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diff --git a/41266-h/41266-h.htm b/41266-h/41266-h.htm index 62cd0cb..826a649 100644 --- a/41266-h/41266-h.htm +++ b/41266-h/41266-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The American Revolution, by John Fiske</title> <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> @@ -118,10 +118,6 @@ a[title].pagenum:after .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} -.caption {font-weight: bold; - text-align: center; - font-size: 80%;} - .gesperrt { letter-spacing: 0.2em; @@ -157,6 +153,16 @@ a[title].pagenum:after text-align: center; } +div.fig { display:block; + margin:0 auto; + text-align:center; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em;} + +p.caption {font-weight: bold; + text-align: center; } + + /* Footnotes */ .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} @@ -192,25 +198,7 @@ a[title].pagenum:after </style> </head> <body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The American Revolution, by John Fiske</div> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The American Revolution</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: John Fiske</div> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: November 2, 2012 [eBook #41266]<br /> -[Most recently updated: December 13, 2021]</div> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor, KD Weeks, Charles Franks and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team</div> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION ***</div> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41266 ***</div> <div class="transnote"> @@ -742,10 +730,13 @@ similar results; while in Virginia the assembly more than once refused to vote supplies, on the ground that the liberties of the colony were in danger.</p> -<p><span class="figleft"> - <img src="images/page004.jpg" width="400" height="513" alt="" /><br /> - <span class="caption">SIR ROBERT WALPOLE</span> -</span>Such grievances as these, reported year by year to the Lords of Trade, +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<img src="images/page004.jpg" width="400" height="513" alt="[Illustration]" /> +<p class="caption">SIR ROBERT WALPOLE</p> +</div> + +<p> +Such grievances as these, reported year by year to the Lords of Trade, and losing nothing in the manner in which they were told, went far to create in England an opinion that America was a lawless country, and sorely in need of a strong government. From time to time various schemes @@ -1105,6 +1096,11 @@ under the title of “The Folly of England and the Ruin of America.” I Boston, the church-bells were tolled, and the flags on the shipping put at half-mast.</p> +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<img src="images/page018.jpg" width="180" height="409" alt="[Illustration]" /> +<p class="caption">SPEAKER’S CHAIR, HOUSE OF BURGESSES</p> +</div> + <p><a href="#Page_v"><span class="sidenote">The Parson’s Cause</span></a>But formal defiance came first from Virginia. A year and a half before, a famous lawsuit, known as the “Parsons’ Cause,” had brought into public notice a young man who was destined to take high rank among modern @@ -1113,8 +1109,7 @@ the straws which showed how the stream of tendency in America was then strongly setting toward independence. Tobacco had not yet ceased to be a legal currency in Virginia, and by virtue of an old statute each clergyman of the Established Church was entitled<a class="pagenum" name="Page_18" title="18"></a> to sixteen thousand -pounds of tobacco as his yearly salary.<span class="figleft"><img src="images/page018.jpg" width="180" height="409" alt="" /> -<br /><span class="caption">SPEAKER’S CHAIR, HOUSE OF BURGESSES</span></span> In 1755 and 1758, under the +pounds of tobacco as his yearly salary. In 1755 and 1758, under the severe pressure of the French war, the assembly had passed relief acts, allowing all public dues, including the salaries of the clergy, to be paid either in kind or in money, at a fixed rate of twopence for a pound @@ -3674,7 +3669,7 @@ found to serve under the royal commission. It is striking proof of the high state of civilization attained by this commonwealth, that although for nine months the ordinary functions of government had been suspended, yet the affairs of every-day life had gone on without friction or -disturbance<a class="pagenum" name="Page_119" title="119"></a> Not a drop of blood had been shed, nor had any one’s +disturbance.