maps, south of the Rio Bengo, thirty-six miles due east +of S. Paulo de Loanda. <i>Ka</i> is a diminitive; <i>nsanza</i> means village.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42" id="Footnote_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42"><span class="label">42</span></a> The river of Bengo or Nzenza, which enters the sea ten miles +north-east of Loanda.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43" id="Footnote_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43"><span class="label">43</span></a> Mani Bangono’s district is not mentioned elsewhere. It cannot +have been far from the sea.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44" id="Footnote_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44"><span class="label">44</span></a> Mushi or Mwishikongo, a Congo-man: plural, Eshi-Kongo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45" id="Footnote_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45"><span class="label">45</span></a> Bamba, or rather Mbamba, the south-west province of Congo, +extending to the lower Coanza.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46" id="Footnote_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46"><span class="label">46</span></a> Lamba, or Hamba, is bounded by the Bengo in the north, and by +the Coanza and its tributary the Lucalla on the south. The +“Governor” here referred to is João Furtado de Mendonça. Battell +seems to have been among the reinforcements despatched after the +disastrous campaign in the spring of 1596. The “General” of Battell +was João de Velloria, a Spaniard, who was Capitâo mór do Campo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47" id="Footnote_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47"><span class="label">47</span></a> The route followed by Battell is approximately indicated upon the +map. Sowonso may be the same as Dapper’s Chonso or Douville’s +Quionso, beyond Icolo. As to the other places along the route, I can +suggest no identifications. Namba Calamba certainly has nothing to +do with the Portuguese Fort Calumbu on the Coanza, built in 1571.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48" id="Footnote_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48"><span class="label">48</span></a> Kumba ria Kaiangu?</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49" id="Footnote_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49"><span class="label">49</span></a> <i>Outeiro</i> (Portuguese), a hill.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50" id="Footnote_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50"><span class="label">50</span></a> Battell’s Ingasia is undoubtedly the Angazi or Engase of Duarte +Lopez, a Bunda district subject to Bamba, which in Pigafetta’s map +lies to the south of the river Bengo. Mendez de Castellobranco, p. 11, +mentions Engombe (Ngombe). The name survives perhaps in the +Ndembu Ngombe a Muquiama on the northern bank of the Bengo, +who, according to J. V. Carneiro (<i>An. do conselho ultramar.</i>, vol. ii, +pp. 172 to 179, 1861), was in olden times dependent upon Congo. The +name Ngombe (“ox”) is, however, a very common one.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51" id="Footnote_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51"><span class="label">51</span></a> The Pete, more correctly called <i>Puita</i>, or <i>Kipuita</i>, is a musical +instrument described by Monteiro (<i>Angola</i>, vol. ii, p. 140), and in +Cordeiro da Matta’s <i>Diccionario</i>, p. 29. It consists of a hollow +wooden cylinder, one end of which is covered with sheepskin. A +wooden stick is passed through the centre of this sheepskin, and +a most hideous noise is produced by moving this stick to and fro.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52" id="Footnote_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52"><span class="label">52</span></a> The Pongo (<i>mpunga</i>) is an ivory trumpet.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53" id="Footnote_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53"><span class="label">53</span></a> Engeriay seems to be a misprint, perhaps for the <i>Ogheghe</i> of +Duarte Lopez, which Ficalho identifies with Mung’eng’e (<i>Spondias +lutea</i>) of Angola, called <i>Gego</i> by Lopez de Lima (<i>Ensaios</i>, vol. iii, p. 15). +Dr. Welwitsch found the tree growing wild in the mountains of +Benguella, whence it was transplanted to Loanda. It is valued for its +wood, the shade it affords, and its fruit, which resembles a yellow +plum, is of delicious flavour and esteemed as a remedy against bile +(Ficalho, <i>Plantas uteis</i>, p. 126; Monteiro, <i>Angola</i>, vol. ii, p. 298). +Purchas, in a marginal note, Bk. VII, c. 4, says that the <i>Ogheghe</i> +“bears a fruit which is like a yellow plumme and is very good to eat, +and hath a very sweet smell withall.” This information was given by +Battell.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54" id="Footnote_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54"><span class="label">54</span></a> Pome-water, a kind of apple, called <i>malus carbonaria</i> by Coles +(Nares’s <i>Glossary</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55" id="Footnote_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55"><span class="label">55</span></a> <i>Margarita</i> is the Portuguese (and Latin) for pearl. Purchas may +have suggested the word, whilst Battell simply referred to the <i>cowrie</i> +currency of the country, or to a more valuable shell such as Cavazzi +(p. 12) says was found near Cambambe, a collar of which had the +value of a slave; or to a crystal found in Shela, and called “thunder-stone” +by the natives. Mr. R. C. Phillips writes: “I have found +that some kind of stone used to pass as money in the old slave times, +say in 1850 or 1860, but I never saw one. These stones were of great +value, and I have a vague idea they were called ‘agang.’”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56" id="Footnote_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56"><span class="label">56</span></a> The author’s “wheat” is maize (see p. 7).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57" id="Footnote_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57"><span class="label">57</span></a> This is undoubtedly the bay upon which Manuel Cerveira +Pereira, in 1617, founded the city of S. Filippe de Benguella. The +bay at that time was known as Bahia da Torre, or de S. Antonio. By +its discoverers it seems to have been named Golfo de S. Maria. The +“torre” is, of course, the Ponta do Sombreiro or S. Philip’s bonnet. +Pimentel (<i>Arte de Navegar</i>, 1762, p. 276) locates a Bahia da Torre +fifty miles to the south of Benguella Bay, which therefore corresponds +to the Elephant Bay of modern maps, with its “mesa,” or table-mountain +rising to a height of a thousand feet.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58" id="Footnote_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58"><span class="label">58</span></a> Cacongo (<i>recte</i> Kikongo), according to Welwitsch, is the wood of +<i>Tarchonanthes camphoratus</i>. It is hard, of a greyish olive colour, +and has the perfume of camphor. Its powder is esteemed as a tonic +(Ficalho, <i>Plantas uteis</i>, p. 206).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59" id="Footnote_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59"><span class="label">59</span></a> Carraca, a vessel, generally of considerable burthen, and such as +could be profitably employed in the Brazilian and Indian trade.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60" id="Footnote_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60"><span class="label">60</span></a> Ndalabondo seems to be the name of a person. The people in +the interior of Benguella are known as Bi’nbundo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61" id="Footnote_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61"><span class="label">61</span></a> Neither Mr. Dennett nor Mr. Phillips knows a bead of that name. +<i>Mpinda</i> (plur. <i>Zimpinda</i>) means ground nut.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62" id="Footnote_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62"><span class="label">62</span></a> For an account of Dombe, which lies to the south of St. Filip de +Benguella, see Capello and Ivens, <i>From Benguella to the Territory of +Yacca</i>, London, 1882, vol. i, p. 308; and Serpa Pinto, <i>How I Crossed +Africa</i>, London, 1881, vol. i, p. 46. Copper ore abounds in the district, +and a mine, four miles inland, was recently worked by the Portuguese +(Monteiro, <i>Angola</i>, London, 1875, vol. ii, p. 198).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63" id="Footnote_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63"><span class="label">63</span></a> That is, bark-cloth made of the inner bark of the <i>nsanda</i>, Banyan +or wild fig-tree, or <i>Ficus Lutata</i> (see Pechuel Loesche, <i>Loango +Exped.</i>, vol. iii, p. 172).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64" id="Footnote_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64"><span class="label">64</span></a> Purchas spells indifferently Gaga, Iagge, Giagas, etc. The correct +spelling is Jaga or Jaka. For a sketch of the history of these military +leaders, see Appendix.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65" id="Footnote_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65"><span class="label">65</span></a> The Morro, or bluff, of Old Benguella, in lat. 10° 48´ S., is a conspicuous +headland, presenting a perpendicular cliff towards the sea, +its summit being covered with cactus trees. Here Antonio Lopez +Peixoto, a nephew of Paulo Dias, in 1587, had built a presidio, which +was soon afterwards abandoned.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66" id="Footnote_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66"><span class="label">66</span></a> The river Cuvo (Kuvu) enters the sea in 10° 52´ S.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67" id="Footnote_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67"><span class="label">67</span></a> In a note to Bk. <span class="smcap">VII</span>, c. iv, § 8 (Hartwell’s translation of Pigafetta), +Battell is made to say that “the Iagges came from Sierre Liona. +But they dispersed themselves as a general pestilence and common +scourge through most parts of Ethiopia.” But see p. 83, where +Battell denies the statements made by Lopez. +</p><p> +Walkenaer (<i>Histoire des Voyages</i>, vol. xiii), says that Dapper’s +Sierra Leone cannot be the place usually known by that name. The +only locality in that part of Africa named in honour of a lion, as far as +I know, are the Pedras de Encoge, or more correctly <i>del nkoshi</i> +(which means Lion).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68" id="Footnote_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68"><span class="label">68</span></a> Ndongo is the name of the kingdom of Ngola (Angola). Its old +capital was at Pungu-a-Ndongo, a remarkable group of rocks, popularly +known as Pedras Negras.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69" id="Footnote_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69"><span class="label">69</span></a> Ngongo (plural Jingongo), in Kimbundu, means twin, and hence +<i>Ngong’e</i>, a double bell, such as is described by Monteiro (<i>Angola</i>, +vol. i, p. 203); in Lunda it is called <i>rubembe</i> (Carvalho, <i>Exp. Port.</i>, +<i>Ethnographia</i>, p. 369). See also <a href="#Footnote_237">note</a>, p. 80.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70" id="Footnote_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70"><span class="label">70</span></a> “Gingado,” elsewhere spelt “Iergado,” is evidently a misprint for +<i>Jangada</i>, a Portuguese word meaning “raft.” Such a raft is called +<i>Mbimba</i>, and is made of the wood of the <i>bimba</i> (<i>Herminiera Elaphroxylon</i>, +Guill. et. Perr.), which is identical with the <i>Ambaj</i> of the +Nile, and grows abundantly on the swampy banks of the rivers. +Battell himself, at a critical point of his career, built himself such a +<i>jangada</i> (Ficalho, <i>Plantas uteis da Africa</i>, 1884, p. 33).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71" id="Footnote_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71"><span class="label">71</span></a> <i>Tavale.</i> Mr. Dennet suggests that <i>tavale</i> corresponds to the +<i>libala</i> of Loango, a word derived from the Portuguese <i>taboa</i> (table), +for the instrument of this name consists of a board supported by two +sticks of wood, and kept in its place by wooden pegs driven into the +ground. The player beats this board with his two index fingers. +A. R. Neves, <i>Mem. da Epedição a Cassange</i>, p. 110, calls <i>tabalha</i> a +drum, which is beaten to make known the death of a Jaga Cassange.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72" id="Footnote_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72"><span class="label">72</span></a> Mbala or Embala merely means town or village. Lad. Magyar +(<i>Reisen in Süd-Afrika</i>, p. 383) has a district Kibala, abounding in iron, +the chief town of which is Kambuita on the river Longa. Walckenaer’s +suggestion (<i>Histoire des Voyages</i>, vol. xiii, p. 30) that Bambala and +Bembe are identical is quite unacceptable.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73" id="Footnote_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73"><span class="label">73</span></a> The baobab is indifferently called by Battell <i>alicunde</i>, <i>licondo</i>, +<i>elicondi</i>, <i>olicandi</i>, or <i>alicunde</i>, all of which are corruptions of <i>nkondo</i>, +by which name the tree is known in Congo. The Portuguese know +this characteristic tree of the coast-land and the interior as <i>imbondeiro</i> +(from <i>mbondo</i> in Kimbundu). Its inner bark yields a fibre known as +<i>licomte</i>, is made into coarse cloth, and is also exported to Europe to +be converted into paper. The wood is very light. The pulp of the +fruit is refreshing, and was formerly esteemed as a remedy against +fever and dysentery. The seeds are eaten. The shell (<i>macua</i>) is +used to hold water (hence the popular name of Calabash tree). +Ficalho distinguishes three species, viz., <i>Adansonia digitata</i>, Linn., +the fruit of which is longish; <i>A. subglobosa</i>, bearing a bell-shaped +fruit; <i>A. lageniformis</i>, yielding a fruit shaped like a cucumber (see +Monteiro, <i>Angola</i>, vol. i, p. 78; Ficalho, <i>Plantas uteis</i>, p. 100).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74" id="Footnote_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74"><span class="label">74</span></a> The cedar of the Portuguese is <i>Tamarix articulata</i>, Vahl., and +resembles a cypress (Ficalho, <i>Plantas uteis da Africa</i>, 1884, p. 94).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75" id="Footnote_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75"><span class="label">75</span></a> Kizangu, in Kimbundu, means fetish. Burton (<i>Two Trips to +Gorilla Land</i>, vol. ii, p. 120), saw a like image, also called Quesango, +in a village above Boma.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76" id="Footnote_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76"><span class="label">76</span></a> The so-called fetishes (from <i>feitiço</i>, a Portuguese word meaning +sorcery) are not idols, but charms and amulets, generally known as +<i>nkissi</i>, <i>nkishi</i>, or <i>mukishi</i>. There are <i>nkissi</i> peculiar to a district, +village, or family; charms and amulets to shield the wearer or possessor +against all the evils flesh is heir to, and others enabling the priest or +<i>nganga</i> to discover crime or the cause of disease. The idea underlying +the belief in the efficacy of these charms was very prevalent +among our own ancestors, and the images, rosaries, crosses, relics, +and other articles introduced by the Roman missionaries are looked +upon by the natives as equivalent to their own <i>nkissi</i>. Even at the +present day, images of S. Francis and of other saints may be seen in +the collection of Royal Fetishes at S. Salvador, and a cross called +<i>santu</i> (Santa Cruz) “is the common fetish which confers skill in hunting” +(Bentley, <i>Pioneering on the Congo</i>, vol. i, pp. 35, 36, 39). The +images, according to Bentley, seen among the natives are not idols +but receptacles of “charms” or medicine. As to a belief in witchcraft +(<i>ndoki</i>, witch; <i>Kindoki</i>, witchcraft), it is not even now quite +extinct among Christian people, boasting of their civilisation, for +a reputed wizard was drowned at Hedingham in Essex in 1863, +and a witch burnt in Mexico as recently as 1873. Matthew Hopkins, +the famous witch-finder, cannot claim a higher rank than an African +<i>nganga</i>, although his procedure was not quite the same. Nor can I +see any difference between a fetish and the miraculous “bambino” +manufactured in the sixteenth century, and kept in the church of +S. Maria Aracœli, which a priest takes to the bedside of sick or +dying persons, who are asked to kiss it to be cured, and whose +guardians are at all times ready to receive the offerings of the faithful +(see Dickens, <i>Pictures from Italy</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77" id="Footnote_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77"><span class="label">77</span></a> Marginal note by Purchas:—“Of these Giagas read also Pigafetta’s +<i>Book of Congo</i>, translated into English by M. Hartwell, and my +<i>Pilgrimage</i>, l. 7. But none could so well know them as this author, +who lived so long with them.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78" id="Footnote_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78"><span class="label">78</span></a> The river Longa [Lungu] enters the sea in lat. 10° 20´ S.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79" id="Footnote_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79"><span class="label">79</span></a> A soba Calungo is shown on the most recent maps as residing +north of the river Longa.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80" id="Footnote_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80"><span class="label">80</span></a> Perhaps we ought to read <i>Tunda</i>, the bush, the East. Lad. +Magyar (<i>Reisen</i>, p. 378) has a chief Tunda in the country of the Sellas, +and Falkenstein (<i>Loango Expedition</i>, p. 73) heard of a district Tunda, +inland from Novo Redondo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81" id="Footnote_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81"><span class="label">81</span></a> The Gonsa or Gunza (Ngunza) of Battell is undoubtedly the +Coanza. A river Ngunza enters the sea at Novo Redondo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82" id="Footnote_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82"><span class="label">82</span></a> <i>Shila</i>, nasty; <i>mbanza</i>, towns.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83" id="Footnote_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83"><span class="label">83</span></a> According to Duarte Lopez (<i>Pigafetta</i>, p. 55), the feathers of +peacocks and of ostriches are used as a standard in battle. Hence, +peacocks are reared within a fence and reserved for the king.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84" id="Footnote_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84"><span class="label">84</span></a> <i>Njilo</i> (in Kimbundu), bird; <i>mukishi</i>, a charm.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85" id="Footnote_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85"><span class="label">85</span></a> See note, p. <a href="#Page_51">51.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86" id="Footnote_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86"><span class="label">86</span></a> Cambambe (<i>Ka</i>, diminutive; <i>mbambi</i>, gazelle), a village on the +north bank of the Coanza, below the falls formed by the river in +forcing its way through the Serra de Prata. Silver, however, has +never been found there (at least not in appreciable quantities), nor +anywhere else in Angola or Congo. Still we are told (Paiva Manso, +p. 50) that the King of Congo, in 1530, sent the wife of King Manuel +two silver bracelets which he had received from one of his chiefs in +Matamba, and that among the presents forwarded by Ngola Nbande, +the King of Ndongo, to Paulo Dias in 1576, there were several silver +bracelets, which the Regent of Portugal, Cardinal Henrique, had +converted into a chalice, which he presented to the church at Belem +(<i>Catalogo dos Governadores de Angola</i>). According to Capello and +Ivens (<i>Benguella</i>, vol. ii, pp. 58, 233), silver ore is plentiful in Matamba, +although they never saw any <i>in loco</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87" id="Footnote_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87"><span class="label">87</span></a> Battell’s Casama is the wide province of Kisama (Quiçama), to +the south of the Coanza.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88" id="Footnote_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88"><span class="label">88</span></a> This Casoch (a misprint for Cafoch) is the Cafuxe (Cafuche) of +the Portuguese, who defeated Balthasar de Almeida on April 22, 1594. +On August 10, 1603, the Portuguese, led by Manuel Cerveira Pereira, +retrieved this disaster.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89" id="Footnote_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89"><span class="label">89</span></a> The name Calandola is by no means rare. A Calandula Muanji +resided in 1884, eight miles to the north-east of Malanje (Carvalho, +<i>Viagens</i>, vol. i, p. 443); another resided, formerly, near Ambaca (<i>ib.</i>, +p. 230); and a third on the Lucala, south of Duque de Bragança, was +visited by Capello and Ivens (<i>Benguella</i>, vol. ii, p. 45). A Jaga +Calandula accompanied Joāo Soares de Almeida on his disastrous +expedition to Sonyo (<i>Cat. dos Gov.</i>, p. 390). Either of these may have +been a descendant of Battell’s Calandula.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90" id="Footnote_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90"><span class="label">90</span></a> Human victims are still sacrificed by the diviner when consulting +departed spirits (see A. R. Neves, <i>Memoria</i>, p. 119).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91" id="Footnote_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91"><span class="label">91</span></a> Cavazzi (<i>Historica Descrizione de tre Regni Congo, etc.</i>, Bologna, +1687, p. 207) gives a plan of a Jaga camp, or Kilombo. It is formed of +a square stockade, having in its centre the quarters of the Commander-in-chief, +within a triple hedge of thorns. Between the +stockade, which has only a single gate, and the inner enclosure are +the quarters of the six principal officers, including the Golambolo (<i>ngolo</i>, +strength, <i>mbula</i>, a blow), or Lieutenant-General, the Tendala, or +Commander of the Rear-guard, and the Mani Lumbo (<i>lumbu</i>, a +stockade), or Engineer-in-chief.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92" id="Footnote_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92"><span class="label">92</span></a> <i>Tavales</i> (see note, p. 21).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93" id="Footnote_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93"><span class="label">93</span></a> Bahia das Vaccas, old name for Benguella Bay. There seems to +be no native name for gold; yet Dr. Francisco José Maria de Lacerda, +when with the abortive expedition of 1797, which was charged with +the exploration of the Kunene, met a negress whose head-dress was +composed of golden laminæ, said to have been washed in that river +(Burton, <i>Lacerda’s Journey to Cazembe</i>, London, 1873, p. 23). Ladislaus +Magyar (<i>Reisen</i>, p. 176), says that about 1833 a Brazilian miner +washed gold in the mountains of Hambo. Quite recently, in 1900, the +Mossamedes Company granted a lease of the Kasinga goldfields to +an English company.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94" id="Footnote_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94"><span class="label">94</span></a> The Imbondos are clearly the Nbundu of Angola, who draw the +palm wine from the top, whilst the Jagas cut down the tree.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95" id="Footnote_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95"><span class="label">95</span></a> Purchas adds, in a marginal note: “Fruges consumere nati.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96" id="Footnote_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96"><span class="label">96</span></a> “Flesh” in the sense of encourage.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97" id="Footnote_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97"><span class="label">97</span></a> Calando should be Calandola (see note on p. 28).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98" id="Footnote_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98"><span class="label">98</span></a> Mbamba, a whelk or trumpet-shell (Cordeiro da Matta, <i>Dicc. +Kimbundu</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99" id="Footnote_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99"><span class="label">99</span></a> Mr. Dennet suggests <i>msose</i>, a turritella, popularly known as +screw-shell.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100" id="Footnote_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100"><span class="label">100</span></a> No ostriches are met with in Angola, and as to beads made of +ostrich eggs, I can give no explanation.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101" id="Footnote_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101"><span class="label">101</span></a> Monteiro was told that the Sobas and their wives among the +Musele only use human fat to anoint their bodies (vol. ii, p. 157).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102" id="Footnote_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102"><span class="label">102</span></a> The practice of wearing such nose ornaments exists to the present +day in Lunda, among the Bangala and other tribes (Capello and +Ivens, <i>Benguela</i>, vol. i, p. 265; Carvalho, <i>Expedição Portugueza ao +Muatianvua</i>, Lingua de Lunda, p. 367; <i>Ethnographia</i>, p. 349).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103" id="Footnote_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103"><span class="label">103</span></a> Marginal note by Purchas: “They use this ceremony in Florida.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104" id="Footnote_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104"><span class="label">104</span></a> Civet-cats are numerous in this part of Africa.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105" id="Footnote_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105"><span class="label">105</span></a> I am inclined to believe, from what we learn from Cavazzi and +other missionaries, that only those children were killed which were born +within the <i>Kilombo</i>. On the other hand, at the Court of the ferocious +queen Jinga, we are told by Captain Füller, a Dutchman, that, on two +days in 1648, 113 new-born infants born <i>outside</i> the camp were killed +(Dapper, <i>Africa</i>, p. 545).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106" id="Footnote_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106"><span class="label">106</span></a> <i>Ngunza</i>, according to Cordeira da Matta, means all-powerful; +according to Bentley a herald, who speaks on behalf of a chief.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107" id="Footnote_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107"><span class="label">107</span></a> See note, p. <a href="#Page_19">19.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108" id="Footnote_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108"><span class="label">108</span></a> Human sacrifices among the Jaga are even now of frequent occurrence. +They are made at the installation of a Jaga, one year after his +election (when the sacrifice and its accompanying banquet are intended +to conciliate the spirit of Kinguri, the founder of the Dynasty), at his +death, on the outbreak of war, etc. The ceremony witnessed by +Battell was an act of divination. The soothsayer summons the spirit +of Kinguri, who is supposed to foretell the results of any enterprise +about to be undertaken. In 1567, the Jaga Ngonga Kahanga, of Shela, +having been advised by his soothsayers that he would suffer defeat in a +war he was about to enter upon against the Portuguese, declined the +arbitration of the sword, and submitted voluntarily. The body of the +victim is cooked with the flesh of a cow, a goat, a yellow dog, a cock +and a pigeon, and this mess is devoured (ceremoniously) by the Jaga +and his <i>makotas</i> (councillors).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109" id="Footnote_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109"><span class="label">109</span></a> The handle of this switch contains a potent medicine, which protects +the owner against death.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110" id="Footnote_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110"><span class="label">110</span></a> Casengula, called Kissengula, p. 86, was perhaps a trombash, for +<i>sangula</i> means to kill at a long range (Bentley).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111" id="Footnote_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111"><span class="label">111</span></a> The Jagas are still buried sitting, and wives are sacrificed (Capello +and Ivens, <i>From Benguella to the Territory of the Iacca</i>, vol. i, p. 330). +In Ngois, likewise, the dead are occasionally buried in a sitting +posture (Bastian, vol. i, p. 82). For a full account of a funeral, see +Dennett’s <i>Folklore</i>, p. 11.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112" id="Footnote_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112"><span class="label">112</span></a> These feasts are intended to secure the goodwill of the deceased, +so that he may not injure the living. Human beings are occasionally +sacrificed, in addition to goats and fowls.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113" id="Footnote_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113"><span class="label">113</span></a> João Rodrigues Coutinho received his appointment as Governor +at Madrid, on January 30, 1601 (see Appendix).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114" id="Footnote_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114"><span class="label">114</span></a> Ndemba, in Quissama, a territory famous for its salt mines, the +chief of which was the Caculo Caquimone Casonga (Cadornega, 1702). +In 1783, when P. M. Pinheiro de Lacerda invaded Quissama, a +Caculo Caquimone still held the mines of Ndemba. <i>Kakulu</i>, the +elder of twins, a title.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115" id="Footnote_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115"><span class="label">115</span></a> Outaba seems to be a misprint for <i>libata</i> (village). Tombo is on +the north bank of the Coanza, almost due south of Loanda.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116" id="Footnote_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116"><span class="label">116</span></a> Songa, on the Coanza, below Muchima, a village in the territory +of the Caculo Caquimone Casonga.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117" id="Footnote_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117"><span class="label">117</span></a> Machimba I believe to be Muchima or Muxima, whilst (according +to Cadornega) a chief Cavao occupied a district above Lake Quizua +and below Massangano.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118" id="Footnote_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118"><span class="label">118</span></a> According to the <i>Catalogo dos Governadores</i>, p. 356, the Governor +died in Quissama. He was succeeded by his captain-major, Manuel +Cerveira Pereira, and it was he who, on August 10, 1603, defeated +Cafuxe, in the bloody battle to which reference is made in the text. +Battell’s Angoykayongo is undoubtedly identical with the <i>Agoacaiongo</i> +of an anonymous account of the <i>Establimentos e Resgates Portuguezes</i> +(1607), published by L. Cordeira. He was a Christian chief; and a +captain-major, with a detachment of cavalry, was stationed at his +village to keep Quissama in order.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119" id="Footnote_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119"><span class="label">119</span></a> See note, p. <a href="#Page_27">27.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120" id="Footnote_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120"><span class="label">120</span></a> Queen Elizabeth died April 3, 1603; but peace with Spain was +only concluded on August 19, 1604.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121" id="Footnote_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121"><span class="label">121</span></a> João de Araujo e Azevedo was the officer left in command at +Cambambe.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122" id="Footnote_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122"><span class="label">122</span></a> That is S. Salvador.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123" id="Footnote_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123"><span class="label">123</span></a> Ngongo, according to Cavazzi (p. 521), is a place on the road from +Sundi to Batta, where Girolamo da Montesarchio destroyed the +heathen images. This place possibly corresponds to the modern +Gongo, a station on the Stanley Pool Railway. Cadornega has a +Gongo de Bata, which figures on Dapper’s map as Congo de Bata, +and lies to the west of the Mbanza of Bata. It is impossible to tell +which of these places was visited by Battell; possibly he passed +through both.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124" id="Footnote_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124"><span class="label">124</span></a> The Mbanza or chief town of Mbata, or Batta, still exists in 8° +S., long. 15° E. Bentley (<i>Pioneering</i>, vol. ii, p. 404) passed through +it, and discovered a huge wooden cross, a relic of the ancient +missionaries.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125" id="Footnote_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125"><span class="label">125</span></a> D. Manuel Cerveira Pereira had assumed government at the +beginning of 1603, and three years would conveniently carry us to +1606. The “new” Governor, D. Manuel Pereira Forjaz, was, however, +only nominated on August 2, 1607.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126" id="Footnote_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126"><span class="label">126</span></a> See note, p. <a href="#Page_11">11.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127" id="Footnote_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127"><span class="label">127</span></a> Nkoko, a large grey antelope.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128" id="Footnote_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128"><span class="label">128</span></a> Impalanca, <i>Palanga</i>, or <i>Mpalanga</i>, an antelope (<i>Hippotragus +equinus</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129" id="Footnote_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129"><span class="label">129</span></a> This is an electric silurus called <i>nsõmbo</i>, plur. <i>sinsombo</i>, by the +natives. Fishermen dread its electrical discharges, but value its +flesh (Pechuel-Loesche, <i>Die Loango Expedition</i>, vol. iii, p. 282). +This fish, Mr. Dennett tells me, is the “xina” (taboo) of women, +generally speaking, which may account for the word becoming a +generic name for fish, as in Unyamwezi, Ugogo, and other countries, +if vocabularies can be trusted.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130" id="Footnote_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130"><span class="label">130</span></a> See note, p. <a href="#Page_21">21.