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diff --git a/41140-8.txt b/41140-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 126bf38..0000000 --- a/41140-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,13198 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's The Rand-McNally Bible Atlas, by Jesse L. Hurlbut - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Rand-McNally Bible Atlas - A Manual of Biblical Geography and History - -Author: Jesse L. Hurlbut - -Illustrator: Rev. Bishop John H. Vincent - -Release Date: October 22, 2012 [EBook #41140] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RAND-MCNALLY BIBLE ATLAS *** - - - - -Produced by Emmy, Kevin Handy, John Hagerson and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - -[Illustration: THE MODERN WORLD AND THE BIBLE LANDS. - -NOTE.--The Bible Lands are those included within the red lines.] - -[Transcriber's Note: Bold text is set off by =equal signs= and italic -text by _underscores_.] - - - -BIBLE ATLAS - - -A MANUAL OF - -BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY - -ESPECIALLY PREPARED - -FOR THE USE OF TEACHERS AND STUDENTS OF THE BIBLE, AND FOR SUNDAY SCHOOL -INSTRUCTION, CONTAINING - -Maps, Plans, Review Charts, Colored Diagrams, - -AND - -ILLUSTRATED - -WITH ACCURATE VIEWS OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES AND LOCALITIES KNOWN TO -BIBLE HISTORY. - - -REVISED EDITION. - - -BY REV. JESSE L. HURLBUT, D. D., - -AUTHOR OF "REVISED NORMAL LESSONS," "STUDIES IN THE FOUR GOSPELS," -"STUDIES IN OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY," ETC. - -WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY - -REV. BISHOP JOHN H. VINCENT, D. D., LL. D., - -CHANCELLOR OF THE CHAUTAUQUA UNIVERSITY. - - CHICAGO: - RAND, McNALLY & COMPANY, - PUBLISHERS. - - - - - MANUAL OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. - - COPYRIGHT, 1884, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO. - COPYRIGHT, 1887, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO. - COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO. - COPYRIGHT, 1908, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO. - COPYRIGHT, 1910, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO. - - - - -INTRODUCTION. - - -ON this side of the sea we sit down with a big book in our hands. It is -an old book. Nearly two thousand years have passed since the last word -of it was written, and no one can tell how many thousands of years ago -the records were made or the words uttered, out of which its first -writer prepared his wonderful statements. - -This old book is a singular book as to the variety of its -contents,--ranging from dry chronological statement to highest flight of -royal poetry. Many pages of it are simply historical, with lists of -kings, and names of family lines through many generations. Geographical -allusions descending to minutest detail are strewn thickly through its -pages. There is no department of natural science which does not find -some of its _data_ recognized in the chapters of this venerable volume. -Stones and stars, plants and reptiles, colossal monsters of sea and -land, fleet horse, bird of swift flight, lofty cedar and lowly -lily,--these all find their existence recognized and recorded in that -book of "various theme." - -As it is a long time since these records were made, so are the lands far -away in which the events recorded are said to have occurred. We measure -the years by millenaries, and by the thousand miles we measure the -distance. The greatest contrast exists between the age and land in which -we live and the age and lands in which this book found its beginning, -its material and its ending. - -To one familiar only with the habits, dress and customs of American -life, the every-day events recorded in the book seem fabulous. We do not -dress as the book says that people dressed in those far-away years and -far-away lands; we do not eat as they did; our houses are not like -theirs; we do not measure time as they did; we do not speak their -language; our seasons do not answer to the seasons that marked their -year. It is difficult, knowing only our modern American life, to _think_ -ourselves into the conditions under which this book says that people -lived and thought in those long-ago ages. Their wedding feasts and -funeral services differed utterly from ours. They lived and died in -another atmosphere, under a government that no longer exists; made war -upon nations that are powerless to-day as the sleeping dead in a -national cemetery; and the things which we read concerning them seem -strange enough to us. - -In the changes which have taken place through all these centuries, it -would be an easy thing, under some circumstances, for men to deny that -the people of the book ever lived, that the cities of the book were ever -built, that the events of the book ever transpired. And, if its historic -foundation were destroyed, the superstructure of truth, the doctrinal -and ethical teachings resting upon it, might in like manner be swept -away. - -This old Book--the Bible, a divine product, wrought into the texture of -human history and literature with the gradually unfolding ages--is the -old Book we study to-day on this side the sea. - -It is a "Book of books,"--the Book out-shining all other books in the -literary firmament, as the sun out-splendors the planets that move in -their orbits around him. - -It is a book that deals with man as an immortal soul; making known the -beginnings of the race; going back of the beginning to God, who is from -"everlasting to everlasting," and who "in the beginning created the -heaven and the earth"; revealing the creative purpose and loving grace -of God; tracing the fall and deterioration of man, the divine -interposition in human history, the preparation of a family, a race, a -nation, and a world at large, for the coming of the Redeemer; revealing -the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ; showing how the Christ -came, what he did, what he said, what he resisted, what he endured, what -he suffered, what he achieved; telling in simple way the story of the -early church, from the little meeting of the bereaved disciples in the -upper room to the magnificent consummation of Christ's coming, as seen -in the prophetic visions of St. John on the Isle of Patmos. - -It is a book full of history, of geography, of archæology, of prophecy, -of poetry, of doctrine, of "exceeding great and precious promises." - -In an important sense the foundations of this book are laid in human -history and geography. However high toward the heavens it may reach in -doctrine and promise, its foundations lay hold of the earth. If the -children of Israel did not live in Egypt and Canaan and the far East, if -the statements of their history as recorded in the book be not _facts_, -if the story of Jesus Christ be false,--everything fails us. With the -sweeping away of fact, we must also bid farewell to the words of -doctrine and of promise here recorded; to the divine words of assurance -which now give comfort to the penitent, hope to the despairing, strength -to the feeble, and immortal life to the dying. - -As we sit down on this side of the sea, it is well that we are able to -look beyond the sea to the lands which gave to the world the book in our -hands. And it is well, that, as we look, we are able to connect the book -of to-day with those same lands as they now lie among the rivers and by -the seaside, from the sources of the Tigris and Euphrates to the mouths -of the Nile, from the palaces of Babylon to the dock at Puteoli and the -prison at Rome. And it is well that the lands as they are found to-day -correspond to the records of the Book as they were made centuries and -centuries ago. The Book, on its human historic, geographical and -archæological side, is true to the facts as in the nineteenth century -they are presented to us in the lands of the East. - -There are those who believe with firm faith, that, for these days of -skepticism and of merciless and conscienceless historic criticism, the -lands have been kept almost in their original condition, that the -testimony of the modern skeptical traveler might (though unintentionally -on his part, but necessarily) corroborate the teachings of the Bible. -Have the mummy wrappings of Mohammedan domination held the far East -unchanged through the centuries, that in these days of doubt the hills -of Canaan, the plains of Egypt and the ruins of Mesopotamia might lift -their voice in solemn attestation to the divine truthfulness of the -sacred historians? - -These lands are memorial lands. They are now what the Book says they -once were. Although the sweeping away of ancient governments and the -reign of anarchy have modified the face of the country, the evidences -still remain that the most glowing descriptions of their prosperity were -not exaggerated. Infidels have doubted, for example, whether Palestine -could contain the immense populations which, in its prosperous days, -according to the statements of the Book, were resident there. But -scientists show that the soil of Canaan, under cultivation, is one of -the richest and most fertile in the world. The broken terraces that may -still be traced on the hill-sides, the walls of cities and other ruins -that fill the land, sustain the account of the prosperous days and the -immense populations of Bible times. - -So little have the conditions of social life been modified, that one may -live the old life over again in Canaan. Soil and scenery, the seasons of -the year, Jacob's well and the Jordan, Ebal and Gerizim, the plain, the -wilderness and the city, all give witness to the words of the Book. - -The names of olden time still linger. One lands at _Yafa_, the "Joppa" -of old; Jerusalem is now _el Khuds_,--"the Holy"; _Bahr-lut_--"the Sea -of Lot"--is the Dead Sea in the Valley of Sodom and Gomorrah; _Bir es -Seba_ is the Beersheba of the olden time; _el Azariyeh_ is Bethany, the -home of Lazarus; _Beit-lahm_ is still Bethlehem; and _el Khalil_--"the -Friend"--is the name of Hebron, the home of Abram, "the Friend of God." - -In the customs and costumes, in the habits of speech and the manners of -the people, you read the same lesson. In the spring of 1863 I was -permitted to spend forty days and forty nights in Palestine. I saw -Abraham at his tent-door; Rebekah vailing herself at the approach of the -stranger; the long caravan of camels and Midianites on their way toward -the South. I saw the wailing mourners at the house of death; the roof -that might easily have been broken up; the wedding procession; the grass -on the house-tops; the sparrow making a nest for her young in the -synagogues of Jerusalem. I saw the elders in the gates; David the -shepherd, with his sheep, on the hill-side; the Jewish mother teaching -Timothy the words of the old Book in the old city on the hill. Verily, -it is the old land; it is the old life; it is the memorial presentation -in concrete form of what the Book says was true there thousands of years -ago. - -As I stood on Safed, overlooking the Sea of Galilee and the lovely land -about it, I turned and looked toward the north, and saw snow-sheathed -Hermon, probably the Mount of Transfiguration, as it stood out that day -against the blue sky of Syria. I thought of Ruskin's words: "These pure -white hills, near to the heavens and sources of all good to the earth, -are the memorials of the light of his mercy that fell snow-like on the -Mount of Transfiguration." - -I once saw the Alps glorified by the setting sun. I was standing on _La -Flégére_, looking down upon the Valley of Chamounix, and upward upon the -magnificent heights, above which towered the great Mont Blanc. A pall of -mist had hidden the rough and unilluminated rocks; but, when that mist -grew thin as a vail of delicate lace, I saw the Alps beyond, and they -appeared as if on fire. I cried out in ecstacy, "Behold Mount Zion." -Through the mists of earth I saw the splendors of heaven. The story of -the transfiguration on Mount Hermon, in the days of Jesus, if taken -literally, is not so marvelous as the history we call the life and -character of Jesus. Both belong to the realm of the supernatural. The -"life" granted, the transfiguration has no surprise in it. So I discover -the strange blending of the natural and supernatural in the Land and the -Book,--in the Land as to-day hallowed by the Book,--in the Book as -to-day supported and made real by the Land. - -It thus easily appears that every Bible reader should be acquainted with -the outlines of Biblical and geographical antiquities. Without such -knowledge it is impossible properly to understand the divine word. How -often, through ignorance of sacred archæology, we overlook the force and -beauty of the allusions which abound in the narrative, poetic and -prophetic parts of Scripture. And there is, moreover, an air of reality -imparted to all history by familiarity with the geography involved in -it. - -In view of the supernatural character of Bible history, acquaintance -with Bible geography is particularly important. Once give its wonderful -transactions an actual locality among the hills, valleys and cities -which may still be found and visited, connecting and comparing them with -the records of our present history, and our youth will readily -distinguish the miraculous from the mythical, and discover not only -clear illustrations of many portions of the Bible, but strong and -irresistible evidence in favor of its divinity. - -I therefore hail with joy the admirable presentation of the facts of -Bible history and geography in this volume--a presentation so clear, and -so abundantly illustrative, that the humblest teacher and most -indifferent student may be interested and instructed. - -The study of Bible history and geography must not be limited to the -theological school, the pastor's study, or the advanced Bible class. It -is a department peculiarly adapted to our youngest children, and by them -most needed, that they may secure the vivid realization of actuality in -the Bible narratives. Boys and girls to-day may not take much delight in -the advanced doctrinal teachings of the Bible; but it is possible so to -connect its history with stories of modern travel, through the regions -referred to in that history, that they will become interested in the one -because of the pleasure they find in the other. - -Our Sunday School libraries should contain the many books of travel -through the far East which are published in these days. And our -ministers should enlist young people, through special classes, in the -study of Bible history and geography. In this way a "week-day hold" upon -our young people may be secured. - -During ten years of my pastoral life, wherever the itinerant system of -my church placed me, I held on every Saturday afternoon, in the -lecture-room of my church, a class to which old and young, and the -representatives of all denominations, were admitted. It was called "The -Palestine Class," and was devoted to the study of Bible history and -geography. An outline of facts, prepared in catechetical form, was -printed, and committed to memory by every pupil. Difficult old Hebrew -names of lands, cities and mountains, were arranged in a rhythmic way, -and chanted after the manner of the old-time "singing geography" -classes. Answers were given in concert to help the memory, and personal -examinations were afterward conducted to test it. The class constituted -an "ideal company of tourists to the far East." The course of lessons -was divided into five sections, covering the whole of Bible history. As -each member, passing a personal examination, gave proof that he had -thoroughly mastered "Section One," he was constituted a PILGRIM to the -Holy Land, and given a certificate to that effect. Having studied -"Section Two," and passed a satisfactory examination, he was made a -RESIDENT in Palestine, and his name was associated with one town or -mountain. In that way every principal place on the map was associated -with the name of some member, who was held responsible to the class for -information concerning its history and present condition. An examination -in "Section Three" made our "pilgrim" and "resident" a DWELLER IN -JERUSALEM. Having been examined in "Section Four," he was made an -EXPLORER of other Bible lands, and was located on some mountain, or city -of Egypt, Arabia, Chaldea, Asia Minor, etc. A final examination made him -a TEMPLAR. - -The songs, concert exercises, responses and ideal pilgrimage gave -enthusiasm to the class, while the personal examinations guaranteed -thoroughness. As I recall those Saturday afternoons of my early -ministry, surrounded by earnest women and wide-awake boys and girls of -all ages, I am amply rewarded for all the labor and time expended. The -enthusiasm and delight, the perceptible growth in knowledge, the spirit -of catholicity, the steadiness promoted in the frivolous, the -gratification afforded on the occasion of public examinations and -reviews, the increased appreciation of the Sunday preaching, visible on -the faces of young and old, the grateful words that have come through -the intervening years from those who were by these studies incited to a -more intelligent and earnest Bible study--these are some of the results -of those years of pastoral service. The plan is practicable for every -pastor. The book which I now have the honor of introducing to the public -furnishes to every minister a complete preparation for directing such -classes--a preparation which, twenty-five years ago, would have been a -great benediction to me. - -One of these Palestine classes reported its imaginary tour through the -village paper. These articles gave local interest to the movement, -delighting the imaginary tourists, and (through no fault of ours) -deceiving more than one simple-hearted reader in the community. From -these letters I make a few extracts. - - -"PALESTINE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE 'INDEPENDENT WATCHMAN.' - - "DEAR INDEPENDENT: In fulfillment of the promise - made the night before our departure, I sit down to - write the first of a series of letters detailing - the most noteworthy incidents of our journey to - the Holy Land, with such historical and - geographical facts as are suggested by the - localities we may be permitted to visit. - - "As you are well aware, an association, which has - for its specific object the study of Bible history - and geography, was organized in your town some - months ago. After a course of thorough preliminary - training, arrangements were consummated for a tour - of observation through Egypt, Arabia, - Palestine,--the lands of Hebrew life and - literature, the scenes of the early Christian - history, and, later, the arena of Saracenic - invasion and domination. We are now on the way - thither. While the tide of mighty immigration is - pouring westward toward the American desert, the - Rocky Mountains, Pike's Peak and Cherry creek, a - tiny rill of exploration is trickling eastward - toward the desert of Sinai, the mountains of - Egypt, the peaks of Lebanon, and the river of - Jordan." * * * * * - -After calling attention to two books which had just then appeared--"The -Land and The Book," by Dr. Thomson, and "Palestine Past and Present," by -Dr. Osborn--the Palestine correspondent continued: - - "No class of literature is more refining and - exalting than the records of cultivated minds made - amid the sacred scenes of Palestine, and the not - less interesting ruins of Egypt, Asia Minor and - Greece. A taste for such mental pabulum is a - better safeguard against the popular and polluting - fictions of the day than all the mandates of the - parent or the uncompromising denunciations of the - pulpit. Preoccupy by the good, and there will be - no evil to expel. Create a taste for healthful - literature in our young people, and they will not - crave the blood and fire potions now so - mercilessly provided by the corrupt press. This is - one object of our present pilgrimage to Palestine. - We would open a new world--the newest and yet the - oldest of worlds--to their view. We would unfurl - bright maps and open new books, and delight them - in a field of thought and research, in which - healthful influences prevail, a field of fragrant - and thornless flowers, of luscious and life-giving - fruit. * * * * * The association to which I have - referred is composed of about eighty pilgrims. On - Saturday morning, the 25th, we left your quiet - village, reaching Chicago the same evening. - Tuesday morning found us on our way to New York, - where we arrived early this morning. We shall sail - on Saturday, April 2, for the Orient. In order to - diminish our expenses, we forego the speed of the - regular steam route, and have chartered the - sailing vessel, the schooner 'Star of Bethlehem.' - She is a new vessel, and a 'bright light' in her - way. Well rigged, and ably manned, she is prepared - for the buffeting of old ocean. Her captain is the - distinguished and experienced _Hardstudy_, with - whom, I am sure, you have some acquaintance. He is - a true gentleman, and, I am told, has been an - intimate companion of several Oriental travelers. - He accompanied Dr. Robinson on both his tours. The - 'Star,' built expressly for excursions to the - Mediterranean waters, is a stout boat, and is - provided with the modern conveniences and luxuries - of travel. She is about 150 tons burden. I spent - an hour on board of her this afternoon, and am - much gratified with the neatness and elegance - displayed in all her departments. The library and - reading-room is a little palace. It contains about - 1,500 volumes, chiefly of Eastern travel, which, - together with a number of good maps and paintings, - will afford us every opportunity to prepare for - the interesting tour we are about making. All thus - far are well. Remember us in our wanderings, and - send us copies of your paper, directing to the - 'care of the United States Consul at Alexandria.' - Prepay to New York, and send 'Via Liverpool and - Beyrout.'" - -The next letter gives an account of the various pilgrimages which have -been made to Palestine from the days of Abraham down to the present. - - "Off Sandy Hook, 3.30 P. M.," our correspondent - wrote. "The wide ocean is before us. We have - passed the Battery, Brooklyn, Staten Island, the - ruins of old quarantine and the forts,--feeble - protection in cases of invasion,--and yonder to - the east is Sandy Hook. The bell of the tug rings. - In five minutes our friends who accompany us down - will return to the city, and we shall be alone - upon the wide, wide sea. The waters appear quiet; - a faint west wind is rising; all the children are - in good spirits. If they are as bright to-morrow - it will be strange. Farewell, native land! - Farewell!" - -The third letter opened with a quotation from Browning: - - - "'In the dimmest northeast distance - Dawned Gibraltar, grand and gray.' - - "SCHOONER STAR OF BETHLEHEM, - "HARBOR OF GIBRALTAR, May 4, '59. - - "DEAR INDEPENDENT: Thirty-two days ago we left the - port of New York, and day before yesterday glided - through the Straits of Gibraltar, casting anchor - in this harbor. Our voyage was short and - agreeable, all that could be desired, with the - exception of the sea-sickness that prevailed among - us for the first four or five days, and the alarm - occasioned by the heavy gale of last week. For two - days the storm raged so violently that our fears - were much excited. On the evening of the 26th ult. - the winds were lulled, the clouds broke away, and - the rays of the setting sun hurried swiftly across - the yet raging waves, to brighten their foaming - crests with golden light, and bring hope to our - hearts. Religious services were conducted each - Sabbath by the chaplain, and our programme of - study and reading was faithfully observed every - day. All that we did, and all that we saw, cannot - be reported in a single letter. Our young friends - must themselves write about the wonders of the - sea,--whales, dolphins, icebergs; sunset, sunrise, - midnight; calms, storms, water-spouts; and all - other sources of joy or terror in ocean life. - Yesterday was spent in an excursion to the town of - Gibraltar." * * * * * - -After a description of Gibraltar, the writer says: - - "The whole juvenile forces of our vessel have been - invited to dine this afternoon with the officers - of _H. M. S. Manchester_, in company with the - British and American consuls of Gibraltar, and - left an hour ago, under the charge of Captain - _Hardstudy_, to comply with the gracious - invitation, and I remain to prepare this letter - for the morrow's steamer from Valetta to - Liverpool. The sun is already sinking in the blue - and gold waters of the Mediterranean. A fresh - breeze has startled the sleeping waves into lively - gambols, and our flag points eagerly westward and - homeward. See our party of little travelers just - off for the 'Manchester'! How their boats dance up - and down over the water! 'Boom!' 'boom!' go the - signal guns from the kind old ship! Now hear the - thunderous volleys from the batteries on the huge - mountain, proclaiming the hour of sunset!" - -The letters which follow are from "Alexandria, Egypt, May 28"; from the -"Steamer Rameses, River Nile, June 11"; from "Off Joppa, June 16"; from -"Jerusalem, July 5"; from "Nablous, 'the City of Samaria,' July 12"; -from "Beyrout, Syria, July 23"; and on Monday morning, July 25, our -correspondent writes his farewell, as follows: - - "Well, friend INDEPENDENT, our travels are ended. - We came on board the 'Star of Bethlehem' this - morning. The steamer for Liverpool leaves this - afternoon, and we shall send our letters ashore to - be mailed. By the 30th of September we hope to be - with you again. We have seen the earthly Canaan, - with its degradation and defilement. Our minds - turn toward the better Canaan. With Watts we sing: - - "'Look up, our souls, pant toward the eternal hills; - Those heavens are fairer than they seem. - There pleasures all sincere glide on in crystal rills; - There not a dreg of guilt defiles, - No grief disturbs the stream - That Canaan knows,--no noxious thing, - No cursed soil, no tainted spring; - No roses grow on thorns, nor honey wears a sting.'" - -Such devices as these help to inspire the young with an interest in -sacred things. They may not yet be prepared to appreciate the night of -prayer on the mountain, the agony of the Lord in Gethsemane, or the -rapturous experiences of St. John on Patmos; but they may take delight -in the land, its customs, its wonderful histories, read with -gratification an account of journeys from Dan to Beersheba, with perils -from robbers, and the pranks of native children, the lonely horseback -ride from Jerusalem down to Jericho, the encampment by the "Fountain of -robbers" north of Jerusalem, the loveliness of Nazareth, the beauty of -the Sea of Galilee, and the glories of Lebanon and Hermon. Finding -delight in these more human things, they may, incidentally, under the -leadership of the divine Providence and Spirit, catch glimpses of his -face who, by simile and word and spirit, sanctified the land from north -to south and from Bashan to the sea. - - J. H. VINCENT. - - - - -PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. - - -DURING the fourteen years since this work was prepared great advancement -has been gained in knowledge of the ancient Oriental world. In the light -of recent researches it has become necessary to revise the entire book. -The work has been done with care, every location has been -reinvestigated, and the historical allusions have been compared with the -latest and best authorities. In this revision the author has been -materially aided by Prof. Robert W. Rogers of Madison, N. J., and Prof. -Karl P. Harrington of Chapel Hill, N. C., to both of whom thanks are -rendered. It is possible that some errors may yet remain, and if any -appear to students who make use of this work, corrections or suggestions -with regard to them will be gratefully received. - - JESSE L. HURLBUT. - - - - -GENERAL INDEX. - - - PAGE - Ancient World, and the Descendants of Noah 23 - Apostolic History, Early 112 - Bible History, Chart of 13 - Conquest of Canaan 50 - Empire of David and Solomon 68 - Illustrations, List of 11 - Index to Descriptive Matter 157 - Index to Map of Old Testament World (Map on pp. 18, 19) 156 - Index to Map of Palestine (Map on pp. 152, 153) 151 - Introduction 3 - Isles of Greece and the Seven Churches 132 - Jerusalem, Ancient 72 - Jerusalem, Environs of 82 - Jerusalem, Modern 77 - Journeys of the Apostle Paul 116 - Journeys of the Patriarchs 33 - Kingdom of Saul 64 - Lands of the Sojourn and Wandering 41 - Life of Christ, The 103 - Measures of the Bible, The 148 - New Testament Palestine (Kingdom of Herod the Great) 100 - Old Testament World, The 17 - Oriental Empires, The Great 91 - Palestine Among the Twelve Tribes 55 - Palestine Before the Conquest 36 - Palestine, Lessons in the Geography of 143 - Palestine Under the Judges 60 - Physical Palestine 28 - Roman Empire, The 97 - Solomon's Empire, The Division of 86 - Tabernacle, The 135 - Table of Contents 9 - Temple, The 138 - - - - -TABLE OF CONTENTS. - - - PAGE - CHART OF BIBLE HISTORY 13-16 - - I. GENERAL PERIODS. - II. SUBDIVISIONS. - III. PERSONS AND RULERS. - IV. EVENTS OF BIBLE HISTORY. - V. THE HISTORY OF EGYPT. - VI. THE KINGDOMS OF THE EAST. - VII. THE ORIENTAL EMPIRES. - VIII. THE WORLD IN GENERAL. - - - THE OLD TESTAMENT WORLD 17-22 - - I. EXTENT. - II. SEAS. - III. MOUNTAIN RANGES. - IV. RIVERS. - V. LANDS. - I. _Lands of the Mountain System._ - 1. Armenia; - 2. Media; - 3. Persia. - II. _Lands of the Plain._ - 1. Assyria; - 2. Elam; - 3. Mesopotamia; - 4. Chaldea; - 5. Arabia. - III. _Lands of the Mediterranean._ - 1. Asia Minor; - 2. Syria; - 3. Phoenicia; - 4. Palestine; - 5. The Wilderness; - 6. Egypt. - - - ANCIENT WORLD, AND DESCENDANTS OF NOAH 23-27 - - I. THE JAPHETIC NATIONS. - 1. Gomer; - 2. Magog; - 3. Madai; - 4. Javan; - 5. Tubal; - 6. Meshech; - 7. Tiras. - II. THE HAMITIC RACES. - 1. Cush; - 2. Mizraim; - 3. Phut; - 4. Canaan. - III. THE SEMITIC RACES. - 1. Elam; - 2. Asshur; - 3. Arphaxad; - 4. Lud; - 5. Aram. - - - PHYSICAL PALESTINE 28-32 - - I. DIMENSIONS. - 1. Canaan; - 2. Palestine Proper; - 3. The Land of Promise. - II. NATURAL DIVISIONS. - 1. Maritime Plain; - 2. Mountain Region; - 3. Jordan Valley; - 4. Eastern Table-Land. - III. THE WATERS OF PALESTINE. - 1. The River Jordan; - 2. The Three Lakes; - 3. The Brooks. - IV. THE MOUNTAINS OF PALESTINE. - 1. West of the Jordan; - 2. East of the Jordan. - V. THE PLAINS OF PALESTINE. - 1. Phoenicia; - 2. Sharon; - 3. Philistia; - 4. Esdraelon; - 5. Negeb; - 6. Jordan; - 7. Hauran. - - - THE JOURNEYS OF THE PATRIARCHS 33-36 - - I. THE JOURNEYS OF ABRAHAM. - 1. Ur to Haran; - 2. Haran to Canaan; - 3. Visit to Egypt; - 4. Removal to Hebron; - 5. Pursuit of the Elamites; - 6. Settlement at Beersheba; - 7. Offering of Isaac; - 8. Burial of Sarah. - II. THE JOURNEYS OF ISAAC. - Homes: - 1. Beer-lahai-roi; - 2. Gerar; - 3. Rehoboth; - 4. Beersheba; - 5. Hebron. - III. THE JOURNEYS OF JACOB. - 1. Flight to Haran; - 2. Return to Canaan; - 3. Residence in Canaan; - 4. Descent into Egypt; - 5. Burial Procession. - - - PALESTINE BEFORE THE CONQUEST 36-40 - - I. THE EARLIEST INHABITANTS. - 1. The Rephaim; - 2. The Zuzim; - 3. The Emim; - 4. The Horim; - 5. The Avim; - 6. The Anakim. - II. THE TRIBES OF THE PATRIARCHAL ERA. - 1. Zidonians; - 2. Canaanites; - 3. Philistines; - 4. Hittites; - 5. Girgashites; - 6. Hivites; - 7. Perizzites; - 8. Jebusites; - 9. Amorites. - III. THE NATIONS AT THE TIME OF THE CONQUEST. - 1. Amorites; - 2. Moabites and Ammonites. - IV. THE SURROUNDING NATIONS. - 1. Hivites, Arkites, Sinites, - Arvadites, Hamathites; - 2. Ammonites; - 3. Amalekites, Kenites, Edomites. - - - LANDS OF THE SOJOURN AND WANDERING 41-49 - - I. THE LAND OF EGYPT. - 1. Names; - 2. Boundaries and Dimensions; - 3. Divisions; - 4. The Nile; - 5. The People; - 6. History; - 7. Principal Places. - II. THE WILDERNESS OF THE WANDERING. - 1. Situation; - 2. Natural Features; - 3. Inhabitants. - III. THE LAND OF EDOM. - 1. Boundaries; - 2. Names; - 3. Natural Features; - 4. History; - 5. Peculiarities. - IV. THE WANDERING IN THE WILDERNESS. - 1. Rameses to the Red Sea; - 2. Red Sea to Mt. Sinai; - 3. Mt. Sinai to Kadesh-barnea; - 4, 5, 6. Kadesh-barnea to Mt. Hor, - Ezion-geber, and Return; - 7, 8. Kadesh-barnea to Elath and Jordan; - Table of Stations. - - - THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN 50-54 - - I. CONQUEST OF EASTERN PALESTINE. - 1. Gilead; - 2. Bashan; - 3. Midian. - II. CONQUEST OF WESTERN PALESTINE. - 1. Central; - 2. Southern; - 3. Northern. - III. SUPPLEMENTARY CONQUESTS. - 1. Judah and Simeon; - 2. Caleb and Othniel; - 3. Dan. - - - PALESTINE AMONG THE TWELVE TRIBES 55-59 - - I. REUBEN. - II. GAD. - III. MANASSEH--EAST. - IV. SIMEON. - V. JUDAH. - VI. BENJAMIN. - VII. DAN. - VIII. EPHRAIM. - IX. MANASSEH--WEST. - X. ISSACHAR. - XI. ASHER. - XII. ZEBULON. - XIII. NAPHTALI. - XIV. LEVI. - - - PALESTINE UNDER THE JUDGES 60-63 - - I. SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE CONQUEST. - 1. Judah and Simeon; - 2. Danite Migration; - 3. Civil War. - II. OPPRESSIONS AND JUDGES. - 1. Mesopotamian (south); - 2. Moabite (central); - 3. Early Philistine (south); - 4. Canaanite (north); - 5. Midianite (central and north); - 6. Ammonite (east); - 7. Philistine (south and central). - III. BATTLES OF THE PERIOD. - - - THE KINGDOM OF SAUL 64-67 - - I. SAUL'S APPOINTMENT AS KING. - II. THE WARS OF SAUL. - III. SAUL'S PURSUIT OF DAVID. - IV. SAUL'S DEATH. - - - THE EMPIRE OF DAVID AND SOLOMON 68-71 - - I. DAVID'S REIGN OVER JUDAH. - II. THE UNION OF PALESTINE. - III. DAVID'S FOREIGN CONQUESTS. - IV. THE CALAMITIES OF DAVID'S REIGN. - V. THE CLOSE OF DAVID'S REIGN. - VI. THE REIGN OF SOLOMON. - - - ANCIENT JERUSALEM 72-76 - - I. NAMES. - II. LOCATION. - III. GEOLOGIC FORMATION. - IV. VALLEYS. - V. MOUNTAINS. - VI. WALLS. - VII. HISTORY. - - - MODERN JERUSALEM 77-81 - - I. LOCATION. - II. WALLS. - III. GATES. - IV. QUARTERS. - V. FOUNTAINS AND POOLS. - VI. OUTSIDE THE WALLS. - - - THE ENVIRONS OF JERUSALEM 82-85 - - I. NORTHERN ROAD. - 1. Mizpeh; - 2. Nob; - 3. Gibeah; - 4. Anathoth; - 5. Ramah; - 6. Michmash; - 7. Ai; - 8. Beeroth; - 9. Bethel; - 10. Rimmon; - 11. Ephraim. - II. EASTERN ROAD. - 1. Bethany; - 2. Steep Descent; - 3. Jericho. - III. SOUTHERN ROAD. - 1. Plain of the Rephaim; - 2. Rachel's Tomb; - 3. Bethlehem; - 4. Valley of Elah; - 5. Hebron; - 6. Jeshimon. - IV. SOUTHWESTERN ROAD. "Jerusalem to Gaza." - V. WESTERN ROAD. - 1. Emmaus; - 2. Kirjath-jearim. - VI. NORTHWESTERN ROAD. - 1. Ramah; - 2. Gibeon; - 3. Beth-horon. - - - THE DIVISION OF SOLOMON'S EMPIRE 86-90 - - I. KINGDOMS: - 1. Syria; - 2. Israel; - 3. Judah; - 4. Moab; - 5. Edom. - II. PERIODS: - 1. Period of Division; - 2. Syrian Period; - 3. Restoration of Israel; - 4. Fall of Israel; - 5. Fall of Judah. - III. BATTLES OF THE PERIOD. - - - THE GREAT ORIENTAL EMPIRES 91-96, 99 - - I. THE EARLY CHALDEAN EMPIRE. - II. THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE. - III. THE BABYLONIAN EMPIRE. - IV. THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. - THE DIVISION OF ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE, B.C. 250. - 1. Persian Supremacy; - 2. Macedonian Supremacy; - 3. Egyptian Supremacy; - 4. Syrian Supremacy; - 5. Maccabean Independence; - 6. Roman Supremacy. - - - THE ROMAN EMPIRE 97-99 - - I. EUROPEAN PROVINCES. - II. INSULAR PROVINCES. - III. ASIATIC PROVINCES. - IV. AFRICAN PROVINCES. - - - NEW TESTAMENT PALESTINE 100-102 - - I. THE PROVINCES OF PALESTINE. - 1. Judea; - 2. Samaria; - 3. Galilee; - 4. Peræa; - 5. Decapolis. - II. THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF PALESTINE, - B.C. 4-A.D. 70. - 1. Kingdom of Herod the Great; - 2. Tetrarchy; - 3. Kingdom of Herod Agrippa; - 4. The Two Provinces. - - - THE LIFE OF CHRIST 103-111 - - I. PERIOD OF PREPARATION. - 1. Presentation in the Temple; - 2. Flight into Egypt; - 3. Settlement at Nazareth; - 4. Visit to the Temple. - II. PERIOD OF INAUGURATION. - 1. Baptism; - 2. Temptation; - 3. Marriage at Cana; - 4. First Passover; - 5. Return to Galilee. - III. PERIOD OF EARLY GALILEAN MINISTRY. - 1. Opening of the Ministry; - 2. Tour in Eastern Galilee; - 3. Second Passover; - 4. Sermon on the Mount. - IV. PERIOD OF LATER GALILEAN MINISTRY. - 1. Tour in Southern Galilee; - 2. Gadarene Voyage; - 3. Tour in Central Galilee; - 4. Retirement to Bethsaida. - V. PERIOD OF RETIREMENT. - 1. Journey to Phoenicia; - 2. Journey to Decapolis; - 3. Journey to Cæsarea Philippi; - 4. Last Return to Capernaum. - VI. PERIOD OF JUDÆAN MINISTRY. - 1. Galilee to Jerusalem; - 2. Jerusalem to Bethabara. - VII. PERIOD OF PERÆAN MINISTRY. - 1. Bethabara to Bethany; - 2. Retirement to Ephraim; - 3. Journey in Peræa; - 4. Jericho to Bethany. - VIII. PERIOD OF THE PASSION. - 1, 2, 3. Bethany to Temple and Return; - 4. Bethany to Supper; - 5. Supper to Gethsemane; - 6. Gethsemane to House of Caiaphas; - 7. Caiaphas to Pilate; - 8. Pilate to Herod and Return; - 9. Pilate to Calvary. - IX. PERIOD OF THE RESURRECTION--The Ten - Appearances of Christ: - 1. At Jerusalem; - 2. At Jerusalem; - 3. Near Emmaus; - 4. At Jerusalem; - 5. At Jerusalem; - 6. At Jerusalem; - 7. Near the Sea of Galilee; - 8. On a Mountain in Galilee; - 9. At Jerusalem; - 10. Near Bethany. - - - EARLY APOSTOLIC HISTORY 112-115 - - I. PHILIP'S JOURNEY. - II. SAUL'S JOURNEY. - III. PETER'S JOURNEY. - IV. BARNABAS' JOURNEY. - V. BARNABAS AND SAUL'S JOURNEY. - - - JOURNEYS OF THE APOSTLE PAUL 116-131 - - I. THE PROVINCES OF ASIA MINOR. - 1. On the Black Sea; - 2. On the Ægean Sea; - 3. On the Mediterranean; - 4. In the Interior. - II. THE FIRST MISSIONARY JOURNEY. - 1. Antioch in Syria; - 2. Seleucia; - 3. Island of Cyprus; - 4. Salamis; - 5. Paphos; - 6. Perga; - 7. Antioch in Pisidia; - 8. Iconium; - 9. Lystra; - 10. Derbe; - 11. Return, and Attalia. - III. THE SECOND MISSIONARY JOURNEY. - I. _Asiatic Stations._ - 1. Syria; - 2. Cilicia; - 3. Derbe; - 4. Lystra; - 5. Phrygia; - 6. Galatia; - 7. Troas. - II. _European Stations._ - 1. Philippi; - 2. Amphipolis; - 3. Apollonia; - 4. Thessalonica; - 5. Berea; - 6. Athens; - 7. Corinth; - 8. Cenchrea. - III. _Stations of the Return Journey._ - 1. Ephesus; - 2. Cæsarea; - 3. Jerusalem; - 4. Antioch. - IV. THE THIRD MISSIONARY JOURNEY. - I. _Outward Journey._ - 1. Antioch; - 2. Galatia; - 3. Phrygia; - 4. Ephesus; - 5. Troas; - 6. Macedonia; - 7. Greece. - II. _Return Journey._ - 1. Philippi; - 2. Troas; - 3. Assos; - 4. Mitylene; - 5. Chios; - 6. Samos; - 7. Trogyllium; - 8. Miletus; - 9. Coos; - 10. Rhodes; - 11. Patara; - 12. Tyre; - 13. Ptolemais; - 14. Cæsarea; - 15. Jerusalem. - V. THE VOYAGE TO ROME. - 1. Jerusalem; - 2. Antipatris; - 3. Cæsarea; - 4. Zidon; - 5. Myra; - 6. Crete; - 7. Melita; - 8. Syracuse; - 9. Rhegium; - 10. Puteoli; - 11. Appii Forum; - 12. Rome. - VI. THE LAST JOURNEYS OF PAUL. - 1. Colosse, Ephesus; - 2. Macedonia; - 3. Crete; - 4. Nicopolis; - 5. Troas; - 6. Ephesus; - 7. Rome. - - - THE ISLES OF GREECE AND THE SEVEN CHURCHES 132-134 - - I. PATMOS. - II. ASIA. - III. THE SEVEN CHURCHES OF ASIA. - 1. Ephesus; - 2. Smyrna; - 3. Pergamos; - 4. Thyatira; - 5. Sardis; - 6. Philadelphia; - 7. Laodicea. - - - THE TABERNACLE 135-137 - - I. ORIGIN. - II. HISTORY. - III. DEPARTMENTS OF THE TABERNACLE. - 1. The Court; - 2. The Altar; - 3. The Laver; - 4. The Tent; - 5. The Holy Place; - 6. The Holy of Holies. - - - THE TEMPLE 138-142 - - I. COURT OF THE GENTILES. - II. SACRED ENCLOSURE. - III. COURT OF THE WOMEN. - IV. COURT OF ISRAEL. - V. COURT OF THE PRIESTS. - VI. THE HOUSE OF GOD. - - - LESSONS IN THE GEOGRAPHY OF PALESTINE 143-147 - - I. LINES AND WATERS. - II. NAMES AND DISTANCES. - III. NATURAL DIVISIONS. - 1. Sea-Coast Plain; - 2. Mountain Region; - 3. Jordan Valley; - 4. Eastern Table-Land. - IV. MOUNTAINS. - V. PLACES. - 1. In the Sea-Coast Plain; - 2. In the Mountain Region; - 3. In the Jordan Valley; - 4. In the Eastern Table-Land. - VI. PROVINCES. - 1. Judæa; - 2. Samaria; - 3. Galilee; - 4. Peræa; - 5. Bashan. - - - THE MEASURES OF THE BIBLE 148-150 - - I. SMALLER MEASURES OF LENGTH. - II. LARGER MEASURES OF LENGTH. - III. DRY MEASURES OF CAPACITY. - IV. LIQUID MEASURES OF CAPACITY. - V. MEASURES OF WEIGHT. - VI. MEASURES OF VALUE. - - - INDEX TO AND MAP OF PALESTINE 151-155 - - INDEX TO MAP OF OLD TESTAMENT WORLD 156 - - INDEX TO DESCRIPTIVE MATTER 157, 158 - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. - - - MAPS. - PAGE - Alexander's Empire, Division of 94 - Ancient Jerusalem in New Testament Period 72 - Ancient World, and Descendants of Noah 24 - Assyrian Empire 92 - Babylonian Empire and its Surroundings 92 - Beth-horon and Vicinity 50 - Conquest of Canaan 50 - Corinth and Vicinity 123 - Damascus and Vicinity 114 - Division of Solomon's Empire 86 - Early Apostolic History 112 - Empire of Chedorlaomer 34 - Empire of David and Solomon 68 - Environs of Jerusalem 82 - Island of Cyprus 119 - Isles of Greece and the Seven Churches 132 - Isle of Patmos 134 - Journeys of the Patriarchs 36 - Kadesh-barnea and Vicinity 48 - Kingdom of Egypt at its greatest extent under - Rameses II 42 - Kingdom of Herod the Great 100 - Kingdom of Saul 64 - Lands of the Sojourn and Wandering 44 - Modern Jerusalem 81 - Modern Palestine 152, 153 - Modern World and Bible Lands facing title - Mount Sinai, Vicinity of 44 - Natural Features of Jerusalem 75 - Nineveh and Vicinity 96 - Old Testament World 18, 19 - Oriental World in the Time of David 70 - Outline Map for Review 26 - Outline Maps (Geography of Palestine) 143-146 - Palestine among the Tribes 58 - Palestine as Promised and Possessed 53 - Palestine before the Conquest 36 - Palestine during the Ministry of Jesus 102 - Palestine under the Judges 60 - Palestine under the Maccabees, B.C. 100 96 - Paul's First Missionary Journey 116 - Paul's Second Missionary Journey 120 - Paul's Third Missionary Journey 124 - Paul's Voyage to Rome 126 - Paul's Last Journeys 130 - Period of Preparation. (Life of Christ) 104 - Period of Inauguration. " 104 - Period of Early Galilean Ministry. " 106 - Period of Later Galilean Ministry. " 107 - Period of Retirement. " 107 - Period of Judæan Ministry. " 108 - Period of Peræan Ministry. " 109 - Period of the Passion. " 109 - Persian Empire 94 - Peter's Journey 112 - Philip's Journey 112 - Physical Palestine 28 - Plain of Esdraelon 60 - Restoration of Israel, B.C. 800 89 - Roman Empire in New Testament Period 98 - Saul's Last Battle 64 - Saul of Tarsus' and Barnabas' Journeys 112 - St. Paul's Bay, Malta, enlarged 128 - Syrian Period, B.C. 884-840 88 - The Two Provinces, A.D. 44-70 102 - - - ENGRAVINGS. - - Ancient Coins 149, 150 - Antioch in Syria 117 - Arches under Temple Area 147 - Areopagus at Athens 121 - Assyrian Palace 91 - Babylon 95 - Bashan, View in the Eastern Table-Land 55 - Bethany 150 - Bethlehem 105 - Bible Measures 148, 149 - Birs Nimroud (supposed Tower of Babel) 23 - Black Obelisk 93 - Brazen Altar 137 - Capernaum and the Sea of Galilee 101 - Church of the Ascension 54 - Church of the Holy Sepulchre 16 - Church of Nativity, Bethlehem 71 - Colosseum at Rome 97 - Damascus 113 - David's Tomb 73 - Defile between Jerusalem and Jericho 83 - Dome of the Rock (Site of the Temple) 139 - Egyptian Temple 41 - Entry of Pilgrims into Bethlehem xii - Garden of Gethsemane 49 - Gethsemane 85 - Grotto of Jeremiah 99 - Hebron 39 - Jericho 67 - Jericho and the Jordan 37 - Jews' Wailing Place at Jerusalem 27 - Laodicea from Hierapolis 133 - Moabite Stone 88 - Modern Jerusalem, Panorama and Description of 78, 79 - Mosque El Aska 90 - Mount Ararat 20 - Mount Tabor 61 - Mount Zion 115 - Mugheir (supposed to be Ur of the Chaldees) 33 - Nazareth 110 - Pool of Siloam 103 - Râs es Sufsafeh (Mount Sinai) 43 - River Jordan 30 - Round about Jerusalem 59 - Shechem 51 - Solomon's Pools 84 - Tabernacle 135 - Tower of David 69 - Table of Shew Bread 136 - Via Dolorosa 111 - - - CHARTS. - - Bible History 14, 15 - Chronological Chart of Kings of Israel and Judah 87 - Paul's First Journey, Review 119 - Table of Nations, Review 27 - - - COMPARATIVE DIAGRAMS. - - Age of the Patriarchs, before and after the Deluge 34 - Areas of Asia Minor and Texas, U.S. 118 - Area of Egypt 42 - Areas of Palestine and New England 29 - Area of Palestine at Different Periods 70 - Areas of Assyrian, Babylonian and Persian Empires 93 - Height of Bible Mountains 17 - Height of Mountains in Palestine 32 - Population of the Twelve Tribes at Entrance into - Canaan 57 - Size of the Territory of the Tribes 56 - United States and Old Testament World 17 - - - PLANS. - - Antioch, Ancient 114 - Athens, Ancient 122 - Babylon 93 - Camp of Israel 47 - Ephesus and Vicinity 125 - Rome, Ancient 129 - Sacred Enclosure (Herod's Temple) 141 - Section of Palestine, North to South 31 - Section of Palestine, East to West 31 - Section Through the Middle of Temple, East to West 140 - Solomon's Temple 71 - Temple in the Time of Christ (Herod's) 138 - -[Illustration: ENTRY OF PILGRIMS INTO BETHLEHEM.] - - - - -CHART OF BIBLE HISTORY. - - -THE Geography and the History of the Bible are so closely united that -neither subject can be studied to advantage without the other. We -therefore present at the opening of our work the Chart of Bible History, -upon which the leading events of Bible History and those of the ancient -world in general are arranged in parallel columns. The blue lines -extending across the page represent the centuries before Christ, each -space between them being 100 years. Until recently the common chronology -found in all reference Bibles and Biblical works, was that prepared by -Archbishop Ussher, who died in 1656, long before the present sources of -information from "the monuments" had been discovered. His chronology has -not been regarded as trustworthy by scholars for thirty years past; but -until recently it has been retained because students of Biblical and -Ancient History were not agreed as to the dates which should be given in -place of it. But there is now a substantial, though not complete -agreement among scholars; and we therefore discard the Ussherian system, -and adopt that obtained from the information given in the inscriptions -of Assyria, Babylonia, and Egypt, when compared with statements in the -Bible. - -We begin at the date 2500 B.C. as the events of Bible History earlier -than 2500 B.C. cannot be fixed with any certainty. And it must be -admitted that none of the dates earlier than 1000 B.C. can be regarded -as established. - -I. =General Periods.= In the first column we note the five great periods -of Bible History. These are the natural divisions of the events -contained in the Bible story. - -1. The Period of the Early Races, from the Deluge, at a date unknown, to -the Call of Abraham, B.C. 2280. Before the Call of Abraham, the history -in the book of Genesis is introductory. - -2. The Period of the Chosen Family, from the Call of Abraham, B.C. 2280, -to the Exodus from Egypt, about 1250 B.C. - -3. The Period of the Israelite People, from the Exodus, 1250 B.C., to -the Coronation of Saul, about 1050 B.C. - -4. The Period of the Israelite Kingdom, from the Coronation of Saul, -1050 B.C., to the Captivity in Babylon, B.C. 587. - -5. The Period of the Jewish Province, from the Captivity in Babylon, 587 -B.C., to the Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans, A.D. 70. - -II. In the second column the larger periods are broken up into -=Subdivisions=. 1. In the _Period of the Early Races_ the line of -division is made at the Dispersion of the Races, to which no date is -assigned. 2. _The Period of the Chosen Family_ is subdivided at the -Descent into Egypt by Jacob and his family, about 2060 B.C. 3. _The -Period of the Israelitish People_ has three subdivisions. (1.) The -Wandering in the Wilderness, from the Exodus, B.C. 1250, to the Entrance -into Canaan, B.C. 1210. (2.) The Settlement, extending to the -Mesopotamian Oppression, B.C. 1180. (3.) The Rule of the Judges, to the -Coronation of Saul, B.C. 1050. 4. _The Period of the Israelitish -Kingdom_ naturally divides itself into three sections. (1.) Unity, to -the Division of the Kingdom, B.C. 935. (2.) Division, to the Captivity -of the Ten Tribes, B.C. 721. (3.) Decay, the stage of the kingdom of -Judah alone, from B.C. 721 to 587, the Babylonian Captivity. 5. _The -Period of the Jewish Province_ has five subdivisions. (1.) Chaldean -Rule, to the Return from Captivity, B.C. 536. (2.) Persian Rule, to the -Conquest by Alexander the Great, B.C. 330. (3.) Greek Rule, under the -kingdoms of Alexander's successors to the Revolt of Mattathias, B.C. -168. (4.) Jewish Independence, to the Annexation of Judæa to the Roman -Empire, A.D. 6. (5.) Roman Rule, to the final Destruction of Jerusalem, -A.D. 70. - -III. Next, we notice the prominent =Persons and Rulers= in Sacred -History. The perpendicular lines opposite the names of the patriarchs -indicate the duration of their lives, according to the common -chronology. Only the most important of the Judges are named, and with -each is given his number in the order of the list. The crowns show the -kings, and the years show the period of their reigns. The chronology -during the age of the Judges is very uncertain, and the dates are only -conjectural. - -IV. =The Events of Bible History=, given in the fourth column, are too -numerous to be recapitulated. The student should divide them according -to the Subdivisions of the Periods, already given. - -V. =The History of Egypt= occupies the fifth column. The opinions of -scholars are greatly at variance with regard to the dates of the first -eighteen dynasties, some of them differing by a thousand years. The -ancient history of Egypt is divided into three sections. (1.) The Old -Kingdom, founded by Menes perhaps 4700 B.C., and governed by ten -dynasties in succession. (2.) The Middle Kingdom, from about 2900 B.C. -to 1570 B.C., Dynasties XI. to XVII. (3.) The New Kingdom, from 1570 -B.C. to 525 B.C., Dynasties XVII. to XXVII. Egypt was part of the Persian -Empire from 525 to 332 B.C. After 323 B.C. it was governed by a line of -Greek kings, who bore the name of Ptolemy, until 30 B.C., when it became -a Roman province. - -VI. =The Kingdoms of the East=, Babylonia and Assyria, appear on the -sixth column; beginning with a number of states in Babylonia; becoming -an empire under Hammurabi about 2280 B.C.; by turns strong and weak -until about 1100 B.C., when the Assyrian empire arose, overpowering -Babylon. The Assyrian Empire lasted until 625 B.C., when Babylon again -arose to power, though the Chaldean Empire did not begin until 606 B.C. -In 536 B.C. it fell before the Persian conquerors, and the whole world -of the Bible was under Persian control until 330 B.C., when Alexander -the Great won it. No world-empire arose after the death of Alexander, -until the Roman period. - -[Transcriber's Note: This time-line has been changed from the original -layout due to width and text constraints. Originally, there were eight -columns across with the Roman numeral major divisions noted below and -the century marks ran down the left and right margins. The original is -also color-coded to indicate eras of history such as the Roman Rule of -Israel. To try to make this time-line still useful in a text format, -each item from each column has been arranged in order with a letter -indicating its original column title. This leads to some necessary -repetion. For example: - - [C] c. 1010. David, King. - [D] 1010--David King over Judah. - -because David was both a "Ruler in Bible History" and a part of the -"History of Israel." Below this linear timeline is a format more like -the original but with only one, two or three columns in a section -depending on the space available.] - - A I. General Periods - B II. Subdivision of General Periods - C III. Persons and Rulers in Bible History - D IV. History of Israel - E V. Egypt - F VI. Kingdoms of the East - G VII. The Oriental Empires - H VIII. The World in General - - - Pre-2500 B.C. - [A] Period of Early Races, from the deluge. (Date unknown) - [B] The United Races to the Dispersion. (Date unknown) - [D] [All the dates in this column are uncertain above 1000 B.C., and - are given tentatively. The dates are not sufficient for a - complete and sure chronology]. - [E] 4700(?)--Egypt founded by Menes. Old Kingdom (Dynasties I.-X.). - Memphis earliest capital. - [F] 4500 B.C.--Kingdoms existing in Babylonia. - [H] Dates earlier than 700 B.C. traditional and uncertain. - [F] 3900(?)--Rise of Ur to power. - [E] 3500(?)--Pyramids built (Dynasty IV.). - [F] 3000--Nineveh in existence. - [E] 2900(?)--Middle kingdom begins (Dynasties XI.-XVII.). - [H] 2850--China founded by Fu-hi. - - 2500 - [A] 2500-2280--I. Period of the Early Races to the Call of Abraham - c. 2280. - [B] 2500-2280--II. The Dispersed Races to the Call of Abraham. - [F] 2454(?)--First dynasty of kings begins to reign at Babylon with - Su-mu-abi. - Eleven kings reigning 2454 to 2151(?). - - 2400 - [F] 2357--Lao reigning in China. - [E] During the middle kingdom, 2900-1570 B.C. Thebes was capital until - about 2000 B.C. The dates are very uncertain, but between 2500 - and 2000 B.C. the kingdom declined. 12th Dynasty 2500-2300. - [C] c. 2355 Abraham. - - 2300 - [A] 2280-1250--II. Period of the Chosen Family. - [B] 2280-2060--Journeys of the Patriarchs. - [G] 2280-1120--EARLY BABLYLONIAN EMPIRE - [F] 2280(?)--Hammurabi (Amraphel(?)) (Gen. 14), sixth king of the - first dynasty reigning at Babylon. He conquered many states, - established a code of laws, and may be regarded as founder of - the early Babylonian Empire. - [D] c. 2280(?)--Call and Migration of Abraham. - [D] c. 2270(?)--Abraham's Victory over the Five Kings. [Gen. 14] - [B] c. 2256 Isaac. - [D] c. 2232(?)--The Offering of Isaac on Mount Moriah. - [H] 2205--Chinese History Begins - - 2200 - [C] 2195--Jacob - [F] 2150(?)--Second dynasty of kings at Babylon begins with An-ma-an. - (According to records, not certain, it lasted until 1783 B.C.) - [D] c. 2180(?) Death of Abraham. - [D] c. 2120(?)--Jacob's Vision and Journey to Padan-aram. - [C] 2103--Joseph - [D] c. 2103(?)--Jacob's Return to Canaan. - - 2100 - [D] c. 2084(?)--Joseph Sold into Egypt. - [D] c. 2073(?)--Joseph Ruler in Egypt. - [B] 2060-1250--Sojourn in Egypt. - [D] c. 2060(?)--Jacob and his Family go down to Egypt; Beginning of - the SOJOURN OF THE ISRAELITES. - [D] c. 2045(?)--Death of Jacob in Egypt. - [E] About 2000 B.C. Lower Egypt fell under the power of invaders from - the desert, who were called Hyksos, or Shepherd Kings. Their - capital was Tanis, or Zoan. Very little is known of their - history, and their names cannot be given with certainty, as - their memory was hated by the rulers that followed them, and - their inscriptions may have been obliterated. They ruled Egypt - until about 1570 B.C.(?), though the dates both of their - conquest and their departure are uncertain. - [F] 2000--Ishkibal, fourth king of second dynasty, reigning at - Babylon. - [H] 2000--Aryan migration to India(?). - - 2000 - [D] 1993(?)