<a class="pagenum" name="Page_119" title="119"></a> Not a drop of blood had been shed, nor had any one’s property been injured. The companies of yeomen meeting at eventide to drill on the village green, and now and then the cart laden with powder and ball that dragged slowly over the steep roads on its way to Concord, @@ -3818,9 +3813,7 @@ who, fifteen years before, had climbed the heights of Abraham by the side of Wolfe. <a href="#Page_viii"><span class="sidenote">Pitcairn fires upon the yeomanry, April 19, 1775</span></a>“Stand your ground,” said Parker. “Don’t fire unless fired upon; but if they mean to have a war, let it begin here.” “Disperse, ye villains!” shouted Pitcairn. “Damn you, why don’t you -disperse?” And as they stood motionless he gave the order to fire. <span class="figright"> -<img src="images/page125.jpg" width="200" height="374" alt="The Minute-Man" /><br /> -<span class="caption">THE MINUTE-MAN<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></span></span>As +disperse?” And as they stood motionless he gave the order to fire. As the soldiers hesitated to obey, he discharged his own pistol and<a class="pagenum" name="Page_125" title="125"></a> repeated the order, whereupon a deadly volley slew eight of the minute-men and wounded ten. One of the victims, Jonathan Harrington, was @@ -3837,6 +3830,11 @@ morning is this!” From Woburn the two friends went on their way to Philadelphia, where the second Continental Congress was about to assemble.</p> +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<img src="images/page125.jpg" width="200" height="374" alt="[Illustration]" /> +<p class="caption">THE MINUTE-MAN<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> +</div> + <p><a class="pagenum" name="Page_126" title="126"></a></p> <div class="figcenter"> @@ -4255,9 +4253,7 @@ Gage’s scheme, ordered out a force of 1,200 men, to forestall the governor, and take possession of Bunker Hill in Charlestown. At sunset of the 16th this brigade was paraded on Cambridge Common, and after prayer had been offered by Dr. Langdon, president of the university, -they set out on their enterprise, <span class="figright"> -<img src="images/page146.jpg" width="241" height="80" alt="Signature: Wm Prescott" /></span> -under command of Colonel Prescott of +they set out on their enterprise, under command of Colonel Prescott of Pepperell, a veteran of the French war, grandfather of one of the most eminent of American historians. On reaching the grounds, a consultation was held, and it was decided, in accordance with the general purpose, if @@ -4278,6 +4274,10 @@ or no loss, to have compelled Prescott to surrender. From such a disaster the Americans were saved by the stupid contempt which the enemy felt for them.</p> +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<img src="images/page146.jpg" width="241" height="80" alt="[Signature: Wm Prescott]" /> +</div> + <p>Reaching Breed’s Hill about midnight, Colonel Prescott’s<a class="pagenum" name="Page_147" title="147"></a> men began throwing up intrenchments. At daybreak they were discovered by the sailors in the harbour, and a lively cannonade was kept up through the @@ -4547,12 +4547,16 @@ end.</p> </div> <p class="caption">NATHANAEL GREENE</p> +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<img src="images/page157.jpg" width="180" height="351" alt="[SILHOUETTE OF JOHN STARK]" /> +<p class="caption">SILHOUETTE OF JOHN STARK</p> +</div> + <p>Along with Morgan and Arnold there might have been seen on Cambridge Common a man who was destined to play no less conspicuous a part in the great campaign which was to end in the first decisive overthrow of the British. For native shrewdness, rough simplicity, and dauntless courage, -John Stark was much like Morgan. <span class="figleft"><img src="images/page157.jpg" width="180" height="351" alt="SILHOUETTE OF JOHN STARK" /><br /> -<span class="caption">SILHOUETTE OF JOHN STARK</span></span>What the one name was in the great +John Stark was much like Morgan. What the one name was in the great woods of the Virginia frontier, that was the other among the rugged hills of northern New England,—a symbol of patriotism and a guarantee of victory. Great as was Stark’s personal following in New Hampshire, he @@ -4561,9 +4565,9 @@ commander of the New Hampshire contingent was John Sullivan, a wealthy lawyer of Durham, who had sat in the first Continental Congress. Sullivan was a gentleman of culture and fair ability as a statesman. As a general, he was brave, intelligent, and faithful, but in no wise -brilliant. <a href="#Page_viii"><span class="sidenote">Nathanael Greene</span></a>Closely associated with Sullivan for the next three years we +brilliant. Closely associated with Sullivan for the next three years we shall find Nathanael Greene, now in command of the Rhode Island -contingent. For intellectual<a class="pagenum" name="Page_158" title="158"></a> calibre all the other officers here +contingent. <a href="#Page_viii"><span class="sidenote">Nathanael Greene</span></a>For intellectual<a class="pagenum" name="Page_158" title="158"></a> calibre all the other officers here mentioned are dwarfed in comparison with Greene, who comes out at the end of the war with a military reputation scarcely, if at all, inferior to that of Washington. Nor was Greene less notable for the sweetness and @@ -6676,14 +6680,17 @@ and thus compel him to surrender. Cornwallis accordingly went to bed in high spirits. “At last we have run down the old fox,” said he, “and we will bag him in the morning.”