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131" id="Footnote_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131"><span class="label">131</span></a> This is Red Point, or Ponta Vermelha, where there is a grove of +palms.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132" id="Footnote_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132"><span class="label">132</span></a> Kabinda, 5° 31´ S., on a fine bay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133" id="Footnote_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133"><span class="label">133</span></a> The river Kakongo, or Chiloango, enters the sea in lat. 5° 9´ S. +to the north of Landana. It is a very considerable river, and its +waters discolour the sea for seven miles.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134" id="Footnote_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134"><span class="label">134</span></a> Mbale, according to Bentley, is the coast region between the +Congo and Ambrisette; but on Pigafetta’s map (1591) a town, Monbales, +is shown to the south-east of the chief place of Sonho (Sonyo).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135" id="Footnote_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135"><span class="label">135</span></a> Pinda, or Mpinda, in Sonyo, is below the Mbanza of Sonyo, +which on modern maps figures as St. Antonio.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136" id="Footnote_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136"><span class="label">136</span></a> The Luiza Loango, or Massábi, river enters the sea in lat. 5° 1´ S. +Its depth across the bar is only 2 ft., but once within, it presents a +fair waterway for over a hundred miles. Kaia is about ten miles up it.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137" id="Footnote_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137"><span class="label">137</span></a> The Golfo das Almadias, or Canoe Bay, as described by Battell, +corresponds to Black Point Bay, 4° 48´ S., the inner bay of which, less +than half a mile across, had become all but silted up by 1884.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138" id="Footnote_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138"><span class="label">138</span></a> No logwood is found in Loango, and Purchas points out in a note +(<i>post</i>, p. 82), that Battell’s dyewood must be Red Sanders (<i>Pterocarpus +tinctorius</i>), the <i>tacula</i> of Angola, and identical with the <i>tavila</i> of +D. Lopez (Ficalho, <i>Plantas uteis</i>, p. 207). Pechuel-Loesche (<i>Loango +Exp.</i>, vol. iii, p. 190), on the other hand, states that the dye known as +<i>tacula</i> is camwood (<i>Baphia nitida, Afz.</i>), and Bentley (<i>Dict. of the +Kongo Language</i>), who calls the dye <i>nkula</i>, is of the same opinion. +Another red dye is obtained from the <i>Njilla sonde</i> (<i>Pterocarpus +erinaceus, Poir.</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139" id="Footnote_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139"><span class="label">139</span></a> <i>Nlunga</i> (Bentley) or <i>malungu</i> (Cordeira da Matta) is the native +word for bracelet.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140" id="Footnote_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140"><span class="label">140</span></a> The Maloango (<i>ma</i>, a contraction of <i>mani</i> or <i>mwanu</i>, son; +<i>mfumu</i>, chief) or king is selected by the Mamboma (see p. 59) and +the princes, and must be a nephew (sister’s son) of his predecessor. +On his election he takes the title of <i>Nganga nvumbu</i> (<i>Nganga</i>, priest; +<i>nvumbu</i>, benevolent spirit, breath), but only proceeds to that of +Maloango when rich enough to summon the whole country to a great +feast, when declaration is made for the first time officially of the death +of the former Maloango, and he is buried. As these festivities are +very expensive, they are often deferred for years, and many a <i>Nganga +nvumbu</i> has died without even troubling about the higher title. The +successors of the Maloango Njimbi of Loango, of Battell’s time, +according to Mr. Dennett, have been: 1. Maloango Tati of Kondi; +2. Mani Puati of Chibanga; 3. Mani Yambi; 4. Man’anombo; 5. Mani +Makosso Matukila of Kondi; 6. Mani Makosso Manombo; 7. Mani +Makosso Masonga; 8. Mani Puati. Nos. 3 to 8 never assumed the +title of Maloango. Mani Puati very much disgusted the people with +his cruelty (he had killed his own daughter because she refused to +cohabit with him); and when the French, in 1898, called upon the +Mamboma and the princes to produce a Maloango, they ignored the +existence of Puati, and elected his nephew, Mani Luemba. This list, +however, is evidently imperfect.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141" id="Footnote_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141"><span class="label">141</span></a> Mr. Dennett, whose long residence at Loango and thorough +knowledge of the languages entitle him to speak with authority, +finds this passage unintelligible, but ventures to suggest the following:— +</p><p> +<i>Baliani</i> (my companion) <i>ampembe</i> (white) <i>mpolo</i> (face), <i>muenyeye</i> +(Boio, the underground <i>nkishni</i>), <i>ke zinga</i> (not live long)! +</p><p> +Freely translated, it would mean “My companion, the white face, +has risen from underground, and will not live long.” This is a curious +greeting, but it fairly represents native ideas: for the white man, as +long as he keeps to his ship (supposed to rise from the bottom of the +ocean), is believed to live long; whilst, once he comes to stay ashore, +he is condemned to an early death.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142" id="Footnote_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142"><span class="label">142</span></a> In a marginal note, Purchas says that the King’s wives are called +<i>Macomes</i>. Such a title is known neither to Mr. Dennett nor to +Mr. Phillips. Macome is probably a misprint for Maconda, the title +borne, according to Dapper, p. 522, by the king’s “mother.” <i>Nkondi</i>, +according to Bentley, is a title of nobility.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143" id="Footnote_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143"><span class="label">143</span></a> Mr. Dennett informs me that, still at the present day, when the +King (Maloango) or rather <i>Nganga nvumbu</i>, drinks in state, he covers +his head with a cloth, so that the public may not see him drink. On +ordinary occasions, however, this custom is no longer observed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144" id="Footnote_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144"><span class="label">144</span></a> The heads of all families eat alone; that is, they eat first, and +their wives and children afterwards. Maloango still observes the +same custom, with his <i>ma sa vi</i>, or house-steward, as the sole +attendant (Dennett).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145" id="Footnote_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145"><span class="label">145</span></a> Bensa may be a corruption of the Portuguese <i>banca</i>, a table. +Mr. Dennett does not know the word.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146" id="Footnote_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146"><span class="label">146</span></a> Not Sambe and Pongo, but Nzambi-ampungu! <i>Nzambi</i> is the +name by which God is known; <i>Nzambi-ampungu</i> means the Most +High (Supreme) God (Bentley, <i>Life on the Congo</i>, 1887, p. 62).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147" id="Footnote_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147"><span class="label">147</span></a> The rains begin in October and last till April, being heaviest from +November to March. They are very irregular. Thus, in February +1874, 2.2 ins. fell at Chinchosho; in the same month, 1875,12.0 ins.; +but in 1876 only 0.2 ins.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148" id="Footnote_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148"><span class="label">148</span></a> <i>Ensaka</i>, according to D. Lopez (Pigafetta), a stuff resembling +velvet.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149" id="Footnote_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149"><span class="label">149</span></a> The <i>Ndamba</i> is no drum, as understood by Purchas, but a musical +instrument made out of a piece of palm stem, about 4 or 5 ft. long. +This is split down one side, the soft centre is then scooped out, and +the edges of the split cut into notches. By rubbing these notches +energetically with a stick, a loud rasping noise is produced (Monteiro, +<i>Angola</i>, vol. ii, p. 139: Cordeiro da Matta, <i>Diccionario</i>, p. 118).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150" id="Footnote_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150"><span class="label">150</span></a> An ivory trumpet (see note, p. 15).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151" id="Footnote_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151"><span class="label">151</span></a> Battell seems to be mistaken. Mr. Dennett informs me that +Maloango as <i>Ngangu nvumbu</i> (see note 44) collects the offerings of +his people, and sends them with a petition for rain to the great rain-doctor, +<i>Nganga m Bunzi</i>, in Ngoyo. He has never heard that Maloango +had usurped the functions of the great rain-doctor by shooting an +arrow to the sky. Abbé Proyart (<i>Hist. de Loango</i>, c. 13), says that the +Maloango being desirous of not committing himself, orders one of his +ministers to make rain.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152" id="Footnote_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152"><span class="label">152</span></a> Mr. Dennett tells me that <i>Ndundu</i> when born are thrown into the +bush. During his long residence in Africa he has only seen one, and +that was at Kinsembo, eighteen years ago. Proyart (<i>Histoire de Loango</i>, +Paris, 1819, p. 150) says that these albinos are held higher than the +Gangas, are looked upon almost as “divine,” and that their hair is +valued as giving protection against accidents. See also p. <a href="#Page_81">81.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153" id="Footnote_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153"><span class="label">153</span></a> <i>Mukishi à Loango</i>, the fetish or “charm” of Loango. <i>Checocke</i> is +identical with Dapper’s <i>Kikoko</i> (<i>Africa</i>, Amsterdam, 1671, p. 535). +Dapper’s account is not derived from Battell.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154" id="Footnote_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154"><span class="label">154</span></a> According to Mr. Bentley, hysteria is very common in this +country. For the account of the ravings of a witch-doctor, see +<i>Pioneering</i>, vol. i, p. 271.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155" id="Footnote_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155"><span class="label">155</span></a> Mr. Dennett informs me that the underground speaking fetish in +Loango is at the present time called <i>Boio</i>, and is found at Chilunga. +He suggests that <i>Ngumbiri</i> may be a river spirit, or <i>Nkishi</i> from the +country north of Mayumba. Dr. Bastian paid a visit to the holy place +of the underground oracle of <i>Ngoio</i> near Moanda, known as <i>Mbunzi</i>, +which only speaks on the accession of a king, whom he instructs as to +his royal duties (<i>Die Deutsche Expedition</i>, vol. i, p. 85, 223).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156" id="Footnote_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156"><span class="label">156</span></a> The mami (<i>mwana</i>, or princes) mentioned by Battell are those of +Chibanga, Selanganga (of the family of the Petra Praia of Kenga), +Mbuku, and Kaya, in Chikamba. (R. E. Dennett, on the law of succession, +see note on p. 44.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157" id="Footnote_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157"><span class="label">157</span></a> Mani Lombe is a man’s name: at least, at the present time, and +is never given to a woman. It means “One who is peaceful and +quiet.” No special name or title is borne by the mother of the +successors of Maloango (R. E. Dennett); but as Lumbu means stockade, +palace, or chiefs house, Battell may have mistaken a word +applied to this woman’s residence for that of her title. Lombo means +a person supposed to be an incarnation of a shimbi, or water-fairy.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158" id="Footnote_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158"><span class="label">158</span></a> Palm-cloth (see note, p. 9).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159" id="Footnote_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159"><span class="label">159</span></a> Dr. Bastian visited the Royal graves at Loangiri, or Loangele, +and found each grave marked by a tusk. The visitors pulled out grass +around the tomb and poured libations of rum upon the bare ground +(<i>Die Deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste</i>, Berlin, 1874, vol. i, +p. 69).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160" id="Footnote_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160"><span class="label">160</span></a> This may be quite true of earlier times, when Europeans were +looked upon as great wizards, who rose out of the sea and were +returned to that element when they died. At present, however, a +burial-place is set apart for them, and is looked after by the Petra Praia +(Salanganga), an office created since the arrival of the Portuguese +for the purpose of looking after the affairs of the white men (R. E. +Dennett).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161" id="Footnote_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161"><span class="label">161</span></a> There is some confusion here. Angeca is evidently the Anziki or +Anzique of D. Lopez and others, now represented by the Banteke, on +Stanley Pool. The word may be derived from <i>anseke</i>, far or distant. +The proper name of the tribe is Atio (A. Sims, <i>Kiteke Vocabulary</i>, 1886). +<i>Mococke</i> (<i>Makoko</i>) is a title. Bongo is evidently the country of the +Obongo of Du Chaillu, the Babongo of Lenz, Bastian, and Falkenstein: +a race of dwarfs between the coast and the Banteke, varying in +stature between 51 and 56 ins. Compare note, p. 59.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162" id="Footnote_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162"><span class="label">162</span></a> Identical with Chinkanga, on the river Juma, where the French +have a post, Wemba.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163" id="Footnote_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163"><span class="label">163</span></a> The river Kuilu, 4° 28´ S.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164" id="Footnote_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164"><span class="label">164</span></a> <i>As duas moutas</i> (the two corpses) of Juan de la Cosa’s map (1500), +near the mouth of the Kuilu.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165" id="Footnote_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165"><span class="label">165</span></a> Fifteen miles carry us to the Longebonda of the Admiralty Chart, +4° 20´ S.. which has very little water in it at the most favourable time +of the year (<i>Africa Pilot</i>, vol. ii, 1893, p. 136), but the river meant is +evidently the Numbi, which enters Chilunga (Kilonga) Bay in 4° 13´ S., +a mere stream (<i>Deutsche Loango Expedition</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166" id="Footnote_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166"><span class="label">166</span></a> Yumba is the name of the country. <i>Mayumba</i> (<i>Mani Yumba</i>) +means chief of Yumba. The Bay of Mayumba, 3° 19´ S., lies about +10 miles to the south of Cape Mayumba, which is undoubtedly the +Cabo Negro of Battell.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167" id="Footnote_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167"><span class="label">167</span></a> Dyewoods are still an article of export, but not logwood (see +note, p. 43.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168" id="Footnote_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168"><span class="label">168</span></a> The Banya, a lagoon extending to the south-east, parallel with +the coast.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169" id="Footnote_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169"><span class="label">169</span></a> The <i>Mpungu</i> is the gorilla. For <i>Engeco</i> (printed <i>Encego</i> in the +earlier editions) we ought to read <i>Nsiku</i>, the native name for the +chimpanzi, a larger variety of which is known as <i>Chimpenso</i> (Pechuel-Loesche, +<i>Loango Expedition</i>, vol. iii, p. 248). P. Du Chaillu, the first +European to kill a gorilla in his native haunts (<i>Adventures in +Equatorial Africa</i>), declares Battell’s stories to be mere traveller’s tales, +“untrue of any of the great apes of Africa.” Sir R. F. Burton (<i>Two +Trips to Gorilla Land</i>, vol. i, p. 240) suggests that as Battell had not +seen a gorilla, he may have confounded gorillas with bushmen.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170" id="Footnote_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170"><span class="label">170</span></a> Misprint for Mayumbas?</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171" id="Footnote_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171"><span class="label">171</span></a> Dr. Pechuel-Loesche (<i>D. Loango Exp.</i>, vol. iii, p. 302) says that +native dogs do <i>not</i> bark, but that they often acquire the habit when +living among European dogs. Most of them are mongrels, but there +are some superior breeds trained for hunting. These dogs carry a +wooden bell (<i>ndibu</i>) round the neck, the clatter of which scares the +game. When the scent grows warm, the dogs begin to whine, and +when the game is in sight they give tongue. After each beat the dogs +sit down apart from the hunters, raise their heads, and howl for several +minutes. Mr. Dennett, in a letter to me, confirms the barking +(<i>kukula</i>, to bark) of the native dogs.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172" id="Footnote_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172"><span class="label">172</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_82">82</a> for further information on this fetish.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173" id="Footnote_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173"><span class="label">173</span></a> Neither Mr. Dennett, nor one of the officials in the French +Colonial Office, thoroughly acquainted with the language, has been +able to make sense out of this sentence. The latter suggests <i>Ku +Kwiza bukie lika</i>, “I come for the truth!” For another version of +this appeal, see p. 83. The sentence is evidently very corrupt.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174" id="Footnote_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174"><span class="label">174</span></a> Circumcision is common in some districts, but no magical or +mystic influence is ascribed to it (Bentley).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175" id="Footnote_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175"><span class="label">175</span></a> For an account of the initiation into the guild called <i>Ndembo</i>, see +Bentley’s <i>Dictionary</i>, p. 506.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176" id="Footnote_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176"><span class="label">176</span></a> The custom of prohibiting certain food to be eaten, etc., is very +common. <i>Mpangu</i> is the name for this taboo in the case of new-born +infants; <i>Konko</i>, a taboo imposed in connection with an illness. The +thing tabooed is called <i>nlongo</i> (Bentley).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177" id="Footnote_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177"><span class="label">177</span></a> This refers no doubt to Sette, the river of which enters the sea +in 2° 23´ S. The capital of the same name being fifty miles up it. +Barwood is still exported, but no logwood.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178" id="Footnote_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178"><span class="label">178</span></a> His modern representative seems to be the Mani Kasoche on the +Upper Ngonga, who was visited by Güssfeldt.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179" id="Footnote_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179"><span class="label">179</span></a> Not to be taken literally, for Cão certainly touched at this bay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180" id="Footnote_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180"><span class="label">180</span></a> The usual designation for “Dwarf” is <i>mbaka</i> or <i>kimbakabaka</i> +(the diminutive of <i>mbaka</i>), but <i>Batumba</i> (with which Battell’s <i>matimba</i> +seems to be identical) is likewise applied to a dwarf person or thing +(Bentley). In Angola, <i>Matumbu</i> means a far-off, unknown country +(Cordeiro da Matta). Compare note, p. 52.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181" id="Footnote_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181"><span class="label">181</span></a> “Marombos” seems to be a misprint for Mayumbas (see note, +p. 55).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182" id="Footnote_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182"><span class="label">182</span></a> The Mamboma is a sort of home secretary. He buries the +Maloango, and summons the princes for the election of a successor. +<i>Mboma</i> is the black python; <i>boma</i> means fear. Hence the title has +been translated “Lord of Terror.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183" id="Footnote_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183"><span class="label">183</span></a> <i>Mbundu</i>, the powdered root of a species of strychnos, is +administered to confessed witches accused of having caused the death +of a person. If the accused be guilty, this poison causes him to lose +all control over the <i>sphincter urethræ</i>; he discharges red urine profusely, +runs a few paces, falls down and dies. An innocent person +only discharges a few drops on a banana leaf (Pechuel-Loesche, +<i>Loango Exp.</i>, vol. iii, p. 188). <i>Nkasa</i>, prepared from the bark of +<i>Erythrophlaeum guineense</i>, paralyses the action of the heart, but if +thrown up at once, it will not kill (Dr. M. Boehr, <i>Correspon. der +Deutschen Afrik. Ges.</i>, vol. i, p. 332). It is administered to persons +who deny being witches. (For a full account of such a trial, see +Dennett, <i>Seven Years Among the Fjort</i>, p. 165.) In the case of minor +offences, the ordeal of the hot matchet—<i>bikalo</i>, <i>bisengo</i>, or <i>bau</i>—is +resorted to. The knife is passed thrice over the skin of the leg, and +if it burns the accused is declared guilty (see also Dennett, <i>Notes on +the Folk-Lore of the Fjort</i>, p. 162). The Nganga is, of course, open to +a bribe, and in the case of a chief the poison may be administered to +a substitute—a dog or a slave—and the penalty commuted to a fine. +See also Bentley’s <i>Pioneering on the Congo</i>, London, 1900.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184" id="Footnote_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184"><span class="label">184</span></a> The poison administered in this case was <i>nkasa</i>, and not <i>mbundu</i> +(see p. 80).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185" id="Footnote_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185"><span class="label">185</span></a> <i>Ndoki</i>, a witch; <i>undoki</i>, that which pertains to witchcraft (Bentley).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186" id="Footnote_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186"><span class="label">186</span></a> That is, <i>Purchas his Pilgrimage, or Relations of the World</i>, +bk. vii, ch. 10, dealing with Loango.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187" id="Footnote_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187"><span class="label">187</span></a> Worthy Purchas grows quite incoherent in his indignation, but +the reader will nevertheless be able to gather his meaning, and will +appreciate his distinction between a Jewish priest and a heathen +<i>Nganga</i>, both administering the same rite. He thus shares the +opinion of the Roman Catholic missionaries who recognised the efficacy +of native charms, but ascribed it to the Devil, whilst claiming greater +potency for their crosses, relics, etc., deriving their potency from +Heaven.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188" id="Footnote_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188"><span class="label">188</span></a> The poison ordeal, which required a woman suspected of infidelity +to her husband to drink “bitter water” administered by the Jewish +priest, is here referred to. This ordinance, of course, was not applicable +in case of a similar offence charged against a husband (Numbers v, +12-31).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189" id="Footnote_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189"><span class="label">189</span></a> Valdez (<i>Six Years in Angola</i>, vol. ii, p. 130) calls this ordeal +<i>quirigué tubia</i> (<i>Kiriké tubia</i>), and says that the hot hatchet may be +applied to any part of the person. The meaning of <i>kiri</i> is truth; +of <i>tubia</i>, fire. Purchas is evidently mistaken when he calls this procedure +<i>Motamba</i>, for <i>tambi</i> or <i>mutambi</i> is a kind of funeral feast +or wake. The body having been buried, and potsherds, pipes, +and other articles placed on the grave, the mourners devour a roast +pig, the skull of which is afterwards thrown into a neighbouring river.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190" id="Footnote_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190"><span class="label">190</span></a> Illness and death are frequently ascribed to witchcraft. If a +disease does not yield to medical treatment by a <i>Nganga a moko</i>, the +<i>nganga a ngombo</i>, or witch-doctor, is called in with his fetish. He +may ascribe the death to natural causes, or to a charm worked by a +person recently deceased and beyond his reach; or he may denounce +one or more persons as witches. The persons thus denounced are +compelled to submit to the poison ordeal (see, among others, Dennett’s +<i>Seven Years among the Fjort</i>, and his <i>Folk-Lore</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191" id="Footnote_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191"><span class="label">191</span></a> Garcia Mendes de Castellobranco, p. 33, says, in 1621, that hens +abounded and also goats and sheep, but that cows were rare.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192" id="Footnote_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192"><span class="label">192</span></a> Zebras are still found in Benguella, but not any longer in Angola +or Congo. Duarte Lopez, p. 49, speaks of a “pet zebra” (in Bamba?) +which was killed by a “tiger.” Further on he says that zebras were +common, but had not been broken in for riding. M. Garcia Mendez +likewise mentions the “zebra.” The native name is <i>ngolo</i> (Kangolo). +“Zebra” is a corruption of its Abyssinian appellation.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_193" id="Footnote_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193"><span class="label">193</span></a> Tandale, in Kimbundu, means councillor or minister of a <i>soba</i> or +kinglet; <i>tumba’ndala</i> was an old title of the Kings of Angola, and +may be translated Emperor (Cordeiro da Matta, <i>Diccionario</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194" id="Footnote_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194"><span class="label">194</span></a> All this is borne out by Portuguese documents. From the very +beginning, Dias de Novaes handed over the Sovas to the mercy of his +fellow-adventurers and the Jesuits. The system was still in force in +1620 when Garcia Mendez de Castellobranco proposed to King +Philip a “regimen de aforamento” of the native chiefs, which would +have yielded a revenue of fifteen million Reis, and would, at the same +time, afforded some slight protection to the natives. Those who +would have profited most largely by these “reforms” would have been +the Jesuits.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195" id="Footnote_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195"><span class="label">195</span></a> According to Dr. Pechuel-Loesche (<i>Die Loango Expedition</i>, +vol. iii, p. 279), this seems to be the cowfish of the whalers, or +<i>Tursions gillii</i>, Dale. The natives call it <i>ngulu-mputu</i> (<i>ngulu</i>, hog-fish;-<i>mputu</i>, +Portugal). He says that the natives will not suffer this +fish to be injured, as it drives other fish ashore and into their nets; +and that if one of these fish were to be wounded or killed they would +stop away for ever so long. The Rev. W. M. Holman Bentley, in his +<i>Dictionary of the Kongo Language</i>, says that the <i>ngola</i> of the natives +is a bagre, or catfish. A gigantic bagre, 8 ft. in length, is found in +the Upper Coanza (Monteiro, <i>Angola</i>, vol. ii, p. 134). Mr. Dennett +suggests the <i>Chialambu</i>, a kind of bream, which is said to chase other +fish; <i>Mboa</i>, <i>Mbwa</i>, or <i>Imboa</i> certainly means dog, and is not the +name of a fish.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196" id="Footnote_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196"><span class="label">196</span></a> <i>Massa-ngo</i>, the <i>Penisetum typhoideum</i>, introduced from abroad. +It is the <i>milho</i>, or millet, of the Portuguese (see Capello and Ivens, +<i>Benguella</i>, vol. i, p. 103; vol. ii, p. 257).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_197" id="Footnote_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197"><span class="label">197</span></a> <i>Massa-mballa</i> is <i>sorghum</i> (Ficalho). A white variety is known as +<i>Congo-mazzo</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_198" id="Footnote_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198"><span class="label">198</span></a> This is <i>luku</i>, or <i>Eleusine coracana</i>, introduced from Asia. It is +extensively grown in Abyssinia and among the Niamniam (Schweinfurth, +<i>The Heart of Africa</i>, vol. i, p. 248; Ficalho, <i>Plantas uteis</i>, +p. 41).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199" id="Footnote_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199"><span class="label">199</span></a> <i>Massa-mamputo</i>, or Grão de Portugal, is <i>Zea mayz</i>, introduced +from America (Ficalho). See note, p. <a href="#Page_7">7.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200" id="Footnote_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200"><span class="label">200</span></a> This is the ground-nut (<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>), or underground +kidney bean. Its native name is <i>nguba</i> or <i>mpinda</i>. According to +Ficalho, p. 142, it was introduced from America, while <i>Voandzeia +subterranea</i>, called <i>vielo</i> in Angola, is certainly indigenous. The +seeds of the latter are smaller and less oleaginous than those of +<i>Arachis</i>, and hence its commercial value is less.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201" id="Footnote_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201"><span class="label">201</span></a> <i>Wandu</i> (of Congo) is the <i>mbarazi</i> of the Swahili, the <i>Cajanus +indicus</i> of botanists. It is grown all over Africa, and Welwitsch considers +it indigenous. In Angola a variety is known as <i>nsonje</i> +(Ficalho, p. 143; Burton, <i>Two Trips to Gorilla Island</i>, vol. ii, +p. 119).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_202" id="Footnote_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202"><span class="label">202</span></a> In a marginal note to his reprint of Pigafetta’s book (p. 1005), +Purchas quotes Battell as confirming Lopez when he states, with +regard to the <i>Cola</i> (<i>c. acuminata, R. Br.</i>), that “the liver of a hen, or +of any other like bird, which putrified and stinketh, being sprinkled +over with the juice of this fruit (the <i>Cola</i>), returneth into its former +estate, and becometh fresh and sound again.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_203" id="Footnote_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203"><span class="label">203</span></a> See note, p. <a href="#Page_24">24.</a> Monteiro (vol. ii, 165) confirms that hives are +securely placed in the branches of a tree, the <i>Baobab</i> being chosen in +preference.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_204" id="Footnote_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204"><span class="label">204</span></a> A misprint from <i>Inganda</i>, i.e., <i>Nsanda</i>, banyan.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_205" id="Footnote_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205"><span class="label">205</span></a> The three kinds of palm are, the wine-palm (<i>Raphia</i>); the oil-palm +(<i>Elaeis</i>); and the date-palm (<i>Phœnix</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_206" id="Footnote_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206"><span class="label">206</span></a> <i>Lubámbu</i> (in Kimbundu); <i>luvambu</i> (in Congoese) means a chain. +Dr. Lacerda says that a <i>Libambo</i> was made of sufficient length to +hold twelve slaves (<i>The Lands of Cazembe</i>, ed. by Burton, London; +1873, p. 18).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_207" id="Footnote_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207"><span class="label">207</span></a> For his <i>Relations</i>, see Purchas, lib. <span class="smcap">VI.</span> ch. viii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_208" id="Footnote_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208"><span class="label">208</span></a> Domingos d’Abreu de Brito, in a memoir addressed in 1592 to +King Philip, states that 52,000 slaves were exported from Angola to +Brazil and the Spanish Indies between 1575 and 1591, and 20,131 +during the last four years of this period (Paiva Manso, <i>Hist. do Congo</i>, +p. 140). Cadornega, quoted by the same author, estimates the number +of slaves annually exported between 1580 and 1680 at eight or ten +thousand (<i>ib.</i>, p. 287).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_209" id="Footnote_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209"><span class="label">209</span></a> <i>Recte</i>, <i>Engenho</i>, a mill, and in Brazil more especially a sugar mill.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_210" id="Footnote_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210"><span class="label">210</span></a> Turner says, in his <i>Relations</i>, p. 1243, that John de Paiis (<i>sic</i>) +owned ten thousand slaves and eighteen sugar mills.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_211" id="Footnote_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211"><span class="label">211</span></a> Manuel Cerveira Pereira was Governor 1603-7 (see p. 37).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_212" id="Footnote_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212"><span class="label">212</span></a> Carvalho (<i>Ethnographia</i>, pp. 248, 258) describes trophies of these +as also trophies of war, built up of the skulls of enemies killed in battle. +Bastian (<i>Loango Expedition</i>, vol. i, p. 54) saw a fossil tusk, which was +looked upon as a fetish, around which were piled up the horns of oxen, +and the teeth and skulls of hippopotami.