--Death of Joseph in Egypt. The Israelites remain in the - Land of Goshen, between Egypt and the Wilderness, from about - 2062 to 1250 B.C. [dates very very uncertain]. During most - of this period the Hyksos or Shepherd-Kings, friendly to the - Israelites, were ruling in Egypt. - [H] 1920--Gold and silver first mentioned as money. - [F] 1800--An Assyrian Kingdom in existence, but subject to Babylon. - Asshur, its capital. - [F] 1782--Third dynasty of kings of Babylon, beginning with Gandish, - reigning 1782-1767. This dynasty, known as Kassites, came from - Elam, conquered Babylonia, and held rule until 1207. Not much - is known of Babylonian history during this period; but the - kingdom was declining. - [E] About 1570 the war of liberation from the Hyksos began under - Dynasty XVIII., and the New Kingdom opened. - [E] 1570-1320(?)--Dynasty XVIII. reigning (Amosis, Amenophis, Queen - Hatasu, Thutmosis (or Thotmes) III., Amenophis II., Amenophis - III., Amenophis IV.). A period of conquest. Egyptian invasion - of Syria about 1490(?) (Thutmosis III.). Battle of Esdraelon - in Canaan. Tell-el-Amarna letters written in reigns of - Amenophis III. and IV. - [H] 1556--Athens founded. (traditional.) - [H] 1546--Traditional founding of Troy. - [H] 1507--Court of Areopagus founded at Athens. - [D] 1500--The Israelites still in Egypt. - [F] 1500-1207--Kassite dynasty still reigning at Babylon. - [H] 1500--Thebes founded. Greek alphabet introduced by Cadmus. - [H] c. 1500--Hittite migration to southern Asia Minor. - - 1500 - [F] 1430--Assur-nadin-akhi. King of Assyria. (From this reign, - regular lists of Assyrian kings; and their kingdom grows in - power.) - [H] 1400--Rise of Hittite Kingdom in Asia Minor. - - 1400 - [E] 1359(?)--Dynasty XIX. begins. Seti I. powerful ruler and - conqueror. Rameses II., "Pharaoh of the Oppression"(?). - Merenepthah, "Pharaoh of the Exodus"(?). Decline of Egyptian - power. Rameses III., date unknown. - [C] c. 1330 Moses. - [D] About 1330(?) begins the Oppression of the Israelites under - Dynasty XIX. in Egypt. About the same time 1330(?) Moses was - born. All the dates of this period are uncertain. - [F] 1300(?)--Shalmaneser I., King of Assyria, begins conquests. Calah - becomes capital. - - 1300 - [F] 1290(?)--Tukulti-ninib, King of Assyria, conquers Babylon; but it - soon regains its independence. Babylonian Kingdom declining - in power. - [C] 1260--Joshua. - [A] 1250-1050--III. PERIOD OF THE ISRAELITE PEOPLE. - [B] 1250-1210--WANDERING. - [D] 1250(?)--The Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. End of the - Sojourn; Beginning of the History of Israel as a People. Death - of Moses. - [H] 1235--Theseus, King of Athens. - [H] 1233--Carthage founded. - [B] 1210-1180--CONQUEST. - [D] 1210(?)--The Israelites enter the Land of Canaan, and begin the - Conquest of Canaan. Battle of Beth-horon, 1210(?). - [F] 1207-1075--Dynasty of Isin in Babylon; wars between Assyria and - Babylonia; continued decline of Babylonia and rise of Assyria. - [H] 1200--Dorian migration into Greece. - - 1200 - [H] 1193--Trojan war begins. - [B] 1180-1020--Rule of the Judges - [D] 1180(?)--Death of Joshua. - [D] 1170(?)--Age of the Judges in Israel begins. - [C] c. 1170. Othniel, Judge. - [C] c. 1130. Gideon, Judge. - [D] 1130--Gideon ruling in Israel. - [H] 1120-626 B.C. ASSYRIAN EMPIRE - [F] 1120-1090--Tiglath-pileser I., the first great king of Assyria, - conqueror over many lands. THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE begins. - [H] 1122--Chow dynasty reigning in China. - [C] c. 1100. Jephthah, Judge. - - 1100 - [E] 1089(?)--Dynasty XXI. begins; a line of kings of foreign race who - obtained control in Egypt. - [C] 1080--Samuel, Judge. - [D] 1080--Samuel, the last of the Judges. - [H] 1070--Codrus; last king of Athens. - [A] 1050-587--IV. PERIOD OF ISRAELITE KINGDOM - [B] 1050-925--UNITY - [C] c. 1050. Saul, King. - [D] 1050--Coronation of Saul, King of Israel. - [H] 1015--Minos gives laws in Crete. - [C] c. 1010. David, King. - [D] 1010--David King over Judah. - [D] 1003--David King over Israel. - - 1000 - [D] 990--David conquers Syria, Moab, and Edom. - [C] 970. Solomon, King. - [D] 970--Solomon, King of Israel, Syria, Moab, and Edom. - [B] 935-721--DIVISION - [C] KINGS OF ISRAEL. KINGS OF JUDAH. - 935. Jeroboam. 935. Rehoboam. - [D] 935--Division of the Kingdom. Jeroboam, King of Ten Tribes - (Israel). Rehoboam, King of Judah. - [E] 925--Shishak, King of Egypt, invades Judah, and takes many cities. - [E] 900(?)--Zerah, the Ethiopian (Osorkon II.), invades Egypt. - - 900 - [H] 886--Homeric Poems brought into Greece. - [F] 885-860--Assur-nazir-pal, King of Assyria. - [C] 875. Ahab (Isr.) - [D] 875--Worship of Baal introduced into Israel by Jezebel. - [C] 870. Jehoshaphat. (Jud.) - [D] 870--Elijah the Prophet. - [F] 860-825--Shalmaneser II., King. - [F] 854--Victory of Shalmaneser over Syrians and Israelites (under - King Ahab) at Karkar. - [H] 850--Lycurgus, lawgiver of Sparta. - [C] 842. Jehu (Isr.) 842. Athaliah, usurper. (Jud.) - [D] 842--Jehu King of Judah. Athaliah usurper in Judah. - [F] 842--Jehu, King of Israel, pays tribute to Shalmaneser. - [C] 836. Jehoash. (Jud.) - [D] 836--Revolution in Judah under Jehoiada, the Priest. - [F] 800--Babylon under Assyrian control. - - 800 - [C] 799. Joash. (Isr.) - [D] 799--Joash, King of Israel. - [C] 783. Jeroboam II. (Isr.) 783. Uzziah. (Jud.) - [D] 783--Jeroboam II., King of Israel. Israelite power; Prophet Amos. - [D] 769--Uzziah, King of Israel; Age of Prosperity. - [H] 753--Traditional founding of Rome by Romulus. - [H] 750--Syracuse in Sicily founded by Corinthians. - [D] 748--Prophet Hosea in Israel. - [F] 745-727--Tiglath-pileser III., King of Assyria; great conqueror; - receives tribute from Menahem, King of Israel. 732--Damascus - taken. - [C] 741. Menahem. (Isr.) - [D] 738--Prophet Isaiah begins his Ministry. Jotham, King of Judah. - [C] 735. Ahaz. (Jud.) - [C] 730. Hoshea. (Isr.) - [D] 730--Hoshea, last King of Israel. - [F] 727-722--Shalmaneser IV., King. 725--Siege of Samaria begun. - [E] 725--Hoshea, King of Israel, in Alliance with So (or Sabakon), - King of Egypt. - [F] 722-705--Sargon II., King of Assyria. - [B] 721-587--DECAY - [D] 721--Fall of Samaria. Israel carried captive by Sargon II. of - Assyria. - [C] 719. Hezekiah. (Jud.) - [H] 708--Median Kingdom begins under Deioces. - [F] 704-687--Sennacherib, King. Nineveh made capital. - [D] 701--Sennacherib's invasion of Judah. - [E] 701--Defeat of Tirkahah by Sennacherib, King of Assyria. - - 700 - [C] 690. Manasseh. (Jud.) - [F] 680-668--Esar-haddon, King. 674--Egypt invaded by Assyrians. - Empire of Assyria at its culmination. - [E] 674--Invasion of Egypt by Esar-haddon, King of Assyria. - [F] 668-626--Assur-bani-pal, King. Decline of Assyrian Empire begins. - [E] 665--Destruction of Thebes by the Assyrians. - [H] 660--Japanese History begins with Jimmu Tenno whose descendants - have reigned since without intermission. - [H] 658--Byzantium founded by Byzas. 640--Media independent of - Assyria. - [D] 647--Manasseh a captive at Babylon; but released later. - [C] 639. Josiah. (Jud.) - [D] 628--Prophet Jeremiah begins Ministry. - [G] 626-536--CHALDEAN EMPIRE - [F] 625-604--Nabopolassar, King of Babylon, founder of Chaldean - Empire. - [D] 621--Josiah begins great reforms. Finding of the Book of the Law. - [H] 621--Laws of Draco in Athens. - [F] 609--FALL OF ASSYRIAN EMPIRE. Nineveh destroyed by the Medes. - [C] 608. Jehoiakim. (Jud.) - [D] 608--Death of Josiah in battle at Megiddo. Necho of Egypt invades - Judah. Jehoiakim, King of Judah. - [F] 608--Victory of Nebuchadnezzar, son of Nabopolassar, over Necho, - King of Egypt, at Carchemish. CHALDEAN EMPIRE begins - (606-536). - [D] 606--First visit of Nebuchadnezzar to Judah; first group of - Captives to Babylon. - [E] 606--Necho, King of Egypt, defeated at Carchemish by - Nebuchadnezzar. - [F] 604-562--Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon. - - 600 - [D] 598--Chaldeans invade Judah a second time. - [C] 597. Zedekiah. - [D] 592--Prophet Ezekiel in Chaldea. - [A] 587 B.C.-(?) A.D.--PERIOD OF THE JEWISH PROVINCE - [B] 587-536--CHALDEAN RULE - [D] 586--Fall of Jerusalem; end of Kingdom of Judah; Jews taken to - Babylon. - [F] 586--Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar. - [F] 585-573--Siege of Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar. - [H] 583--Laws of Solon in Athens. - [H] 578--Money coined in Rome. - [E] 567--Egypt invaded by Nebuchadnezzar, but not held. - [F] 562--Rapid decline of Chaldean power after death of - Nebuchadnezzar. - [H] 560--Pisistratus usurps rule at Athens. - [F] 558-536--Nabonidus, last king of Babylon. He associates his son - Belshazzar in the government. - [H] 557--Buddha born in India. - [F] 553--Cyrus, the Persian, conquers the Medes. Beginning of Persian - power. - [H] 550--Confucius born. Laocius and Mencius, the other Chinese sages, - lived in same century. 546--Cyrus overthrows empire of - Croesus. - [C] 536. Zerubbabel, Prince. - [D] 536--Decree of Cyrus, King of Persia, permitting return of Exiled - Jews. - [F] 536--Babylon taken by Cyrus. End of Chaldean Empire. - [D] 535--Rebuilding of Temple begun. 522--Discontinued. - [G] 530-330--THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. - [F] 529-521--Cambyses, King of Persia. Egypt conquered. - [E] 525--Egypt conquered by Persians under Cambyses and annexed to the - Persian empire. From that time until 332 Egypt was under - Persian rule. - [F] 521-486--Darius, King of Persia. - [D] 520--Prophets Haggai and Zechariah. - [D] 515--Second Temple completed. - [H] 510--Romans abolish royalty; Government by Consuls begins. - [H] 510--Africa first circumnavigated. - [H] 500--Pythagoras teaching in Greece. - - 500 - [F] 491--Darius, King of Persia, invades Greece. 490--Battle of - Marathon. Greeks victorious over Persians. - [H] 490--Battle of Lake Regillus in Italy. - [H] 490--Battle of Marathon in Greece. - [F] 486-466--Xerxes (Ahasuerus in book of Esther), King of Persia. - [F] 481--Expedition of Xerxes into Greece. - [F] 480--Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis. - [D] 478--Esther's deliverance. - [F] 466-425--Artaxerxes Longimanus, King of Persia. Empire declining - in power. - [C] 458. Ezra. - [D] 458--Ezra's visit to Jerusalem. - [C] 444. Nehemiah. - [D] 444--Nehemiah rebuilds the Wall of Jerusalem. - [D] 440--Separation of Samaritans from Jews. - [F] 425--Xerxes II., King of Persia. - [F] 424-404--Darius II., King. - [H] 418--Battle of Mantinea in Greece. - [D] 400(?)--Malachi, last of Old Testament Prophets. - [H] 400--Retreat of the Ten Thousand in Persia. - [C] c. 400--END OF OLD TESTAMENT - - 400 - [H] 399--Death of Socrates. - [F] 361--Artaxerxes (or Darius) Ochus, King of Persia. - [C] 350. Jaddua, High Priest. - [D] 350--Jaddua, High Priest. - [F] 336--Darius Codomannus, last king of Persia. - [D] 332--Visit of Alexander the Great to Judea. - [E] 332--Alexander the Great receives the submission of Egypt. - [B] 330-168--GREEK RULE - [G] 330-60--KINGDOMS OF ALEXANDER'S SUCCESSORS - [C] 330. Onias, High Priest. - [D] 330--Onias, High Priest. - [F] 330--Persian Empire conquered by Alexander the Great (Battle of - Arbela.) - [E] 328--Ptolemy Soter establishes the Greek kingdom of Egypt. - [F] 323--Alexander the Great dies at Babylon. - [D] 305--Jerusalem taken by Ptolemy Lagus, of Egypt. Judea subject to - Egypt. - [F] 301--Alexander's empire divided among his four generals Ptolemy, - Seleucus, Cassander, Lysimachus. - [C] 300. Simon the Just, High Priest. - [D] 300--Simon the First, High Priest. - - 300 - [E] 286--The Alexandrian library and Museum began by King Ptolemy II., - Philadelphus. - [D] 275(?)--Translation of the Old Testament into Greek begun - (Septuagint.) - [H] 264--First Punic war begun by Rome. - [E] 247-225--Reign of Ptolemy Euergetes, ablest and most powerful of - the Ptolemies. - [H] 216--Battle of Cannae; overthrow of Hannibal. - [H] 211--Wall of China completed. - [E] 205-182--Reign of Ptolemy V. Epiphanes. - - 200 - [D] 197--Palestine annexed to kingdom of Syria under Antiochus III. - [F] 187--Seleucus IV., Philopator, King of Syria. - [F] 175--Antiochus IV., Epiphanes, King of Syria. - [B] 168-43--JEWISH INDEPENDENCE - [D] 168--Persecution of the Jews by Antiochus IV. (Epiphanes). - [D] 168--Revolt of Mattathias against Syrian rule. - [C] 166. Judas Maccabeus. - [D] 166--Judas Maccabeus, Liberator and Ruler of Judea. - [E] 165--The Roman senate intervenes in Egypt. - [F] 162--Demetrius I., Soter, King of Syria. - [D] 142--Simon, brother of Judas, High Priest and Ruler. - [H] 123--The Gracchi in Rome. - [D] 107--Aristobulus assumes title of King of Judea. - [D] 105--Rise of Sects, Pharisees and Sadducees. - - 100 - [F] 69--Syria and Armenia conquered by Romans. - [C] 63. Antipater. - [D] 63--Jerusalem taken by Pompey; Romans intervene in Judea. - [D] 63--Antipater, Ruler, under Roman authority. - [G] 60 B.C.-100 A.D.--ROMAN EMPIRE - [E] 52-30--Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt. - [B] 43--START OF ROMAN RULE - [C] 43. Herod the Great. - [D] 43--Herod the Great made King by Roman Senate. - [H] 41--Assassination of Julius Caesar. - [E] 30--Egypt becomes a Roman province. - [F] 27--Syria made an imperial province of Roman empire. - [H] 27--Augustus, Emperor of Roman World. - [D] 4 B.C.--Jesus born at Bethlehem. 4 B.C.--Death of Herod. - - A.D. - [H] 14--Tiberius, Emperor. - [C] 26. Pontius Pilate, Procurator. - [D] 26--Ministry of John the Baptist. - [D] 30--Crucifixion, Resurrection, and Ascension of Christ. - [D] 37--Conversion of St. Paul. - [C] 41. Herod Agrippa I. King of Judea. - [H] 41--Claudius, Emperor. - [D] 50--Council of Christian Church at Jerusalem. - [C] 52. Felix, Procurator. - [H] 54--Nero, Emperor. - [C] 60. Festus, Procurator. - [D] 68--Revolt of Jews against Roman Empire. - [D] 68--Martyrdom of St. Paul. - [D] 70--Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. - [H] 79--Titus, Emperor. - - - - - B.C. I. II. III. - GENERAL SUB DIVISION PERSONS AND RULERS IN BIBLE - PERIODS. OF GENERAL HISTORY. - PERIODS. - - I. PERIOD - OF THE I. - EARLY THE UNITED - RACES, RACES - FROM THE TO THE - DELUGE. DISPERSION. - - (Date unknown) (Date unknown) - 2500 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - I. II. - PERIOD THE DISPERSED - OF THE RACES TO - 2400 EARLY - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - RACES THE CALL OF - to the Call of - of Abraham ABRAHAM. c. 2355 Abraham. - c. 2280 - 2300 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 2280 B.C. c. 2280 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - c. 2256 Isaac. - - JOURNEYS - - 2200 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - c. 2180 c. 2195 Jacob. - - II. OF THE - - PATRIARCHS c. 2103 Joseph. - 2100 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - PERIOD c. 2075 - - c. 2060 B.C. - +------------ - | - | c. 2045. - 2000 | - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | c. 1993. - OF THE | - | THE - | - | - | - | - | - 1500 | - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | - CHOSEN | - | SOJOURN IN - 1400 | - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | - | c. 1330 Moses. - FAMILY. | - | EGYPT. - 1300 | - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | - | c. 1260 Joshua. - 1250 B.C. | 1250 - --------------+============-------------------------------------- - | - | WANDERING - | - | - III. | 1210 c. 1210 - +------------ - 1200 | CONQUEST. - ---------------------|--------------------------------------------------- - PERIOD | 1180 c. 1180 - +------------ c. 1170. Othniel, Judge. - OF | - | RULE - ISRAELITE | - | OF THE c. 1130. Gideon, Judge. - PEOPLE | - | JUDGES. - | - | c. 1100. Jephthah, Judge. - 1100 | - ---------------------|-------------------------------------------------- - | c. 1080. Samuel, Judge. - | - 1050 B.C. | 1050 c. 1050. Saul, King. - ---------------------------------------------------------------- - | UNITY - | - IV. | c. 1010. David, King. - | - 1000 | - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | - | 970. Solomon, King. - | - | 935 KINGS OF ISRAEL. KINGS OF JUDAH. - +---------935. Jeroboam. 935. Rehoboam. - PERIOD - 900 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 875. Ahab - 870. Jehoshaphat. - - 842. Jehu. 842. Athaliah, usurper. - OF DIVISION 836. Jehoash. - 800 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 799. Joash. - 783. Jeroboam II. 783. Uzziah. - - - 741. Menahem. - - 735. Ahaz. - ISRAELITE - 730. Hoshea. - 721 - +------- - | - | 719. Hezekiah. - | - 700 | - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | - KINGDOM | 690. Manasseh. - | DECAY - | 639. Josiah. - | - | - | - | 608. Jehoiakim. - | - | - | - | - 600 | - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 587 B.C. | 587 597. Zedekiah. - | - | - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - | - | CHALDEAN - PERIOD OF | RULE 536. Zerubbabel, Prince. - | 536 - THE JEWISH +------- - PROVINCE - - 500 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - PERIOD - - PERSIAN 458. Ezra. - - 444. Nehemiah. - - (END OF OLD - TESTAMENT) - - 400 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - RULE - - 350. Jaddua, High Priest. - - OF 330 B.C. 330. Onias, High Priest. - +--------- - | - | - | 300. Simon the Just, High Priest. - 300 | - -------------------|---------------------------------------------------- - | - | GREEK - JEWISH | - | RULE - 200 | - -------------------|---------------------------------------------------- - | - | - | - | - | 168 B.C. - +--------- - PROVINCE | 166. Judas Maccabeus. - | JEWISH - | - | INDEPENDENCE - 100 | - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | 63. Antipater. - | - | - | 43 B.C. 43. Herod the Great. - +-------- - - A.D. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - ROMAN - - 26. Pontius Pilate, Procurator. - 41. Herod Agrippa I. King of Judea. - 52. Felix, Procurator. - 60. Festus, Procurator. - - - - RULE - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 100 - - - - - B.C. IV. - THE HISTORY OF ISRAEL. - - - - - [All the dates in this column are uncertain above 1000 B.C., - and are given tentatively. The dates are not - sufficient for a complete and sure chronology]. - - - - - 2500 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - - - 2400 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - - - - 2300 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - c. 2280(?)--Call and Migration of Abraham. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - c. 2270(?)--Abraham's Victory over the Five Kings. [Gen. 14] - - c. 2232(?)--The Offering of Isaac on Mount Moriah. - - - 2200 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - c. 2180(?) Death of Abraham. - - - c. 2120(?)--Jacob's Vision and Journey to Padan-aram. - c. 2103(?)--Jacob's Return to Canaan. - 2100 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - c. 2084(?)--Joseph Sold into Egypt. - c. 2073(?)--Joseph Ruler in Egypt. - c. 2060(?)--Jacob and his Family go down - to Egypt; Beginning of the SOJOURN OF THE ISRAELITES. - - c. 2045(?)--Death of Jacob in Egypt. - - 2000 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 1993(?)--Death of Joseph in Egypt. - The Israelites remain in the Land of Goshen, between Egypt - and the Wilderness, from about 2062 to 1250 B.C. [dates very - very uncertain]. During most of this period the Hyksos or - Shepherd-Kings, friendly to the Israelites, were ruling in - Egypt. - - 1500--The Israelites still in Egypt. - 1500 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - - - 1400 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - About 1330(?) begins the Oppression of the Israelites under - Dynasty XIX. in Egypt. About the same time 1330(?) - Moses was born. All the dates of this period are uncertain. - 1300 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - - 1250 1250(?)--The Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. End of the - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - Sojourn; Beginning of the History of Israel as a People. - Death of Moses. - - - 1210(?)--The Israelites enter the Land of Canaan, and begin the - Conquest of Canaan. Battle of Beth-horon, 1210(?). - 1200 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - 1180(?)--Death of Joshua. - 1170(?)--Age of the Judges in Israel begins. - - - - 1130--Gideon ruling in Israel. - - - - - 1100 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 1080--Samuel, the last of the Judges. - - 1050 1050--Coronation of Saul, King of Israel. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - - 1010--David King over Judah. - 1003--David King over Israel. - 1000 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 990--David conquers Syria, Moab, and Edom. - 970--Solomon, King of Israel, Syria, Moab, and Edom. - - 935--Division of the Kingdom. Jeroboam, King of Ten Tribes - (Israel). Rehoboam, King of Judah. - - 900 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 875--Worship of Baal introduced into Israel by Jezebel. - 870--Elijah the Prophet. - - 842--Jehu King of Judah. Athaliah usurper in Judah. - 836--Revolution in Judah under Jehoiada, the Priest. - 800 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 799--Joash, King of Israel. - 783--Jeroboam II., King of Israel. Israelite power; - Prophet Amos. - - 769--Uzziah, King of Israel; Age of Prosperity. - 748--Prophet Hosea in Israel. - 738--Prophet Isaiah begins his Ministry. Jotham, King of Judah. - 730--Hoshea, last King of Israel. - - - 721--Fall of Samaria. Israel carried captive by - Sargon II. of Assyria. - - 701--Sennacherib's invasion of Judah. - 700 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - - 647--Manasseh a captive at Babylon; but released later. - - 628--Prophet Jeremiah begins Ministry. - 621--Josiah begins great reforms. Finding of the Book of the - Law. - - 608--Death of Josiah in battle at Megiddo. Necho of Egypt - invades Judah. Jehoiakim, King of Judah. - 606--First visit of Nebuchadnezzar to Judah; first group of - Captives to Babylon. - 600 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 598--Chaldeans invade Judah a second time. - 592--Prophet Ezekiel in Chaldea. - - 586--Fall of Jerusalem; end of Kingdom of Judah; Jews taken - to Babylon. - 536--Decree of Cyrus, King of Persia, permitting return of - Exiled Jews. - 535--Rebuilding of Temple begun. 522--Discontinued. - 520--Prophets Haggai and Zechariah. - 515--Second Temple completed. - 500 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - 478--Esther's deliverance. - 458--Ezra's visit to Jerusalem. - - 444--Nehemiah rebuilds the Wall of Jerusalem. - 440--Separation of Samaritans from Jews. - - - 400 400(?)--Malachi, last of Old Testament Prophets. - (END OF OLD - TESTAMENT) - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - - 350--Jaddua, High Priest. - 332--Visit of Alexander the Great to Judea. - 330--Onias, High Priest. - - 305--Jerusalem taken by Ptolemy Lagus, of Egypt. - Judea subject to Egypt. - 300--Simon the First, High Priest. - 300 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 275(?)--Translation of the Old Testament into Greek begun - (Septuagint.) - - - 200 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 197--Palestine annexed to kingdom of Syria under - Antiochus III. - - 168--Persecution of the Jews by Antiochus IV. (Epiphanes). - 168--Revolt of Mattathias against Syrian rule. - 166--Judas Maccabeus, Liberator and Ruler of Judea. - 142--Simon, brother of Judas, High Priest and Ruler. - - 107--Aristobulus assumes title of King of Judea. - 105--Rise of Sects, Pharisees and Sadducees. - 100 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 63--Jerusalem taken by Pompey; Romans intervene in Judea. - 63--Antipater, Ruler, under Roman authority. - - 43--Herod the Great made King by Roman Senate. - - - A.D. 4 B.C.--Jesus born at Bethlehem. 4 B.C.--Death of Herod. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - 26 A.D.--Ministry of John the Baptist. - - 30 A.D.--Crucifixion, Resurrection, and Ascension of Christ. - 37--Conversion of St. Paul. - - 50--Council of Christian Church at Jerusalem. - 68--Revolt of Jews against Roman Empire. - 68--Martyrdom of St. Paul. - 70--Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 100 - - - - - - B.C. V. VI. - EGYPT. KINGDOMS OF THE EAST. - - 4700(?)--Egypt founded by Menes. - Old Kingdom (Dynasties I.-X.). 4500 B.C.--Kingdoms existing in - Memphis earliest capital. Babylonia. - 4000(?)--City of Babylon - founded. - 3900(?)--Rise of Ur to power. - 3500(?)--Pyramids built - (Dynasty IV.). - 3000--Nineveh in existence. - 2900(?)--Middle kingdom begins - (Dynasties XI.-XVII.) - 2500 B.C. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - 2454(?)--First dynasty of kings - begins to reign at Babylon - with Su-mu-abi. - Eleven kings reigning 2454 to - 2151(?). - 2400 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - - During the middle kingdom, 2900-1570 - B.C. Thebes was capital until about - 2000 B.C. The dates are very uncertain, - but between 2500 and 2000 B.C. the - kingdom declined. 12th Dynasty 2500-2300. - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - 2280(?)--Hammurabi (Amraphel(?)) - (Gen. 14), sixth king of the - first dynasty reigning at - Babylon. He conquered many - states, established a code of - laws, and may be regarded as - founder of the early - Babylonian Empire. - 2300 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - 2150(?)--Second dynasty of kings - at Babylon begins with - An-ma-an. (According to - records, not certain, it - lasted until 1783 B.C.) - - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - About 2000 B.C. Lower Egypt - fell under the power of invaders - from the desert, who were called - Hyksos, or Shepherd Kings. Their - capital was Tanis, or Zoan. Very - little is known of their history, - and their names cannot be given - with certainty, as their memory - was hated by the rulers that - followed them, and their - inscriptions may have been - obliterated. They ruled Egypt - until about 1570 B.C.(?), though - the dates both of their conquest - and their departure are 2000--Ishkibal, fourth king of - uncertain. second dynasty, reigning at - Babylon. - 2000 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - About 1570 the war of liberation - from the Hyksos began under - Dynasty XVIII., and the New - Kingdom opened. - 1570-1320(?)--Dynasty XVIII. 1800--An Assyrian Kingdom in - reigning (Amosis, Amenophis, existence, but subject to - Queen Hatasu, Thutmosis (or Babylon. Asshur, its capital. - Thotmes) III., Amenophis II., - Amenophis III., Amenophis 1782--Third dynasty of kings of - IV.). A period of conquest. Babylon, beginning with - Egyptian invasion of Syria Gandish, reigning 1782-1767. - about 1490(?) (Thutmosis III.). This dynasty, known as - Battle of Esdraelon in Canaan. Kassites, came from Elam, - Tell-el-Amarna letters written conquered Babylonia, and - in reigns of Amenophis III. held rule until 1207. Not - and IV. much is known of Babylonian - history during this period; - but the kingdom was - declining. - - 1500-1207--Kassite dynasty - 1500 still reigning at Babylon. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - - 1430--Assur-nadin-akhi. King of - Assyria. (From this reign, - regular lists of Assyrian - kings; and their kingdom - grows in power.) - 1400 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 1359(?)--Dynasty XIX. begins. - Seti I. powerful ruler and conqueror. - Rameses II., "Pharaoh of the Oppression"(?). - Merenepthah, "Pharaoh of the Exodus"(?). - Decline of Egyptian power. Rameses III., - date unknown. - - 1300(?)--Shalmaneser I., King - of Assyria, begins conquests. - 1300 Calah becomes capital. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 1290(?)--Tukulti-ninib, King - of Assyria, conquers Babylon; - but it soon regains its - independence. Babylonian - Kingdom declining in power. - - - 1207-1075--Dynasty of Isin in - Babylon; wars between Assyria - and Babylonia; continued - decline of Babylonia and rise - 1200 of Assyria. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - - - 1120-1090--Tiglath-pileser I., - the first great king of - Assyria, conqueror over many - lands. THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE - 1100 begins. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 1089(?)--Dynasty XXI. begins; a line of - kings of foreign race who obtained control - in Egypt. - - 1000 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - 925--Shishak, King of Egypt, invades - Judah, and takes many cities. - - 900(?)--Zerah, the Ethiopian (Osorkon II.), - 900 invades Egypt. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 885-860--Assur-nazir-pal, King - of Assyria. - - 860-825--Shalmaneser II., King. - 854--Victory of Shalmaneser - over Syrians and Israelites - (under King Ahab) at Karkar. - 842--Jehu, King of Israel, pays - tribute to Shalmaneser. - - 800--Babylon under Assyrian - 800 control. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - 745-727--Tiglath-pileser III., - King of Assyria; great - conqueror; receives tribute - from Menahem, King of Israel. - 732--Damascus taken. - - 725--Hoshea, King of Israel, in 727-722--Shalmaneser IV., King. - Alliance with So (or Sabakon), 725--Siege of Samaria begun. - King of Egypt. 722-705--Sargon II., King of - Assyria. - 704-687--Sennacherib, King. - 701--Defeat of Tirkahah by Nineveh made capital. - 700 Sennacherib, King of Assyria. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 674--Invasion of Egypt by 680-668--Esar-haddon, King. - Esar-haddon, King of Assyria. 674--Egypt invaded by - 665--Destruction of Thebes by Assyrians. Empire of Assyria - the Assyrians. at its culmination. - 668-626--Assur-bani-pal, King. - Decline of Assyrian Empire - begins. - 625-604--Nabopolassar, King of - Babylon, founder of Chaldean - Empire. - 609--FALL OF ASSYRIAN EMPIRE. - Nineveh destroyed by the - Medes. - 608--Victory of Nebuchadnezzar, - son of Nabopolassar, over - Necho, King of Egypt, at - 606--Necho, King of Egypt, Carchemish. CHALDEAN EMPIRE - defeated at Carchemish by begins (606-536). - Nebuchadnezzar. 604-562--Nebuchadnezzar, King - 600 of Babylon. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 586--Jerusalem taken and - destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar. - 567--Egypt invaded by 585-573--Siege of Tyre by - Nebuchadnezzar, but not held. Nebuchadnezzar. - 562--Rapid decline of Chaldean - power after death of - Nebuchadnezzar. - 558-536--Nabonidus, last king - of Babylon. He associates - his son Belshazzar in the - government. - 553--Cyrus, the Persian, - conquers the Medes. Beginning - of Persian power. - 536--Babylon taken by Cyrus. - 525--Egypt conquered by Persians End of Chaldean Empire. - under Cambyses and annexed to 530-330--THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. - the Persian empire. From that 529-521--Cambyses, King of - time until 332 Egypt was under Persia. Egypt conquered. - Persian rule. 521-486--Darius, King of - 500 Persia. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 491--Darius, King of Persia, - invades Greece. 490--Battle - of Marathon. Greeks - victorious over Persians. - 486-466--Xerxes (Ahasuerus in - book of Esther), King of - Persia. - 481--Expedition of Xerxes into - Greece. - 480--Battles of Thermopylae and - Salamis. - 466-425--Artaxerxes Longimanus, - King of Persia. Empire - declining in power. - 425--Xerxes II., King of Persia. - 400 424-404--Darius II., King. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - 361--Artaxerxes (or Darius) - Ochus, King of Persia. - - 336--Darius Codomannus, last - king of Persia. - 332--Alexander the Great - receives the submission of - Egypt. 330--Persian Empire conquered - by Alexander the Great - 328--Ptolemy Soter establishes (Battle of Arbela.) - the Greek kingdom of Egypt. - 323--Alexander the Great dies - at Babylon. - 301--Alexander's empire divided - among his four generals - Ptolemy, Seleucus, Cassander, - 300 Lysimachus. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 286--The Alexandrian library and - Museum began by King Ptolemy II., - Philadelphus. - 247-225--Reign of Ptolemy Euergetes, - ablest and most powerful of the - Ptolemies. - - 200 205-182--Reign of Ptolemy V. Epiphanes. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 187--Seleucus IV., Philopator, - King of Syria. - 175--Antiochus IV., Epiphanes, - King of Syria. - 165--The Roman senate - intervenes in Egypt. 162--Demetrius I., Soter, - 100 King of Syria. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 69--Syria and Armenia - conquered by Romans. - 52-30--Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt. - - 30--Egypt becomes a Roman province. - 27--Syria made an imperial - A.D. province of Roman empire. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - - - - 100 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - - - - - B.C. VII. VIII. - THE ORIENTAL EMPIRES. THE WORLD IN GENERAL. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - Dates earlier than 700 B.C. - traditional and uncertain. - - - - - 2850--China founded by Fu-hi. - 2500 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - - 2400 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - - - 2357--Lao reigning in China. - - 2300 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 2280 B.C. - +-----------------+ - | | 2205--Chinese history begins. - 2200 | | - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | | - | | - | | - | | - 2100 | | - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | | - | | - | EARLY | - | | - 2000 | | 2000--Aryan migration to India(?). - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | | 1920--Gold and silver first mentioned as - | | money. - | | - | | - | | 1556--Athens founded. (traditional.) - | | 1546--Traditional founding of Troy. - | | - | | 1507--Court of Areopagus founded at Athens. - | | - | | 1500--Thebes founded. Greek alphabet - | | introduced by Cadmus. - | | - | | c. 1500--Hittite migration to southern - 1500 | | Asia Minor. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | | - | | - | BABYLONIAN | - | | - | | 1400--Rise of Hittite Kingdom in Asia - 1400 | | Minor. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | | - | | - | | - | | - | | - | | - 1300 | | - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | | - | | - | | - | EMPIRE. | - | | - | | 1235--Theseus, King of Athens. - | | 1233--Carthage founded. - | | - | | - 1200 | | 1200--Dorian migration into Greece. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | | 1193--Trojan war begins. - | | - | | - | | 1122--Chow dynasty reigning in China. - | 1120 B.C. | - +-----------------+ - 1100 | | - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | | 1070--Codrus, last king of Athens. - | ASSYRIAN EMPIRE | - | | - | | - | | - | | 1015--Minos gives laws in Crete. - 1000 | | - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | | - | ASSYRIAN | - | | - | | - 900 | | - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | | 886--Homeric Poems brought into Greece. - | | - | | - | | - | | - | | 850--Lycurgus, lawgiver of Sparta. - | | - 800 | | - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | EMPIRE. | - | | - | | 753--Traditional founding of Rome by - | | Romulus. - | | 750--Syracuse in Sicily founded by - | | Corinthians. - | | - | | - | | - | | - | | 708--Median Kingdom begins under Deioces. - 700 | | - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | | - | | - | | 660--Japanese History begins with Jimmu - | 626 B.C. | Tenno whose descendants have reigned - +-----------------+ since without intermission. - | | 658--Byzantium founded by Byzas. 640--Media - | | independent of Assyria. - | | 621--Laws of Draco in Athens. - | | - | | - |CHALDEAN EMPIRE | - | | - 600 | | - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | | 583--Laws of Solon in Athens. - | | 578--Money coined in Rome. - | | 560--Pisistratus usurps rule at Athens. - | | 557--Buddha born in India. - | | 550--Confucius born. Laocius and Mencius, - | | the other Chinese sages, lived in same - | 536 B.C. | century. 546--Cyrus overthrows empire of - +-----------------+ Croesus. - | | 510--Romans abolish royalty; Government by - | | Consuls begins. - | | 510--Africa first circumnavigated. - 500 | | 500--Pythagoras teaching in Greece. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | PERSIAN | 490--Battle of Lake Regillus in Italy. - | | 490--Battle of Marathon in Greece. - | | - | | - | | - | | - | | - | | - | EMPIRE. | - | | 418--Battle of Mantinea in Greece. - 400 | | 400--Retreat of the Ten Thousand in Persia. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | | 399--Death of Socrates. - | | - | | - | | - | | - | 330 B.C. | - +-----------------+ - | | - | | - 300 | | - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | | - | KINGDOMS | - | | 264--First Punic war begun by Rome. - | | - | | 216--Battle of Cannae; overthrow of - | | Hannibal. - | | 211--Wall of China completed. - 200 | OF ALEXANDER'S | - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | | - | | - | | - | | - | | - | | - | SUCCESSORS. | 123--The Gracchi in Rome. - | | - 100 | | - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | | - | | - | 60 B.C. | - +-----------------+ 41--Assassination of Julius Caesar. - | | - | | 27--Augustus, Emperor of Roman World. - | | - A.D. | ROMAN EMPIRE. | - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - | | 14 A.D.--Tiberius, Emperor. - | | - | | 41--Claudius, Emperor. - | | - | | 54--Nero, Emperor. - | | - | | 79--Titus, Emperor. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 100 A.D. | 100 A.D. | - +-----------------+ - - -VII. =The Oriental Empires= are indicated upon the seventh column of the -chart. While they follow in regular succession, there were brief periods -of anarchy and confusion between them, which cannot be indicated. (1.) -The Early Babylonian Empire, 2280-1120 B.C. Much of the time this was -not an empire, but rather the leading state in the oriental world. (2.) -The Assyrian Empire, 1120-626 B.C.; its capital at Nineveh on the Tigris -River, its people fierce warriors, but not able rulers. (3.) The -Chaldean Empire, 606-536 B.C., established by Nebuchadnezzar, and -passing away soon after his death. (4.) The Persian Empire, 536-330, -founded by Cyrus, and ruling over all the Old Testament lands. (5.) The -Kingdoms (not empire) of Alexander's Successors, 330-60 B.C. The empire -of Alexander the Great lasted only seven years (330-323), and was -followed by war until 301, when the four generals of Alexander made a -division of his conquests. (6.) The Roman Empire became dominant in the -east about 60 B.C., and continued supreme until after the New Testament -period. - -VIII. =The World in General.= We arrange on the last column events -showing the general progress of the world outside of the Bible lands. -The student will note that Bible History antedates the annals of Greece -and Rome by many centuries. - -[Illustration: THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE.] - - - - -THE OLD TESTAMENT WORLD. - - -I. =Extent.= The Old Testament World embraces the seas and lands between -30° and 54° east longitude, or from the mouth of the Nile to that of the -Persian Gulf; and between 27° and 40° north latitude, from the parallel -south of Mount Sinai to that north of Mount Ararat. The total extent of -territory is about 1,400 miles from east to west and 900 miles from -north to south, aggregating 1,260,000 square miles. Deducting from this -the space occupied by the Mediterranean Sea and other large bodies of -water, the land will include about 1,110,000 square miles, or one-third -the extent of the United States, excluding Alaska. Unlike the United -States, however, nearly two-thirds of this extent is a vast desert, and -uninhabitable, so that the portion actually occupied by man is less than -an eighth of that included in the American Union. - -[Illustration: COMPARATIVE VIEW OF UNITED STATES AND OLD TESTAMENT -WORLD.] - -II. =Seas.= This world of the Old Testament embraces several large -bodies of water. 1. The _Caspian Sea_, the largest body of water -surrounded by land on the globe, occupies its northeastern corner. 2. -The _Persian Gulf_, the outlet of the great rivers of the Old Testament -history, is in its southeastern border. 3. The two arms of the northern -end of the _Red Sea_, the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Akaba, are on its -southwestern side. 4. The _Mediterranean Sea_, "the great sea toward the -going down of the sun" (Josh. 1:4), forms a part of its western -boundary. These are its largest seas; but besides these may be named -three others, all salt lakes, imbedded in its mountain system. 5. The -_Dead Sea_, called in the Bible "Sea of the Plain," and "Salt Sea," -lying 1,290 feet below the Mediterranean, and situated in the land of -Palestine; 6. _Lake Van_, anciently Arsissa, in Armenia; and 7. _Lake -Urumiyeh_, in Media. Neither of the last two are referred to in the -Bible. - -III. =Mountain Ranges.= The nucleus of the mountain system is found in -the land of Armenia, on the north of the map. Here five great ranges of -mountains have their origin. 1. The _Ararat Mountains_ are lofty masses, -lying between the Caspian Sea and Asia Minor. They are arranged in three -sections, nearly parallel: Mount Masius, on the south; Mount Niphates, -north of Lake Van; and Mount Abus, still farther north. One of the peaks -of this latter section is the traditional resting place of the ark (Gen. -8:4), and is the summit of the group, 17,750 feet high. 2. The _Caspian -Mountains_, branching from Ararat, bend around the southern end of the -Caspian Sea and extend eastward, forming the northern boundary of Media. -3. The _Zagros Mountains_ also start from Ararat, and follow a direction -generally southeast, to the northern shore of the Persian Gulf. They -form the eastern watershed of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. 4. The -_Lebanon Range_ starts from the western side of the Ararat group, and -follows the Mediterranean coast through Syria and Palestine, then down -the Sinaitic peninsula. Its general direction is west of south. In Syria -and Palestine it is divided into two parallel branches, Lebanon and -Anti-Lebanon, the latter on the east. Its highest peak is Mount Hermon, -about 9,000 feet above the sea. South of Palestine it forms the -remarkable Sinaitic group of mountains, upon one of which the Law was -given. 5. The last range is _Mount Taurus_, which also branches from -Ararat, in a westerly direction, and forms the southern coast line of -Asia Minor. - -[Illustration: COMPARATIVE HEIGHT OF BIBLE MOUNTAINS.] - -[Illustration: THE OLD TESTAMENT WORLD.] - -IV. =Rivers.= Passing by many unimportant streams, we notice the -following, the largest of which have their rise in the mountain -system of Armenia. 1. The _Araxes_, not named in the Bible, but -important as a boundary, rises in the northern section of the Ararat -Range, and flows, in a general direction, eastward into the Caspian Sea. -2. The _Tigris_, called in the Bible Hiddekel, rises in Mount Niphates, -of the Ararat Range, and flows in a southeasterly direction, following -the line of Mount Zagros, unites with the Euphrates, and thence flows -into the Persian Gulf. Its length to the union with the Euphrates is -1,146 miles; beyond the union to the gulf, at present, 100 miles, though -anciently much less; and at a time within the limits of history the two -rivers discharged by separate mouths. Their united stream is now called -the _Shaat el Arab_. 3. _The Euphrates_, or the _Frat_ (a word meaning -"abounding"), is the great river of the Bible world. It has two -important sources, both in Armenia: one at a place called _Domli_; the -other, the more distant and true source, at _Diyadin_, at the foot of a -mountain called _Ala Tagh_, 20 miles west of Mount Ararat. It flows -westward 400 miles, then southward about as far, then in a southeasterly -direction 1,000 miles, uniting at last with the Tigris to form the -_Shaat el Arab_. It is navigable for 1,100 miles, and has in all ages -formed the principal means of travel between Eastern and Western Asia. -At Babylon, it is nearly a mile in width, though for 800 miles it does -not receive a single tributary, as it flows through a desert. It -overflows its banks every year, rising as high as twelve feet. 4. The -_Orontes_ rises in Mount Lebanon, and flows northward parallel with the -Mediterranean until, just before reaching Asia Minor, it breaks through -the mountains and empties into the sea. 5. The _Jordan_, least yet most -important of all, flows southward from the foot of Mount Hermon into the -Dead Sea. It will be described in connection with the Physical Map of -Palestine. 6. The _Nile_, the great river of Africa, rises in the centre -of the continent and flows northward into the Mediterranean Sea, turning -the desert through which it passes into a garden. - -V. =The Lands.= These are not easy to determine since their boundaries -and names varied at different periods of the history. Yet their -locations may be given, and their natural limits are generally known. -They may be classified as follows: 1. Lands of the Mountain System, all -north and east of the Zagros chain of mountains: Armenia, Media, and -Persia. 2. Lands of the Plain: Assyria, Elam, Mesopotamia, Chaldea, -Arabia. 3. Lands of the Mediterranean: Asia Minor, Syria, Phoenicia, -Palestine, The Wilderness, Egypt. - -[Illustration: MOUNT ARARAT.] - - -I. LANDS OF THE MOUNTAIN SYSTEM. - -1. =Armenia= is a name nowhere used in the original Scriptures, but in -our version is a translation of the word "Ararat," which word properly -appears in place of "Armenia" in the Revised Version. The province -embraces the lofty plateau and mountain group between the Caspian and -Black Seas, and north of Mesopotamia and Assyria, the source of four -great rivers, the Araxes, Tigris, Euphrates, and Acampsis, the latter -pouring into the Black Sea. Its boundaries are: upon the north, the -Caucasus Mountains; on the east, Media and the Caspian Sea; on the -south, Media, from which it is separated by the Araxes, and Assyria, -from which it is divided by Mount Masius; and on the west, the -Euphrates, separating it from Asia Minor. Tradition states that it was -settled by Haïk, a grandson of Japhet; and the earliest history names it -as tributary to Assyria. Excepting the resting of Noah's ark upon one of -its mountains, few events of Scripture are associated with it. - -2. =Media= is in the original the same word as Madai, the son of Japhet. -(Gen. 10:2.) Its boundaries are the river Araxes and the Caspian Sea on -the north, the great salt desert of Iram on the east, Persia on the -south, and the Zagros Mountains, separating it from Assyria and Armenia. -A branch of the Zagros Mountains, running eastward, divides it into two -portions, anciently known as Media Atropatene (the one northward) and -Media Magna. In each of these provinces the principal city was called -Ecbatana. The Medes were of the Aryan or Japhetic stock, and were always -a warlike and independent people. Though conquered by Assyria, their -land was never formally annexed to the Assyrian empire. In B.C. 633 the -Median kingdom was established, and soon became supreme over Assyria, -Armenia, and Persia, and formed the Medo-Persian empire, which succeeded -to the power of Babylon in the East, B.C. 536. After that date the -history of Media is lost in that of Persia. - -3. =Persia= was originally a small province on the Persian Gulf, still -known as _Fars_. But Persia Proper included, besides the sandy plain on -the gulf, a mountainous plateau north of it, and was bounded by Media on -the north, by Carmania on the east, by the Persian Gulf on the south, -and by Elam on the west. Its people were of the Aryan race, and at first -subject to the Medes. They revolted under Cyrus the Great, and became -the controlling power in the conquest of Nebuchadnezzar's dominion. The -Persian empire arose to greatness at the fall of Babylon, B.C. 536, -conquered and ruled over all the lands from India to Ethiopia, and was -by far the greatest of the great Oriental monarchies. It was subjected -by Alexander the Great, B.C. 330. The capital of the Persian empire was -Susa, called in the Bible "Shushan the Palace" (Esther 1:2); which was, -however, situated not in Persia Proper, but in Elam. The most important -places in the province were Persepolis (its capital at one period), -Pasargada, and Mesambria, none of which are named in the Bible. - - -II. LANDS OF THE PLAIN. - -Of these, two are situated mainly between the Zagros chain of mountains -and the Tigris river, Assyria and Elam; two are between the Tigris and -Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Chaldea; and one is the vast Arabian desert. - -1. =Assyria=, in the Hebrew everywhere Asshur, was properly the province -now called _Kurdistan_, lying on the western slope of the Zagros -Mountains, and extending across the Tigris to the Sinjar hills and the -border of the Mesopotamian desert. The mountains separate it from -Armenia; and the line of division from Elam, on the southeast, was near -the place where the Tigris and Euphrates approach nearest before their -separation. The land was occupied by people of various races, of which -the Semitic were predominant. The earliest city was at Asshur, supposed -to be _Kileh Sherghat_, where a dynasty of kings began to rule about -1800 B.C., while the Israelite tribes were in Egypt. The seat of -government was afterward transferred to Calah, or Halah (_Nimrud_), -north of Asshur; and finally a permanent location of the capital was -made at Nineveh, which became the centre of the great Assyrian empire. -This will be described more fully with the map of that empire, on page -91. The Assyrian kingdom was long in its duration, but passed through -many vicissitudes, several times ruling all the lands of the Euphrates, -and again, in a feeble condition. Its principal cities, besides Nineveh, -were Calah, Resen (which may have been at _Selamiyeh_, three miles south -of Nineveh), and Rehoboth. There is reason to believe that all the four -cities named in Gen. 10:11, 12, were combined in the walls of Nineveh. - -2. =Elam=, called Susiana by the Greeks, lay southeast of Assyria and -west of Persia Proper, between the Zagros chain of mountains and the -Tigris river. It included both a mountainous and a lowland tract, the -latter very fertile. Shushan (Susa), the capital of the Persian empire, -lay within this province, and was its principal city. The earliest -conqueror named in the Bible, Amraphel, was the king of Elam, and held -dominion over most of the lands as far west as Canaan. (See the map of -his empire, on page 34.) This kingdom was not of long continuance as an -independent state, but soon fell under the power of Assyria, though -maintaining its own organization as a vassal state until the Persian -period, when it became a province of the empire. - -3. =Mesopotamia=, called in Scripture Aram-naharaim, or "Syria of the -two rivers," was a land of indefinite boundaries. The name means -"between the rivers," and hence it was often applied to all the plain -between the Tigris and Euphrates, including even Chaldea and a part of -Assyria. A more frequent use of the name restricts it to the -northwestern portion of the region between the rivers, above the place -where they approach and separate again. The Sinjar hills, crossing, -divide it into two sections, a higher and a lower, the former -mountainous, and the latter mostly a great desert. The upper section -contained the cities of Orfa (Edessa), formerly supposed to be the -birthplace of Abraham; Haran, the patriarch's resting place on the way -to Canaan; Nisibis and Amida, now _Nisibin_ and _Diarbekr_. The only -time when Mesopotamia appears in Bible history as a kingdom was a brief -interval during the period of the Judges. (Judg. 3:8.) Earlier it had -been occupied by separate and warring tribes; later it was a part of -Assyria. - -4. =Chaldea= is also called Shinar and Babylonia. The name Chaldea, in -its most accurate sense, belongs to the southern portion of the -province, but is generally used with reference to all the Mesopotamian -plain south of _Baghdad_. It is perfectly level, and by nature one of -the most fertile places on the whole earth. Its earliest inhabitants, at -least the ruling portion of them, were Cushites, of the stock of Ham. An -early Oriental kingdom began at Ur (_Mugheir_) about B.C. 3900. It -lasted, with varying fortunes, until B.C. 538. Babylon afterward became -the capital, and in a later period was the greatest city of the East. -(See diagram on page 93.) Other cities of Chaldea were Erech (_Orchoë_), -Calneh, and Sepharvaim. Further details of its political history are -given in the account of the Babylonian empire of Nebuchadnezzar, on page -92. - -5. The desert of =Arabia= occupies more than half of the map of the Old -Testament World. That portion of it included upon the map is a vast -triangle, having for its base the 28th parallel of latitude, from the -Persian Gulf to the Red Sea, the Euphrates on its northeastern side, and -the border of the Lebanon chain of mountains for its western. It is -called in the Bible "the land of Kedar." It is a high, undulating, dry -plain, with few oases, and almost impenetrable to travelers. From the -days of Abraham until the present, the caravans have gone around it upon -the north, following up the Euphrates to Tiphsah (Thapsacus), and then -turning southward rather than face its terrors. Only once in history is -it related that an army crossed it. This was when Nebuchadnezzar, while -ravaging Palestine, learned of his father's death, and crossed this -great desert by the most direct route, in order to take possession of -the throne. - - -III. LANDS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN. - -These lands will receive more extended treatment in connection with -other maps, so that we give them only a brief mention here. - -1. =Asia Minor= scarcely enters the field of the Old Testament, except -as the "land of the Hittites." It will be noticed under the topic of the -Journeys of the Apostle Paul, page 117. - -2. =Syria=, in the Hebrew Aram, is a name of indefinite signification, -sometimes embracing all the territory north of The Wilderness of the -Wandering, and therefore including Palestine and the provinces around -it. But Syria Proper seems only to indicate the territory bounded by the -Amanus and Taurus ranges of mountains on the north, by the Euphrates and -the desert on the east, by Palestine, beginning with Mount Hermon, on -the south, by the Mediterranean and Phoenicia on the west. It reaches -the Mediterranean only near the mouth of the Orontes. It consists of -three portions: On the north an elevated tract, never thickly populated, -having Carchemish and Samosata as its principal cities; between the -Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon ranges of mountains a great valley, called -Coele-Syria, "hollow Syria," forming the bed of the Orontes, flowing -north, and the Leontes (_Litany_), flowing south; and on the east a -level country reaching to the desert, containing the cities of Damascus -on the south, Tiphsah (Thapsacus) on the north, and Tadmor (Palmyra) in -the desert. During the times from Jeroboam to Jehoash, Syria was an -independent kingdom, the rival of Israel, with which its political -relations may be seen on the map on page 86. In the Old Testament -period, Damascus was its principal city, and exercised sovereignty; but -later, Antioch, in the north, became more prominent, and was the Greek -and Roman capital of the province. - -3. =Phoenicia= is a narrow strip of territory between the Mediterranean -Sea and Mount Lebanon, north of Palestine and south of the Orontes. Its -two great cities were, Zidon, the mother of Mediterranean commerce; and -Tyre, her daughter. Its boundaries were never extensive; but its vessels -traded with every land, and its colonies were planted all along the -shores of the Mediterranean. - -4. =Palestine= lies south of Phoenicia, between the Mediterranean and -the desert. It will be described in connection with the Physical Map of -Palestine, page 29, and Moab and Edom, near it, on pages 39 and 45. - -5. South of Palestine is =The Wilderness=, a part of Arabia, in which -the Israelites wandered during forty years. Its description may be found -on page 42. - -6. =Egypt= lies in the northeastern corner of Africa. See its -description on page 41. - - -OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. - -1. Let the teacher state the EXTENT of the Old Testament World, and its -comparison in size with the United States, as given in the description; -the class taking down the figures in their note-books. - -2. Let the teacher draw upon the blackboard the SEAS of the map, in -presence of the class, describing each as it is drawn. If drawn in -advance with an ordinary slate pencil, the mark cannot be seen by the -class, but can be traced by the teacher with white chalk. Do not try to -make the lines exact. A general sketch will answer far better than -finished work. Write upon each its initial letter, but let the class -give its full name; and at the same time follow the teacher by drawing -the map on slates or in note-books. Review the names of the seas: -_Caspian_, _Persian Gulf_, _Red Sea_, _Mediterranean_ or _Great Sea_, -_Dead Sea_, _Lake Arsissa_ or _Van_, _Lake Urumiyeh_. - -3. Draw next the most important of the MOUNTAIN RANGES, showing their -general lines, in blue or green color, naming each as drawn, requiring -the class to repeat its name, and to review at the close all the names: -_Ararat_ (including _Masius_, _Niphates_, _Abus_), _Caspian_, _Zagros_, -_Lebanon_, _Taurus_. - -4. Draw the RIVERS in white chalk, and drill the class upon their names -as the course of each is shown: _Araxes_, _Tigris_, _Euphrates_, -_Orontes_, _Jordan_, _Nile_. Review the names of seas, mountains, and -rivers, before beginning the next subject. - -5. Show the LANDS in their three classes, and drill the class upon their -names. (1.) MOUNTAIN LANDS: _Armenia_, _Media_, _Persia_. (2.) LANDS OF -THE PLAIN: _Assyria_, _Elam_, _Mesopotamia_, _Chaldea_, _Arabia_. (3.) -LANDS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN: _Asia Minor_, _Syria_, _Phoenicia_, -_Palestine_, _Wilderness_, _Egypt_. - -Review the entire map, from the beginning; then erase it, and call for -the class to give the names as they are indicated by the pointer without -marking. - - - - -ANCIENT WORLD, AND DESCENDANTS OF NOAH. - - -ONE of the most ancient and valuable accounts of the races of mankind is -found in the tenth chapter of Genesis. It states the location and, in -large degree, the relationship of the various families upon the earth, -as they were known to the descendants of Abraham. - -[Illustration: BIRS NIMROUD (SUPPOSED TOWER OF BABEL).] - -In the interpretation of this "Table of Nations" certain facts and -principles are to be borne in mind. 1. It is _incomplete_; not -undertaking to name all the races of mankind, but only those in the -Hebrew, Egyptian, and Assyrian sphere of interest. Neither the yellow, -the brown, or the black races are represented upon it, and only a -portion of the ruddy or white race. 2. It is _popular_ and not -scientific. The Orientals never wrote with the precision of modern -students. Hence find in this document terms employed in a general and -indefinite manner. 