</p> +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<img src="images/page243.jpg" width="200" height="239" alt="[Illustration]" /> +<p class="caption">LORD CORNWALLIS</p> +</div> + <p><a href="#Page_xi"><span class="sidenote">But Washington prepares a checkmate</span></a> The situation was indeed a very dangerous one; but when the British general called his antagonist an old fox, he did him no more than justice. In its union of slyness with audacity, the movement which Washington now executed strongly reminds one of “Stonewall” Jackson. He -understood perfectly well what Cornwallis<a class="pagenum" name="Page_243" title="243"></a> intended to do; <span class="figright"> -<img src="images/page243.jpg" width="200" height="239" alt="LORD CORNWALLIS" title="" /><br /> -<span class="caption">LORD CORNWALLIS</span></span>but he knew +understood perfectly well what Cornwallis<a class="pagenum" name="Page_243" title="243"></a> intended to do; but he knew at the same time that detachments of the British army must have been left behind at Princeton and New Brunswick to guard the stores. From the size of the army before him he rightly judged that these rear @@ -7408,9 +7415,7 @@ time the inhabited part of the state of New York consisted almost entirely of the Mohawk and Hudson valleys. All the rest was unbroken wilderness, save for an occasional fortified trading-post. With a total population of about 170,000, New York ranked seventh among the thirteen -states; just after Maryland and Connecticut, just before South Carolina.<span class="figleft"> -<img src="images/page270.jpg" width="225" height="260" alt="Portrait: General Burgoyne" /><br /> -<span class="caption">GENERAL BURGOYNE</span></span> +states; just after Maryland and Connecticut, just before South Carolina. At the same time, the geographical position of New York, whether from a commercial or from a military point of view, was as commanding then as it has ever been. It was thought that so small a population, among which @@ -7424,6 +7429,11 @@ would be impossible for New England to coöperate with the southern states, and it was hoped that the union of the colonies against the Crown would thus be effectually broken.</p> +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<img src="images/page270.jpg" width="225" height="260" alt="[Illustration]" /> +<p class="caption">GENERAL BURGOYNE</p> +</div> + <p><a href="#Page_xi"><span class="sidenote">A second blow to be struck at the centre. The plan of campaign</span></a> With this object of conquering New York, we have seen Carleton, in 1776, @@ -9714,7 +9724,7 @@ which the winning of independence was destined surely to follow.</p> <tr><td>Catherine decides not to interfere</td><td class="tdr"><a class="nodec" href="#Page_162_2">162</a></td></tr> <tr><td>Capture of St. Eustatius (February 3, 1781)</td><td class="tdr"><a class="nodec" href="#Page_163_2">163-165</a></td></tr> <tr><td>Shameful proceedings</td><td class="tdr"><a class="nodec" href="#Page_166_2">166</a></td></tr> -<tr><td>Ignominious results of the politics of George III.</td><td class="tdr"><a class="nodec" href="#Page_167_2">167</a></td></tr> +<tr><td>Ignominious results of the politics of George III.</td><td class="tdr"><a class="nodec" href="#Page_166_2">166</a></td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2"><a class="nodec" href="#CHAPTER_XIII">CHAPTER XIII<br />A YEAR OF DISASTERS</a><p><a class="pagenum" name="Page_vii_2" title="vii"></a></p></th></tr> <tr><td>State of affairs in Georgia and South Carolina</td><td class="tdr"><a class="nodec" href="#Page_168_2">168, 169</a></td></tr> @@ -10975,9 +10985,7 @@ But Lafayette knew his own mind better than was supposed. He would not accept the command until he had obtained Washington’s consent, and then he made it an<a class="pagenum" name="Page_42_2" title="42"></a> indispensable condition that Baron de Kalb, who outranked Conway, should accompany the expedition. These preliminaries having been -arranged, the young general went to York for his instructions. <span class="figleft"> -<img src="images/page2042.jpg" width="150" height="529" alt="EALS GIVEN TO WASHINGTON BY LAFAYETTE" /><br /> -<span class="caption">SEALS GIVEN TO WASHINGTON<br /> BY LAFAYETTE</span></span>There he +arranged, the young general went to York for his instructions. There he found Gates, surrounded by schemers and sycophants, seated at a very different kind of dinner from that to which Lafayette had lately been used at Valley Forge. Hilarious with wine, the company welcomed the new @@ -10999,6 +11007,12 @@ perceptible shrug of the shoulder, the new commander of the northern army left the room, and mounted his horse to start for his headquarters at Albany.