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diff --git a/41270-h/41270-h.htm b/41270-h/41270-h.htm index b14c823..3c24014 100644 --- a/41270-h/41270-h.htm +++ b/41270-h/41270-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Australian Explorers, Their Labours, Perils and Achievements authored by George Grimm, M.A. @@ -201,47 +201,7 @@ em.gesperrt </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Australian Explorers, by George Grimm - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Australian Explorers - Their Labours, Perils, and Achievements - -Author: George Grimm - -Release Date: November 11, 2012 [EBook #41270] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AUSTRALIAN EXPLORERS *** - - - - -Produced by Paul Mitchell, Greg Bergquist and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41270 ***</div> <div class = "figcenter"><img id ="frontcover" src="images/frontcover.jpg" width = "663" height = "930" alt = "Frontcover" /></div> @@ -349,7 +309,7 @@ journeys; but the result would have been just what I have had to avoid—a bulky volume. Yet, such as it is, I hope the book will be found acceptable to the man of business, who can neither afford to be ignorant of -this subject nor find time to enter into its minutiæ; +this subject nor find time to enter into its minutiæ; to the youth of our country, who cannot obtain access to the original sources; and to the general reader, who desires to be told in simple, artless language the main @@ -614,7 +574,7 @@ benefit of his country. All that was wanting was a declaration of ownership, and this he accordingly made on the spot: "As I am now about to quit the eastern coast of New Holland, which I have coasted -from 38° latitude to this place, and which I am +from 38° latitude to this place, and which I am confident no European has ever seen before, I once more hoist the English colours (although I have already taken possession of the whole eastern coast by @@ -1230,7 +1190,7 @@ King was then ordered by the Admiralty to return to England, to prepare his charts and journals for publication.</p> -<p>"It is impossible in such a short <i>résumé</i> of his +<p>"It is impossible in such a short <i>résumé</i> of his voyages to allude to the numerous and interesting interviews with the aborigines which he fell in with, further than to state that they were always conducted @@ -1689,7 +1649,7 @@ conduct of Oxley, consisted of Allan Cunningham, as king's botanist, Charles Frazer, as colonial botanist, William Parr, as mineralogist, and eight others. On the 20th of April, 1817, all the members of the -expedition met at a store depôt on the bank of the +expedition met at a store depôt on the bank of the Lachlan River, which had been fixed as the point of departure. The details of their weary wanderings have been recorded only at too great length in @@ -2466,8 +2426,8 @@ extent, seen from this point, was this day (25th August, 1828) visited by Allan Cunningham and a convict servant, and the practicability of a high road being constructed through it at some future day was most -fully ascertained. The pass is in latitude 23° 3' S., -and longitude 152° 26' E., and distant 54 statute +fully ascertained. The pass is in latitude 23° 3' S., +and longitude 152° 26' E., and distant 54 statute miles from Brisbane Town." Four years later he was able to carry out his purpose of returning to England; but his heart was in Australia all the while, and he @@ -2495,7 +2455,7 @@ of a man of shining merits is tartly alluded to in the have had frequently to call the attention of the colonists to the fact that a kitchen garden, under the pretence of a botanic garden, is supported in Sydney -at an expense of from £800 to £1,000 a year. We +at an expense of from £800 to £1,000 a year. We scarcely ever walk through this garden without seeing some servant with a basket, carrying off vegetables or fruit for Mrs. This or Mrs. That, the @@ -2644,7 +2604,7 @@ furthest possible limit.</p> <p>All the material requisites for the expedition were forwarded to Wellington Valley, which at that time was the outpost of civilization toward the west, and -Sturt was instructed to form his depôt at Mount +Sturt was instructed to form his depôt at Mount Harris, which had been Oxley's most advanced encampment ten years earlier. All preparations being made, the party left Sydney on the 10th of September, @@ -2743,7 +2703,7 @@ Darling for about sixty-six miles. As the country continued to be inhospitable, the blacks troublesome, and the supply of water precarious, it was resolved to proceed no further in that direction. A return was -accordingly made to the depôt at Mount Harris, which +accordingly made to the depôt at Mount Harris, which was reached partly by way of New Year's Creek, or the Bogan River, without any serious mishap being encountered.