3. It is, in reality, _geographical_ rather than -racial. For example, when it says "the sons of Canaan," we are not -always to infer a literal descent, but a location in the land of Canaan. -The names upon this table are generally not those of individuals, but of -tribes. In some instances relationship may be indicated; but generally -propinquity of settlement is all that can positively be affirmed. 4. It -arranges the nations _according to zones_, in a general direction from -northwest to southeast; not by continents, as was formerly supposed. The -nations of the Japhetic family are found in Asia and Europe; the -Shemites, or Semites, in Asia; the so-called Hamitic races, in Asia and -Africa. After the deluge an instinct of migration took possession of the -human family. From the original home (long supposed to be near the -Caspian Sea, but now uncertain as to locality) clans moved in all -directions, and nations arose, occupying different lands. - - -I. THE JAPHETIC NATIONS. - -These belonged to seven families, who are called "sons of Japheth" in -Gen. 10:2; and seven others, who are spoken of as his grandsons in Gen. -10:3, 4. These statements are not necessarily to be understood -literally. There may have been other sons and grandsons of Japheth; but -these were the ones whose names are remembered as the founders of -nations. The peoples descended from Japheth belong to what is called the -Aryan or Indo-European race. - -1. =Gomer= is named, in Ezek. 38:2-6, as a race opposed to Israel after -the captivity. They were probably the people whom the Assyrians called -_Gimirrai_, and the Greeks _Kimmerioi_. Their name is perpetuated in the -_Crimea_, their early home. A branch of this race moving westward became -the _Cimbri_, who were formidable enemies of Rome; and probably another, -the _Cymry_, settled in the British Isles, and were the ancestors of the -Welsh and the Irish. The Celtic races, to which the French partly -belong, are descended from this family. - -Three of the families descended from Gomer formed separate tribes, -named, in the table of nations in Gen. 10:3, after Ashkenaz, Riphath and -Togarmah. All of these had homes around or near the Black Sea. - -(1.) _Ashkenaz_ is the name of a people spread out of _Mysia_ and -_Phrygia_ in Asia Minor. "Ascanios," a Greek form of the word, occurs in -Homer as the name of a Mysian and Phrygian prince. It is, however, true -that, in Jer. 51:27, Ashkenaz is located in Western Armenia, whither -this people had later migrated. Here, also, the Assyrians located them. - -(2.) _Riphath_ was formerly supposed to point to the _Riphæn Mountains_, -north of the Danube and west of the Black Sea, but this is very -doubtful. - -(3.) _Togarmah_ (Ezek. 27:14; 38:6) is identified with the land of -_Armenia_, whose people have a tradition that they are descended from -Targom. - -2. =Magog= (called, in Ezek. 38 and 39, _Gog_, the prefix _Ma_ being -thought to signify "land") is generally understood to designate the -_Scythians_. - -[Illustration: THE ANCIENT WORLD AND THE DESCENDANTS OF NOAH.] - -3. =Madai= is everywhere in Scripture the word translated _Medes_, whose -early home was south of the Caspian Sea, whence they marched westward, -and conquered the lands as far as the Mediterranean. - -4. =Javan= is the Hebrew term for the _Greeks_, as is indicated by -various references in the Old Testament. It is especially applied to the -Ionians (originally called Iafon-es, the descendants of Iafon, or -Javan), who were the Grecian people, with whom the Israelites were -brought into commercial relations. - -Five lands and races are named as subdivisions of the family of Javan in -Gen. 10:4, all of which were situated near each other. - -(1.) _Elishah_ (or, as in Ezek. 27:7, "the isles of Elishah,") is -supposed to refer to the _Æolians_, inhabiting the isles of the Ægean -Sea, from which came the purple dye mentioned in Ezekiel's reference. - -(2.) _Tarshish_ was formerly supposed to refer to _Tarsus_ in Cilicia of -Asia Minor, on the authority of Josephus, but is now identified with -_Tartessus_ in Spain, embracing the coast land from Gibraltar to the -Guadalquiver. - -(3.) _Kittim_, or _Chittim_, was the name applied to the island of -_Cyprus_, of which one of the cities was called Kitium. The name Chittim -was also loosely given by the Hebrews to the shores and isles of the -Mediterranean. - -(4.) _Dodanim_ (or, as in some copies of 1 Chron. 1:7, Rodanim). If the -reading _Dodanim_ be preferred, this may point to the _Dardanians_, a -name often applied in the classics to the people of Troy, the famous -city of Homer. The other reading, _Rodanim_, which is preferred by some -critics, is supposed to point to the isle of Rhodes, in the Ægean Sea, a -home of the ancient Greeks. Thus both Javan and all his sons who founded -families were connected with the Greek race. - -(5.) _The Isles of the Gentiles_ (Gen. 10:5) in Hebrew refers not only -to islands, but all lands bordering upon the sea. Here it refers to the -Japhetic colonies on the coasts of the Mediterranean, the Black and the -Caspian Seas. - -5. =Tubal=, and 6. =Meshech=, are generally associated in Scripture. -(Ezek. 27:13; 32:26; 38:2, 3; 39:1.) From their associations, they are -to be sought near the Caspian and Black Seas, where Herodotus mentions -the _Tibareni_ and the _Moschi_. - -7. =Tiras= (1. Chron. 1:5) was believed by the Jews to refer to the -_Thracians_, southwest of the Black Sea. There is nothing to oppose this -view, but no evidence except the similarity of name in its favor. - - -II. THE HAMITIC RACES. - -These are named with greater particularity, because they were those -which rose to prominence early in the history, and those with which the -Hebrews were brought into closer relations, either as enemies or as -friends. Four principal races are given, some of which were greatly -subdivided. The homes of these races were in Africa, Eastern Arabia, -with a fringe of sea-coast along the eastern Mediterranean, and the -great Mesopotamian valley, in which arose the earliest world empires. -They have been sometimes called _Turanians_. It is by no means probable -that all these nations should be regarded as the descendants of Ham, the -son of Noah. In this list are evidently grouped together some races -whose territory was contiguous, but whose physical appearance and -language show no relationship. - -1. =Cush= is, throughout the Bible, the word translated _Ethiopia_. -Generally this refers to the region south of Egypt, now known as -Abyssinia; but in Gen. 2:13, Isa. 11:11, and Ezek. 38:5, the reference -must be to an Asiatic Cush, in Mesopotamia. The subdivisions of the -Cushite tribes in Gen. 10:7-12, show that the earliest great Oriental -monarchies were of this race. These subdivisions are as follows: - -(1.) _Seba._ These were, probably, the Ethiopians of Meroë, on the Nile, -anciently called _Saba_; in Isa. 43:3 and 45:14, connected with the -Egyptians. - -(2.) _Havilah._ This is supposed to refer to _Arabia_, or at least a -part of it. - -(3.) _Sabtah._ This may refer to the _Sabbatha_, or _Sabota_, of Pliny -and Ptolemy, on the southern shore of Arabia. - -(4.) _Raamah_, with whom are associated his sons or descendants, _Sheba_ -and _Dedan_, occupied the eastern shore of Arabia, near the Persian -Gulf. - -(5.) _Sabtechah._ This is unknown, but, from the relation of the -previous names, may have been in the southeastern portion of Arabia. - -(6.) _Nimrod_ is named as a descendant of Cush (perhaps the only name of -an individual in the list), and the founder of the early Babylonian -empire. - -2. =Mizraim= is the name everywhere used for _Egypt_ in the Hebrew. The -word is in the dual form, representing the two divisions of the country, -and corresponding to the two crowns on all the royal effigies. Several -branches of this race are especially mentioned. - -(1.) _Ludim._ Not the same with the _Lud_ of verse 22, but from its -associations plainly in Africa. The location has been given as _Nubia_, -but is very doubtful. - -(2.) _Anamim._ An unknown people, whose identity was early lost in some -other race. - -(3.) _Lehabim._ These are elsewhere in Scripture called _Lubim_, and -were the Libyans, or people of Libya, west of Egypt, on the southern -shore of the Mediterranean. - -(4.) _Naphtuhim._ Probably the _Na-Ptah_ of the Egyptian monuments, -having their home at _Memphis_, south of the Delta. - -(5.) _Pathrusim._ Often referred to in the prophets as _Pathros_, or -Upper Egypt. - -(6.) _Casluhim._ An unknown people, perhaps in the vicinity of _Goshen_. - -(7.) _Caphtorim._ Generally supposed to refer to the people on the -island of _Crete_. With these, and not with the _Casluhim_, should the -_Philistim_ be connected. (See Deut. 2:23, Jer. 47:4, Amos 9:7.) - -3. =Phut.= The word is several times translated _Libya_, and, from its -association with other tribes, should probably be referred to that -section in Northern Africa. (See Jer. 46:9; Ezek. 27:10; 30:5; 38:5; -Nah. 3:9.) Some of these passages would indicate that there was also an -Asiatic branch of this same family. - -4. =Canaan.= The ancient inhabitants of Palestine and Lower Syria, from -Gaza to Hamath. In their most flourishing period, just before the -conquest by Joshua, they embraced six subdivisions or clans. (See map on -page 36, and explanations.) - - -III. THE SEMITIC RACES. (Gen. 10:21-31.) - -The descendants of Shem are placed last in the list of the table of -nations, not because their founder was the youngest, but because out of -their lines one family is chosen as the especial theme of the history, -which thus receives a fitting introduction. Shem was the founder of five -great races, and of many subordinate tribes. - -1. =Elam= everywhere is recognized as the name of a province east of the -Tigris and north of the Persian Gulf, called by the Greeks _Elymais_. -The name was often applied, in later times, to the whole of Persia, -whose capital stood within its territory. - -2. =Asshur= is frequently mentioned in the Old Testament. It was located -on the Tigris, having Nineveh as its capital, and its people at one time -were rulers of all the lands westward to the Mediterranean. - -3. =Arphaxad=, or _Arpachshad_ (as in the margin of Gen. 11:10), has -been supposed to be the ancestor of the Chaldeans, whose home was at the -head of the Persian Gulf. The patriarch Abraham belonged to his race, -and was born in "Ur of the Chaldees." Another of Arphaxad's descendants -was _Joktan_, from whom arose thirteen tribes, named after _Almodad_, -_Sheleph_, _Hazarmaveth_, _Jerah_, _Hadoram_, _Uzal_, _Diklah_, _Obal_, -_Abimael_, _Sheba_ (the most important of all in after history, -absorbing most of the rest), _Ophir_, _Havilah_, and _Jobab_. All these -occupied the southeastern and southern sections of the great Arabian -peninsula. The fact that some of these names have already been mentioned -in the Hamite genealogies may indicate that the two races became -mingled. - -4. =Lud.= This is believed by most scholars to refer to the _Lydians_, -who dwelt on the southwestern border of Asia Minor, and under their -king, Croesus, became a powerful nation. Their history was short, as -their empire was conquered by Cyrus the Great. - -5. =Aram.= This is the word uniformly rendered _Syria_ throughout the -Bible. The Arameans, or Syrians, occupied the region between Canaan and -Phoenicia, on the east, the Euphrates on the north, and the great desert -on the west and south. Four branches of this race formed separate -tribes. _Uz_, the race of the ancient Job, was settled in the middle of -North Arabia, near Nejd. _Hul_ and _Gether_ are supposed (but with -slight evidences) to have occupied the country near Lake Merom, where -the _Geshurites_ were afterward found. _Mash_, or, as called in 1 Chron. -1:17, _Meshech_, may have merged with the Meshech of the Japhetic line. - -[Illustration: OUTLINE MAP FOR REVIEW.] - - -OUTLINE FOR TEACHING. - -1. The principal authorities for the map on page 24, and its -explanations, are: "Ethnic Affinities," by Canon George Rawlinson; E. H. -Browne, in "The Speaker's Commentary"; J. G. Murphy's "Notes on -Genesis"; Dillmann, "Commentary on Genesis"; and "The Races of the Old -Testament," by A. H. Sayce. To these the student is referred for more -thorough discussion of the subject. - -2. In teaching, draw on the blackboard a sketch map (no matter how -roughly) of the outlines of the coast, as given above, and then write on -each place the name of the people occupying it. Take, first, the great -divisions of Noah's family; then, the subdivisions; then, the minor -tribes. Review the locations as each family is finished. Write on the -board only the first syllable of each name, as an aid to memory, as _Ar_ -for _Arphaxad_, _Cu_ for _Cush_, etc. If the names of each of the three -great races are written in chalk of a different color, it will make the -distinctions more readily understood. - -3. If practicable, by means of a duplicating process, print a sufficient -number of copies of the sketch map to supply the class or audience, and -let each person, with pencil, place on the map the names of the tribes -as they are located. This will greatly add to the interest of the -lesson. - -[Transcriber's Note: This family tree was originally one tree. It was -separated into families to accommodate size issues.] - -REVIEW CHART--THE TABLE OF NATIONS. - - - NOAH - +---------------------+----------------------+ - JAPHETH HAM SHEM - (_Aryan Race_) (_Turanian Race_) (_Semitic Race_) - - - JAPHETH (_Aryan Race_) - +---------+---------+------------+--------+-------+-------+ - | | | | | | | - Gomer Magog Madai Javan Tubal Meshech Tiras - (_Celts_)(_Scythians_)(_Medes_) (_Greeks_) (_Thracians_) - | | - Ashkenaz (_Nysia and Phrygia_) Elishah (_Æolians_) - Riphath (_Riphaean Mts?_) Tarshish (_Tartessus_) - Togarmah (_Armenia_) Kittim (_Cyprus_) - Dodanim (_Trojans_) - - - HAM (_Turanian Race_) - +-------------+------+--------+ - | | | | - Cush Mizraim Phut Canaan - (_Ethiopia_) (_Egypt_)(_Libya_)(_Palestine_) - | | - Seba Ludim - (_Meroë_) (_Nubia?_) - Havilah Anamim - (_Arabia_) - Sabtah Lehabim - (_Sabbatha?_) (_Libya_) - Raamah Naphtuhim - (_Per. Gulf_) (_Na-petu_) - Sabtechah Pathrusim - (_Pathros_) - NIMROD Casluhim-Philistim - (_Philistia_) - Caphtorim - (_Crete_) - - - SHEM (_Semitic Race_) - +--------------+-------------+------------+-----------+ - | | | | | - Elam Asshur Arphaxad Lud Aram - (_Elamites_) (_Assyrians_) (_Chaldeans_) (_Lydians_) (_Syrians_) - | | - Salah Uz - | Hul - | Gether - | Mash - Eber - +---+---+ - | | - Peleg Joktan(_Arabia_) - -[Illustration: THE JEWS' WAILING PLACE, AT JERUSALEM.] - -[Illustration: PHYSICAL MAP OF PALESTINE.] - - - - -PHYSICAL PALESTINE. - - -I. DIMENSIONS. - -THE terms Canaan, Palestine and the Holy Land are used with various -meanings. The first is the original name, taken from the ancestor of its -early inhabitants; the second is a modernized form of the word -"Philistine," a race occupying its southwest portion; the third is the -name applied to it as the land where the Saviour of the world lived and -died. In either one of these three names we may also find three -different limitations of meaning. 1. Strictly speaking, the word -"Canaan" refers to the country between the Jordan and the Mediterranean; -bounded on the north by Mount Lebanon, and on the south by the desert. -The name "Palestine" is often given to this section only. This region -includes about 6,600 square miles, a territory smaller than the State of -Massachusetts by 1,200 square miles. 2. Palestine Proper, the Land of -the Twelve Tribes, embraces both Canaan and the region east of the -Jordan, loosely called Gilead, though that name strictly belongs to but -one section of it. Palestine Proper is bounded on the north by the river -Leontes, Mount Lebanon and Mount Hermon; east by the Syrian desert, -south by the Arabian desert, and west by the Mediterranean; and forms a -sort of parallelogram, embracing an area of about 12,000 miles, about -the size of Massachusetts and Connecticut. 3. The Land of Promise (Num. -34), in its largest meaning, extended from the "Entrance of Hamath," on -the north, to Mount Hor, Kadesh-barnea, and the "River of Egypt" (_Wady -el Arish_); and from the Euphrates to the Mediterranean; including an -area of 60,000 square miles, a little less than that of the five New -England States. This was realized only during a part of the reigns of -David and Solomon. Not all of even Palestine Proper was possessed by -Israel during most of its history; for the plain along the sea-shore was -held by the Philistines on the south, and by the Phoenicians on the -north. - -[Illustration: COMPARATIVE AREAS OF PALESTINE AND NEW ENGLAND.] - - -II. NATURAL DIVISIONS. - -The divisions of Palestine made by the natural features of the country -are four, generally parallel to each other: 1. The Maritime Plain. 2. -The Mountain Region. 3. The Jordan Valley. 4. The Eastern Table-Land. - -1. =The Maritime Plain= lies along the coast of the Mediterranean for -the entire length of the country, broken only by Mount Carmel, north of -which it is quite narrow; but immediately south of the mountain it is 8 -miles wide, thence widening to 20 miles at the southern boundary of the -country. It is an undulating surface of low hillocks of sandy soil, from -100 to 200 feet above the sea-level, and very fertile. In the Old -Testament period it was but little occupied by the Israelites, whose -home was on the mountains. It is divided into four portions. North of -Mount Carmel a narrow strip is called Phoenicia. Directly east of Mount -Carmel the level country is pressed inward, and lies between the -mountains, forming the remarkable Plain of Esdraelon, physically -belonging to the Maritime Plain, but geographically to the Mountain -Region. South of Mount Carmel lay Sharon; and further southward was -Philistia, a land whose people, the Philistines, were long the enemies -of Israel, and have since given the name PALESTINE to the whole land. - -2. =The Mountain Region=, between the Jordan Valley and the Plain, is -the backbone of the country, and was the principal home of the -Israelites. It is a continuation of the Lebanon range of mountains, and -extends southward to the desert. It is divided into five sections, by -natural rather than political lines of boundary. (1.) In Upper Galilee -the mountains average a height of 2,800 feet above the sea, and _Jebel -Jermuk_, the highest peak, is 4,000 feet high. (2.) In Lower Galilee the -hills are about 1,800 feet high, their southeastern slopes precipitous, -the northern and northwestern gentle. In this section lies the Plain of -Esdraelon, about 250 feet above the sea, 9 miles across, and 14 miles -north and south. (3.) The Hill Country of Samaria and Judæa, called in -the Old Testament "Mount Ephraim," and "the mountains of Judah," is from -2,000 to 3,000 feet high, consisting of mountain and valley, with the -watershed midway between the Jordan and the sea. Near the Dead Sea is -the Wilderness of Judæa, an uninhabitable region, without verdure, and -penetrated with ravines and caves; sometimes called Jeshimon. (4.) The -_Shefelah_, or "low hills," are the foot-hills of the Mountain Region, -forming a natural terrace 500 feet above the sea-level, on the western -side of the mountains, between them and the Plain. This extends along -both Samaria and Judæa. (5.) The Negeb, a word meaning "dry," translated -"South Country" in the Bible, begins just south of Hebron, and slopes -southward to the Arabian desert, in a series of hills much lower than -those in the northern section. - -3. =The Jordan Valley= is a remarkable depression, beginning at the -sources of the river, and plowing a gorge which grows deeper as it goes -southward. At the springs of the Jordan it is 1,700 feet above the sea, -with lofty mountains on each side, Hermon and Lebanon. At lake Merom it -is 7 feet above the level of the sea. Below Merom it descends by a fall -of 60 feet to the mile, and at the Sea of Galilee is 682 feet below the -Mediterranean. Here begins the _Ghor_ (its Arab name, meaning "hollow"), -a gorge 65 miles long to the Dead Sea, and descending 610 feet further -in its depth, with a barrier of cliffs on either side, from 2 to 8 miles -apart, except at the "Plain of Jordan," or "Plain of Jericho," just -north of the Dead Sea, which is 14 miles wide. This plain lies 400 feet -above the level of the Dead Sea, and is encompassed by mountains which -rise above it about 4,000 feet. - -4. =The Eastern Table-Land= is a lofty plateau, east of the Jordan. The -mountains on this side are higher and more steep than are those on the -west; and from their summit a plain stretches away to the great Syrian -desert. It is mostly fertile, and especially adapted to pasturage. On -the north is Bashan, now called "the Hauran," in the centre lies Gilead, -and south was the land of Moab. - - -III. THE WATERS OF PALESTINE. - -These may be noticed under three heads: 1. The River Jordan. 2. The -Three Lakes. 3. The Brooks, or mountain torrents. - -[Illustration: THE RIVER JORDAN.] - -1. =The River Jordan= has three sources. (1.) The most northerly is at -_Hasbeiya_, on Hermon. (2.) The largest stream proceeds from a great -spring at the ancient Dan, now _Tell el Kady_. (3.) The one recognized -as the source by the Jews is at Banias, near the ancient Cæsarea -Philippi. It may be divided into three sections: from Hasbeiya to Lake -Merom, about 40 miles; from its entrance into Merom to the Sea of -Galilee, 15 miles; and from the northern end of that lake to the Dead -Sea, 79 miles,--making its direct length 134 miles, though by its -windings the channel is about 200 miles long. In its progress it falls -over 3,000 feet, an average fall of over 22 feet to the mile. It varies -in width from 80 to 180 feet, and in depth from 5 to 12 feet. - -2. =The Three Lakes= are: (1.) Merom, now called _Huleh_, a triangular -sheet of water three miles across, located in a swamp in Northern -Galilee. (2.) The Sea of Galilee, called Chinnereth in the Old -Testament, a pear-shaped lake, 14 miles long, and 9 wide. (3.) The Dead -Sea, 46 miles long, its surface 1,290 feet below the level of the -Mediterranean, and in some places 1,300 feet deep, though the great -lagoon on its southern end is not more than 20 feet deep. - -[Illustration: SECTION OF PALESTINE FROM NORTH TO SOUTH.] - -3. =The Brooks=, or mountain torrents, are an important feature in the -country. They are dry for most of the year, but during the winter are -large and rapid. (1.) On the east of the Jordan Valley are: (_a_) the -Hieromax (now called the _Jarmuk_), flowing from the highlands of Bashan -into the Jordan, south of the Sea of Galilee; (_b_) the Jabbok (now -_Zerka_), descending from the table-land, and entering the Jordan a -little south of midway between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea; -(_c_) the Arnon (now _Mojeb_), entering the Dead Sea about the middle of -its eastern shore. (2.) Flowing from the Mountain Region eastward are: -(_a_) the _Farah_, "the waters of Enon" (John 3:23); (_b_) the brook -Cherith (1 Kings 17:3), perhaps _Wady Kelt_, near Jericho; (_c_) the -brook Kedron, running past Jerusalem, eastward, into the Dead Sea, -probably the _Wady en Nar_. (3.) Flowing into the Mediterranean are: -(_a_) the Leontes (now _Litany_), the northern boundary of Palestine, a -stream almost as long as the Jordan; (_b_) the Kishon, "that ancient -river" (Judg. 5:21), watering the Plain of Esdraelon; (_c_) the brook -Besor (_Wady es Sheriah_), near the southern frontier. Others might be -named, but these are the most important, though not in all cases the -largest. - -[Illustration: SECTION OF PALESTINE FROM EAST TO WEST.] - - -IV. THE MOUNTAINS OF PALESTINE. - -These may be considered either in order of height or of location. The -diagram groups the principal mountains in the relation of their -comparative height above the sea-level; we may notice them in their -order of location. They naturally divide into two sections: 1. Those of -the Mountain Region west of Jordan. 2. Those of the Eastern Table-Land. - -[Illustration: COMPARATIVE HEIGHT OF MOUNTAINS IN PALESTINE.] - -Beginning at the northern boundary of Palestine, we find: 1. Mount -Lebanon, "the white mountain," a range of lofty mountains stretching -northward, parallel with the sea, generally about 5,000 feet high, but -at its highest point, _Jebel Mukhmeel_, 10,200 feet high. 2. The highest -point in Galilee is _Jebel Jermuk_, northwest of the Sea of Galilee, -4,000 feet high. 3. West of the Sea of Galilee is _Kurûn Hattin_, "the -horns of Hattin," the traditional "Mount of the Beatitudes," 1,200 feet -high. 4. At the northeastern corner of the Plain of Esdraelon is Mount -Tabor, a symmetrical cone, the battle-field of Deborah and Barak, 1,843 -feet high. 5. A short distance to the south stands Little Hermon, "the -Hill of Moreh," now _Jebel el Duhy_, 1,815 feet high. 6. Southward still -is Mount Gilboa, the place of Gideon's victory and of King Saul's -defeat, 1,715 feet high. 7. Sweeping around the southern border of the -Plain of Esdraelon to the Mediterranean Sea is Mount Carmel, at its -highest point 1,750 feet, but 500 as it meets the sea. These last four -mountains form the boundary of the Plain of Esdraelon. In the land of -Samaria, which we now enter, are but two important elevations: 8. Ebal, -the mountain of the curses, 3,075 feet; 9. Directly opposite, Gerizim, -the mountain of the blessings, 2,850 feet. The principal peaks in Judæa -are the following: 10. Mount Zion, the seat of David's castle, 2,550 -feet; 11. Across the valley of the Kedron eastward, the Mount of Olives, -2,665 feet; 12. Mount Hebron, 3,030 feet. South of Hebron the land -slopes away to the level of the desert. - -The Eastern Table-Land has fewer elevations, and is generally less -noticed in the Scriptures. 1. On the north rises Mount Hermon, 9,000 -feet high, the southern end of the range known as Anti-Lebanon, or -"Lebanon toward the sun-rising." 2. South of the river Hieromax is Mount -Gilead, about 3,000 feet high. 3. Near the northern end of the Dead Sea -is Mount Nebo, 2,670 feet high, on a "shoulder" of which, Mount Pisgah, -Moses beheld the Promised Land, and died. - - -V. THE PLAINS OF PALESTINE. - -These have been already noticed, to some extent, but may be named -together. Upon the Maritime Plain, we notice: 1. Phoenicia, a very -narrow strip along the Mediterranean, north of Mount Carmel, never -possessed by the Israelites, and having Tyre and Sidon as its principal -cities. 2. Directly south of Mount Carmel, Sharon, having Cæsarea and -Joppa as its most important places. 3. Still further south, Philistia, -the land of Israel's ancient enemies, containing several cities, of -which Gaza and Ashkelon (afterward Ascalon) were chief. Upon the -Mountain Region we find imbedded, 4. The Plain of Esdraelon, a Y-shaped -region, 250 feet above the sea-level, surrounded by mountains, and -situated between Mounts Carmel, Tabor and Gilboa. 5. The Negeb, or South -Country, between Hebron and the desert, in Southern Judæa, may be -regarded as a plain, though of rolling character, as its hills are not -so high as those on the north. 6. In the Jordan Valley, just north of -the Dead Sea, is a place called "the Plain of Jordan," or "the Plain of -Jericho," the site of the destroyed "cities of the plain." 7. In the -northern section of the Eastern Table-Land is the vast highland known as -"the Hauran," anciently called Bashan, watered by the streams which form -the Hieromax river. - - -OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. - -I. _Dimensions._ 1. Canaan. 2. Palestine (Twelve Tribes). 3. Land of -Promise. - -II. _Natural Divisions._ 1. Maritime Plain. 2. Mountain Region (Upper -Galilee, Lower Galilee, Hill Country, Shefelah, Negeb). 3. Jordan Valley -(Merom, Galilee, Dead Sea). 4. Eastern Table-Land (Bashan, Gilead, -Moab). - -III. _Waters._ 1. Jordan (sources, sections). 2. Lakes (Merom, Galilee, -Dead Sea). 3. Brooks. (1.) East: Hieromax, Jabbok, Arnon. (2.) Mountain -Region: Farah, Cherith, Kedron. (3.) Maritime Plain: Leontes, Kishon, -Besor. - -IV. _Mountains._ 1. West of Jordan: Lebanon, Jermuk, Hattin, Tabor, -Little Hermon, Gilboa, Carmel, Ebal, Gerizim, Zion, Olives, Hebron. 2. -East of Jordan: Hermon, Gilead, Nebo. - -V. _Plains._ 1. Phoenicia. 2. Sharon. 3. Philistia. 4. Esdraelon. 5. -Negeb. 6. Jordan. 7. Hauran. - - - - -THE JOURNEYS OF THE PATRIARCHS. - - -AT the close of the eleventh chapter of Genesis a change is made in the -subject of the Bible story. Thus far it has been a history of the entire -race; but from this point to the close of Genesis a single family is -brought into prominent notice, and the rest of the tribes of men are -referred to only incidentally. The family of Abraham, of Semitic origin, -deserve all their prominence in sacred history, since through them the -true religion was perpetuated until the world was ready for its wider -dissemination in the gospel period. - -[Illustration: MUGHEIR, SUPPOSED TO BE UR OF THE CHALDEES.] - - -I. THE JOURNEYS OF ABRAHAM. - -These extend over nearly all the lands of the Old Testament, from -Chaldea to Egypt. They represent the separation of a Semitic clan from -the great body of the race, which was then ruled by an Elamite dynasty; -and they bring to our notice the political relations of the world about -two thousand years before Christ, in the early Chaldean period of the -East. - -1. =From Ur to Haran.= (Gen. 11:27-32.) The family of Abraham (then -called Abram) lived at Ur of the Chaldees, probably _Mugheir_, south of -the Euphrates, and an early seat of empire. Thence, at God's call, they -migrated, moving up the Euphrates to Haran, in Mesopotamia, probably the -Roman Carrhæ, and the modern _Haran_, on the river Belik, 50 miles above -its entrance into the Euphrates. Here the family remained until the -death of Terah, Abraham's aged father, whose traditional tomb is still -shown. - -2. =From Haran to Canaan.= (Gen. 12:1-9.) A branch of the family, the -descendants of Abraham's brother Nahor, settled in Haran; but Abraham -and his nephew Lot moved on southward, past Damascus, to the land of -Canaan. They paused first at Shechem, and afterward at Bethel, at each -place building an altar; but after a time removed further southward, -impelled by the dearth of food in the land. - -3. =The Visit to Egypt.= (Gen. 12:10-20.) The famine caused a removal of -the entire clan to Egypt, where the beauty of Sarah was the occasion of -Abraham's deception, of Pharaoh's wrong, and of Abraham's expulsion from -the land. He returned to his former abode at Bethel. (Gen. 13:3, 4.) - -4. =The Removal to Hebron.= (Gen. 13:5-18.) This was occasioned by the -scarcity of pasture for the immense flocks and herds of Abraham and Lot. -The two chieftains made a division of the land, Lot choosing the Jordan -Valley, north of the Dead Sea, near the city of Sodom, and Abraham the -highlands around Hebron, anciently Kirjath-arba, now known by Abraham's -title, _el Khalil_, "The Friend," _i. e._, of God. - -5. =Pursuit of the Elamites.= (Gen. 14.) At that period the early -Babylonian empire, under Amraphel or Hammurabi (see p. 91), was at the -height of its power. Its king governed Elam, Chaldea, Assyria, -Mesopotamia, and most of Palestine. Chedorlaomer, the head of the united -peoples, led his armies against the aboriginal races east of the Jordan. -(See Map of Palestine Before the Conquest, and description, on page 37.) -After subduing them he passed around south of the Dead Sea, smote the -Amorites in the mountains near Hazezon-tamar, afterward En-gedi, and -poured his host down upon the Jordan Valley. The cities on the north of -the Dead Sea, Sodom and Gomorrah, with their dependent villages, being -unable to stay his progress, were ravaged, and their inhabitants -(including Abraham's nephew Lot) carried away captive, up the valley. -News of the invasion came to Abraham, and he instantly gathered his -servants and allies, and pursued the marauders. He overtook them near -Laish, afterward Dan, now _Tell el Kady_, attacked them by night, -pursued them as far as Hobah, near Damascus, and brought back the booty -and the prisoners. On the return took place the remarkable interview -with Melchizedek, a priest-king over the city of Salem, perhaps the -place afterward Jerusalem. After the return to Hebron the following -events occurred: 1. The covenant of God with Abraham. (Gen. 15.) 2. The -birth of Ishmael. (Gen. 16.) 3. The destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. -(Gen. 18, 19.) These cities were probably located on the plain of -Jordan, north of the Dead Sea, and not on the south, as formerly -supposed; but all traces of them have entirely disappeared. - -[Illustration: EMPIRE OF AMRAPHEL OR HAMMURABI.] - -6. =The Settlement at Beersheba.= (Gen. 20-25.) After the destruction of -the cities of the plain, Abraham moved southward, and made his home at -Beersheba, on the desert border, now _Bir es Seba_. Here he spent most -of his later years, as after various journeys we find him each time -encamped at Beersheba. - -7. =The Offering of Isaac.= (Gen. 22.) From Beersheba Abraham took his -son Isaac, at God's command, to offer him as a burnt offering in "the -land of Moriah." Some authorities accept the Samaritan tradition, that -this place was Mount Gerizim; but we see no sufficient reason to dissent -from the general view, that it was Mount Moriah, at Jerusalem, ten -centuries afterward the site of the Temple. After this sublime token of -his faith in God, the patriarch returned to his tent at Beersheba. - -8. =The Burial of Sarah.= (Gen. 23.) We find Abraham again at Hebron, in -his old age. Here Sarah died and was buried in the cave of Machpelah. -This is undoubtedly covered by the Mohammedan mosque so sacredly guarded -against the intrusion of travelers. The after events of Abraham's -history may have taken place at Hebron or at Beersheba, as neither place -is named as his residence at the time of Isaac's marriage or his own -death. He was buried in the family sepulchre at Hebron, beside the body -of Sarah. - - -II. THE JOURNEYS OF ISAAC. - -The life of Isaac, though longer than the lives of Abraham and Jacob, -was spent in a comparatively small range of territory, and with -comparatively few events. We have not noted upon the map the lines of -his journeyings; but the localities may be seen, as far as they are -identified, upon the map of Palestine, on page 58. - -The homes of Isaac were as follows: 1. Beer-lahai-roi, "Well of the Life -of Vision," _i. e._, where life remained after seeing God; an unknown -locality in the south of Canaan, between Bered and Kadesh. It was so -named by Hagar, after meeting an angel, before the birth of Ishmael. -(Gen. 16:13.) 2. Gerar. (Gen. 26:1.) This was the chief city of the -Philistines in that age; and is now called _Kirbet el Gerar_. The wells -dug by Isaac, and seized by the Philistines, were probably in the region -near this city. 3. Rehoboth (Gen. 26:22) is probably at the _Wady_ -(Valley) _er Ruhaibeh_, south of Beersheba. 4. Beersheba. (Gen. -26:23-35.) Here he made a treaty of peace with the Philistine king, and -remained for many years. It was his home during the strife of Jacob and -Esau, and from this place Jacob departed on his long visit to Haran. -(Gen. 28:10.) 5. Hebron. (Gen. 35:27.) Here, beside the tomb of his -parents, Isaac at last met his son Jacob, and here he died and was -buried, at the age of 180 years. - -[Illustration: COMPARATIVE AGE OF THE PATRIARCHS BEFORE AND AFTER THE -DELUGE.] - - -III. THE JOURNEYS OF JACOB. - -The life of Jacob is related with more of detail than that of any other -person in Old Testament history; yet there is great uncertainty -concerning the division of its periods. His first sixty years were -passed near Beersheba; then twenty years in Haran, and fifty years in -Canaan (though some of the best chronologers allow _forty_ years in -Haran, and _thirty_ years in Canaan); and seventeen years in Egypt. The -principal places named in Jacob's journeys are: 1. Beersheba, now _Bir -es Seba_, a well-known place in the south of Palestine. 2. Bethel, now -_Beitin_, 10 miles north of Jerusalem. 3. Haran, now bearing the same -name. (See under Abraham's life, Journey No. 1.) 4. Mizpah, called also -Jegar-sahadutha, "the heap of witness," perhaps the important place -afterward known as Ramoth-gilead, now _es Salt_, 13 miles south of the -Jabbok. But this seems too far south to represent the event, and we are -inclined to place it at some unknown mountain between the Jabbok and the -Hieromax. 5. Mahanaim, probably at _Mahneh_, 10 miles north of the -Jabbok. 6. Peniel, afterward Penuel, unknown, but somewhere on the brook -Jabbok. 7. Succoth, "booths," recently identified as _Tell Darala_, a -mile north of the Jabbok, in the Jordan Valley. 8. Shalem, "peace." If -this refers to a place, it is _Salim_, 3 miles east of Shechem. But some -read the sentence, "Jacob came in peace [_i. e._, in safety] to -Shechem." (Gen. 33:18.) 9. Ephrath, the place of Rachel's death and -burial, near Bethlehem. - -The Journeys of Jacob may be arranged as follows: - -1. =The Flight to Haran.= (Gen. 28:10-29:14.) Fearing the vengeance of -Esau after the stolen blessing, Jacob hastily left his home at -Beersheba, and journeyed northward to Haran. At Bethel he saw the vision -of the heavenly ladder, and arrived safely at Haran, distant 450 miles -from Beersheba. Here he remained either 20 or 40 years, according to -different views, and married his two wives. - -2. =The Return to Canaan.= (Gen. 31-33.) At Mizpah he made a treaty with -Laban; at Mahanaim was comforted by a vision of angels; at Peniel -wrestled with "the angel of God," and was reconciled to his brother -Esau; and at Salim (if that be the name of a place), near Shechem, he -rested in the Land of Promise. - -3. =The Residence in Canaan.= (Gen. 34-45.) The slaughter of the -Shechemites by Simeon and Levi, caused Jacob to move his increasing clan -further south. At Bethel he renewed the covenant with God. (Gen. -35:1-15.) Near Ephrath, or Bethlehem, his beloved wife Rachel died and -was buried. (Gen. 35:10-20.) At Hebron he met once more his aged father, -and remained during most of his after-life in the land. (Gen. 35:27.) -While Jacob was living at Hebron, Joseph was sold a slave to the -Midianites, at Dothan, on the southern slopes of Mount Gilboa, and by -them taken down to Egypt. (Gen. 37.) - -4. =The Descent into Egypt.= (Gen. 45-50.) At the invitation of Joseph, -then prince in Egypt, Jacob left Hebron to go down into Egypt. At -Beersheba he offered sacrifices, and received divine guidance. His home -was fixed in the Land of Goshen, a small but fertile district between -the eastern channel of the Nile and the desert, the modern province of -_es Shurkiyeh_, including the _Wady Tumilat_. Here the family of Jacob -remained until they became "a great nation," a period variously -estimated at from 200 to 400 years, or even longer. - -5. =The Burial Procession.= (Gen. 50.) After the death of Jacob, his -embalmed body was borne from Egypt to Hebron. The direct route was not -taken, probably on account of the hostility of the Philistine and -Amorite tribes; but the procession passed around the south of the Dead -Sea, through the land of Moab, and crossed the Jordan at Abel-mizraim, -near Jericho, a place afterward known as Beth-hoglah; and thence to -Hebron, where the last of the three fathers of the chosen people was -laid to rest in the ancestral sepulchre. - - -OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. - -I. _Journeys of Abraham._ 1. Ur to Haran. 2. Haran to Canaan. (Shechem, -Bethel.) 3. Visit to Egypt. (Return to Bethel.) 4. Removal to Hebron. 5. -Pursuit of Elamites. (Dan, Hobah, Salem.) 6. Settlement at Beersheba. 7. -Offering of Isaac. (Moriah.) 8. Burial of Sarah. (Hebron.) - -II. _Journeys of Isaac._ 1. Beer-lahai-roi. 2. Gerar. 3. Rehoboth. 4. -Beersheba. 5. Hebron. - -III. _Journeys of Jacob._ 1. Flight to Haran. (Beersheba, Bethel, -Haran.) 2. Return to Canaan. (Mizpah, Mahanaim, Peniel, Shechem.) 3. -Residence in Canaan. (Bethel, Bethlehem, Hebron, Dothan.) 4. Descent -into Egypt. (Beersheba, Goshen.) 5. Burial Procession. (Abel-mizraim, -Hebron.) - -[Illustration: PALESTINE BEFORE THE CONQUEST. - -JOURNEYS OF THE PATRIARCHS] - - - - -PALESTINE BEFORE THE CONQUEST. - - -THE knowledge which we possess of the inhabitants of Palestine before -the 13th century B.C. is quite scanty. The names of tribes, more or less -settled, are given; but we know very little of their language, customs -or origin. The description of Palestine during the first eight hundred -years after the Deluge may be arranged as follows: 1. The Earliest -Inhabitants. 2. The Tribes of the Patriarchal Era. 3. The Nations at the -Time of the Conquest. 4. The Surrounding Nations. - - -I. THE EARLIEST INHABITANTS. - -[Illustration: JERICHO AND THE JORDAN.] - -In most lands the earliest people have been of an unknown race, as the -mound builders of America and the cave dwellers of Europe. Very early in -the history of the race a people entered Palestine, and settled upon -both sides of the Jordan, generally among the mountains. They were -remembered by different names in various parts of the country, but the -names show the dread inspired by them among the later tribes. They were -doubtless of one race, but whether of Hamitic or Semitic stock is -uncertain; and their history is as unknown as their origin. They were -already in their decline in the times of Abraham, when the Canaanite -races, the second series of inhabitants, were in possession of the land. -They belonged to six tribes or divisions, each having a different name -and location, but all bearing the same characteristics, and all regarded -as giants by those who came after them. Our principal authorities -concerning these archaic peoples are Gen. 14:5-7, and Deut. 2:10-23. - -1. The =Rephaim=, "lofty men," are frequently named in the Old -Testament, the word being generally translated "giants." In the age of -Abraham they were living in the highlands of Bashan, where their -capital, Ashteroth Karnaim, "the two-horned Ashtaroth," was taken by the -Elamite king, Chedorlaomer, the earliest conqueror in Bible history. By -degrees they lost their nationality and were merged with the Amorites, -over whom one of their race, the gigantic Og, king of Bashan, ruled at -the time of the conquest. They may have settled also west of the Jordan, -near what was afterward Jerusalem, since a locality in that vicinity -(see map on page 82) was long afterward known as "the Valley of the -Rephaim." (2 Sam. 5:18.) - -2. The =Zuzim=, "tall ones," are supposed to be the same people with -those who in Deut. 2:20 are called =Zamzummim=. They occupied the -eastern table-land, south of Bashan and Gilead. Their capital was Ham, a -city not yet identified, unless it was (as some suppose) the place -afterward known as Rabbath Ammon. These people were also giants, like -the Rephaim (Deut. 2:21), were also overswept in the raid of -Chedorlaomer (Gen. 14:5), and during the time of the Israelites' sojourn -in Egypt, were dispossessed by the Ammonites, who occupied their -country afterward, until in turn driven out by the Amorites. - -3. The =Emim=, "terrible ones," were south of the Zuzim, and therefore -directly east of the Dead Sea. They were overcome by Chedorlaomer at -Shaveh Kiriathaim, "the dale of the two cities," and their land was -afterward occupied by the Moabites. - -4. The =Horim=, "cave dwellers," or Horites, occupied Mount Seir, south -of the Dead Sea. Their genealogy is given in Gen. 36:20-30, and 1 Chron. -1:38-42. They lived in caves, which are still found in great numbers -through that region. They were beaten by Chedorlaomer, and subsequently -dispossessed by the descendants of Esau, the Edomites. - -5. The =Avim=, "ruins," or "dwellers in ruins," lived in the Shefelah, -or foot-hills, between the Philistine plain and the mountains of Judah. -(Deut. 2:23; Josh. 13:2, 3.) They were early conquered by the Caphtorim, -a Philistine race, and were in a depressed condition at the time of the -entrance of the Israelites. The word Hazerim (Deut. 2:23) means -"villages," or "nomad encampments," showing that they were not a -settled, but a wandering people. - -6. The =Anakim=, "long-necked ones." The name may refer either to their -size, or their strength (which in Hebrew comes from a word similar to -_neck_). They were descendants of Arba, and divided into three clans, -named Sheshai, Ahiman and Talmai. (Josh. 14:15; 15:14.) Their principal -home was at Hebron, called by them Kirjath-arba; but they also occupied -a city near it, called Kirjath-sepher, or "book-town," a name which is -suggestive of a national literature. Unlike the other races, they seem -to have maintained a foothold in the presence of the incoming Canaanite -races, and their gigantic appearance struck terror to the Israelite -spies during the wandering. (Num. 13.) But they were conquered by Caleb -(Josh. 14), and their remnant, driven from the mountains, mingled with -the Philistines of the sea-coast plain. One family of this race remained -as late as the days of David, that of Goliath and his brothers. (1 Sam. -17:4; 2 Sam. 21:15-22.) - - -II. THE TRIBES OF THE PATRIARCHAL ERA. - -The chosen family came to Palestine about 1921 B.C., according to the -common chronology, but probably from two to four hundred years earlier. -At this time these earliest races were already superseded in nearly all -the land by later tribes, of Hamitic origin, with which the patriarchs -were often brought into contact. Those tribes were often called -Canaanites, because the nation of that name was both the original stock -and in possession of the richest and best portion of the land. - -We notice these tribes, as far as practicable, in the order of their -location in the four great natural divisions of the country: the tribes -of the maritime plain, those of the mountain region, those of the Jordan -Valley, and those of the eastern table-land. - -1. Beginning at the north, on the narrow plain by the Mediterranean Sea, -we find the =Zidonians=, with their two great cities, Zidon the earlier, -and Tyre the later. Perhaps the latter city was not yet founded in the -patriarchal age. These people were early famous as the traders of the -Mediterranean world, having commercial relations as far as Spain. They -occupied a narrow strip of territory between Mount Lebanon and the sea, -north of Mount Carmel. Their country was never possessed by the -Israelites, and most of the time the relations between the two races -were peaceful. - -2. Next in order of location we come to the =Canaanites= proper, or that -branch of the descendants of Canaan which retained the family name. -While _all_ the tribes of Palestine are often called Canaanites, as -descended from one stock, the name strictly belongs only to people who -lived in two sections of the country. The word means "lowlanders," and -was applied particularly to those dwelling on the maritime plain, on -both sides of Mount Carmel, the plain of Esdraelon and that of Sharon; -and to those in the Jordan Valley. These together constituted "the -Canaanites on the east and on the west." (Josh. 11:3.) They occupied the -richest and most valuable portions of the land. The only city on the -coast belonging to the Canaanites existing during the patriarchal age -was Joppa, still standing. The Canaanite cities in the Jordan Valley -were the "five cities of the plain," Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboim and -Zoar, of which all except the last were destroyed by the visitation of -God. (Gen. 19.) Their location was in the plain on the north of the Dead -Sea, and there is no reason to suppose that they are covered by its -waters. In the time immediately before the conquest we find Jericho has -arisen in the place of the destroyed cities, and not far from their -site, as the most important city of the Jordan Valley. - -3. South of the Canaanites, on the maritime plain, were the -=Philistines=. "Emigrants" is the meaning of the word, supporting the -view that they came from Caphtor, or Crete, which is but little more -than a surmise. They were related to the Egyptians, and hence were of -Hamitic stock. They came to the land before the time of Abraham, drove -out and subdued the earlier Avim (Deut. 2:23), or Avites, and had -frequent dealings with Abraham and Isaac. In the patriarchal age their -principal cities were Gaza and Gerar; but before the conquest they had -moved northward, and were a powerful confederacy of five cities: Gaza, -Ashkelon, Ashdod, Gath and Ekron. (Josh. 13:3.) Their territory, if -taken at all during the campaigns of Joshua, was soon reconquered, and -the Philistines were the most dangerous enemies of Israel during all the -period of the Judges. In David's time they were subjected; but not until -the Maccabean age were they fully conquered, and their land made a part -of Israel. - -4. We turn now to the tribes of the mountain region, beginning, as -before, at the north. As these northern regions are not alluded to in -patriarchal history, and only very briefly named in the annals of the -conquest, it is not easy to determine which of the tribes occupied them. -But, from allusions in Josh. 1:4 and 11:3, and from frequent mention on -the monuments of Egypt, we incline to the opinion that the =Hittites= -were the possessors of this country. They have left their name in -Hattin, the Caphar Hittai of the Talmud, near the Sea of Galilee. -Another branch, more frequently mentioned, were in the south, at and -around Hebron (Gen. 23), perhaps extending as far south as Beersheba. -(Gen. 27:46.) With these people the relations of the patriarchs were -ever peaceful, and of them Abraham purchased his family sepulchre. - -[Illustration: HEBRON.] - -5. The position of the =Girgashites= is uncertain, from the infrequent -mention of them. But the slight indications point to the region west of -the Sea of Galilee, where we locate them conjecturally. They may have -been absorbed by the surrounding tribes. - -6. South of Mount Carmel, and extending to what was afterward the border -of Benjamin, we find the =Hivites=, having Shechem as their principal -city in the time of Jacob. (Gen. 34:2.) Afterward, they occupied several -towns immediately north of Jerusalem, four of which formed the -"Gibeonite league," and made a treaty of peace with Joshua. (Josh. -9:3-15.) They were a quiet people, averse to war, and submitting readily -to foreign domination. - -7. The =Perizzites=, "villagers" are always named in connection with the -Canaanites. From the allusions in Gen. 34:30, Josh. 17:15, and other -places, we locate them between the Hivites and the western Canaanites, -in the northern portion of the Shefelah, or foot-hills, where villages -would more readily cluster than among the mountains. They remained in -the land as late as the time of the restoration from Babylonian -captivity. (Ezra 9:1.) - -8. The =Jebusites= lived in the mountains around their city Jebus, -afterward Jerusalem. They were of Canaanitish origin, a small but -warlike tribe. Their king was slain by Joshua; but the city, though -burned by the Israelites (Judges 1:8), was still held by its own people, -and remained in their possession, a foreign fortress in the midst of the -land, until finally taken by David, and made his capital. (2 Sam. 5.) -South of the Jebusites were the southern branch of the Hittites, already -referred to. - -9. One more nation of the Canaanite stock remains, perhaps the most -powerful of all, the =Amorites=, or "mountaineers." They occupied, -originally, the wilderness between Hebron and the Dead Sea, having -Hazezon-tamar (afterward En-gedi) as their capital; were smitten by -Chedorlaomer, but aided Abraham in his pursuit and battle. (Gen. 14.) -Afterward they pushed northward, crossed the Jordan, and possessed all -the eastern table-land north of the Dead Sea, dispossessing the -Ammonites of its southern portion, and the Rephaim of its northern. This -great country was the "land of the Amorites" at the time of the -conquest, ruled by two kings, Sihon and Og. - -It is probable, that, during the patriarchal era, while Abraham and his -family lived as wanderers in their Land of Promise, the lands east of -the Jordan were occupied by their primeval inhabitants, the Rephaim in -the north, the Zuzim between the Jabbok and the Arnon, and the Emim in -the south. - - -III. THE NATIONS AT THE TIME OF THE CONQUEST. - -What changes may have taken place among the tribes of Western Palestine -during the four centuries while the Israelites were in Egypt, is not -known; but, as the land became more thickly settled, the strifes of the -Canaanite tribes and their roving traits would result in many -alterations of boundary lines. But east of the Jordan the changes may be -more distinctly marked. - -1. The =Amorites=, already named, probably conquered the eastern -table-land, north of the Jabbok, during the period of the sojourn -(_i. e._, the stay of the Israelites in Egypt), and dispossessed its -early inhabitants. Many of these, however, remained among the conquerors, -and one of this race, Og, the King of Bashan, ruled over the northern -Amorites when the Israelites entered the land, and was slain by them. - -2. Two new tribes, closely related, made their appearance during this -epoch, the =Moabites= and =Ammonites=. They were descended from Lot, the -nephew of Abraham, and their origin is related in Gen. 19. They arose -during the period of the sojourn, and conquered the primitive Emim and -Zuzim (Deut. 2:19-23), probably as far north as the Jabbok. But the -Amorites on the north wrested their conquests from them and drove them -back south of the Arnon, which was thenceforward their northern -boundary. The Moabites were the settled portion of the tribe, dwelling -in cities; while the Ammonites were the predatory, wandering element, -living mostly in the east, and without permanent dwelling places. During -the period of the Judges they were among the oppressors of Israel -(Judges 3 and 10), were defeated by Saul, (1 Sam. 11), and conquered by -David. (2 Sam. 8:2.) - - -IV. THE SURROUNDING NATIONS. - -The principal nations bordering upon the land of Canaan before the -conquest were the following: - -1. On the north were the =Hivites=, "that dwelt in Mount Lebanon, from -Mount Baal-hermon unto the entering in of Hamath." (Judges 3:3.) This is -supposed to have been the original home of the race, from which they -journeyed to their seat in Central Palestine. Still further north were -the =Arkites=, the =Sinites=, the =Arvadites= and the =Hamathites=. - -2. On the northeast lay the desert, and on the southeast roamed the -=Ammonites=, already mentioned. - -3. On the south were several tribes, not all of which can be located -with certainty. In the west, south of the Philistine country, were the -=Amalekites=, a people of unknown origin and predatory habits. South of -Judah were the =Kenites=; and southeast of the Dead Sea, were, in early -times, the Horim (already mentioned), succeeded during the time of the -sojourn by the =Edomites=, a race descended from Esau, who will be -described hereafter. (See explanations to map on page 44.) - -With regard to these early inhabitants of Palestine, the following facts -may be noteworthy: 1. In respect to =race=, most of them belonged to the -Hamitic stock; though the origin of the six earliest peoples remains -unknown, and the two latest, the Moabites and Ammonites, were Semites, -and closely related to Israel. 