</p> +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<img src="images/page2042.jpg" width="150" height="529" alt="[Illustration]" /> +<p class="caption">SEALS GIVEN TO WASHINGTON<br /> +BY LAFAYETTE</p> +</div> + <p><a href="#Page_iv_2"><span class="sidenote">Absurdity of the scheme</span></a> When he got there, he found neither troops, supplies, nor equipments in readiness. Of the army to which Burgoyne had surrendered, the militia @@ -11308,8 +11322,9 @@ blame for everything indiscriminately upon the two generals. Burgoyne, who sat in Parliament, defended himself ably and candidly; and when Howe heard what was going on, he sent in his resignation, in order that he too might go home and defend himself. Besides this, he had grown sick of -the war, and was more than ever convinced that it must end in failure.<a href="#Page_iv_2"><span class="sidenote">The Mischianza</span></a> +the war, and was more than ever convinced that it must end in failure. <span class="figleft"><img src="images/page2056.jpg" width="225" height="296" alt="" /><br /><span class="caption">MAJOR ANDRÉ</span></span> +<a href="#Page_iv_2"><span class="sidenote">The Mischianza</span></a> On the 18th of May, Philadelphia was the scene of a grand farewell banquet, called the <i>Mischianza</i>,—a strange medley combining the modern parade with the mediæval<a class="pagenum" name="Page_56_2" title="56"></a> tournament, wherein seven silk-clad knights of @@ -11341,8 +11356,7 @@ with instructions received from the ministry, Sir Henry Clinton prepared to evacuate the place and concentrate his<a class="pagenum" name="Page_57_2" title="57"></a> forces at New York. His first intention was to go by water; but finding that he had not transports enough for his whole army, together with the Tory refugees who had put -themselves under his protection, he changed his plan. <span class="figleft"><img src="images/page2057.jpg" width="225" height="345" alt="" /><br /> -<span class="caption">MISCHIANZA HEADDRESS</span></span>The Tories, to the +themselves under his protection, he changed his plan. The Tories, to the number of 3,000, with their personal effects, were sent on in the fleet, while the army, encumbered with twelve miles of baggage wagons, began its retreat across New Jersey. On the morning of the 18th of June, 1778, @@ -11358,6 +11372,11 @@ treason and hanged. The other twenty-three were either acquitted or pardoned. Across the river, seventeen Tories, convicted of treason under the laws of New Jersey, all received pardon from the governor.</p> +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<img src="images/page2057.jpg" width="225" height="345" alt="[Illustration]" /> +<p class="caption">MISCHIANZA HEADDRESS</p> +</div> + <p><a href="#Page_iv_2"><span class="sidenote">Return of Charles Lee</span></a> The British retreat from Philadelphia was regarded by the Americans as equivalent to a victory, and Washington was anxious to enhance the moral @@ -12493,9 +12512,13 @@ the American colonies of the great northwestern territory. But the events that followed upon Lord Dunmore’s war soon rendered this part of the Quebec Act a nullity.</p> +<div class="fig" style="width:100%;"> +<img src="images/page2105.jpg" width="225" height="533" alt="[Statue: Andrew Lewis]" /> +</div> + <p><a href="#Page_v_2"><span class="sidenote">Settlement of Kentucky</span></a> -In 1775, Richard Henderson of North Carolina purchased from the<span class="figleft"> -<img src="images/page2105.jpg" width="225" height="533" alt="Statue: Andrew Lewis" /></span>Cherokees the tract between the Kentucky and Cumberland rivers, and at +In 1775, Richard Henderson of North Carolina purchased from the +Cherokees the tract between the Kentucky and Cumberland rivers, and at the same time Boonesborough and Harrodsburg were founded by<a class="pagenum" name="Page_105_2" title="105"></a> Daniel Boone and James Harrod. As a party of these bold backwoodsmen were encamping near the sources of the southern fork of the Licking, they @@ -12982,7 +13005,7 @@ board. Next came Gustavus Conyngham, with the Surprise and the Revenge, which in the same summer took so many prizes in the North Sea and the British Channel that insurance rose as high as twenty-five per cent., and in some instances ten per cent. was demanded for the short passage -between Dover and Calais. <a href="#Page_vi_2"><span class="sidenote">Paul Jones</span></a>But the fame of both these captains was soon +between Dover and Calais. <a