</p> @@ -3056,7 +3016,7 @@ of humour in his composition. The other tributary was called the Lindsay, after a gentleman of that name who was then Acting-Governor of the colony. On gaining the lower reaches of the Murray it was -observed to widen rapidly, and at the 35° 15' of +observed to widen rapidly, and at the 35° 15' of S. latitude expanded into a magnificent lake 60 miles long and 50 in width, which was named Alexandrina, in honour of the young princess, who soon after @@ -3077,7 +3037,7 @@ impracticable even for a boat. It was, therefore, necessary to return by the way they had come. This was an awfully serious matter. They had now been 32 days in the boat, during which one-half of the -provisions had been consumed. If the depôt on the +provisions had been consumed. If the depôt on the Murrumbidgee was to be reached on the remaining moiety, it could only be by rowing up the river in the same period of time they had taken to glide @@ -3112,7 +3072,7 @@ Macnamee at last lost his senses. We first observed this from his incoherent conversation, but eventually from his manner. He related the most extraordinary tales, and fidgetted about eternally in -the boat." In such a plight did they reach the depôt +the boat." In such a plight did they reach the depôt on the Murrumbidgee. Altogether 88 days were spent in the boat, and the distance travelled could not have been less than 4,000 miles. The rest of the journey @@ -3168,7 +3128,7 @@ Williorara, a locality better known now under the name of the Laidley Ponds. This place was becoming <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 86]</a></span> known to overlanders, and it was hoped it might -prove a suitable site for the first depôt; but this +prove a suitable site for the first depôt; but this expectation was hardly justified by personal inspection, and it became evident that the expedition must proceed at once into the interior. Sturt accordingly @@ -3202,11 +3162,11 @@ in spirit, was compelled to retreat to the mountains on his outward track. This was his first repulse from the centre of Australia.</p> -<p>A return was made to the depôt, which had fortunately +<p>A return was made to the depôt, which had fortunately been established not far from the range, in a lovely oasis in the desert. No reader of the narrative of the expedition can soon forget the strange incidents -of this depôt in the Rocky Glen, which unexpectedly +of this depôt in the Rocky Glen, which unexpectedly became the prison-house of the whole party for six months. The supply of water here was good and abundant, though not inexhaustible; and this advantage @@ -3281,13 +3241,13 @@ door of the prison and gave liberty to the captives.</p> <p>This happy release was followed by a period of successful travelling—not, indeed, void of difficulty, but yet without much of stirring incident. Another -depôt was formed, which is well known under the +depôt was formed, which is well known under the name of the Park. Having enjoyed a short breathing time here, the expedition again proceeded eastward, and touched on the northern extremity of Lake Torrens. A survey of this part having been made, in accordance with special instructions, they returned -to the Park Depôt, which was reached just twelve +to the Park Depôt, which was reached just twelve months after Sturt had left Adelaide. As time was thus rapidly passing away, he now resolved to put forth all his strength in a bold effort to reach the @@ -3297,7 +3257,7 @@ centre of Australia. Wishing to have as little encumbrance as possible, he divided his party, and, having picked three of the best men, started for the goal of his weary journeys, leaving the remainder in the -depôt. Day after day this forlorn hope toiled on. +depôt. Day after day this forlorn hope toiled on. Plain succeeded plain over a dreary expanse of interminable country, redeemed only by a series of parallel watercourses, which afforded a sufficient supply @@ -3373,7 +3333,7 @@ was possible—certainly it could not remain so much longer with such heat and drought as were then prevailing. The necessity of retreat was thus forced upon them, but it was a very painful one. They had -now travelled more than 400 miles from the depôt +now travelled more than 400 miles from the depôt (and such travelling!) and could they only have advanced another 150 miles they would have pitched their camp in the centre of Australia, the darling @@ -3395,7 +3355,7 @@ retained its accustomed tranquillity, and during the retreat he went on laying down the bearings of his route for the guidance of others who might follow and obtain the palm he had been compelled to -resign. He reached the depôt, where he had left the +resign. He reached the depôt, where he had left the remainder of his party, on the 2nd October, 1845, having been absent seven weeks and travelled more than 800 miles.