2. As to =language=, they probably spoke -the Hebrew tongue, or one closely allied to it. In Isa. 19:18, the -Hebrew is evidently "the language of Canaan," _i. e._, of the -Canaanites. Whether this language was the one originally spoken by -Abraham's ancestors or not, we have no means of knowing; but it is -possible that it was gained, during the period of the journeyings, from -the Canaanites. 3. In =government=, each village or tribe had its own -ruler, who was called a "_king_"; but his authority was limited by the -"_elders_," a body having influence partly from birth, and partly by -force of character of its members. 4. Their =religion= was widely -different from that of the Hebrews, who, from the age of Abraham, -worshiped one invisible, self-existent, spiritual God. The Canaanites -deified nature under various forms, especially as Baal, the giver of -life, and Ashtoreth (Greek, Astarte), the corresponding female divinity. -Their rites of worship were abominable, cruel and licentious. They -sacrificed not only captured enemies, but their own children, to their -idols, and performed acts of the grossest wickedness at their idolatrous -service. 5. Their =history= is unwritten, save in its tragical close, -the conquest of their land by the Israelites under Joshua, and the -annihilation of many of their races. Still, many lived as a separate -people through all Jewish history; and some of the best scholars are of -opinion that the native population of Palestine at the present time -mainly belongs to this old Canaanite stock. - - -OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. - -I. _Earliest Inhabitants._ Rephaim, Zuzim, Emim, Horim, Avim, Anakim. - -II. _Tribes of the Patriarchal Era._ 1. Maritime Plain: Zidonians, -Canaanites, Philistines. 2. Mountain Region: Hittites (north), -Girgashites, Hivites, Perizzites, Jebusites, Hittites (south), Amorites. -3. Jordan Valley: Canaanites. 4. Eastern Table-Land: Rephaim, Zuzim, -Emim. - -III. _Nations at the Time of the Conquest._ East of Jordan: Amorites, -Moabites, Ammonites. - -IV. _Surrounding Nations._ 1. North: Hivites, Arkites, Sinites, -Arvadites, Hamathites. 2. Southeast: Ammonites. 3. South: Amalekites, -Kenites, Edomites. - - - - -LANDS OF THE SOJOURN AND WANDERING. - - -THE LAND OF EGYPT. - -I. =Names.= The present name, "Egypt," was given by the Greeks, and was -never used by the inhabitants in ancient times. On the monuments it is -generally called KEM. In the Old Testament the most frequent name is -"Mizraim," in plural form. The poetical books of the Bible contain the -name "Rahab," "the proud, or insolent," and "Land of Ham." - -[Illustration: AN EGYPTIAN TEMPLE.] - -II. =Boundaries and Dimensions.= On the north, Egypt is bounded by the -Mediterranean Sea; on the east, by Palestine, the Arabian Desert, and -the Red Sea; on the south, by Nubia; and on the west, by the great -African Desert. Its limits have been the same in nearly all ages. In a -geographical sense, it embraces 115,000 square miles; but of this more -than nine-tenths consists of uninhabitable deserts. The true Egypt, the -home of its people, is simply the Valley of the Nile and the space -between its mouths, an area of 9,600 square miles, a little larger than -the State of New Hampshire. Deducting from this the area covered by the -Nile and its branches, the land of Egypt which may be occupied or -cultivated includes about 5,600 square miles, or less than the united -area of Connecticut and Rhode Island. - -III. =Divisions.= There have always been two Egypts, Northern and -Southern. Northern or Lower Egypt comprises the Delta of the Nile, -triangular in shape, a plain between the eastern or Pelusiac branch of -the Nile and its western or Canopic branch. This is a vast garden, with -soil the richest in the Old World, and the grain field of the Roman -empire. Southeast of the Pelusiac branch lay the Land of Goshen (now -_Esh Shurkiyeh_), the home of the Israelites during the Sojourn. -Southern or Upper Egypt is a narrow valley, winding with the course of -the Nile, varying in width from two to ten miles; a strip of fertile -soil between two barren hills, beyond which the desert lies on either -side. The two sections were always regarded as separate, and each was -represented in the double crown worn by the kings. There was another -division, made in very early times, into _nomes_, or provinces, each -having its own ruler, and its own object of worship. Of these nomes -there were from 36 to 50 at different times. - -IV. =The Nile.= This has been in every age the most important feature in -the topography of the country, and the cause of its surpassing -fertility. Its sources, long unknown, are in the great lakes of Central -Africa, whence it flows in a northerly direction. The main stream, -called the White Nile, receives in Nubia its principal tributary, the -Blue Nile, which rises in Abyssinia. During the last 1,500 miles of its -course it is not increased by any other stream, and flows through a -torrid desert. Yet, as it enters the Mediterranean, its current is still -that of a mighty river. Its mouths are at present three in number, -though formerly seven; and, from their resemblance on the map to the -Greek letter [Greek: D], that portion of Egypt is called the Delta. Its -annual overflow begins, in Lower Egypt, about the 25th of June, attains -its height in three months, and remains stationary twelve days, at a -height of about 36 feet above its ordinary level at Thebes, 25 feet at -Cairo, and 4 feet at its mouth. This overflow is due to the rains in -Central Africa, and as it brings down new soil, keeps the land always -fertile. But for the Nile, Egypt would only be a part of the Great -Desert. - -V. =The People of Egypt= were of the Hamitic stock, a race of high -capacity, forming the earliest civilization known in history. They were -religious, but worshiping animals, and even the lowest forms of life; -contemplative and studious, attaining to considerable knowledge, though -on narrow lines of research; patriotic, but not fond of war, and -therefore rarely conquerors of other nations. Their language was -"agglutinative monosyllabic," with mingled Nigritic and Semitic -characteristics. Their government was most thoroughly organized, and -took cognizance of even the minute matters of life. Their art was -massive and sombre, imposing from its vastness, but not varied, and -therefore giving but little play to genius. The Egyptians were slender -of frame, but strong. Their faces were oval and olive-colored; their -hair long, crisp and jet-black. They are supposed to be represented at -the present time by the Copts. - -[Illustration: AREA OF EGYPT.] - -[Illustration: THE KINGDOM OF EGYPT AT ITS GREATEST EXTENT UNDER RAMESES -II.] - -VI. =The History of Egypt= begins at a time undated, but long after the -flood. It is divided into three periods, those of the Old, Middle, and -New Empires. The Old Empire was founded by Menes, and had its capital at -Memphis. During the fourth dynasty of this period the Pyramids were -built. The Middle Empire arose at Thebes, and lasted until 1570 B.C. The -Twelfth dynasty was most powerful during this epoch, conquering Ethiopia -and Arabia. About 2000 B.C. the land was conquered by foreign princes, -who ruled 400 years, and were known as the Hyksos, or Shepherd Kings. -The New Empire arose in 1570 B.C., after the expulsion of the Hyksos, -and lasted for a thousand years. Its greatest monarch was Rameses II., -who has been supposed to be the "Pharaoh of the Oppression" (not of the -Exodus), and ruled as far east as Chaldea and Assyria. The above dates -are all uncertain. Concerning the chronology, see page 13. The land was -conquered by the Persians, B.C. 527, and annexed to the Persian empire. - -VII. The principal =Places= were, in Lower Egypt, Memphis, the ancient -capital; Heliopolis, called in the Bible On, near the eastern branch of -the Delta; Rameses, in the Land of Goshen; Pelusium, at the eastern -mouth of the Nile; and Alexandria, in later history the metropolis of -Egypt, near the Canopic mouth of the Nile. In Upper Egypt, Thebes was -the most important place, and long the capital. - - -OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. - -1. _Names._ Egypt, Kem, Mizraim, Rahab, Land of Ham. - -2. _Boundaries and Dimensions._ North (Mediterranean Sea); East -(Palestine, Arabia, Red Sea); South (Nubia); West (African Desert). -Area, 115,000 square miles. Inhabitable, 9,600 square miles. Land, 5,600 -square miles. - -3. _Divisions._ Lower (Delta); Upper (Valley). - -4. _Nile._ White Nile, Blue Nile; Sources; Delta; Overflow. - -5. _People._ Hamitic Origin; Civilization; Language; Art; Physical -Traits. - -6. _History._ Old Empire (Memphis, Pyramids); Middle Empire (Thebes, -Dynasty XII., Hyksos); New Empire (Rameses II., Persians). - - -THE WILDERNESS OF THE WANDERING. - -I. =Situation.= This region lies between Egypt and Edom, a great -triangle, having for its three points the border of _Lake Menzaleh_, the -southern extremity of the Dead Sea, and _Ras Mohammed_, the southern end -of the peninsula. Its northern boundary is the Mediterranean Sea, the -land of the Philistines, and the _Negeb_, or South Country. Its -southeastern line is the depression of the _Arabah_, and the Gulf of -Akaba, or Ælanitic Gulf. Its southwestern line is the Isthmus of Suez -and the Gulf of Suez. From Egypt, in a line due east, to the Dead Sea, -is about 200 miles; from the Mediterranean, at the _Wady el Arish_ ("the -River of Egypt"), to Ras Mohammed, a line a little east of south, is -about 225 miles, thus making the entire area of the triangle about -22,500 square miles, or less than the aggregate area of New Hampshire, -Vermont and Massachusetts, though larger than any two of those States. - -[Illustration: RÂS ES SUFSAFEH (MOUNT SINAI).] - -II. =Natural Features.= This region has two general divisions, and three -others closely connected with them. 1. The Table-Land. 2. The Sinaitic -Mountains. 3. The narrow plain by the western arm of the Red Sea. 4. The -Arabah, or valley between the Ælanitic Gulf and the Dead Sea. 5. The -Negeb, or South Country. - -1. The northern and central portion of the triangle is a sterile -table-land of limestone, from 2,000 to 2,500 feet high, and consisting -of rolling plains with a gravelly surface; with few springs, and these -mostly of impure water; and watered only by the streams of the _Wady el -Arish_ ("the River of Egypt"), a torrent which is dry during most of the -year. - -This was the Wilderness of Paran, "the great and terrible wilderness" -(Deut. 1:19) in which the Israelites wandered for 38 years. It is now -called _et Tih_, "the wandering," and is traversed from east to west by -two caravan routes, marked by the bleached bones of camels that have -perished by the way. On the north it slopes away to a plain of white -sand reaching to the Mediterranean, which was generally called the -Wilderness of Shur. On the other three sides it is bounded by a chain of -mountains, 4,000 feet high, called _Jebel et Tih_. It was in this -wilderness country that the children of Israel were doomed to wander -until all the generation that came out of Egypt died, except Caleb and -Joshua. Even Moses was not permitted to more than see the Promised Land -from the top of Pisgah. - -2. Beyond the desert, and separated from it by the chain of mountains -above named, and also by a narrow strip of sand south of the mountains, -is the group of the Sinaitic Mountains. This group is triangular in -form, and consists of ranges radiating from a centre. The names Horeb -and Sinai seem to have been used interchangeably, though some consider -the former the name of the group, and Sinai a single peak. There has -been much discussion as to which is the "Mountain of the Law," from -which the Ten Commandments were given. Three peaks have been most -prominently presented by different explorers. _Jebel Musa_, "the -Mountain of Moses," which is supported by local tradition, and by the -authority of Ritter, Kurtz, Keil and Kalisch; _Jebel Serbal_, claimed by -Lepsius; and _Râs es Sufsafeh_, supported by Robinson, Dean Stanley, and -the most of recent travelers. This is a granite cliff standing above the -plain so boldly that one may walk up and lay a hand upon its wall, which -rises 1,500 feet above the plain, and 6,500 feet above the sea. The -plain in front of it is called _er Rahah_, and is 2,300 yards long and -900 yards wide, sufficiently large for the presence of all the -Israelites before the mount, without including another plain on the -northeast, branching from _er Rahah_, and called _Wady esh Sheikh_. It -is situated in a vast and dreary desert, occupied for the most part by -hordes of Arabs, who subsist by plunder, and render the journey to Sinai -impossible except to large and well defended caravans. - -3. Between the mountains and the western arm of the Red Sea lies a -narrow plain, following the line of the coast. On the northwestern -section it was called the Wilderness of Etham; opposite the Sinaitic -group of mountains, the Wilderness of Sin. This lower portion is now -called _el Kaa_. - -[Illustration: LANDS OF THE SOJOURN AND WANDERING. - -VICINITY OF MOUNT SINAI.] - -4. From the head of the Gulf of Akaba (Ælanitic Gulf) a gorge extends -nearly northward to the Dead Sea, an extension of the Jordan Valley, the -Arabah, called in the history the Wilderness of Zin. It lies between the -mountain chain on the east of the Wilderness of Paran (_et Tih_) and -Mount Seir, the home of the Edomites. The opinion held by many early -writers, that the Jordan once flowed through this depression into the -Red Sea, may be correct as regards a past geologic period, but not as an -historical fact; for it is evident that no great change has taken place -in this region within the limit of historical time. Opposite the -traditional Mount Hor the bed of the valley is about 500 feet above the -sea-level; and from this point it slopes northward to the Dead Sea, -1,300 feet below the sea-level, and southward to the Gulf of Akaba. - -5. The Negeb, or South Country, has already been described. (See p. 32.) -The southern section of this region belongs to the Wilderness of the -Wandering, from Mount Halak northward. - -III. =Inhabitants.= The only inhabitants of this region at the time of -the Israelite Wandering were the Amalekites, who roamed throughout the -desert of Paran. Their origin is uncertain; and they may have belonged -to the same stock with the earliest inhabitants of Canaan, as they were -a distinct tribe in the times of Abraham. (Gen. 14.) They were the -bitter enemies of Israel during all the period of the Wandering, -attacking their rear, and destroying detached companies of them on their -march. (Deut. 25:18.) The only pitched battle with them took place at -Rephidim, near Mount Sinai, when they were defeated by Israel; but they -attacked the Israelites again at Hormah, and inflicted serious injury. -Long afterward their power was broken by Saul (1 Sam. 15), and their -destruction was completed by David. (1 Sam. 27 and 30.) - - -OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. - -I. _Situation._ Triangle (Menzaleh, Dead Sea, Ras Mohammed). Boundaries. -North (Mediterranean Sea, Philistines, Negeb); Southeast (Arabah, -Akaba); Southwest (Isthmus and Gulf of Suez). 200 miles east and west; -225 north and south. - -II. _Natural Features._ Table-Land (Paran, Shur); Sinaitic Mountains -(Horeb and Sinai); Plain (Etham, Sin); Arabah (Zin); Negeb (Mount -Halak). - -III. _Inhabitants._ Amalekites (Rephidim, Hormah). - - -THE LAND OF EDOM. - -I. =Boundaries.= The country of Edom, or of the Edomites, lay south of -that of the Moabites, the boundary between them being the brook Zered -(_Wady el Ahsy_), which flows into the southern lagoon of the Dead Sea. -On the east it extended to the great Arabian desert, in that section -supposed to be the "land of the Temanites." On the south its border was -the country of the Midianites, and the head of the Gulf of Akaba. The -western boundary was the Arabah, or sunken ravine running northward -between the Red Sea and the Dead Sea. There is, however, an opinion -gaining ground, that "the field of Edom" extended somewhat to the west -of the Arabah, and south of Palestine. - -II. =Names.= The earliest name of this country, and one often used -throughout Bible history, was Mount Seir, "the rugged," from its rough, -mountainous nature. This was the name of its earliest inhabitants, "the -sons of Seir the Horite." (Gen. 36:20.) Afterward it was possessed by -the descendants of Esau, and called Edom, "red," from the "red pottage" -for which Esau sold his birthright. Probably the red color of its -sandstone mountains also aided to fix the name. In the New Testament -time the word received a Greek form, and became Idumea. Josephus called -it Geballene, "mountainous." At present it is divided into two sections, -each having a different name; north of Petra being called _Jebal_, and -south, _esh Sherah_. - -III. =Natural Features.= Edom is emphatically a land of mountains. On -the west, along the side of the Arabah, is a line of low limestone -hills. Back of these rise higher, igneous rocks, surmounted by -variegated sandstone, of peculiar color, 2,000 feet high. The eastern -side of the mountains slopes gently away into the Arabian desert. But, -though rough, the land is rich, and the terraced hill-sides have in all -ages been bright with vegetation, and its people have been prosperous. -So the blessing of Esau (Gen. 27:39, 40) has been fulfilled in a land of -"the fatness of the earth, and of the dew of heaven." Its capital during -the Old Testament period was Bozrah (now _Busireh_), near its northern -border. Afterward, Sela, the _Petra_ of remarkable rock-hewn buildings, -arose to prominence. Ezion-geber, at the head of the Gulf of Akaba, was -its seaport. - -IV. =History.= Mount Seir was first settled by the Horites, or Horim, -like the inhabitants of Palestine a people of unknown origin. During the -later patriarchal age it was conquered and possessed by Esau, the -brother of Jacob, and ever after occupied by his descendants, the -Edomites. The refusal of this people to allow the Israelites to journey -through their territory compelled them to make a long detour around Edom -on the south and east, and enter Palestine by the land of the Moabites. -During the period of the Judges the Edomites are not mentioned; but they -were beaten by Saul, and thoroughly conquered by David, after a severe -struggle. At the division of the kingdom, B.C. 935, Edom was held by -Judah. Its people rebelled in the time of Jehoram, the son of -Jehoshaphat, and, although defeated by Judah, were able to maintain -their independence. They joined the Chaldeans under Nebuchadnezzar in -the destruction of Jerusalem, for which the later prophecies and psalms -gave them bitter denunciations. About the time of the captivity, B.C. -587-536, the Edomites gained possession of most of the country south of -Judah, extending even to the confines of Egypt. But they lost their own -land, Mount Seir, which became the possession of the Nabatheans. These -were a race, perhaps allied to the Arabians, who laid aside their nomad -habits, and founded a kingdom, whose people grew rich by the caravan -trade. The Edomites, or Idumeans, south of Palestine, were conquered by -the Maccabean princes and incorporated with the Jews, B.C. 130, and the -Nabathean kingdom was annexed to the Roman empire, A.D. 105. - -V. =Peculiarities.= The Edomites, though descended from the stock of -Abraham, adopted the idolatry of the Canaanites, with whom they had -intermarried. But their most remarkable feature, as a nation, was that -of dwelling in caves. The mountains of Idumea are of soft sandstone, -easily wrought, and are penetrated with caves and grottoes, which were -used, not like those of other nations, for burial places, but for -residence. The rock-hewn temples, palaces and homes of Petra, so well -known to travelers, are magnificent in appearance. The custom probably -arose from the fear of robbers, and from the ease with which the caves -could be excavated in the sandstone rock. - - -OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. - -1. _Boundaries._ Moab; Desert: Midianites; Arabah. - -2. _Names._ Seir, Edom, Idumea, Geballene, Jebal and esh Sherah. - -3. _Natural Features._ Mountains; Soil; Capitals (Bozrah, Petra). - -4. _History._ Horites; Esau; Edomites; Israelite Supremacy; Chaldeans; -Nabatheans; Maccabeans; Romans. - -5. _Peculiarities._ Religion; Rock Houses. - - -THE WANDERING IN THE WILDERNESS. - -There are great difficulties in fixing the location of the places and -the order of events in the history of the forty years which intervened -between the exodus, or "going out," from Egypt, and the entrance into -the Promised Land (B.C. 1250-1210). These difficulties arise from -various causes: the antiquity of the events, the fragmentary character -of the history, the extent of the country, our scanty knowledge of the -region, and especially the changes which have taken place in the -sea-coast during the 3,000 years past. While the general course of the -journey can be easily defined, the particular localities are, in many -instances, exceedingly uncertain. For the convenience of the student, we -divide the entire journey from Egypt to Canaan into sections. - -I. =From Rameses to the Red Sea.= (Exod. 12-14; Num. 33:5-8.) The -sojourn of the Israelites was passed in the Land of Goshen, between the -Nile and the Isthmus of Suez. The court of the reigning Pharaoh during -the time while Moses was negotiating for the departure of the -Israelites, was at Zoan, or Tanis (Psa. 78:12), the royal city of the -Delta. Rameses, the place of meeting for the Israelites, was probably a -district rather than a city (Gen. 47:8), but may have been at _Abu -Kesheib_. Pithom (Exod. 1:11) has been discovered at _Tell Maskutor_, -ten miles west of Lake Timsah. Succoth, "booths" or "tents," was -probably not a city but a camp, and its location is unknown. Etham, -"wall" (Exod. 13:20), may indicate a place near the great wall which -extended across the isthmus. Pi-hahiroth may be at _Agrud_, near Suez. -Baal-zephon may be the mountain _Jebel Alaka_. The Israelites crossed -the sea at the narrow Strait of Suez, where the distance from shore to -shore is about two-thirds of a mile. At that time the gulf probably -extended several miles north of its present position. The northeast wind -drove out the waters, leaving a path across the gulf, with pools on -either side, as a "wall" or defense to the crossing Israelites. - -II. =From the Red Sea to Mount Sinai.= (Exod. 15-19; Num. 33:8-15.) The -general direction can be traced with certainty, but the precise places -of encampment are only conjectural. It is probable that so vast a body -of people, about two millions, must have occupied a large extent of -territory, and the "stations" were the various headquarters of the camp. -This section of the journey was mostly spent in the two narrow plains -along the coast, the Wilderness (or desert) of Etham, and that of Sin. -At Marah (_Ain Hawârah_) the bitter waters were healed; at Elim (_Wady -Ghurundel_) they were refreshed by the "twelve wells and three-score and -ten palm trees." At the next station, No. 9, "the encampment at the Red -Sea," they saw for the last time the waters of the western gulf, and the -land of Egypt beyond them. Here they turned eastward, and, passing the -mountain barrier, entered the Wilderness of Sin. (This is to be -distinguished from the Wilderness of Zin, or the Arabah, on the eastern -side of the peninsula.) In this wild and barren country, food failed -them, and the manna began to be supplied (Exod. 16), to last for forty -years. Their general course was now eastward, through the _wadies_, or -dry beds of winter torrents. At Rephidim (station 13) two events are -recorded as occurring. The want of water led to a miraculous supply from -the smitten rock (Exod. 17:2-7); and the Israelites fought the first -battle in their history, with the wandering Amalekites, who attacked the -rear of the scattered host. Under Joshua, who here appears for the first -time, they were defeated, and devoted to complete destruction. (Exod. -17:8-16; Deut. 25:18.) The next station was Mount Sinai, in front of -which they encamped, probably on the plain _er Rahah_. Their journey -thus far had occupied two months and a half, and here they remained for -a year. The principal events at Mount Sinai were: 1. The giving of the -law. (Exod. 19-31.) 2. The worship of the golden calf, and its -punishment. (Exod. 32.) 3. The building and consecration of the -Tabernacle. (Exod. 35-40.) 4. The numbering and organization of the -people. (Num. 1-2.) - -III. =From Mount Sinai to Kadesh-barnea.= After a year spent at and -around Mount Sinai, the camp was taken up, and the host, led by the Ark -of the Covenant, entered once more upon its march. The direction of the -journey was northeast, and the route was probably through the _Wady -Saal_. At Taberah (station 15), the "fire of the Lord" consumed some on -the verge of the camp who murmured against God's commands. (Num. -11:1-3.) At Kibroth-hattaavah (station 16), (perhaps the same place with -the preceding), a dislike of the manna and a lust for flesh-meat seized -the crowd of people, and for a month they fed upon quails, but were -punished by a plague, which destroyed multitudes, and gave a name to the -place, "the graves of lust." (Num. 11:4-35.) At Hazeroth (probably _Ain -Hudherah_), Miriam instigated Aaron to a rebellion against Moses, but -was smitten with leprosy, though healed at the prayer of Moses. (Num. -12:1-16.) The Israelites followed the mountain chain by the Red Sea, -keeping upon the western side of the hills, and, passing through the -edge of the Wilderness of Paran and along the Arabah, followed up the -line of the "Mount of the Amorites" (which appears to have been a -general name for the mountains in the southern portion of the Negeb, or -South Country), until they came to Kadesh-barnea. The location of this -place is the great difficulty in the geography of the period. The name -appears to be used with reference to a region, and more definitely -referring to a place. Three localities have been claimed, all on the -border of the "Mount of the Amorites," or the South Country. The most -southerly location is that now known as _Ain esh Shehabeh_, on the _Wady -Jerafeh_; the most westerly, at _Ain Gadis_, or _Quadis_, directly south -of the land of Judah; the one farthest to the north and east, at _Ain el -Weibeh_, in the edge of the Arabah, south of the Dead Sea. The latter -has been regarded by most explorers since Dr. Robinson, as the correct -site, and as it appears on the older maps. But the Rev. J. Rowlands, on -a journey through the entire region, identified _Ain Quadis_ as the true -Kadesh-barnea, and his conclusion was confirmed by Dr. H. C. Trumbull -after a thorough investigation of all the three places. It is now -accepted by most writers. We have therefore regarded _Ain Quadis_ as -Kadesh-barnea, and have made it the center of Israelite journeying -during the thirty-eight years of the wandering. The change in the -location of Kadesh-barnea may necessitate a change in the location of -Mount Hor, which Trumbull places at _Jebel Maderah_, but we have -retained the old locality on the edge of Edom. Twice the Israelites were -encamped at Kadesh, which marked the beginning and end of the -thirty-eight years' wandering in the Wilderness of Paran. From Kadesh -the twelve spies were sent northward into the Land of Canaan, and the -adverse report of ten of them caused such terror and rebellion in the -host, that God declared that they should not enter the Promised Land -until all that generation should have passed away. (Num. 13, 14.) They -were ordered to turn back into the wilderness, but disobeyed, and, -against their leaders' advice, undertook to force a passage to Canaan, -probably up the pass _es Sufa_. But the inhabitants of the mountains -(Amorites, Canaanites, and Amalekites in alliance) attacked them to -their utter defeat at Hormah, and effectually barred their entrance to -the land through the South Country, as the warlike Philistines had -closed it against them by the way of the plain by the sea. (Exod. -13:17.) Discouraged and despairing, the host of Israel again turned -their faces once more toward the terrible Wilderness of Paran. - -IV., V., VI. =From Kadesh-barnea to Mount Hor, Ezion-geber, and Return.= -The period of the next thirty-eight years remains in shadow. Scarcely an -event is named which certainly belongs to this division, the longest by -far in the journey. In the history at Num. 14:45, there is a break in -the record, and other topics are referred to until we find the people at -Kadesh once more, at the end of the 38 years, in chapter 20; and the -list of stations in Num. 33:18-36, is only a barren catalogue of 18 -places, in which not one is clearly recognized, and only two or three -can be even guessed at. Some have thought that the entire period was -spent in the Arabah, wandering up and down, as two of the stations -plainly belong there. But it is more probable that the people wandered -over the borders between the Negeb (South Country) and the Wilderness of -Paran. For convenience we may subdivide this period of wandering into -its three journeys. From Kadesh, through 12 unknown stations, to -Moseroth, which is afterward named in the account of Aaron's death -(Deut. 10:6), showing that it was near Mount Hor. This is indicated on -the Map as Journey IV. Journey V. was from Mount Hor down the Arabah -southward to Ezion-geber, at the head of the Ælanitic Gulf. Journey VI. -was once more through the Arabah, northward to Kadesh-barnea, completing -the period of the punishment for the rebellion of 38 years before. Here -three events took place. 1. The rock was smitten by Moses, when God had -bidden him speak to it, in order to bring forth water; and, as a -penalty, he was not permitted to enter Canaan. (Num. 20:1-13.) 2. The -Israelites asked of the Edomites (on whose western border they were -encamped at Kadesh), the privilege of crossing their territory on their -journey to Canaan, but their request was denied. 3. Soon after this, the -king of the Canaanite city of Arad, in the Negeb, or South Country, 20 -miles south of Hebron, hearing of Israel's approach by the same route as -that of the spies, 38 years before, went out to meet the invading host. -He was repulsed near the same place where Israel had suffered a defeat -before, and which was thenceforth called Hormah, "destruction." (Num. -21:1-3.) - - +-------------+---------------------------------------+-------------+ - | | NORTH. | | - | WEST. |+-----------++-----------++-----------+| EAST. | - | || DAN, || ASHER, || NAPHTALI, || | - |+-----------+|| 62,700. || 41,500. || 53,400. ||+-----------+| - || BENJAMIN, ||+-----------++-----------++-----------+|| JUDAH, || - || 35,400. || CAMP OF DAN. || 74,600. || - |+-----------++---------------------------------------++-----------+| - | | +---+ TRIBE OF LEVI. | | - |+-----------+| | G | +--------------+ +---------+ |+-----------+| - || MANASSEH, || | E | | MERARITES | | | || ISSACHAR, || - || 32,200. || | R | +--------------+ | | || 54,400. || - |+-----------+| | S | +--------------+ | AARON | |+-----------+| - | | | H | | TABERNACLE | | | | | - |+-----------+| | O | +--------------+ | MOSES | |+-----------+| - || EPHRAIM, || | N | +--------------+ | | || ZEBULON, || - || 40,500. || | I | | KOHATHITES | | Priests | || 57,400. || - |+-----------+| | T | +--------------+ | | |+-----------+| - | | | E | TRIBE OF LEVI. | | | | - | CAMP OF | | S | +---------+ | CAMP OF | - | | +---+ | | - | EPHRAIM. +---------------------------------------+ JUDAH. | - | | CAMP OF REUBEN. | | - | |+-----------++-----------++-----------+| | - | || GAD, || SIMEON, || REUBEN, || | - | || 45,650. || 59,300. || 46,500. || | - | |+-----------++-----------++-----------++ | - | | SOUTH. | | - +-------------+---------------------------------------+-------------+ - -[Illustration: CAMP OF ISRAEL.] - -VII., VIII. =From Kadesh-barnea to Elath and Jordan.= The Israelites -were now ready to enter their Land of Promise. But, as the entrance by -the south was found impracticable, and the Edomites would not permit -them to cross their mountains, a long detour became necessary; so for a -third time they took their journey through the Arabah. This we have -indicated on the map as No. VII. They paused before Mount Hor, while -Aaron left them, to ascend the mountain and to die. The peak still bears -his name, _Jebel Haroun_. So according to most travelers; but Trumbull -locates Mount Hor in the Negeb. At Ezion-geber and Elath (stations 43 -and 44), they saw once more the Red Sea, at its eastern arm. On this -journey, too, but whether before or after passing the Red Sea, is -uncertain, they were plagued by serpents, and "the brazen serpent" was -lifted up by Moses. (Num. 21:4-9.) At last the southern point of Mount -Seir was reached and passed, and now for the last time (Journey VIII.) -the Israelites turned their faces northward. They traveled through the -land of Teman, between Edom and the Arabian desert. At the brook Zered -(_Wady el Ahsy_), station 49, they entered the land of Moab, which they -crossed in safety (Num. 21:11); and at the brook Arnon they came into -the country of Sihon, the king of the Amorites, who came against them, -and was defeated and slain at Jahaz. (Num. 21:12-31.) The Amorites of -Bashan on the north were ruled by the giant Og, a descendant of the -ancient Rephaim. (See page 37.) His land was conquered and himself slain -in a decisive battle at Edrei. From the heights of Abarim (station 57) -they descended to the Jordan Valley, and encamped at their last station -(No. 58) before entering the Land of Promise, on the eastern bank of the -Jordan, opposite Jericho. Here occurred: 1. The episode of Balaam's -prophecy. (Num. 22-24.) 2. The iniquity of Israel with the women of -Moab, and the plague on the people as a result. (Num. 25:1-18.) 3. The -numbering of Israel. (Num. 26.) 4. The campaigns against the Moabites -and Midianites. (Num. 31.) 5. The allotment to the tribes of Reuben and -Gad, and half the tribe of Manasseh. (Num. 32.) 6. The repetition of the -law and the recapitulation of the journeys, in the book of Deuteronomy. -7. Last of all, the ascent of Moses up the height of Nebo, his prophetic -view of the Promised Land, and his lonely death. (Deut. 34.) - -[Illustration: KADESH-BARNEA AND VICINITY. - -(According to DR. TRUMBULL.)] - - -STATIONS OF THE ISRAELITES DURING THEIR JOURNEY FROM EGYPT TO CANAAN. - -I. FROM RAMESES TO THE RED SEA. - - +============================+=================+======+======+======+ - | STATION. |IDENTIFICATION. |EXOD. | NUM. |DEUT. | - +----------------------------+-----------------+------+------+------+ - |1. Rameses |Abu Kesheib |12:37 |33: 3 | | - |2. Succoth |Unknown |12:37 |33: 5 | | - |3. Etham |Unknown |13:20 |33: 6 | | - |4. Pi-hahiroth |Bir Suweis |14: 2 |33: 7 | | - |5. Red Sea | |14:22 |33: 8 | | - +----------------------------+-----------------+------+------+------+ - - -II. FROM THE RED SEA TO MOUNT SINAI. - - +============================+=================+======+======+======+ - | STATION. |IDENTIFICATION. |EXOD. | NUM. |DEUT. | - +----------------------------+-----------------+------+------+------+ - |6. Desert of Shur, |Shore of Red Sea |15:22 |33: 8 | | - | or of Etham | | | | | - |7. Marah |Ain Hawârah |15:23 |33: 8 | | - |8. Elim |Wady Ghurundel |15:27 |33: 9 | | - |9. Red Sea |Wady Taiyibeh | |33:10 | | - |10. Desert of Sin |El Murkîyeh(?) |16: 1 |33:11 | | - |11. Dophkah |Ain Markhâ(?) | |33:12 | | - |12. Alush |Uncertain | |33:13 | | - |13. Rephidim |Wady Feiran |17: 1 |33:14 | | - |14. Sinai |Plain er Râhah |19: 1 |33:15 | | - +----------------------------+-----------------+------+------+------+ - - -III. FROM MOUNT SINAI TO KADESH-BARNEA. - - +=============================+=================+======+======+======+ - | STATION. |IDENTIFICATION. |NUM. | NUM. |DEUT. | - +-----------------------------+-----------------+------+------+------+ - |15. Taberah |Wady Sâal(?) |11: 3 | | 9:22 | - |16. Kibroth-hattaavah |Erweis el Ebeirig|11:34 |33:16 | | - |17. Hazeroth |Ain Hudherah |11:35 |33:17 | | - |18. Mount of the Amorites |Jebel Magrah(?) | | | 1:19 | - |19. Kadesh-barnea |Ain el Weibeh(?) |13:26 | | 1:19 | - +-----------------------------+-----------------+------+------+------+ - - -IV. FROM KADESH-BARNEA TO MOUNT HOR. - - +=============================+================+======+======+======+ - | STATION. |IDENTIFICATION. |NUM. | NUM. |DEUT. | - +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+ - |20. Rithmah |Uncertain | |33:18 | | - |21. Rimmon-parez |Uncertain | |33:19 | | - |22. Libnah |Uncertain | |33:20 | | - |23. Rissah |Uncertain | |33:21 | | - |24. Kehelathah |Uncertain | |33:22 | | - |25. Mount Shapher |Jebel Araif(?) | |33:23 | | - |26. Haradah |Uncertain | |33:24 | | - |27. Makheloth |Uncertain | |33:25 | | - |28. Tahath |Uncertain | |33:26 | | - |29. Tarah |Uncertain | |33:27 | | - |30. Mithcah |Uncertain | |33:28 | | - |31. Hashmonah |Uncertain | |33:29 | | - |32. Moseroth |Mount Hor | |33:30 | | - +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+ - - -V. FROM MOUNT HOR TO EZION-GEBER. - - +=============================+================+======+======+======+ - | STATION. |IDENTIFICATION. |NUM. | NUM. |DEUT. | - +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+ - |33. Bene-jaakan |Arabah | |33:31 | | - |34. Hor-hagidgad |Wady Ghudhaghidh| |33:32 | | - |35. Jotbathah |Emshâsh(?) | |33:33 | | - |36. Ebronah |Uncertain | |33:34 | | - |37. Ezion-geber |Gulf of Akabah | |33:35 | | - +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+ - - -VI. FROM EZION-GEBER TO KADESH-BARNEA. - - +=============================+================+======+======+======+ - | STATION. |IDENTIFICATION. | NUM. | NUM. |DEUT. | - +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+ - |38. Kadesh-barnea |Ain Quadis |20: 1 |33:36 | | - +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+ - - -VII. FROM KADESH-BARNEA TO ELATH. - - +=============================+================+======+======+======+ - | STATION. |IDENTIFICATION. |NUM. | NUM. |DEUT. | - +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+ - |39. Bene-jaakan |Arabah | | |10: 6 | - |40. Mosera |Mount Hor |20:22 |33:37 |10: 6 | - |41. Gudgodah |Wady Ghudhaghidh| | |10: 7 | - |42. Jotbath |Uncertain | | |10: 7 | - |43. Ezion-geber |Gulf of Akaba |21: 4 | | 2: 8 | - |44. Elath |Akabah | | | 2: 8 | - +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+ - - -VIII. FROM ELATH TO JORDAN. - - +=============================+================+======+======+======+ - | STATION. |IDENTIFICATION. | NUM. | NUM. |DEUT. | - +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+ - |45. Zalmonah |Wady Amran(?) | |33:41 | | - |46. Punon |Uncertain | |33:42 | | - |47. Oboth |Uncertain |21:10 |33:43 | | - |48. Ije-abarim |Uncertain |21:11 |33:44 | | - |49. Zered |Wady el Ahsy |21:12 | |10:13 | - |50. Arnon |Wady Môjeb |21:13 | |10:24 | - |51. Dibon-gad |Dhibân | |33:45 | | - |52. Almon-diblathaim |Uncertain | |33:46 | | - |53. Beer |Uncertain |21:16 | | | - |54. Mattanah |Uncertain |21:18 | | | - |55. Nahaliel |Uncertain |21:19 | | | - |56. Bamoth |Uncertain |21:19 | | | - |57. Abarim, Nebo, or Pisgah |Jebel Neba |21:20 |33:47 | | - |58. Plains of Moab, or Jordan|Ghôr en Nimrîn |22: 1 |33:48 | | - +=============================+================+======+======+======+ - -[Illustration: GARDEN OF GETHSEMANE.] - -[Illustration: Beth-horon and Vicinity. - -CONQUEST OF CANAAN.] - - - - -THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN. - - -AFTER the forty years of the Wandering came the seven years of the -Conquest. Yet it is true, that in the complete sense the conquest began -before the Israelites crossed the Jordan under Joshua, and was not -finished until long after the period of the Judges. As Dean Stanley -says: "The conquest began from the passage of the brook Zered, under -Moses; it was not finally closed till the capture of Jerusalem by David. -But in a more limited sense it may be confined to the period during -which the territory, afterward known by the name of Palestine, was -definitively occupied as their own by the Israelites." The map on page -36 shows us the territorial divisions of the land before the conquest; -the one which we are now studying presents the campaigns by which it was -won. These may be divided into three sections. 1. The conquest of the -territory on the east of the Jordan, in three campaigns, during the rule -of Moses. 2. The conquest of that on the west of the Jordan, under the -leadership of Joshua, in three campaigns. 3. A series of supplementary -conquests completing the work of subjugation. - -[Illustration: SHECHEM.] - - -I. THE CONQUEST OF EASTERN PALESTINE. - -This region was occupied, at the time of the arrival of the Israelites, -by the Moabites between the brooks Zered and Arnon, and by the Amorites -north of the Arnon. The latter people were divided into two kingdoms. -The land of Gilead was ruled by King Sihon, whose capital was at -Heshbon; and the table-land of Bashan by Og, a remnant of the old race -of the Rephaim. Tributary to Sihon, and on the border of the Arabian -desert, were the Midianites (Josh. 13:21); and near the Moabites were -their nomadic kinsmen, the Ammonites. - -1. =The Conquest of Gilead.= (Num. 21:21-31.) The Amorites, under Sihon, -had wrested from the Moabites the land between the Arnon and the Jabbok, -a short time before the coming of Israel. Moses sent messengers, -requesting the privilege of journeying through their land; but they -refused to permit the passage of such a vast host, and came out to meet -the Israelites in battle at Jahaz, near their border, at the brook -Arnon. They were defeated, and their whole land was conquered, including -their own territory north of the Jabbok, as well as their Moabite -possessions south of it. Thus the Israelites obtained, as their first -foothold, the rich region of the eastern table-land, from the Arnon to -the Hieromax. - -2. =The Conquest of Bashan.= (Num. 21:32-35.) The success of the war -with one nation of the Amorites encouraged the Israelites to cross the -Hieromax and undertake the conquest of the rich pasture fields of -Bashan, the kingdom of Og, whose capital was at the ancient city of his -race, Ashteroth Karnaim. There is some evidence to indicate that the -leader in this campaign was Nobah, of the tribe of Manasseh. (Num. -32:42.) A decisive battle was fought at Edrei, at the entrance to the -_Ledja_, or mountainous district; and Og was slain, and his kingdom -possessed by Israel. Its western portion, including Kenath and its -vicinity, was given to Nobah, who named the region after himself. (Num. -32:42; Judges 8:11.) - -3. =The Conquest of Midian.= (Num. 25 and 31.) While the Israelites were -encamped on the plain of Jordan, opposite Jericho, their last station, -called Shittim (Num. 25:1), a league was formed by the Moabites and -Midianites to resist their advance. Balaam, the Mesopotamian seer, was -summoned to aid them by his curses against Israel; but his words were -turned to blessing. (Num. 22-24.) Fearing the result of open war, the -allied nations now undertook to corrupt Israel by their friendship and -the seductions of their women; and they succeeded to such an extent that -multitudes of the people perished by a plague which fell upon the nation -as a penalty. The Moabites were punished by exclusion for ten -generations from the privileges of Israel (Deut. 23:3, 4), and by the -loss of that portion of their territory already taken from the Amorites. -The Midianites, evidently the guiltier nation, were doomed to utter -destruction. The campaign against them was regarded as a sacred war, and -Phinehas the priest took command of the army. The entire people were -laid under the ban, and the portion of them east of the Jordan were -thoroughly annihilated. This was, however, only a small section of the -great tribe of Midian, whose principal home was on the eastern shore of -the Red Sea, south of the Edomites; and their former home near Moab was -again repopulated, and, some centuries afterward, gave new trouble to -Israel. - -The entire country east of the Jordan and north of the brook Arnon was -thus conquered by the Israelites before the death of Moses. It was -assigned to the tribes of Reuben and Gad, and half the tribe of -Manasseh, as their home, upon condition that their warriors should -accompany the rest of the tribes in the conquest of Western Palestine. -(Num. 32.) Their boundaries will be noticed in connection with the map -of Israel, as divided among the Twelve Tribes. - - -II. THE CONQUEST OF WESTERN PALESTINE. - -This was undertaken by Joshua after the death of Moses, and, as far as -can be ascertained from the record, was accomplished in three campaigns. -The war began with the passage of the Jordan, B.C. 1210, and, so far as -active hostilities were concerned, was finished in seven years. But the -great mass of the native population remained upon the soil, to plague -the Chosen People by the influence of their wickedness, so that the -conquest was never thoroughly completed. Indeed, some writers think that -the inhabitants of Palestine at the present time belong mainly to the -old Canaanite stock, which has perpetuated itself under all the changes -of government. - -1. =The Conquest of Central Palestine.= (Josh. 3-8.) According to the -account in the book of Joshua, this was a brief campaign; but the -Samaritan records relate a series of supplementary sieges and battles, -which would indicate that the war may have been longer than appears. -Still, there are evidences that the Hivites and Perizzites, who occupied -most of this district, were peaceful peoples, readily yielding to the -conquerors, so that the resistance was less stubborn than in other -sections. The war began with the passage of the Jordan, an event ever -kept in mind as the entrance of the people upon their own land. They -pitched their camp at Gilgal, in the Jordan Valley, and fortified the -place as a permanent headquarters during the entire period of conquest. -(Josh. 5.) Jericho was first taken, by supernatural aid, and devoted to -God as the first fruits of conquest. (Josh. 6.) An act of trespass -against God by Achan, caused a defeat at Ai (near Bethel), the next -place attacked; but the sin was punished, and, by a stratagem and -ambush, Ai was taken. They then marched northward to Shechem, an ancient -Hivite city, of which the last previous account is its destruction by -the sons of Jacob. (Gen. 34.) It may not have been rebuilt, as we find -at this time the Hivites occupying a number of towns at a distance from -it (Gibeon and others, Josh. 9); or it may have submitted to the -overwhelming power of Israel. In the Vale of Shechem, between the -mountains Ebal and Gerizim, all the Israelites were assembled, the law -was read in their hearing, and memorial stones were erected. After this, -the Hivites of four villages, of which Gibeon was the most important, by -means of a deception made a treaty of peace with the Israelites, and -obtained a pledge of protection; being the only nation in all the land -formally spared from destruction. Their deceit was soon discovered; but -the word of Israel was kept, though the people of the four villages were -reduced to the condition of "servants of the sanctuary," _i. e._, -employed in the menial duties of the Tabernacle. The central portion of -the land was now possessed by Israel, from Jericho and Gibeon northward -to the Carmel range of mountains, and the army returned to the fortified -camp at Gilgal. (Josh. 9.) - -2. =The Conquest of Southern Palestine.= (Josh. 10.) The conquest had -thus far been easy; mainly because there was no union among the native -tribes, but each city and village was ruled by its own "king," or -sheikh, and all were jealous of one another, so that they were readily -conquered in detail. Warned by the fate of Jericho and Ai, and alarmed -at the defection of Gibeon, the kings of five cities formed a league to -resist the invading host. The head of the confederation was Adoni-zedek, -the king of Jerusalem, and associated with him were the rulers of -Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish and Eglon, and perhaps other subordinate -chiefs. They began by an attack on the city of Gibeon, as a tributary of -Israel. Joshua at once called forth his warriors, left the camp at -Gilgal, made a swift night march through the mountain passes, and came -suddenly upon the enemy near Beth-horon. Here was fought perhaps the -most important battle in all human history, and one at which "the sun -and moon" might well "stand still," since the religious destiny of all -the world was at stake in its result. In this one battle the conquest of -Canaan was made certain, though it was not fully accomplished until long -afterward. The flying host were pursued to Makkedah, on the border of -the plain, where the five kings were captured and slain. Then in -succession, the strongholds of Libnah, Lachish, Eglon, Hebron, and, last -of all, Debir, were taken by storm. From the list of the kings captured -(Josh. 12:9-24), it would appear that Joshua carried his conquests -through the South Country, as far as Arad and Hormah, places where the -Israelites had suffered defeat during the period of the wandering (Num. -21:1-3); though these kings may have been captured at Hebron or Debir. -But, though all may not have been ravaged by the Israelites, all was -certainly conquered, from Jerusalem to the great desert on the south. -The conquest was afterward made complete by the aged Caleb, who with his -nephew Othniel took possession of the very cities of which the name had -filled the Israelites with terror a generation before. (Num. 13.) - -[Illustration: PALESTINE AS PROMISED AND POSSESSED.] - -3. =The Conquest of Northern Palestine.