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_213" id="Footnote_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213"><span class="label">213</span></a> Libations are a common practice. Dr. Bastian (<i>Loango Expedition</i>, +vol. i. p. 70) observed libations of rum being poured on the royal +graves at Loangiri; Capello and Ivens (<i>Benguella</i>, vol. i, p. 26) say +that the Bandombe, before they drink spirits, pour a portion on the +ground, as a libation to <i>Nzambi</i>; whilst in Congo (according to +Bentley), the blood of a beast killed in the chase is poured on the +grave of a good hunter, to ensure success in the future. Instances of +this practice could easily be multiplied. Compare note, p. 51.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_214" id="Footnote_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214"><span class="label">214</span></a> <i>Wá</i>, an interjection, O! <i>Kizangu</i> is a fetish image (see note, +p. 24). <i>Kuleketa</i>, to prove, to try (Cordeiro da Matta’s <i>Diccionario</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_215" id="Footnote_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215"><span class="label">215</span></a> On this ordeal, as practised in Angola, see note, p. 61.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_216" id="Footnote_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216"><span class="label">216</span></a> <i>Nganga a mukishi.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_217" id="Footnote_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217"><span class="label">217</span></a> See note, p. <a href="#Page_34">34.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_218" id="Footnote_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218"><span class="label">218</span></a> See note, p. <a href="#Page_55">55.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_219" id="Footnote_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219"><span class="label">219</span></a> Battell is named in the margin as authority for this paragraph, but +it is not likely that he would have mentioned a lake Aquelunda, +which we now know does not exist. It rather seems that Purchas got +this bit of information out of Pigafetta. The Quizama here referred +must not be confounded with the country of the same name, to the +south of the Coanza. It was the district of the Quiluangi quia Sama +(or quia Samba, according to Lopez de Lima, p. 60), the ancestor of +a chief of the same name now living near the Portuguese fort of +Duque de Bragança. The “commonwealth” is an evident reference +to the country of the Dembos (<i>ndembu</i>, plural <i>jindembu</i>, ruler, chief), +who recognise no superior chief or king.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_220" id="Footnote_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220"><span class="label">220</span></a> It need scarcely be stated that the horse was first introduced into +Angola by the Portuguese. The tails seen by the early Portuguese, +and sometimes described as horse-tails, were in truth the tails of the +Zebra.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_221" id="Footnote_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221"><span class="label">221</span></a> See another version of the same story, p. <a href="#Page_69">69.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_222" id="Footnote_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222"><span class="label">222</span></a> The <i>nsanda</i> is the banyan, or wild fig-tree (<i>ficus umbelata</i>, Vahl).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_223" id="Footnote_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223"><span class="label">223</span></a> Battell has been misunderstood by Purchas, for the <i>manga</i> tree is +the Mangrove (<i>Rhyzophora mangle</i>) called <i>Mangue</i> in Kimbundu, +which rejoices in adventitious roots, as also does the <i>nsanda</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_224" id="Footnote_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224"><span class="label">224</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, for note on the <i>Nkondo</i> or <i>Baobab</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_225" id="Footnote_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225"><span class="label">225</span></a> For an account of this mode of climbing a tree, see Pechuel-Lösche, +<i>Loango Expedition</i>, vol. iii, p. 179.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_226" id="Footnote_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226"><span class="label">226</span></a> On honey, see note, p. 68.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_227" id="Footnote_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227"><span class="label">227</span></a> <i>Nsanda</i>, the banyan-tree.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_228" id="Footnote_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228"><span class="label">228</span></a> Schuit, a boat, in Dutch.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_229" id="Footnote_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229"><span class="label">229</span></a> This sentence is introduced on the authority of Duarte Lopez +(Pigafetta, p. 22). The other tree referred to by Battell is the <i>mfuma</i>, +or cotton-tree (see Tuckey, <i>Narrative</i>, p. 225). Dr. Falkenstein, however, +affirms that the soft wood of the <i>baobab</i> is that usually employed +for making canoes (“dug-outs”).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_230" id="Footnote_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230"><span class="label">230</span></a> Battell, I have no doubt, never employed the word “Bramas” +(Bramanes in Portuguese, Brahmans). D. Lopez (Pigafetta) must be +held responsible for the statement that the inhabitants of Loango were +originally known as Bramas. Surely this cannot be (as supposed by +Degrandpré) because of the red and yellow stripes with which the +women in Loango paint their foreheads in honour of a certain fetish, +and the similarity of these with the marks of the votaries of Siva in +India.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_231" id="Footnote_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231"><span class="label">231</span></a> Dr. Bastian (<i>Loango Expedition</i>, vol. i, pp. 158, 202, 232) mentions +offerings of this kind. Thus the skull of an animal killed in the chase +is placed before the fetish.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_232" id="Footnote_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232"><span class="label">232</span></a> <i>Mbongo</i>, cloth (Bentley’s <i>Dictionary</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233" id="Footnote_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233"><span class="label">233</span></a> See note, p. <a href="#Page_35">35.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_234" id="Footnote_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234"><span class="label">234</span></a> Restrictions upon the use of certain articles of food are imposed +by the doctor (<i>nganga</i>), even before the child is born (<i>mpangu</i>), and +upon the sick (<i>konko</i>). The things forbidden to be eaten are called +<i>nlongo</i>, and it is believed that a disregard of this taboo entails +most disastrous consequences (Bentley, <i>Dictionary</i>, pp. 353, 389). In +Loango things forbidden are called <i>Shin</i>, or <i>thina</i> (Dennett, <i>Folk-Lore</i>, +p. 138).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_235" id="Footnote_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235"><span class="label">235</span></a> Any place guarded by a “charm,” such as a shell, a bit of cloth, +or the like, is respected by the natives as being protected by the +<i>nkishi</i> (Dennett, <i>Folk-Lore</i>, pp. 6, 18).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_236" id="Footnote_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236"><span class="label">236</span></a> See note, p. <a href="#Page_48">48.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_237" id="Footnote_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237"><span class="label">237</span></a> This bell is called <i>Shi-Ngongo</i>, and the Maloango alone is +allowed to order it to be struck. Thus, when a messenger is sent +round the town, striking this <i>Shi-Ngongo</i>, the people know that it is the +voice of Maloango which speaketh. It is thus quite likely that a thief, +under these circumstances, should be frightened into restoring stolen +property. (From a letter by Mr. Dennett.) See also <a href="#Footnote_69">note</a>, p. 20.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_238" id="Footnote_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238"><span class="label">238</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_59">59.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_239" id="Footnote_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239"><span class="label">239</span></a> <i>Ndoke</i>, or <i>ndoki</i>, witchcraft, sorcerer.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_240" id="Footnote_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240"><span class="label">240</span></a> A misprint for <i>Libata</i>, village.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_241" id="Footnote_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241"><span class="label">241</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_48">48.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_242" id="Footnote_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242"><span class="label">242</span></a> <i>Munsa</i>, should be <i>inzo</i> or <i>nzo</i>, a house (see also note, p. 49).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_243" id="Footnote_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243"><span class="label">243</span></a> <i>Nkishi ngolo</i>, a strong <i>nkishi</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_244" id="Footnote_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244"><span class="label">244</span></a> Marginal note by Purchas: “This seemeth to be Red Sanders. +A. Battell saith it is logwood.” Purchas is right! <i>Tacula</i> is Red +Sanders (<i>Pterocarpus tinctorius</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_245" id="Footnote_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245"><span class="label">245</span></a> <i>Nkwa</i>, the possessor of a thing or quality; <i>akwa</i>, possessed of.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_246" id="Footnote_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246"><span class="label">246</span></a> Compare p. 56, where we are told that a fetish called <i>Maramba</i> +(<i>Morumba</i>), stood in the town of the Mani Yumba.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_247" id="Footnote_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247"><span class="label">247</span></a> Evidently a misprint for Mayumba.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_248" id="Footnote_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248"><span class="label">248</span></a> Another version of this address will be found on p. 56.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_249" id="Footnote_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249"><span class="label">249</span></a> Marginal note with reference to the existence of amazons (Pigafetta, +p. 124): “Andr. Battell, which travelled near to these parts [where +Amazons are supposed to exist] denieth this report of Lopez as +untrue.” The Amazons of Lopez lived in Monomotapa, on the +Zambezi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_250" id="Footnote_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250"><span class="label">250</span></a> We may presume that Purchas told his friend what was reported +by Lopez (Pigafetta, vol. ii, chs. 5, 9) and others about the origin of +the Jagas. Battell, upon this, not only rejects the conjecture of +Lopez, but also disclaims having any knowledge of their origin +himself. Elsewhere, however, Purchas makes his author responsible +for the assertion that they came from Sierra Leone (see note, p. 19).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_251" id="Footnote_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251"><span class="label">251</span></a> The Bangála (<i>akibangála</i>, in Kimbundu <i>Jimbangála</i>, sing. <i>kibangála</i>) +are the people of the Jaga of Kasanj. The term merely means +“people,” and they have absolutely nothing to do with the Bangala on +the middle Kongo, still less with the Galla (see Carvalho, <i>Exp. Port. +do Muatianvua, Ethnographia</i>, p. 85).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_252" id="Footnote_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252"><span class="label">252</span></a> The words within asterisks are obviously a parenthesis of worthy +Purchas. He speaks (p. 854) of the Gallæ [our Galla] as a “nationless +nation,” either the same as or like in condition to the Giacchi or +Iaggés [Jaga], and (p. 857) of the Imbij as “a barbarous nation” near +Mombaza. There exists not the slightest justification for identifying +the Jagas of Angola with the Sumbas of Sierra Leone, the Mazimbas +of the Zambezi, or the Galla. The whole of this question is dealt with +in the Appendix.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_253" id="Footnote_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253"><span class="label">253</span></a> On infanticide, see note, p. 32.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_254" id="Footnote_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254"><span class="label">254</span></a> In a marginal note Purchas adds: “<i>Azimogli</i> are the children +of Christians taken from the parents by the Turke, the spawne of their +<i>Ianizaries</i>” It should be <i>Ajem oglan</i> (“inexperienced boys”), the +children of Christians who were handed over to Turks to be brought +up as Moslims, and trained as recruits for the <i>Yanizaries</i> (<i>Yeni-cheri</i>, +new troops) organised by Sultan Urkhan in 1328. This unruly force +ceased to exist in 1826.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_255" id="Footnote_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255"><span class="label">255</span></a> <i>Elembe</i> means pelican.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_256" id="Footnote_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256"><span class="label">256</span></a> See notes, pp. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_257" id="Footnote_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257"><span class="label">257</span></a> See note, p. <a href="#Page_26">26.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_258" id="Footnote_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258"><span class="label">258</span></a> <i>Njilo mukisho</i>, see p. 27.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_259" id="Footnote_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259"><span class="label">259</span></a> <i>Mpungi</i>, an ivory trumpet.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_260" id="Footnote_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260"><span class="label">260</span></a> See note, p. <a href="#Page_34">34.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_261" id="Footnote_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261"><span class="label">261</span></a> See note, p. <a href="#Page_33">33.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_262" id="Footnote_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262"><span class="label">262</span></a> <i>Kuzambula</i>, a soothsayer, diviner. Neves, p. 19, mentions a +<i>Mocoa-co-Zambulla</i> as officiating among the Jagas of Cassanje.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_263" id="Footnote_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263"><span class="label">263</span></a> See pp. <a href="#Page_1">1</a> and <a href="#Page_6">6.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_264" id="Footnote_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264"><span class="label">264</span></a> Masanganu is the famous fort on the Kwanza built by Paulo Dias +de Novaes in 1583. Anyeca, elsewhere called Ancica, Angica, +Angila and Anguca, is clearly meant for Anzica, that is the country of +the Nteke above Stanley Pool.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_265" id="Footnote_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265"><span class="label">265</span></a> That is, St. Paul de Loanda, the chief town of Angola.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_266" id="Footnote_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266"><span class="label">266</span></a> João Furtado de Mendonça was Governor of Angola (not Kongo), +1594-1601.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_267" id="Footnote_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267"><span class="label">267</span></a> I know of no town (or even church) in the whole of Angola +dedicated to St. Francis.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_268" id="Footnote_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268"><span class="label">268</span></a> There is no such city in Angola. It seems to me that Knivet +found the name in Linschoten, a translation of whose work appeared +in 1698. Linschoten says here of the island of Luandu, which lies in +front of the Portuguese town of S. Paul de Loanda, that “there were +seven or eight villages upon it, at one of which called ‘Holy Ghost’, +resides the Governor of Kongo, who takes care of the right of +fishing up shells.” This “Governor” was an officer of the King of +Kongo. The island, with its valuable cowrie fishery, was ceded to +Portugal in 1649.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_269" id="Footnote_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269"><span class="label">269</span></a> <i>Ngulu</i>, a hog.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_270" id="Footnote_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270"><span class="label">270</span></a> <i>Sanji</i>, a hen.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_271" id="Footnote_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271"><span class="label">271</span></a> <i>I’mboa</i>, or <i>mbwa</i>, dog.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_272" id="Footnote_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272"><span class="label">272</span></a> Earlier in his narrative he mentions having seen, at the Straits of +Magellan, “a kind of beast bigger than horses; they have great eyes +about a span long, and their tails are like the tail of a cow; these are +very good: the Indians of Brazil call them <i>tapetywason</i>: of these +beasts I saw in Ethiopia, in the Kingdom of Manicongo. The +Portugals call them <i>gombe</i>” (marginal note by Purchas). The gombe +(<i>ngombe</i>) of the Portugals is undoubtedly a cow, whilst the <i>tapetywason</i>, +called “taparussu” in a <i>Noticia de Brazil</i> of 1589, and <i>tapyra</i>, in the +language of the Tupi Indians, is applied to any large beast, and +even to the oxen imported by the Portuguese, which they call <i>tapyra +sobay go ara</i>, that is, “foreign beasts,” to distinguish them from their +own <i>tapyra caapora</i> or “forest beast.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_273" id="Footnote_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273"><span class="label">273</span></a> This account of a “trial by battle” does much credit to the author’s +ingenuity. No such custom is referred to by any other visitor to the +Kongo. The meaning of “Mahobeque” we cannot discover, but +<i>mbenge-mbenge</i> means “principally.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_274" id="Footnote_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274"><span class="label">274</span></a> <i>Nkadi</i>, one who is, and <i>mpungu</i>, the highest. The usual word to +express the idea of God is <i>nzambi</i>, or <i>nzambi ampungu</i>, God the most +high! <i>Nkadi ampemba</i>, according to Bentley, means Satan. The +word used in Angola is, <i>Karia-pemba</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_275" id="Footnote_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275"><span class="label">275</span></a> <i>Ri-konjo</i>, banana.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_276" id="Footnote_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276"><span class="label">276</span></a> <i>Mutombo</i> is the flour from which cassava-bread is made.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_277" id="Footnote_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277"><span class="label">277</span></a> The name for bread, both in Kimbundu and Kishikongo, is <i>mbolo</i> +(derived from the Portuguese word for cake or <i>bolo</i>). <i>Anou</i> or <i>auen</i> +may stand for <i>mwan</i>, a cassava-pudding; <i>tala</i> means look! <i>kuna</i>, +here! The Rev. Thomas Lewis would say, in the Kongo language of +Salvador: <i>Umpana mbolo tambula nzimbu</i>; literally, “Give me bread, +take or receive money.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_278" id="Footnote_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278"><span class="label">278</span></a> The cowrie-shells fished up at Luanda Island (the old “treasury” of +the Kings of Kongo) are called <i>njimbu</i> in Angola, but <i>nsungu</i> in Kongo. +<i>Njimbu</i> in Kongo means beads, or money generally, and hence the +author’s “gullgimbo” evidently stands for <i>ngulu anjimbu</i>, red beads.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_279" id="Footnote_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279"><span class="label">279</span></a> <i>Npuku</i>, a field mouse.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_280" id="Footnote_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280"><span class="label">280</span></a> Crimbo (<i>kirimbo</i>) seems to be a corruption of the Portuguese +<i>carimbo</i>, a stamp.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_281" id="Footnote_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281"><span class="label">281</span></a> The Rev. Thomas Lewis suggests: <i>Mundele ke sumbanga ko, +kadi wan bele-bele</i>; that is, “The white men do not buy, but they +have gone away in a hurry.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_282" id="Footnote_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282"><span class="label">282</span></a> <i>Nlele</i>, the general name for European cloth. They do make cloth +from the inner bark of the banyan tree (see p. 18, <i>note</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_283" id="Footnote_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_283"><span class="label">283</span></a> <i>Mukaji</i>; wife, woman, concubine.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_284" id="Footnote_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284"><span class="label">284</span></a> The “fishes” are no doubt molluscs.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_285" id="Footnote_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285"><span class="label">285</span></a> The King at the time of Knivet’s alleged visit was Alvaro II.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_286" id="Footnote_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286"><span class="label">286</span></a> The Vangala, spelt Bengala lower down, seems to represent the +Imbangolas of Battell, more generally known as Jagas (see p. 84, <i>note</i>)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_287" id="Footnote_287"></a><a href="#FNanchor_287"><span class="label">287</span></a> D. Alvaro sent several embassies to Europe, but never a brother of +his. The most famous of these ambassadors was Duarte Lopez, who +was at Rome in 1590.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_288" id="Footnote_288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_288"><span class="label">288</span></a> This certainly seems to be a misprint for Angola, for a party of +Portuguese going to Masanganu would never stray so far north as +Anzica. On the other hand, if Knivet was really on his way from the +capital of Congo to Prester John’s country, that is, Abyssinia, he must +have gone in the direction of Anzica.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_289" id="Footnote_289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_289"><span class="label">289</span></a> Masanganu actually stands at the confluence of the Rivers Kwanza +and Lukala!</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_290" id="Footnote_290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_290"><span class="label">290</span></a> That is, they suffered from elephantiasis.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_291" id="Footnote_291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_291"><span class="label">291</span></a> Gold is often referred to in ancient documents, but its actual discovery +(so far in unremunerative quantities) is quite a recent affair. +Silver was supposed to exist in the hills of Kambambe above Masanganu, +but has not as yet been actually found.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_292" id="Footnote_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_292"><span class="label">292</span></a> These Angicas are certainly identical with the Anziques or Anzicanas +of Duarte Lopez, according to whom they eat human flesh and +circumcise. The Angolans have at no time been charged with +cannibalism.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_293" id="Footnote_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293"><span class="label">293</span></a> Cavazzi, p. 262, calls Corimba a province of the kingdom of Coango +(not Loango, as in Labat’s version) on the Zaire. Cadornega (quoted +by Paiva Manso, p. 285) tells us that our river Kwangu (Coango) is +called after a lordship of that name, and was known to the people as +the “great” Zaire (<i>nzari anene</i>). On the other hand, D. Pedro +Affonso II, in a letter of 1624, speaks of Bangu, which had recently +been raided by the Jaga, aided by the King of Loango (<i>sic</i>), as the +“trunk and origin of Congo” (Paiva Manso, p. 177). But then this +Pedro Affonso was not of the original dynasty of Nimi a Lukeni.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_294" id="Footnote_294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_294"><span class="label">294</span></a> Collectively known as Ambundu, a term applied in Angola to +black men generally, but in Kongo restricted to slaves, <i>i.e.</i>, the conquered. +Bunda, in Kongo, has the meaning of “combine;” in +Lunkumbi (Nogueira, <i>Bol.</i> 1885, p. 246) it means “family.” Cannecatim, +in the introduction to his Grammar, says that Kimbundu originated in +Kasanj, and that the meaning of Abundo or Bundo is “conqueror.” +According to Carvalho (<i>Exp. Port. ao Muatianvua, Ethnographia</i>, +p. 123) Kimbundu should be translated “invaders.” The derivations of +the word Kongo are quite as fanciful. Bentley seems to favour <i>nkongo</i>, +a “hunter.” Cordeiro da Matta translates Kongo by “tribute;” +whilst Nogueira says that Kongo (<i>pl.</i> Makongo) denotes a “prisoner +of war.”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_295" id="Footnote_295"></a><a href="#FNanchor_295"><span class="label">295</span></a> “Palaver place” or “court,” corrupted by European travellers +into “Ambasse.” Subsequently this town became known as S. +Salvador.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_296" id="Footnote_296"></a><a href="#FNanchor_296"><span class="label">296</span></a> Both the Rev. W. H. Bentley and the Rev. Tho. Lewis believe +Sonyo to be a corruption, at the mouths of natives, of San Antonio. +This is quite possible, for when the old chief was baptised, in 1491, he +received the name of Manuel (after the King), whilst his son was +thenceforth known as Don Antonio. Images of Sa. Manuela and +S. Antonio are still in existence, and are venerated by the natives as +powerful fetishes (Bastian, <i>Loangoküste</i>, vol. i, p. 286). Soyo, according +to the same author, is the name of a district near the Cabo do +Padrão. Yet Garcia de Resende and Ruy de Pina, in their Chronicles +of King João II, only know a Mani Sonho, whom João de Barros +calls Mani Sono. No hint of the suggested corruption is given by +any author.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_297" id="Footnote_297"></a><a href="#FNanchor_297"><span class="label">297</span></a> On these northern kingdoms, whose connexion with Kongo proper +seems never to have been very close, see Proyart, <i>Histoire de Loango, +Cacongo, et autres royaumes d’Afrique</i>, Paris, 1776; Degrandpré, +<i>Voyage à la côte occidentale d’Afrique</i>, 1786-7, Paris, 1801; and of recent +books, R. D. Dennett, <i>Seven Years among the Fjort</i>, London, 1887, +Güssfeldt, Falkenstein, and Pechuel-Loesche, <i>Die Loango Expedition</i>, +Berlin, 1879-83; and that treasury of ill-digested information, Bastian, +<i>Die Deutsche Expedition an der Loangoküste</i>, Jena, 1874-5.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_298" id="Footnote_298"></a><a href="#FNanchor_298"><span class="label">298</span></a> On the voyages of Cão and Dias, see my paper in the <i>Geographical +Journal</i>, 1900, pp. 625-655.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_299" id="Footnote_299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_299"><span class="label">299</span></a> Now Cape St. Mary, 13° 28´ S.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_300" id="Footnote_300"></a><a href="#FNanchor_300"><span class="label">300</span></a> The “Cabo do Padrão” of early maps.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_301" id="Footnote_301"></a><a href="#FNanchor_301"><span class="label">301</span></a> A legend on the chart of Henricus Martellus Germanus (1489), +and the “Parecer” of the Spanish pilots of 1525, are our only authorities +on this fact. Cão is not again mentioned in Portuguese documents +(see my Essay, <i>Geographical Journal</i>, p. 637).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_302" id="Footnote_302"></a><a href="#FNanchor_302"><span class="label">302</span></a> Nsaku was henceforth known as Don João da Silva. See Ruy de +Pina, p. 149; Garcia de Resende, c. 69; and De Barros, <i>Asia</i>, t. I, +Pt. I, pp. 177, 224.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_303" id="Footnote_303"></a><a href="#FNanchor_303"><span class="label">303</span></a> On this embassy, see De Barros, <i>Asia, Dec. I</i>, Liv. 3; Ruy de +Pina’s <i>Chronica</i>, pp. 174-179; Garcia de Resende’s <i>Chronice</i>, cc. 155-61; +D. Lopez, Bk. <span class="smcap">II</span>, c. 2; Fr. Luis de Sousa, <i>Historia de S. Domingos</i>, +Parte <span class="smcap">II</span>, Livro vi, c. 8; and Parte <span class="smcap">IV</span>, Livro iv, c. 16.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_304" id="Footnote_304"></a><a href="#FNanchor_304"><span class="label">304</span></a> Not Dominicans, as is usually stated. Garcia de Resende says +Franciscans; and P. Fernando da Soledade, <i>Historia Serafica</i>, has +proved the documents published by Paiva Manso in favour of the +Dominican claim to be forgeries. Compare Eucher, <i>Le Congo</i>, Huy, +1894, p. 64.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_305" id="Footnote_305"></a><a href="#FNanchor_305"><span class="label">305</span></a> Mbaji a ekongo, the palaver-place of Kongo. See Index sub <i>San +Salvador</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_306" id="Footnote_306"></a><a href="#FNanchor_306"><span class="label">306</span></a> The insignia of royalty of the Kings of Kongo are the chair, a +bâton, a bow and arrow, and the cap.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_307" id="Footnote_307"></a><a href="#FNanchor_307"><span class="label">307</span></a> De Barros calls them Mundequetes, but D. Lopez says they should +be called Anziquetes. They are the Anzicanas of later writers, about +whose identity with the Bateke there can be no doubt. Their king bore +the title of Makoko (Nkaka).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_308" id="Footnote_308"></a><a href="#FNanchor_308"><span class="label">308</span></a>Hence this, the oldest church of S. Salvador, became known as +<i>Egreja da Vera Cruz</i>. In it the Christian kings of Kongo were formerly +buried; but when the Devil took up its roof and carried the body +of the unbelieving D. Francisco to hell, their coffins were removed to +other churches (see post, p. 121). Other churches, subsequently built, +are S. Salvador, N. S. do Socorro, S. Jago, S. Miguel, dos Santos, de +Misericordia, S. Sebastian.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_309" id="Footnote_309"></a><a href="#FNanchor_309"><span class="label">309</span></a> Frei João had died soon after reaching the capital.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_310" id="Footnote_310"></a><a href="#FNanchor_310"><span class="label">310</span></a> Paiva Manso, pp. 2-4.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_311" id="Footnote_311"></a><a href="#FNanchor_311"><span class="label">311</span></a> Paiva Manso, pp. 6-76, publishes quite a series of letters and +documents bearing upon the reign of Affonso, and dated between +1512, and December 15th, 1540. Cavazzi makes him die in 1525, but +in letters written between February 15th, 1539, and December 4th, +1540, the King refers to D. Manuel, who was about to go to Rome, as +his “brother.” If the letters had been written by his successor Don +Pedro II Affonso, Don Manuel would have been an uncle, and not a +brother.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_312" id="Footnote_312"></a><a href="#FNanchor_312"><span class="label">312</span></a> Cavazzi calls him Mpanzu a kitima; D. Lopez invariably <i>Mpangu</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_313" id="Footnote_313"></a><a href="#FNanchor_313"><span class="label">313</span></a> King Affonso, whose account of this battle may be read in Paiva +Manso, p. 8, does not mention the flaming swords, but there can be +no doubt that they were seen, for they were introduced in the coat-of-arms +subsequently granted to the King. D. Lopez (p. 82) substitutes +the Virgin for the white cross seen during the battle. Cavazzi (p. 273), +and others, down to Father Eucher (<i>Le Congo</i>, Huy, 1894, p. 36), unhesitatingly +accept this miracle. The Rev. W. H. Bentley most +irreverently suggests a solar halo; but such a phenomenon might +account for flaming swords, but not for the Virgin and St. James.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_314" id="Footnote_314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_314"><span class="label">314</span></a> On this embassy, see the documents printed by Paiva Manso, and +also Damian de Goes, <i>Chron. do Rei D. Emanuel</i>, vol. iii, c. 37.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_315" id="Footnote_315"></a><a href="#FNanchor_315"><span class="label">315</span></a> <i>Alguns Documentos</i>, p. 419.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_316" id="Footnote_316"></a><a href="#FNanchor_316"><span class="label">316</span></a> On this mission, see <i>Alguns documentos</i>, pp. 277-289, for the instructions +given to Simão da Silva; Paiva Manso, pp. 5-12, or King +Manuel’s letter, and D. Affonso’s manifesto; and also Damian de Goes, +<i>Chronica</i>, vol. iii, cc. 38-39.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_317" id="Footnote_317"></a><a href="#FNanchor_317"><span class="label">317</span></a> This coat-of-arms is fully described by King Affonso himself (Paiva +Manso, p. 11), as follows:—The field <i>gules</i>, and the chief of the coat +<i>azure</i>, quartered by a cross-fleury <i>argent</i>. Each quarter of the chief +charged with two shells, <i>or</i>, on a foot <i>argent</i>, bearing a shield <i>azure</i>, +charged with the five plates of Portugal. The field <i>gules</i> is charged +with five arms holding swords, <i>or</i>. An open helmet, <i>or</i>, with a royal +crown surmounts the coat. Crest: the five swords. Supporters: two +idols, decapitated, with their heads at their feet. The coats figured on +Pigafetta’s map and by Cavazzi, p. 274, are much less elaborate, but +are both charged with five swords. The arrow in the latter is one of +the royal insignia.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_318" id="Footnote_318"></a><a href="#FNanchor_318"><span class="label">318</span></a> In the formal documents addressed to his “brother” of Portugal, +he claims to be “By the Grace of God, King of Kongo, Ibumgu, +Kakongo, Ngoyo this side and beyond Zari, lord of the Ambundus, +of Ngola, Aquisyma (Ptolemy’s Agisymba) Muswalu, Matamba, Muyilu +and Musuku, and of the Anzicas (Bateke), and the Conquest of +Mpanzu-alumbu,” &c.