</p> @@ -3472,7 +3432,7 @@ months' wanderings in the deserts of our country; and henceforth this heroic and much-enduring man disappeared from the stage of Australian history, of which he had been long a distinguished ornament. -He retired on a pension of £600 from the South +He retired on a pension of £600 from the South Australian Legislature, and died at Cheltenham in 1869.</p> <div class = "home"><a href = "#CONTENTS">Back to Contents</a></div> @@ -3490,7 +3450,7 @@ was born in the year 1815. A youthful passion for the heroic led him to chose the military profession; but, having failed to obtain a commission, he turned his attention to the colonies, and came to Sydney in -1833, with the slender capital of £400. Part of this +1833, with the slender capital of £400. Part of this sum was spent in obtaining colonial experience, in which he graduated so high as to become the leader in a new Australian enterprise. The newly founded @@ -4194,7 +4154,7 @@ Canobolas, about 170 miles from Sydney.</p> <p>Having taken his observations from the summit of this mountain, Mitchell fixed his direction on the -bearing of 60° west of north, judging he would thus +bearing of 60° west of north, judging he would thus find a practicable route, and strike the Bogan somewhere in its upper course. The result answered his expectation. On the 13th of April he crossed the @@ -4265,10 +4225,10 @@ length, with a hill situated near a sharp turn at the lower end of the reach. Having now travelled 500 miles from Sydney, the whole party were in need of rest, and Mitchell wisely resolved on fixing a permanent -depôt here. Intending to leave some of his men +depôt here. Intending to leave some of his men while engaged in the exploration of the lower course of the river, he considered it an act of prudence to -enclose the depôt with a stockade, as he was not yet +enclose the depôt with a stockade, as he was not yet sufficiently acquainted with the natives of the Darling to trust them with any degree of confidence. A stockade was accordingly constructed of rough logs, @@ -4382,7 +4342,7 @@ however, Mitchell was not to blame, and he regretted he had to deal with convicts who were so difficult to control. The local tribes having thus become exasperated, a somewhat hasty retreat had to be made to -the central depôt at Bourke, after 300 miles of the +the central depôt at Bourke, after 300 miles of the Darling had been traversed, and little doubt being left as to the remainder of the course till the junction with the Murray.</p> @@ -4451,7 +4411,7 @@ the Lachlan. This river, as well as the Murrumbidgee, which was reached on its lower course, had previously been explored, and Mitchell had not much to add that was new or striking. When he conceived he was -approaching the junction with the Murray, a depôt +approaching the junction with the Murray, a depôt was formed beside an excellent sheet of water, to which the name of Lake Stapylton was given. Mitchell now divided his party, and, taking an escort, @@ -4478,7 +4438,7 @@ threatening that Mitchell resolved to abandon the Darling, and fall back upon his alternative instructions, which directed him to explore the upper courses of the Murray. But the hostile tribe was -now between his own party and the depôt, which was +now between his own party and the depôt, which was 100 miles away. Their number was rapidly increasing, and their attitude growing more menacing every day. A conflict could not be much longer averted, @@ -4492,9 +4452,9 @@ but also a very effectual one, for this tribe never attempted to cause them further annoyance.</p> <p>On arriving at Lake Stapylton, Mitchell had the -satisfaction of finding that the depôt had been unmolested, +satisfaction of finding that the depôt had been unmolested, a circumstance which relieved his mind from -considerable anxiety. The situation of the depôt was +considerable anxiety. The situation of the depôt was ascertained to be about ten miles from the junction of the Murrumbidgee with the Murray. The latter was crossed about a mile higher up, and the united expedition @@ -4641,7 +4601,7 @@ tributary, which was named the Stokes, the river, affected also by the proximity to the ocean, became so much increased in size as to induce Mitchell to launch the boat which had been brought from Sydney. A -depôt was accordingly formed at this position which +depôt was accordingly formed at this position which was called Fort O'Hare. Mitchell took two-thirds of his men, and, after a few days' pleasant sail, landed safely at the mouth of the Glenelg.</p> @@ -4827,7 +4787,7 @@ determined on making a redoubled effort to cross the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 139]</a></span> continent and discover a more practicable route than Leichhardt had been able to find. Leaving Kennedy -in charge of the depôt at St. George, he took a light +in charge of the depôt at St. George, he took a light party and pushed forward, having given instructions to the rest to follow his tracks when the stock should be sufficiently recruited for travel. One day's march @@ -4849,7 +4809,7 @@ fellow, Bindeygo, formed most picturesque features in the landscape. It was on Mount Abundance that the first bottle-tree was discovered. This is the strangest product of the Australian forest, and Sir Thomas was -disposed to regard it as a <i>lusus naturæ</i> in the vegetable +disposed to regard it as a <i>lusus naturæ</i> in the vegetable kingdom.