= (Josh. 11.) This region was -also occupied by a number of independent chiefs, of whom the most -powerful was Jabin, the king of Hazor, a title which afterward reappears -in the history. (Judges 4, 2.) They ruled over small tribes of various -races, from Mount Hermon to Mount Carmel, especially on the Plain of -Esdraelon. The king of Hazor called together the associated tribes, and -their camp was pitched near Lake Merom. Joshua made one of his -characteristic swift marches, up the Jordan Valley, attacked them -suddenly, and utterly defeated and scattered them. He burned the many -war chariots, and so cut the sinews of their horses as to make them -useless; since these animals were never used by the Israelites. After -the battle he marched through the northern regions, capturing the cities -and slaying their rulers, a number of whom are mentioned in the -catalogue of Josh. 12:9-24. This campaign closed the active operations, -so that "the land rested from war" (Josh. 11:23); but for many years the -strife was feebly continued, and it was not entirely finished until the -reign of David. - - -III. SUPPLEMENTARY CONQUESTS. - -Although the struggle of the conquest was over, yet in most of the land -the task of expulsion or destruction was yet to be accomplished, and in -many places was never entirely wrought. The entire section of the -maritime plain remained in the hands of the Philistines; in almost every -tribe were fortresses, which long resisted the Israelites, and formed -centres of rebellion, and sometimes of oppression. And many of the -cities taken by Joshua were soon reoccupied by their original -inhabitants, and once more fortified. The book of the Judges relates -briefly three campaigns after the conquest. - -1. =The Campaign of the Judaites and Simeonites.= (Judges 1:1-8.) This -was undertaken against Adoni-bezek, the king of Bezek, a place in or -near the tribe of Judah, not positively identified. Adoni-bezek was a -petty chieftain, who had cruelly mutilated no less than 70 local chiefs -whom he had taken in battle. He was surprised by the allied forces of -Judah and Simeon, and ten thousand of his warriors were slain. He was -taken prisoner, and treated as he had treated other captive kings; his -thumbs and great toes being cut off, thus making him helpless. After -this, the allied tribes marched down upon the maritime plain, and took -the Philistine cities of Gaza, Ashkelon and Ekron. But their conquests -were not permanent; they withdrew to the mountains, and the Philistines -were soon in possession of their cities, which long stood as a menace to -Israel. Another campaign was directed against the cities of the Negeb, -or South Country, and resulted in the destruction of Zephath and Hormah, -both south of Hebron. - -2. =The Campaign of Caleb and Othniel.= Caleb was the oldest man in -Israel, having accompanied Joshua and the other spies, thirty-eight -years before the entrance of Israel into the Promised Land. (Num. -13-14.) For his faithfulness when so many were overcome with terror, he -received a promise of inheritance in the land. At least 45 years -afterward, Hebron, in the south of Judah, was allotted to him. It had -been taken by Joshua (Josh. 10:36, 37), but afterward reoccupied by the -Anakim (see page 38), and the Amorites, its original possessors. Caleb -led an army against it, once more won the city, and made it his own. He -promised his daughter, Achsah, to the warrior who should take Debir, or -Kirjath-sepher, south of Hebron, which had also been reoccupied by the -enemy. His younger brother (perhaps nephew) Othniel, won the city and -his bride. (Josh. 14:1-15; 15:13-19; Judges 1:10-15.) This campaign was -probably about the same time with the one narrated above, and may have -been in connection with it. - -3. =The Danite Campaign.= (Judges 18.) The tribe of Dan found themselves -unable to overcome their Philistine neighbors, and were straitened for -room in their narrow possessions. They sent out a body of men to search -for a new home. These spies traversed the country as far to the north as -Laish, or Leshem, a Phoenician city, near one of the sources of the -Jordan. The Danite spies returned to their people at Zorah and Eshtaol, -and made their report. A part of the tribe agreed to migrate to this -northern region. Their first encampment on the journey, near -Kirjath-jearim, in Judah, long bore the name of "the camp of Dan." At a -village in Mount Ephraim they plundered Micah of his idols and carried -away their priest, who was a degenerate grandson of Moses the prophet. -At Laish they fell suddenly upon the defenseless Phoenicians, destroyed -their city, and built in its place one which they called Dan. It was the -northern landmark of the land, as Beersheba was its southern, giving -rise to the term "from Dan to Beersheba." Dan remained an idol -sanctuary, and a place of corrupting influence during all the after -history of Israel. - -Upon the map are noted: 1. The six campaigns of the conquest, three on -each side of the Jordan. The precise route of travel cannot be -identified, but the general direction is shown by a red line. The -"supplementary conquests" are not indicated, in order to avoid -confusion, but can be easily traced. 2. The important battle-fields are -indicated by flags. These were at (1) Jahaz, (2) Edrei, (3) the land of -Midian, (4) Jericho, (5) Ai, (6) Beth-horon, (7) Hazor. Besides these -were many cities captured by Joshua during his campaign in Southern -Canaan. 3. The royal cities captured by Moses and Joshua are each -indicated on the map by a crown. These were, on the east of Jordan: -Heshbon, the capital of Sihon's kingdom, and Ashtaroth, the capital of -Og's kingdom; and on the west of Jordan, 31 cities, whose kings were -taken and slain by Joshua. (Josh. 12:9-24.) The places identified are -the only ones marked upon the map. 4. The four cities of the Hivite -league, which alone made a treaty with Israel, are shown by clasped -hands, the token of peace. 5. At the close of the conquest a large part -of the country was left in the possession of the native races. This -region is indicated by the yellow color. 6. Many towns remained in the -hands of the Canaanite and Philistine races. Some were taken by Israel, -but afterward reoccupied by their original inhabitants; others held out -against the Israelites, and were a constant source of danger, both by -their opposition, and still more by their friendship. The ceasing of the -war before the native races were either utterly exterminated or driven -away, was a mistaken mercy, which cost Israel centuries of strife, the -infection from their idolatry, and the corrupt influence of their -morals. The sparing of the Canaanites imperiled and well nigh thwarted -the destiny of Israel as the depositary of religious truth for all the -world. - - -OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. - -I. _Conquest of Eastern Palestine._ 1. Gilead. (Amorites, Sihon, Jahaz.) -2. Bashan. (Amorites, Og, Edrei; Nobah, Kenath.) 3. Midian. (Phinehas.) - -II. _Conquest of Western Palestine._ 1. Central. (Gilgal, Jericho, Ai, -Shechem, Gibeon.) 2. Southern. (Beth-horon, Makkedah, Libnah, Lachish, -Eglon, Hebron, Debir.) 3. Northern. (Hazor.) - -III. _Supplementary Conquests._ 1. Judah and Simeon. (Adoni-bezek, -Bezek; Gaza, Ashkelon, Ekron; Zephath, Hormah.) 2. Caleb and Othniel. -(Hebron, Debir.) 3. Dan. (Laish.) - -[Illustration: CHURCH OF THE ASCENSION.] - - - - -PALESTINE AMONG THE TWELVE TRIBES. - - -THE division of the land among the Twelve Tribes took place in three -stages. 1. After the conquest of Eastern Palestine, during the lifetime -of Moses, the two tribes of Reuben and Gad and half the tribe of -Manasseh received their portion, on condition that their warriors should -aid their kinsmen in the war for the rest of the land. (Num. 32.) 2. -After the campaigns in Western Palestine (see last map and -explanations), the two leading tribes of Judah and Ephraim and the -remaining half of Manasseh received their inheritance, and took -possession of it, as far as conquered: Judah in the south, Ephraim a -small but choice portion in the centre, and Manasseh immediately north -of it. (Josh. 15-17.) 3. The remaining seven tribes delayed long in -obtaining their portions in the land, but at last, after a rebuke from -the aged Joshua for their slowness, made the division by lot, and -entered upon their inheritance. (Josh. 18, 19.) The cities of refuge, -and those for the priests and Levites, were last of all appointed, late -in the life of Joshua, and then "the land had rest from war," and Israel -entered upon its history in its own land. - -It is not easy to fix the tribal boundary lines, since some tribes -possessed cities within the domain of other tribes, and the boundaries, -if not entirely indeterminate, varied greatly in different ages. -Geographers are agreed upon the general position, but not upon the -precise boundary lines. We follow the map of Dr. James Strong, in -McClintock and Strong's Cyclopedia. - -[Illustration: VIEW IN THE EASTERN TABLE-LAND--BASHAN.] - -I. =The Tribe of Reuben= (Num. 32:1-38; Josh. 13:15-23) had the river -Arnon for its southern border, this river separating it from Moab. It -was bounded on the east by the Syrian desert, and on the west by the -Dead Sea and the lower end of the Jordan. Its northern line began at -Beth-jeshimoth, and extended northeasterly to near Rabbath Ammon. Its -territory consisted of a low region by the sea and the river, a -precipitous mountain range, and a rolling plateau eastward, well adapted -for pasture. Among its prominent localities were: Heshbon, the capital -of the Amorite king, Sihon; Dibon, where recently the Moabite stone was -discovered; Mount Nebo, where Moses died; Bezer, a city of refuge; -Aroer, Ataroth, Medeba, Kiriathaim, and Kedemoth. - -II. =The Tribe of Gad= (Num. 32:34-36; Josh. 13:24-28) was located north -of Reuben. Its boundary on the west was the river Jordan, from the Sea -of Chinnereth (Galilee) almost to its mouth. Its eastern border was the -desert, from Rabbath Ammon to Mahanaim, from which point its line ran -northwest to the Sea of Chinnereth. Like the land of Reuben, its -territory embraced portions of the Jordan Valley; the eastern -mountains, divided by the torrent Jabbok; and the table-land, a rich -and well-watered district. The part in the Jordan Valley was, however, -never possessed by the Israelites, but remained in the hands of the -native Canaanites. In the valley, its cities were Beth-nimrah and -Succoth. Among the mountains the places were: Jazer, near the border of -Reuben; Ramoth-gilead, a famous fortress, often the scene of war; -Penuel, the place of Jacob's wrestling with the angel (Gen. 32:24-32); -Jabesh-gilead, whose warriors rescued the bodies of Saul and Jonathan (1 -Sam. 31:11-13); Mahanaim, a place of refuge both for the son of Saul, -and afterward for David (2 Sam. 2:8; 2 Sam. 17:24); and Gadara, a -foreign city, on the northern frontier. - - +-----------------------------------------------------------+ - |+---------------------------------------------------------+| - || Manasseh, (East) 2,590 Sq. M. || - || (_Partly Desert_) || - |+---------------------------------------------------------+| - || Judah, 1,400 Sq. M. | | - ||(_Exclusive of Philistia and | | - || Desert by Dead Sea_) | | - |+-------------------------------+ | - || Gad, | | - ||1,300 Sq. Miles. | | - |+----------------------------+ | - ||Simeon, 1,000 Sq. M.| | - ||(_Partly Desert_) | | - |+--------------------+ | - ||Manasseh, (West) | | - || 800 Sq. M. | | - |+-----------------+ | - || Naphtali, | | - || 800 Sq. M. | | - |+-----------------+ | - || Reuben, | | - || 700 Sq. M. | | - |+--------------+ | - || Ephraim, | | - || 600 Sq. M.| COMPARATIVE SIZE | - |+------------+ | - || Dan, | | - ||500 Sq. M.| OF | - |+----------+ | - || |Issachar, | - || |400 Sq. M. TERRITORY OF THE TRIBES. | - |+------+ | - || |Zebulon, | - || |300 Sq. M. | - |+---+ | - || |Asher, | - || |300 Sq. M. | - |+---+ | - || |Benjamin, | - || |300 Sq. M. | - |+---+ | - +-----------------------------------------------------------+ - - -III. =The Half Tribe of Manasseh, East= (Num. 32:39-42; Josh. 13:29-31), -occupied the northern portion of Eastern Palestine, generally known in -the Old Testament as Bashan, larger than the portion assigned to any one -tribe. It extended from Mahanaim northward to Mount Hermon, and from the -river Jordan and its two northern lakes eastward to the desert. Though -some of this land is a desert, yet most of it is fertile, and even now -it is called "the granary of Palestine." It consists of undulating -plains between two masses of mountains; the one on the east, now known -as _el Ledja_, and the other on the side of the Jordan Valley. On its -western hills were Aphek, and Golan, a city of refuge; near its centre -were Ashtaroth, the former capital of Og, who reigned over Bashan before -the conquest, and Edrei. Kenath, taken by Nobah, was at the foot of _el -Ledja_, east of the line of the map. Its people never conquered the -Geshurites on the east, and were separated from their brethren by the -Canaanites in the Jordan Valley (see map on page 50), so that they were -not closely identified with the history of Israel, and were the first to -be carried away captive. (2 Kings 10:32, 33.) - -IV. =The Tribe of Simeon= (Josh. 19:1-9) received a portion of the land -previously given to Judah. Its location was on the extreme south, and -its boundaries were indeterminate, being indicated only by the list of -eighteen towns belonging to it. It was the strip of grazing land between -the mountains and the desert of the wandering, where Abraham and Isaac -spent most of their lives. Its most important place was the historic -Beersheba; but it included also Gerar, on the Philistine border; Arad, -whose king twice resisted the Israelites' progress during the wandering; -Hormah, in the South Country; and Ziklag, at one time the home of David. -Nothing is known of this tribe's history. From its frontier position it -probably lost its individuality, a part of its people becoming merged -with the wandering races of the desert, and a part with its more -powerful neighbor, Judah. Most of its cities were held by the -Philistines until the reign of David. - -V. =The Tribe of Judah= (Josh. 15:1-63) occupied the most valuable -portion of the land, and for three centuries was the rival of Ephraim in -the leadership of the nation. Its boundary line on the north is -described with great minuteness, but was changed after the building of -the Temple to include a part of the city of Jerusalem. It ran from the -northern end of the Dead Sea, south of Jerusalem, in a direction -generally east, though with many turnings, from the Jordan to the -Mediterranean. The region embraced five sections. 1. The Philistine -plain, by the sea, never conquered. 2. The Shefelah, or low hills, a -boundary disputed with the Philistines. 3. The "hill country," the home -of the tribe. 4. The Negeb, or South Country, extending from Hebron -southward. 5. The wild, uninhabitable Jeshimon, called in later history -"the wilderness of Judæa," on the western shore of the Dead Sea. -Omitting the Philistine cities by the Mediterranean, its most important -cities were: Hebron, the inheritance of Caleb; Debir, the conquest of -Othniel; Bethlehem, the birthplace of David, and, in after ages, of his -greater Son; Maon, Carmel; En-gedi, a haunt of David during his exile; -Lachish and Libnah, on the Shefelah; and Kirjath-jearim, at one time the -abode of the ark. - -VI. =The Tribe of Benjamin= (Josh. 18:11-28) was located between Judah -and Ephraim, having the Jordan on the east, and Dan on the west. It was -a small country, 25 miles long by 12 wide, yet rich in natural -advantages; and many events of Bible history took place within its -borders. It included 26 cities, of which the most important were: -Gilgal, the military capital during the conquest; Jericho, the first -town taken on the west of the Jordan; Jerusalem, long held by the -Jebusites, but from the time of David the capital of the country; -Bethel, connected with many events; Ramah, the home of Samuel; Gibeah, -the residence of King Saul; Michmash, Gibeon and Mizpeh, the places of -famous battles. No portion of the land contains more of Jewish history -than Benjamin, the smallest of all the tribes of Israel. - -[Illustration: COMPARATIVE POPULATION OF THE TWELVE TRIBES AT THE -ENTRANCE INTO CANAAN.] - - Judah, 306,000. - Dan, 257,600. - Issachar, 257,200. - Zebulon, 242,000. - Asher, 213,600. - Manasseh, 210,800. - Benjamin, 182,400. - Naphtali, 181,600. - Reuben, 174,920. - Gad, 162,000. - Ephraim, 130,000. - Simeon, 88,800. - Levi, 46,000. - -VII. =The Tribe of Dan= (Josh. 19:40-48; Judges 18) was situated between -Benjamin and the sea, and, though apparently large, was in reality very -small, since nearly all its territory was held by the original -inhabitants, the Canaanites. Its southernmost town was Timnath, a small -village not on the map, but two miles west of Beth-shemesh; its northern -limit was a brook just north of Joppa. The original inhabitants proved -too strong for the Danites, who were compelled to maintain a sort of -fortified camp in and between the villages of Zorah and Eshtaol, called -"the camp of Dan." (Judges 13:25.) A part of the tribe migrated -northward, as related in the interesting account in Judges 17, 18; and, -by a surprise, seized the Phoenician village of Laish, or Leshem, in the -far north of Palestine, changed its name to Dan, and made it a new -rallying centre for the tribe. This place, with Beersheba on the south, -was named, in the expression "from Dan to Beersheba," as one of the -limits of the land. It remained for centuries the place of an idolatrous -worship, perpetuated under all the changes of government, down to the -final captivity of the land. - -VIII. =The Tribe of Ephraim= (Josh. 16) was located on the north of -Benjamin and Dan, and extended from the Jordan to the Mediterranean, in -the centre of the country. But inasmuch as the Canaanites were able to -resist the power of the Ephraimites on both sides of the mountain, -toward the river Jordan and toward the sea, the haughty tribe deemed its -possession too small for its needs, and asked a larger space of Joshua. -They were answered in a half-jesting, half-rebuking manner by the -leader, and urged to drive out the enemy and make for themselves more -room, a counsel which they followed only in part. (Josh. 17:14-18; -Judges 1:22-26.) The principal places in "Mount Ephraim" (as the -district of this tribe was generally called) were: Shechem, between the -twin mountains of Ebal and Gerizim; Shiloh, the place of the ark, and -the religious centre of the land; Beth-horon, the field where the -decisive victory of the conquest was won; Timnath, the burial place of -Joshua; and Samaria, built during the kingdom as the capital of the Ten -Tribes. - -IX. =The Half Tribe of Manasseh, West= (Josh. 17), was located north of -Ephraim, and extended from the Jordan to the Mediterranean. Its boundary -followed the northern slope of Mount Carmel, except by the sea, where -the mountain was given to Asher. The lowlands on the Jordan, the Plain -of Esdraelon, and the Mediterranean, were held by the Canaanites, in the -cities of Dor, Megiddo, Taanach and Beth-shean, a chain of fortresses -which gave control of the larger portion of the province, so that the -Manassites were restricted to the mountains, where they occupied Geba, -Dothan and Jarmuth. - -X. =The Tribe of Issachar= (Josh. 19:17-23) was allotted the Plain of -Esdraelon (which it was never able to possess), and the mountains of -Tabor and Little Hermon ("Hill of Moreh"), extending to the Jordan south -of the Sea of Chinnereth (Galilee). Both the plain and the Jordan Valley -were held by the Canaanites, but the tribe occupied the mountains. Its -cities were En-gannim, Shunem, Haphraim, Daberath, and Beth-shemesh. The -towns of Cana, Nain and Nazareth, in New Testament history, were located -in this tribe. - -XI. =The Tribe of Asher= (Josh. 19:24-31) lay along the sea-coast, and -extended from Mount Carmel to Zidon. Nearly all its cities were -controlled by the Canaanites and Phoenicians, and the people soon -entered into friendly relations with them, and lost their power. A part -of the tribe, however, occupied the mountain range, and retained their -relationship with the rest of the Israelites. - -XII. =The Tribe of Zebulon= (Josh. 19:10-16) occupied a triangle between -Mount Carmel, the Sea of Chinnereth (afterward the Sea of Galilee), and -the village of Aijalon; having as its base the mountain border north of -the Plain of Esdraelon, and its western line the mountain chain -following the Mediterranean. As this belonged to the mountain region, it -was controlled mainly by the Israelites, though the Canaanites held two -towns, Kitron and Nahalol. (Judges 1:30.) Its principal places were: -Gath-hepher, the home of the prophet Jonah; Bethlehem (to be -distinguished from the town of the same name in Judah); and, in later -times, most of the cities of Galilee visited by our Lord. - -[Illustration: PALESTINE AMONG THE TRIBES.] - -XIII. =The Tribe of Naphtali= (Josh. 19:32-39) was the farthest to the -north in all Israel. It occupied a section running north and south, -between the Jordan and the Sea of Chinnereth on one side, and the -Phoenician border on the other. Its central city was Kedesh, a city of -refuge. Other towns were Hazor, Abel-beth-maachah, Beth-rehob (the -extreme point visited by the spies, Num. 13:21) and Beth-shemesh. Dan -(see on Tribe of Dan) was also in the limits of this tribe. - -XIV. =The Tribe of Levi= was the priestly caste, and received no -separate province in the land, but was allotted certain cities -throughout the tribes. These cities were given up to the Levites, either -wholly or in part; though it is evident that they were not the only -places occupied by the priests, and that others besides the Levites -dwelt in them. These "Levitical cities" were divided into two classes: -those for the priests proper, or descendants of Aaron, thirteen in -number, and all in the tribes of Judah, Simeon and Benjamin (a -remarkable arrangement, since the altar and the Tabernacle were in the -tribe of Ephraim); and those for the Levites, or subordinate priests, -thirty-five in number, divided among the other tribes. Thus there were -in all forty-eight Levitical cities. These were so arranged that in each -tribe four cities were assigned to the priests, except in Judah (which -had more), and Simeon and Naphtali, the frontier tribes, which had less. -As far as they have been identified and located, they are indicated upon -the map: the priests' cities by the _tiara_, or head-dress, worn by the -priests; the Levites' cities by a _trumpet_, as they formed the choral -bands in the worship of the Temple. Six of these cities were assigned as -"cities of refuge" for the innocent man-slayer. (Josh. 20.) Three cities -were chosen on each side of the Jordan; in the south, the centre and the -north of the land. These were: Bezer, in Reuben; Ramoth-gilead, in Gad; -Golan, in Manasseh, East; Hebron, in Judah; Shechem, in Ephraim; and -Kedesh, in Naphtali. Each of these is indicated on the map by a tower. - - -OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. - - -SUGGESTIONS FOR TEACHING. - -Draw a rough map of Palestine, omitting mountains and all other lines -except the river and the seas. Do not attempt to make it accurate. In -presence of the class, draw the boundary lines of the tribes, not -attempting an accurate copy, but roughly indicating them. With each -tribe indicate the most important places by their initial letters. -Review all the places before beginning another tribe, and occasionally -go back to the beginning and review all the work done. Let the class, on -slate or paper, also draw the map, and locate the places. At the close, -call upon the scholars to give the location and name the places of the -tribes. - - -REVIEW. - -I. _Reuben._ Heshbon, Dibon, Mount Nebo, Bezer, Aroer, Ataroth, Medeba, -Kiriathaim, Kedemoth. - -II. _Gad._ Beth-nimrah, Succoth, Jazer, Ramoth-gilead, Penuel, -Jabesh-gilead, Mahanaim, Gadara. - -III. _Manasseh, East._ Aphek, Golan, Ashtaroth, Edrei, Kenath. - -IV. _Simeon._ Beersheba, Gerar, Arad, Hormah, Ziklag. - -V. _Judah_ (5 sections). Hebron, Debir, Bethlehem, Maon, Carmel, -En-gedi, Lachish, Libnah, Kirjath-jearim. - -VI. _Benjamin._ Gilgal, Jericho, Jerusalem, Bethel, Ramah, Gibeah, -Michmash, Gibeon, Mizpeh. - -VII. _Dan._ Zorah, Eshtaol, Dan. - -VIII. _Ephraim._ Shechem, Shiloh, Beth-horon, Timnath, Samaria. - -IX. _Manasseh, West._ Dor, Megiddo, Taanach, Beth-shean, Geba, Dothan, -Jarmuth. - -X. _Issachar._ En-gannim, Shunem, Haphraim, Daberath, Beth-shemesh, -Cana, Nain, Nazareth (in New Testament History). - -XI. _Asher._ - -XII. _Zebulon._ Gath-hepher, Bethlehem. - -XIII. _Naphtali._ Kedesh, Hazor, Abel-beth-maachah, Beth-rehob, -Beth-shemesh. - -XIV. _Levi._ Forty-eight Levitical cities in all. Six of these were -cities of refuge, as follows: Bezer, Ramoth-gilead, Golan, Hebron, -Shechem, Kedesh. - -[Illustration: ROUND ABOUT JERUSALEM.] - -[Illustration: PALESTINE UNDER THE JUDGES. - -THE PLAIN OF ESDRAELON.] - - - - -PALESTINE UNDER THE JUDGES. - - -THE map on page 60 is intended to illustrate the history of Palestine -from the division of the land (about 1170 B.C.) to the accession of -David (B.C. 1010.) This period may be noticed under three topics. 1. The -movements among the tribes supplementary to the conquest. 2. The -oppressions and the Judges. 3. The reign of the first king, Saul. (See -The Kingdom of Saul, page 64.) - - -I. SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE CONQUEST. - -1. =The Conquests of Judah and Simeon.= (Judges 1.) These were made by -the two southern tribes in alliance, and were accompanied by decisive -victories at Bezek, Hebron, Debir, and Zephath (afterward known as -_Hormah_, "destruction"). These places are marked with flags upon the -map. Jerusalem, Gaza, Ashkelon, and Ekron were also attacked and taken; -but the conquest was not permanent, since these places were soon -reoccupied by the native races. - -2. =The Danite Migration=, related in Judges 17, 18, took place about -the same time. The tribe of Dan was crowded by the Philistines into two -towns, Zorah and Eshtaol. A part of the warriors went upon an expedition -northward, and finding Laish, at one of the sources of the Jordan, -undefended, slew its Zidonian inhabitants, and made it their home and a -sanctuary of idols, under a new name, Dan. This formed the northern -outpost of the land of Israel. - -3. =The Civil War.= (Judges 19-21.) This was caused by a crime among the -people of one city, Gibeah, whose part was taken by the entire tribe, -according to the Oriental view of honor among members of a clan. It led -to a war between Benjamin and the rest of the tribes, at the end of -which, by the battle of Gibeah, the one tribe was almost annihilated. - -[Illustration: MOUNT TABOR.] - - -II. THE OPPRESSIONS AND THE JUDGES. - -From the times of Joshua to those of Saul, the Israelites were ruled by -men raised up to meet the needs of the hour, not by succession or -appointment, but by personal character and influence. Most of them ruled -over a limited region, and more than one doubtless was in authority at -the same time, in different parts of the land. They were called forth by -a series of _oppressions_, which were sometimes invasions by foreign -tribes, and sometimes the uprising of the native peoples against their -Israelite conquerors, reversing the relation for a time. The judges -were, in most instances, men who led the Israelites in throwing off the -yoke of these foreign races. The oppressions are generally reckoned as -seven, though the third was rather an invasion than an oppression; and -the judges, as fifteen in number, though several were not judges, in the -strict sense of the word. - -1. =The Mesopotamian Oppression= (Judges 3:1-11) was the first, -occurring soon after the death of Joshua. It resulted from the conquests -of a king named Chushan-rishathaim, who reigned in Mesopotamia. From the -two facts, that at this period the kings of Edom had Aramean names (Gen. -36), and that the deliverer of Israel was Othniel, of the tribe of -Judah, the first judge, it has been concluded that the region of this -oppression was the territory of that tribe, in the southern portion of -Palestine. - -2. =The Moabite Oppression.= (Judges 3:12-30.) The Moabites lived south -of the torrent Arnon, on the east of the Dead Sea. In alliance with the -wandering Ammonites, further eastward, and the Amalekites of the desert, -under their king, Eglon, they took possession of Jericho (which stood as -an unwalled town), and made it the centre of rule over the central -portion of the land, chiefly Benjamin and Judah. Ehud, the second -judge, assassinated Eglon, and then called upon his countrymen to -assemble at Mount Ephraim. A decisive battle was fought at the "Fords of -Moab" (where the Israelites had crossed the Jordan on their first -entrance to the land), resulting in the defeat of the Moabites and the -freedom of Israel. - -3. =The Early Philistine Oppression= (Judges 3:31) was perhaps no more -than a raid of these people upon the mountain region of Judah. It was -repelled by Shamgar, the third judge, whose army of farmers, hastily -gathered, had no other weapons than their formidable ox-goads. The -precise place of the victory is unknown, but it was on the frontier -between Judah and Philistia. - -4. =The Canaanite Oppression= (Judges 4, 5) was an uprising of the -native people against the Israelite conquerors. They changed the -relations of the two races, by becoming the dominant people in all the -region north of the Carmel range of mountains. Their capital was at -Hazor, and their chief military post at Harosheth, near the Plain of -Esdraelon. A woman, Deborah, living between Ramah and Bethel, was then -recognized as the fourth judge. She called upon Barak, of Naphtali, who -aided her in gathering a little army, chiefly from the tribes of -Issachar, Zebulon and Naphtali. They met at Mount Tabor, from which they -poured down upon the Canaanites, who were encamped upon the plain. In -the rout that followed, the Israelites were aided by a sudden storm, -and a rise in the torrent Kishon, which swept away many of their -enemies. The power of the Canaanites was broken, and thenceforward the -race made no attempt to regain its independence. - -5. =The Midianite Oppression= (Judges 6-8) was the most severe, thus -far, in the history of the judges. The Midianites, a migratory tribe on -the east of Palestine, joined with the Amalekite Bedouins in an invasion -which overran all the central portion of the land, plundering the -inhabitants, and destroying the fruits of the field. So low were the -Israelites reduced, that they were compelled to hide their crops, and -themselves also, in the caves of the mountains. The deliverer of Israel -at this period was Gideon, the fifth judge. At God's call he summoned -his countrymen, and gathered an army on Mount Gilboa, while their -enemies were encamped at the foot of the Hill Moreh (Little Hermon), an -innumerable host. With three hundred chosen men Gideon made a night -attack upon the Midianite host. They were defeated, and fled down the -ravine to the Jordan Valley, past Beth-shean, Abel-meholah and Tabbath. -Beth-barah, where they were intercepted by the men of Ephraim, was not -the same with the Bethabara of the New Testament, but probably in the -Jordan Valley, north of the Jabbok. At Succoth, near the junction of the -Jabbok and the Jordan, and at Penuel, in the valley of the Jabbok, the -pursuing Israelites under Gideon were inhospitably treated by the -inhabitants, but avenged themselves on their return. The remains of the -routed Midianite army were found by Gideon at Karkor, a place not -precisely known. He made a circuit, attacked them on the east, and -utterly destroyed them. After this victory Gideon bore rule over Israel -from his home in Ophrah, until his death. - -After the death of Gideon arose his son Abimelech, the sixth judge, "the -bramble king," who reigned over a small district around Shechem. (Judges -9.) He was not one of the divinely chosen deliverers, and strictly -should not be reckoned in the list of judges. He was slain ignobly at -Thebez, north of Shechem. The seventh judge was Tola, who ruled from -Shamir, in Mount Ephraim. (Judges 10:1, 2.) The eighth was Jair, whose -home was at Camon, in Mount Gilead, east of the Jordan. (Judges 10:3-5.) - -6. =The Ammonite Oppression= (Judges 10:6-18; 11:1-40) was perhaps -contemporaneous with the early part of the one named after it, the -Philistine. It embraced the land of the tribes on the east of the -Jordan, and lasted eighteen years. The Israelites rallied at Mizpeh of -Gilead (the place where Jacob and Laban made their covenant, Gen. -31:49), and called to the command Jephthah, the ninth judge, who was -living as a freebooter in the land of Tob, north of Gilead. He marched -against the Ammonites, and fought them at Aroer, on the border of the -torrent Arnon. He drove them in flight northward, and wasted their -territory as far as Minnith, near Heshbon. On his return took place the -fulfillment of his vow upon his daughter (Judges 11:40); and a civil -strife with the haughty tribe of Ephraim (Judges 12:1-6), which attacked -Gilead, but was beaten and put to flight. At the fords of Jordan many -thousand Ephraimites were slain in attempting to cross. Probably this -was the same place referred to already as Beth-barah. (Judges 7:24.) - -After Jephthah, the tenth judge was Ibzan of Bethlehem, north of Mount -Carmel; the eleventh, Elon of Aijalon, in the tribe of Zebulon; the -twelfth, Abdon of Pirathon, in Ephraim. (Judges 12:8-15.) - -7. =The Philistine Oppression= (Judges 13-16) began about the same time -with the Ammonite, but lasted far longer. During all the judgeships of -Eli, the thirteenth judge, of Samson the fourteenth, of Samuel the -fifteenth and last, and the forty years of Saul's reign, Israel remained -more or less under Philistine domination. In the reign of Saul we read -of Philistine garrisons throughout the land, as at Bethel (1 Sam. -10:3-5) and at Geba (1 Sam. 13:3), and not until all Israel was -consolidated under the strong sceptre of David, was the Philistine yoke -entirely thrown off. - -Eli, the thirteenth judge, was also high-priest, and ruled from Shiloh, -the place of the ark. The history relates only the events at the close -of his judgeship, when, by the loss of the ark at Ebenezer, and the -death of Eli, on the same day, the Israelites were reduced to the lowest -condition of trouble. - -The exploits of Samson were all personal, and in a narrow district. He -led no army, but wrought brave deeds singlehanded, in the "camp of Dan" -and the country of the Philistines. Had he added the administrative -powers of a Samuel to his courage and strength, the triumphs of David -would have been anticipated by a century. He was born at Zorah, in the -tribe of Dan (Judges 13:2), and won victories at Timnath (Judges -15:1-8); at Lehi ("the jaw," from the weapon used), a place whose -precise location is uncertain (Judges 15:9-20); and in his death, at -Gaza. (Judges 16.) - -Samuel, the fifteenth judge, was born at Ramah (also called -Ramathaim-zophim) (1 Sam. 1:1), and ruled from the same place during his -period of government, from the loss of the ark to the Anointing of Saul. -The great event of his rule was the victory at Ebenezer (1 Sam. 7), -which gave a name to the place of the former defeat. Other places -connected with this period are Kirjath-jearim, where the ark was long -kept; Mizpeh, the place where the active rule of Samuel both began and -ended; Bethel and Gilgal, where also he exercised the functions of -judge; and Beersheba, in the south of Judah, where his sons ruled for a -time as deputies in his name. - -Upon the map the names of the towns which remained during this period -under the control of the native races, are printed in red. Some of these -were Philistine, others Canaanite. Those on the maritime plain, west of -Judah and Benjamin, were mainly Philistine, as Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, -Ekron and Gath. Those in the interior, as Aijalon and Jebus; around the -Plain of Esdraelon, as Harosheth, Megiddo, Taanach and Hadad-rimmon; and -in the Jordan Valley, as Beth-shean and Jericho, were under the control -of the Canaanite races. - -We give the names of the fifteen judges, and their various centers of -authority, as indicated in the books of Judges and First Samuel. Some of -the locations are uncertain; but the places cannot be far from those -assigned upon the map. The names and locations are: 1. Othniel, tribe of -Judah. 2. Ehud, tribe of Benjamin. 3. Shamgar, tribe of Judah. 4. -Deborah, between Ramah and Bethel, in Ephraim. 5. Gideon, Ophrah, in -Manasseh, West. 6. Abimelech, "the bramble king," at Shechem, in -Ephraim. 7. Tola, in Shamir, of Manasseh, East. 8. Jair, in Manasseh, -East. 9. Jephthah, in the tribe of Gad. 10. Ibzan, in Bethlehem, north -of Mount Carmel. 11. Elon, at Aijalon, of Zebulon. 12. Abdon, at -Pirathon, in Ephraim. 13. Eli, at Shiloh, in Ephraim. 14. Samson, at -Zorah, in Dan. 15. Samuel, at Ramah, in Benjamin. - -The battles of this period are indicated upon the map by flags, and are -as follows: 1. Bezek. 2. Hebron. 3. Debir. 4. Zephath. All these in the -campaign of Judah and Simeon. (Judges 1.) 5. Laish (Dan), in the north, -the Danite conquest. (Judges 18.) 6. Gibeah, the extermination of -Benjamin. (Judges 20.) 7. Fords of Moab, Ehud's victory over the -Moabites. (Judges 3.) 8. Mount Tabor, Deborah's victory over the -Canaanites. (Judges 4.) 9. The Hill Moreh (Little Hermon), Gideon's -victory over the Midianites. (Judges 7.) 10. Karkor, the capture of the -chiefs of Midian. (Judges 8.) 11. Shechem, Abimelech's conquest. (Judges -9.) 12. Thebez, Abimelech's death. (Judges 9.) 13. Aroer, Jephthah's -victory over the Ammonites. (Judges 11.) 14. Beth-barah, Jephthah's -victory over Ephraim. (Judges 12.) 15. Timnath. 16. Lehi. 17. Gaza, -Samson's three slaughters of the Philistines. (Judges 14-16.) 18. -Ebenezer, the loss of the ark. (1 Sam. 4.) 19. Ebenezer, the victory of -Samuel. (1 Sam. 7.) - - -OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. - - -I. SUPPLEMENTARY TO CONQUEST. - -1. _Judah and Simeon._ Bezek, Hebron, Debir, Zephath. - -2. _Danite Migration._ Zorah, Eshtaol; Laish (Dan). - -3. _Civil War._ Benjamin, Gibeah. - - -II. OPPRESSIONS AND JUDGES. - -1. _Mesopotamian._ (South.) Othniel, 1st Judge. - -2. _Moabite._ (Central.) Jericho. Ehud, 2d Judge; Fords of Moab. - -3. _Early Philistine._ (South.) Shamgar, 3d Judge. - -4. _Canaanite._ (North.) Hazor, Harosheth. Mount Tabor; Deborah, 4th -Judge, Ramah. - -5. _Midianite._ (Central and North.) Hill Moreh, Karkor; Gideon, 5th -Judge, Ophrah. Abimelech, 6th Judge; Shechem, Thebez. Tola, 7th Judge, -Shamir. Jair, 8th Judge, Camon. - -6. _Ammonite._ (East.) Aroer; Jephthah, 9th Judge; "Fords of Jordan." -Ibzan, 10th Judge, Bethlehem. Elon, 11th Judge, Aijalon. Abdon, 12th -Judge, Pirathon. - -7. _Philistine._ (South and Central.) Eli, 13th Judge, Shiloh; Ebenezer. -Samson, 14th Judge; Timnath, Lehi, Gaza. Samuel, 15th Judge, Ramah; -Ebenezer. - - * * * * * - -_Battles of the Period._ 1. Bezek. 2. Hebron. 3. Debir. 4. Zephath. 5. -Laish (Dan). 6. Gibeah. 7. Fords of Moab. 8. Mount Tabor. 9. Hill Moreh. -10. Karkor. 11. Shechem. 12. Thebez. 13. Aroer. 14. Fords of Jordan -(Beth-barah?). 15. Timnath. 16. Lehi. 17. Gaza. 18, 19. Ebenezer. - -[Illustration: KINGDOM OF SAUL. - -Saul's Last Battle.] - - - - -THE KINGDOM OF SAUL. - - -DURING the last century of the Judges, there was a growing tendency -toward a more settled form of government; and the wise rule of Samuel -inspired a still stronger desire for a better organization of the state. -The rival tribes of Ephraim and Judah were conciliated by the choice of -a king from the weak tribe of Benjamin, equally dependent upon both; and -Saul, an obscure farmer of Gibeah, was called to the throne. The events -of his reign are here related only so far as is necessary to present the -localities referred to, which may be grouped under the following heads: -1. His Appointment. 2. His Wars. 3. His Pursuit of David. 4. His Death. - -I. =Saul's Appointment as King.= (1 Sam. 9-12.) This is connected with -four places. Ramah, the residence of Samuel (probably _Neby Samwil_, -3-1/2 miles nearly north of Jerusalem), where Saul was privately -crowned; Mizpeh, an unknown place, near by, and also north of Jerusalem, -where he was introduced to the people as king; Gibeah (_Tuleil el Ful_, -4 miles north of Jerusalem), his home and capital; and Gilgal, in the -Jordan Valley, where he was formally recognized as king, after his -victory at Jabesh-gilead. The places named in the account of Saul's -search for his father's stray asses, which led him to Samuel, are not -known with certainty; but Shalisha may be _Sirisia_, 13 miles north of -Lydda, and Zuph may be another name for Zophim, or Ramah, of which the -name in full was Ramathaim-zophim. - -II. =The Wars of Saul.= (1 Sam. 11-18.) These were as follows: - -1. _The Ammonite War._ (1 Sam. 11.) The Ammonites were a roving, -predatory, cruel people, ancient enemies of Israel, living east of the -Moabites. Under their king, Nahash, they invaded the territory east of -the Jordan, and besieged Jabesh-gilead (_ed Deir_). Word came to Saul, -who instantly summoned the warriors of Israel. They met at Bezek (not -the same with the Bezek of Judges 1:4, but probably the ruin _Ibzik_, a -little north of Tirzah), marched against the Ammonites, and, under -Saul's vigorous leadership, utterly discomfited them. The relief of -Jabesh-gilead, Saul's first victory, greatly strengthened his authority -as king, over the tribes. - -2. _The First Philistine War._ (1 Sam. 13, 14.) At the time of Saul's -accession, the Philistine outposts held Geba, Bethel, and other places -in the mountain region. Saul undertook to free the land, and summoned -the Israelites, who came tremblingly, being thoroughly cowed under their -oppressors. Saul's son Jonathan struck the first blow, by attacking the -Philistines at Geba (_Jeba_), near Gibeah, Saul's capital; and soon -followed it up by a great victory at Michmash, across the valley from -Geba. The Israelites now gained courage, and pursued the Philistines, -even to their own borders. Nevertheless, the Philistines continued to -hold their fortresses in Israel through all the reign of Saul, and wars -were constant between the two races. - -Three other wars of Saul are named in a single verse (1 Sam. 14:47), -without mention of particular events. These are as follows: - -3. _The Moabite War._ These people lived south of the brook Arnon, and -east of the Dead Sea. The war with them may have taken place in -connection with the Ammonite campaign, already referred to. No -battle-fields are named, so that the places of the war cannot be given. -It resulted in the defeat of the Moabites, but not in their subjection -to Israel. - -4. _The Edomite War_ perhaps occurred at the same time, and may have -been caused by an alliance of Edom, Moab and Ammon against Israel, as -all these tribes lived near each other, the Edomites south of the Dead -Sea. Probably after the victory at Jabesh-gilead, Saul pursued the -flying Ammonites, ravaged their territory, and then entered the lands of -Moab and of Edom. - -5. _The Syrian War._ This was against "the kings of Zobah." (1 Sam. -14:47.) Zobah was situated near Damascus, northeast of Palestine, and -was the head of a kingdom until subjected in the reign of David. It is -likely that Saul's campaign was a defensive one, protecting his border -against a Syrian inroad, but no places or particulars are named. - -6. _The Amalekite War._ (1 Sam. 14:48; 15:1-35.) This marked the turning -point in Saul's career; for, though a signal victory, it was the -occasion of his alienation from Samuel, the priests and the prophetic -order, and the beginning of his decline. The Amalekites were wild -Bedouins of the desert, whose presence made the southern border unsafe, -and against whom an ancient ban had been pronounced. They were to be -utterly destroyed, not merely conquered or despoiled. Saul assembled his -army at Telaim, on the southern border (probably _el Kuseir_, between -Beersheba and the Dead Sea), and marched into the land of the -Amalekites, destroyed their principal city, laid waste their country, -and brought away their king a prisoner. But the command had been, not to -plunder, but to destroy; as the safety of Israel (and, we may add, the -salvation of the world through Israel) was endangered by these nomad -hordes; and Saul, after leading his host with their plunder over the -mountains of Judah, met Samuel at Gilgal, and received a rebuke for his -disobedience, and the warning of his own rejection as the theocratic -king. - -7. _The Second Philistine War._ (1 Sam. 17, 18.) War was the normal -condition between the Israelites and the Philistines, and there were -doubtless many battles and campaigns of which no mention is made. But -this was notable for the first appearance of DAVID, the destined king, -who had been privately anointed by Samuel at Bethlehem. The Philistines -were encamped at a place called Ephes-dammim, or Shochoh, and the -Israelites across the Valley of Elah, where between the two hosts David -met the gigantic Goliath of Gath, and killed him, in a deed of mingled -skill and courage. As a result the Philistines fled, and were pursued by -Israel even to the gates of Ekron and Gath. David was now brought -prominently into notice, and became one of Saul's household at Gibeah, -though soon an object of suspicion by the jealous king. - -III. =Saul's Pursuit of David= (1 Sam. 19-28) is the principal subject -of the history during the close of his reign. We have indicated upon the -map, by a red line, the wanderings of David during this period, as -nearly as the localities have been identified, and have marked each -place by a number. - -1. At _Gibeah_, the capital, David was more than once threatened with -death, until at last he fled from Saul's wrath to Ramah. - -2. At _Ramah_, David was with Samuel and the "sons of the prophets," in -a neighborhood called Naioth, "pastures," or "dwellings." Here Saul came -to slay him, but was overcome by the ardent worship of the prophetic -band, and, forgetting his errand, joined in their devotions, while David -escaped once more to Gibeah. (1 Sam. 19:18-24.) - -3. At _Gibeah_, David found a place of hiding for a few days, and then -met his friend Jonathan, in the farewell interview, when "the arrows" -were shot as tokens. (1 Sam. 20.) - -4. David's first stopping place, in his permanent exile, was at _Nob_, -where stood the Tabernacle. Here he received food, and took the sword of -Goliath, which he carried as his weapon during his wanderings. This act -of hospitality afterward cost the high-priest and many of his order -their lives, at the hand of Saul. (1 Sam. 21:1-9; 22:6-23.) Nob was -probably about two miles north of Jerusalem. - -5. From Nob, David made his way down the mountains to _Gath_, at that -time the head of the Philistine league. Here he was suspected by the -Philistines, and compelled to escape by a stratagem. (1 Sam. 21:10-15.) - -6. He found a hiding place in the _Cave of Adullam_. This was in the -Shefelah, or low country, perhaps at _Beit-jibrin_, where immense -caverns are found. Here a force of men gathered around him, and his aged -parents and brothers joined him, probably from a well-grounded fear, -that Saul, who about this time slaughtered the priests for an act of -kindness to David, would not scruple to kill the members of his family. -(1 Sam. 22:1, 2.) - -7. To find a safe refuge for his parents, David left Judah, and went -into the land of Moab. Here he placed his parents in the care of the -king of Moab, while David and his men took up their abode at _Mizpeh of -Moab_, in a place called "the hold." This may have been at _Kerak_. (1 -Sam. 22:3-5.) - -8. By the advice of the prophet Gad, who probably had been one of his -companions at Samuel's "school of the prophets," in Ramah, David led his -little army back to the land of Judah, and made his headquarters in the -_Forest of Hareth_ (perhaps _Kharas_, in the mountains near Hebron). -Here he received news of the massacre of the priests, and was joined by -Abiathar, bearing the ephod of the high-priest. (1 Sam. 22:5, 20-23.) - -9. Next, he led his men to _Keilah_ (_Kilah_, in the mountains northwest -of Hebron), to repel an attack of the Philistines. But, learning that -the ungrateful people were about to betray him to Saul, he removed in -haste to the wilderness between Hebron and the Dead Sea, called -Jeshimon, "waste." (1 Sam. 23:1-13.) - -10. In this wilderness David remained for a time, at _Ziph_ (_Tell Zif_, -south of Hebron). Here he met his friend Jonathan for the last time. His -followers scattered, and David was alone, except for the presence of a -few faithful companions. The Ziphites were willing to betray him to -Saul, and he was again compelled to flee. (1 Sam. 23:14-24.) - -11. His next hiding place was a mountain in the wilderness of _Maon_, 7 -miles south of Hebron. Here he was again in great danger from Saul, but -was saved by an opportune foray of the Philistines, which called the -king and his troops away. (1 Sam. 25:24-28.) - -12. From Ziph he took refuge in the almost inaccessible mountains of -_En-gedi_ (_Ain-jedy_), overlooking the Dead Sea. Here David showed his -generosity in sparing Saul, when it was in his power to slay him. (1 -Sam. 24.) - -13. About the time of Samuel's death, David returned into the south of -Judah, to the neighborhood of _Maon_, 7 miles south of Hebron. (See -above, Nos. 10, 11. The likeness of the account in the two visits, has -suggested that but one event may be related in both.) Here the -narrow-minded Nabal was saved from David's wrath by the wisdom and -generosity of his wife, Abigail, who, after Nabal's death, became -David's wife. (1 Sam. 25.) About this time, and while David was in or -near this locality, occurred David's act of mercy in sparing Saul's life -a second time, when by moonlight he penetrated to the very centre of -Saul's camp. (1 Sam. 26.) - -14. Despairing of safety in Saul's realm during his reign, David finally -took refuge in _Gath_ (_Tell es Safieh_), on the Shefelah, the capital -of the Philistines. Here he was more kindly received than before (see -No. 5), as his relations with Saul were better understood, and he was -able to obtain from Achish, the king of Gath, the grant of a city as his -home. (1 Sam. 27:1-4.) - -15. The place allotted to David, was _Ziklag_, on the south of Judah, -which was at that time recognized as a possession of the Philistines. -Its location is unknown, but we have followed Conder in placing it at -_Zuheilikah_, 11 miles south of east from Gaza. Here David remained -during the closing years of Saul's reign. He accompanied the -Philistines as far as Aphek, in Mount Ephraim, but was sent back, from a -fear lest he might desert to the Israelites. Returning, he found his -home plundered by a roving band of Amalekites, pursued them, rescued his -family and possessions, and also took a great quantity of booty, which -he judiciously used in making presents to the leading people of various -places in Judah, after the death of Saul. (1 Sam. 27, 29, 30.) These -places are located upon the map as far as they are known. - -16. From Ziklag David went up into the mountain region at _Hebron_, soon -after the death of Saul. Here he was made king, first of the tribe of -Judah, and afterward of all Israel. (2 Sam. 2:1-3.) - -IV. =Saul's Death.= This took place B.C. 1010, when Saul had reigned 40 -years. We have noticed two wars with the Philistines as prominent in the -history of Saul's reign. We call the last campaign of Saul the _third_ -Philistine war, as no others are related, though their existence may be -inferred. This marked the flood tide of Philistine power; for it left -them at Saul's death in command not only of the Plain of Esdraelon and -the Jordan Valley, but of all the centre of the country. Their armies -met at Aphek, in the tribe of Benjamin (their old rallying place, 1 Sam. -4:1), and thence marched northward to the Plain of Esdraelon, at the -foot of Mount Gilboa, on which the Israelites were encamped. Saul, full -of fear, went around the Philistine camp to the village of Endor, where -he sought the counsel of a "woman having a familiar spirit," and met the -spirit of Samuel, which gave him warning that on the morrow he should -die. The battle was fought on the next day. Saul and three of his sons, -including the princely Jonathan, were slain; and Israel experienced the -heaviest defeat thus far in its history. All the middle section of the -land of Palestine was conquered by the Philistines, cutting the tribes -in sunder in each direction, from north to south and from east to west. -At such a low ebb were the fortunes of the Chosen People, when David -ascended the throne. Saul's body was fastened up on the wall of the -Canaanite city of Beth-shean, but was rescued by the warriors of -Jabesh-gilead, in grateful remembrance of Saul's brave deed in behalf of -their city, early in his reign. (1 Sam. 31.) - -Upon the map the following are indicated: 1. The portions of the land -under Philistine and Canaanite control are given in yellow, while the -territory governed by Saul is shown in pink. The mountain region was -held by Israel, and the lowlands, both by the sea and the Jordan, by the -Philistines. 2. The names of Philistine cities are printed in red. Some -of these were their own hereditary possessions; others (as Aphek, Geba -and Bethel) were fortresses in the mountain region, garrisoned to hold -Israel in subjection. 3. The battle-fields and wars of Saul are -indicated by flags, and numbered. (1.) Jabesh-gilead, over the -Ammonites. (1 Sam. 11.) (2.) Michmash, over the Philistines. (1 Sam. -14.) (3.) In Moab, at some unknown place. (1 Sam. 14:47.) (4.) In Edom, -at a place also unknown. (1 Sam. 14:47.) (5.) Over the Syrians of Zobah. -(1 Sam. 14:47.) This we have indicated as taking place in the half tribe -of Manasseh, East; but its precise location is unknown. (6.) "A city of -Amalek," place unknown. (1 Sam. 15:5.) (7.) Valley of Elah, over the -Philistines. (1 Sam. 17:2.) (8.) Mount Gilboa. (1 Sam. 31.) 4. The -various places named in Saul's pursuit of David are shown upon the map, -with their most probable identifications. These places are: (1.) Gibeah. -(2.) Ramah. (3.) Gibeah. (4.) Nob. (5.) Gath. (6.) Adullam. (7.) Mizpeh -of Moab. (8.) Hareth. (9.) Keilah. (10.) Ziph. (11.) Maon. (12.) -En-gedi. (13.) Maon. (14.) Gath. (15.) Ziklag. (16.) Hebron. - - -OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. - -I. _Saul's Appointment._ Ramah, Gibeah, Gilgal, Shalisha, Zuph. - -II. _Wars of Saul._ 1. Ammonite. (Jabesh-gilead, Bezek.) 2. First -Philistine. (Geba, Michmash.) 3. Moabite. 4. Edomite. 5. Syrian. 6. -Amalekite. (Telaim, Gilgal.) 7. Second Philistine. (Valley of Elah.) - -III. _Pursuit of David._ 1. Gibeah. 2. Ramah. 3. Gibeah. 4. Nob. 5. -Gath. 6. Adullam. 