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_319" id="Footnote_319"></a><a href="#FNanchor_319"><span class="label">319</span></a> D. de Goes, <i>Chronica</i>, vol. iv, c. 3.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_320" id="Footnote_320"></a><a href="#FNanchor_320"><span class="label">320</span></a> Paiva Manso, pp. 15, 17.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_321" id="Footnote_321"></a><a href="#FNanchor_321"><span class="label">321</span></a> Paiva Manso, p. 71. Concerning Mpanzu-alumbu, see below.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_322" id="Footnote_322"></a><a href="#FNanchor_322"><span class="label">322</span></a> On this mission, see Paiva Manso, pp. 69-74.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_323" id="Footnote_323"></a><a href="#FNanchor_323"><span class="label">323</span></a> On the bishops of Kongo, see <i>Add. MS. 15183</i> (British Museum), +and R. J. da Costa Mattos, <i>Corographia Historica das Ilhas S. +Thomé, etc.</i> Oporto, 1842.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_324" id="Footnote_324"></a><a href="#FNanchor_324"><span class="label">324</span></a> Paiva Manso, p. 31.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_325" id="Footnote_325"></a><a href="#FNanchor_325"><span class="label">325</span></a> For King Affonso’s account of this event, as also for an account +of a second conspiracy, apparently planned by Fernão Rodrigues +Bulhão, see Paiva Manso, pp. 76-80.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_326" id="Footnote_326"></a><a href="#FNanchor_326"><span class="label">326</span></a> For Mpangu-lungu, see Index and Glossary.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_327" id="Footnote_327"></a><a href="#FNanchor_327"><span class="label">327</span></a> The minutes of this inquiry are printed by Paiva Manso, p. 84.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_328" id="Footnote_328"></a><a href="#FNanchor_328"><span class="label">328</span></a> D. de Goes, <i>Chron. de Rei D. Em.</i>, iv, c. 54.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_329" id="Footnote_329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_329"><span class="label">329</span></a> See <a href="#Page_218">Index</a>, <i>sub</i> Mpanzu-alumbu <i>and</i> Mpangu-lungu.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_330" id="Footnote_330"></a><a href="#FNanchor_330"><span class="label">330</span></a> See Paiva Manso, pp. 60, 69. Later sovereigns claimed also to be +kings of the Matumbulas, <i>i.e.</i>, the spirits of their dead ancestors +buried at S. Salvador, whom they pretended to be able to consult, and +who were dreaded as fetishes.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_331" id="Footnote_331"></a><a href="#FNanchor_331"><span class="label">331</span></a> According to a Jesuit canon, who wrote in 1624 (Paiva Manso, p. +174), these daughters were: (1) Nzinga a mbembe, the mother of D. +Diego, Affonso II, and Bernardo; (2) D. Isabel Lukeni lua mbemba, +the mother of Alvaro I, Alvaro II, Alvaro III, and Bernardo II; (3) +D. Anna Tumba a mbemba, the mother of D. Affonso Mbikia ntumba, +Duke of Nsundi, whose son was Pedro II. This genealogy does not +seem to be quite trustworthy.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_332" id="Footnote_332"></a><a href="#FNanchor_332"><span class="label">332</span></a> Several authors say that he came to the throne in 1525 or 1532, +but the letters written by D. Affonso, and published by Paiva Manso, +conclusively show that this is impossible (see <i>supra</i>).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_333" id="Footnote_333"></a><a href="#FNanchor_333"><span class="label">333</span></a> His native name proves him to have been a <i>son</i> of D. Francisco. +He is, however, generally described as a cousin or grandson of D. Pedro.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_334" id="Footnote_334"></a><a href="#FNanchor_334"><span class="label">334</span></a> The earliest published letter of D. Diogo is dated April 25th, 1547. +His death is mentioned in a letter dated November 4th, 1561 (Paiva +Manso, pp. 81, 113). He may, however, have died a considerable time +before that date. Lopez de Lima (<i>An. Mar.</i> 1845, p. 101) makes him +die in 1552, after a reign of nine years.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_335" id="Footnote_335"></a><a href="#FNanchor_335"><span class="label">335</span></a> This bishop was a Dominican. He entered upon his charge in 1549. +The four Jesuits going in his company were Christovão Ribeira, +Jacome Dias, Jorge Vaz, and Diogo de Soveral.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_336" id="Footnote_336"></a><a href="#FNanchor_336"><span class="label">336</span></a> See letters in Paiva Manso, pp. 91-93.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_337" id="Footnote_337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_337"><span class="label">337</span></a> He was appointed bishop in 1554, and died at S. Thomé in 1574.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_338" id="Footnote_338"></a><a href="#FNanchor_338"><span class="label">338</span></a> For the minutes of an inquiry into a conspiracy planned by one +D. Pedro ka nguanu of Mbemba, in 1550, see Paiva Manso, pp. 101, +110.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_339" id="Footnote_339"></a><a href="#FNanchor_339"><span class="label">339</span></a> Compare D. Lopez, p. 93; Cavazzi, p. 276; a list of kings given +by the Duke of Mbamba to the bishop D. Manuel Baptista in 1617 +(Paiva Manso, p. 166), the statement of a Jesuit canon of S. Salvador +made in 1624 (<i>ibid.</i>, p. 174), and Christovão Dorte de Sousa’s letter to +Queen Catherine of Portugal, dated (Luandu) November 4th, 1561 +(<i>ibid.</i>, p. 113); also a letter by P. Rodrigues de Pias, 1565 (Eucher, +<i>Le Congo</i>, p. 70).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_340" id="Footnote_340"></a><a href="#FNanchor_340"><span class="label">340</span></a> Printed by Paiva Manso, p. 114.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_341" id="Footnote_341"></a><a href="#FNanchor_341"><span class="label">341</span></a> His letter is printed by Paiva Manso, p. 116. It was during the +reign of this king, in 1563, that a “missionary” is stated to have crossed +Africa (Garcia d’Orta, <i>Coloquios dos simples e drogos</i>. Goa, 1567).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_342" id="Footnote_342"></a><a href="#FNanchor_342"><span class="label">342</span></a> Lopez de Lima, <i>An. Mar.</i>, 1845, p. 101.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_343" id="Footnote_343"></a><a href="#FNanchor_343"><span class="label">343</span></a> Duarte Lopez, p. 93.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_344" id="Footnote_344"></a><a href="#FNanchor_344"><span class="label">344</span></a> Alvaro, according to Cavazzi, came to the throne in 1542 and +died in 1587, whilst Lopez de Lima, quite arbitrarily, puts off his +accession to 1552. These figures are absolutely incorrect, as may be +seen from the date of the letter of Queen Catherine to D. Bernardo. +D. Alvaro cannot possibly have ascended the throne anterior to 1568.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_345" id="Footnote_345"></a><a href="#FNanchor_345"><span class="label">345</span></a> The Ayaka still inhabit a large stretch of country along the Kwangu, +and are generally considered to be identical with the Jagas (Cavazzi +speaks of them as Jaga, or Aiaka), an opinion which I do not share. +See <i>post</i>, p. <a href="#Page_149">149.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_346" id="Footnote_346"></a><a href="#FNanchor_346"><span class="label">346</span></a> I imagine the account given by Duarte Lopez, p. 96, is much +exaggerated.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_347" id="Footnote_347"></a><a href="#FNanchor_347"><span class="label">347</span></a> Garcia Mendes, p. 9.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_348" id="Footnote_348"></a><a href="#FNanchor_348"><span class="label">348</span></a> As a proof of vassalage we may mention that the King was denied +the title of <i>Alteza</i> (Highness), which would have implied sovereign +rights, and was only allowed that of <i>Senhoria</i> (lordship).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_349" id="Footnote_349"></a><a href="#FNanchor_349"><span class="label">349</span></a> Duarte Lopez, p. 9. Originally, the Christian kings of Kongo +were buried in this church, but upon this desecration their bodies were +removed to other churches.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_350" id="Footnote_350"></a><a href="#FNanchor_350"><span class="label">350</span></a> Our information concerning the reign of this king is exceedingly +scanty. We think we have shown satisfactorily that he cannot have +reigned from 1542 to 1587, but are unable to vouch either, for the date +of the invasion of his country by the Ayaka, or for that of his death.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_351" id="Footnote_351"></a><a href="#FNanchor_351"><span class="label">351</span></a> In a letter of September 15th, 1617 (Paiva Manso, p. 166).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_352" id="Footnote_352"></a><a href="#FNanchor_352"><span class="label">352</span></a> Samuel Braun, who visited the Kongo in 1612, says that the fort +built near the Padrão, and another on an uninhabited island, had been +razed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_353" id="Footnote_353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_353"><span class="label">353</span></a> Sebastian da Costa had been sent to Kongo to announce the +accession of Philip I, in 1580. He was given a letter by D. Alvaro, +but died on the voyage, and Duarte Lopez, upon whose writings and discourses +Pigafetta based his work on the Kongo (see p. 19), was appointed +in his stead. For an account of this embassy, see Duarte Lopez, pp. +101-108.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_354" id="Footnote_354"></a><a href="#FNanchor_354"><span class="label">354</span></a> Printed by Paiva Manso, p. 158.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_355" id="Footnote_355"></a><a href="#FNanchor_355"><span class="label">355</span></a> This order was, as a matter of course, issued at the instance of the +Council of Regency at Lisbon.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_356" id="Footnote_356"></a><a href="#FNanchor_356"><span class="label">356</span></a> Paiva Manso, pp. 174-177.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_357" id="Footnote_357"></a><a href="#FNanchor_357"><span class="label">357</span></a> We confess that this is unintelligible to us. Perhaps we ought to +read Coango (Kwangu), instead of Loango. There is, of course, the +“kingdom” of Kwangu beyond the Kwangu river, within which lies +the district of Kurimba, the birthplace of the first King of Kongo (see +p. 102). Bangu is evidently the district on the river Mbengu. It may +have been the home of the King’s ancestors; and the Kwangu here +referred to may be a neighbouring district of that name (see Index).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_358" id="Footnote_358"></a><a href="#FNanchor_358"><span class="label">358</span></a> It was during the reign of this King that five Portuguese merchants +crossed the Kwangu and fell into the hands of the Makoko, who made +slaves of them. But upon this, his kingdom was visited by plague +and famine, and his armies were beaten; and these “miracles” only +ceased when, acting on the advice of his diviners, he had sent back his +prisoners to S. Salvador, richly compensated for their sufferings +(Cavazzi, p. 281).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_359" id="Footnote_359"></a><a href="#FNanchor_359"><span class="label">359</span></a> For documents referring to the reign of this king, see Paiva +Manso, pp. 187-237.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_360" id="Footnote_360"></a><a href="#FNanchor_360"><span class="label">360</span></a> Whether the Dutch ambassadors prostrated themselves when presented +to the king, as shown on one of Dapper’s plates, may be +doubted.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_361" id="Footnote_361"></a><a href="#FNanchor_361"><span class="label">361</span></a> The auxiliary force of thirty Dutchmen was commanded by +Captain Tihman (Dapper, p. 541).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_362" id="Footnote_362"></a><a href="#FNanchor_362"><span class="label">362</span></a> They sent, indeed, a vessel to remonstrate, but the Duke defied +them to land, and they retired humbly.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_363" id="Footnote_363"></a><a href="#FNanchor_363"><span class="label">363</span></a> Dapper, p. 572. Perhaps the itinerary on one of Dapper’s maps +from Mpinda, by way of Mbamba, S. Salvador, Mbata and Nsundi, is +supplied by Herder. The names <i>conso</i>, <i>canda</i>, <i>quing</i> and <i>ensor</i> of the +map are corruptions of the names of the four week-days (<i>konso</i>, +<i>nkanda</i>, <i>nkenga</i> and <i>nsona</i>), and designate places where markets are +held on those days.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_364" id="Footnote_364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_364"><span class="label">364</span></a> He died at S. Salvador in 1651, when about to start for Abyssinia, +and was succeded by P. Giovanni Francisco of Valenza, as Prefect. +For a full account of the missions of 1645 and 1648, see Pellicer de +Tovar, <i>Mission Evangelica al Reyno de Congo</i>, Madrid, 1649; and P. +Francisco Fragio, <i>Breve Relazione</i>, Rome, 1648.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_365" id="Footnote_365"></a><a href="#FNanchor_365"><span class="label">365</span></a> Giovanni Antonio de Cavazzi, of Montecuccolo, was a member of +this mission.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_366" id="Footnote_366"></a><a href="#FNanchor_366"><span class="label">366</span></a> This district was invaded by Queen Nzinga, in 1649, and the missionaries, +P. Bonaventura of Correglia, and P. Francesco of Veas, +retired.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_367" id="Footnote_367"></a><a href="#FNanchor_367"><span class="label">367</span></a> See Cavazzi, pp. 512-15.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_368" id="Footnote_368"></a><a href="#FNanchor_368"><span class="label">368</span></a> Those of our readers who have no time or inclination to wade +through the bulky tomes of Cavazzi and other missionaries of those +days, may be recommended to read an excellent summary by the Franciscan +Friar Eucher (<i>Le Congo, Essai sur l’Histoire Religieuse de ce +Pays</i>, Huy, 1860).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_369" id="Footnote_369"></a><a href="#FNanchor_369"><span class="label">369</span></a> Paiva Manso, pp. 200-229.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_370" id="Footnote_370"></a><a href="#FNanchor_370"><span class="label">370</span></a> Fr. Bonaventura had left Luandu in December, 1649; in June, +1650, he was in Rome; in July, 1651, at Lisbon. He then returned to +Kongo in the company of P. Giacinto Brusciotto of Vetralla (1652), +but ultimately joined the mission in Georgia. To Brusciotto we are +indebted for a grammar and vocabulary of the Sonyo dialect, published +at Rome in 1659.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_371" id="Footnote_371"></a><a href="#FNanchor_371"><span class="label">371</span></a> Paiva Manso, p. 244.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_372" id="Footnote_372"></a><a href="#FNanchor_372"><span class="label">372</span></a> I have no doubt that these “Pedras” are identical with the +“Pedras de Nkoshi,” or “lion rocks,” now occupied by the Presidio +of Encoge.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_373" id="Footnote_373"></a><a href="#FNanchor_373"><span class="label">373</span></a> Cavazzi, p. 287.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_374" id="Footnote_374"></a><a href="#FNanchor_374"><span class="label">374</span></a> Published by Paiva Manso, pp. 350-355.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_375" id="Footnote_375"></a><a href="#FNanchor_375"><span class="label">375</span></a> Pedro Mendes, however, only gives the names of ten Kings. If +we add to these Alvaro VII, D. Rafael, and Alvaro IX, mentioned by +others, we make up the number to thirteen. See Appendix <a href="#Page_136">III</a> for a list +and classification of these Kings.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_376" id="Footnote_376"></a><a href="#FNanchor_376"><span class="label">376</span></a> Cadornega says Affonso III.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_377" id="Footnote_377"></a><a href="#FNanchor_377"><span class="label">377</span></a> He had some correspondence with the Pope in 1673 and 1677.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_378" id="Footnote_378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_378"><span class="label">378</span></a> Paiva Manso, p. 254.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_379" id="Footnote_379"></a><a href="#FNanchor_379"><span class="label">379</span></a> See Eucher, <i>Le Congo</i>, p. 176. Subsequently the Capuchins +returned to Sonyo (Merollo in 1683, Zucchelli in 1703).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_380" id="Footnote_380"></a><a href="#FNanchor_380"><span class="label">380</span></a> Dionigi Carli paid a visit to these: see his <i>Viaggio</i>, Reggio, +1672.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_381" id="Footnote_381"></a><a href="#FNanchor_381"><span class="label">381</span></a> See Merolla’s <i>Relatione del Regno di Congo</i>, Naples, 1692; and +Zucchelli’s <i>Viaggi</i>, Venice, 1712.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_382" id="Footnote_382"></a><a href="#FNanchor_382"><span class="label">382</span></a> His captain-general, D. Pedro Constantino, managed to get himself +elected king, but was taken prisoner and beheaded at S. Salvador +in 1709.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_383" id="Footnote_383"></a><a href="#FNanchor_383"><span class="label">383</span></a> It was not unusual to make a charge for the administration of the +sacraments. In 1653, the parochial priests complained that the Capuchin +friars administered the sacraments without claiming an “acknowledgment;” +and the authorities at Rome (1653) prohibited their doing +so within five leagues of the capital (Paiva Manso, p. 233). At Mbamba, +the priest had a regular scale of prices. A baptism cost 7,000 cowries, +for a marriage a slave was expected, and so forth; and thus, adds the +Bishop of Angola (1722): “little children go to limbo, and grown-up +people to hell!”</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_384" id="Footnote_384"></a><a href="#FNanchor_384"><span class="label">384</span></a> <i>Western Africa</i>, London, 1856, p. 329.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_385" id="Footnote_385"></a><a href="#FNanchor_385"><span class="label">385</span></a> <i>Boletim</i>, Lisbon Geogr. Society, March 1889.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_386" id="Footnote_386"></a><a href="#FNanchor_386"><span class="label">386</span></a> In 1709, the Holy Office declared the slave-trade in Africa illicit. +Only those persons were to be looked upon as slaves who were born +such; who had been captured in a just war; who had sold themselves +for money (a usual practice in Africa); or who had been adjudged +slaves by a just sentence.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_387" id="Footnote_387"></a><a href="#FNanchor_387"><span class="label">387</span></a> <i>Alguns Documentos</i>, p. 107.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_388" id="Footnote_388"></a><a href="#FNanchor_388"><span class="label">388</span></a> For the instructions given to Pacheco, see <i>Alguns Documentos</i>, +p. 436.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_389" id="Footnote_389"></a><a href="#FNanchor_389"><span class="label">389</span></a> Paiva Manso, p. 55.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_390" id="Footnote_390"></a><a href="#FNanchor_390"><span class="label">390</span></a> Kiluanji, nzundu, and ndambi, which are given as names of kings, +are in reality only titles assumed by them.—Capello and Ivens, +<i>Benguella to the Iacca</i>, vol. ii, p. 53. Tumba-ndala (according to +Héli Chatelain) was another of these ancient royal titles.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_391" id="Footnote_391"></a><a href="#FNanchor_391"><span class="label">391</span></a> Capello and Ivens, <i>ib.</i>, vol. ii, p. 59. His proper name is Kalunga +(<i>i.e.</i>, Excellency) ndombo akambo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_392" id="Footnote_392"></a><a href="#FNanchor_392"><span class="label">392</span></a> <i>Kabâsa</i>, according to Cordeiro da Matta’s <i>Diccionario</i>, simply +means “capital;” but J. V. Carneiro (<i>An. do cons. ultram.</i>, vol. ii, +p. 172, 1861) would have us distinguish between a Mbanza ia Kabasa +and a Mbanza ia Kakulu; the former meaning “second,” the latter +“first,” capital. This “first” or original capital of the kings of Ndongo +was undoubtedly in the locality of Queen Nzinga’s kabasa; the second +capital was at Pungu a ndongo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_393" id="Footnote_393"></a><a href="#FNanchor_393"><span class="label">393</span></a> Cavazzi, pp. 9, 621. The Queen was branded as a slave (a +practice learnt from the Portuguese; see Marcador in the Index), and +died of grief; but her daughter was received into favour, and was +baptized in 1667.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_394" id="Footnote_394"></a><a href="#FNanchor_394"><span class="label">394</span></a> Lopes de Lima (<i>Ensaio</i>, vol. iii, <i>parte segundo</i>), is very severe +upon Cavazzi, whom he charges with having “falsified” history, but +does nothing himself to throw light upon the vexed question of the +names of the kings of Matamba and Ndongo. The following is a +summary of Cavazzi’s very copious information (where Antonio of +Gaeta gives different names, these are added within brackets). <i>Ngola</i>, +the smith, or <i>musuri</i> (<i>Ngola Bumbumbula</i>), was the founder of the +kingdom of Ndongo. Having no sons, he was succeeded by his +daughter, <i>Nzunda ria ngola</i>, and then by another daughter, <i>Tumba ria +ngola</i>, who married a <i>Ngola kiluanji kia Samba</i>, a great warrior. +Their son, <i>Ngola kiluanji</i>, was succeeded by <i>Ndambi ngola</i>. Then +followed <i>Ngola kiluanji kia ndambi</i>, another great warrior, who +advanced to within ten leagues of the sea, and planted a <i>nzanda</i> tree +(<i>Insandeira</i>), on the northern bank of the Kwanza, a short distance +above Tombo, to mark the furthest point reached by his conquering +hosts. <i>Nzinga ngola kilombo kia kasende</i> (<i>Ngola kiluanji</i>) followed +next; then came <i>Mbandi ngola kiluanji</i>, the father, and <i>Ngola mbandi</i>, +the brother, of the famous Queen <i>Nzinga (Jinga) mbandi ngola</i> (born +1582, acceded 1627, died 1663), since whose day the upper part of +Ndongo, including Matamba; has been known as Nzinga or Ginga. +The great queen was succeeded by her sister, <i>D. Barbara da Silva</i>, +who married <i>D. Antonio Carrasco nzinga a mina</i> (she died 1666). +Then followed in succession <i>D. João Guterres Ngola kanini</i>, <i>D. +Francisco Guterres Ngola kanini</i> (1680-81), and <i>D. Victoria</i>, whom +Cadornega calls <i>Veronica</i>. +</p><p> +According to Lopez de Lima, it was a Jaga of Matamba, <i>Ngola a +nzinga</i>, who conquered Ndongo, and gave it as an appanage to his +son, <i>Ngola mbandi</i>. It was this <i>Ngola mbandi</i> who invited the +Portuguese in 1556, and a son of his, bearing the same name or title, +who received Dias in 1560. +</p><p> +Cadornega (Paiva Manso, p. 281) gives the following names as the +“Kings of Angola” since the arrival of the Portuguese: Ngola +a kiluanji, Ngola mbandi, Ngola a kiluanji II, Queen Nzinga D. Anna +de Sousa, D. Antonio Carrasco Nzinga a mina, D. Barbara da Silva, +his wife; D. João Guterres Ngola kanini, D. Luis, D. Francisco +Guterres Ngola kanini, D. Veronica, the wife of D. Francisco.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_395" id="Footnote_395"></a><a href="#FNanchor_395"><span class="label">395</span></a> Called Ngola mbandi by Lopes de Lima.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_396" id="Footnote_396"></a><a href="#FNanchor_396"><span class="label">396</span></a> Paiva Manso, p. 112.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_397" id="Footnote_397"></a><a href="#FNanchor_397"><span class="label">397</span></a> The Jesuit fathers (Francisco de Gouvea and Garcia Simões) date +their letters from <i>Angoleme</i>, and call the King’s capital Glo-amba +Coamba, evidently a misprint. Sixty leagues would carry us far +beyond the later capital, Pungu a ndongo, perhaps as far as the +Anguolome aquitambo (Ngwalema a kitambu) of Garcia Mendes, in the +district known as Ari. Another Angolome (Ngolome) lived less than +twenty leagues from the coast, on the northern side of the Kwanza, +and near him a soba, Ngola ngoleme a kundu. Neves (<i>Exped. de +Cassange</i>) says the old name of Pungu a ndongo is Gongo a mboa. +For the Jesuit letters of that time, see (<i>Boletim</i>, 1883, pp. 300-344).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_398" id="Footnote_398"></a><a href="#FNanchor_398"><span class="label">398</span></a> He is referred to as Ngola Mbandi or Ngola ndambi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_399" id="Footnote_399"></a><a href="#FNanchor_399"><span class="label">399</span></a> Lopes de Lima, <i>Ensaios</i>, p. ix, calls him Kiluanji kia samba, an +ancestor of the chief residing near the presidio of Duque de Bragança. +V. J. Duarte (<i>Annaes do cons. ultramar.</i>, vol. ii, p. 123), the commandant +of that presidio in 1847, confirms that it occupies the site of +a former chief of that name, who was, however, quite an insignificant +personage.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_400" id="Footnote_400"></a><a href="#FNanchor_400"><span class="label">400</span></a> Domingos d’Abreu de Brito, in a MS. of 1592, quoted by Lima, +<i>Ensaios</i>, p. x. Garcia Mendes mentions seven hundred men, but +these probably included the crews of the vessels.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_401" id="Footnote_401"></a><a href="#FNanchor_401"><span class="label">401</span></a> F. Garcia Simões, S.J., informs us that a few days before the +arrival of Dias four men had been killed at a village only six leagues +from Luandu, and eaten.—<i>Boletim</i>, 1883.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_402" id="Footnote_402"></a><a href="#FNanchor_402"><span class="label">402</span></a> Domingos d’Abreu de Brito, quoted by Paiva Manso, p. 139, +informs us that in 1592 it was governed by a Muene Mpofo, M. +Luandu and M. Mbumbi.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_403" id="Footnote_403"></a><a href="#FNanchor_403"><span class="label">403</span></a> The King, after his defeat, is stated to have ordered the Makotas +who had given him this evil counsel to be killed (Lopes de Lima, +p. xiii).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_404" id="Footnote_404"></a><a href="#FNanchor_404"><span class="label">404</span></a> Lima, <i>Ensaios</i>, vol. xi, suggests that this S. Cruz became subsequently +known as Kalumbu, and that its church was dedicated to +S. José. To me it seems more likely that it occupied the site of +Tombo, and was subsequently abandoned.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_405" id="Footnote_405"></a><a href="#FNanchor_405"><span class="label">405</span></a> This “Penedo” seems subsequently to have been named after +Antonio Bruto, a captain-major.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_406" id="Footnote_406"></a><a href="#FNanchor_406"><span class="label">406</span></a> Garcia Mendes, p. 19, describes Kanzele as lying half-way +between the rivers Kwanza and Mbengu.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_407" id="Footnote_407"></a><a href="#FNanchor_407"><span class="label">407</span></a> According to Antonio of Gaeta two leagues below Masanganu. +Garcia Mendes calls this place Makumbe.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_408" id="Footnote_408"></a><a href="#FNanchor_408"><span class="label">408</span></a> See his account of this battle in <i>Boletim</i>, 1883, p. 378. The story +in the <i>Catalogo</i>, that Dias sent loads of cut-off noses to S. Paulo, is +hardly credible.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_409" id="Footnote_409"></a><a href="#FNanchor_409"><span class="label">409</span></a> So says Garcia Mendes, p. 25; whilst Duarte Lopez, p. 34, says +they were sent, but being defeated on the river Mbengu, retired again +to the north.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_410" id="Footnote_410"></a><a href="#FNanchor_410"><span class="label">410</span></a> Diogo Rodrigues dos Colos brought three hundred men in 1584; +Jacome da Cunha, nine hundred in 1586. Two hundred Flemings, who +arrived in 1587, nearly all died soon after they had been landed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_411" id="Footnote_411"></a><a href="#FNanchor_411"><span class="label">411</span></a> Garcia Mendes, p. 24.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_412" id="Footnote_412"></a><a href="#FNanchor_412"><span class="label">412</span></a> In 1809 his remains were transferred to the Jesuit Church at +Luandu.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_413" id="Footnote_413"></a><a href="#FNanchor_413"><span class="label">413</span></a> This place is said to be eighty leagues from Masanganu, a gross +exaggeration. Vicente José, who was the commander of Duque de +Bragança in 1848, mentions a Ngolema Aquitamboa among the chiefs +of Haire da cima (<i>An. do Conselho ultram.</i>, vol. ii, p. 123).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_414" id="Footnote_414"></a><a href="#FNanchor_414"><span class="label">414</span></a> Garcia Mendes mentions the Kindas as if they were a tribe. To +me they seem to be the people of the Jaga Kinda (Chinda of the +Italian Capuchins), one of the chiefs killed by the famous Queen +Nzinga. See Cavazzi, p. 636, and Antonio de Gaeta’s narrative in +<i>La maravigliosa conversione delle Regina Singa escritta dal. P. F. +Francesco Maria Gioia da Napoli</i>. Naples, 1669, p. 233. Emilio, a +son of Count Laudati, was born in 1615; he lived a few years as a +knight of Malta, and then entered a monastery of Capuchins, assuming +the name of Antonio of Gaeta. He landed at Luandu in November, +1650, and died there, after an active life as a missionary, in July, 1662.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_415" id="Footnote_415"></a><a href="#FNanchor_415"><span class="label">415</span></a> Called Kakalele in the <i>Catalogo</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_416" id="Footnote_416"></a><a href="#FNanchor_416"><span class="label">416</span></a> Douville, <i>Voyage au Congo</i>, Paris, 1832, vol. ii, p. 375; Bowdich, +<i>On the Bunda Language</i>, p. 138, note 2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_417" id="Footnote_417"></a><a href="#FNanchor_417"><span class="label">417</span></a> See note, p. <a href="#Page_84">84.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_418" id="Footnote_418"></a><a href="#FNanchor_418"><span class="label">418</span></a> <i>Breve Relação da embaixada</i>, etc., Lisbon, 1565. Reprint of 1875, +p. 98.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_419" id="Footnote_419"></a><a href="#FNanchor_419"><span class="label">419</span></a> It will be remembered that Battell, p. 25, writes Gaga as an +alternative form for Jaga. May Agau stand for Agaga, the Jagas +collectively?</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_420" id="Footnote_420"></a><a href="#FNanchor_420"><span class="label">420</span></a> <i>Relacão anuel</i>, 1602-3. Lisbon, 1605.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_421" id="Footnote_421"></a><a href="#FNanchor_421"><span class="label">421</span></a> Ginde (pronounced Jinde) may be derived from <i>njinda</i>, the meaning +of which is fury, hostility.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_422" id="Footnote_422"></a><a href="#FNanchor_422"><span class="label">422</span></a> See p. <a href="#Page_83">83.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_423" id="Footnote_423"></a><a href="#FNanchor_423"><span class="label">423</span></a> <i>Expedição Portuguesa: Ethnographia</i>, p. 56.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_424" id="Footnote_424"></a><a href="#FNanchor_424"><span class="label">424</span></a> <i>Expedição a Cassange</i>, Lisbon, 1854.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_425" id="Footnote_425"></a><a href="#FNanchor_425"><span class="label">425</span></a> Perhaps Manuel Cerveira Pereira, who founded the Presidio of +Kambambe in 1604. The first <span class="smcap">Don</span> Manuel, however, is D. Manuel +Pereira Forjaz (1607-11). But as the Jaga offered to fight Queen +Nzinga, who only acceded in 1627, this Don Manuel may have been +D. Manuel Pereira Coutinho (1630-34).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_426" id="Footnote_426"></a><a href="#FNanchor_426"><span class="label">426</span></a> A “feira” was established at Lukamba, near Mbaka, in 1623. +The Kamueji is perhaps the Fumeji of Capello and Ivens.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_427" id="Footnote_427"></a><a href="#FNanchor_427"><span class="label">427</span></a> The list of Neves, p. 108, begins with Kinguri kia bangala, who +was succeeded by Kasanje kaimba, Kasanje kakulachinga, Kakilombo, +Ngonga-nbande, etc.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_428" id="Footnote_428"></a><a href="#FNanchor_428"><span class="label">428</span></a> Capello and Ivens, <i>Benguella to Iacca</i>, vol. i, p. 239, include +Mahungo and Kambolo among the family of Ngongo, and Mbumba +among that of Kulachinga.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_429" id="Footnote_429"></a><a href="#FNanchor_429"><span class="label">429</span></a> <i>Reisen in Süd-Afrika</i>, Pest, 1869, p. 264.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_430" id="Footnote_430"></a><a href="#FNanchor_430"><span class="label">430</span></a> From <i>Mpakasa</i>, a buffalo, and the meaning of the word is therefore +originally “buffalo-hunter,” but it was subsequently applied to +natives employed by government, as soldiers, etc. Capello and Ivens, +<i>From Benguella to the Yacca</i>, vol. ii, p. 215, deny that they ever formed +a secret society for the suppression of cannibalism.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_431" id="Footnote_431"></a><a href="#FNanchor_431"><span class="label">431</span></a> <i>Kichile</i>, transgression.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_432" id="Footnote_432"></a><a href="#FNanchor_432"><span class="label">432</span></a> See Cavazzi, pp. 182-205.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_433" id="Footnote_433"></a><a href="#FNanchor_433"><span class="label">433</span></a> It is to him we owe several memoirs, referred to p. xviii. He did +excellent service; but whilst João Velloria and others were made +Knights of the Order of Christ, and received other more substantial +rewards, his merits seem not to have been recognised.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_434" id="Footnote_434"></a><a href="#FNanchor_434"><span class="label">434</span></a> This important MS., dated 1592, still awaits publication.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_435" id="Footnote_435"></a><a href="#FNanchor_435"><span class="label">435</span></a> Lopes de Lima, <i>Ensaios</i>, p. 147.