</p> <p>The telescope again brought into view a range of @@ -4868,10 +4828,10 @@ But for the present he enjoyed the pleasures of hope. Leaving Mount Abundance he soon discovered the Amby, which, being followed, led on to the Maranoa, whose junction with the Balonne he had previously -discovered. Here he established another depôt and +discovered. Here he established another depôt and waited for Kennedy, making in the meantime several short excursions in various directions. Not far from -this depôt a squatting station was subsequently +this depôt a squatting station was subsequently formed, and more recently an important town has been built, in both of which the name of Mitchell has been perpetuated. Kennedy having brought up his party @@ -5012,7 +4972,7 @@ was now passionately in earnest on this business. The rising importance and threatening attitude of Port Phillip made it more than ever necessary to discover, if possible, a practicable route to some northern port -which might serve as an <i>entrepôt</i> for the trade with +which might serve as an <i>entrepôt</i> for the trade with India. Mitchell, after doing his best, had failed to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 145]</a></span> supply this want. Leichhardt had, indeed, been more @@ -5143,7 +5103,7 @@ short, and under any circumstances starvation seemed <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 149]</a></span> all but inevitable. The camp was now on Pudding-pan Hill, in the vicinity of Weymouth Bay, and it -was determined to leave eight men in this depôt for +was determined to leave eight men in this depôt for the present. All the provisions that could be spared were 28 lbs. of flour and a couple of horses, which were only walking skeletons. Kennedy reckoned on @@ -5210,7 +5170,7 @@ Bay, in the hope of being able to rescue the three men who had been left at Pudding-pan Hill. The search was unsuccessful. No trace of these unfortunates could then, or has ever since been discovered. There -still remained the depôt at Weymouth Bay, where the +still remained the depôt at Weymouth Bay, where the necessities of the eight men left there could not be otherwise than urgent in the extreme, if they were still alive. All haste was made to the rescue. The @@ -5269,14 +5229,14 @@ Carpentaria as a highway, so far, to India, which was supposed to offer an unlimited market for Australian horses. Already a settlement had come into existence at Port Essington, which was reckoned a suitable -<i>entrepôt</i> for the prospective traffic. The one thing +<i>entrepôt</i> for the prospective traffic. The one thing wanted was an overland route to this place, and it was generally thought the time had come when an attempt should be made to discover it. Sir Thomas Mitchell was again to the front, expressing himself ready for the undertaking, with Dr. Leichhardt as second in command. He had already arranged to -proceed to his old depôt at Fort Bourke and to strike +proceed to his old depôt at Fort Bourke and to strike north for Carpentaria. But a fatal obstacle was unexpectedly interposed. Sir George Gipps, being in a bad humour with his advisers, refused to confirm @@ -5408,8 +5368,8 @@ had already come back unsuccessful. The citizens of Sydney at once instituted a public subscription for Leichhardt and his associates, who had thus travelled over 3,000 miles in fifteen months. The amount -reached the figure of £1,500, which was supplemented -by a Government grant of £1,000. The Royal Geographical +reached the figure of £1,500, which was supplemented +by a Government grant of £1,000. The Royal Geographical Societies, also, hastened to show their appreciation of the explorer's labours by presenting him with their gold medals. These rewards had been as @@ -5617,7 +5577,7 @@ three of them died. On reaching the Victoria the driven ashore elsewhere and had sustained severe injury. On the 3rd of January, 1856, Mr. Gregory started with eight men and followed up the Victoria -for 100 miles. In latitude 16° 26' S. it split into +for 100 miles. In latitude 16° 26' S. it split into two branches, each of which was in succession traced up to the vanishing point. The explorers then struck forth into the desert, proceeding on a southerly course. @@ -5642,7 +5602,7 @@ by a scanty growth of spinifex, the reflection from its surface caused the passing clouds to be coloured a deep purple. We had long passed the limit to which the tropical rains of the north-west -coast extend, and the country south of 19° seemed +coast extend, and the country south of 19° seemed only to be visited by occasional thunderstorms. Thus for a few miles the grass would be fresh and green, then there would be a long interval of dry, parched @@ -5667,7 +5627,7 @@ as the shells found within the limits of the lake were of other species which affect brackish or salt water." One more attempt to make for the south proved abortive, and, with many regrets, Gregory returned -to the depôt, after having penetrated within 730 +to the depôt, after having penetrated within 730 <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 166]</a></span> miles of Sturt's most advanced camp towards the centre of Australia.