7. Mizpeh of Moab. 8. Hareth. 9. Keilah. 10. Ziph. 11. -Maon. 12. En-gedi. 13. Maon. 14. Gath. 15. Ziklag. 16. Hebron. - -IV. _Saul's Death._ Aphek, Gilboa, Beth-shean, Jabesh-gilead. - -[Illustration: JERICHO.] - -[Illustration: THE EMPIRE OF DAVID AND SOLOMON.] - - - - -THE EMPIRE OF DAVID AND SOLOMON. - - -[Illustration: TOWER OF DAVID.] - -THE greatness of David may be shown by a comparison of our last map with -the present one, keeping in mind the difference of scale between them. -David succeeded to the throne of Israel when it represented about 6,000 -square miles of territory, more or less, under control; he left to his -successor, Solomon, an empire embracing an area of 60,000 square miles. -See the comparative diagram on page 70. The map now before us being upon -a scale greatly reduced from that of Saul's kingdom, it will be -impossible to represent upon it all the localities mentioned in the -history of David and Solomon. Those in the neighborhood of Jerusalem -will be found on the map of the Environs of Jerusalem, page 83, and -those of minor importance in the land of Israel may be found on the map -of Palestine Among the Tribes, page 58. - -We present the events and localities under the following outline: 1. -David's Reign over Judah. 2. The Union of Palestine. 3. David's Foreign -Conquests. 4. David's Calamities. 5. The Closing Events. 6. The Reign of -Solomon. - -I. =David's Reign over Judah.= (2 Sam. 1-4.) After the death of Saul, -David went from Ziklag to Hebron, and was there accepted as king over -the tribe of Judah. His reign lasted for seven years, from 1010 to 1003 -B.C. During a part of this time, Ishbosheth, the only remaining son of -Saul, was also nominally reigning over a large part of the land, the -real power being held by Abner, Saul's general, and the ablest man of -his time. War naturally arose, and many battles were doubtless fought, -of which but one, at Gibeon, is related. At last, Abner and Ishbosheth -were both murdered, though not by David's desire nor with his -approbation; and, with one consent, David was accepted as king over all -the Twelve Tribes. - -II. =The Union of Palestine.= (2 Sam. 5-7.) David was now ruler over the -mountain region only, as Saul had been before him, and in various places -were garrisons of the Philistines, and cities held by the Canaanite -races. He began by a siege of Jebus, or Jebusi, a fortress of the -Jebusites, on the border of Judah and Benjamin. Though deemed -impregnable by the natives, it was taken by storm, and, under its new -name, JERUSALEM, became the capital of the kingdom. The Philistines had -been friendly with David in the past, and were perhaps recognized as the -"lords paramount" during his reign over Judah; but now they were jealous -of his growing power, and, as of old, entered the mountain region with -their armies. But in David they met an enemy of a different character -from either Samson or Saul. Two battles were fought, both near -Jerusalem, at a place called "the Valley [or plain] of the Rephaim"; and -in each the Philistines were utterly routed. - -David followed up his advantage, after the second victory, by marching -down upon the Shefelah and the plain. He took Gath (called Methegammah, -"the bridle of the metropolis," in 2 Sam. 8:1), and subjugated the -entire Philistine confederacy so completely that thenceforward they -ceased to trouble Israel for centuries. - -The land was now united, and David turned his attention to the religious -reformation of the people, brought the ark from Baale, or -Kirjath-jearim, to Jerusalem, planned for the Temple to be built by his -successor, and organized the worship on a magnificent scale. (2 Sam. 6, -7.) - -III. =David's Foreign Conquests.= These were not altogether inspired by -ambition, but were necessary for the safety of Israel, and to keep its -people from the contamination of the idolatry of the surrounding -nations. These conquests are indicated by flags on the map, though the -precise locations of the battles are not known in all cases. The lands -conquered by David were as follows: - -1. _Moab._ (2 Sam. 8:2.) It is stated by Josephus, that the cruel -treatment of the Moabites (though fully in accord with the customs of -Oriental war in that day) was in revenge for the slaughter of David's -parents by the king of Moab, an event not mentioned in the Bible. - -2. _Zobah_ (2 Sam. 8:3, 4), at that time the principal state between -Damascus and the Euphrates. - -3. _Damascus_ (2 Sam. 8:5-12), in alliance with Zobah, and the largest -city in Syria. - -4. _Edom_ (2 Sam. 8:13, 14), south of the Dead Sea. The word "Syrians," -in verse 13, should undoubtedly be "Edomites." The battle was fought at -the "valley of salt," an unknown place, but probably near Sela, or -Petra, the capital of Edom. - -5. _Ammon._ (2 Sam. 10-13.) This was the longest of David's wars, and -was waged not against the Ammonites only, but against the allied forces -of several small Syrian kingdoms, as Zobah (already conquered, but not -subjugated), Maachah, Rehob and Tob, districts on the north and east of -Israel. Three great battles were fought; the first near Medeba; the -second at Helam, an uncertain locality (if it be the name of a place, -which is questioned, as the word means "host," or "army"); and the -third, the siege and capture of Rabbah, the capital of the Ammonites, -which ended the war. During this war occurred the crime of David with -Bathsheba, and the murder of Uriah. (2 Sam. 11.) This completed the -series of conquests, and made the throne of David supreme from the Red -Sea to the Euphrates. One fact which made these conquests possible was -that the tribes around Israel were not united into strong nations, as -afterward in the cases of Syria and Assyria, but were independent -principalities, easily overcome in turn by the trained warriors of -David. - -As a result of these wars the kingdom of David, which he transmitted to -his son Solomon, was the largest in the Oriental world at that time. The -Assyrian empire had not arisen, the great kings of Egypt had passed -away, and the East was broken up into small principalities, among which -Israel easily rose to power. - - COMPARATIVE AREA OF PALESTINE - AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. - - +------------------+ - | | - | | - | | - | Solomon, | +-------+ - +-------+ | | +-------+ | - | | | B.C. 1000, +-------+Judah |Macca- | Herod | - |Joshua,+------+ | Ten | B.C. | bees, | the | - | B.C. |Saul, | 60,000 Sq. M. |Tribes,| 975, | B.C. | Great,| - | 1443, |B.C. | | B.C. +------+ 100, |B.C. 6,| - | |1095, | | 975, | | | | - |11,000 |6,000 | | 9,400 |3,400 |11,000 |12,000 | - |Sq. M. |Sq. M.| |Sq. M. |Sq. M.|Sq. M. |Sq. M. | - +-------+------+------------------+-------+------+-------+-------+ - -[Illustration: THE ORIENTAL WORLD IN THE TIME OF DAVID.] - -IV. =The Calamities of David's Reign.= (2 Sam. 12-20, 24.) Three great -troubles befell David and his kingdom as the result of his sins. - -1. The first and greatest was the _Rebellion of Absalom_. We can only -mention the places referred to in the history, not relate its events. -Geshur, where Absalom was in exile, was a small kingdom under the rule -of Absalom's maternal grandfather. Tekoa, whence came the "wise woman," -was near Bethlehem. The places near Jerusalem named in David's flight, -may be seen on the map of the Environs of Jerusalem, page 83. David's -resting place was at Mahanaim, east of the Jordan, and south of the -Hieromax. Absalom was defeated and killed at "the wood of Ephraim," a -locality not in the tribe of that name, but east of the Jordan, perhaps -where the Ephraimites sustained a great defeat from Jephthah. (Judges -12.) - -2. The second calamity was the _Rebellion of Sheba_, following soon -after Absalom's, and arising from the same disaffection. It was ended at -Abel-beth-maachah, in the extreme north, by the death of Sheba. (2 Sam. -20.) - -3. The third calamity was the _Pestilence_, after the numbering of the -people, an enumeration with a view either to heavy levies of assessment, -or to foreign conquest; either of which was contrary to the spirit of -the Hebrew constitution. (2 Sam. 24.) The places named will be found -upon the map, except the inexplicable Tahtim-hodshi, which may mean "the -land newly inhabited," but whose location is unknown. The sacrifice of -David at Araunah's threshing-floor gave the location to the great altar -of the Temple, probably the rude rock which now rises from the floor of -the Mosque of Omar, in Jerusalem. - -V. =The Close of David's Reign= (1 Kings 1, 2; 1 Chron. 22-29) was -occupied in the organization of his empire, and in preparation for the -building of the Temple. There are but few localities named with this -period, and they may be easily found upon the maps, those near Jerusalem -being upon the map of its Environs. - -VI. =The Reign of Solomon= was a period of peace, with few incidents to -mark its even tenor. Its principal event was the building of the Temple. -We insert here a plan of Solomon's Temple, largely conjectural, as -neither of the descriptions is sufficiently exact for a complete -knowledge. The Temple, as it afterward stood in the time of Christ, may -be found described on page 139. - -[Illustration: PLAN OF SOLOMON'S TEMPLE.] - -Upon the map are noted most of the battle-fields, which may be -enumerated as follows: 1. At Gibeon, the victory over Abner and the -adherents of Ishbosheth. 2. At Jerusalem, its capture from the -Jebusites. 3, 4. Near Jerusalem, not indicated upon the map; two -decisive victories over the Philistines. 5. Gath, the capture of the -Philistine capital. 6. The victory over the Moabites, probably near Ar. -7. The conquest of Zobah, north of Damascus. 8. The conquest of Damascus -and its dependent places. 9. The conquest of Edom, near Sela. 10. The -victory at Medeba, over the Ammonites. 11. The victory at Helam, near -the Euphrates, over the Syrian allies of the Ammonites. 12. The siege -and capture of Rabbah. 13. The defeat of Absalom's army in the wood of -Ephraim, east of the Jordan. - - -OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. - -I. Draw a rough map of the country from the Red Sea to the Euphrates, as -in the map of the kingdom of David and Solomon, and locate upon it the -land of Israel proper, showing the dominion of Saul. - -II. Draw the boundary line to show the kingdom of David at Hebron, and -that of Ishbosheth at Mahanaim; mention and locate the battle of Gibeon. - -III. Show in order the conquests of David, writing upon the board the -names of the lands conquered in order, and indicating the battles by -flags. - -IV. Show the dimensions of David's kingdom, by another map of the -Oriental World in the time of David. Locate and drill upon the leading -lands and capitals. - -V. Give an account of the calamities in David's reign, show the flight -of David, and locate the battle with Absalom. - -[Illustration: CHURCH OF NATIVITY, BETHLEHEM.] - -[Illustration: ANCIENT JERUSALEM, IN THE NEW TESTAMENT PERIOD.] - - - - -ANCIENT JERUSALEM. - - -I. =Names.= The city of Jerusalem has been known by a different name -during each of the most important periods of its varied history. 1. In -the patriarchal age it was the seat of Melchizedek's priestly kingdom, -and was known as SALEM, properly pronounced _Shalem_. (Gen. 14:18; Psa. -76:2.) 2. During the Jebusite period it was known as JEBUS. (Judges -19:10.) Probably at this time the full name was _Jebus-shalem_. 3. After -the capture by David it received the name JERUSALEM, properly -_Jeru-shalaim_. The earliest instance of this name is in Judges 1:7, 8, -where it may have been used by anticipation; or there may have been a -change, for euphony, from Jebus-shalem to _Jeru-shalem_. The word means -"possession of peace." The Greek form of this word is Hierosolyma. 4. It -is called by the prophets by the poetical name of ARIEL, "the lion of -God." (Isa. 29:1.) 5. More than once in the Bible it is called "the holy -city." (Matt. 4:5; 27:53.) 6. After its destruction by Titus, it was -rebuilt by the emperor Ælius Hadrianus, A.D. 135, and named ÆLIA, or, in -full, ÆLIA CAPITOLINA, a name that it held until the year 536 A.D., -when the ancient name Jerusalem again became prevalent. 7. It is now -known to the Arabs as EL KHUDS, "the holy." - -[Illustration: DAVID'S TOMB.] - -II. =Location.= The city of Jerusalem stands in latitude 31° 46Ž 45ŽŽ -north, and longitude 35° 13Ž 25ŽŽ east of Greenwich, the observations -being taken from the dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This may -have been outside the ancient wall, but was certainly near it. The city -is 32 miles from the Mediterranean, 18 from the Dead Sea, 20 from -Hebron, and 36 from Samaria; and its general elevation is about 2,500 -feet above the level of the ocean. - -III. =Geologic Formation.= "The vicinity of Jerusalem consists of strata -of the Eocene and chalk formations, having a general dip down the -watershed of about 10° east-southeast. The action of denudation has left -patches of the various strata; but, generally speaking, the oldest are -on the west. The upper part of the Olivet chain consists of a soft white -limestone, with fossils and flint bands belonging to the Upper Chalk; -beneath this are, first, a hard silicious chalk, with flint bands; -second, a soft white limestone, much used in the ancient buildings of -the city; third, a hard chalk, often pink and white in color, and then -known as Santa Croce marble. The underlying beds belonging to the period -of the Greensand are not visible, the lowest strata in the Kedron -precipices belonging to the Lower Chalk epoch." (_Encyclo. Britan._) - -IV. =Valleys.= The peculiar natural features of Jerusalem, and much of -its history, are due to the arrangement of its three valleys. These -unite near the southeastern corner of the city. 1. _The Valley of the -Kedron_, called also "the Valley of Jehoshaphat" (perhaps referred to in -Joel 3:2, 12); and "the king's dale" (Gen. 14:17; 2 Sam. 18:18). This -lies on the east of the city, between Mount Moriah and the Mount of -Olives. During the summer it is dry; but in the rainy season it is the -bed of a brook, from which it receives its name. 2. _The Valley of the -Tyropoeon_ (a word supposed to mean "cheesemongers," though the meaning -and derivation are questioned) branches from the Kedron Valley at the -southern end of Mount Moriah, and extends in a northwesterly direction. -The principal ravine curves in crescent form around Mount Zion, but a -shallower and less noticeable branch extends further to the north. This -valley is now almost obliterated by the accumulation of debris, but its -ancient course has been established by recent soundings. 3. _The Valley -of Hinnom_, called also, "the valley of the son of Hinnom" (Josh. 15:8), -forms the western and southern border of the city, and unites with the -Kedron Valley near its junction with the Tyropoeon. Its lower portion, -near the Kedron, was called Tophet, or "place of fire" (Jer. 7:31), and -Gehenna (Ge-Hinnom). It was at one time the seat of idolatrous worship -to Molech, and afterward became a cesspool, and place where the offal of -the city was burned. Gihon (1 Kings 1:33) is located by most in the -upper portion of this valley; but, by Conder and a few others, in the -lower portion of the Kedron Valley, at the spring en Rogel. - -V. =Mountains.= Jerusalem is and has ever been emphatically a place of -mountains; as it stood anciently upon four distinct hills, with others -around its walls on every side. The names of these hills are well known, -but the identification of them is neither easy nor unanimous among -investigators. We name the locations as given by the largest number of -leading scholars. - -1. _Mount Zion_ is the largest and highest of the four hills within the -city. It lies on the southwestern section, between the Valleys of the -Tyropoeon on the east and north, and Hinnom on the south and west. Its -crown is 2,540 feet high. Upon it, probably, stood the Jebusite fortress -which so long defied the Israelites, but was finally taken by David. - -2. _Acra_ is a little east of north from Zion, and is an irregularly -shaped eminence, now 2,490 feet high, but anciently higher, as its crest -was cut down by the Maccabean princes, in order to bring it nearer to -the level of the Temple-hill. It is surrounded upon the south, east and -north by the two arms of the Tyropoeon Valley. On this may have stood -the castle, or Millo. (2 Sam. 5:9.) - -3. On the eastern side of the city is _Mount Moriah_, the place once -occupied by the Temple, and now by the Dome of the Rock, mistakenly -called the Mosque of Omar. It lies between the two valleys of the Kedron -on the east and the Tyropoeon on the west, and is 2,432 feet high. Its -southern end is a steep declivity, called Ophel (in Josephus, Ophlas), -running southward to the junction of the valleys. - -4. _Bezetha_ is a little west of north from Mount Moriah, and separated -from it by a slight depression. It lies between the Kedron Valley and -the northern branch of the Tyropoeon. Only in the later age of New -Testament history was it within the walls of the city. Its height is a -little over 2,500 feet. - -These four mountains are all that are named as within the ancient walls. -Calvary was not a mountain, but merely a place outside the city where -the crucifixion of Jesus took place; so that it is not to be counted in -the list. But we must notice, in addition, the most important of the -"mountains round about Jerusalem." - -5. _The Mount of Olives_ lies east of the Kedron Valley, and is a range -of hills having several summits, which are a little under 3,000 feet in -height. (1.) The northern peak, called _Scopus_, lies northeast of the -wall, and is supposed to be the point from which Titus obtained his -first view of the doomed city. (2.) The second is called _Viri Galilæi_, -"men of Galilee," from a tradition that the angels, at the time of -Christ's ascension, appeared upon it. (Acts 1:11.) (3.) The central -summit is the _Mount of Ascension_, 2,665 feet high, and directly east -of the Temple. It is probable that the true place of the ascension is to -be found on the eastern slope of this hill, near Bethany, and not in -sight of Jerusalem. (4.) The next peak southward is called "_The -Prophets_," from a tradition that some of the prophets were buried upon -its side near the Kedron. (5.) The southern peak is called the _Mount of -Offense_, from the idol worship which Solomon established upon it. (1 -Kings 11:7.) - -6. South of the Valley of Hinnom, and directly opposite to Mount Zion, -is an eminence known as the _Hill of Evil Counsel_, where Judas is said -to have bargained for the betrayal of his Lord. Upon the slope of this -hill is the traditional Aceldama, "the field of blood." (Matt. 27:7, 8.) - -VI. =Walls.= Of these, three are named by the early historians and -mentioned in the Bible. 1. The first wall was built by David and -Solomon, and surrounded what was known as "the city of David." It -included Zion, Moriah, Ophel, and the southern portion of the Tyropoeon -Valley. The lines of this wall may still be traced and the ancient -foundations shown in various places. 2. The second wall, including Acra, -extended in a curved line from the tower Antonia, north of the Temple, -to a point not yet marked with certainty, on the northern border of -Mount Zion. The location of Calvary and the place of the Saviour's -burial depend upon the question, whether this wall ran outside or inside -of the place where now stands the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. For, as -these were "outside the gate," if the wall include the traditional -localities, they are wrongly located, and the true places must be sought -elsewhere, perhaps near the so-called Grotto of Jeremiah, north of the -city. We indicate both localities, but regard the northern as -preferable. 3. The third wall was not built until after the time of -Christ, but was begun by Herod Agrippa, and was completed not long -before the Roman siege. This section was called "the new city," and -included Mount Bezetha, and the region north and northwest of Mount -Zion. Only a small portion of the wall can be located with certainty. - -VII. =History of Jerusalem.= This may be briefly noticed under seven -periods. - -1. _The Patriarchal Period_ (B.C. 2000-1300). The earliest mention of -Jerusalem is that in Gen. 14:18, which, taken with Psa. 76:2, seems to -indicate the place, though the identity is questioned by some scholars. -In the time of Abraham, B.C. 1918, according to the common chronology, -Jerusalem was the seat of a kingdom under the priest Melchizedek, who -received homage and tithes, as God's representative, from the patriarch. -At that time it was a centre, not only of political power, but of a -religious worship which was recognized by Abraham as divine and -spiritual. - -2. _The Jebusite Period_ (B.C. 1300-1003). The next reference to -Jerusalem (and the earliest certain account) is at the time of the -conquest, B.C. 1210. At that period it was held by the Jebusites, a -race of Canaanite origin, small in numbers, but of indomitable courage -and resolution, since they were able to hold their city for four -centuries against all the power of Israel. Their king, Adoni-zedek -(Josh. 10:1), may have been a descendant of the pious Melchi-zedek, as -the names are similar; but the ancient purity of the people's worship -had been lost in the idolatry of the surrounding races. The little city -of Jebus, as it was then called, formed a confederation with the other -clans of the south to resist Joshua's invading host. But in the decisive -battle of Beth-horon the Canaanites were routed, their five kings were -slain (among them the king of Jerusalem), and the alliance was broken -up. For the present, Jerusalem was not attacked, but its territory was -assigned to the tribe of Benjamin. (Josh. 18:28.) Soon after the death -of Joshua, however, it was besieged by the united tribes of Judah and -Simeon, as dangerous to the northern frontier of the former. From Judges -1:8, and the history of Josephus, we learn that the lower city (perhaps -on Acra) was taken and burned; but the fortress was found impregnable -"by reason of its walls and also of the nature of the place." -(Josephus.) The city was soon rebuilt (Judges 19:11), and remained in -Jebusite hands through all the age of the Judges and the reign of Saul. - -3. _The Royal Period_ (B.C. 1003-587). With the accession of David a new -era began in Israel, and every part of the kingdom soon felt the strong -hand of its new master. He was not one to brook a foreign fortress in -the centre of his realm, and in the first year of his reign over united -Israel he marched against it, and demanded its surrender. Trusting to -their strong situation, the Jebusites refused, and, as an insult, placed -"the blind and the lame" on its walls in mockery of his attempt. But, -under the valiant Joab, the height was scaled, the fortress was taken, -and Jerusalem was thenceforth "the city of David." (2 Sam. 5.) David -made it his capital, brought thither the ark of the covenant, and -surrounded it with a new wall. Solomon enriched it with treasures, and -with its greatest glory, the Temple on Mount Moriah. After the division -it remained the capital of Judah, though close to the border of the Ten -Tribes. It was taken without resistance from Rehoboam, by Shishak, the -king of Egypt, and robbed of its wealth, 930 B.C. In the reign of -Jehoshaphat it was restored to something like its former prosperity; but -under his son Jehoram, B.C. 840, it was taken by a sudden attack of the -Philistines and Arabians, and again plundered. Under Athaliah it became -a shrine of abominable Baal worship, but was reformed by Jehoiada in the -earlier days of the reign of Joash. Joash, however, in his later years -allowed the people to relapse into idolatry, with the usual result; for, -about B.C. 800, the powerful Hazael, king of Syria, overran the -Shefelah, defeated the Judaites, and was only kept from entering the -city by a gift of its treasures. Amaziah, the next king, elated by a -victory, offered battle at Beth-shemesh to Joash, king of Israel, then -the most powerful state between Egypt and Assyria. He was defeated; and, -as a result, Jerusalem was entered by the Israelites, its wall was -thrown down, and it was again plundered. The city suffered during the -wicked reign of Ahaz, but was restored and divinely protected from its -Assyrian besiegers in the good reign of Hezekiah. After the death of -Josiah it was entered by the Egyptians under Necho; but its final -destruction was wrought by Nebuchadnezzar, of the Babylonian empire. -Twice he visited it with a heavy hand, setting up one king after -another; and, when his vassal Zedekiah again rebelled, he besieged it -for more than a year, with some intermissions, and at last, in B.C. 587, -made a breach in its walls and took it by storm. Then, for the first -time, the city was absolutely destroyed, and made a heap of ruins, while -its people were carried into captivity. - -[Illustration: NATURAL FEATURES OF JERUSALEM.] - -4. _The Period of Restoration_ (B.C. 587-70 A.D.). After lying desolate -for 50 years, the city was again occupied under Zerubbabel, by the -decree of Cyrus, B.C. 536. For nearly a century it remained unwalled and -was thinly inhabited, until its wall was rebuilt by Nehemiah, B.C. 445. -Thenceforward it grew rapidly, and soon became again the metropolis as -well as the capital of the Jewish state. Alexander the Great visited it, -B.C. 332, and gave the Jews certain privileges in his empire. The city -was taken by Ptolemy Soter, king of Egypt, B.C. 320, because the Jews -would not fight on the Sabbath. In B.C. 203 it was taken by Antiochus, -the king of Syria, and, after a revolt, again by his son, Antiochus -Epiphanes, in B.C. 170 and B.C. 168. The latter capture was followed by -a bitter persecution of the Jewish religion, in which thousands of -lives were sacrificed. But a deliverer arose, in the family of the -priest Mattathias, whose son, Judas Maccabeus, rescued the city and -restored the worship in the Temple. Under the Maccabean princes -Jerusalem was generally prosperous, though with occasional reverses. The -Romans first besieged and took the city under Pompey, B.C. 65. Herod the -Great beautified the city, erected many buildings, and rebuilt the -Temple throughout. But the most terrible of all scenes in Jerusalem's -annals, were those which took place in the revolt of the Jews against -the Roman empire, and the destruction of the city by Titus, A.D. 70. For -years it was the arena of riot, of the bloody strife of factions, and of -massacre, which scarcely ceased during the final siege. At last the city -and Temple were taken by Titus, demolished and burned, and for a second -time Jerusalem was left an utter desolation. - -5. _The Roman Period_ (A.D. 70-637). For fifty years after its -destruction Jerusalem is not mentioned, and probably remained -uninhabited. But, after the attempt of the false Messiah Bar-cocheba to -rebuild the city and Temple, and restore the independence of the -Jews,--an attempt which was only quelled by calling forth all the power -of the empire,--the emperor Hadrian resolved to establish a heathen city -upon its site. He named it Ælia Capitolina, built on Moriah a temple to -Jupiter, and allowed no Jews to enter the walls, a prohibition which -remained until the empire became Christian. Constantine, the first -Christian emperor, restored the ancient name; and his mother, Helena, -made a pilgrimage to the city, A.D. 326, which now began to be regarded -as a sacred place by Christians. At this time the first Church of the -Holy Sepulchre was built, over the place where Helena discovered the -tomb of Jesus. The emperor Julian, A.D. 362, out of hatred to the -Christians, undertook to rebuild the Temple, and make it once more a -Jewish centre; but was defeated in his plans by earthquakes and the -leaping forth of subterranean fires, as is related by Ammianus -Marcellinus, himself a heathen, the friend and companion in arms of the -emperor. He states: "Horrible balls of fire, breaking out near the -foundations, with frequent and reiterated attacks, rendered the place -from time to time inaccessible to the scorched and blasted workmen; and, -the victorious element continuing in this, obstinately and resolutely -bent, as it were, to drive them to a distance, the undertaking was -abandoned." In 529 A.D. the emperor Justinian founded a church upon the -site where now is the Mosque el Aksa, and a tide of pilgrims, increasing -with each generation, began to pour upon the holy places. In 614 A.D. -the city was taken by the Persian king, Chosroes II., the churches were -destroyed, and multitudes of priests and monks were slain; but 14 years -afterward it was retaken by the emperor Heraclius, and held, though but -for a short time, by the Christians. - -6. _The Mediæval Period_ (A.D. 637-1517). In 637 Palestine and Jerusalem -passed under the dominion of the Moslems, then ruled by the Caliph Omar; -but the holy places were respected, and the Christians were allowed to -retain their churches. Under the Fatimite caliphs of Cairo the -Christians were persecuted, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was -several times destroyed and rebuilt. The pilgrims from Europe brought -trade and tribute, so that the city flourished, in spite of frequent -pillagings and captures by various Arab and Turkish hordes. On July 15, -1099, it was taken by the Crusaders, after a terrible assault, and for -88 years was the seat of a Christian kingdom. Saladin reconquered it in -1187; and various changes in its government and several sieges followed, -until 1517, when it finally passed under the rule of the Turks, who have -since been its masters. - -7. _The Modern Period_, from A.D. 1517 until the present, has witnessed -comparatively few changes in the city's condition. The present wall was -built by the sultan Suleiman in 1542. In 1832 it was seized by Mohammed -Ali, Pasha of Egypt, but was again restored to the sultan, through the -interference of the European powers. It is now a city of a population -variously estimated at from twenty to fifty thousand. - - -OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. - -Have two blackboards (or a large one), and use one for the outline of -the lesson, the other for the map. - -I. Teach the _Names_. Salem, Jebus, Jerusalem, Ariel, Ælia Capitolina, -El Khuds. - -II. _Location._ 1. Latitude. 2. Longitude. 3. Distances. 4. Elevation. - -III. _Geologic Formation._ - -IV. _Valleys._ Draw a rough map showing the valleys, and name them, -indicating them by initial letters on the map. 1. Kedron. 2. Tyropoeon. -3. Hinnom. - -V. _Mountains._ Describe each, and indicate by initial letter. 1. Zion. -2. Acra. 3. Moriah. 4. Bezetha. 5. Olives. Peaks: (1.) Scopus. (2.) -"Viri Galilæi." (3.) Ascension. (4.) Prophets. (5.) Offense. (6.) Evil -Counsel. - -VI. _Walls._ Draw them on the board, describe and name. First. (David.) -Second. Third. (Agrippa.) - -VII. _History._ 1. Patriarchal. (Melchizedek.) 2. Jebusite. -(Adoni-zedek.) 3. Royal. (David, Jehoshaphat, etc.) 4. Restoration. -(Zerubbabel, Alexander, Ptolemy, Antiochus, Judas Maccabeus, Pompey, -Herod, Titus.) 5. Roman. (Bar-cocheba, Hadrian, Constantine, Julian, -Justinian, Chosroes.) 6. Mediæval. (Omar, Crusaders, Saladin.) 7. -Modern. (Suleiman, Mohammed Ali, etc.) - -[Illustration: PANORAMA OF JERUSALEM, FROM THE MOUNT OF OLIVES.] - - Rosel Minaret A 44 - El Kala'a (Citadel) A 45 - Hippicus (Tower of David) A 46 - Greek Monastery A 57 - Russian Colony A 75-87 - Hospital A 77 - Church A 81-82 - Talitha Kumi A 85 - German Hospital for Children A 92 - Watchtower on the Road to Yafa A 97 - Wely Rimr Monument A 98 - Mosque and Tombs of David B 23 - Buildings and Gardens of the Armenian Monastery B 27-36 - Armenian Seminary B 28 - St. James Church of the Armenians B 35 - English Protestant Church B 42 - Girl's School of the English Mission B 43 - Muristan B 47 - Mar Hanna (Greek Church) B 47 - Yafa Gate B 48 - Latin Patriarchate B 56 - Church of the Sepulchre B 57 - Kaukab Minaret B 60 - Latin Monastery of St. Salvador B 65-66 - Hospice of St. John, and German School B 62 - Mulawieh Minaret B 78 - Russian Consulate B 81 - Pilgrims' Houses B 84 - Arabian Protestant Church B 91 - Jebel Abu Tôr (Hill of Evil Counsel) C 7-9 - Tree of Judas C 8 - Road to Bethlehem C 13 - Mount Zion C 19-29 - Suburb of Neby Daud C 20-24 - Gate of Zion C 25 - Synagogues of the Ashkenasim C 28 and B 32 - Hamra Minaret C 72 - Damascus Gate C 79 - Hill of the Grotto of Jeremiah C 95 - Place where Peter Wept D 17 - Dwellings for Pilgrims of the Ashkenasim D 21 - Gate of Herod D 89 - Mosque el Aksa E 16-22 - Dung Gate E 19 - Moghreb Minaret E 20 - Rothschilds' Hospital E 22 - Kubbet es Sakhra (Dome of the Rock) E 31-36 - New Convent of the Roman Catholic Sisters of Zion E 62-63 - Barracks (Castle of Antonia) F 55-56 - Haram esh Sherif (Site of the Temple) G 15-39 - Former Serai G 52 - Valley of Hinnom (Wady er Rababi) I 1-E 14 - Golden Gate I 30-31 - Gate of St. Stephen (Bab Sitti Mariam) I 56 - Moslem Tombs J 27 and J 70 - Road to Gethsemane J 55 to N 53 - Road from the Valley of Kedron to the Gate of Zion K 2 to N 4 - Slope toward the Wady Sitti Mariam - (Valley of Kedron or Jehoshaphat) Foreground - - -DESCRIPTION OF MODERN JERUSALEM. - -I. =Location.= The modern city of Jerusalem stands upon the ruins of the -ancient, but does not include much of Mount Zion, which was the most -important part in Bible history. It occupies the northern part of Zion, -the hills Acra, Moriah, and part of Bezetha, embracing within its walls -an area of about 210 acres. Its population has been variously estimated, -but is supposed to number about 22,000, of which 12,000 are Jews, 5,000 -Moslems, and 5,000 Christians. The view represents it from the eastern -side, having in the foreground the Valley of the Kedron, or of -Jehoshaphat, called by Mohammedans _Wady Sitti Mariam_, "The Valley of -our Lady Mary." On the south, or left of the picture, is the Valley of -Hinnom (_Wady er Rababi_), and beyond it the Hill of Evil Counsel -(_Jebel Abu Tôr_), the traditional place where Judas made the agreement -to betray his Lord. On the northwest, outside the wall, is the extensive -Russian establishment for pilgrims of the Greek Church, containing the -consulate, houses, and a large church. Near it is a Protestant mission -church. North of the wall, on the right of the picture, is a cave called -the Grotto of Jeremiah, supposed by some to represent the place of the -crucifixion and burial of Jesus. The roads running out of the city, and -the places adjoining them, will be described in connection with the map -of the Environs of Jerusalem, page 82. - -II. =Walls.= The present walls were built by the Sultan Suleiman, in -1542, on the site of a mediæval wall. Though imposing in appearance, -affording a fine view of the city, and sufficiently strong to protect it -from marauders of the desert, they would be of little avail against -modern methods of warfare. They are in most places 38 feet high, and -contain 34 towers. They form an irregular quadrangle, which may be -roughly described as 3,930 feet long on the north, 2,754 feet on the -east (the front of the engraving), 3,245 feet on the south, and 2,086 -feet on the west, making the entire wall 12,015 feet, or 2.292 miles -long. - -III. =Gates.= Of these there are seven, two of which are closed. 1. The -Jaffa or Yafa Gate, called by Moslems, _Bab el Khalil_, "Hebron Gate," -is in the western wall, near the Citadel of David. Through this gate -most travelers enter the city. 2. The Damascus Gate (_Bab el Amud_, -"Gate of the Column,") is in the middle of the northern wall (right of -the picture), and leads to the northward road, over Scopus, past the -(so-called) Tombs of the Kings, to Samaria and Damascus. 3. The Gate of -Herod (_Bab es Zahireh_) is in the northern wall (right of the picture), -but is kept closed during most of the year. 4. The Gate of St. Stephen -(_Bab es Sitti Mariam_, "Gate of our Lady Mary,") is in the eastern wall -(foreground of the picture), and is supposed by some to be the place of -Stephen's martyrdom. The road leads from it past the Garden of -Gethsemane, over Mount Olivet, and through Bethany. 5. The Golden Gate, -walled up, is in the eastern wall, and is shown in the picture in front -of the Dome of the Rock. Its Moslem names are _Bab el Taubeh_, "Gate of -Repentance," and _Bab ed Dahariyeh_, "Eternal Gate." 6. The Dung Gate, -called also the Moorish Gate (_Bab ed Mugharibeh_), is a small portal in -the southern wall, leading to the village of Siloam, but usually closed. -It is shown on the left of the picture. 7. The Zion Gate (_Bab en Neby -Daud_, "Gate of the Prophet David,") is in the southern wall, opening on -Mount Zion, indicated on the picture in the background on the left. - -IV. =Quarters.= These are four in number, given to the different -religions; but to them may be added the Temple Enclosure, which forms a -separate section of the city. Their boundaries cannot be traced upon the -picture, but may be seen on the map of Modern Jerusalem, page 81. Two -important streets, crossing each other nearly at right angles, divide -the city into the four unequal sections called quarters. The streets are -David Street, running eastward from the Jaffa (Yafa) Gate, and Damascus -Street, southward from the Damascus Gate; though both have different -names in some places. - -1. The Mohammedan Quarter occupies the northeastern half of the city, -and is the foreground of our view. Its principal objects of interest -are, the Church of St. Mary Magdalene, the Church of St. Anne, two -convents, two mosques, a building known as Pilate's Hall, and the narrow -and crooked street known as the Via Dolorosa, "The Sorrowful Way," -through which Christ is (traditionally) said to have carried his cross; -a street crowded with places commemorating different events in the -passion of our Lord. - -2. The Temple Enclosure, called by Moslems _Haram esh Sherif_, "The -Noble Sanctuary," is in the southeastern part of the Mohammedan Quarter -(on the left foreground of the picture). It occupies the site of the -Temple, and probably a part also of the Tower of Antonia. (See map and -description of Ancient Jerusalem, page 72.) It is now a quadrangle of -1,042 feet on the north, 1,530 east (along the front wall in the -picture), 922 south, and 1,601 west, embracing about 35 acres. Its most -prominent building is the _Kubbet es Sakhra_, "The Dome of the Rock," -often called, but incorrectly, the Mosque of Omar. This is an octagonal -building, each of its sides being 67 feet long, 170 in height, and -surmounted by a dome. Directly under the dome rises a rough native rock, -standing at present nearly 5 feet above the pavement. Some regard this -as the place where the Ark of the Covenant rested in Solomon's Temple; -but most authorities consider it the site of the Altar of Burnt -Offering, and of Araunah's threshing-floor. (2 Sam. 24:18.) In the -southeast corner of the Enclosure stands the Mosque el Aksa (left of the -picture), adjoining the southern wall. - -3. The Jewish Quarter is west of the Temple Enclosure. In the picture, -beyond the trees in the Enclosure, may be seen the steep side of the -Tyropoeon Valley. The Jews' Wailing Place, adjoining the Temple -Enclosure, is hidden in the picture by the Mosque el Aksa, but may be -located upon the map. Here the wall contains large blocks of stone, -which may have belonged to the foundations of the court of the ancient -Temple; and at this place a Jewish service of lamentation is held every -week, over the destruction of the Temple and the city. Two domed -buildings may be noticed on the hill beyond the Tyropoeon Valley, the -two synagogues of the Ashkenasim Jews. This quarter, once filthy and -mean, has been greatly improved by the liberality of Sir Moses -Montefiore. - -4. The Armenian Quarter is west of the Jewish, in the southwestern -corner of the city. Its most prominent building is the Citadel of David -(_el Kabaa_), an irregular, castellated edifice, containing a lofty -tower. This _may_ occupy the site of the castle built by David, where a -Jebusite fortress had stood before, but the identification is not -certain. Two other buildings in this quarter are named upon the -panoramic view, the Church of St. James, and a seminary. - -5. The Christian Quarter is in the northwestern part of the city, -between the Jaffa and Damascus Gates, in the picture. Its most important -locality is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, where tradition has fixed -the scenes of the crucifixion and resurrection. The church is a group of -buildings, crowned with a dome, and erected at various periods. The Holy -Sepulchre itself is a marble shrine within the cathedral, 26 feet long, -by 18 broad, and 20 feet high. If the ancient wall can be certainly -shown not to have been _outside_ of this place, then the identity of the -holy places may be deemed measurably sure, since the cross and the -sepulchre were undoubtedly near the wall, but without it. Another place -of interest is the Muristan, a ruined castle, which was the headquarters -of the Knights Hospitallers during the Crusades. - -V. =Fountains and Pools.= Most of these are without the walls, and only -one is shown in the picture. The identification of the ancient pools is -not easy, and explorers are not agreed with regard to their position and -modern name. 1. The _Birket Mamilla_, supposed by many to represent the -Upper Pool of Gihon (2 Kings 18:17; Isa. 7:3), lies 2,000 feet west of -the Jaffa Gate, and is now 240 feet long by 144 wide, but anciently much -larger. 2. The _Birket es Sultan_, supposed to be the Lower Pool of -Gihon, where Solomon was crowned (1 Kings 1:38), lies just outside the -southwestern corner of the wall, in the Valley of Hinnom. It is narrow, -but 500 feet long. 3. The _Birket es Silwan_, or Pool of Siloam (John -9:7), is in the Tyropoeon Valley, near its junction with the Kedron -Valley, just outside the limit of the picture, on the left. It is 52 -feet long, and 18 wide. 4. The _Birket el Hamra_ ("red pond") lies south -of the Pool of Siloam, still further outside of the picture, and is -larger, but now nearly filled up, and without water. Some think that -this is the pool dug by Hezekiah. (2 Chron. 32:30.) 5. The spring -_En-rogel_, called by Christians the Fountain of the Virgin, and by -Moslems _'Ain Umm ed Deraj_ ("the spring the mother of steps," from the -28 steps leading down to it), is the only natural fountain near the -city. It lies in the narrowest part of the Kedron Valley, opposite the -stone Zoheleth. (1 Kings 1:9.) Its action is intermittent, rising and -falling suddenly, sometimes oftener than once a day. From this fact, -some have thought it to be the Pool of Bethesda. (John 5:2-9.) 6. But -most of the explorers regard the Pool of Bethesda as identical with -the _Birket Israel_, which may be found on the picture just within the -eastern (foreground) wall, between the gate of St. Stephen and the -northern wall of the Temple Enclosure, just behind the little domed -building by the wall, to the left of St. Stephen's Gate. This is 360 -feet long, by 120 feet wide, and 80 feet deep, but half filled with -rubbish. 7. The _Birket Hamman_ ("Pool of the Bath"), generally known as -the Pool of Hezekiah, is within the wall, adjoining the Muristan on the -west, and hidden by it in the picture. It is supplied with water by an -underground conduit, from the _Birket Mamilla_. 8. To this list we might -add the vast covered reservoirs under the Temple, on Mount Moriah. These -aggregated in their capacity five million gallons, and furnished an -abundant supply of water for the Temple services. - -VI. =Outside the Walls.= Some of the important places without the wall -have been already noticed. The Tomb of David (traditional) is on Mount -Zion, near the Gate of Zion; and just a little to the left of it, where -several small domes are seen, is the Coenaculum, or traditional place -where the Last Supper was held. Mount Zion is now, fulfilling prophecy, -"a plowed field," and has but few buildings. On nearly all sides of the -city, outside the wall, are Moslem graves. Northwest of the city, toward -the Russian Colony, is the place where the Assyrian messengers encamped -in the time of Hezekiah. (2 Kings 18.) - -[Illustration: MODERN JERUSALEM.] - -[Illustration: ENVIRONS OF JERUSALEM.] - - - - -THE ENVIRONS OF JERUSALEM. - - -THE city of Jerusalem occupies a prominent place, not only in the -history but also in the topography of the Holy Land. It is one of the -most elevated sites in a land whose important places were among the -mountains. There are many peaks higher than Mount Zion, on which the -city stands; but few cities in Palestine are built upon a site so lofty. -This fact explains many of the allusions in the Psalms. "Beautiful for -situation," "I will look unto the hills," etc. - -There are six roads leading to Jerusalem from different parts of the -land. Starting from the city by each one of these roads, let us notice -the important places upon either side of it. - -[Illustration: DEFILE BETWEEN JERUSALEM AND JERICHO.] - -I. =The Northern Road.= This starts from the Damascus Gate and leads -almost due north through the centre of the mountain region, toward -Shechem and Damascus, passing more of the historic localities than any -other. Explorers, however, are not agreed upon the identification of all -the places; and our space permits us only to give conclusions without -naming reasons or authorities for the opinion in all cases. - -1. About a mile north of Jerusalem, on the west of the path, we find -_Scopus_, the eminence from which Titus, the Roman conqueror, obtained -his first view of the doomed city. According to some authorities this -was also the location of _Mizpeh_, the place of assembly for Israel -during the time of the Judges. But later investigators place Mizpeh at -_Neby Samwil_, on the northwestern road, and we have accepted their -conclusions. (See next page.) Both the location of Mizpeh and that of -Ramah are uncertain. One word means "watch-tower," the other "height," -so they may be identical, though the references seem to point to -different localities. - -2. A mile further, and on the west of the path, is _Nob_ (_el -Isawiyeh_), named as a city of the priests. At this place the Tabernacle -was kept during the reign of Saul; David visited the high-priest and -received the sword of Goliath; and the priest and 70 of his associates -were slain by command of Saul. (1 Sam. 21:1-9; 22:9-19.) - -3. _Gibeah_ (_Tuleil el Ful_), "hill of beans," lies on the east of the -road, 2-1/2 miles from the city. The place is first mentioned in the -painful story of the Levite (Judges 19); but its principal interest is -in the fact that it was the home and court of King Saul. "It is now -dreary and desolate, with scarce any ruins save a confused mass of -stones, which form a sort of cairn on the top."--_Tristram._ - -4. _Anathoth_ (_Anata_), the birthplace of the prophet Jeremiah, and a -priestly city, is 3 miles northeast of Jerusalem, upon a path branching -out of the main road. It is now a village of about 20 houses. - -5. Some locate _Ramah_, the home of Samuel, at _Er Ram_, on the east of -the road; but others favor the place at _Neby Samwil_, to be noticed -below. - -6. _Michmash_, the scene of Jonathan's daring exploit, lies on a hill -adjoining a ravine, 7 miles northeast of the city; and a mile away, in -plain sight, lies _Geba_, the camping place of Saul's army at the time -of the battle. (1 Sam. 13.) It is now called _Mukmas_. - -7. _Ai_--the place where Joshua's army was repulsed by the Canaanites, -on account of the crime of Achan (Josh. 7), and which, after his -punishment, was taken and destroyed by the Israelites--is 9 miles from -the city; a desolate heap, known as _el Tell_. - -8. _Beeroth_ (wells), now _el Bireh_, 10 miles north, was one of the -Gibeonite cities which made peace with Israel. (Josh. 9:17.) According -to tradition, this is the place where Joseph and Mary, returning from -Jerusalem, first missed the boy Jesus (Luke 2:44); and it is now the -halting place of caravans going north. - -9. _Bethel_, "the house of God" (now _Beitin_), 10 miles north, is a -place of many Scriptural associations. Here Abraham pitched his tent and -built his altar, on his entrance upon the Land of Promise (Gen 12:8); -here Jacob lay down to rest and saw the glorious vision of the heavenly -ladder (Gen. 28:11-22), and on his return from Syria again consecrated -the place to God's service. (Gen. 35:6-15.) During the period of the Ten -Tribes it was a sanctuary of idols, but also the seat of a prophetic -school. (1 Kings 12:29-33; 2 Kings 2:2, 3.) It is now an uninhabited -ruin. - -10. East of Bethel, and 11 miles north of Jerusalem, is the rock -_Rimmon_ (now _Rummon_), where the remnant of the tribe of Benjamin -found a refuge after the civil war. (Judges 20, 21.) - -11. Two miles north of Rimmon is the site of _Ophrah_, in the New -Testament _Ephraim_, the retreat of Jesus after the raising of Lazarus. -(John 11:54.) It is in a wilderness, on the edge of the Jordan Valley, -and outside the line of travel; now called _et Taiyibeh_. - -[Illustration: SOLOMON'S POOLS.] - -II. =The Eastern Road= from Jerusalem leads through a barren region of -crags and ravines, almost without inhabitants, except the robbers who -have haunted it since the days when "a certain man went down from -Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell among thieves." (Luke 10:30.) The road is -a continual descent from a height of 2,700 feet above the sea to 1,300 -feet below it, in 20 miles. - -The only place passed on the route is _Bethany_ (now _el Azariyeh_), the -home of Mary and Martha, the place where Lazarus was raised from death, -and near which Jesus ascended. (Luke 24:50.) It is on the eastern slope -of the Mount of Olives, and about a mile and a quarter from Jerusalem. -Beyond this place the road grows more steep, descending toward the -Jordan Valley. - -III. =The Southern Road=, leading along the crest of the hill country -toward Hebron, also passes few places of historical interest. - -1. Just south of the city is the _Plain of the Rephaim_, where, after -the capture of Jerusalem, David twice met and vanquished the -Philistines. (2 Sam. 5:18-25.) The name may be a reminiscence of the -most ancient people who inhabited the mountain region of Palestine, -before the Amorites were in the land. - -2. Four miles from the city the traveler passes _Rachel's Tomb_. This -may represent the place where Jacob, while journeying southward, lost -his beloved wife Rachel, the mother of Joseph and Benjamin. (Gen. -35:16-20.) The monument now standing is of comparatively recent date; -but it may occupy the site of one more ancient. - -3. Six miles southeast of the city we come to _Bethlehem_, a small town, -yet having the deepest interest as the birthplace of David, and of -David's greatest descendant, the Saviour of the world. It lies upon the -side and summit of a steep hill, and contains now about 2,000 -inhabitants. Many places connected with the birth of Jesus are shown; -but there is no authority for their precise location except tradition. -In a cave near this village Jerome wrote most of his translation of the -Bible, the Vulgate version, recognized as the standard Bible by the -Roman Catholic Church. - -4. A little beyond Bethlehem is the head of the _Valley of Elah_, in -which, but at a distance to the west, David fought with Goliath, and -gained his earliest honors before Israel. (1 Sam. 17.) - -5. There are no more places of interest to the Bible reader until we -reach _Hebron_, 18 miles from Jerusalem. This is one of the most ancient -towns in the world, occupied before the time of Abraham; the burial -place of the Patriarchs, the capital of David's kingdom of Judah, and -the place where Absalom's rebellion was begun. It is still a large town, -inhabited by intolerant Mohammedans, who closely guard the sanctity of -the Mosque which covers the graves of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. It is -now called _el Khalil_, "the Friend," _i. e._, Abraham, "the friend of -God." - -6. The region between Hebron and the Dead Sea is wild and desolate, with -but few inhabitants. It was called _Jeshimon_, "the waste," and is the -place generally recognized as "the wilderness of Judæa," where David -wandered during his exile when he was persecuted by Saul, and in -constant danger of his life, and where Christ was tempted after his long -fast of forty days. - -IV. =The Southwestern Road= is that "that goeth down from Jerusalem unto -Gaza, which is desert." (Acts 8:26.) It passes through ravines and among -mountains, descending through successive plateaus, from the mountain -region to the Shefelah, or low hills, and thence to the plain by the -Mediterranean. It is "desert," in the sense that no towns lie along the -route. The fountain where Philip baptized the Ethiopian treasurer is -shown at _Ain Haniyeh_, 4 miles southwest of Jerusalem; but it has only -tradition in support of its claim. - -V. =The Western Road= leads to Joppa, descending from the mountains to -the sea. - -1. Four miles from Jerusalem it passes _Emmaus_ (_Kuloniyeh_), the place -to which the two disciples were walking when they were joined by the -risen Christ. (Luke 24:13.) The place, however, is disputed. Dr. Thomson -locates it at _Kuriet el Enab_, further from Jerusalem; and others at -_el Kubeibeh_, 7 miles northwest of the city. - -2. _Kirjath-jearim_, or _Baalah_, is 7 miles from Jerusalem, at _Kuriet -el Enab_, named above. Here the Ark of the Covenant was brought from -Beth-shemesh, after its return from the Philistines, and remained until -it was removed by David to Jerusalem. (1 Sam. 6:21; 2 Sam. 6:2.) It is -now a small village, with ruins and a church. - -VI. =The Northwestern Road= branches from the Northern Road just beyond -Gibeah, and winds down the mountains to the sea-shore at Joppa. Among -its places of interest are the following: - -1. _Mizpeh_, "watch-tower," is probably the hill known as _Neby Samwil_, -4 miles northwest of Jerusalem. Here Samuel gathered the people for -reformation, and won his great victory over the Philistines. This may -also have been _Ramah_, the birthplace and burial-place of Samuel. - -2. _Gibeon_ is at _el Jib_, a hill 6 miles from Jerusalem. This was the -head of the Hivite league of cities which made peace with Israel and -were spared by Joshua at the time of the conquest (Josh. 9:17); which -led to the battle of Beth-horon, the decisive event of the war. Here a -skirmish took place between the soldiers of David and of Abner (while -David was reigning over Judah), and Asahel, the brother of Joab, was -killed. (2 Sam. 2:12-24.) At this place the Tabernacle was standing -during David's reign, while the ark was at Zion; here was "the great -high place" where Solomon offered sacrifice at the opening of his reign; -and here Solomon had a vision, and made his choice of wisdom. (1 Kings -3:4-14.) - -3. Five miles beyond Gibeon is _Beth-horon_, celebrated as the place -where was fought the great battle of the conquest, which, measured by -its results, was the most important battle in the history of the world, -since upon it was staked the world's religion. If ever the sun might -stand still, it was then, when earth's destiny was in the balance. -(Josh. 10:9-14.) The "upper Beth-horon" is at _Beit ur el Foka_, and the -lower at _Beit ur et Tahta_, two miles beyond it. - -In this brief view we have compassed the most important places upon the -map within 15 miles around the city of Jerusalem. - - -OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. - - -SUGGESTIONS FOR TEACHING. - -1. Locate upon the blackboard Jerusalem as a centre, and in presence of -the class draw the general direction of the roads leading from it. It is -scarcely necessary to draw the valleys and mountains, as they are but -rarely referred to by name. The teacher may mark the line of the road in -French chalk or common slate-pencil upon the blackboard, in advance of -the lesson, making a faint line, which can be followed with the crayon -afterward. - -2. Then take each road in order, going out from Jerusalem, and indicate -the places near it, stating the events of Bible History in connection -with each place. - -3. It would be a good plan to write on slips of paper the references to -texts, distribute them among the class, and have each text read by a -student as its event is named. - - -REVIEW. - -I. _Northern Road._ 1. Scopus. (Titus.) 