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_436" id="Footnote_436"></a><a href="#FNanchor_436"><span class="label">436</span></a> However, there are two sides to this dispute, and it may well be +doubted whether the natives would not have been better off under a +Jesuit theocracy than they were under an utterly corrupt body of civil +officials. See P. Guerreiro, <i>Relação anual de</i> 1605, p. 625, and Lopes +de Lima, p. xviii.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_437" id="Footnote_437"></a><a href="#FNanchor_437"><span class="label">437</span></a> Erroneously called Adenda by most authors. Battell is the first +to give the correct name.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_438" id="Footnote_438"></a><a href="#FNanchor_438"><span class="label">438</span></a> Garcia Mendes, p. 24.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_439" id="Footnote_439"></a><a href="#FNanchor_439"><span class="label">439</span></a> They were “converts” from the Casa Pia founded by D. Maria, +the queen of D. Manuel—not reformed criminals, but converted +Jewesses.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_440" id="Footnote_440"></a><a href="#FNanchor_440"><span class="label">440</span></a> Battell gives some account of this campaign. See also Garcia +Mendes, p. 11. Ngombe a Mukiama, one of the Ndembu to the +north of the Mbengu, may be a descendant of this Ngombe (see +Luis Simplico Fonseca’s account of “Dembos” in <i>An. do conselho +ultram.</i>, ii, p. 86).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_441" id="Footnote_441"></a><a href="#FNanchor_441"><span class="label">441</span></a> Upon this Spaniard was conferred the habit of the Order of Christ, +he was granted a pension of 20,000 reis, and appointed “marcador +dos esclavos,” an office supposed to yield I,000 cruzados a year (Rebello +de Aragão, p. 23).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_442" id="Footnote_442"></a><a href="#FNanchor_442"><span class="label">442</span></a> Luciano Cordeiro (<i>Terras e Minas</i>, p. 7), says that, according to +local tradition, the first presidio of that name was at Kasenga, a +village which we are unable to discover on any map.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_443" id="Footnote_443"></a><a href="#FNanchor_443"><span class="label">443</span></a> See Battell’s account of this campaign, p. <a href="#Page_37">37.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_444" id="Footnote_444"></a><a href="#FNanchor_444"><span class="label">444</span></a> See note, p. <a href="#Page_37">37.</a></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_445" id="Footnote_445"></a><a href="#FNanchor_445"><span class="label">445</span></a> See Glossary, <a href="#Page_219"><i>Museke</i></a>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_446" id="Footnote_446"></a><a href="#FNanchor_446"><span class="label">446</span></a> Others call him Paio d’Araujo.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_447" id="Footnote_447"></a><a href="#FNanchor_447"><span class="label">447</span></a> Estabelecimentos, 1607.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_448" id="Footnote_448"></a><a href="#FNanchor_448"><span class="label">448</span></a> A. Beserra Fajardo, in <i>Producçoes commercio e governo do Congo e +de Angola</i>, 1629, one of the documents published by Luciano Cordeiro +in 1881.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_449" id="Footnote_449"></a><a href="#FNanchor_449"><span class="label">449</span></a> Near where the railway now crosses that river.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_450" id="Footnote_450"></a><a href="#FNanchor_450"><span class="label">450</span></a> Rebello de Aragão, p. 15.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_451" id="Footnote_451"></a><a href="#FNanchor_451"><span class="label">451</span></a> It seems that the explorer considers Kambambe to lie eighty +leagues inland (P. Guerreiro—<i>Rel. an.</i>, 1515, f. 126—estimated the +distance from S. Paulo to Kafuchi’s at sixty leagues). Accepting this +gross over-estimate in calculating his further progress, and assuming +him to have gone to the south-east, which was not only the shortest +route to Chikovo and Mwanamtapa, but also avoided the country +of the hostile Ngola, he cannot even have got as far as Bié. As to +a “big lake,” he heard no more than other travellers have heard since, +only to be disappointed. The natives certainly never told him that +one of the rivers flowing out of that lake was the Nile. This bit of +information he got out of a map. His expedition <i>may</i> have taken +place in 1607—he himself gives no date. Perhaps Forjaz had given +the instructions, which were only carried out in 1612, when Kambambe +was in reality threatened by the natives.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_452" id="Footnote_452"></a><a href="#FNanchor_452"><span class="label">452</span></a> Rebello de Aragão, p. 14, calls him Manuel da Silveira.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_453" id="Footnote_453"></a><a href="#FNanchor_453"><span class="label">453</span></a> A Kakulu Kabasa still lives to the north-east of Masanganu, in 9° 4´ +S., 14° 9´ E.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_454" id="Footnote_454"></a><a href="#FNanchor_454"><span class="label">454</span></a> The territory of a chief of that name is on the upper Mbengu, to +the north of Mbaka. The <i>Catalogo</i> calls him Kakulu Kahango.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_455" id="Footnote_455"></a><a href="#FNanchor_455"><span class="label">455</span></a> See <i>Benguella e seu sertão</i>, 1617-22, by an anonymous writer, +published by Luciano Cordeiro in 1881.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_456" id="Footnote_456"></a><a href="#FNanchor_456"><span class="label">456</span></a> This bay is known by many aliases, such as S. Maria, S. Antonio, +do Sombreiro, and da Torre.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_457" id="Footnote_457"></a><a href="#FNanchor_457"><span class="label">457</span></a> The anonymous MS. already cited by us is, however, silent on this +subject.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_458" id="Footnote_458"></a><a href="#FNanchor_458"><span class="label">458</span></a> Antonio Diniz, who wrote in 1622 (<i>Producções do Congo e de +Angola</i>, Lisbon, 1881, p. 14), charges Pereira with having sent, without +the King’s knowledge, three shiploads of salt to Luandu, which he +exchanged for “Farinha de guerra” (Commissariat flour), with which +to feed his men.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_459" id="Footnote_459"></a><a href="#FNanchor_459"><span class="label">459</span></a> That is a <i>district</i> called Kakonda, for the old fort of that name +(Caconda velha), sixty miles from the coast, was only built in 1682. +Letters from Pereira, dated September 9th, 1620, and January 23rd, +1621, in <i>Egerton MS. 1133</i> (British Museum), ff. 357-361.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_460" id="Footnote_460"></a><a href="#FNanchor_460"><span class="label">460</span></a> I do not know whether oxen were employed as beasts of burthen +(<i>bois cavallos</i>) in these early days.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_461" id="Footnote_461"></a><a href="#FNanchor_461"><span class="label">461</span></a> Reckoning the cruzado at 2<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_462" id="Footnote_462"></a><a href="#FNanchor_462"><span class="label">462</span></a> Published by Luciano Cordeiro.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_463" id="Footnote_463"></a><a href="#FNanchor_463"><span class="label">463</span></a> Dapper, p. 592, regrets that these exactions ceased on the occupation +of the country by the Dutch (not from love of the native, we may +be sure), and that, as a consequence, his countrymen were little +respected.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_464" id="Footnote_464"></a><a href="#FNanchor_464"><span class="label">464</span></a> Antonio Diniz, <i>Producçoes, commercio e governo do Congo e de +Angola</i>, 1516-19, published by Luciano Cordeiro in 1881.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_465" id="Footnote_465"></a><a href="#FNanchor_465"><span class="label">465</span></a> Luiz de Figuerido Falcão, <i>Livro em que se contem toda a Fazenda</i>, +etc. Lisbon, 1855, p. 26. I reckon 400 reis to a cruzado worth 2<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_466" id="Footnote_466"></a><a href="#FNanchor_466"><span class="label">466</span></a> The Capitão-mor do Campo, who was the chief officer next to the +Governor, was paid £67; the ouvidor (or judge), £34; the sergeant-major, +£34; the principal financial officer (provedor da Fazenda), +£27: a captain of infantry, £40; a private, £18. There was a +“marcador dos esclavos,” who branded the slaves. He received no +pay but levied fees which brought him in £140 a year (see <i>Estabelecimentos</i>, +p. 21). +</p><p> +In 1721 the Governor’s salary was raised to 15,000 cruzados (£2,000), +but he was forbidden to engage any longer in trade.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_467" id="Footnote_467"></a><a href="#FNanchor_467"><span class="label">467</span></a> Called Nzinga mbandi ngola, or Mbandi Ngola kiluanji, by +Cavazzi, pp. 28, 601; Ngola akiluanji by Cadornega; and Nzinga +mbandi, King of Ndongo and Matamba, in the <i>Catalogo</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_468" id="Footnote_468"></a><a href="#FNanchor_468"><span class="label">468</span></a> Called Ngola mbandi by Cavazzi, Cadornega, and in the <i>Catalogo</i>; +Ngola-nzinga mbandi by Lopes de Lima, <i>Ensaios</i>, p. 95.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_469" id="Footnote_469"></a><a href="#FNanchor_469"><span class="label">469</span></a> This removal seems to have taken place immediately after the +Governor’s arrival. The site chosen was that of the Praça velha of +modern maps, to the south of the present Ambaca.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_470" id="Footnote_470"></a><a href="#FNanchor_470"><span class="label">470</span></a> D. João de Souza Ngola ari was the first King of Angola (Ndongo) +recognised by the Portuguese. He only survived a few days, and was +succeeded by D. Felippe de Souza, who died in 1660; and by +D. João II, the last of the line, who was executed as a traitor in +1671.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_471" id="Footnote_471"></a><a href="#FNanchor_471"><span class="label">471</span></a> Livingstone, <i>Missionary Travels</i>, 1857, p. 371, calls this a law +dictated by motives of humanity.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_472" id="Footnote_472"></a><a href="#FNanchor_472"><span class="label">472</span></a> He was appointed April 7th, 1621, took possession in September +1621, and left in 1623 (see <i>Add. MS.</i> 15, 183, I. 5).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_473" id="Footnote_473"></a><a href="#FNanchor_473"><span class="label">473</span></a> Literally “mother priest.” It is thus the natives of Angola call +the Roman Catholic priests, because of their long habits, to distinguish +them from their own <i>Nganga</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_474" id="Footnote_474"></a><a href="#FNanchor_474"><span class="label">474</span></a> Ndangi (Dangi), with the royal sepultures (<i>Mbila</i>), was two leagues +from Pungu a ndongo (according to Cavazzi, p. 20).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_475" id="Footnote_475"></a><a href="#FNanchor_475"><span class="label">475</span></a> Bento de Benha Cardozo was originally given the command, but +died before operations were begun.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_476" id="Footnote_476"></a><a href="#FNanchor_476"><span class="label">476</span></a> The Queen was in the habit of consulting the spirits of the Jagas +Kasa, Kasanji, Kinda, Kalandu and Ngola mbandi, each of whose +<i>Mbila</i> (pl. <i>Jimbila</i>), or sepulture, was in charge of a soothsayer or +<i>Shingiri</i> (Cavazzi, p. 656).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_477" id="Footnote_477"></a><a href="#FNanchor_477"><span class="label">477</span></a> The <i>Catalogo</i> is provokingly obscure with respect to the pursuit of +the Queen. Malemba (Lemba) is known to be above Hako, to the +west of the Kwanza, whilst Ngangela (Ganguella) is a nickname applied +by the Binbundo to the tribes to the east of them. “Little Ngangela,” +according to Cavazzi, is identical with the country of the Bangala, or +Kasanji, of modern maps. Kina (quina) simply means “sepulture” or +“cavern,” and A. R. Neves (p. 103) tells us that Kasanji, on first +arriving in the country where subsequently he settled permanently, +took up his quarters at Kina kia kilamba (“Sepulture of the exorcist”). +The mountain mentioned by Cavazzi (p. 770), as abounding in +caverns full of the skulls of Kasanji’s victims, may be identical with +this Kina.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_478" id="Footnote_478"></a><a href="#FNanchor_478"><span class="label">478</span></a> Cavazzi, pp. 9, 622. In one place he calls her the dowager-queen, +in the other the daughter of Matamba Kalombo, the last King of +Matamba. J. V. Carneiro (<i>An. do cons. ultram.</i> 1861), asserts that +Matamba was the honorary title of the great huntsman of Ngola.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_479" id="Footnote_479"></a><a href="#FNanchor_479"><span class="label">479</span></a> D. Simão de Mascarenhas had been appointed bishop of Kongo +on November 15th, 1621, and provisionally assumed the office of +Governor at the urgent request of the captain-major Pedro de Souza +Coelho. He was a native of Lisbon and a Franciscan. On the +arrival of his successor, Fernão de Souza, in 1624, he proceeded to +his See at S. Salvador, and died there in the following year under +mysterious circumstances. Under his successor, D. Francisco Soveral +(1628, d. 1642) the See was transferred to S. Paulo de Luandu. (<i>Add. +MS.</i> 15,183). The dates given by Lopes de Lima (<i>Ensaio</i>, iii, p. 166a) +are evidently corrupt.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_480" id="Footnote_480"></a><a href="#FNanchor_480"><span class="label">480</span></a> This Kafuche appears to have been a descendant of the warlike +soba of that name. Another Kafuche, likewise in Kisama, asked to +be baptised in 1694 (see Paiva Manso, p. 332).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_481" id="Footnote_481"></a><a href="#FNanchor_481"><span class="label">481</span></a> Dapper, p. 579. This first attempt to cultivate the soil was undertaken +very reluctantly, but the profits derived therefrom soon converted +both banks of the Mbengu into flourishing gardens.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_482" id="Footnote_482"></a><a href="#FNanchor_482"><span class="label">482</span></a> The <i>Catalogo</i>, p. 366, calls him Alvares, but Paiva Manso, p. 182, +Gaspar Gonçalves (see also Eucher, p. 83).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_483" id="Footnote_483"></a><a href="#FNanchor_483"><span class="label">483</span></a> This seminary was never founded, notwithstanding repeated Royal +reminders of 1684, 1686, 1688, and 1691 (Lopez de Lima, <i>Ensaio</i>, iii, +p. 149).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_484" id="Footnote_484"></a><a href="#FNanchor_484"><span class="label">484</span></a> S. Braun, <i>Schifffarten</i>, Basel, 1624; and P. van der Broeck, +<i>Journalen</i>, Amst., 1624.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_485" id="Footnote_485"></a><a href="#FNanchor_485"><span class="label">485</span></a> Jacome Ferreira, in command of these patrol ships, was killed in +action in 1639, when the command devolved upon Bartholomeu de +Vasconcellos.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_486" id="Footnote_486"></a><a href="#FNanchor_486"><span class="label">486</span></a> N. G. van Kampen, <i>Geschiedenes der Nederlanders buiten Europa</i>, +Haarlem, 1831, vol. i, p. 436, asks his readers to decide upon the +morality of this proceeding, when negotiations were actually in progress, +and in the case of Portugal, which had only recently thrown off +the yoke of Spain, the common enemy.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_487" id="Footnote_487"></a><a href="#FNanchor_487"><span class="label">487</span></a> <i>Catalogo</i>, p. 375.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_488" id="Footnote_488"></a><a href="#FNanchor_488"><span class="label">488</span></a> <i>Cavazzi</i>, p. 626.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_489" id="Footnote_489"></a><a href="#FNanchor_489"><span class="label">489</span></a> He was a son of the valiant Martim de Sá, the Governor of Rio +de Janeiro. Previously to sailing up to Luandu, he erected a factory +on Kikombo Bay.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_490" id="Footnote_490"></a><a href="#FNanchor_490"><span class="label">490</span></a> This envoy likewise visited the Jagas Kasanji, Kalungu and +Kalumbu for the purpose of persuading them to abolish infanticide; +and they promised to shut an eye if the old practice was not +followed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_491" id="Footnote_491"></a><a href="#FNanchor_491"><span class="label">491</span></a> In 1652 two years’ grace for the payment of all debts incurred +anterior to the invasion of the Dutch was granted to all inhabitants +of Angola.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_492" id="Footnote_492"></a><a href="#FNanchor_492"><span class="label">492</span></a> Cavazzi vouches for this (p. 637).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_493" id="Footnote_493"></a><a href="#FNanchor_493"><span class="label">493</span></a> She was conducted back by José Carrasco.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_494" id="Footnote_494"></a><a href="#FNanchor_494"><span class="label">494</span></a> This may have been Kasanji ka kinjuri, born in 1608, and baptised +by Antonio of Serraveza in 1655, and named D. Pasquale +(Cavazzi, p. 784).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_495" id="Footnote_495"></a><a href="#FNanchor_495"><span class="label">495</span></a> Lopes de Lima, <i>Ensaio</i>, iii, p. xxxii, says he was assassinated +by a Portuguese soldier.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_496" id="Footnote_496"></a><a href="#FNanchor_496"><span class="label">496</span></a> All the successors of the famous Queen, as also her people and +country, are called Nzinga (Ginga) by Portuguese authors.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_497" id="Footnote_497"></a><a href="#FNanchor_497"><span class="label">497</span></a> Lopes de Lima, <i>Ensaio</i>, iii, p. 117, and parte segunda, p. 18, calls +them Quinalonga, and there can be no doubt of their identity with the +Quihindonga (Kindonga) islands of Cavazzi. The <i>Catalogo</i> does not +mention this cession.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_498" id="Footnote_498"></a><a href="#FNanchor_498"><span class="label">498</span></a> He had arrived on August 26th, 1669, and spite of his prudence +must be held responsible for this disastrous Sonyo campaign.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_499" id="Footnote_499"></a><a href="#FNanchor_499"><span class="label">499</span></a> See Paivo Manso, p. 255, who quotes an anonymous <i>Relação</i>, published +at Lisbon in 1671; also Cadornega.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_500" id="Footnote_500"></a><a href="#FNanchor_500"><span class="label">500</span></a> Cavazzi, who accompanied this expedition as chaplain, gives a full +account of it, without naming the Portuguese commander. His geographical +data, as usual, are exceedingly vague: a circumstance all the +more to be regretted, as even now we know very little about this part +of Angola.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_501" id="Footnote_501"></a><a href="#FNanchor_501"><span class="label">501</span></a> This soba had been baptised. In 1684, a brother of his expelled +him, but he was reinstated by João de Figueireda e Souza.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_502" id="Footnote_502"></a><a href="#FNanchor_502"><span class="label">502</span></a> From a letter published by Paiva Manso (p. 316), we learn that +Mbuilu had begged the King of Kongo to receive him as a vassal.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_503" id="Footnote_503"></a><a href="#FNanchor_503"><span class="label">503</span></a> For King Pedro’s letter of thanks for this victory, see <i>Catalogo</i>, +p. 401. In 1693, massacres of prisoners were strictly prohibited.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_504" id="Footnote_504"></a><a href="#FNanchor_504"><span class="label">504</span></a> He died in prison at Luandu.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_505" id="Footnote_505"></a><a href="#FNanchor_505"><span class="label">505</span></a> The author of a Report referred to below admits that they had +many detractors who were envious of their success.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_506" id="Footnote_506"></a><a href="#FNanchor_506"><span class="label">506</span></a> Seventeen Capuchins, eight Jesuits, seven Franciscans, and four +Carmelites.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_507" id="Footnote_507"></a><a href="#FNanchor_507"><span class="label">507</span></a> In 1709 there were seven million reis in its treasury.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_508" id="Footnote_508"></a><a href="#FNanchor_508"><span class="label">508</span></a> <i>Ensaio</i>, iii, p. 149.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_509" id="Footnote_509"></a><a href="#FNanchor_509"><span class="label">509</span></a> The testoon was a coin of 100 reis, worth about 8<i>d.</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_510" id="Footnote_510"></a><a href="#FNanchor_510"><span class="label">510</span></a> The assumed value of the <i>makuta</i> was 50 reis; its actual value, in +silver, only 30 reis. There were pieces of half <i>makutas</i> and of quarter +<i>makutas</i>, popularly called <i>paka</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_511" id="Footnote_511"></a><a href="#FNanchor_511"><span class="label">511</span></a> Zucchelli (p. xvii, § 11), tells us that when Luiz Cerar de Menezes +returned to Rio, in 1701, he carried away with him 1,500,000 crusados +(£200,000), realised in the slave trade.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_512" id="Footnote_512"></a><a href="#FNanchor_512"><span class="label">512</span></a> <i>Ensaio</i>, iii, p. xxxiv.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_513" id="Footnote_513"></a><a href="#FNanchor_513"><span class="label">513</span></a> Provincial Governors not appointed by the King, but elected by +the local authorities or the troops.</p></div> + +<hr /> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p> + +<h3><a name="index" id="index">INDEX AND GLOSSARY.</a></h3> + +<p>For information additional to that given in the body of this volume, consult +Bramas, Margarita, Ostrich Eggs.</p> + +<p>Included in this Index are all the geographical names mentioned by Duarte +Lopes (Pigafetta’s <i>Report of the Kingdom of Congo</i>), as also many names +referred to by Cavazzi, Paiva Manso, and others.</p> + +<p>The approximate geographical position is given in degrees and tenths of +degrees.</p> + +<p>For names beginning with <i>C</i>, <i>Ch</i>, or <i>Qu</i>, see also <i>K</i>.</p> + +<ul class="IX"> +<li> +<b>Abundu</b>, pl. of <i>mbundu</i>, a slave. In Angola the natives generally are called <i>Ambundu</i>.</li> +<li> +<b>Aca mochana.</b> <i>See</i> Aki musanu.</li> +<li> +<b>Acca</b>, a corruption of <i>Aki</i>, followers.</li> +<li> +<b>Achelunda.</b> <i>See</i> Aquilunda.</li> +<li> +<b>Adenda.</b> <i>See</i> Ndemba.</li> +<li> +<b>Administration</b> of natives, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li> +<b>Affonso VI</b>, King of Portugal, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li> +<b>Affonso I</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li> +<b>Affonso II</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li> +<b>Affonso III</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Agag</b>, are not Jaga, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li> +<b>Aghirimba,</b> according to D. Lopez, the ancient name for <i>Mbata</i>, but called <i>Agisymba</i> on his map, and evidently Ptolemy’s region of that name, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li> +<b>Agoa Kaiongo</b> (Augoy cayango), 9.8 S., 14.2 E., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;<ul><li> +battle of 1603, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Agoa rozada</b>, King of Kongo (Pedro IV), <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Aguiar</b>, Alvaro, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li> +<b>Aguiar</b>, Francisco de, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li> +<b>Aguiar</b>, Ruy d’, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> +<li> +<b>Aiacca</b>, <i>See</i> Ayaka.</li> +<li> +<b>Aki</b>, followers.</li> +<li> +<b>Akimbolo</b> (Aquibolo), about 9.3 S., 14.9 E., <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li> +<b>Aki musanu</b> (Acamochana), a soba, 8.9 S., 13.8 E., <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> +<li> +<b>Albinos</b>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li> +<b>Alemquer</b>, Pero d’, pilot, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li> +<b>Alguns documentos</b>, quoted, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li> +<b>Almadias</b>, Golfo das, undoubtedly Kabinda Bay (5.5 S.), but Battel’s <i>B. da Almadias</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, is identical with Black Point Bay, 4.8 S., <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> +<b>Almeida</b>, D. Francisco, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li> +<b>Almeida</b>, D. Jeronymo, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li> +<b>Almeida</b>, João Soares de, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li> +<b>Alvares</b>, Gaspar (or Gonçales), <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li> +<b>Alvaro I</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li> +<b>Alvaro II</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li> +<b>Alvaro III</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>,<a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Alvaro IV</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Alvaro V</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Alvaro VI</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Alvaro VII</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Alvaro VIII</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Alvaro IX</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Alvaro</b>, Frei, the assassin, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li> +<b>Alvaro Gonçales Bay</b>, called <i>Alvaro Martins’ Bay</i> on map (D. Lopez); identical with Yumba Bay, 3.3 S., 10.5 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Ambaca.</b> <i>See</i> Mbaka.</li> +<li> +<b>Ambasse</b>, or Ambresa, a corruption of <i>mbazi</i> or <i>mbaji</i>. <i>See</i> S. Salvador.</li> +<li> +<b>Ambriz</b> (Mbidiji or Mbiriji) river, 7.3 S., 12.9 E., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li> +<b>Amboella.</b> <i>See</i> Mbwela.</li> +<li> +<b>Ambrosio I</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ambuilla.</b> <i>See</i> Mbuila.</li> +<li> +<b>Ambuila dua.</b> <i>See</i> Mbuila anduwa.</li> +<li> +<b>Ambandu</b>, <i>i.e.</i>, negroes (in Kongo abundu = slaves), <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ambus</b> (D. Lopez), tribe between coast and Anzica; perhaps the <i>Balumbu</i>. Mbu = ocean.</li> +<li> +<b>Ampango.</b> <i>See</i> Mpangu.</li> +<li> +<b>Amulaza</b>, Congo de, 6.0 S., 16.3 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Andala mbandos</b> (Ndala mbandu), or Endalla nbondos, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> +<li> +<b>Andrada</b>, João-Juzarte, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> +<b>André mulaza</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Angazi</b>, or Engazi (D. Lopez), Ingasia (Battell). <i>See</i> Ngazi.</li> +<li> +<b>Angeka</b>, or Engeco (nsiku, Chimpanzee), <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li> +<b>Angelo</b> of Valenza, capuchin, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li> +<b>Angica</b> of Knivet, are the Anzica.</li> +<li> +<b>Angoi.</b> <i>See</i> Ngoya.</li> +<li> +<b>Angola</b>, history, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;<ul> +<li>Knivet’s account, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Angola.</b> <i>See</i> Ngola.</li> +<li> +<b>Angoleme</b> (Ngolome) of Jesuits was Ngola’s capital in 1565, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li> +<b>Anguolome aquitambo</b> (Ngwalema a kitambu), 9. S., 15.8 E.;<ul><li> +battle <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Angoy kayonga</b>, a chief. <i>See</i> Agoa Kaiongo.</li> +<li> +<b>Antelopes</b>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li> +<b>Antonio I</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Antonio</b>, Friar, a Franciscan, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li> +<b>Antonio</b>, de Dénis, or Diogo de Vilhégas, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li> +<b>Antonio</b> of Serravezza, Capuchin, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li> +<b>Antonio Laudati</b>, of Gaeta, 148 <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> +<li> +<b>Anville</b>, B. d’, his maps, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></li> +<li> +<b>Anzele</b> (D. Lopez) (Kanzele), fort, in Lower Ngulungu, 9. S., 13.8 E., <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li> +<b>Anzicana</b>, Anzichi, Anziques, Mundiqueti, etc., the people of the Makoko (<i>Anseke</i>, “distant,” “remote”), are undoubtedly the Bateke about Stanley Pool.<ul> +<li>Knivet’s account, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</li> +<li>war with them, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Aquilunda</b>, or Achelunda (D. Lopez), a supposed lake, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;<ul> +<li>Douville (<i>Voyage au Congo</i>, ii, 173), suggests that the name meant “here (Aqui) is Lunda.”</li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Aquibolo.</b> <i>See</i> Akimbolo.</li> +<li> +<b>Aquisyma</b> (D. Lopez), misprint for Agisymba.</li> +<li> +<b>Aragão</b>, Balth. Rebello de, xviii, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;<ul> +<li>attempt to cross Africa, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li> +<li>on Ouando, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Araujo</b>, João, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li> +<b>Araujo e Azevedo</b>, Antonio de, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li> +<b>Araujo e Azevedo</b>, João, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li> +<b>Argento</b>, Monti dell (D. Lopez), supposed “Silver Mountains” (Serra da Prata) near Kambambe.</li> +<li> +<b>Ari</b>, or Hary, a district, 9.0 S., 15.5 E. <i>See</i> Ngola Ari.</li> +<li> +<b>Armada</b>, its destruction in 1588, xiv, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li> +<b>Armistice</b> of 1609-21, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;<ul> +<li>or 1641, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li></ul></li> + +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> +<b>Augoykayango.</b> <i>See</i> Agoa Kaiongo.</li> +<li> +<b>Austin Friars</b> in Kongo, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li> +<b>Axila mbanza.</b> <i>See</i> Shilambanza.</li> +<li> +<b>Ayaka</b> (Aiacca), 7.5 S., 18.0 E., their invasion of Kongo, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;<ul> +<li>are not identical with Jaga, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li></ul></li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Bagamidri.</b> D. Lopez calls it a river, separating Mataman and Monomotapa, but it is clearly <i>Bege meder</i> of Abyssinia gone astray.</li> +<li> +<b>Bahia das Vaccas</b>, 12.9 S., 13.4E., <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bailundo</b> (Mbalundu), 12.2 S., 19.7 E., <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bakkebakke</b> (Mbakambaka), diminutive of Mbaka, dwarf, and according to Dennett, also the name of a fetish <i>Shibingo</i> which prevents growth. <i>See</i> Matimba.</li> +<li> +<b>Bamba.</b> <i>See</i> Mbamba.</li> +<li> +<b>Bamba ampungo.</b> <i>See</i> Mbamba a mpungu.</li> +<li> +<b>Bambala</b> (Mbala, Mbambela), a district, 10.6 S., 14.5 E., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bamba-tunga</b> (Mbamba-tungu), soba, 9.6 S., 14.4 E., <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bananas</b>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bancare</b> (D. Lopez), a tributary of the Kongo, east of Nsundi.</li> +<li> +<b>Bangala</b>, the people of the Jaga, 9.5 S., 13.0 E., <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bango aquitambo</b> (Bangu a Kitambu), missionary station, 9.1 S., 14.9 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Bango-bango.</b> <i>See</i> Bangu-bangu.</li> +<li> +<b>Bangono</b>, mani, in hills north of Dande River, 8.5 S., 13.6 E., <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bangu</b>, kingdom, “trunk” of Kongo, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;<ul> +<li>perhaps <i>Bangu</i> on the river Mbengu. Bangu signifies an acclivity, and the name occurs frequently.</li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Bangu</b>, a soba in Angola, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bangu-bangu</b>, soba near Nzenza a ngombe, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li> +<b>Banna</b> (Banya), river, 3.5 S., 11.0 E., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li> +<b>Banyan-tree</b>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> +<li> +<b>Baobab</b>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> +<li> +<b>Baptista</b>, João, bishop, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li> +<b>Baptista</b>, Manuel, bishop, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li> +<b>Barama.</b> <i>See</i> Bramas.</li> +<li> +<b>Barbara</b>, Kambe, sister of Queen Nzinga, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li> +<b>Barbela</b> (Berbela), river, a tributary of the Kongo, which flows through Mpangu. According to L. Magyar +<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> +(<i>Peterm. Mitt.</i> 1857, p. 187); the south arm of the Kongo opposite Mboma, is known as Barbela.</li> +<li> +<b>Barkcloth</b>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> +<li> +<b>Barros</b>, Gonzalo Borges de, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li> +<b>Barros</b>, João de, quoted, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li> +<b>Barreira</b>, F. Balthasar, Jesuit, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li> +<b>Barreiras</b>, “cliffs.”<ul> +<li><i>Barreiras vermelhas</i>, north of Zaire, 5.3 S.;</li> +<li><i>Ponta das barreiras</i>, 3.2 S.</li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Bastian</b>, Dr. A., quoted, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bateke</b>, tribe are identical with the Mundequetes, Anziquetes, Anzicanas, etc., <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li> +<b>Batta</b> (Mbata), province, Mbanza, 5.8 S., 15.4 E., <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li> +<b>Battell</b>, Andrew, character of his narrative, x;<ul> +<li>chronology of his voyages, xiii;</li> +<li>account of “adventures,” <a href="#Page_1">1</a>-70;</li> +<li>notes on the religion and customs, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>-87</li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Batumba</b>, in Kongoese, a dwarf. <i>See</i> Matimba.</li> +<li> +<b>Bavagul.</b> <i>See</i> Bravagul (D. Lopez).</li> +<li> +<b>Beads</b>, as ornaments, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> +<li> +<b>Beehives</b>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> +<li> +<b>Beja</b>, Feira de, 9.8 S., 15.3 E., <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bembe</b> (Mbembe), according to Cavazzi, p. 13, etc., a vast district extending from the Kwanza to the Kunene (which separates it from Benguella), traversed by the river Kutato, and inhabited by the Binbundo. It included all Lubolo, and Kuengo (Kemgo), the residence of Ngola Kakanje (according to Cadornega, a chief of Hako) was its capital. I believe it to be the same as Chimbebe (<i>q.v.