</p> @@ -5687,7 +5647,7 @@ country was discovered. The latter was traced for 180 miles of its course. The Burdekin was reached by the 16th of October, and a fortnight later its junction with the Suttor. Gregory traced the -Belyando to 22°, thus connecting the routes of +Belyando to 22°, thus connecting the routes of Mitchell and Leichhardt with his own. Passing the Mackenzie and the Comet, the Dawson River was reached by the 15th of November. The course was @@ -5726,12 +5686,12 @@ reason the story of their victory and sufferings will form the subject of the present chapter.</p> <p>Victoria has the credit of this expedition. The -movement originated in the offer of £1,000 by Mr. +movement originated in the offer of £1,000 by Mr. Ambrose Kyte, on condition of this sum being doubled by voluntary subscriptions. The terms were soon complied with, after which the Government generously <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 168]</a></span> -came to its aid by a vote of £5,500. The arrangements +came to its aid by a vote of £5,500. The arrangements were undertaken by a committee of the Royal Society, and, as the funds were ample, it was determined to equip the expedition on the most liberal @@ -5786,7 +5746,7 @@ Menindie, on the Darling, was reached. The name is new in the history of exploration, but the locality is in the neighbourhood of Laidley Ponds, a quarter which was then well known to the readers of Sturt -and Mitchell. Burke formed a depôt here, in which +and Mitchell. Burke formed a depôt here, in which he left the greater part of his men and some beasts of burden to recruit from the fatigues of their toilsome journey. Taking Wills, together with six men and @@ -5807,7 +5767,7 @@ and Burke, with the generosity which was part of his nature, now associated Wright permanently with the expedition, giving him the position of third in command. Being no longer needed as a guide, he was -sent back from this place to the depôt on the Darling, +sent back from this place to the depôt on the Darling, with orders to bring forward the heavy supplies with all convenient speed. The advance party continued their progress into the interior, and, on the 11th of @@ -5836,7 +5796,7 @@ this purpose he again divided his party, taking with himself Wills and two others, named King and Gray, together with six camels, one horse, and twelve weeks' provisions. The camp was now transformed into a -permanent depôt, in which were left four men, six +permanent depôt, in which were left four men, six camels, and four horses. One of the party named Brahe was put in command, with instructions to erect a stockade as a means of defence against the natives, @@ -5905,7 +5865,7 @@ to end</i>.</p> the extreme, and never were men more in need of rest or had better deserved it; but to rest here meant to perish, for only a fag-end of the rations was left, -and if they were to see the Barcoo depôt again, it +and if they were to see the Barcoo depôt again, it must be by subsisting on the merest pittance for the next two months. For this reason no time was lost at the Gulf, and the return journey was commenced @@ -5915,7 +5875,7 @@ immensely to the inconvenience of travel, seeing their strength was almost spent. The camels broke down and had all to be abandoned except two, which were also in a weakly state. The one horse which had -been brought from the depôt was killed and eaten, to +been brought from the depôt was killed and eaten, to save the provisions. In addition to all the other evils sickness began to affect them, and Gray was so ill that he had to be strapped on the back of a camel. @@ -5937,7 +5897,7 @@ were so exhausted with the labour of digging his grave as to require a day's rest before attempting to renew the journey. They, too, must have succumbed to their troubles but for the sustaining -power of hope, which told them the longed-for depôt +power of hope, which told them the longed-for depôt could not now be far distant. Other indications also pointed the same way, and in four days after leaving Gray's grave their eyes were gladdened with @@ -5972,7 +5932,7 @@ the 21st of April, at noon—in fact, the ink was scarcely dry, for the letter had been written only seven hours before it fell into the hands of Burke. It stated, in explanation, that they had remained in -the depôt four months; that Wright had not come +the depôt four months; that Wright had not come with the supplies from Menindie; that the blacks were troublesome and their own provisions exhausted. Moreover, as Burke had engaged to return in three @@ -5980,7 +5940,7 @@ months, they considered, at the end of four, that he must have perished or taken another route.