href="#Page_vi_2"><span class="sidenote">John Paul Jones</span></a> But the fame of both these captains was soon eclipsed by that of John Paul Jones, a Scotch sailor, who from boyhood had been engaged in the Virginia trade, and in 1773 had gone to Virginia to live. When war broke out Jones offered his services to Congress, and @@ -13508,7 +13531,7 @@ scrutiny and<a class="pagenum" name="Page_147_2" title="147"></a> seizure by the neutral ship. That any belligerent could seize its antagonist’s property, if found on a neutral ship, was the doctrine laid down alike by Vattel and Bynkershoek, the chief French and Dutch authorities on -maritime law. <a href="#Page_vi_2">In acting upon this principle,</a> therefore, at the time of +maritime law. <a href="#Page_vi_2"><span class="sidenote">England’s conduct in the eighteenth century</span></a>In acting upon this principle, therefore, at the time of our Revolutionary War, England acted strictly in accordance with the recognized maritime law of Europe. She was not, as some American writers seem to have supposed, introducing a new principle of aggression, in @@ -14020,7 +14043,7 @@ sympathy that remained for her.</p> <hr class="tb" /> -<p><a href="#Page_vi_2">To the historian</a> who appreciates the glorious part which England has +<p><a href="#Page_vi_2"><span class="sidenote">Ignominious results of the politics of George III.</span></a>To the historian who appreciates the glorious part which England has played in history, the proceedings here recorded are painful to contemplate; and to no one should they be more painful than to the American, whose forefathers climbed with Wolfe the rugged bank of the @@ -14238,7 +14261,7 @@ moral effect of this apparent restoration of the royal government. But as soon as Lincoln had got out of the way, General Prevost crossed the Savannah with 3,000 men and advanced upon Charleston, laying waste the country and driving Moultrie before him. It was a moment of terror and -confusion. <a href="#Page_vii_2"><span class="sidenote">Provost’s vandalism</span></a>In General Prevost there was at last found a man after Lord +confusion. <a href="#Page_vii_2"><span class="sidenote">Prevost’s vandalism</span></a>In General Prevost there was at last found a man after Lord George Germain’s own heart. His march was a scene of wanton vandalism. The houses of the wealthy planters were mercilessly sacked; their treasures of silver plate were loaded on carts and carried off; their @@ -14514,7 +14537,7 @@ up arms against the king were to be dealt with as traitors, and their estates were to be confiscated; but to all who should now return to their allegiance a free pardon was offered for past offences, except in the case of such people as had taken part in the hanging of<a class="pagenum" name="Page_185_2" title="185"></a> Tories. -<a href="#Page_vii_2">Having struck this great blow,</a> Sir Henry Clinton returned, in June, to +<a href="#Page_vii_2"><span class="sidenote">Clinton returns to New York</span></a>Having struck this great blow, Sir Henry Clinton returned, in June, to New York, taking back with him the larger part of his force, but leaving Cornwallis with 5,000 men to maintain and extend the conquests already made.</p> @@ -14956,7 +14979,7 @@ away.</p> <p><a href="#Page_vii_2"><span class="sidenote">Evils wrought by the paper currency</span></a> The disease was most plainly visible in those money matters which form -the basis of all human activity. The Scondition of American finance in +the basis of all human activity. The condition of American finance in 1780 was simply horrible. The “greenback” delusion possessed people’s minds even more strongly then than in the days following our Civil War. Pelatiah Webster, the ablest political economist in America at that @@ -14998,7 +15021,7 @@ over him,—a sorry substitute for the golden<a class="pagenum" name="Page_2 Norse legend. Save for the scanty pittance of gold which came in from the French alliance, from the little foreign commerce that was left, and from<a class="pagenum" name="Page_203_2" title="203"></a> trade with the British army itself, the country was without any -circulating medium. <a href="#Page_vii_2">In making its requisitions upon the states,</a> Congress +circulating medium. <a href="#Page_vii_2"><span class="sidenote">Taxes paid in the form of specific supplies</span></a>In making its requisitions upon the states, Congress resorted to a measure which reminds one of the barbaric ages of barter. Instead of asking for money, it requested the states to send in their “specific supplies” of beef and pork, flour and rice, salt and hay, @@ -18503,448 +18526,6 @@ him at the Church with Capt<sup>n</sup> Helms.</i></p> </div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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