</i>), <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bembem</b> (Mbembe), a village between Luandu and R. Mbengu, 8.8 S., 13.4 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Benevides.</b> <i>See</i> Sá de Benevides.</li> +<li> +<b>Bengledi</b> (D. Lopez), a river, almost certainly a misprint for Benguella.</li> +<li> +<b>Bengo</b>, district of Angola, at mouth of R. Mbengu, or Nzenza, 8.7 S., 13.3 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Bengo</b>, river (Mbengu), <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li> +<b>Benguella</b> (Mbangela), Battell’s visit, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;<ul> +<li>conquest, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</li> +<li>events since 1617, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Benguella a velha</b>, 10.8 S., 13.8 E., <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li> +<b>Benomotapa.</b> <i>See</i> Mwana mtapa.</li> +<li> +<b>Bentley</b>, Rev. W. H., quoted, xx, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> +<b>Berbela</b>, or Verbela (D. Lopez), is evidently identical with the Barbela river, <i>q.v.</i></li> +<li> +<b>Bermudez</b>, João, Abysinian missionary, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bernardo I</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bernardo II</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bié</b> (Bihe), 12.3 S., 16.8 E., <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li> +<b>Binbundo</b>, or Va-nano, the hill tribes of Benguella, 13.0 S., 15.5 E., <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li> +<b>Binger</b>, Captain, <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a></li> +<li> +<b>Binguelle</b> (Cavazzi, ii), a misprint for Benguella.</li> +<li> +<b>Bock</b> (Mbuku), mani, 4.9 S., 12.3 E. There are many other Mbukus.</li> +<li> +<b>Boehr</b>, Dr. M., quoted, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> +<li> +<b>Boenza</b>, or Benza (Mbensa), about 4.6 S., 15.0 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Boma</b> (Mboma) 5.8 S., 13.1 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Bonaventura</b>, of Alessano, Capuchin, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bonaventura</b>, of Correglia, Capuchin, 126 <i>n.</i></li> +<li> +<b>Bonaventura</b> Sardo (the Sardinian), Capuchin, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bonaventura</b>, of Sorrento, a Capuchin, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bondo</b>, province, or rather a tribe, 10.0 S., 17.0 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Bongo</b>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, the country of the Babongo dwarfs</li> +<li> +<b>Bongo</b> soba, on site of Kakonda a velha, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li> +<b>Boreras rosas</b> (D. Lopez), should be Barreiras vermelhas, 5.4 S., 12.2 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Borgia</b>, D. Gaspar, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bosso</b>, a rock, perhaps Mpozo hills, opposite Vivi.</li> +<li> +<b>Bowdich</b>, T. E., quoted, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bozanga</b>, kingdom in Kongo (Garcia Mendes, 8), identical either with Nsanga or Nsongo? (<i>q.v.</i>).</li> +<li> +<b>Bramas</b>, 677 <i>n.</i> According to D. Lopez, the original inhabitants of all Luangu. According to A. Forét (<i>Compte rendu</i> of Paris Geog. Soc., 1894, p. 431), a trading tribe called Barama, or Ivarrama, still lives to N. E. of Nyange, 2.7 S., 10.5 E. See <i>note</i>, p. <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> +<li> +<b>Braun</b>, Samuel, quoted, x, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bravaghul</b>, or Bavagul (D. Lopez), a river; rises in Mountains of Moon, and flows to Magnice, <i>i.e.</i>, to Delagoa Bay.</li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> +<b>Brito</b>, Domingos d’Abreu de, quoted, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> +<li> +<b>Brito</b>, João Antonio de, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li> +<b>Brito</b>, Manuel Rebello de, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> +<li> +<b>Broeck</b>, Pieter van der, his journals, <a href="#Page_x">x</a></li> +<li> +<b>Brusciotto</b>, P. Giacinto, of Vetralla, a Capuchin, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bruto</b>, Antonio, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;<ul> +<li>his death, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Bruto</b>, a “penedo” named after him, 9.1 S., 13.7 E., <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bula.</b> <i>See</i> Mbula.</li> +<li> +<b>Bulhão</b>, Fernão Rodrigues, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bumbe</b> (Mbumbi), mani S. of River Loje, 7.8 S., 13.6 E., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bumbelungu</b> (Mbumbu a lungu), a village near mouth of Kwanza, where Dias’ vessels awaited his return, 9.3 S., 13.2 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Bumba andalla</b>, (Mbumbu a ndala), a soba in Lamba, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li> +<b>Bunda</b> means family, kin: hence Binbundo (<i>sing.</i> Kibundo), kinsfolk (Nogueira, <i>A raça negra</i>, 255).<ul> +<li><i>See</i> also Abundu.</li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Burial</b>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> +<li> +<b>Burton</b>, Sir R. F., <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Cabech</b>, (Kabeka), soba on the Kwanza, 9.5 S., 14.1 E., <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cabango</b> (Kabangu, or Chibanga), mani, in Luangu, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cabazo</b>, should be Kabasa, capital.</li> +<li> +<b>Cabenda</b> (Kabinda), port, 5.5 S., 12.2 E., <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cabreira</b>, Antonio Araujo, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cachoeira</b> (D. Lopez), is the Portuguese for cataract, and refers to the Falls of the lower Zaire.</li> +<li> +<b>Cacinga</b> (Kasinga), river, a tributary of the Barbela, in Mbata (D. Lopez).</li> +<li> +<b>Cacongo</b> river, or Chiluangu, 5.1 S., 12.1 E., <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cacongo</b>, (Chikongo), aromatic wood, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li> +<b>Caçuto</b> (Nsaku), Cão’s hostage, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cadornega</b>, quoted, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cafuche.</b> <i>See</i> Kafuche.</li> +<li> +<b>Calabes Island</b> (Ilha des Calabaças), 8.<ul> +<li><i>See</i> Cavalli.</li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Calando</b> (Kalandu), a Jaga, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, should be <i>Calandula</i>. Cavazzi, however, (p. 656) mentions a Jaga <i>Calenda</i>.</li> +<li> +<b>Calicansamba</b> (Katikasamba, or Kachisamba), a chief, 10.7 S., 14.5 E., <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li> +<b>Calango</b> (Kalungu), town in Lubolu, 10.30 S., 14.5 E., 26</li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> +<b>Calongo</b> (Chilunga), district north of river Kuilu, 4.1 S., 11.4 E., <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li> +<b>Camara</b>, Portuguese, a municipal council.</li> +<li> +<b>Camissa</b>, flows out of Lake Gale (<i>q.v.</i>), and enters the sea as <i>Rio doce</i> at the Cape of Good Hope (D. Lopez).</li> +<li> +<b>Cango</b> (Nkanga, Chinkanga), a district of Luengu, 3.9 S, 12.3 E., <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cannibalism</b>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cão</b>, Diogo, discovery of Kongo, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;<ul> +<li>second voyage, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Cão</b>, Gaspar, Bishop of S. Thomé, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li> +<b>Caoalla</b> (Kawala), between Luandu and Masanganu;<ul> +<li>fight 1648, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Capello</b> and Ivens, quoted, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li> +<b>Capuchins</b> in Kongo, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;<ul> +<li>in Angola, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Cardoso</b>, Bento de Banha, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cardoso</b>, João, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cardoso</b>, Domingos, Jesuit, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li> +<b>Carli</b>, Dionigi, Capuchin, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li> +<b>Carmelites</b> in Angola, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li> +<b>Carneiro</b>, J. V., quoted, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +<li> +<b>Carrasco</b>, José, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li> +<b>Carvalho</b>, H. B. de, quoted, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> +<li> +<b>Casama</b> of Battell, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, is <i>Kisama</i>.</li> +<li> +<b>Casanza</b> (Kasanza), a chief, 8.9 S., 13.7 E., <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cashil</b> (Kati, Kachi, or Kasila), chief, 10.8 S., 14.3 E., <a href="#Page_23">23</a>-25</li> +<li> +<b>Cashindcabar</b> (Kashinda kabare), mountains, 10.6 S., 14.6 E., <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> +<li> +<b>Castellobranco.</b> <i>See</i> Mendes.</li> +<li> +<b>Castello d’Alter pedroso</b>, cliff, 13.3 S., 12.7 E., <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li> +<b>Castro</b>, Balthasar de, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li> +<i>Catalogo</i>, quoted, xx, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li> +<b>Catharina</b>, Cabo de S., 1.8 S., 9.3 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Catherine</b>, Queen of England, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li> +<b>Catherine</b>, Queen of Portugal, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cauo</b>, Cavao of Cadornega, 9. S., 14.2 E., <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cavalli</b>, isola (D. Lopez). <i>See</i> Hippopotamus Island.</li> +<li> +<b>Cavangongo</b>, Motemo, 8.4 S., 13.4 E.;<ul> +<li>a second <i>Cavangongo</i>, 8.2 S., 15.3 E.</li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Cavazzi</b>, quoted, xix, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> +<b>Cavendish</b>, Thomas, his voyage, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cay</b>, or Caye (Kaia), river and town, 4.8 S., 12.0 E., <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cedars</b>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li> +<b>Chabonda</b> (D. Lopez). <i>See</i> Kabanda.</li> +<li> +<b>Chatelein</b>, Héli, quoted, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li> +<b>Chekoke</b>, a fetish, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li> +<b>Chichorro.</b> <i>See</i> Souza Chichorro.</li> +<li> +<b>Chiluangu</b>, 5.2 S., 12.1 E., <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li> +<b>Chilunga</b> (Calongo), 4.1 S., 11.4 E., <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li> +<b>Chimbebe.</b> <i>See</i> Kimbebe.</li> +<li> +<b>Chimpanzee</b>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li> +<b>Chinchengo</b> (Ki-nkenge) in Mbamba, on border of Angola (D. Lopez), 8.0 E., 15.0 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Church</b>, Col. G. Earl, on Knivet’s adventures, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> +<li> +<b>Circumcision</b>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> +<li> +<b>Civet Cats</b>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li> +<b>Climbebe</b> (D. Lopez), a misprint for Qui mbebe.</li> +<li> +<b>Coandres</b>, perhaps the <i>Mukwanda</i>, a tribe to S. of Benguella, 13.5 S., 13.0 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Coanga</b> (Cavazzi, 440), a territory near Masanganu.</li> +<li> +<b>Coango.</b> <i>See</i> Kwangu.</li> +<li> +<b>Coanza.</b> <i>See</i> Kwanza.</li> +<li> +<b>Coari</b> river (D. Lopez), perhaps Kùari, a river flowing towards Ari.</li> +<li> +<b>Coat-of-arms</b> of Kongo, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cocke</b>, Abraham, his voyages, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;<ul> +<li>his identity, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Coelho</b>, F. A., quoted, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +<li> +<b>Coelho</b>, Pedro de Souza, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li> +<b>Coelho</b>, F. Antonio, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li> +<b>Colos</b>, Diogo Rodrigo das, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li> +<b>Combrecaianga</b> (Kumba ria kaianga), village, about 8.9 S., 14.1 E., <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> +<li> +<b>Concobella</b> (Konko a bele), on N. bank of the Zaire, below Stanley Pool.</li> +<li> +<b>Congere amulaza</b> (Kongo dia mulaza), 6.0 S., 16.3 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Congre a molal</b> (Kongo dia mulai?) name by which the Anzichi (Anzica), are known in Luangu (D. Lopez).</li> +<li> +<b>Consa</b>, a misprint for Coanza (Kwanza).</li> +<li> +<b>Copper mines</b>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li> +<b>Copper coins</b>, introduction of, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cordeiro</b>, Luciano, quoted, xvi, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li> +<b>Corimba.</b> <i>See</i> Kurimba.</li> +<li> +<b>Corn</b>, native, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> +<b>Cortes</b>, Manuel, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li> +<b>Costa</b>, André da, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> +<li> +<b>Coste</b>, Sebastien da, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li> +<b>Costa de Alcaçova Carneiro de Menezes</b>, Gonçalo da, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li> +<b>Coua</b> (Kuvu) river, 10.9 S., 13.9 E., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li> +<b>Coutinho</b>, D. Francisco Innocencia de Souza, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li> +<b>Coutinho</b>, João Rodrigues, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li> +<b>Coutinho</b>, D. Manuel Pereira, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cowrie fishery</b> at Luandu, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> +<li> +<b>Crocodiles</b>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cross</b>, Cape, 21.8 S., <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li> +<b>Crystal</b> mountain (D. Lopez) in Nsundi.</li> +<li> +<b>Cuigij</b> (Cavazzi), perhaps = Muija or Muguije, “river,” 9.7 S., 16.0 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Cunha</b>, Jacome da, companion of Dias, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cunha</b>, Tristão da, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li> +<b>Cunha</b>, Vasconcellos da. <i>See</i> Vasconcellos.</li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Dambe</b> (Ndambe), a territory near Mbuila, 7.8 S., 19.6 E., <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li> +<b>Dande</b> (Dandi), river, 8.5 S., 13.3 E., <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> +<li> +<b>Dangi</b> (Ndangi), island in Kwanza, 9.8 S., 15.9 E. (?), <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li> +<b>Daniel de Guzman</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Dapper</b>, quoted, xix, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li> +<b>Degrandpré</b>, quoted, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> +<li> +<b>Demba</b> (Ndemba), salt-mine, 9.9 S., 13.8 E., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li> +<b>Dembo.</b> <i>See</i> Ndembu.</li> +<li> +<b>Dennett</b>, R. E., quoted, xvii, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>-51, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li> +<b>Dias de Novaes</b>, Bartholomeu, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li> +<b>Dias de Novaes</b>, Paulo, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Dias</b>, Jacome, priest, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li> +<b>Dickens</b>, Charles, quoted, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> +<li> +<b>Diniz</b>, Antonio, quoted, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li> +<b>Diogo</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li> +<b>Diogo de Vilhégas</b>, or Antonio de Dénis, Franciscan friar, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li> +<b>Divination</b>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li> +<b>Dogs</b>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li> +<b>Dolphins</b>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li> +<b>Dombe</b> (Ndombe), in Benguella, 13.8 S., 13.3 E., <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li> +<b>Dominicans</b>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> +<li> +<b>Dondo</b> (Ndundu) of Battell, are Albinos, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> +<b>Dondo</b> (Ndondo), feira, 9.7 S., 14.5 E., <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li> +<b>Dongo</b>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, is <i>Pungu a ndongo</i>.</li> +<li> +<b>Dongy</b> (Ndongazi?), a Jaga (Cavazzi, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, 200), <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li> +<b>Douville</b>, quoted, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li> +<b>Drinking</b> customs, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li> +<b>Drums</b>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> +<li> +<b>Duarte</b>, V. J., quoted, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a></li> +<li> +<b>Du Chaillu</b>, quoted, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li> +<b>Dumbe a Pepo</b>, 8.63 S., 15.1 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Dumbe a Zocche</b> (D. Lopez), a lake fed by streams rising in the Monti nevosi; most likely the Dembea lake of Abyssinia.</li> +<li> +<b>Dunda</b>, or Dondo (Ndundu) are Albinos, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li> +<b>Duque</b>, João, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li> +<b>Dutch</b>, embassy to Kongo, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;<ul> +<li>traders in Kongo, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</li> +<li>occupation of Angola, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>-174;</li> +<li>piracies, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li></ul></li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Ecclesiastical</b> state of Angola, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li> +<b>Egyptians</b>, or gypsies, 10 <i>n.</i></li> +<li> +<b>Elambe.</b> <i>See</i> Lamba.</li> +<li> +<b>Electric Fish</b>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li> +<b>Elembe</b>, a Jaga, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li> +<b>Elephants</b>, how trapped, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;<ul> +<li>value of tails, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Eleusine</b>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li> +<b>Elizabeth</b>, Queen, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> +<li> +<b>Embacca.</b> <i>See</i> Mbaka.</li> +<li> +<b>Embo</b>, or Huembo, a marquisate of Kongo (Paiva Manso, 175). <i>See</i> Wembo.</li> +<li> +<b>Emcus</b> of Zucchelli = <i>Nkusu.</i></li> +<li> +<b>Empacaceiros</b>, from <i>Pakasa</i>, buffalo, originally buffalo-hunters, then native militia-men. Supposed secret society, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, 185.</li> +<li> +<b>Encoge</b>, should be Nkoshi, lion.</li> +<li> +<b>Endalla nbondo</b>, or Andala mbundos, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> +<li> +<b>Engase</b>, or Angaze (D. Lopez), is Battell’s Ingasia <i>See</i> Ngazi.</li> +<li> +<b>Engeriay</b>, a tree, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> +<li> +<b>English</b> pirates, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li> +<b>Engombe</b>, or Ingombe. <i>See</i> Ngombe.</li> +<li> +<b>Engombia.</b> <i>See</i> Ngombe.</li> +<li> +<b>Engoy</b> (Ngoyo), <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> +<li> +<b>Engracia Funji</b>, sister of Queen Nzinga, a prisoner, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;<ul> +<li>strangled, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Enriques</b>, Duarte Dias, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ensala.</b> <i>See</i> Nsala.</li> +<li> +<b>Esiquilo</b> (Esikilu), birthplace of D. Alvaro I., on the road from S. Salvador to Nsundi (Cavazzi, 105), 5.5 S., 14.5 E.(?)</li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> +<b>Escovar</b>, Pero d’, pilot, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li> +<b>Espiritu Santo</b>, Serra do, 2.8 S., 10.2 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Eucher</b>, F., quoted, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ezikongos</b>, the people of Kongo, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Fajardo, A.</b> Beserra, quoted, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li> +<b>Falcão</b>, Luiz de Figueirido, quoted, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li> +<b>Falkenstein</b>, quoted, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> +<li> +<b>Famine</b> in Luandu, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li> +<b>Faria</b>, Antonio de, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li> +<b>Feira</b> (Portuguese), fair, market.</li> +<li> +<b>Ferreira</b>, F. de Salles, quoted, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ferreira</b>, Jacome, 170 <i>n.</i></li> +<li> +<b>Ferro</b>, serra do (iron mountains) to S. of Kwanza, 10.6 S., 15.2 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Fetishes</b>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;<ul> +<li>underground, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li> +<li>Maramba fetish, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li> +<li>possessed of a fetish, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</li> +<li>destruction by missionaries, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Ficalho</b>, quoted, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li> +<b>Figueirido e Souza</b>, João de, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li> +<b>Finda.</b> <i>See</i> Mfinda.</li> +<li> +<b>Fishing</b>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li> +<b>Flemish</b> immigrants in Angola, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li> +<b>Flores</b>, Fr. Antonio, quoted, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> +<li> +<b>Fonseca</b>, Luis Simplicio, quoted, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li> +<b>Fonseca</b>, Pedro da, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li> +<b>Forét, A.</b>, quoted, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> +<li> +<b>Forjaz</b>, D. Manuel Pereira, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li> +<b>Foster</b>, Mr. W., <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a></li> +<li> +<b>Fragio</b>, Francisco, capuchin, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li> +<b>Franciscans</b> in Angola, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li> +<b>Francisco</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li> +<b>Francisco</b> of Pavia, capuchin, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li> +<b>Francisco</b> of Veas, 126 <i>n.</i></li> +<li> +<b>Freddi</b>, monti. <i>See</i> Fria.</li> +<li> +<b>French</b> pirates, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li> +<b>Fria</b>, serra (“Cold Mountains”), on Pigafetta’s map, in 17.5 S.; the +<i>Monti Freddi</i> (“cold mountains”) of the text, stated to be known to the +Portuguese as <i>Monti nivosi</i> (“snowy mountains”). Modern maps show a +<i>Serra da neve</i> in 14.0 S.; but as I am not aware that snow ever fell in +these mountains, <i>neve</i> may be an ancient misprint for <i>nevoas</i> (mists). +The <i>Serra Fria</i> may possibly be connected with the <i>Cabo Frio</i>, thus +named because of the cold current which washes it.</li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> +<b>Froes</b>, Manuel de Tovar, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li> +<b>Fumacongo</b>, (mfumu ekongo), a village (Cavazzi, 416).</li> +<li> +<b>Funerals</b>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> +<li> +<b>Funji.</b> <i>See</i> Engracia.</li> +<li> +<b>Furtado</b>, Tristão de Mendonça, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Gaga</b>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, are the Jaga.</li> +<li> +<b>Gale</b>, according to Pigafetta a lake giving rise to the river <i>Camissa</i>, rashly supposed to represent Lake Ngami, but copied from more ancient maps, upon which are to be read the names <i>Gale</i> (Galla), <i>Adia</i>, <i>Vaby</i> (Webi), etc. Hence a lake in the Galla country, south of Abyssinia.</li> +<li> +<b>Galla</b>, are not Jaga, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li> +<b>Gangella.</b> <i>See</i> Ngangela.</li> +<li> +<b>Gango</b>, river, 9.8 S., 75.5 E., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Gangue</b> (Gange), village near Masanganu, with church S. Antonio.</li> +<li> +<b>Garcia I.</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Garcia II.</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Garcia III.</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Geographical</b> explorers. <i>See</i> Aragão, Brito, Castro, Girolamo, of Montesarchio, Herder, Murça, Pacheco, Quadra and Roza: also pp. 119, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> +<li> +<b>Germanus</b>, Henricus Martellus, his map, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li> +<b>Giaghi</b>, an Italian mode of spelling Jagas.</li> +<li> +<b>Giannuario</b> of Nola, capuchin, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li> +<b>Gimbo Amburi.</b> <i>See</i> Njimbu a mbuji.</li> +<li> +<b>Gimdarlach</b>, a German miner, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li> +<b>Gindes</b> (Njinda), a name by which the Jaga are known, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li> +<b>Giovanni Francisco</b> of Valença, a capuchin, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li> +<b>Gipsies</b> in Angola, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +<li> +<b>Giribuma</b>, or Giringbomba, inland tribe. Perhaps the Buma, 3.0 S., 16.5 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Girolamo</b> of Montesarchio, a capuchin, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li> +<b>Glo-Amb Coambu</b>, supposed name of the capital of Angola, 142 <i>n.</i> Rev. Tho. Lewis suggests Kwambu, or Kiambu.</li> +<li> +<b>Goats</b>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li> +<b>Goes</b>, Damian de, quoted, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li> +<b>Goes</b>, João Braz de, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li> +<b>Goiva</b>, D. Antonio de, bishop, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li> +<b>Gola.</b> <i>See</i> Ngola.</li> +<li> +<b>Gold</b>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, 131</li> +<li> +<b>Golungo.</b> <i>See</i> Ngulungu.</li> +<li> +<b>Gomba.</b> <i>See</i> Ngombe</li> +<li> +<b>Gomez</b>, Luiz, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> +<b>Gonçalves.</b> <i>See</i> Alvares, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li> +<b>Gonga caanga</b> (Ngonga kaanga), chief of Nsela, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Gongha</b> (Ngonga), original name of Kasanje Kakinguri (Cavazzi, 773).</li> +<li> +<b>Gongo a mboa</b> (Ngongo a mbwa), supposed old name of Pungu-a-Ndongo, 143 <i>n.</i></li> +<li> +<b>Gongo</b> (Ngongo), a double bell, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> +<li> +<b>Gongon</b>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, on road from S. Salvador to Mbata. Perhaps <i>Gongo</i> (<i>Ngongo</i>), on the Kongo railway, 5.3 S., 14.8 E. Rev. Tho. Lewis suggests <i>Kongo dia Mbata</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> +<li> +<b>Gonsa</b>, or Gunza, river, of Battell, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, is the Kwanza.</li> +<li> +<b>Gorilla</b>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, 57.</li> +<li> +<b>Gouvea</b>, Francisco de, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li> +<b>Gouvea</b>, Antonio Gomez de, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ground-nuts</b>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li> +<b>Guerra preta</b>, “black warriors,” <i>i.e.</i>, the native militia.</li> +<li> +<b>Guerreira</b>, a Jesuit, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li> +<b>Gulta</b>, Ngulta, (D. Lopez), town S. W. of Masanganu.</li> +<li> +<b>Gumbiri</b>, fetish. <i>See</i> Ngumbiri.</li> +<li> +<b>Gunga bamba</b> (Ngunga mbamba), chief in Lubulo, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Gunza</b>, (Ngunza), on Pigafetta’s map a town S. of the river Longa, is undoubtedly Kangunze of Nsela.</li> +<li> +<b>Gunza a gombe</b>, (Ngunza a ngombe), a soba in Ndongo, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li> +<b>Güssfeld</b>, quoted, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> +<li> +<b>Guzambamba</b> (Ngunza a mbamba), soba in Hako, 10.3 S., 15.3 E., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Hako</b> (Oacca), country, 10.4 S., 15.5 E., <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Hamba</b> (Va-umba, or Umba) river, 8.0 S., 17.0 E., <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li> +<b>Hambo.</b> <i>See</i> Huambo.</li> +<li> +<b>Hary</b>, a district. <i>See</i> Ari.</li> +<li> +<b>Henrique</b>, the Cardinal-King of Portugal, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li> +<b>Henrique</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li> +<b>Henriques</b>, Rodrigo de Miranda, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li> +<b>Herder</b>, Johan, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li> +<b>Hiambo.</b> <i>See</i> Huambo.</li> +<li> +<b>Hindersen</b>, Jeems, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li> +<b>Hippopotami</b>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li> +<b>Hippopotamus Island</b>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, the Ilha dos cavalhos marinhos of the Portuguese, wrongly translated Isola Cavalli, or “Horse Island,” by Pigafetta. Perhaps identical with Battell’s Calabes Island. A “Hippopotamus Island” figures in the charts, 12.9 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Hobley</b>, quoted, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> +<b>Holy Ghost</b>, a village, on Luandu Island, 94 (called Espiritu Santo by D. Lopez), 8.8 S., 13.2 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Hombia ngymbe</b> (Hombia ngombe, equivalent to Wembo a ngombe in the S. Salvador dialect), a “prince” in Benguella, on the river Kuvu, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> +<li> +<b>Horse Island</b> (D. Lopez). <i>See</i> Hippopotamus Island.</li> +<li> +<b>Horses’</b> (zebras’) tails, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> +<li> +<b>Huambo</b> (Hambo, Hiambo), district or soba in Benguella, 13.1 S., 15.6 E.; gold found there, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> +<li> +<b>Huembo</b>, a province of Kongo (Paiva Manso, 50), perhaps Wembo.</li> +<li> +<b>Human</b> sacrifices, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Iakonda</b>, a tributary of the Kwanza (Cavazzi), probably to be looked for in the Kondo cataract, 9.9 S., 16.1 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Ibari</b> (Ybari), a kingdom whither the Portuguese traded (Garcia Mendes, 8). Rev. Tho. Lewis suggests that it refers to a place where <i>mbadi</i> cloth is made (the letters <i>r</i> and <i>d</i> being interchangeable, and <i>m</i> coming naturally before <i>b</i>). Sir H. Stanley (<i>Through the Dark Continent</i>, ii, 283, 320, 323) heard Kongo called <i>Ibari</i>, and subsequently was told of an Ibari Nkubu, or river of Nkutu. A. Sims (<i>Kiteke Vocabulary</i>) knows of a tribe Bakutu towards the Kasai. We believe the Ybari of G. Mendes to refer to the country about the Kwangu, whither Portuguese traders actually did go for cloth.</li> +<li> +<b>Icau</b> (Ikau), 8.5 S., 13.9 E., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li> +<b>Icolo</b> (Ikolo), district on lower Mbengu, 8.8 S., 13.6 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Ilha grande</b>, Brazil, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ilamba</b> (Lamba), Battell’s campaign in it, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> +<li> +<b>Imbangola</b>, identical with Bangala, 84 <i>n.</i></li> +<li> +<b>Imbondos</b> of Battell, 30 are the Mbundu of Angola.</li> +<li> +<b>Imbuella.</b> <i>See</i> Mbuila.</li> +<li> +<b>Imbuilla</b>, <i>recta</i>, Mbila, sepulture.</li> +<li> +<b>Incorimba.</b> <i>See</i> Kurimba.</li> +<li> +<b>Incussu.</b> <i>See</i> Nkusu.</li> +<li> +<b>Infanticide</b>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ingasia</b>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, 155. <i>See</i> Ngazi.</li> +<li> +<b>Ingombe.</b> <i>See</i> Ngombe.</li> +<li> +<b>Initiation</b> of native priests, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li> +<b>Innocent X</b>, Pope, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> +<b>Insandeira</b> (Nzanda), the tree planted by Ngola Kiluanji on Kwanza, 9.1 S., 13.4 E., <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li> +<b>Insandie</b>. <i>See</i> Nsande.</li> +<li> +<b>Iron</b>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ivory</b>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Jagas</b>, Battell’s account, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;<ul> +<li>origin, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</li> +<li>infanticide among them, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;</li> +<li>allies of the Portuguese, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</li> +<li>history of the Jaga of Kasangi, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</li> +<li>their invasion of Kongo in 1558, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Jesuits</b>, in Angola, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;<ul> +<li>in Kongo, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</li> +<li>Jesuit college, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</li> +<li>political intrigues, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</li> +<li>a legacy, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Jinga</b>. <i>See</i> Nzinge.</li> +<li> +<b>João II</b>, of Portugal, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li> +<b>João IV</b>, of Portugal, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li> +<b>João I</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li> +<b>João II</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li> +<b>João</b> of Mbula, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>João</b>, Manuel, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li> +<b>João de S. Maria</b>, Franciscan, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li> +<b>João Maria</b>, capuchin, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> +<li> +<b>John</b>. See João.</li> +<li> +<b>John Moritz</b> of Nassau. <i>See</i> Nassau.</li> +<li> +<b>Jol</b>, Cornelis Cornelisson, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li> +<b>José</b>, Duarte, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li> +<b>José</b>, Vicente, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Kabanda</b>, district in Motolo, on road to Mpemba mines (Garcia Mendes, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, 12);<ul> +<li>the Chabonda of D. Lopez, 8.7 S., 146 E., <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Kabangu</b>, (Cabengo), mani in Luangu, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kabasa</b>, capital, chief town, group of villages, 141 <i>n.</i></li> +<li> +<b>Kabasa</b>, Kakulu, 9.3 S., 14.9 E., <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;<ul> +<li>another chief Kakulu Kabasa, in 8.3 S., 15.3 E., in Banga mountains (map of Fr. Antonio Flores, 1867).