</p> <p>What was to be done? To remain in the abandoned -depôt was to perish, for the amount of +depôt was to perish, for the amount of provisions could only afford a very temporary relief. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 176]</a></span> Wills recommended an immediate move in the direction @@ -5990,12 +5950,12 @@ South Australia, whose pastoral stations now reached as far as Mount Hopeless. At first sight there seemed reason in this advice. Burke argued that it was impossible to overtake Brahe in their emaciated condition; -that Menindie was 400 miles from the depôt, +that Menindie was 400 miles from the depôt, whereas Mount Hopeless was only 150; and that the Barcoo River might be expected to supply them with water for the most of the route. The course to Mount Hopeless was accordingly adopted. Thinking the -depôt might possibly be visited by a relief party, they +depôt might possibly be visited by a relief party, they took the precaution of burying a letter at the foot of the marked tree, stating the direction they had taken, adding that their weak condition rendered it impossible @@ -6038,7 +5998,7 @@ friendly head above the horizon. But, by another of those fatal decisions which haunted this expedition, they resolved to abandon their journey and return to the banks of the river. Fighting against despair even -yet, they conceived a faint hope that the depôt might +yet, they conceived a faint hope that the depôt might have been visited in the interim, and Wills, with the consent and advice of Burke and King, walked back, as he was able, to see if any relief had arrived. He @@ -6111,7 +6071,7 @@ is a virtue which even savages can exercise. <p>Having seen the last of Burke and Wills, and left King safe for the present in the hands of the friendly -aborigines, let us return to the Barcoo depôt, in the +aborigines, let us return to the Barcoo depôt, in the hope of finding some explanation of the mystery which enshrouds that most unlucky centre of operations. Brahe, as has been already noticed, took his @@ -6119,18 +6079,18 @@ departure on the 21st of April, bound for Menindie. He had travelled only eight days when Wright was met coming on, <i>at last</i>, with the bulk of the supplies for the expedition. After a brief consultation the -two leaders resolved to come on to the Barcoo depôt, +two leaders resolved to come on to the Barcoo depôt, which they reached in another eight days. Burke and party had been there during the interval, but as they left no external marks, Wright and Brahe, after a few minutes' cursory examination, concluded the -depôt had not been visited, and almost immediately +depôt had not been visited, and almost immediately took their departure for Melbourne, without putting themselves to the trouble of opening the hole at the foot of the marked tree, where the explorers' letter was concealed. Again the place was left without any external indications for the direction of their friends, -who might return, and when the depôt was visited by +who might return, and when the depôt was visited by Wills, about a fortnight later, he concluded, in the absence of such indications, that no one had been there since his own party left.</p> @@ -6141,12 +6101,12 @@ ended. The committee at Melbourne went to sleep, and were aroused to vigorous action when it was too late. Burke and party were at fault in leaving <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 181]</a></span> -the depôt for Mount Hopeless without making some +the depôt for Mount Hopeless without making some external marks which might catch the eye of anyone who should come with supplies. Brahe and Wright were guilty of unpardonable neglect in finally leaving -the Barcoo depôt without opening the <i>cache</i>, to see -whether the depôt chest of provisions had been taken +the Barcoo depôt without opening the <i>cache</i>, to see +whether the depôt chest of provisions had been taken or not. But the real author of the disasters was Wright, who loitered four months at Menindie, while the heroic explorers were slowly dying of starvation. @@ -6193,7 +6153,7 @@ to begin at Carpentaria, and examine the country to the southward as far as might be necessary. With a view to the support of all these parties, as opportunity might offer, Captain Norman was sent with the -<i>Victoria</i> to form a relief depôt on the Albert River, +<i>Victoria</i> to form a relief depôt on the Albert River, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 183]</a></span> at the Gulf of Carpentaria. There are thus four search expeditions which call for a brief review.