2. Nob. (Slaughter of priests.) -3. Gibeah. (Saul's court.) 4. Anathoth. (Jeremiah.) 5. Ramah.(?) -(Samuel.) 6. Michmash. (Jonathan's exploit.) 7. Ai. (Achan.) 8. Beeroth. -(Gibeonites; Jesus lost in Temple.) 9. Bethel. (Jacob's ladder.) 10. -Rimmon. (Benjamin.) 11. Ephraim. (Christ's retirement.) - -II. _Eastern Road._ 1. Bethany. (Lazarus.) 2. Steep descent. 3. Jericho. - -III. _Southern Road._ 1. Plain of Rephaim. (David's victory.) 2. -Rachel's Tomb. 3. Bethlehem. (David, Jesus.) 4. Valley of Elah. (David -and Goliath.) 5. Hebron. (Abraham's sepulchre.) 6. Jeshimon -(Wilderness). - -IV. _Southwestern Road._ "Jerusalem to Gaza." (Philip.) - -V. _Western Road._ 1. Emmaus. (Risen Christ.) 2. Kirjath-jearim. -(Removal of ark.) - -VI. _Northwestern Road._ 1. Mizpeh. (Samuel.) 2. Gibeon. (Solomon's -choice.) 3. Beth-horon. (Joshua's victory.) - -[Illustration: GETHSEMANE.] - -[Illustration: THE DIVISION OF SOLOMON'S EMPIRE.] - - - - -THE DIVISION OF SOLOMON'S EMPIRE. - - -ON the death of Solomon, B.C. 935, the empire which had been won by the -sword and consolidated by the statesmanship of David, fell asunder, and -five kingdoms took the place of one. These were: - -1. The portion of Solomon's empire north of Mount Hermon and extending -to the Euphrates revolted, and formed the =Kingdom of Syria=, having -Damascus for its capital. This kingdom, at first small, soon rose to -power, and at its height, under Hazael, was the leading nation in Asia, -west of the Euphrates. It fell, about B.C. 750, under the power of -Assyria. - -[Illustration: CHRONOLOGICAL CHART OF KINGS OF ISRAEL AND JUDAH.] - -2. South of Syria was the =Kingdom of Israel=, or the Ten Tribes, -founded by Jeroboam, B.C. 935, soon after the death of Solomon. This -included by far the larger portion of Palestine Proper, having 9,400 -square miles, while the rival kingdom of Judah had but 3,400. It -received the allegiance of all the tribes on the east of the Jordan. The -boundary line between the two kingdoms ran south of Jericho, Bethel and -Joppa. This line was, however, very variable, being moved northward or -southward, according to the relative power of the kingdoms. Over this -kingdom reigned nineteen kings, representing several dynasties, with -intervals of anarchy and frequent change. Its capital was at first -Shechem, then Tirzah, until Omri, the founder of the third dynasty, -chose a permanent location at SAMARIA, which soon became to Israel all -that Jerusalem was to Judah, and in time gave its name to the entire -province. Its two religious sanctuaries were at Dan on the north, and at -Bethel on the south, where the national worship to Jehovah, was -maintained under the form of a calf or young ox. - -3. =The Kingdom of Judah= included the tribe of that name, a portion of -Benjamin, and perhaps of Simeon also, though the southern boundary was -always uncertain. The Shefelah, or low hills, and the sea-coast, were -probably controlled by the Philistines, though nominally belonging to -Judah. This kingdom remained loyal to the house of David during all its -history, and was ruled by twenty-one kings, all of one family. It was -destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, B.C. 587. - -4. =Moab= lay east of the Dead Sea, between the brooks Arnon and Zered. -It was nominally subject to Israel (the northern kingdom); but, from the -indications of the history and of the Moabite Stone (a monument of -Mesha, the king of Moab, erected in the time of Elisha the prophet), it -may be inferred that it had its own government, and only occasionally -paid tribute to the Ten Tribes. Strong kings, like Omri, Ahab and -Jeroboam II., may have held power over it; but during most of the time -it was practically independent. - -5. =Edom=, south of the Dead Sea, had been conquered by David, and -remained subject during the reign of Solomon. After the disruption it -held to Judah about the same relation that Moab held to Israel, -dependent and tributary, but not annexed as a part of the realm. There -was a king of Edom during the reign of Jehoshaphat (2 Kings 3:9), but -evidently subject to Judah. The Edomites finally gained their -independence during the reign of Jehoram, the son of Jehoshaphat (2 -Kings 8:16-22), despite a defeat which they suffered at Zair (probably -Seir, or Sela). Like all the kingdoms around it, this kingdom fell under -the rule of Nebuchadnezzar. - -These five provinces or kingdoms are represented upon the map according -to their general boundaries during most of the time from the age of -Solomon to that of Nebuchadnezzar, when all the East was united under -one mighty sceptre. Historically, the epoch requires the consideration -of several periods, as follows: - -1. =The Period of Division= (B.C. 935-842), during which three -kingdoms--Syria, Israel and Judah--strove for supremacy. This extends -from the reign of Jeroboam to that of Jehu in the north; and from -Rehoboam to Joash in Judah. During the first half-century of this -period, wars were constant between Israel and Judah. During the latter -half-century the growing power of Syria compelled an alliance between -the rival kingdoms, and nearly all the battles were between Israel and -Syria. The leading events of this period were: (1.) The accession of -Rehoboam, followed by the disruption of the kingdom, and the breaking up -of Solomon's empire. (2.) The invasion of Judah by Shishak, king of -Egypt, and the loss of all the treasures of David and Solomon (2 Chron. -12), which permanently crippled the kingdom. (3.) The wars of Jeroboam -with Judah, culminating in the battle of Zemaraim, near Bethel, a signal -defeat for Israel. (2 Chron. 13.) (4.) The invasion of Judah by the -Ethiopians under Zerah, and the victory of Asa at Mareshah. (2 Chron. -14.) (5.) The introduction of the worship of Baal into Israel, by Ahab, -and with it the appearance of the prophet Elijah. (1 Kings 16-19.) (6.) -The wars with Syria, with the victory of Israel at Aphek, and the defeat -at Ramoth-gilead. (1 Kings 20-22.) (7.) The invasion of Judah, in the -reign of Jehoshaphat, by the allied forces of Ammon, Moab and Edom, and -their slaughter at Berachah. (2 Chron. 20.) (8.) The allied war of -Israel and Judah with Moab, and the battle of Kir-haraseth, commemorated -by the Moabite Stone, recently discovered. (2 Kings 3.) (9.) The revolt -of Edom from Judah, in the reign of Jehoram. Jehoram gained a victory at -Zair (probably Sela, or Petra), but could not retain supremacy over the -Edomites. - -[Illustration: MOABITE STONE.] - -[Illustration: THE SYRIAN PERIOD, B.C. 884-840.] - -2. =The Syrian Period=, B.C. 842-799, began with revolutions in the same -year in Damascus, Samaria, and Jerusalem; by which Hazael mounted the -throne of Syria, Jehu of Israel, and Athaliah, the queen-mother, usurped -the throne of Judah. Hazael established a powerful kingdom. (2 Kings -8:7-15.) He conquered all of Israel east of the Jordan (2 Kings 10:32, -33), reduced Israel under Jehoahaz to a condition of vassalage (2 Kings -13:1-8), took Gath from Judah, and was only withheld from besieging -Jerusalem by the payment of a heavy tribute. (2 Kings 12:17, 18; 2 -Chron. 24:23, 24.) We insert an outline map of his kingdom and -conquests. - -The principal events of this period were as follows: (1.) The accession -of Hazael in Syria, Jehu in Israel, and Athaliah in Judah, B.C. 842. -(2.) The destruction of Baal worship in Israel. (2 Kings 10.) (3.) The -conquests of Hazael on the east of Jordan. (2 Kings 10:32, 33.) (4.) The -slaughter of Athaliah, and accession of Jehoash in Judah. (2 Kings 11.) -(5.) The repairs of the Temple by Jehoiada. (2 Kings 12.) (6.) The -prophecies of Jonah and Joel. (7.) The subjection of Israel under -Hazael. (8.) Hazael's campaign against Judah, and capture of Gath. (9.) -The death of Hazael. - -3. =The Restoration of Israel=, B.C. 779-742. The Syrian conqueror, -Hazael, left as his successor a weak prince, Ben-hadad III., who was -unable to hold his dominions against the ability of the third king of -the house of Jehu in Israel, Jehoash, or Joash, and his greater son, -Jeroboam II. Under these two able rulers the kingdom of the Ten Tribes -arose to its culmination, the territory lost was regained, nearly all -Syria was conquered, Judah was made tributary, and Samaria gave laws to -a large part of Solomon's empire. This period was marked as the era of -two great prophets, Jonah and Joel; and, from its brilliant but brief -prosperity, has been called "the Indian Summer of Israel." At the -opening of this epoch, Amaziah reigned in Judah. He won a victory in -Edom, but, venturing to attack Israel, was routed at Beth-shemesh; and, -for the only time in Judah's history, the army of the Ten Tribes entered -Jerusalem as victors. (2 Kings 14.) Uzziah, his successor, was more -successful, and held his kingdom in security both against Israel and the -enemies on the south. The outline map represents the kingdoms during the -reign of Jeroboam II., about B.C. 800. - -4. =The Fall of Israel=, B.C. 742-721. The decline of Israel after the -reign of Jeroboam II. was rapid. A succession of usurpers seized the -throne, the foreign conquests melted away, and anarchy prevailed. The -cause of these sudden changes was the growth of the Assyrian power under -a succession of warlike kings, who made Nineveh the capital of the -Eastern world. Syria fell before their arms, and Israel soon followed. -In the reign of Menahem, Israel became tributary to Assyria; and in that -of Pekah, B.C. 735, the portion of Israel on the north, including the -tribe of Naphtali, was carried into captivity by Tiglath-pileser. (2 -Kings 15:29.) In the reign of Hoshea, Samaria itself was taken (B.C. -721) by Sargon (having been besieged by Shalmaneser); and the Ten Tribes -were finally carried into captivity to Halah and Habor. (2 Kings 17.) -This period belongs to the map of the Assyrian Empire. - -5. =The Fall of Judah=, B.C. 721-587. The kingdom of Judah lasted more -than a hundred years after that of Israel, though most of the time as a -subject-nation to the "great king" of Assyria, to whom Ahaz and most of -the kings of Judah after him paid tribute. The most important events of -this period were: (1.) The reforms of King Hezekiah, and the deliverance -of Jerusalem from the Assyrians under Sennacherib. (2 Chron. 30-32.) -(2.) The captivity of King Manasseh among the Assyrians, and his return. -(2 Chron. 33.) (3.) The attempt at reformation by King Josiah, and his -death at the battle of Megiddo. (2 Chron. 34, 35.) (4.) The rise of the -power of Babylon, and Nebuchadnezzar's first invasion of Judah, in the -reign of Jehoiakim, B.C. 606. From this date Judah was subject to -Babylon, and the "seventy years' captivity" began. (5.) The rebellion of -Zedekiah, the last king, against Nebuchadnezzar, the siege of Jerusalem, -the destruction of the kingdom, and the final carrying of Judah into -captivity to Babylon, B.C. 587. - -[Illustration: THE RESTORATION OF ISRAEL, B.C. 800.] - -We notice the most important wars, sieges and battles of this period, -indicated upon the map of the Division of Solomon's Empire, by flags. - -1. The battle of =Zemaraim=, near Bethel, fought between Jeroboam and -Abijah, the second king of Judah, B.C. 917, and resulting in the defeat -of Israel, and the ruin of Jeroboam's plans of ambition. (2 Chron. 13.) - -2. The battle of =Mareshah=, in Judah, on the border of the mountain -region, in which King Asa defeated Zerah, the Ethiopian king of Egypt, -and an immense host, B.C. 900. (2 Chron. 14.) - -3. The siege of =Samaria=, by Ben-hadad, king of Syria, in the reign of -Ahab, who was able to repel the invaders. (1 Kings 20.) We notice, that -from this time, for a century, the principal wars of Israel are with -Syria. - -4. The victory at =Aphek=, won by Ahab over Ben-hadad and the Syrians. -Ahab, however, allowed the fruits of the victory to be lost, when he -might have made it decisive in its results. (1 Kings 20:26-43.) - -5. The battle of =Ramoth-gilead=, in which the Syrians, under Ben-hadad, -were victorious over allied Israel and Judah, and Ahab was slain. (1 -Kings 22.) - -6. The slaughter of the allied Moabites, Ammonites and Edomites, at -=Berachah=, "the valley of blessing," in the reign of Jehoshaphat, king -of Judah. (2 Chron. 20.) - -7. The war of Israel, Judah and Edom, against the Moabites, in which a -great battle took place at =Kir-haraseth=, in the land of Moab, when the -king of Moab offered his own son as a sacrifice in presence of the -contending armies. (2 Kings 3.) This was during the reign of Jehoshaphat -in Judah, and of Jehoram in Israel. - -8. A second siege of =Samaria=, by the Syrians, under Ben-hadad, in the -reign of Jehoram; and a miraculous deliverance. (2 Kings 6, 7.) - -9. A battle at =Zair= (probably Sela, or Petra), in Edom, in which -Jehoram was surrounded by the revolting Edomites, and won a victory, yet -could not prevent the Edomites from gaining their liberty. (2 Kings -8:21, 22.) - -10. The capture of =Gath=, by the Syrians, under Hazael, in the reign of -Jehoash, king of Judah. (2 Kings 12:17.) - -11. The victory of King Jehoash, of Israel, over the Syrians, at -=Aphek=, foretold by Elisha. (2 Kings 13:17-25.) - -12. The battle of =Beth-shemesh=, a victory of Israel over Judah, -resulting in an Israelite army entering Jerusalem, in the reign of -Amaziah. (2 Kings 14.) - -13. The final capture of =Samaria= by the Assyrians, and the extinction -of the kingdom of the Ten Tribes. (2 Kings 17:1-6.) - -14. The battle of =Megiddo=, in which King Josiah, of Judah, lost his -life while resisting the invasion of Pharaoh-necho, the king of Egypt. -(2 Kings 23:29.) - -15. Two battles at =Carchemish=, near the Euphrates, in the first of -which, Pharaoh-necho, of Egypt, was victorious (B.C. 608) over the -Assyrians, and in the second (B.C. 606) was thoroughly defeated by -Nebuchadnezzar, and compelled to relinquish all his conquests in Asia. -(2 Chron. 35:20.) - -16. The destruction of =Jerusalem= by Nebuchadnezzar, and the extinction -of the kingdom of Judah. (2 Kings 25.) - - -OUTLINE FOR TEACHING. - -1. Draw on the blackboard the map of _Solomon's Empire_, as already -given, showing its boundaries, and placing on it the city of Jerusalem, -the river Jordan, etc. - -2. Divide the map into the _five kingdoms_ of _Syria_, _Israel_, -_Judah_, _Moab_ and _Edom_, and show their capitals and political -relations. - -3. Drill the class upon the leading events of the _five historical -periods_ named in the above description, placing upon the map the -localities named in the history. - -4. Name the _battles_ of the periods, and state the circumstances of -each battle, placing them upon the map in their historical order. - -5. Through all the work let the class draw their own maps, following -that upon the board, and at the close carefully review all the work. -This subject might require several lessons in a normal class. - -[Illustration: MOSQUE EL AKSA.] - - - - -THE GREAT ORIENTAL EMPIRES. - - -THE history of the Bible is so interwoven with that of the East, that a -view of its great empires is necessary. All the lands between the -Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean were united at different periods -under one government, and formed an empire which was constantly changing -according to the power or weakness of its dominant state; for in the -Oriental world there never has existed anything like a confederation of -states on an equality. At different periods Ur, Babylon or Nineveh -conquered all the surrounding lands; or at other periods a single race, -as the Medes and Persians, obtained supremacy. The empire thus arose and -fell, to be succeeded by a similar empire with another centre. During -the Old Testament history, between the days of Abraham and of Ezra, more -than 1,500 years, four successive empires appeared in the East. These -were: - -I. The Early Babylonian Empire. B.C. 2280-1120. - -II. The Assyrian Empire. B.C. 1120-626. - -III. The Babylonian Empire. B.C. 606-538. - -IV. The Persian Empire. B.C. 538-330. - -I. =The Early Babylonian Empire= began about 3000 B.C., with several -states, each having a city as its capital. Among these were Ur -(_Mugheir_), Lagesh (Shirpurta), and Isin. These separate kingdoms were -united in an empire, of which Babylon was the capital, in the reign of -Hammurabi (the Amraphel of Gen. 14:1), about 2280 B.C. It lasted, with -varying fortunes, for 1,000 years. A map of this empire, in the time of -Abraham, is given on page 34. - -[Illustration: AN ASSYRIAN PALACE.] - -II. =The Assyrian Empire= arose from the small country Asshur, about 25 -square miles in extent, lying east of the Tigris and north of the lower -Zab. Its capital was the city Asshur, now called _Kileh Sherghat_, 60 -miles south of Nineveh. The city rose to power in the 14th century B.C., -when, under Tukulti-ninib, Babylon was captured and the Babylonian -empire became the Assyrian. Afterward _Nimrud_, 20 miles south of -Nineveh, became the capital. Not until 702 was NINEVEH made by -Sennacherib the royal residence. It soon surpassed the earlier capitals -in size and magnificence, and became one of the largest cities of the -East. It then included four cities, surrounded by one wall, and forming -a parallelogram, as shown on the plan on page 96. The greatest kings of -this empire were: Shalmaneser, who made war on Samaria, and erected the -"Black Obelisk," which now stands in the British Museum, and by its -inscriptions furnishes the best record of the kingdom down to its own -age; Sargon, who completed the conquest of Samaria, and otherwise added -to the empire; Sennacherib, who enlarged and beautified Nineveh, warred -from Babylon to Egypt, and extorted tribute from Hezekiah, king of -Judah; and Esar-haddon, son of the preceding, who saw the empire at its -height, embracing, besides Assyria, Armenia, Media, Babylonia, Elam, -Mesopotamia, Syria, Israel, Judah, and the northern portion of Egypt. -These lands, however, for the most part retained their own rulers, -customs and government, but recognized themselves as vassals to the -"Great King," as he is styled in the inscriptions. Esar-haddon took -Manasseh, king of Judah, captive to Babylon, and repopulated Samaria -with colonists from other lands. His son, Asshur-bani-pal, witnessed his -kingdom declining, and was the last of the great kings, though he built -a vast palace at Nineveh. There was no coherence or unity in the empire, -whose provinces were held together only by the strong arm of the king; -and, on the death of Asshur-bani-pal, a general revolt took place among -the subject nations, his son perished, and Nineveh was utterly -destroyed, never again to appear in history. - -The boundaries of the Assyrian empire are given upon the map according -to the best authorities. On the north they were the Armenian Mountains, -the river Cyrus (now called the _Kur_), north of the Araxes, and the -northern range of Mount Taurus; on the east, the Caspian Sea and the -great salt desert; on the south, the Persian Gulf, the Arabian desert -and Upper Egypt; on the west, the Mediterranean and the river Halys. - -[Illustration: THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE.] - -[Illustration: THE BABYLONIAN EMPIRE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.] - -III. =The Babylonian Empire=, B.C. 606-538. This period has been more -correctly termed that of the "four kingdoms," since the East was not -then, as during the Assyrian period, under one government. The -destruction of Nineveh had been wrought by the union of the Medes and -Babylonians, under their kings, Cyaxares and Nabopolassar, and these -peoples succeeded to most, but not all, of the conquests of Assyria. - -1. Media won its own independence, and obtained possession of Armenia, -Assyria Proper (north of the Tigris), and Elam. Persia had already been -conquered, so that the largest, though less important, portion of the -Assyrian empire now belonged to Media. - -2. Babylonia obtained Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Syria and Palestine. Most of -these countries had claimed their independence on the fall of Assyria; -and their conquest occupied the reign of Nabopolassar, and his greater -son, Nebuchadnezzar. Thus the important parts of the Bible world were -nearly all under the rule of Babylon. - -3. A new kingdom arose in Asia Minor, that of Lydia, embracing all the -lands between the Ægean Sea and the river Halys; destined, however, to a -short history, for it formed one of the earliest conquests of Cyrus the -Great. - -4. Cilicia also appears for the first time upon the map, being situated -between the Euphrates and Lydia, north of Syria, and south of the Halys -river, and retained its independence until the close of the Babylonian -period, when it was annexed to Persia, though even then it retained its -own kings. - -5. To these might be added Egypt, though outside of the Asiatic world. -It soon shook off the yoke of Assyria, and resumed its independence; -but, endeavoring to contest with Babylon the empire of the East, was -defeated at Carchemish by Nebuchadnezzar, and compelled to retire from -Asia. Some suppose that it was conquered by Babylon; and it is possible -that for a few years Egypt may have recognized the supremacy of -Nebuchadnezzar by paying tribute, but it was never a part of his empire. - -[Illustration: BLACK OBELISK.] - -The map of the Oriental world, as thus reconstructed, lasted about a -century, though with varying boundary lines; as, for instance, Elam, or -Susiana, sometimes formed a part of Babylonia, and at other times of -Media. During this period BABYLON was the metropolis of the East. It was -raised to greatness by Nebuchadnezzar, who finished the Tower of Belus, -raised the Hanging Gardens, and built great palaces. Two-thirds of the -bricks unearthed in the ruins of Babylon bear his name. The city formed -a square, on both sides of the Euphrates, covering an area of 130 miles, -about that of the city and county of Philadelphia. It was surrounded -with double walls, one of which is said to have been 300 feet high, and -so wide that six chariots could be driven abreast along its summit. The -greatness of the city was short-lived. It was taken by the Medes and -Persians, B.C. 536, and soon began to decline, though it remained, in a -decaying condition, for nearly 1,000 years afterward. - -[Illustration: BABYLON.] - -[Illustration: COMPARATIVE AREAS OF THE GREAT EMPIRES--ASSYRIAN, -BABYLONIAN, PERSIAN.] - -[Illustration: THE PERSIAN EMPIRE.] - -[Illustration: DIVISION OF ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE.] - -IV. =The Persian Empire=, B.C. 538-330. As the Babylonian power arose -with Nebuchadnezzar, the Persian began with Cyrus the Great. He was the -hereditary king of the Persians, and headed a revolt against the Medes, -which resulted in reversing the relations of the two races, so that the -Persians became dominant. He then led his united people westward, and -conquered Croesus, the king of Lydia, thus extending his dominion from -the Persian Gulf to the Ægean Sea. The power of Babylon began to fall on -the death of Nebuchadnezzar, whose successors were weaklings, and in -B.C. 538 Cyrus took the city of Babylon. His dominions were now larger -than those of the old Assyrian empire; and under his successors the -conquests of Persia were pushed both eastward and westward, until, under -Darius the Great, they embraced all the lands from the Indus to the -Nile. The map represents the empire of Persia at this period, with the -twenty satrapies, or provinces, into which it was divided by Darius. -This empire lasted for 200 years, until its conquest by Alexander the -Great, B.C. 330, when the sceptre of the East passed into European -hands, and Greece gave law to Asia. In the extent of its territory, in -the strength of its dominion, and in the consolidation of its conquests, -Persia was far greater than either Assyria or Babylon. It will be -observed that the scale of all the maps of the Assyrian, Babylonian and -Persian Empires, is the same, so that their relative proportions may be -seen. - -The map of the Persian Empire represents the political state of the -Oriental world at the conclusion of the Old Testament period. When Ezra -and Nehemiah were at Jerusalem, and Haggai and Malachi were the prophets -of Judah, all the lands were under the dominion of Persia, and were -governed from "Shushan the palace," or Susa. - -[Illustration: BABYLON.] - - -PERIOD OF RESTORATION 536 B.C.-70 A.D. - -The closing portion of Old Testament history, from the edict of Cyrus -the Great, B.C. 536, permitting the captive Jews to return to Palestine, -is known as the Period of Restoration. From that time until the end of -the Jewish history, the land was under foreign rule. The Period of -Restoration, from the return from captivity to the birth of Christ, may -be divided as follows: - -1. =The Persian Supremacy=, B.C. 538-330. During the 200 years of the -Persian empire, the Jews were kindly treated by their sovereigns, and -permitted to regulate their own affairs. Under Darius the Great, who -reigned B.C. 521-486, the second Temple was completed. Under Xerxes, the -next monarch, called in the Bible, Ahasuerus, occurred the romantic -events of Esther's deliverance, and the downfall of Haman. Under his -successor, Artaxerxes Longimanus, B.C. 465-425, the Jewish state was -reformed by Ezra, and the walls of Jerusalem were built by Nehemiah. -Soon after this occurred the separation of the Samaritans, and a rival -temple was built on Mount Gerizim. - -2. =The Macedonian Supremacy=, B.C. 330-321, though brief, brought to -pass vast results. Alexander the Great, in a brilliant series of -battles, subjugated the entire Persian empire, and became the master of -the Oriental world. He dealt kindly with the Jews, notwithstanding their -loyalty to the Persian throne, and permitted them to enjoy freedom of -worship and of government. We do not give a map of Alexander's empire, -as its boundaries in Asia varied but little from those of Persia, and it -has no direct relation to Bible history. Soon after Alexander's death, -his generals formed a compact for the government of his empire; but it -was soon broken, and out of his conquests four kingdoms arose, of which -the most important were those of Seleucus in Asia, and of Ptolemy in -Africa. In the first division, B.C. 323, Palestine became a part of -Syria. - -3. =The Egyptian Supremacy=, B.C. 321-198. Palestine was taken from -Syria by Ptolemy Soter, the ruler of Egypt; and his successors, the -Greek kings of Egypt, all named Ptolemy, held the Holy Land for 120 -years. During this time the Jews were governed, under the king of Egypt, -by their high-priests. The most important event of this epoch was the -Septuagint translation of the Old Testament, made at Alexandria about -285 B.C. The map of the Division of Alexander's Empire represents the -Oriental world at this period, after the lands had settled down into -something like order under stable governments. - -Omitting the minor states and free cities, the kingdoms of that epoch -were as follows: - -1. _The kingdom of the Seleucidæ_, sometimes known as Syria, was founded -by Seleucus, B.C. 312. It included the largest portion of Alexander's -conquests, embracing most of Asia Minor, and those provinces of the -Bible world known as Syria, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Persia Proper, -Southern Media, and far beyond them eastward to the Indus. Throughout -its history of 250 years, it remained a Greek government, though in -Asia, and introduced the Greek language and literature to all the lands -of the Orient. - -2. _The kingdom of the Ptolemies_ included Egypt, Libya, Palestine, -Phoenicia, and the southern provinces of Asia Minor. It was ruled by a -succession of Greek monarchs, descended from Ptolemy Soter, and, with -changing boundaries, endured until the death of its last queen, the -famous Cleopatra, when it became a part of the Roman empire. - -3. There were other kingdoms in Asia at this time, appearing upon the -map. _Pontus_ and _Cappadocia_ intervened between the two sections of -the empire of the Seleucidæ. Southwest of the Caspian, and near the sea, -_Media Atropatene_ had gained its independence, and on the southeast -_Parthia_ was rising to power; while beyond, on the east, was -_Bactriana_. Other lands of less importance might also be named; but -these are all that are necessary to the reader of the history. - -During this epoch of 125 years, Palestine remained under the control of -Egypt. - -[Illustration: NINEVEH AND VICINITY.] - -4. =The Syrian Supremacy=, B.C. 198-166. By the battle of Mount Panium, -Antiochus of the Seleucid line wrested Palestine from Egypt. The Syrian -domination, though short, brought to the Jews greater trials than any -previous period in their history. Jerusalem was twice taken and sacked, -the Temple was desecrated and closed, the Jewish religion was forbidden, -and those who remained steadfast to it were subjected to a cruel -persecution. The trials named in Heb. 11:35-87, belonged to this -period, when every attempt was made by Antiochus Epiphanes to destroy -the worship of Jehovah, and introduce Greek customs and religion among -the Jewish people. But the very violence of the tyranny reacted, and led -to a complete deliverance and a more thorough devotion. - -5. =The Maccabean Independence=, B.C. 166-40. A priest named Mattathias -raised the banner of revolt; and, after his death, his five sons in -succession led the efforts of the Jews for freedom. The greatest of -them, though all were heroes, was Judas, called Maccabeus, "the hammer." -In B.C. 165 he took possession of Jerusalem; and, after his death, his -brother Simon won the recognition of the freedom of Palestine. Other -Maccabean princes extended the boundaries of the land over Edom, Samaria -and Galilee. Under a succession of these rulers, also called Asmonean -kings, Palestine was virtually independent, though nominally subordinate -to either Syria or Egypt. - -[Illustration: PALESTINE UNDER THE MACCABEES. - -B.C. 100.] - -6. =The Roman Supremacy=, B.C. 40-A.D. 70. Perhaps this period should -begin with B.C. 63, when the Roman general Pompey entered Jerusalem, and -the Romans began to exercise a controlling influence. But the -representatives of the Maccabean line were allowed to reign until B.C. -40, when they were set aside, and Herod the Great, an Idumean (Edomite), -was made king by the Romans. It was in the closing portion of his reign -that JESUS CHRIST was born. The last 70 years of the Roman period belong -to New Testament history, and will be considered in connection with the -maps of that period. - - - - -THE ROMAN EMPIRE. - - -THE last of the Old World empires was that having its capital on the -seven hills of ROME. Like most of the others, it was the dominion of a -single city; but, unlike others, it represented the conquests, not of a -single conquering king, as Nebuchadnezzar or Cyrus, but of a -self-governing and conquering people; and, unlike its predecessors, it -was not a loose aggregation of states, ready to fall apart as soon as -the hand that fettered them was removed, but an empire, carefully welded -together, building up in every land its own civilization, and developing -a national unity which held its possessions together for a thousand -years. - -[Illustration: THE COLOSSEUM AT ROME.] - -At the close of the Old Testament period, the Persian empire stood in -all its power. Four hundred years later, at the opening of the New -Testament epoch, the Persian empire had given place to that of -Alexander; that had broken up into many fragments; and most of these in -turn had been united under the eagles of Rome. The world's capital had -moved westward, and the Mediterranean was now a Roman lake. The -principal provinces of this empire, omitting minor subdivisions, were: - -I. =European Provinces.= 1. Italy. 2. Hispania, now known as Spain, -subdivided into three provinces. 3. Gallia, now France, including also -parts of Germany and the Netherlands, embracing five provinces. 4. The -Danubian provinces of Rhætia, Noricum, Pannonia, and Moesia, to which -Dacia was afterward added by the emperor Trajan. 5. The Grecian -provinces of Thracia, Macedonia, Achaia, and Illyricum. - -II. =The Insular Provinces= were: 1. Britannia. 2. Sicilia. 3. Sardinia -and Corsica, united. 4. Cyprus. The other islands were attached, either -to these, or to governments upon the mainland. - -III. =The Asiatic Provinces= were: 1. Asia, a term referring only to the -western end of Asia Minor. 2. Pontus and Bithynia, united. 3. Galatia. -4. Pamphylia and Lycia. 5. Cilicia. 6. Syria, of which Palestine was a -part. To these were added, after the New Testament period, Armenia, -Mesopotamia, and Arabia Petræa; but they were soon lost to the empire. - -IV. =The African Provinces= were: 1. Ægyptus, or Egypt. 2. Cyrenaica, -called, in Acts 2:10, "parts of Libya about Cyrene." 3. Africa, the -district around Carthage. 4. Mauritania, now Morocco. - -This empire was the most thoroughly organized and the longest in -duration of any in ancient history. It lasted until Rome fell under the -attacks of barbarians from the North, A.D. 476. Even after this, the -eastern division of the empire remained with almost unbroken power for -centuries, and was not finally extinguished until 1453, the close of the -Middle Ages. - -[Illustration: THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE NEW TESTAMENT PERIOD.] - - -OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. - -THE ANCIENT EMPIRES. - -It is desirable to let the class see the comparative area and location -of the Four Oriental Empires; hence they should be presented upon the -same map. Each of these may form a separate lesson. - -I. _The Early Chaldean Empire._ 1. Draw in the centre of the blackboard -the outlines of the map of Chedorlaomer's Empire, on page 34, reserving -space enough around it to embrace all the lands of the maps on page 92. -2. Draw the four important rivers: the _Tigris_, _Euphrates_, _Jordan_ -and _Nile_. 3. Show the _boundaries_ of Chedorlaomer's empire, and its -principal places: _Babylon_, _Ur_, _Nineveh_, _Haran_, _Damascus_, -_Hebron_. 4. State briefly the _history_ of the empire. 5. Review the -lesson, and let the class state all the information given. - -N. B. The outlines may be drawn in advance with slate pencil or -soapstone, and then traced with chalk in the presence of the class. -Also, the initial letters only of places or rivers should be written, as -a hint to the memory; afterward the initial letters should be erased, -and the class be called upon to name the places as located by the -pointer. - -II. _The Assyrian Empire._ 1. After erasing the boundaries of the first -empire, leaving the general outline of sea-coast and lands the same, -show the location of the conquering province, _Assyria_, and its -capital, Nineveh. 2. Draw the _boundaries_ of the Assyrian empire, -explain them to the class, and have them repeated in concert. 3. Locate -and name the subject provinces: _Armenia_, _Media_, _Mesopotamia_, -_Susiana_, _Babylonia_, _Syria_, _Palestine_. 4. Name its most important -kings: _Tiglath-adar_, _Shalmaneser_, _Sargon_, _Sennacherib_, -_Esar-haddon_, _Asshur-bani-pal_. With each king should be named the -events associated with his reign. 5. Review the outline as before. - -III. _The Babylonian Empire._ This may be given upon the same map as the -two preceding. 1. Show the location and relations of the four kingdoms: -_Babylonia_, _Media_, _Lydia_, _Cilicia_. 2. Give an account of Babylon, -and its fall. - -IV. _The Persian Empire._ Leaving the coast-line of the former maps on -the board, add to it the lines in all points of the compass requisite to -show the boundaries of Persia. The provinces, or satrapies, need not be -specified (unless detailed knowledge is desired), for they do not relate -to Bible history. Name the leading monarchs, Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes, -Artaxerxes Longimanus, and give an account of the fall of the empire. - -V. _The Empire of Alexander._ 1. This may be shown in outline; and its -history be given. 2. The division of the empire and its leading kingdoms -should be mentioned. - -VI. _The Roman Empire._ This will require a new map. Draw in outline the -lands around the Mediterranean Sea, and enumerate the provinces: -European, Asiatic, African. - -[Illustration: GROTTO OF JEREMIAH (UNDER MOUNT CALVARY).] - -[Illustration: THE KINGDOM OF HEROD THE GREAT.] - - - - -NEW TESTAMENT PALESTINE. - - -THE political geography of Palestine, during the seventy years of New -Testament history, is somewhat complicated, from the two facts, that new -provinces are named in the annals, and also that the government was -changed from regal to provincial, and from provincial to regal, oftener -than once in a generation. - - -I. THE PROVINCES OF PALESTINE. - -These were, on the west of the Jordan, Judæa, Samaria and Galilee; and -on the east, Peræa, and a group of minor principalities, popularly, but -not accurately, called Decapolis. They are indicated upon the map of the -Kingdom of Herod the Great. - -1. =Judæa= was the largest province in Palestine. It embraced the -territory anciently belonging to the four tribes, Judah, Benjamin, Dan, -and Simeon. On the east its boundary was the Dead Sea; on the south, the -desert; on the west, the Mediterranean. The northern line, separating it -from Samaria, is less definitely known; but we have adopted the boundary -as given by Conder in "A Handbook to the Bible," where the evidences in -its favor are shown. The southern portion was properly Idumaea, or -western Edom. The Philistine plain, and the Negeb, or "South Country," -were both known as Daroma. - -2. =Samaria= was the central province, between Judæa and the Carmel -range of mountains. Its share of the plain by the sea was known as -Sarona (Sharon), and was occupied almost entirely by Gentiles; while its -mountain region was held by the Samaritans, a people of mingled origin, -partly descended from the remnant of the Ten Tribes after the captivity, -and partly from heathen peoples deported to the territory, of which an -account is contained in 2 Kings 17. They separated from (or rather, were -disfellowshiped by) the Jews in the times of Nehemiah, and built a -temple on Mount Gerizim, B.C. 400. A small remnant still remain in the -ancient city of Shechem, and maintain their ancient worship. - -3. =Galilee= was the northern province, extending from Mount Carmel to -Lebanon, and from the Sea of Tiberias to the Mediterranean and -Phoenicia. Its people were Jews, and profoundly attached to the law, but -less superstitious than those of Jerusalem. In this province most of the -ministry of Jesus Christ was accomplished. - -[Illustration: TIBERIAS.] - -4. =Peræa= extended from the Jordan and the Dead Sea on the west to the -Syrian desert on the east, and from the river Arnon on the south to the -town of Pella on the north; nearly corresponding to the location of the -tribes of Reuben and Gad. The word means "beyond"; and the country was -sometimes called (Mark 10:1) "Judæa by the farther side of Jordan." It -was inhabited during the New Testament period by Jews, among whom were -established many villages of Gentiles. - -5. The remaining province has no correct geographical name. It is -sometimes called =Decapolis=; but the term is not precise, and strictly -refers to ten cities, not all of which were in the province. It embraced -no less than five sections, as may be seen upon the map. (1.) -Gaulanitis, the ancient Golan, now _Jaulan_, east of the Jordan, -Tiberias, and Lake Merom, which was then called Samachonitis. (2.) -Auranitis, now _Hauran_, the flat country of Bashan. (3.) Trachonitis, -"rugged," the mountainous district of Bashan, now known as _el Ledja_. -(4.) Iturea, now called _Jedur_, between Mount Hermon and the _Ledja_, -on the north. (5.) Batanea, an Aramaic form of the Hebrew word Bashan, -south of the Hieromax. - -Decapolis was "the land of the ten cities." These were ten confederated -Gentile cities standing in Palestine; and, though surrounded by a Jewish -population, preserving their heathen character, and protected by the -Roman government. Their names, as given by different historians, do not -entirely agree; but the best list is: (1.) Scythopolis (Beth-shean). -(2.) Gadara. (3.) Gerasa. (4.) Canatha. (5.) Abila. (6.) Raphana. (7.) -Hippos. (8.) Dion. (9.) Pella. (10.) Capitolias. To these may be added: -(11.) Philadelphia (Rabbath Ammon). (12.) Damascus. As far as -identified, they are named upon the map in red letters. Many of these -cities were destroyed, and their inhabitants massacred, by the Jews, in -the beginning of the final war before the destruction of Jerusalem by -Titus. - -[Illustration: PALESTINE DURING THE MINISTRY of JESUS. - -A.D. 26.] - - -II. THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF PALESTINE, B.C. 4-A.D. 70. - -1. =The Kingdom of Herod the Great= included all the provinces indicated -upon the map, and described above. This organization came to an end B.C. -4, when Herod died. - -2. =The Tetrarchy=, B.C. 4-A.D. 41. The word means "a government of -four," and points to the division of the kingdom after Herod's death, -when Archelaus was made tetrarch of Judæa and Samaria; Antipas (called -in the New Testament "Herod the tetrarch"), of Galilee and Peræa; and -Philip, of the fifth province, east of the Sea of Tiberias. The fourth -tetrarch was Lysanias, who ruled over the small district of Abilene, -between Mount Hermon and Damascus, a separate dominion from that of -Herod. In A.D. 6 Archelaus was deposed, and Judæa and Samaria were -annexed directly to the empire, and governed by a series of procurators, -of whom Pontius Pilate was the sixth. This was the political arrangement -of Palestine during the ministry of Jesus, of which a map is given. - -3. =The Kingdom of Herod Agrippa=, A.D. 41-44. Herod Agrippa was a -grandson of Herod the Great, and an intimate friend of the emperor -Caligula, from whom he received the title of king, and all the dominions -of Herod the Great, with Abilene added; so that he reigned over more -territory than any Jewish king after Solomon. He was the "Herod the -king" who slew the apostle James, imprisoned Peter, and died by the -judgment of God at Cæsarea. (Acts 12.) - -4. =The Two Provinces=, A.D. 44-70. On the death of Herod Agrippa, his -son, Herod Agrippa II., was a youth of 17. The emperor Claudius gave him -only the tetrarchies formerly held by Philip and Lysanias, "the fifth -province" of Palestine, and Abilene. Over these he reigned until the -final extinction of the Jewish state by Titus, A.D. 70, when he retired -to a private station at Rome. This was the "King Agrippa" before whom -the apostle Paul bore testimony. (Acts 25, 26.) During his reign, Judæa, -Samaria, Galilee and Peræa formed the province of Judæa, under Roman -procurators, having their headquarters at Cæsarea. When the last -rebellion of the Jews had been quelled by the destruction of Jerusalem, -the entire country was annexed to the province of Syria, and the history -of Judæa ended. - -[Illustration: THE TWO PROVINCES. - -A.D. 44-70.] - - - - -THE LIFE OF CHRIST. - - -AS THE life of Jesus Christ on earth is the most important not only in -all Bible history, but in all human history as well, it is desirable -that the Bible student, and especially the Bible teacher, should obtain -a clear understanding of its leading events, associate them with the -places where they occurred, and arrange them in chronological order. Of -the 150 principal events, about 100 are fixed as to their chronological -order by the common consent of the leading harmonists; about 25 are -agreed upon by the majority; while the remaining 25 are altogether -uncertain. In the outline here given, the authorities most relied upon -are Andrews, Robinson, Geikie, and Strong, yet no one of them is -exclusively followed. We divide the earthly life of Jesus into nine -periods, to each of which is given a separate map, so that the student -may not be confused among the various lines of the Saviour's journeying. - -[Illustration: THE POOL OF SILOAM.] - -The periods are as follows: - -I. Period of Preparation, 30 years, from the Birth to the Baptism of -Jesus. - -II. Period of Inauguration, 15 months, from the Baptism to the Rejection -at Nazareth. - -III. Period of Early Galilean Ministry, 4 months, from the Rejection at -Nazareth to the Sermon on the Mount. - -IV. Period of Later Galilean Ministry, 10 months, from the Sermon on the -Mount to the Feeding of the Five Thousand. - -V. Period of Retirement, 6 months, from the Feeding of the Five Thousand -to the Feast of Tabernacles. - -VI. Period of Judæan Ministry, 3 months, from the Feast of Tabernacles -to the Feast of Dedication. - -VII. Period of Peræan Ministry, 4 months, from the Feast of Dedication -to the Anointing at Bethany. - -VIII. Period of the Passion, 8 days, from the Anointing at Bethany to -the Resurrection. - -IX. Period of the Resurrection, 40 days, from the Resurrection to the -Ascension. - - -I. PERIOD OF PREPARATION. - -This includes the events of 30 years, from the Birth of Jesus to his -Baptism, and though the longest, contains the fewest recorded incidents -of any. Upon the map are indicated by red lines four journeys of Jesus. - -1. =The Presentation in the Temple.= (From Bethlehem to Jerusalem and -return.) From Bethlehem, his birthplace, the infant Jesus, at the age of -40 days, was taken to Jerusalem, to be presented before the Lord in the -Temple. Here he was recognized as the Messiah of Israel, by Simeon and -Anna, and then was taken back to Bethlehem. (Luke 2:22-38.) - -2. =The Flight into Egypt.= (From Bethlehem to Egypt.) After the visit -of the Wise Men, the Saviour, still an infant, was taken down to Egypt, -in order to escape the jealousy of Herod the Great. (Matt. 2:1-18.) - -3. =The Settlement at Nazareth.= (From Egypt to Nazareth.) After the -death of Herod, Jesus was taken from Egypt to Galilee, to the village of -Nazareth, the early home of Joseph and Mary. Here he spent his youth. -(Matt. 2:19-23.) - -4. =The Visit to the Temple.= (From Nazareth to Jerusalem and return.) -The only recorded event of the Saviour's youth, is his journey to -Jerusalem, at the age of 12 years, to attend the Passover. On the return -journey, he was lost by his parents, and after three days, found in the -Temple (probably in the Court of the Women), conversing with the doctors -of the law. He returned with Joseph and Mary to Nazareth (Luke 2:40-52), -and thenceforth no events in his life for 18 years are related. - -The places in this period are: (1.) Bethlehem, a village six miles -southwest of Jerusalem, now _Beit-lahm_. (2.) The Temple in Jerusalem. -(See plan on page 138.) (3.) Nazareth, a village on the border of the -Plain of Esdraelon, in Galilee, now _en Nasireh_, a place of 6,000 -population. - -[Illustration: THE LIFE OF CHRIST - -MAP 1. - -PERIOD OF PREPARATION, FROM THE BIRTH TO THE BAPTISM.] - - -OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--FIRST PERIOD. - -PERIOD OF PREPARATION. - - 1. _Presentation in the Temple._ (Bethlehem to - Jerusalem and return.) Recognized by Simeon and - Anna. - - 2. _Flight into Egypt._ (Bethlehem to Egypt.) - Escape from Herod. - - 3. _Settlement at Nazareth._ (Egypt to Nazareth.) - Childhood and youth. - - 4. _Visit to the Temple._ (Nazareth to Jerusalem - and return.) Found among the doctors. - - -II. PERIOD OF INAUGURATION. - -This embraces 15 months, from the Baptism of Jesus to the Rejection at -Nazareth, and contains the record of five journeys. Its places are as -follows: 1. Nazareth, already located. 2. Bethabara was formerly -supposed to be the ancient Beth-Nimrah, now _Nimrin_, on a small stream -east of the Jordan, not far from the Dead Sea. But Conder locates it at -_Abarah_, a ford of the Jordan above Beth-shean, and near the Sea of -Galilee. 3. "The Wilderness" is probably the uninhabited region of Judæa -near the Dead Sea, though it may have been the desert far to the south. -4. Cana is located at _Kefr Kenna_, northeast of Nazareth, though Dr. -Robinson places it at _Kana el Jelil_, 9 miles north of Nazareth. 5. -Capernaum was probably at _Khan Minyeh_, on the west of the Sea of -Galilee, though long located at _Tell Hum_, on the north. 6. Jerusalem. -7. Sychar, the ancient Shechem, now _Nablus_, beside Mount Gerizim. The -journeys of this period are named, each from its leading event. - -1. =The Baptism.= (From Nazareth to Bethabara.) Near the close of John -the Baptist's ministry, Jesus left his carpenter shop at Nazareth, and -journeyed down the Jordan Valley to Bethabara. There he was baptized by -John, and received from heaven the testimony of his sonship. (Matt. -3:13-17.) - -2. =The Temptation.= (From Bethabara to the Wilderness and return.) (1.) -Immediately after his baptism, Jesus was led by the Spirit into the -Wilderness, where he fasted 40 days, and overcame the temptations of -Satan. (Matt. 4:1-11.) (2.) Returning to Bethabara, he received the -testimony of John the Baptist, and met his earliest followers, Andrew -and Peter, John, Philip, and Nathanael. (John 1:37-50.) - -[Illustration: THE LIFE OF CHRIST - -MAP 2. - -PERIOD OF INAUGURATION, FROM THE BAPTISM TO THE REJECTION AT NAZARETH.] - -3. =The Marriage at Cana.= (Bethabara to Cana and Capernaum.) (1.) Jesus -left Bethabara, journeyed up the Jordan Valley to Galilee, and over the -mountains to Cana, near Nazareth. Here he was present at a wedding, and -wrought his first miracle, turning the water into wine. (2.) Thence, -with his mother and brothers, he went down to Capernaum, by the Sea of -Galilee, and remained a few days. (John 2:1-12.) - -4. =The First Passover.= (Capernaum to Jerusalem.) (1.) Soon after the -wedding feast Jesus went up to Jerusalem, probably by way of the Jordan -Valley, to attend the first Passover of his ministry. (John 2:13.) (2.) -At Jerusalem he asserted his authority by cleansing the Temple from the -traders. (John 2:14-22.) (3.) He held the conversation with Nicodemus -concerning the new birth, and remained for a time in Judæa, gathering a -few disciples, yet not making his ministry prominent, while his -forerunner was still preaching. (John 3:1-36.) - -5. =The Return to Galilee.= (Jerusalem to Sychar and Cana.) (1.) As soon -as the teaching of John the Baptist was ended by his imprisonment, Jesus -left Judæa to open his own public ministry. (2.) He went through -Samaria, and paused at Jacob's well for the conversation with the -Samaritan woman, and then remained at Sychar, the ancient Shechem, two -days. (3.) At Cana, the place of his earlier miracle, he spoke the word -of healing for a nobleman's son, who was sick at Capernaum. (John -4:1-54.) - - -OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--SECOND PERIOD. - -PERIOD OF INAUGURATION. - - 1. _Baptism._ (Nazareth to Bethabara.) - - 2. _Temptation._ (Bethabara to Wilderness and - return.) (1.) The temptation. (2.) The first - followers. - - 3. _Marriage at Cana._ (Bethabara to Cana and - Capernaum.) (1.) The first miracle. (2.) The visit - to Capernaum. - - 4. _First Passover._ (Capernaum to Jerusalem.) - (1.) The Passover. (2.) Cleansing the Temple. (3.) - Discourse with Nicodemus. - - 5. _Return to Galilee._ (Jerusalem to Sychar and - Cana.) (1.) The departure. (2.) The woman of - Samaria. (3.) The nobleman's son. - -[Illustration: BETHLEHEM.] - - -III. PERIOD OF EARLY GALILEAN MINISTRY. - -This is a period of about four months, from the Rejection at Nazareth to -the Sermon on the Mount. It brings to notice six places, most of which -have been already noticed. 1. Cana. 2. Nazareth. 3. Capernaum. 4. -Eastern Galilee, the region on the shore of the Sea of Galilee. 5. -Jerusalem. 6. The mountain of the sermon. This was probably _Kurûn -Hattin_, "the horns of Hattin," a mountain with a double peak, a few -miles from the Sea of Galilee. The journeys of this period are four in -number. - -1. =The Opening of the Ministry.= (From Cana to Nazareth and Capernaum.) -(1.) He came (perhaps from Cana) to Nazareth, with the intention of -commencing his ministry in his own home. But his towns-people rejected -his message, and would have slain him if he had not escaped from their -hands. (Luke 4:16-31.) (2.) Rejected in his own city, he removed to -Capernaum, which thenceforward was the centre of his ministry for more -than a year. (Luke 4:31.) (3.) Here he called from their work at the -seaside his four earliest disciples, Simon and Andrew, James and John. -They had known him before, but now left all to follow him. (Luke -5:1-11.) (4.) In the synagogue, on the sabbath, he cast out an evil -spirit (Luke 4:33-36), and healed the mother of Peter's wife. (Luke -4:38-40.) - -2. =The Tour in Eastern Galilee.= (From Capernaum through Eastern -Galilee and return.) (1.) This journey was probably near the Sea of -Galilee, and may not have occupied more than a few weeks. (2.) During -its progress he healed a leper, whose testimony led such multitudes to -come seeking miracles that Jesus was compelled to go into retirement. -(3.) On his return to Capernaum he healed a paralytic let down through -the roof, and (4.) called the publican Matthew to be one of his -disciples. (Luke 5:17-28.) - -3. =The Second Passover.= (From Capernaum to Jerusalem and return.) (1.) -In the spring of the second year of his ministry he went up to the feast -at the capital, and while there healed a cripple at the Pool of -Bethesda. (John 5:1-47.) (2.) On his return, while walking through the -wheat fields, he asserted his authority as "Lord of the sabbath." (Luke -6:1-5.) (3.) On a sabbath soon after, he healed in the synagogue a man -with a withered hand. (Luke 6:6-11.) - -4. =The Sermon on the Mount.