</li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Kabeka</b> (Cabech), soba on the Kwanza, 9.5 S., 14.1 E., <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kabeza</b> (Cabezzo) district, 10.2 S., 15.0 E., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kabinda</b>, seaport, 5.5 S., 12.2 E., <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kabuku</b> (kia mbula), soba, 9.5 S., 15.0 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Kafuche</b> (Kafuche Kabara), 10.0 S., 14.4 E., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kahenda</b>, Kakulu, 8.9 S., 15 5 E., <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kakonda a velha</b>, 13.2 S., 14.0 E., <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> +<b>Kakonda</b>, 13.7 S., 15.1 E., <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kakongo</b>, kingdom, N. of Zaire, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kakongo</b>, (Kikongo), an aromatic wood, 16 <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kakulu</b>, the first-born of twins, a title in Angola. <i>See</i> Kimone.</li> +<li> +<b>Kakulu kia Nkangu</b> (Caculo quenacango), a soba in whose territory Kanzele was built (Garcia Mendes), 9.1 S., 13.8.</li> +<li> +<b>Kalandu</b>, ancestor of Queen Nzinga, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kalandula</b>, name or title among the Jaga, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kale</b>, Jesuit farm in Kisama, 9.1 S., 13.4 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Kalemba.</b> <i>See</i> Namba Calemba.</li> +<li> +<b>Kalumbu</b>, presidio, on Kwanza, 9.1 S., 13.5 E., <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;<ul> +<li>Jaga in Little Ngangele, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Kalungu</b>, soba at mouth of Koporolo, 12.9 S., 13.0 E., <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kalungu</b> (Calongo), Jaga, near Kasanji, 9.8 S., 18.1 E., <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kalungu</b> (Calango), 10.3 S., 14.6 E., <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kambambe</b>, presidio, 9.7 S., 14.6 E., <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kambe.</b> <i>See</i> Barbara.</li> +<li> +<b>Kambo</b>, river in Matamba, enters the Kwangu, 7.6 S., 17.3 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Kambulu</b>, a royal title in Matamba, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kamolemba</b>, village on road from Masanganu to Mbuila; perhaps Lembo, <i>q.v.</i></li> +<li> +<b>Kamuegi</b>, perhaps the Fumeji river of Capello and Ivens, 9.5 S., 15.5 E., <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kamundai</b>, village of Bangala (Neves); perhaps named from “mundai,” a tree which is supposed to protect against lightning.</li> +<li> +<b>Kangunze</b>, capital of Nsela, 11.2 S., 15.0 E., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kanguri</b>, or Kinguri, Jaga, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kanguana</b>, <i>See</i> Kinguana.</li> +<li> +<b>Kanzele</b> (Anzela), stockade, 9.0 S., 13.8 E., <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kasa</b>, Jaga, one of Queen Nzinga’s relations, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kasandama</b>, battery at S. Paulo de Loanda, 8.7 S., 13.2 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Kasanji</b>, Jagas, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, 175 <i>n.</i> Residence of the principal among them, about 9.6 S., 18.0 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Kasanji ka kínjuri</b>, Jaga, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> +<b>Kasanza</b> (Cazzanza), mani, 8.9 S., 13.7 E., <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kasinga</b>, river, tributary of the Barbela (D. Lopez).</li> +<li> +<b>Kasoko</b>, Kilombo of Kasanji ka Kinjuri, 9.7 S., 18.0 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Kaswea</b>, mani, 8.8 S., 13.6 E., <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> +<li> +<b>Katala</b>, soba in Kisama, 9.6 E., 14.1 S., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Katole</b>, three days from Mbanza or Matamba, 177. A village, Katala ka nzinga, on the river Kambo, 8.8 S., 16.6 E., was visited by Mechow (<i>Zeitsch. f. Erdk.</i>, 1882).</li> +<li> +<b>Kawala</b> (Caoalla), is Kisama, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kayá</b>, 4.8 S., 12.0 E.; <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kazanga</b>, island, 8.9 S., 13.0 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Kenga</b> (Kinga), the port of Luangu, 4.6 S., 118 E., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kesock</b>, mani, 2.8 S., 11.0 E., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kibangu</b>, temporary capital of Kongo, perhaps identical with an old “priests’” town (Kinganga), 6.9 S., 14.6 E., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kífangondo</b>, village on lower Mbengu, 8.6 S., 13.3 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Kíjila</b> (Quixille), the laws or customs of the Jaga, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kikombo</b>, bay, 11.3 S., 13.9 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Kilolo</b>, a warrior.</li> +<li> +<b>Kilombo</b>, “dwelling-place.” Cavazzi, p. 893, applies it to the residence of the Jaga.</li> +<li> +<b>Kilomba kia tubia</b>, chief in upper Ngulungu, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kilonga</b>, a soba, 158. A Kilonga kia Bango still live close to Kambambe, 9.6 S., 14.5 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Kiluanji kia Kanga</b> (Quiloange Acango), soba of upper Ngulungu, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kiluanji kia Kwangu</b>, according to Garcia Mendes, the chief whom Dias defeated, 143. <i>See</i> Kwangu.</li> +<li> +<b>Kiluanji kia Samb</b>a, title of kings of Ndongo. A small chief of that title still resides near Duque de Bragança, 141 <i>n.</i></li> +<li> +<b>Kimbadi</b> (Quimbazi), a small piece of cloth.</li> +<li> +<b>Kimbaka</b>, fort, stockade.</li> +<li> +<b>Kimbebe.</b> <i>See</i> Quimbebe.</li> +<li> +<b>Kimbundu.</b> <i>See</i> Binbundo.</li> +<li> +<b>Kimone kia Sanga</b>, principal chief of Kisama, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kina grande</b>, the “great sepulture,” 9.5 S., 17.7 E. (?), <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kinalunga</b>, or Kindonge (Quihindonga), islands in Kwanza river, 9.7 S., 15.8 E., <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> +<b>Kinda</b>, Jaga, 148 <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kindonga.</b> <i>See</i> Kinalunga.</li> +<li> +<b>Kinganga</b>, “priests’ town,” applied to old stations of the Roman Catholic missionaries.</li> +<li> +<b>Kinga</b> (Kenga), port of Luengu, 4.6 S., 11.8 E., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kingengo</b> (Chingengo or Quinguego). <i>See</i> Mutemu.</li> +<li> +<b>Kinguri</b> (Kanguri), a Jaga, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kinzambe</b>, ndembu at Koporolo mouth (Dapper), 12.9 S., 12.9 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Kioko</b>, tribe, 12.0 S., 18.0 E., <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kiowa</b> (Quiôa) duchy in Sonyo, 6.1 S., 13.0 E., <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kipaka</b>, a kraal, entrenchment.</li> +<li> +<b>Kipupa</b>, soba, 10.2 S., 18.7 E., <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kisala</b>, a steep mountain in Lit. Ngangela (Cavazzi, 771), 9.8 S., 17.9 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Kisama</b>, country S. of Kwanza, 9.3 S., 13.5 E., <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, 180. Another Kisama (Chizzema, Quesama on Pigafetta’s map) is said by D. Lopez to lie E. of Mpemba and Mbamba.</li> +<li> +<b>Kisamu</b> (Quisomo), village with chapel two leagues above Masanganu.</li> +<li> +<b>Kisembo</b>, 7.7 S., 13.1 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Kisembula</b> (Kuzambulo), a soothsayer, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kisengula</b>, a war hatchet, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kisengengele</b> (Quicequelle), soba in Masanganu district with church of S. Anna.</li> +<li> +<b>Kisutu</b> (Quixoto) village with church (N.S. do Desterro), in Masanganu district.</li> +<li> +<b>Kitaka</b>, island in the Kwanza, 9.8 S., 15.7 E., <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kitangombe</b>, “cattle dealer,” soba in Kisama, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kitata</b>, soba near Kakonda, 13.4 S., 15.1 E., <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kizua</b>, a soba in Kisama, 9.5 S., 14.1 E., <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li> +<b>Knivet</b>, Anthony, his credibility, x, travels, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>-101</li> +<li> +<b>Kole</b> (Cola, Icole), tributary of Lukala, 9.1 S., 16.1 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Kongo</b>, kingdom, history, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>-135;<ul> +<li>list of kings, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li> +<li>Battell’s visit to Kongo, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li> +<li>Kongo, river, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</li> +<li>Knivet’s visits, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Kongo dia Mulaza</b>, 6.0 S., 16.0 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Konko a bele</b> (Concobella), town. The confused account given of Girolamo of Montesarchio’s visit to that town, merely enables us to locate it on the northern bank of +<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> +the Zaire. The place was likewise visited by Luca of Caltanisetta (Zucchelli, xviii, 3).</li> +<li> +<b>Konzo</b>, one of the four days of the week, and hence applied to places where a market is held on that day.</li> +<li> +<b>Koporolo</b>, river, 12.9 S., 12.9 E., <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kuari.</b> <i>See</i> Coary.</li> +<li> +<b>Kuilu</b> (Quelle), river, 4.5 S., 11.7 E., <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kulachimba</b>, a warrior, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kulachinga</b>, a woman, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kulambo</b>, a Jaga, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kumbu ria Kaianga.</b> <i>See</i> Combre.</li> +<li> +<b>Kumba ria Kina</b>, 9.8 S., 14.7 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Kundi.</b> <i>See</i> Nkundi.</li> +<li> +<b>Kurimba</b>, or Kwimba? (Corimba, Incorimba), a district on the Kwangu, 6.0 S., 17.0 E., <a href="#Page_102">102</a>; another Kwimba, 6.1 S., 14.8 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Kurimba</b>, bar of, 8.9 S., 13.1 E., <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kuvu</b> (Covo), river, 10.9 S., 13.9 E., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kwangu</b>, river, formerly looked upon as the principal source stream of the Zaire (Zari anene, the “big river”). It joins the Kasai 3.2 S., 17.3 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Kwangu</b> (Ocango, Coango), kingdom, after which the river is named, 4.5 S., 17.0 E., <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li> +<b>Kwangu</b>, a minor district (Coanga) near Masanganu (Cavazzi, 440), 124. <i>See</i> Kiluanji kia Kwangu.</li> +<li> +<b>Kwanza</b> (Coanza), the “river of Ngola,” 9.3 S., 13.2 E., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Lacerda</b>, Carlos de, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li> +<b>Lacerda</b>, Dr. J. M. de, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> +<li> +<b>Laço</b>, Lopo Soares, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li> +<b>Laguos</b>, Estevaõ de, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li> +<b>Lake</b>, reported in Central Africa, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li> +<b>Lamba</b> (Ilamba), district, 9.3 S., 14.3 E., <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li> +<b>Longere</b>, a chief in Kisama, 9.9 S., 14.4 E., <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li> +<b>Lead</b>, discovered, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ledo</b>, cabo, 9.8 S., 13.3 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Lefumi</b>, river. <i>See</i> Lufune.</li> +<li> +<b>Leigh</b> in Essex, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></li> +<li> +<b>Leitão</b>, Manuel de Magalhães, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Lelunda</b>, river (D. Lopez), enters the sea 6.9 S., 12.8 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Lemba.</b> <i>See</i> Malemba.</li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> +<b>Lemba</b>, name of several villages or chiefs in Kongo (Kongo di Lemba, 6.2 S., 14.2 E.; Lemba, on coast, 8.3 S.; Lemba Mbamba, 7.5 S., 17.1 E.)</li> +<li> +<b>Lembo</b>, village near Masanganu, 9.5 S., 14.4 E., <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li> +<b>Lencastre</b>, D. João de, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li> +<b>Lendi</b>, province of Kongo. A village <i>Lendi</i>, S.S.E. of S. Salvador, in 6.6 S., 14.5 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Lewis</b>, Rev. Tho, quoted, xvii, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li> +<b>Libations</b>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> +<li> +<b>Libolo.</b> <i>See</i> Lubolo.</li> +<li> +<b>Light-horse</b> man, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li> +<b>Lima</b>, Lopez de, quoted, xx, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li> +<b>Limoeiro</b>, a prison at Lisbon, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li> +<b>Linschoten</b>, quoted, x, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> +<li> +<b>Livingstone</b>, quoted, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li> +<b>Loanda.</b> <i>See</i> Luandu.</li> +<li> +<b>Loango.</b> <i>See</i> Luangu.</li> +<li> +<b>Lobo</b>, Cabo do, with Cão’s pillar, now C. St. Maria, 13.4 S., <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> +<li> +<b>Logwood</b>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li> +<b>Loje</b>, river, 7.8 S., 13.2 E., <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> +<li> +<b>Longa</b>, river, 10.3 S., 13.6 E., <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> +<li> +<b>Longeri</b> (Loangele, or Luanjili), the royal tombs of Luangu, 4.6 S., 11.9 E., <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li> +<b>Longo Leuys</b>, river. <i>See</i> Luiza Luangu.</li> +<li> +<b>Lopez</b>, Alvaro, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li> +<b>Lopez</b>, Duarte, quoted, x, xix, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li> +<b>Lopo Gonçalves</b>, Cape, 0.6 S., <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li> +<b>Loze</b>, river. <i>See</i> Loje.</li> +<li> +<b>Luandu</b> (Loanda), 8.7 S., 13.2 E., <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;<ul> +<li>Dutch occupation, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>-4;</li> +<li>fortifications, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Luangu</b> (Loango) kingdom, 4.6 S., 11.8 E., <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;<ul> +<li>Battell in Luangu, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Luanjili.</b> <i>See</i> Longeri.</li> +<li> +<b>Lubolo</b> (Libolo), district, formerly of much wider extent, 10.0 S., 15.0 E., <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Luca</b> of Caltanisetta, visited Concobella (Zucchelli, xvii, 3)</li> +<li> +<b>Luchilu</b> (Luxilu), river W. of Pungu a ndongo, 9.7 S., 15.5 E., <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ludolfus</b>, his proposed map of Africa, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></li> +<li> +<b>Lueji</b>, princess of Lunda, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> +<li> +<b>Lufune</b> (Lefumi), river, entering sea in 8.3 S.</li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> +<b>Lui</b>, river, enters Kwangu in 8.3 S., 17.6 E., is the Luinene (“big Lui”), called Lunino by Cavazzi.</li> +<li> +<b>Luiza Luangu</b>, river (Lovanga Luise, Longo Luys), the Masabi, 5.0 S., 12.0 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Lukala</b>, river, tributary of Kwanza, 9.6 S., 14.2 E., <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li> +<b>Lukamba</b>, district and feira, 9.4 S., 15.5 E., <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li> +<b>Lukanza</b>, camp, W. of Ngwalema, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li> +<b>Lula</b>, province of Kongo (Paiva Manso, 244); the mbanza, 5.3 S., 15.7 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Lumbo</b>, or upper Ngulungu.</li> +<li> +<b>Lumbu.</b> <i>See</i> Panzalunbu.</li> +<li> +<b>Lusum</b>, river, crossed on road from Mpinda to S. Salvador. Perhaps the <i>Luzu</i>, a tributary of the Mpozo, 6.2 S., 14.0 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Lutatu</b>, river of Bembe (Cavazzi, 13), probably misprint for Cutato.</li> +<li> +<b>Luxilu.</b> <i>See</i> Luchilu.</li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Mabumbula</b> (Mbumbula), mwana of Mpangala, 6.1 S., 14.6 E., <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> +<li> +<b>Machimba</b>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, is probably identical with Muchima village.</li> +<li> +<b>Madureira</b>, Gaspar Borges de, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li> +<b>Magalhães</b>, Henrique Jaques, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li> +<b>Magyar</b>, Ladislas, quoted, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li> +<b>Maia</b>, Baptista de, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li> +<b>Maize</b>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li> +<b>Majinga</b>, Mwixi, a “man of Majinga,” a term of contempt for “Bushman” (Bentley, <i>Dictionary</i>, 364).</li> +<li> +<b>Makaria kia matamba</b>, village, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li> +<b>Makella colonge</b>, chief, 9.8 S., 15.4 E., <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> +<li> +<b>Makoko</b>, title of the King of the Bateke (Anzicana), perhaps more correctly given as Nkaka, a title of respect, lit. “grandfather,” <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li> +<b>Makota</b> (plur. rikota), counsellor of a chief.</li> +<li> +<b>Makunde</b> (Makumbe), 9.6 S., 14.2 E., <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li> +<b>Makuta</b>, perhaps 6.3 S., 13.0 E.; surrendered to Sonyo, 125. There are other localities of the same name.</li> +<li> +<b>Malemba</b> (Lemba), a kingdom, 11.4 S., 17.0 E., <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li> +<b>Malomba</b> (D. Lopez), seems to be a misprint for Malumba.</li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> +<b>Malombe</b>, a “great lord” in Kisama, 9.8 S., 14.2 E., <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mamboma</b>, an official in Luangu, 59 <i>n.</i></li> +<li> +<b>Mambumba</b> (D. Lopez), between river Loje and Onzo, the same as Mani Mbumbi.</li> +<li> +<b>Manuel</b>, King of Portugal, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li> +<b>Manuel</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li> +<b>Manuel</b>, brother of Affonso I, of Kongo, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mangroves</b>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> +<li> +<b>Manso</b>, Paiva, quoted, xviii, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li> +<b>Maopongo</b> (Cavazzi), a corrupt spelling of Mpungu a ndongo.</li> +<li> +<b>Maps</b>, illustrating this volume, xv.</li> +<li> +<b>Maramara</b>, river, between S. Salvador and Kibangu (P. Manso), 351</li> +<li> +<b>Maramba</b>, fetish in Yumba, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li> +<b>Maravi</b>, they are Zimbas and not Jagas, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li> +<b>Marcador dos esclaves</b>, an officer charged with “branding” the slaves.</li> +<li> +<b>Margarita</b> stone, 15. Garcia Simões, the Jesuit, in 1575, says that “provisions are bought for cloth and margaridit.” Rev. Tho. Lewis suggests <i>Ngameta</i>, a special kind of beads. It is just possible that these “stones” may be perforated quartz-pebbles, worn as beads, such as were recently discovered by Mr. Hobley in Kavirondo, where they are highly valued. They are found after thunder-storms, and of unknown antiquity.</li> +<li> +<b>Masanganu</b>, presidio, 9.6 S., 14.3 E., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mascarenhas</b>, bishop Simão de, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li> +<b>Masicongo</b> (Muizi Kongo), a Kongo man, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> +<li> +<b>Masongo</b>, a “kingdom,” the country of the Songo, 11.0 S., 13.0 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Masinga</b>, a “kingdom;” perhaps Majinga (<i>q.v.</i>), hardly to be identified with the Chinge, beyond the Kwangu.</li> +<li> +<b>Matama</b>, King of Quimbebe (D. Lopez). Perhaps identical with Matimu. <i>See</i> Quimbebe.</li> +<li> +<b>Matamba</b>, kingdom, 7.5 S., 16.5 E., <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li> +<b>Matamba Kalombo</b>, King of Matamba, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> +<b>Matambulas</b>, the spirits of the King of Kongo’s ancestors, 116 <i>n.</i></li> +<li> +<b>Matapa</b> (D. Lopez), stands for Monomatapa, <i>q. v.</i></li> +<li> +<b>Matari</b> (Matadi). There are many villages of that name. Cavazzi’s Matari, on road to Nsundi, 5.8 S., 14.6 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Matimu</b>, soba, in Ngangela, battle, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li> +<b>Matimbas</b> (Batumba), or pygmies, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li> +<b>Matinga</b>, a town 60 miles N. E. of Cabo do Palmar (D. Lopez).</li> +<li> +<b>Matos</b>, Simão de, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> +<li> +<b>Matta</b>, Cordeira da, quoted, xx, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mattos</b>, R. J. da Costa, quoted, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> +<li> +<b>Maxilongos</b>, the people of Sonyo (Paiva Manso, 350), should be Osolongo, or Musurongo.</li> +<li> +<b>Mayombe</b> (Yumba), country, 3.3 S., 10.7 E., <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mbaji</b>, a “palaver place,” corrupted into Ambassi. <i>See</i> S. Salvador.</li> +<li> +<b>Mbaka</b> (Ambaca), first fort, 9.4 S., 14.7 E., <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;<ul> +<li>new fort, 9.3 S., 15.4 E., <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Mbakambaka</b>. <i>See</i> Bakkebakke.</li> +<li> +<b>Mbale</b> (Mombales), 6.5 S., 12.7 E., <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mbalundu</b> (Bailundo), 12.2 S., 15.7 E., <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mbamba</b>, province of Kongo, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, 123. The chief Mbanza is probably identical with Kiballa, 7.5 S., 14.0 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Mbamba</b> (Dapper, 577), district of Lamba, 9.1 S., 14.0 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Mbamba a mpungu</b>, village on river Mbengu (Garcia Mendes, ii), 8.9 S., 14.1 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Mbamba Tunga</b>, soba, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mbanza</b>, residence of a chief or king.</li> +<li> +<b>Mbata</b>, province of Kongo, capital, 5.8 S., 15.4 E., <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mbemba</b>, same as Mpemba, or Mbamba, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mbembe.</b> <i>See</i> Bembe.</li> +<li> +<b>Mbengu</b> (Bengo), river, 5.7 S., 13.3 E., <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mbila</b>, sepulture, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mbiriji</b> (Ambriz), river, 7.3 S., 12.9 E., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mbuila</b> (Ambuila), 8.0 S., 15.7 E., <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mbuila amduwa</b> (Ambuila dua, 168)</li> +<li> +<b>Mbuku</b> (Buck), 4.9 S., 12.3 E.; and many others of the same name.</li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> +<b>Mbula</b>, one of royal residences of Kongo, perhaps 5.2 S., 15.0 E., <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mbula matadi</b>, D. Francisco, carried off by the Devil, 121. There are several villages named Matadi or Matari (“stones”), and a mbula matari lies beyond the Zaire in 5.5 S., 13.4 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Mbumba a ndala</b>, soba in Angola, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mbumbi</b>, soba in Mbamba, 7.9 S., 13.6 E., <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mbundu</b>, root of a species of strychnos, 59 <i>n.</i></li> +<li> +<b>Mbwela</b> (Amboelle), 7.8 S., 15.0 E., (F. de Salles Ferreira, <i>An. do Cons. ultr.</i>, ii, 1859, p. 59), <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mechow</b>, Major, quoted, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mello da Cunha</b>, Vasco de, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mello</b>, Fernão de, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mendes Castellobranco</b>, Garcia, quoted xvii, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>-147, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mendes</b>, Pedro, quoted, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mendes</b>, Ruy, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mendonça</b>, João Furtado de, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mendonça</b>, Antonio Texeira de, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li> +<b>Menezes</b>, Gonçalo de Alcaçova Carneiro Carvalho da Costa de, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li> +<b>Menezes</b>, Luis Cesar de, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li> +<b>Menezes</b>, Gonçalo da Costa de Alcaçova Carneiro de, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li> +<b>Menezes</b>, Pedro Cezar de, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>-173, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li> +<b>Menezes e Souza</b>, Ayres de Saldanha de, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li> +<b>Merolla</b>, Girolamo, of Sorrento, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li> +<b>Messa</b> (D. Lopez) is a town in Morocco.</li> +<li> +<b>Mfinda a ngulu</b>, forest between Sonyo and S. Salvador, 6.2 S., 13.2 E., <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mfinda a nkongo</b> (P. Manso, 355), perhaps E. of Lukunga, 5.2 S., 14.2 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Mfuma ngongo</b>, 6.3 S., 13.5 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Miguel</b>, Roque de, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li> +<b>Military</b> organisation, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></li> +<li> +<b>Millet</b>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mimos</b>, synonym of Bakkebakke (Dapper).</li> +<li> +<b>Miracles</b>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, 124 <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li> +<b>Miranda</b>, Antonio de, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li> +<li><b>Missions</b> in Kongo, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;<ul> +<li>destruction of fetishes, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> +scandalous conduct, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</li> +<li>small results, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</li> +<li>heretic Dutchmen, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</li> +<li>troubles in Sonyo, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</li> +<li>failure in Kongo, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> +<li>mission in Angola, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Mo-.</b> <i>See</i> Mu-.</li> +<li> +<b>Moanda</b>, 5.9 S., 12.3 E., <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mocata.</b> <i>See</i> Makuta.</li> +<li> +<b>Mocicongo</b> (D. Lopez), should be mwizi-Kongo, a native of Kongo (plur. Ezikongo).</li> +<li> +<b>Mococke</b>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, a corrupt spelling of Makoko.</li> +<li> +<b>Modiku</b>, islands in upper Kwanza, 9.7 S., 15.9 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Moenemugi</b> (Mwene muji), “Lord of villages” in the country of the Maravi, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mofarigosat</b>, a “lord” in Benguella, 10.9 S., 14.1 E., <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> +<li> +<b>Moko a nguba</b>, mani, in Kongo (Paiva Manso), <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mols</b>, Fort, 9.3 S., 13.2 E., <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li> +<b>Molua</b>, frequently used as a synonym for Lunda, means “carrier of information” (Carvalho, <i>Ethnographia</i>), <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mombales</b> (Mbale), 6.5 S., 12.7 E., <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> +<li> +<b>Monomatapa</b> (Mwanamtapa), the famous empire to the E. of the Zambesi.</li> +<li> +<b>Monsobos</b> (D. Lopez), elsewhere called Muzombi. They are the Zombo of Mbata.</li> +<li> +<b>Monsul</b>, capital of the Makoko, a corruption of Monjol, “scratch-faces” (?)</li> +<li> +<b>Monte di Ferro.</b> <i>See</i> Ferro.</li> +<li> +<b>Monteiro</b>, quoted, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> +<li> +<b>Monte negro</b>, with Cão’s pillar, 15.7 S., <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> +<li> +<b>Montes queimados</b>, “burnt mountains” (D. Lopez), 6.9 S., 15.1 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Monti freddi</b>, and Nevosi (D. Lopez). <i>See</i> Fria.</li> +<li> +<b>Moon</b>, Mountains of the; these fabulous mountains, on Pigafetta’s map, rise in 25.0 S.</li> +<li> +<b>Moraes</b>, Antonia Texeira de, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li> +<b>Morales</b>, Diogo Gomez de, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Morales</b>, Diogo Mendez de, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li> +<b>Morim</b>, Lourenço de Barros, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li> +<b>Moriscoes</b>, or Moormen, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></li> +<li> +<b>Morombes</b>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, a misprint for Mayumbas (?).</li> +<li> +<b>Morro de Benguella</b>, 10.8 S., 13.7 E., <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> +<b>Morumba</b>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, a town 30 leagues N. of Luangu; should be Mayumba (?).</li> +<li> +<b>Moseche</b>. <i>See</i> Museke.</li> +<li> +<b>Mosombi</b>. <i>See</i> Zombo.</li> +<li> +<b>Mosul</b>. <i>See</i> Musulu.</li> +<li> +<b>Motemmo</b>. <i>See</i> Mutemu.</li> +<li> +<b>Motolo</b>, an inland district in Mbamba, N. of the Mbengu or Dande (D. Lopez);<ul> +<li>Kabanda is in Motolo (Garcia Mendes), 8.7 S., 14.6 E.</li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Mpangala</b>, district in Kongo, 6.0 S., 14.6 E., <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mpangu</b>, or <b>Ulolo</b>, on road from Nsundi to Mbata, 5.4 S., 14.9 E. (?)</li> +<li> +<b>Mpangu</b> (Panga), a lordship bestowed upon the bishop D. Henrique, in 1625 (Paiva Manso, 51), seems to be identical with Mpangu-lungu.</li> +<li> +<b>Mpangu-lungu</b>, the Pango or Pangalungo of Cavazzi, S. 454, and D. Lopez, variously spelt Pangelungu or Pamzelungua in King Affonso’s letters (Paiva Manso, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, 41), is undoubtedly a district on the lower Kongo, bordering upon the country of the Musurongo. There are numerous villages called Mpangu, several of which are indicated upon our map, but the Mbanza of Mpangu, according to Lopez, was near the river Barbela, which is another name for the Kongo. <i>See also</i> Mpanzu alumbu, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> +<li> +<b>Mpanzu-alumbu</b> (Panzu or Pazoalumbu) a village or district on the lower Kongo, either in Mpangu-lungu or that district itself. King Affonso (Paiva Manso, 50) calls himself “Lord of the Conquest of Pazoallumbo,” and does not mention Pangalungu, which certainly was a district incorporated with Kongo in his day. Bastian (<i>Exped. an der Loangoküste</i>, i, 289), mentions a village Mpanzo, and another Mpanzo mfinda (“Mpanzo in the Wood”) as being near Sonyo. Mpangu and Mpanzu may possibly be interchangeable, just as Lopez gives the name of Mpango to the fourth king of Kongo, whom others call Mpanzu, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mpanzu anzinga</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mpemba</b>, province of Kongo, capital, 7.1 S., 14.8 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Mpemba-kasi</b>, district around S. Salvador, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mpinda</b>, 6.1 S., 12.4 E., <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> +<b>Mpozo</b>, river, enters Kongo at Matadi, 5.8 S., 13.5 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Mpunga</b>, an ivory trumpet. <i>See</i> Ponge.</li> +<li> +<b>Mubela</b>, village with chapel, in Bengo (Mbengu.)</li> +<li> +<b>Muchima</b>, presidio and soba, 9.4 S., 13.9 E., <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mucondo.</b> <i>See</i> Nkondo.</li> +<li> +<b>Muene</b>, in Angole, a title, lord, owner. Ngana (Nga-) is a synonym.</li> +<li> +<b>Mugi.</b> <i>See</i> Muzi.</li> +<li> +<b>Mukimba</b>, cattle-breeders in hills of Benguella, 14.0 S., 13.0 E., <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mulato</b> children, born white, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mulaza</b> (Kongo dia Mulaza) 6.0 S., 16.3 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Mundequetes</b>, derived from Nteke, <i>plur.</i> Manteke or Anazinteke, our Bateke.</li> +<li> +<b>Muongo Matamba</b>, queen, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li> +<b>Murça</b>, Francisco de, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li> +<b>Muromba</b>, river N. of Felippe de Benguella, perhaps the Balombo, 11.0 S., 13.8 E., <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li> +<b>Musasa</b>, the wife of Dongy, a Jaga, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li> +<b>Museke</b>, “farm,” or country-house, and hence used to denote the vicinity of a town. There is thus a Museke of Luandu, a Museke of Masanganu, etc., <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li> +<b>Muswalu</b>, province of Kougo, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li> +<b>Musuku</b>, province of Kongo, 112. The Maungu, a tribe extending eastward across the Kwangu (8.0 S.), are also known as Musuku; a village Musuku lies on the lower Zaire.</li> +<li> +<b>Musulu</b> (Mosul), 8.5 S., 13.3 E., <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> +<li> +<b>Musurongo</b>, or Asolongo, the people of Sonyo, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mutemu</b>, Ndembu, at head of navigation of the Lufune, 8.2 S., 14.3 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Mutemu Kavongonge</b>, 8.2 S., 15.3 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Mutemukingengo</b>, ndembu, about 7.9 S., 15.0 E., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mutiny</b> at Luandu, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;<ul> +<li>at Masanganu, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Muyilu</b>, province of Kongo, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li> +<b>Muzombi</b> (D. Lopez), are the Zombo in Mbatu, 5.8 S., 15.5 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Muzi zemba</b> (Muge azemba), soba in Lamba, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li> +<b>Mwana</b>, in Kongo, a title, son; mwana, a ntinu, prince; <i>synonyms</i> are Muene, Muata, Ngana. Mani is a corruption.</li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> +<b>Mwana mtapa</b>, famous empire on lower Zambezi, described as Benemotapa, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Nabo angungo</b>. <i>See</i> Nambu a ngongo.</li> +<li> +<b>Nambu Calamba</b> (Nambua kalambu), village, 14. Dapper, 397, mentions Namboa and Kalumba as two separate but contiguous districts east of Ikolo, about 8.9 S., 13.7 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Nambu a ngongo</b> (Uambo ngongo?) 