</p> @@ -6207,9 +6167,9 @@ country, was sent from Melbourne to the Barcoo (Coopers Creek), by the route which had been taken by the missing expedition. Near Swan Hill he met Brahe, returning with the intelligence that Burke -and Wills had not appeared at the depôt. Proceeding +and Wills had not appeared at the depôt. Proceeding by way of Menindie and Poria Creek the Barcoo was -reached on the 8th September, 1861, and the depôt at +reached on the 8th September, 1861, and the depôt at Fort Wills on the 13th. The <i>cache</i>, on being opened, was found to contain papers showing that the explorers had been there since returning from Carpentaria. @@ -6289,7 +6249,7 @@ The journey thence to Lake Hope was made through a dry and stony country. From this part all the way to Sturt's Stony Desert the country was poor, but contained an abundance of lakes and creeks, which -were well supplied with fish. Leaving a depôt at +were well supplied with fish. Leaving a depôt at <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 186]</a></span> Lake Buchanan, M'Kinlay set out for the Barcoo, again passing through a region of lakes. In the @@ -6316,7 +6276,7 @@ by such an abrupt termination to friendly intercourse. But, in the presence of such strangers as they had encountered, it was a risky thing to boast of killing and eating white men. Having returned to -the depôt on Lake Buchanan, and thence sent to +the depôt on Lake Buchanan, and thence sent to Blanchewater for supplies, M'Kinlay received correct information regarding the fate of the missing expedition. There was, therefore, no need of doing anything @@ -6440,14 +6400,14 @@ country of high mountains, where the natives were observed to be armed with iron axes and tomahawks. Some traces of Leichhardt were also found in this quarter. The advance was now continued through a -hilly country in a north-west direction to lat. 21°, +hilly country in a north-west direction to lat. 21°, where they fell in with the head-waters of the Barkly, a large tributary, or a main section, of the Flinders River, which led them through splendid country. Another fine tributary of the Flinders was soon after discovered, and called the Norman, in honour of the captain of that name who was in command of the -depôt on the Albert. Nothing further of special +depôt on the Albert. Nothing further of special <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 191]</a></span> interest occurred till the 30th of October, when they were attacked by a large party of armed natives. @@ -6464,17 +6424,17 @@ junction of the Norman and the Flinders, the latter of which being a large and beautiful river. Here the track of Burke and Wills was discovered, leading south, but could not be followed till fresh supplies -were obtained from the depôt on the Albert. Early in +were obtained from the depôt on the Albert. Early in December the expedition came on to the Leichhardt, and then to the Albert River, the latter flowing over plains and flooded low flats, where the tracks of several other explorers were seen. On the 7th the -depôt was reached and found to be under the superintendence +depôt was reached and found to be under the superintendence of Captain Norman. Walker had thus made the journey in three months and twelve days from Rockhampton. In point of celerity, our annals of exploration contain nothing to beat this record. -After passing thirteen days at the depôt, Walker +After passing thirteen days at the depôt, Walker started anew to follow up the track of Burke and Wills which he had been fortunate enough to discover. He succeeded in running it southward to the ninth @@ -6520,7 +6480,7 @@ from the shores of the Gulf, he explored the Albert River, under different names, for about 120 miles. This tract of country being exceedingly dry, and the blacks troublesome, he was compelled to return to the -depôt on the Albert. Captain Norman told him that +depôt on the Albert. Captain Norman told him that Walker had been there reporting the discovery of Burke's track on the Flinders. This route was accordingly followed from the Gulf to the source of @@ -6769,7 +6729,7 @@ history was now reached at last. Mr. Stuart was standing in the centre of the continent. This achievement, of which he might well have been proud, is intimated by the following modest entry in his -diary:—"To-day I find by my observation of the sun—111° +diary:—"To-day I find by my observation of the sun—111° 0' 30''—that I am now camped in the centre of Australia. I have marked a tree and planted the British flag there. There is a high mount about @@ -6837,7 +6797,7 @@ centre of Australia and pushed his way considerably further north, the public enthusiasm again rose to fever heat in the cause of exploration. The Parliament, which never failed in its duty in this business, -again came forward with a vote of £2,500 to provide +again came forward with a vote of £2,500 to provide for another and a larger expedition, which was speedily organized, with the old and well-tried explorer for its leader. He took with him seven @@ -6873,7 +6833,7 @@ Through these impervious scrubs, on the west, a passage would have to be forced, or the expedition must end in failure. The latter alternative was not to be thought of till every expedient had been exhausted. -Leaving a portion of his force in the depôt, +Leaving a portion of his force in the depôt, Stuart, three several times, started with a light party to pierce his way through the most forbidding obstacles he had ever experienced in his journeys. It was with @@ -6923,7 +6883,7 @@ his defeat, Stuart had succeeded in penetrating one hundred miles beyond the furthest <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 206]</a></span> point reached on the previous journey. His most -advanced position was lat. 17° long. 133°.</p> +advanced position was lat. 17° long. 133°.</p> <h3>IV.</h3> @@ -7071,7 +7031,7 @@ and reaching to the Indian Ocean. Along this route, with few deviations, the line runs from the Adelaide extension in the south to Port Darwin in the north. In this most creditable enterprise, which was completed -in 1872, South Australia spent £370,000, +in 1872, South Australia spent £370,000, and rendered excellent service to the exploration, as well as to the commercial interests, of Australia. Here was a new base-line for explorers, intersecting the @@ -7487,8 +7447,8 @@ telegraph was fully completed, he proposed to the authorities at Perth to lead an exploring party across the centre of Western Australia from Champion Bay to the route of the new line, on condition of a -grant from the Treasury of £400 for expenses, himself -engaging to provide another £200. The proposal +grant from the Treasury of £400 for expenses, himself +engaging to provide another £200. The proposal was gladly accepted, and no time was lost in making the necessary preparations. His party, as finally <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 224]</a></span> @@ -7764,7 +7724,7 @@ had been sighted on the former expedition. In this neighbourhood also, they found the tracks of Mr. Gosse, a contemporary explorer, which led to a deviation from the proposed route. In Cavanagh's Range -a depôt was established, as a basis for tentative explorations +a depôt was established, as a basis for tentative explorations in a forbidding tract of country. About 110 miles from this centre they made a welcome discovery of a waterfall of 150 feet, sending forth a musical @@ -8162,7 +8122,7 @@ Australia being an exception to the rule.</p> <tr><td class = "cols">Blacks—<i>see</i> Aborigines</td><td class = "cols"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">R., <a href = "#Page_84">71</a>, <a href = "#Page_85">72</a>, <a href = "#Page_93">80</a>, <a href = "#Page_135">122</a>, <a href = "#Page_150">137</a></span></td></tr> <tr><td class = "cols">Blaxland, Gregory, <a href = "#Page_41">28</a></td><td class = "cols">Darwin, Port, <a href = "#Page_222">209</a></td></tr> <tr><td class = "cols">Blue Mts., <a href = "#Page_38">25</a>-<a href = "#Page_46">33</a></td><td class = "cols">Dawson R., <a href = "#Page_167">154</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class = "cols"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Unsuccessful attempt</span></td><td class = "cols">Depôt Glen, <a href = "#Page_100">87</a></td></tr> +<tr><td class = "cols"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Unsuccessful attempt</span></td><td class = "cols">Depôt Glen, <a href = "#Page_100">87</a></td></tr> <tr><td class = "cols"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">to cross, <a href = "#Page_38">25</a>-<a href = "#Page_40">27</a></span></td><td class = "cols">Desert, Gibson's, <a href = "#Page_246">233</a>-<a href = "#Page_247">234</a></td></tr> <tr><td class = "cols"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crossed, <a href = "#Page_41">28</a>-<a href = "#Page_46">33</a></span></td><td class = "cols">Disappointment, Mt., <a href = "#Page_64">51</a></td></tr> <tr><td class = "cols">Bogan R., <a href = "#Page_84">71</a>, <a href = "#Page_132">119</a>-<a href = "#Page_134">121</a></td><td class = "cols">Droughts, <a href = "#Page_86">73</a>, <a href = "#Page_87">74</a>, <a href = "#Page_100">87</a></td></tr> @@ -8293,381 +8253,6 @@ Australia being an exception to the rule.</p> <tr><td>George Robertson and Co., Printers, Melbourne and Sydney.</td></tr> </table> - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Australian Explorers, by George Grimm - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AUSTRALIAN EXPLORERS *** - -***** This file should be named 41270-h.htm or 41270-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/1/2/7/41270/ - -Produced by Paul Mitchell, Greg Bergquist and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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