8.1 S., 14.3 E.;<ul> +<li>invaded by Portuguese, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</li> +<li>rebellion, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, 180.</li> +<li>Another soba of that name lives in Kisama, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Nassau</b>, John Moritz of, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ndala</b>. <i>See</i> Andala.</li> +<li> +<b>Native</b> policy of the Portuguese, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ndamba</b> (Damba), district in Kongo, 6.7 S., 15.2 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Ndamba</b> (Dambe) a ndembu, 7.8 S., 14.7 E., <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ndamba</b>, a musical instrument, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ndangi</b> (Danji), island in Kwanza, 9.8 S., 15.5 E. ? <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ndemba</b> (Demba of Battell, erroneously called Adenda), salt mines in Kisama, 9.9 S., 13.8 E., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ndembu</b> (plur. jindembu), potentate. The commonwealth of these home-*rulers lies to the N. of the Dande, 8.2 S., 15.0 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Ndombe</b> (Dombe), country around S. Felippe de Benguella, 13.0 S., 13.3 E., <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ndondo</b>, feira, 9.7 S., 14.5 E., <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ndonga</b>, a soba in Ndongo, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ndongo</b> (the native name of Angola),<ul> +<li>early history, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li>list of kings, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Ndundu</b>, or Albinos, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li> +<b>Negreiros</b>, André Vidal de, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li> +<b>Negro</b>, Cabo, 15.7 S., <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li> +<li> +<b>Negro</b>, Cabo, 3.2. S., 10.5 E., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li> +<b>Neves</b>, Capt. A. R., quoted, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> +<li> +<b>Nevosi</b>, monti. <i>See</i> Fria, monti.</li> +<li> +<b>Nganga</b>, a wise man, medicine-man, priest.</li> +<li> +<b>Ngangela</b> (Ganguella), a nickname for the inland tribes. Little Ngangela is identical with the Bangala country, 9.5 S., 17.7 E., <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngazi</b> (Ingasia of Battell), 8.8 S. 14.2 E., <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> +<li> +<b>Nginga</b>. <i>See</i> Nzinga.</li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> +<b>Ngola</b>, title or name of kings of Ndongo.</li> +<li> +<b>Ngola ari</b>, king, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngola Bumbumbula</b>, founder of kingdom of Ndongo, 142 <i>n.</i></li> +<li> +<b>Ngola a nzinga</b>, jaga of Matamba, 142 <i>n.</i></li> +<li> +<b>Ngola ineve</b>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngola kabuku</b>, soba in Kisama, 180.<ul> +<li>Another Kabuku now lives on the Lukala, 9.4 S., 15.0 E.</li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Ngola kalungu</b>, a soba near Kambambe, 9.8 S., 14.6 E., <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngola kanini</b>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngola kiluanji</b>, 142 <i>n.</i> <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngola kiluanji kia Samba</b>, full title of kings. A chief of that title occupied site of Duque de Bragança, 8.9 S., 16.* E., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, 141 <i>n.</i></li> +<li> +<b>Ngola kitumba</b>, soba in Lubolo, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngola mbandi</b>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngola ndambi</b>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngola njimbu</b> (Golla gimbo), near Kakonda, in Benguella, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngola njinga mbandi</b>, king, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngola’s</b> river (the Kwanza), <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngola Ngolome a kundu</b>, a soba on the Kwanza, 9.5 S., 14.2 E., <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngolome</b>, a soba on the Kwanza, 9.4 S., 14.2 E., <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngolome aquitamboa.</b> <i>See</i> Ngwalema.</li> +<li> +<b>Ngolome a kayiti.</b> <i>See</i> Ngwalema.</li> +<li> +<b>Ngombe</b> (Ingombe), chief town of Ngazi, 8.8 S., 14.3 E., <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngombe a muchana</b>, 8.4 S., 13.5 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Ngombe kabonde</b>, 8.7 S., 13.7 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Ngongo.</b> <i>See</i> Gongon, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngongo</b>, a chief in Lubolo, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngongo ka anga</b> (Kanga) of Nsela (Shella), <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngoya</b> (Angoy), kingdom, 5.6 S., 12.3 E., <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngulungu</b> (Golungo), a region between the Lukala and Mbengu, 9.0 S., 14.5 E., <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngumbiri</b>, fetish, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngunga mbamba</b>, soba in Lubolo, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngunza a ngombe</b>, chief in Ndongo, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngunza a mbamba</b>, in Hako, 10.3 S., 15.3 E., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngwalema</b> (Ngolome) <b>a Kayitu</b>, soba in Ngulungu, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ngwalema a kitambu</b>, the Ngolome akitambwa of V. J. Duarte (<i>An. do cons ultram.</i>, ii, p. 123), and the +<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> +Anguolome aquitambo of Garcia Mendes, 9.1 S., 15.8 E., <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li> +<b>Njimbu</b>, native name for cowries.</li> +<li> +<b>Njimbu a mbuji</b> (Gimbo Amburi) a fetish place, about 5.9 S., 14.5 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Nkanda Kongo</b>, of Girolamo of Montesarchio, is perhaps identical with a modern village, Nkandu, 4.8 S., 14.9 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Nkandu</b>, one of the four days of the Kongo week, and hence applied to a place where a market is held on that day.</li> +<li> +<b>Nkishi.</b> <i>See</i> Fetish.</li> +<li> +<b>Nkondo</b> (Mucondo), district between Sonyo and Kibango, 16.7 S., 14.1 E., <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li> +<li> +<b>Nkanga.</b> <i>See</i> Cango.</li> +<li> +<b>Nkundi</b> (Kundi), female chief in Kwangu, 4.7 S., 16.8 E., <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li> +<b>Nkusu</b> (Incussu), <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, district in Kongo, 6.7 S., 15.0 E., <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li> +<b>Nogueira</b>, A. F., quoted, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +<li> +<b>Nombo</b> (Numbu), river, enters Xilungu Bay, 4.3 S., 11.4 E., <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> +<li> +<b>Nsaku</b> (Caçuto) Cão’s hostage, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li> +<b>Nsata</b>, a district in Kongo, 7.8 S., 16.0 E., <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li> +<b>Nsanda.</b> <i>See</i> Banyan tree.</li> +<li> +<b>Nsanga</b>, of Girolamo Montesarchio, is perhaps identical with a modern village, Nsanga, 4.7 S., 15.2 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Nsela</b> (Sheila), district, 11.3 S., 15.0 E., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Nsongo</b>, a province of Mbata (Cavazzi, 6), 4.4 S., 16.5 E.?</li> +<li> +<b>Nsonso</b> (Zucchelli, xvii, 3), a district above Nsundi, the capital of which is Incombella (Konko a bela).</li> +<li> +<b>Nsoso</b> (Nsusu), a province of Mbata, 6.7 S., 15.5 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Nsundi</b> (Sundi), province of Kongo, capital perhaps, 5.2 S., 14.3 E., <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ntinu</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ntotela</b>, title of King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li> +<b>Nua Nukole</b> (Nuvla nukole), river, (<i>nua</i>, mouth), 10.2 S., 15.4 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Numbi.</b> <i>See</i> Nombo.</li> +<li> +<b>Nzari</b>, or Nzadi, “great river,” applied to the river Kongo (Zaire) and its tributaries.</li> +<li> +<b>Nzenza</b>, said to be the proper name of the river Mbengu, and is also the name of several districts, as Nzenza of Ngulungu, the chief place of which is Kalungembo, +<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> +9.2 S., 14.2 E. <i>Nzenza</i> means river-margin; <i>Nzanza,</i> table-land.</li> +<li> +<b>Nzenza a ngombe</b>, a Jaga in Ndongo, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li> +<b>Nzinga a mona</b> (D. Antonio Carrasco), king, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li> +<b>Nzinga mbandi ngola</b> (D. Anna de Souza), the famous queen, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li> +<b>Nzinga mbandi ngolo</b>, kiluanji, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Oacco.</b> <i>See</i> Hako.</li> +<li> +<b>Oarij.</b> <i>See</i> Ari.</li> +<li> +<b>Ocango.</b> <i>See</i> Kwangu.</li> +<li> +<b>Offerings</b>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> +<li> +<b>Oliveira</b>, Manuel Jorge d’, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li> +<b>Oliveira</b>, bishop João Franco de, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li> +<b>Oloe</b>, a river, which on the map of D. Lopez, flows past S. Salvador, and enters the Lilunda (Lunda)—an impossibility. The river flowing past S. Salvador is the Luezi.</li> +<li> +<b>Onzo</b>, or Ozoni (D. Lopez), 8.2 S., 13.3 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Orta</b>, Garcia d’, quoted, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ostrich eggs</b>, beads, 31. Mr. Hobley suggests to me that these may merely be discs cut out of the shell of ostrich eggs and then perforated, such as he saw used as ornaments in Kavirondo.</li> +<li> +<b>Ouuando</b>, seems to be a region to the N. of Encoge and the river Loje. Rebello de Aragão, p. 20, calls it <i>Oombo</i> (Wumbo) and says the copper mines of Mpemba are situated within it. J. C. Carneiro (<i>An. do cons. ultr</i>, ii, 1861, p. 172) says that the proper name is <i>Uhamba</i> (pronounced Wamba) <i>or</i> Ubamba. Dapper calls it <i>Oando</i> (pronounced Wando). Rev. Thos. Lewis tells me that the natives pronounce d, b, and v quite indistinctly, and suggests <i>Wembo</i>. He rejects <i>Ubamba</i> as a synonym. From all this we may accept Wembo, Wandu, or Wanbo as synonymous. <i>See</i> Wembo.</li> +<li> +<b>Oulanga.</b> <i>See</i> Wanga.</li> +<li> +<b>Outeiro</b>, the “Hill,” a vulgar designation of S. Salvador.</li> +<li> +<b>Ozoni.</b> <i>See</i> Onzo.</li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Pacheco</b>, Manuel, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li> +<b>Padrão</b>, Cabo do, at Kongo mouth, 6.1 S., 12.4 E., <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li> +<b>Palm cloth</b>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li> +<b>Palm oil</b>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> +<li> +<b>Palm wine</b>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> +<b>Palm trees</b>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> +<li> +<b>Palmar</b>, Cabo or Punta do, 5.6 S., 12.1 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Palmas</b>, Cabo das, on Guinea coast, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> +<li> +<b>Palongola</b>, a village one mile outside S. Salvador (Cavazzi.) No such village exists now.</li> +<li> +<b>Palongola</b>, kilombo of Kasanji ka Kinjuri in Little Ngangela (Cavazzi, 42, 781, 793).</li> +<li> +<b>Pampus Bay</b>, Dutch name given to S. Antonio Bay at Kongo mouth, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pangu.</b> <i>See</i> Mpangu.</li> +<li> +<b>Panzu.</b> <i>See</i> Mpanzu.</li> +<li> +<b>Parrots</b>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li> +<li> +<b>Partridges</b>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li> +<b>Paul III</b>, Pope, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> +<li> +<b>Peacocks</b>, sacred birds, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> +<li> +<b>Peas</b>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pechuel-Loesche</b>, quoted, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pedras da Ambuila</b>, are the Pedras de Nkoski, or the “Roca” S. of the Presidio de Encoge, 7.7 S., 15.4 E., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pedro</b>, King of Portugal, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pedro I</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pedro II</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pedro III</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pedro IV</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pedro Constantino</b>, King of Kongo, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pedro</b>, Dom, negro ambassador to Portugal, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pegado</b>, Captain Ruy, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li> +<b>Peixoto</b>, Antonio Lopez, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li> +<b>Peixoto</b>, Manuel Freis, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pelicans</b>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pemba.</b> <i>See</i> Mpemba.</li> +<li> +<b>Penedo de Bruto</b>, 9.1 S., 13.7 E., <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pereira</b>, Andre Fereira, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pereira</b>, Luiz Ferreira, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pereira</b>, Manuel Cerveira, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pete</b> (puita), a musical instrument, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pheasants</b>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li> +<b>Philip</b> of Spain, King of Portugal, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li> +<b>Philip II</b>, King of Portugal, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li> +<b>Phillips</b>, R. C., quoted, xvii, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pigafetta</b>, quoted, x, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>. <i>See</i> also Lopez.</li> +<li> +<b>Pimental</b>, quoted, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> +<b>Pina</b>, Ruy de, quoted, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pinda.</b> <i>See</i> Mpinda.</li> +<li> +<b>Pinto</b>, Serpo, quoted, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pirates</b>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li> +<b>Piri</b>, the lowland of Luangu, inhabited by the Bavili.</li> +<li> +<b>Pitta</b>, Antonio Gonçalves, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li> +<b>Plata</b>, Rio de la, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> +<li> +<b>Plymouth</b>, departure, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> +<li> +<b>Poison</b> ordeals, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pongo</b> (Mpunga), an ivory trumpet, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pontes</b>, Vicente Pegado de, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li> +<b>Portuguese</b> knowledge of inner Africa, xv;<ul> +<li>massacre of Portuguese in Angola, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li> +<li>in Kongo, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Poultry</b>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li> +<b>Prata</b>, Serra da, the supposed “silver mountain” near Kambambe, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> +<li> +<b>Prazo</b>, Porto do, the bay of the Kongo.</li> +<li> +<b>Prohibitions.</b> <i>See</i> Tabu.</li> +<li> +<b>Proyart</b>, quoted, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pumbeiros</b> (from <i>Pumbelu</i>, hawker), in Kongo, the country of the Avumbu, the trading district about Stanley Pool is known as Mpumbu (Bentley). <i>See</i> p. 164 for “Shoeless Pumbeiros.”</li> +<li> +<b>Punga</b>, an ivory trumpet. <i>See</i> Pongo.</li> +<li> +<b>Purchas</b>, as editor, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pungu a ndongo</b>, 9.7 S., 15.5. E., <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li> +<b>Pygmies</b>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Quadra</b>, Gregòrio de, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> +<li> +<b>Quelle</b> (Kuilu), river, 4.5 S., 11.7 E., <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li> +<b>Quesama.</b> <i>See</i> Kisama.</li> +<li> +<b>Queimados</b>, serras, “burnt mountains” (D. Lopez), about 6.9 S., 15.3 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Quesanga</b>, a fetish, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> +<li> +<b>Qui-.</b> <i>See</i> Ki.</li> +<li> +<b>Quigoango.</b> <i>See</i> Kinkwango.</li> +<li> +<b>Quina</b> (Kina), sepulture, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li> +<b>Quiôa.</b> <i>See</i> Kiowa.</li> +<li> +<b>Quisama.</b> <i>See</i> Kisama.</li> +<li> +<b>Quimbebe</b> of D. Lopez, I believe ought to have been spelt Quimbēbe (pron. Kimbembe), and to be identical with Cavazzi’s wide district of Bembe (Mbembe). Its king, Matama, may have been the Matima (Mathemo) near whose Kilombo Queen Nzinga was defeated, p. 166. The Beshimba, or Basimba (Nogueira, <i>A raça negra</i>, 1881, p. 98) have nothing to do with this Kimbembe, but may have given origin +<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> +to the Cimbebasia of the missionaries. <i>See</i> Bembe.</li> +<li> +<b>Quingi.</b> <i>See</i> Kinti.</li> +<li> +<b>Quinguego</b> (D. Lopez). <i>See</i> Kingengo.</li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Rafael</b>, king of Kongo, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> +<li> +<b>Raft</b>, built by Battell, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> +<li> +<b>Rain-making</b> in Luangu, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li> +<b>Rangel</b>, D. Miguel Baptista, bishop, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li> +<b>Rapozo</b>, Luiz Mendes, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li> +<b>Rebello</b>, Pedro Alvares, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> +<li> +<b>Resende</b>, Garcia de, quoted, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li> +<b>Revenue</b>, administrative reforms, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ribeiro</b>, Christovão, Jesuit, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ribeiro</b>, Gonçalo Rodrigues, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> +<li> +<b>Rimba</b>, district, 11.5 S., 14.5 E., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Rio de Janiero</b>, 6.</li> +<li> +“<b>Roebuck</b>,” voyage of, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> +<li> +<b>Rolas</b>, Ilheo das, islet off S. Thomé, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> +<li> +<b>Roza</b>, José de, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Sá</b>, Diogo Rodrigo de, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li> +<li> +<b>Sá</b>, Salvador Corrêa de, governor of Rio, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> +<li> +<b>Sá de Benevides</b>, Salvador Corrêa de, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li> +<b>Sabalo</b>, inland town S.-E., of Sela (D. Lopez).</li> +<li> +<b>Sakeda</b>, mbanza in Lubolo, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Salag</b>, mani, 50. Dennett suggests <i>Salanganga</i>, Rev. Tho. Lewis <i>Salenga</i>.</li> +<li> +<b>Salaries</b> of officials in 1607, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> +<li> +<b>Saldanha de Menezes e Sousa</b>, Ayres de, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li> +<b>Saltpeter</b> mountains (Serras de Salnitre), of D. Lopez, are far inland, to the east of the Barbela.</li> +<li> +<b>Salt mines</b>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li> +<b>Samanibanza</b>, village in Mbamba, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> +<li> +<b>Santa Cruz</b> of Tenerife, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> +<li> +<b>S. Cruz</b>, abandoned fort on the Kwanza, perhaps at Isandeira, 9.1. S., 13.4 E., 146 <i>n.</i></li> +<li> +<b>S. Felippe de Benguella</b>, 12.6 S., 15.4 E., <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> +<li> +<b>S. Miguel</b>, Roque de, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li> +<b>S. Miguel</b>, fort and morro, 8.8 S., 13.2 E., <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> +<li> +<b>S. Paulo de Loande</b>, 8.8 S., 13.2 E., <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>-174. <i>See also</i> Luandu.</li> +<li> +<b>S. Pedro</b>, Penedo de, (perhaps identical with the Penedo de A. Bruto, 9.1 S., 13.7 E.), <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li> +<b>San Salvador</b>, 6.2 S., 14.3 E., the Portuguese name of the capital of +<span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> +Kougo, also referred to simply as “Outeiro,” the Hill, on the ground of its situation. The native names are Mbaji a ekongo (the palaver place of Kongo), Mbaji a nkanu (the place of judgment), Nganda a ekongo or Ngandekongo (the “town”) or ekongo dia ngungo (town of church-bells, because of its numerous churches), <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li> +<b>S. Sebastian</b>, in Brazil, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> +<li> +<b>S. Thomé</b>, island, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li> +<li> +<b>Schweinfurth</b>, quoted, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li> +<b>Seals</b> in the Rio de la Plata, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> +<li> +<b>Seat.</b> <i>See</i> Sette.</li> +<li> +<b>Sebaste</b>, name given by Dias to Angola, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li> +<b>Sebastian</b>, King of Portugal, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li> +<b>Sela.</b> <i>See</i> Nsela.</li> +<li> +<b>Sequeira</b>, Bartholomeu Duarte de, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> +<li> +<b>Sequeira</b>, Francisco de, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> +<li> +<b>Sequeira</b>, Luiz Lopez de, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Serra comprida</b>, the “long range,” supposed to extend from C. Catharina to the Barreira vermelha, 1.8 to 5.3 S.</li> +<li> +<b>Serrão</b>, João, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> +<li> +<b>Serrão</b>, Luiz de, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li> +<b>Sette</b>, 2.6 S., 10.3 E., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> +<li> +<b>Shelambanza.</b> <i>See</i> Shilambanze.</li> +<li> +<b>Shells</b>, as ornaments, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> +<li> +<b>Shilambanza</b>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, 86 (a village of the uncle of King Ngola), and <i>Axilambansa</i> (a village said to belong to the king’s father-in-law), are evidently the same place, situated about 9.8 S., 15.1 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Shingiri</b>, a diviner, soothsayer.</li> +<li> +<b>Sierra Leone</b>, supposed home of the Jaga, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> +<li> +<b>Silva</b>, Antonio da, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Silva</b>, Gaspar de Almeida da, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li> +<b>Silva</b>, Luiz Lobo da, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li> +<b>Silva</b>, Pedro da, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li> +<b>Silva e Sousa</b>, João da, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li> +<b>Silver</b> and silver mines, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li> +<b>Silver</b> mountain (Serra da Prata), supposed to be near Kambambe.</li> +<li> +<b>Simão da Silva</b>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> +<li> +<b>Simões</b>, Garcia, Jesuit, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> +<li> +<b>Sims</b>, Rev. A., quoted, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> +<li> +<b>Singhilamento</b> (Cavazzi, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, 198), a divination, from Shing’iri, a diviner.</li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> +<b>Sinsu</b>, a district on Mbengu river, N. of Luandu (Dapper), 8.7 S., 13.3 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Slave</b> trade, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> +<li> +<b>Soares</b>, João, Dominican, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> +<li> +<b>Soares</b>, Manuel da Rocha, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li> +<b>Soares</b>, Silvestre, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> +<li> +<b>Soba</b>, kinglet, chief, only used S. of the river Dande.</li> +<li> +<b>Sogno</b>, pronounced Sonyo, <i>q.v.</i></li> +<li> +<b>Soledade</b>, P. Fernando de, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li> +<b>Sollacango</b> (Solankangu), a small lord in Angola, 14. Perhaps identified with Kikanga, 8.9 S., 13.8 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Songa</b>, village on the Kwanza, 9.3 S., 13.9 E., <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> +<li> +<b>Songo</b>, a tribe, 11.0 S., 18.0 E., <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> +<li> +<b>Sonso</b>, a province of Kongo (P. Manso, 244), to N.E. of S. Salvador, 15.7 S., 14.5 E.?</li> +<li> +<b>Sonyo</b> (Sonho), district on lower Kongo, 6.2 S., 12.5 E., <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, 104 (origin of name).</li> +<li> +<b>Sorghum</b>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> +<li> +<b>Sotto-maior</b>, Francisco de, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li> +<b>Sousa</b>, Balthasar d’Almeida de, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> +<li> +<b>Sousa</b>, Christovão Dorte de, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li> +<b>Sousa</b>, Luiz de, quoted, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li> +<b>Sousa</b>, Ruy de, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li> +<b>Souza</b>, Fernão de, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li> +<b>Souza</b>, Gonçalo de, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li> +<b>Souza</b>, João Corrêa de, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a></li> +<li> +<b>Souza</b>, João de, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> +<li> +<b>Souza</b>, José Antonio de, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li> +<b>Souza Chichorro</b>, Luiz Martim de, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li> +<b>Soveral</b>, Diogo, Jesuit, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> +<li> +<b>Soveral</b>, Francisco, bishop, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> +<li> +<b>Sowonso</b> (Sonso), village <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> +<li> +<b>Spelling</b>, rules followed, <a href="#Page_xvii">xvii</a></li> +<li> +<b>Stanley</b>, Sir H. M., quoted, <a href="#Page_198">198</a></li> +<li> +<b>Sulphur</b> discovered, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li> +<b>Sumba mbela’</b>, district at the Kuvu mouth, 10.8 S., 14.0 E., 160. On modern maps it is called Amboella.</li> +<li> +<b>Sumbe</b> of Sierra Leone, are not Jaga, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li> +<li> +<b>Sun</b> mountains (Serras do Sol) of D. Lopez, E. of Mbata and Barbela.</li> +<li> +<b>Sundi.</b> <i>See</i> Nsundi.</li> +<li> +<b>Susa</b>, district of Matamba, 7.8 S., 16.6 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Sutu</b> Bay, 9.7 S., 13.3 E., <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Tabu</b> (prohibitions), <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> +<li> +<b>Tacula</b> (red sanders), <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> +<b>Talama mtumbo</b> (S. João Bautista), in Nzenza do Ngulungu, 9.2 S., 14.2 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Tala mugongo</b>, mountain, 9.8. S., 17.5 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Tamba</b>, district, 10.1 S., 15.5 E., <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li> +<li> +<b>Tari (Tadi) ria nzundu</b>, district in Kongo. A <i>Tadi</i>, 4.9 S., 15.2 E.; a <i>Nzundu</i>, 5.6 S., 14.9 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Tavale</b>, a musical instrument, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> +<li> +<b>Tavares</b>, Bernardo de Tavora Sousa, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li> +<b>Tavora</b>, Francisco de, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> +<li> +<b>Teeth</b>, filed or pulled out, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> +<li> +<b>Teka ndungu</b>, near Kambambe, 9.7 S., 14.6 E., <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li> +<b>Temba ndumba</b>, a daughter of Dongy, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> +<li> +<b>Tenda</b> (Tinda), town between Ambrize and Loze (D. Lopez).</li> +<li> +<b>Theft</b>, its discovery, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li> +<b>Tihman</b>, Captain, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> +<li> +<b>Tin</b> mines, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li> +<b>Tombo</b>, village, 9.1 S., 13.3 E., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li> +<li> +<b>Tondo</b> (Tunda), a district, 10.0 S., 15.0 E., <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> +<li> +<b>Tovar</b>, Joseph Pellicer de, quoted, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> +<li> +<b>Treaties</b> with Holland, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> +<li> +<b>Trials</b> before a fetish, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> +<li> +<b>Trombash</b>, or war-hatchet, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> +<li> +<b>Tuckey</b>, Capt., quoted, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> +<li> +<b>Turner</b>, Thomas, ix, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Ukole</b>, island in Kwanza, 9.7. S., 15.7 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Ulanga</b>, battle of 1666, 7.7 S., 17.4 E., <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ulhoa</b>, D. Manuel de, bishop, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> +<li> +<b>Ulolo.</b> <i>See</i> Mpangu.</li> +<li> +<b>Umba</b>, district of, 8.1 S., 16.7 E., <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Vaccas</b>, Bahia das, 12.6 S., 13.4 E., <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> +<li> +<b>Vamba</b>, river. <i>See</i> Vumba.</li> +<li> +<b>Vamma</b>, district at mouth of Dande (Dapper), 8.5 S., 13.3 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Vambu a ngongo</b>, a vassal of Kongo, in the south, who sided with the Portuguese. He seems to be identical with Nambu a ngongo, <i>q. v.</i></li> +<li> +<b>Vasconcellos</b>, Ernesto, quoted, <a href="#Page_210">210</a></li> +<li> +<b>Vasconcellos</b>, Luiz Mendes de, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a></li> +<li> +<b>Vasconcellos da Cunha</b>, Bartholomeu <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> +<b>Vasconcellos da Cunha</b>, Francisco de, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>-170, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li> +<b>Veanga</b> (Paiva Manso, 244), a prince of Kongo. Rev. Tho. Lewis suggests <i>Nkanga</i>, E. of S. Salvador, 6.3 S., 14.6 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Vellez</b>, João Castanhosa, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li> +<li> +<b>Velloria</b>, João de, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li> +<b>Verbela</b>, a river, perhaps the same as Barbela (Duarte Lopez).</li> +<li> +<b>Viéra</b>, Antonio, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> +<li> +<b>Vieira</b>, Antonio, a negro, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> +<li> +<b>Vieira</b>, João Fernandez de, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>-185, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> +<li> +<b>Vilhegas</b>, Diogo de. <i>See</i> Antonio de Dénis.</li> +<li> +<b>Voss</b>, Isaac, his work on the Nile, <a href="#Page_xv">xv</a></li> +<li> +<b>Vumba</b> (Va-umba, “at or near Umba,”) a river that runs to the Zaire (Lopez), called <i>Vamba</i> (Cavazzi) = the <i>Hamba</i> (C. and I). Mechow (<i>Abh. G. F. E.</i>, 1882, p. 486) mentions a large river <i>Humba</i> to the E. of the Kwangu; a river <i>Wamba</i> joins the lower Kwangu; another <i>Vamba</i> joins the lower Zaire, and leads up to Porto Rico. (Vasconcellos, <i>Bol.</i>, 1882, 734); and there is a river <i>Umba</i> or <i>Vumba</i> in E. Africa. (<i>Vumba</i> = to make pots, in Kongo). <i>Vamba</i> is perhaps another name for the Kwangu.</li> +<li> +<b>Vunda</b>, district of Kongo (Paiva Manso, 104); but <i>Vunda</i> means “to rest,” and there are many of these mid day halting-places of the old slave gangs, the villages where they passed the night being called Vemadia, <i>i.e.</i>, Ave Maria (Tho. Lewis). A village <i>Vunda</i>, on the Kongo, 5.2 S., 13.7 E.</li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Walkenaer</b>, quoted, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> +<li> +<b>Wamba</b>, river. <i>See</i> Vumba.</li> +<li><span class='pagenum2'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> +<b>Wembo</b>, or Wandu, district 7.5 S., 15.0 E., <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, 126. <i>See</i> Ouuanda.</li> +<li> +<b>Welwitsch</b>, quoted, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> +<li> +<b>West India Company</b>, Dutch, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> +<li> +<b>Wheat</b> (maize), <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li> +<b>Wilson</b>, Rev. Leighton, quoted, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> +<li> +<b>Witchcraft</b>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> +<li> +<b>Women</b>, first European, at Luandu, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li> +<li> +<b>Wouters</b>, a Belgian capuchin, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Ybare.</b> <i>See</i> Ibare.</li> +<li> +<b>Yumba</b>, country, 3.3 S., 10.7 E. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> +<li> </li> +<li> +<b>Zaire</b>, (Nzari, or Nzadi). <i>See</i> Kongo.</li> +<li> +<b>Zariambala</b>, Nzari Ambala of Zucchelli, probably the Mamballa R. of Turkey, which is the main channel of the Kongo in 12.9 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Zebra</b>, and zebra tails, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> +<li> +<b>Zenze</b> (Nzenza), river bank, <i>Nzanza</i>, table land, said to be the proper name of the river M’bengu, and also the name of several districts.</li> +<li> +<b>Zenze angumbe.</b> <i>See</i> Nzenza.</li> +<li> +<b>Zerri</b> (Chera), N. of Mboma, 5.8 S., 13.1 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Zimba</b>, the first Jaga, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;<ul> +<li>the Zimba are identical with the Maravi in East Africa, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li></ul></li> +<li> +<b>Zimbo</b>, soldiers of a Jaga (Cavazzi, 183).</li> +<li> +<b>Zoca</b>, an inland town, S. of Mbata (D. Lopez).</li> +<li> +<b>Zolo</b> (Nzolo), a village on road from S. Salvador to Mbata, 6.0 S., 15.1 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Zombo</b>, (Mosombi), the tribe inhabiting Mbata, 5.8 S., 15.5 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Zongo</b>, of Cavazzi, Mosongo of Rebello de Aragõa; our Songo, 11.0 S., 17.5 E.</li> +<li> +<b>Zucchelli</b>, Antonio, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li></ul> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Strange Adventures of Andrew +Battell, by Andrew Battell + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANDREW BATTELL *** + +***** This file should be named 41282-h.htm or 41282-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/4/1/2/8/41282/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Turgut Dincer, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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