= (From Capernaum to the mountain.) (1.) The -opposition of the Pharisees caused Jesus to leave Capernaum and instruct -the people by the sea-shore. (Mark 3:7-12.) (2.) He ascended a mountain, -probably _Kurûn Hattin_, and, after a night in prayer, appointed the -Twelve Apostles. (Luke 6:12-16.) (3.) To the disciples and the multitude -he preached the Sermon on the Mount. (Matt. 5-7.) - - -OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--THIRD PERIOD. - -PERIOD OF EARLY GALILEAN MINISTRY. - -1. _Opening of the Ministry._ (Cana to Nazareth and Capernaum.) (1.) -Rejection at Nazareth. (2.) Settlement at Capernaum. (3.) Calling of -Simon and Andrew, James and John. (4.) Demoniac healed, and Peter's -wife's mother healed. - -2. _Tour in Eastern Galilee._ (Capernaum to Eastern Galilee and return.) -(1.) Preaching in Galilee. (2.) Leper healed. (3.) Paralytic healed. -(4.) Matthew called. - -3. _Second Passover._ (Capernaum to Jerusalem and return.) (1.) The -cripple at Bethesda. (2.) Through the wheat fields. (3.) Withered hand -healed. - -4. _Sermon on the Mount._ (Capernaum to the mountain.) (1.) By the sea. -(2.) Calling the Twelve. (3.) The sermon. - -[Illustration: THE LIFE OF CHRIST - -MAP 3. - -EARLY GALILEAN MINISTRY FROM THE REJECTION AT NAZARETH TO THE SERMON ON -THE MOUNT.] - - -IV. THE LATER GALILEAN MINISTRY. - -This period of ten months, from the Sermon on the Mount to the Feeding -of the Five Thousand, was a time of opposition on the part of the ruling -classes, but continued popularity among the people. The places which -Jesus visited at this time were: 1. Capernaum, already noticed, and -still the headquarters of his ministry. 2. Nain, now called _Nein_, on -the northwestern edge of Little Hermon, six miles southeast of Nazareth, -in full view of Mount Tabor. 3. "The country of the Gadarenes" (Mark -5:1); called by Matthew (8:28) "the country of the Gergesenes." Gadara -was the largest city of the region, situated south of the Sea of -Galilee, and giving its name to the district; Gergesa, the little -village east of the Sea of Galilee, now called _Khersa_. 4. Nazareth, -already noticed under Period I. 5. Bethsaida, a city at the head of the -Sea of Galilee, supposed by some to have been on both sides of the -Jordan, by others on the east side. 6. The plain of Gennesaret, near to -Capernaum. We arrange the events of this period under four journeys. - -1. =The Tour in Southern Galilee.= (From Capernaum to Nain and return.) -The following events belong to this tour: (1.) At Capernaum, before -starting, Jesus healed the slave of a believing centurion. (Luke -7:1-10.) (2.) On the next day he led his disciples southward to Nain, -where he raised to life the widow's son, about to be buried. (Luke -7:11-17.) (3.) Perhaps at the same time and place he received the -messengers and answered the questions of John the Baptist. (Luke -7:18-35.) (4.) During the journey he was entertained by a Pharisee, at -whose house "a woman who was a sinner" washed his feet. (Luke 7:36-50.) -(5.) On his return the healing of a dumb demoniac occasioned the -Pharisees to assume an open opposition, and to declare that his miracles -were wrought by the power of the evil spirit. (Luke 11:14-26.) (6.) At -the same time occurred the interference of his mother and brethren, -desiring to restrain him. (Luke 8:19-21.) - -2. =The Gadarene Voyage.= (Capernaum to Gergesa and return.) With this -journey are associated four events. (1.) The opposition of the enemies -caused Jesus to leave the city, and to teach in parables by the sea. -(Matt. 13:1-53.) (2.) From the shore, near Capernaum, he set sail for -the country of the Gadarenes, east of the Sea of Galilee, and on the -voyage stilled a sudden tempest. (Mark 4:35-41.) (3.) At the eastern -shore, near the village of Gergesa, he restored two demoniacs, permitted -the demons to enter a herd of swine, and as a result was besought by the -people to leave their coasts. (4.) Returning across the sea to -Capernaum, he raised to life the daughter of Jairus the ruler. (Luke -8:41-56.) - -3. =The Tour in Central Galilee.= (From Capernaum to Nazareth and -return.) (1.) Starting from Capernaum with his disciples, he visited -Nazareth a second time, but was again rejected by its people. (Mark -6:1-6.) (2.) He then gave the Twelve a charge, and sent them out to -preach. (Matt. 10:5-42.) (3.) While they were absent upon their mission, -Jesus himself also journeyed preaching through Central Galilee. (Mark -6:6.) This was his third tour in Galilee. (4.) On his return to -Capernaum, he received the report of the Twelve, and the news of John -the Baptist's murder by Herod Antipas. (Mark 6:14-30.) - -4. =The Retirement to Bethsaida.= (1.) The multitudes following him led -Jesus to leave Capernaum by sea for a retired place near Bethsaida. -(Mark 6:31, 32.) (2.) The people hastened after Jesus, and met him as he -landed, so that he was compelled to teach them all day, and wrought in -the afternoon the miracle of the Five Loaves. (Mark 6:32-44.) (3.) After -the miracle he sent the disciples out upon the sea, and at midnight -walked to them upon the water. (Mark 6:45-51.) (4.) In the morning they -landed at the plain of Gennesaret, near Capernaum, where Jesus wrought -many miracles (Mark 6:52-56), and then returned to Capernaum. (5.) Here -he completed his Galilean ministry by a discourse in the synagogue on -the "Bread of Life." (John 6:25-59.) - -[Illustration: THE LIFE OF CHRIST - -MAP 4. - -LATER GALILEAN MINISTRY - -A.D. 28-29.] - - -OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--FOURTH PERIOD. - -PERIOD OF LATER GALILEAN MINISTRY. - -1. _Tour in Southern Galilee._ (Capernaum to Nain and return.) (1.) -Centurion's servant healed. (2.) Widow's son at Nain raised. (3.) -Messengers from John. (4.) Washing the Saviour's feet. (5.) Dumb -demoniac, and opposition of Pharisees. (6.) Interference of relatives. - -2. _Gadarene Voyage._ (Capernaum to Gergesa and return.) (1.) Parables -by the sea. (2.) Stilling the tempest. (3.) Gadarene demoniacs. (4.) -Jairus' daughter raised. - -3. _Tour in Central Galilee._ (Capernaum to Nazareth and return.) (1.) -Second rejection at Nazareth. (2.) Mission of the Twelve. (3.) Third -tour in Galilee. (4.) Report of the Twelve, and death of John the -Baptist. - -4. _Retirement to Bethsaida._ (Capernaum to Bethsaida and return.) (1.) -Seeking retirement. (2.) Feeding the five thousand. (3.) Walking on the -sea. (4.) Miracles at Gennesaret. (5.) Discourse on the "Bread of Life." - - -V. PERIOD OF RETIREMENT. - -During most of the six months, from the Feeding of the Five Thousand to -the Feast of Tabernacles, in the fall before Christ's crucifixion, he -remained in retirement, engaged in instructing his disciples in the -deeper truths of the gospel. The places visited at this time were: 1. -Phoenicia, "the coasts of Tyre and Sidon," probably only the borders -near Galilee, not the cities themselves. 2. Decapolis, the region of the -"ten cities," southeast of the Sea of Galilee; a country mainly -inhabited by a heathen population. 3. Dalmanutha, a village on the -western shore of the Sea of Galilee, not certainly identified, but -perhaps at _Ain el Barideh_, two miles from Tiberias. 4. Bethsaida, -already noticed under Period IV. 5. Cæsarea Philippi, at the foot of -Mount Hermon, now _Banias_. 6. Capernaum, already noticed under Period -II. - -1. =The Journey to Phoenicia.= (From Capernaum to the borders of Tyre -and Sidon.) (1.) The discourse in the synagogue, showing the spiritual -nature of Christ's kingdom, led to the defection of the multitude, and -the retirement of Jesus and the Twelve. (John 6:60-71.) (2.) At the -"coasts," or frontiers, of Tyre and Sidon, he restored the demoniac -daughter of a Syrophoenician woman. (Mark 7:24-30.) - -[Illustration: THE LIFE OF CHRIST - -MAP 5. - -PERIOD OF RETIREMENT, - -A.D. 29.] - -2. =The Journey to Decapolis.= (From the borders of Tyre and Sidon to -Decapolis.) (1.) The crowds gathering around Jesus in Phoenicia, he -crossed Galilee, and sought seclusion in Decapolis, southeast of the Sea -of Galilee. (Mark 7:31.) (2.) Here he wrought two miracles, healing a -deaf stammerer, and feeding the four thousand. (Mark 7:31-37; 8:1-9.) - -3. =The Journey to Cæsarea Philippi.= (From Decapolis to Dalmanutha, -Bethsaida and Cæsarea Philippi.) (1.) He sailed across the lake to -Dalmanutha, but was met by the Pharisees with unbelieving demands for a -sign, so took ship again. (Mark 8:10-13.) (2.) He sailed northward to -Bethsaida, where he healed a blind man, who saw "men as trees walking." -(Mark 8:22-26.) (3.) Pursuing his way up the Jordan, he came to Cæsarea -Philippi, at the foot of Mount Hermon, where he remained several days. -(4.) Here occurred Peter's confession, "Thou art the Christ," the -transfiguration, and the restoration of the demoniac boy. (Luke -9:18-45.) - -4. =The Last Return to Capernaum.= (From Cæsarea Philippi to Capernaum.) -He probably went down the Jordan to Bethsaida, and thence by the shore -of the sea to Capernaum. Here he kept in seclusion, and gave his -disciples a lesson in humility, from "the child in the midst." (Mark -9:30-50.) - - -OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--FIFTH PERIOD. - -PERIOD OF RETIREMENT. - -1. _To Phoenicia._ (Capernaum to coasts of Tyre and Sidon.) (1.) -Defection of the multitude. (2.) Syrophoenician woman. - -2. _To Decapolis._ (Phoenicia to Decapolis.) (1.) Journey to Decapolis. -(2.) Healing the stammerer, and feeding the four thousand. - -3. _To Cæsarea Philippi._ (Decapolis to Dalmanutha, Bethsaida and -Cæsarea Philippi.) (1.) Dalmanutha: a sign demanded. (2.) Bethsaida: -blind man healed. (3.) Cæsarea Philippi. (4.) Transfiguration. - -4. _To Capernaum._ (Cæsarea Philippi to Capernaum.) The child in the -midst. - - -VI. PERIOD OF JUDÆAN MINISTRY. - -This includes the events of about three months, from the Feast of -Tabernacles to the Feast of Dedication. The following places are -referred to during this period: 1. Capernaum, noticed under Period II. -2. The "village of the Samaritans" where Jesus was inhospitably treated, -has been traditionally located at En-gannim, on the border of Galilee -and Samaria. 3. Bethany, a small village on the Mount of Olives, east of -Jerusalem, the home of Mary and Martha, now _el Nasiriyeh_. 4. -Jerusalem. (See description on page 73.) 5. Bethabara, on the east of -Jordan, referred to as the place of the baptism, in Period II. - -This period embraces but two journeys, at its beginning and ending; the -one before the Feast of Tabernacles, the other after the Feast of -Dedication. - -1. =From Galilee to Jerusalem.= (1.) Bidding farewell to Galilee, Jesus -left Capernaum for the last time, and journeyed through Galilee toward -Jerusalem. While starting he conversed with "the three aspirants" (Luke -9:57-62), and showed the duty of full devotion to his work. (2.) On the -border of Samaria, perhaps at the village of En-gannim, he was rejected -by the Samaritans, but refused to allow his disciples to call down fire -from heaven, "as Elias did." (Luke 9:52-56.) (3.) While in Samaria he -healed the ten lepers, of whom but one turned back to give him thanks. -(Luke 17:11-19). (4.) He found a home at Bethany, with Lazarus and his -two sisters, and reminded Martha of her needless care, while Mary was -seeking "the good part." (Luke 10:38-42.) (5.) He came to Jerusalem -during the Feast of Tabernacles, and gave the teachings embodied in John -7-10. (6.) While here he healed the blind man at the Pool of Siloam. -(John 9:1-41.) - -2. =From Jerusalem to Bethabara.= (1.) At the Feast of Dedication the -teachings of Christ created such an opposition that he left the city. -(2.) He went to Bethabara beyond Jordan, the place of the baptism, and -there prepared for his tour in Peræa. - -[Illustration: THE LIFE OF CHRIST - -MAP 6. - -PERIOD OF JUDÆAN MINISTRY, - -A.D. 29. - -TO THE FEAST OF TABERNACLES FROM THE FEAST OF DEDICATION.] - - -OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--SIXTH PERIOD. - -PERIOD OF JUDÆAN MINISTRY. - -1. _From Galilee to Jerusalem._ (1.) Three aspirants. (2.) Rejected by -Samaritans. (3.) Ten lepers. (4.) Mary and Martha. (5.) Feast of -Tabernacles. (6.) Blind man at Pool of Siloam. - -2. _From Jerusalem to Bethabara._ (1.) Departure from Jerusalem. (2.) At -Bethabara. - - -VII. PERIOD OF PERÆAN MINISTRY. - -This extends through four months, from the events immediately succeeding -the Feast of Dedication, to the Anointing at Bethany, six days before -the crucifixion. Its places are as follows: 1. Bethabara, already -noticed in Period II. 2. Bethany. (See Period VI.) 3. Ephraim. This was -probably the village in a wild region northeast of Bethel, in the Old -Testament called Ophrah, now _et Taiyibeh_. 4. Peræa was the province on -the east of Jordan, and south of the Hieromax river. It was governed by -Herod Antipas, the slayer of John the Baptist, and was inhabited by a -mixed population. No towns are named as visited by the Saviour; but we -have conjectured a route through most of the province, as shown on the -map. 5. Jericho, at that time the largest city in the Jordan Valley, and -recently beautified by Herod. It is now a miserable village, called _er -Riha_. This period includes four journeys. - -[Illustration: THE LIFE OF CHRIST - -MAP 7. - -PERIOD OF PERÆAN MINISTRY, - -A.D. 30. - -FROM FEAST OF DEDICATION TO ANOINTING AT BETHANY.] - -1. =From Bethabara to Bethany.= (1.) While at Bethabara Jesus sent out -the Seventy, to proclaim his coming in the Peræan villages. (Luke -10:1-16.) (2.) Hearing of the sickness of Lazarus, after some delay, he -went to Bethany, and raised him from the dead, a miracle which caused -the Jewish leaders to formally resolve upon putting Jesus to death. -(John 11.) - -2. =The Retirement to Ephraim.= The hour had not yet come for Jesus to -die, and he therefore secluded himself from the rulers, in the village -of Ephraim, in a wilderness north of Jerusalem, on the mountains -overlooking the Jordan Valley. Here he remained several weeks, probably -instructing the Twelve. - -3. =The Journey in Peræa.= Descending the mountains, Jesus crossed the -Jordan Valley, and entered the province of Peræa. His ministry, during -this journey, was of teaching rather than miracle, and is mainly related -by Luke. Its events were: (1.) The miracles of healing the woman bent -together by an infirmity, and the man with the dropsy. (Luke 13:10-17, -and 14:1-6.) (2.) The seven great parables, among them that of the -Prodigal Son. (Luke 14-16.) (3.) Blessing the little children. (Luke -18:15-17.) (4.) The rich young ruler's question, and Jesus' answer, -"Sell all that thou hast," etc. (Luke 18:18-30.) (5.) The ambitious -request of James and John, for the first places in the kingdom of -Christ. (Matt. 20:20-28.) - -4. =From Jericho to Bethany.= Jesus had now reached Jericho, on his last -journey to Jerusalem, and from this point we notice the following -events: (1.) The healing of Bartimeus at the gate of Jericho. (Luke -18:35-43.) (2.) The visit of Jesus at the house of Zaccheus the -publican. (Luke 19:1-10.) (3.) At the end of his journey, the anointing -by Mary at Bethany, on the Saturday evening before the Passover. (John -12:1-8.) - - -OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--SEVENTH PERIOD. - -PERIOD OF PERÆAN MINISTRY. - -1. _Bethabara to Bethany._ (1.) Sending the Seventy. (2.) Raising of -Lazarus. - -2. _Retirement to Ephraim._ - -3. _Journey in Peræa._ (1.) Two miracles (infirm woman, and dropsy). -(2.) Seven parables. (3.) Blessing little children. (4.) Rich young -ruler. (5.) Request of James and John. - -4. _Jericho to Bethany._ (1.) Bartimeus. (2.) Zaccheus. (3.) Anointing -by Mary. - -[Illustration: MAP 8. THE LIFE OF CHRIST. - -PERIOD OF THE PASSION, FROM THE ANOINTING TO THE RESURRECTION.] - - -VIII. PERIOD OF THE PASSION. - -Although this period embraces only the week from the Anointing by Mary -to the Death of Jesus on the cross, its events are so minutely related -by the Evangelists as to occupy one-third of the Gospels. If the entire -life of Jesus were as fully written out, it would fill nearly 80 volumes -as large as the Bible. The events of the Passion-Week took place in and -near Jerusalem. The locations on the map are those of tradition only, -and are largely conjectural, while the lines of the journeyings are -entirely unknown. The map is intended merely as a guide to the student -in presenting the order of events, and must not be regarded as fixing -the places with any authority. We arrange the events under nine short -journeys. - -[Illustration: NAZARETH.] - -1, 2, 3. =From Bethany to the Temple and Return.= These three journeys -took place on successive days, and were marked by distinctive events. -(1.) The First Journey, on Sunday, was the triumphal entry into the city -and the Temple, after which Jesus returned for the night to Bethany. -(Matt. 21:1-11.) (2.) The Second Journey, on Monday, was marked by the -cleansing of the Temple, when for the second time the Saviour drove out -of the Court of the Gentiles those who made it a place of trade. (3.) -The Third Journey, on Tuesday, was made memorable by the last teachings -of Jesus, to the people and rulers in the Temple, and to the Twelve on -the Mount of Olives, looking down upon the city. (Matt. 21-25.) At the -close of each of these three days Jesus returned to Bethany, where he -remained in seclusion on Wednesday, no event of that day being left on -record. - -4. =From Bethany to the Supper.= The traditional place of the -_Coenaculum_, or supper-room, is on Mount Zion, where Jesus came with -his disciples on Thursday evening. Here took place the Last Supper, and -the farewell conversation of Jesus with his disciples. (John 13-17.) - -5. =From the Supper to Gethsemane.= Near midnight of Thursday, Jesus and -his disciples (Judas being absent) left the supper-room, and walked up -the Valley of Jehoshaphat to the Garden of Gethsemane. Here Jesus -endured the agony, and here he was arrested by the officers of the Jews, -led by Judas. (Matt. 26:36-56.) - -6. =From Gethsemane to the House of Caiaphas.= The fettered Jesus was -dragged by the crowd, first to the house of Annas (John 18:13-15), for a -brief examination, thence to the house of Caiaphas for the formal trial -before the Sanhedrim. This place is traditionally located on Mount Zion, -near the house of the Last Supper. Here he was condemned by the rulers, -and mocked by their servants. (John 18:16-28.) - -7. =From Caiaphas to Pilate.= Jesus was brought before the Roman -procurator at his _prætorium_, or place of judgment. We are inclined to -think that this was the castle built by Herod the Great on Mount Zion; -but we give on the map the traditional location at the Tower Antonia, -north of the Temple. Here Jesus was examined by Pilate, who vainly -sought to deliver him, being convinced of his innocence. (John -18:28-38.) - -8. =From Pilate to Herod and Return.= Wishing to avoid the -responsibility of condemning Jesus, Pilate sent him to Herod Antipas, -who was then in the city, probably in the palace of the Asmonean -(Maccabean) kings. But Herod only mocked Jesus, and returned him to -Pilate. (Luke 23:8-12.) - -9. =From Pilate to Calvary.= At last Pilate gave orders for the -crucifixion of Jesus. He was now led forth, bearing his cross, perhaps -by the street called Via Dolorosa, "the Sorrowful Way," to the place -Golgotha, or CALVARY, outside the wall, where three crosses were -erected, and the Saviour of the world was crucified. As two locations of -Calvary are now given, both are indicated, and a journey from Pilate's -castle to each. The route to the northern locality is indicated by -dotted lines. - - -OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--EIGHTH PERIOD. - -PERIOD OF THE PASSION. - -1. _Bethany to Temple and Return._ Triumphal entry. - -2. _Bethany to Temple and Return._ Cleansing the Temple. - -3. _Bethany to Temple and Return._ Last discourses. - -4. _Bethany to Supper._ Last Supper. - -5. _Supper to Gethsemane._ (1.) Agony. (2.) Arrest. - -6. _Gethsemane to Caiaphas._ (1.) To Annas. (2.) To Caiaphas. - -7. _Caiaphas to Pilate._ - -8. _Pilate to Herod and Return._ - -9. _Pilate to Calvary._ (1.) Crucifixion. (2.) Death. (3.) Burial. - - -IX. PERIOD OF THE RESURRECTION. - -The events of the forty days between the Resurrection and the Ascension -of Jesus cannot be arranged as journeys, since his resurrection body -moved from place to place by the will of his spirit. The student may -therefore consult the Map of Palestine during the ministry of Jesus for -the places referred to in the account of this period. Of the ten -recorded appearances, five were on the day of the resurrection, the -first Easter Sunday. - -1. =At Jerusalem=, on Easter morning, to Mary Magdalene, after the other -women had received from the angels the news that he was alive. (John -20:1-18.) - -2. =At Jerusalem=, soon afterward, to the other women, when Jesus -greeted them with the words "All hail!" (Matt. 28:1-10.) - -3. =Near Emmaus=, on Easter afternoon, to two disciples, not apostles, -to whom he unfolded the Scriptures concerning himself. (Luke 24:13-33.) -Various locations have been proposed for Emmaus, of which we prefer -_Kulonieyeh_, four miles west of Jerusalem. - -4. =At Jerusalem=, on the afternoon of the same day, to Simon Peter. -(Luke 24:34.) No account of this appearance, more than the mention of -the fact, has been preserved. - -5. =At Jerusalem=, on Easter evening, to the ten disciples, Thomas being -absent. (John 20:19-25.) - -6. =At Jerusalem=, a week after the resurrection, to the eleven -apostles, when Thomas received a tender rebuke for the slowness of his -faith. (John 20:26-29.) Perhaps these last two appearances were at the -place of the Supper, on Mount Zion. - -7. =Near the Sea of Galilee=, to seven apostles, when Peter received a -new commission. (John 21:1-23.) - -8. =On a Mountain in Galilee=, perhaps _Kurûn Hattin_, the place of the -Sermon on the Mount. Here were gathered 500 disciples, and the final -commands of Christ were given. (Matt. 28:16-20; 1 Cor. 15:6.) - -9. =At Jerusalem= (?). To James, the Lord's brother. Only a mention of -this appearance is left on record. (1 Cor. 15:7.) - -10. =Near Bethany.= Forty days after the resurrection, Jesus appeared to -the eleven apostles, gave them his last charges, and ascended to heaven, -from whence he has promised to come once more to earth. (Acts 1:9-12.) - -[Illustration: THE VIA DOLOROSA.] - - -OUTLINE REVIEW OF NINTH PERIOD. - -PERIOD OF THE RESURRECTION. - -_The Ten Appearances of the Risen Christ:_ - -1. _Jerusalem._ Mary Magdalene. - -2. _Jerusalem._ Other women. - -3. _Emmaus._ Two disciples. - -4. _Jerusalem._ Peter. - -5. _Jerusalem._ Ten apostles. - -6. _Jerusalem._ Eleven apostles. - -7. _Sea of Galilee._ Seven apostles. - -8. _Mountain in Galilee._ Five hundred disciples. - -9. _Jerusalem(?)._ James. - -10. _Bethany._ Apostles. [Ascension.] - - -OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. - -1. Let each period be given as a separate lesson. - -2. Draw the map for the period on the blackboard, and show each place -named in the period. - -3. Let each scholar also draw the map, and locate the places upon it. - -4. Draw the lines of the journeys in the period in colored chalk, naming -the places and events of the journeys, and writing only initials or -catch-syllables. - -5. Review carefully and thoroughly each period, each journey under it, -and each event of the journey. - -6. Erase the map, and call upon the scholars to draw its different parts -in turn; one the outlines, another the places, a third the journeys, a -fourth the events, etc. - -7. Review with each lesson the leading points in all the previous -lessons, until the whole series is thoroughly understood and -remembered. - -[Illustration: EARLY APOSTOLIC HISTORY. - -PHILIP'S JOURNEY. - -PETER'S JOURNEY.] - - - - -EARLY APOSTOLIC HISTORY. - - -DURING the seven years following the ascension of the Saviour, the -Christian church was entirely Jewish in its membership, and, so far as -we can learn, limited to the city of Jerusalem and the surrounding -villages. There was at that time no thought of the gospel for the -Gentiles, and the conception of the apostles was that the only door into -the church lay through the profession of Judaism and the rite of -circumcision. Probably the first to attain to wider views of the gospel -was Stephen, and the persecution in which he became the first martyr -arose from the tendency of his teachings toward extending among the -Gentiles the privileges of the new kingdom. This state of affairs was -suddenly ended by the death of Stephen, and the scattering of the church -at Jerusalem. The more liberally inclined of its members, when driven -abroad, were led to preach the gospel, first to Samaritans; then to -believers in the Jewish faith who had not yet submitted to circumcision, -and hence were called "Proselytes of the Gate"; and at last to the -general Gentile world. The period from the death of Stephen, A.D. 37, to -the first missionary journey of the Apostle Paul, A.D. 45, may, -therefore, be regarded as an age of transition from Jewish to Gentile -Christianity. - -This period requires us to notice two provinces, Palestine and Syria. -Palestine appears at this time under several forms of government in -frequent succession. During the public life of Christ, Judæa and Samaria -were under the direct rule of Rome, governed by a procurator, while -Galilee and Peræa belonged to Herod Antipas, and the region north and -east of the Sea of Galilee, anciently called Bashan, was held by Herod -Philip, both of these having the title of _tetrarch_, "ruler of a fourth -part." In A.D. 37 Herod Agrippa received Philip's tetrarchy, and in 41 -he was made king of all Palestine. ("Herod the king," Acts 12.) In A.D. -44 he died, and his dominions were divided. Judæa, Samaria, Galilee and -Peræa again became a procuratorship, under a succession of Roman rulers, -until the final destruction of the Jewish state, A.D. 70. The -principality of Bashan was given to Herod Agrippa II. in A.D. 53, and -held by him until A.D. 70. Syria, the great region north of Palestine, -extending from Damascus to Antioch, was, during this time, a province of -the Roman empire, governed by a prefect. - -[Illustration: DAMASCUS.] - -The events of this period gather around seven cities. 1. =Jerusalem.= -This place has been already described. (See page 73.) 2. =Samaria= (Acts -8:5-25), the field of Philip's early ministry, was the ancient capital -of the Ten Tribes (see page 87), located 30 miles north of Jerusalem, -and 6 miles northwest of Shechem. It had been rebuilt by Herod the -Great, and named Sebaste, in honor of Augustus. It is now a village -called _Sebastiyeh_. 3. =Cæsarea= (Acts 10:1), the place where the -Gentile Cornelius became a disciple, was the Roman capital of Palestine, -and the residence of the procurators. It was called Cæsarea Stratonis, -to distinguish it from Cæsarea Philippi, under Mount Hermon; and was -located on the sea-coast, 47 miles northwest of Jerusalem; and is now a -desolate, uninhabited ruin, called _Kaisarieyeh_. 4. =Joppa=, where -Dorcas was raised to life, and Peter received a vision (Acts 9:36-43; -10:11), is one of the most ancient towns in the world, in all ages the -principal seaport of Palestine. It lies 30 miles south of Cæsarea, and -35 miles northwest of Jerusalem; and is now a flourishing city called -_Yafa_, or _Jaffa_. 5. =Damascus=, the place where Saul was converted -(Acts 9:1-25), is an ancient and famous city of Syria, 133 miles -northeast of Jerusalem, beautifully situated in a plain at the foot of -the Anti-Lebanon mountains. Recently it had a population of 150,000, but -is rapidly decaying from the diversion of the Eastern trade through the -Suez Canal. Its modern name is _el Shams_. 6. =Antioch=, seat of the -first missionary church (Acts 11:19-30), was the metropolis of northern -Syria, situated on the river Orontes, 16-1/2 miles from the -Mediterranean, and 300 miles north of Jerusalem, in a deep pass between -the Taurus and Lebanon ranges of mountains. It is now a mean village of -6,000 people, called _Antakia_. 7. =Tarsus=, the home of the apostle -Paul, was the capital of Cilicia, in Asia Minor, and one of the leading -cities of the Roman world. It was 12 miles from the Mediterranean, the -same distance from Mount Taurus, and about 80 miles northwest of -Antioch, across an arm of the sea. It is now a place of 30,000 -inhabitants, called _Tersous_. - -[Illustration: PLAN OF ANCIENT ANTIOCH.] - -The most important events of this period may be arranged under five -journeys, which are indicated upon the map. - -I. =Philip's Journey.= (Acts 8:5-40.) Philip, one of the "seven" (Acts -6:3-5), was compelled to leave Jerusalem in the persecution that arose -on account of Stephen. He went first to Samaria, the city known by the -Greeks as Sebaste, now _Sebastiyeh_, 6 miles northwest of Shechem, or -Sychar, and there began to preach the gospel. This was a step outside of -narrow Judaism, as the Samaritans were considered at least semi-Gentile -by the Jews. After planting a church here, he was sent by the Spirit -southward "unto the way that goeth down from Jerusalem unto Gaza, which -is desert" (Acts 8:26); that is, by the less frequented road. There he -met a nobleman from Ethiopia (the kingdom of Meroë, in Nubia), whom he -instructed in the gospel, and baptized as a believer. Suddenly caught -away by the Spirit, Philip next appeared at Azotus, the ancient Ashdod, -now _Asdud_. He followed the line of the coast northward, preaching in -the cities of the maritime plain. These cities were mostly inhabited by -heathen, though in all of them there were many Jews. We find in the -after-history the results of his preaching, in churches at Joppa, at -Lydda, and at Cæsarea, where he made his home for 20 years, and was met -by the apostle Paul, who, long before, as Saul the persecutor, had -driven him from Jerusalem. Philip's journey is indicated by a line of -red color on the small map. - -II. =Saul's Journey.= (Acts 9:1-30.) The destroyer of the Jerusalem -church now began a journey for persecution, which was ended in his own -flight, as a Christian, from persecutors. 1. He went to Damascus, -expecting to bind others, but was himself bound by the cords of the -gospel, and preached the truth he had sought to destroy. 2. From -Damascus, as a disciple, he went into Arabia, a name which may refer to -almost any region from the Euphrates to the Indian Ocean, but probably -here indicating the desert lands on the border of Syria, and not -necessarily distant from Damascus, to which he returned after a stay of -from one to three years. (Gal. 1:17.) 3. Escaping from Damascus by being -let down over the wall in a basket, he returned to Jerusalem, where he -was introduced to the church by Barnabas, and received by the apostles -Peter and James. 4. After a fortnight's visit at Jerusalem, he left the -city by divine direction in a vision (Acts 22:17-21), and, aided by the -disciples, descended to the seaport of Cæsarea, where in after years he -was destined to spend two years in imprisonment. 5. From Cæsarea he -sailed to his birthplace, Tarsus, in Cilicia, where he spent several -years in retirement, preparing for the great work which was to open -before him. This journey is shown by a red line on the large map. - -[Illustration: DAMASCUS AND VICINITY.] - -III. =Peter's Journey.= (Acts 9:32-11:18.) This was the journey in which -the door of faith was finally opened to the Gentiles. During the "rest" -which the churches enjoyed after Saul's conversion, and while the Jewish -leaders were too busy with the alarming state of their relations with -Rome to disturb the disciples, Peter went forth to visit the churches. -1. He came down to Lydda, now _Ludd_, on the border of the Shefelah, and -restored to health Æneas, a paralytic. (Acts 9:32, 33.) 2. From Lydda he -was summoned to Joppa, the principal seaport of Palestine, where -Tabitha, or Dorcas, "the gazelle," had died. She was restored to the -weeping church, and Peter remained in Joppa "many days." (Acts 9:43.) -3. He was called to Cæsarea by the Roman centurion, Cornelius, who, -under Peter's ministry, accepted Christ, received the endowment of the -Holy Spirit, and was baptized into the church by the apostle, without -reference to Jewish requirements (Acts 10); thus marking an era in the -history of the church. 4. Peter returned to Jerusalem, and there met the -complaints of the Judaistic element in the church, by showing that God's -hand had led in the conversion of Cornelius and the reception of -Gentiles into the church. (Acts 11:1-18.) This journey is indicated by a -red line on the small map, lower right-hand corner. - -IV. =Barnabas' Journey.= (Acts 11:19-30.) After the death of Stephen, -certain disciples, driven from Jerusalem, traveled along the coast past -Tyre and Sidon, as far as Antioch, and at the latter place began -preaching the gospel, at first to the Jews only, but after a while to -the Gentiles also. As a result, a church arose at Antioch (on the -Orontes, near its mouth, now _Antakia_), the first where Jews and -Gentiles became one, the first to receive the name Christian, and the -first to send out missionaries to the heathen world. When the news of -this work came to Jerusalem, there was some alarm lest it might cause a -division in the church. Barnabas was dispatched by the apostles to visit -Antioch. He came, gave the work his hearty indorsement, and remained to -direct it. Soon feeling the need of a co-worker, he went to Tarsus, a -short voyage across the northeastern corner of the Mediterranean. Here -he found Saul, and thenceforward the two were united in labors for many -years, until parted forever by an unhappy difference. This journey of -Barnabas is shown on the map by a broken red line. - -V. =Barnabas and Saul's Journey.= (Acts 11:26-30; 12:25.) 1. Starting -from Tarsus the two gospel workers sailed across the narrow sea to -Seleucia, the seaport, and thence journeyed up the river Orontes to -Antioch. Here they labored together for a year, and aided in -establishing a church, which became one of the most important in the -early age of Christianity. 2. Learning by revelation of coming famine, -the church at Antioch prepared a contribution for the poorer disciples -in Judæa, and sent it by the hands of Barnabas and Saul. 3. About the -time of the death of Herod Agrippa, the two evangelists returned, from -their charitable errand, to Antioch, where they remained until the next -great event, the first missionary journey. - - -OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. - -Let the teacher draw on the blackboard the outline of the map, including -the borders of the Mediterranean Sea, and the two provinces of Palestine -and Syria. Then locate the seven important places. 1. _Jerusalem._ 2. -_Samaria._ 3. _Cæsarea._ 4. _Joppa._ 5. _Damascus._ 6. _Antioch._ 7. -_Tarsus._ Next draw the five lines representing the journeys, relating -the events connected with them. If the journeys can be given in chalk of -different colors, it will make them more distinct. - -I. _Philip's Journey._ Jerusalem, Samaria, Azotus, Lydda, Joppa, -Cæsarea. - -II. _Saul's Journey._ Jerusalem, Damascus, Arabia, Damascus, Jerusalem, -Cæsarea, Tarsus. - -III. _Peter's Journey._ Jerusalem, Lydda, Joppa, Cæsarea, Jerusalem. - -IV. _Barnabas' Journey._ Jerusalem, Antioch, Tarsus. - -V. _Barnabas and Saul's Journey._ Tarsus, Antioch, Jerusalem, Antioch. - -[Illustration: MOUNT ZION.] - -[Illustration: PAUL'S FIRST MISSIONARY JOURNEY.] - - - - -JOURNEYS OF THE APOSTLE PAUL. - - -DURING the twenty years between A.D. 45 and 65, of which the events of -church history are recorded in Acts 13-28, the most important personage -is the apostle Paul. While the work of the original Twelve is scarcely -referred to, the journeys of the last apostle are related with -considerable detail. The probable reason for this is, that Paul was the -leader in the great movement by which the church of Christ was broadened -from an inconsiderable Jewish sect, scarcely known out of Jerusalem, to -a religion for all the world. This distinction from the other apostles -is considered of so much importance that he is called, almost -universally, by the descriptive title he gave himself--the Apostle of -the Gentiles. The localities and events of this period are represented -upon four maps, three of Paul's Missionary Journeys, and the last of his -Voyage to Rome. - - -THE PROVINCES OF ASIA MINOR. - -As the first missionary journey was mainly in Asia Minor, a brief -description of that peninsula is necessary. It embraces about 156,000 -square miles, or about two-thirds the size of Texas, and was located -between the Black, Ægean, and Mediterranean Seas on the north, west and -south, and bounded on the east by the provinces of Armenia, Mesopotamia -and Syria. The provinces which it contained at the New Testament epoch -may be variously stated, since in their political, racial and -geographical relations they were different. The map of the Roman Empire, -on page 98, gives them according to their political arrangement, which -united two or more under one government, and gave to some new names. -Thus there were four districts united under the name ASIA, which in the -New Testament never denotes the whole continent, nor yet the whole -peninsula, but the seaboard provinces of Caria, Lydia, Mysia, and the -interior land of Phrygia. So, too, Bithynia and Pontus formed one -government, Lycaonia was included in Galatia, and Lycia and Pisidia in -Pamphylia. We can best arrange these provinces of Asia Minor, according -to territorial relations, in four groups. 1. The three northern -provinces, on the Black Sea: Pontus, Paphlagonia, Bithynia. 2. The three -western provinces, on the Ægean Sea: Mysia, Lydia, Caria. 3. The three -southern provinces, on the Mediterranean Sea: Lycia, Pamphylia, Cilicia. -4. The five interior provinces: on the north, Galatia; on the east, -Cappadocia; on the south, Lycaonia and Pisidia; and on the west, -Phrygia. All of these fourteen provinces, except four, are named in the -New Testament. - -1. =The Provinces on the Black Sea.= (1.) _Pontus_ (Acts 2:9; 18:2; 1 -Pet. 1:1) was the northeastern province, between Paphlagonia and -Armenia, and having Cappadocia on the south; now represented by -_Trebizond_ in the Turkish empire. Some of its Jewish inhabitants were -present in Jerusalem on the Day of Pentecost; Aquila, a helper of Paul, -was a native of this region; and its Christian Jews were among those -addressed in Peter's first Epistle. (2.) _Paphlagonia_, not mentioned in -the New Testament, lay between Pontus and Bithynia, and north of -Galatia. (3.) _Bithynia_ (Acts 16:7; 1 Pet. 1:1) was the northwestern -province, having the Propontis (now called the _Sea of Marmora_) on the -west, and Mysia and Phrygia on the south, from which it was separated by -Mount Olympus. Though the region is only incidentally named in the New -Testament, two of its cities, Nicæa and Nicomedia, were prominent in the -history of the Greek church. - -[Illustration: ANTIOCH IN SYRIA.] - -2. =The Provinces on the Ægean Sea.= These are all included under the -name Asia, by which the western portion of the peninsula was known to -the Romans. (1.) _Mysia_ (Acts 16:7, 8) was separated from Europe by -the Hellespont and the Propontis, and had Bithynia on the north, Phrygia -on the east, and Mysia on the west. It contained Troas, on the ruins of -ancient Troy, whence Paul could dimly see the hills of Europe on the -west, and where the vision of "the man of Macedonia" led to the voyage -for the evangelization of Europe. (2.) _Lydia_, once the centre of the -great empire of Croesus, extended along the Ægean Sea from Mysia to -Caria, and eastward to Phrygia. Its principal city was Ephesus, the -metropolis of Asia Minor, and one of Paul's most important fields of -labor; and Sardis, Thyatira and Philadelphia were also large places and -seats of churches addressed in the Apocalypse. (3.) _Caria_ was the -southwestern province, not named in the New Testament, though its -cities, Cnidus and Miletus, are referred to; the latter as the place -where Paul parted from the Ephesian elders. (Acts 20:15.) - -[Illustration: MAP GIVING COMPARATIVE SIZE OF ASIA MINOR AND TEXAS, -U. S.] - -3. =The Provinces on the Mediterranean.= (1.) _Lycia_ (Acts 27:5) lay -south of Mount Taurus, and opposite to the island of Rhodes. Two of its -cities, Patara and Myra, were visited by the apostle Paul. (Acts 21:1; -27:5.) (2.) _Pamphylia_ (Acts 13:13) was a small province between Lycia -and Cilicia, and also between Mount Taurus and the sea. Its capital, -Perga, was the first city in Asia Minor visited by Paul on his first -missionary journey. On his return, he preached in its seaport, Attalia. -(Acts 13:13; 14:24, 25.) (3.) _Cilicia_ (Acts 6:9) is a long and narrow -province, also lying between Mount Taurus and the sea, and separated -from Syria by the Syrian Gates, a pass in the mountains. Its capital, -Tarsus, was one of the leading cities of the Roman empire, and the -birthplace of Paul. - -4. =The Provinces in the Interior.= (1.) On the north was _Galatia_, a -land of uncertain and varying boundaries, but located between Bithynia, -Cappadocia, Lycaonia and Phrygia. It received its name from a race of -Gauls, who conquered it about 300 B.C., was twice visited by Paul, and -its Christian population was addressed in the Epistle to the Galatians. -(Acts 16:6; 18:23; Gal. 1:2.) (2.) _Cappadocia_ lay on the southeast of -Galatia, and south of Pontus. It was the largest province in Asia Minor. -Some of its people were in Jerusalem at the Feast of Pentecost (Acts -2:9); and its churches were among those addressed in 1 Peter. (3.) -_Lycaonia_ (Acts 14:1-23) was not a political division, but a district -in southern Galatia. It was west of Cappadocia and east of Phrygia, and -separated by the Taurus range from Cilicia. Its principal places were -Iconium, Derbe and Lystra, in all of which Paul preached the gospel and -suffered persecution. (4.) _Pisidia_ was politically connected with -Pamphylia, but lay north of the Taurus, between Lycaonia and Phrygia. -Its principal city was Antioch (to be distinguished from Antioch in -Syria), twice, at least, visited by the apostle Paul. (Acts 13:14; -14:21.) (5.) _Phrygia_ varied greatly at different periods, and in -Paul's time had no separate existence as a province. In the earlier -days, when Galatia was a part of it, it was said to touch in some way -every other land in Asia Minor. In its southern section lay the three -cities of Laodicea, Hierapolis and Colosse, all named in Paul's letters. - - -THE FIRST MISSIONARY JOURNEY. - -1. Paul and Barnabas, with John Mark as their assistant, set forth upon -the first missionary journey from _Antioch_, the metropolis of Syria -(Acts 13:1), already described on page 107. - -2. They descended the mountains to _Seleucia_ (Acts 13:4), the seaport -of Antioch, 16 miles from the city, named from its founder, Seleucus -Nicator, B.C. 280. It is now a small village known as _el Kalusi_, -having among its ruins an ancient gateway, still standing, through which -Paul and Barnabas may have passed. - -3. Setting sail, they crossed over the arm of the Mediterranean to the -island of _Cyprus_ (Acts 13:4-13), the early home of Barnabas, 60 miles -west of Syria, and 40 miles south of Asia Minor; of irregular shape, 140 -miles long and 50 wide; then thickly inhabited, and governed by a Roman -proconsul, now under the rule of Great Britain. - -4. Their first stopping place was at _Salamis_ (Acts 13:5), on its -eastern shore, on the river Pediæsus, where they found a Jewish -synagogue. The city is now desolate, and its unoccupied site is known as -_Old Famagousta_. - -5. They crossed the island from east to west, preaching on their way, -and came to _Paphos_ (Acts 13:6), the capital, and residence of the -proconsul. This city contained a famous shrine of Venus, to whose -worship, with all its immoralities, its people were devoted. There was -an old and a new city, of which the former was the one visited by Paul -and Barnabas. It is now called _Baffa_. - -6. Sailing in a northwesterly direction a distance of 170 miles, they -reached Asia Minor, in the province of Pamphylia. Passing by Attalia for -the present, they ascended the river Cestrus, and landed at _Perga_ -(Acts 13:13), 7-1/2 miles from the sea. This was a Greek city, devoted -to the worship of Diana: now in ruins, and called _Eski Kalessi_. Here -their young assistant, Mark, left the two missionaries to prosecute the -hardest part of the journey without his help. - -7. Their next field of labor was _Antioch in Pisidia_, a city east of -Ephesus, and northwest of Tarsus, now known as _Yalobatch_. Here Paul -preached in the synagogue a discourse reported more at length than any -other in his ministry, and here a church was founded. (Acts 13:14-52.) - -8. Driven out of Antioch by the persecution of the Jews, they went on 60 -miles eastward to _Iconium_, a large city, still in existence as -_Konieh_, and in the Middle Ages the capital of a powerful Mohammedan -kingdom. This region, in the apostle's time, was independent of the -Roman empire. (Acts 14:1-5.) - -9. Again compelled to endure persecution, they traveled to _Lystra_, a -heathen city in the district of Lycaonia, where a miracle wrought by -Paul led the superstitious people to offer worship to the two apostles -as the gods Jupiter and Mercury (in Greek, Zeus and Hermes). There is -reason to suppose that Lystra was at the place now known as _Bin bir -Kilisseh_, "the thousand and one churches," a mass of ruins in the _Kara -Dagh_, or Black Mountain. - -[Illustration: MAP OF THE ISLAND OF CYPRUS.] - -10. Paul having been stoned at Lystra, the apostles went on to _Derbe_, -20 miles distant, but in the same province, where they were suffered to -labor in peace. It is supposed to be represented by the modern village -of _Divle_. This marked the furthest place reached by the evangelists. -They were now quite near the pass in Mount Taurus, known as the Cilician -Gates, and could easily have reached Tarsus, and thence taken a short -voyage home. - -[Illustration: REVIEW CHART OF PAUL'S FIRST JOURNEY.] - -11. But they preferred to return by the same route, perilous as the -journey was from the enmities excited by their preaching; and revisited -Lystra, Iconium and Antioch, confirming the churches which they had -planted, and establishing new ones in other neighboring places in -Pisidia and Pamphylia, as in _Attalia_, a seaport on the river -Katarrhaktes, 16 miles from Perga, now known as _Adalia_, where they -took ship once more, and thence sailed over the Cilician section of the -Mediterranean, north of Cyprus, to Antioch in Syria, where they were -gladly received by the church which had sent them forth. - - -OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. - -1. Draw on the blackboard the subjoined Review Chart of Asia Minor, and -let the class also draw the same on slates or paper, in a rough sketch. -Then insert the provinces, and drill the class upon their names, -reviewing from the beginning after each group is given. - - _Black Sea._ Pontus, Paphlagonia, Bithynia. - _Ægean Sea._ Mysia, Lydia, Caria. - _Mediterranean Sea._ Lycia, Pamphylia, Cilicia. - _Interior._ Galatia, Cappadocia, Lycaonia, Pisidia, Phrygia. - -2. Draw in colored chalk the line representing _Paul's travel_, calling -attention to the places and events; and frequently review the list, as a -new name is presented. (1.) Antioch in Syria. (2.) Seleucia. (3.) Island -of Cyprus. (4.) Salamis. (5.) Paphos. (6.) Perga. (7.) Antioch in -Pisidia. (8.) Iconium. (9.) Lystra. (10.) Derbe. (11.) Return, and -Attalia. - - -THE SECOND MISSIONARY JOURNEY. - -The map presents the field of the apostle Paul's labor during four of -the most active years of his life, according to Alford's chronology, -from A.D. 50 to 54. To this period belong two journeys: a journey from -Antioch to Jerusalem and return, and the second missionary journey, -through Asia Minor, Macedonia and Greece. - -[Illustration: PAUL'S SECOND MISSIONARY JOURNEY.] - -The journey to Jerusalem, not indicated upon the map, was Paul's third -visit to that city after his conversion. His first visit was in A.D. 40, -when Barnabas introduced him to Peter and James (Acts 9:26-30); his -second was in A.D. 45, when with Barnabas he brought the gifts of the -church at Antioch (Acts 11:30); his third was in A.D. 50, when, again -accompanied by Barnabas, he attended the council in Jerusalem, called to -establish the principle upon which Gentiles were to be received into the -Christian church. (Acts 15:1-30.) - -The second missionary journey began with an unfortunate disagreement -between Paul and Barnabas, which resulted in their separation, Barnabas -going to the island of Cyprus, and Paul to the mainland. (Acts -15:36-40.) The apostle chose as his companion Silas, or Silvanus, and -was afterward joined by Timothy, and Luke, the author of the third -Gospel and the Acts. We may subdivide this journey into three sections, -as follows: - -I. The Stations in Asia, seven in number. - -II. The Stations in Europe, eight in number. - -III. The Stations of the Return, four in number. - -I. =The Asiatic Stations.= These are mostly the names of provinces in -Asia Minor already described in connection with a previous map. - -1. Starting from Antioch, Paul first traveled through _Syria_, visiting -the churches. (Acts 15:41.) This tour was probably through northern -Syria only, in the region around Antioch; and the general direction was -toward Asia Minor, which he probably entered through the Syrian Gates, -now the Beilan Pass in Mount Amanus. No cities are named in this region -as visited by the apostle; but the principal places were Issus and -Alexandria, both of which lay along the route of his journey. - -2. The next province visited was _Cilicia_ (Acts 15:41), the land of -Paul's birth. As everywhere he made the chief cities his stations of -labor, we may suppose that he passed through Mopsuestia and Adana, on -his way to Tarsus, the metropolis of the province. From Tarsus he -journeyed westward toward Mount Taurus, the northern boundary of the -province, and crossed the range through the Cilician Gates, from which -he emerged upon the great Lycaonian plain. - -3. We read of a station at _Derbe_, where he had planted a church on the -first journey, and which was now strengthened by his second visit. (Acts -16:1.) - -4. Next, at _Lystra_, where in other days he had been first worshiped -and then stoned. Here he found a church, the result of his early labors, -and was joined by his life-long companion, Timothy. (Acts 16:1-4.) - -5. We read of Paul and Silas as having next "gone throughout _Phrygia_." -Probably this refers to a tour among the churches at Iconium and Antioch -in Pisidia, the fields of former labors. There is no indication in the -Acts or Epistles that he preached in any new places in this district. - -6. From Antioch he turned northward and entered for the first time the -province of _Galatia_. (Acts 16:6.) But W. M. Ramsay has shown that -Lycaonia itself was only a district in the political province of -Galatia, and that the Galatian journey (and also the Galatian epistle) -may refer to the region of Derbe, Lystra, and Iconium, not to the entire -province. In that case the dotted red line on the map may indicate -Paul's journey, and the line through Pessinus, Ancyra, and Tavium should -be omitted. - -These conclusions are not, as yet, generally accepted. - -7. Paul's desire was to preach the word throughout the Roman proconsular -province of Asia, which comprised Phrygia, and the maritime districts of -Mysia, Lydia and Caria. But divine influences closed up his path, both -in this direction and northward toward Bithynia; so he journeyed -westward across Phrygia and Mysia, and at last reached the shore of the -Ægean Sea at _Troas_. (Acts 16:6-8.) This was the site of ancient Troy, -the scene of Homer's Iliad, and has been the place of great discoveries -in modern times. There was a city near the ancient site in Paul's time; -and it is probable that in it he founded a church, for there he was -joined by Luke, the historian of the Acts and author of the third -Gospel, and in a later journey met "the disciples" of the place. (Acts -20:7.) Here the vision of the "man of Macedonia" summoned Paul from Asia -to Europe (Acts 16:9, 10), and opened a new chapter in the history of -Christianity. - -[Illustration: THE ACROPOLIS AT ATHENS. (AREOPAGUS ON THE LEFT.)] - -II. =The European Stations.= All the places named as visited by the -apostle in this journey were included in the two provinces of Macedonia -and Greece, of which the Roman name was Achaia. - -_Macedonia_ was the province north of Greece, and famous in history from -its conquering kings, Philip, and his greater son, Alexander. Its -boundaries were: on the north, the Hæmus or Balkan Mountains; on the -east, Thrace and the Ægean Sea; on the south, Achaia (Greece); on the -west, the Pindus Mountains, separating it from Epirus and Illyricum. It -consists of two great plains, watered respectively by the Axius, near -Thessalonica, and the Strymon, near Apollonia. Between these two rivers -projects a peninsula, having three points, like a hand of three fingers, -across the palm of which, in Paul's time, ran the great Roman road known -as the Ignatian Way. It was divided by the Romans into four districts, -of which the capitals were Amphipolis, Thessalonica (the residence of -the provincial proconsul), Pella (the birthplace of Alexander the -Great), and Pelagonia. Of these, Amphipolis had become less important -than the rival city of Philippi, in the same district. - -_Achaia_ was the Roman name of the little land of Greece, whose fame has -filled all history. In the later period of its independence, its ruling -state had been Achaia, which gave its name to the entire province when -annexed to the Roman empire. In the apostolic age, Corinth was its -metropolis and political capital, though Athens still retained its fame -as a centre of art and literature. - -The apostle Paul and his companions sailed across the Ægean Sea from -Troas, in a northwesterly direction, passing the storied isles of -Tenedos and Imbros; anchored for the first night off Samothracia, "the -Thracian Samos," a rocky island near the coast of Thrace; and the next -day passed northward of Thasos, and anchored in the harbor of Neapolis, -on the border of Thrace. They did not remain at the seaport, but pressed -inland to the larger city, which was to be memorable as the first -foothold of the gospel in Europe. In the European part of the second -missionary journey we notice eight places visited by the apostle. - -1. _Philippi_ (Acts 16:12-40). This was an ancient town, enlarged and -renamed by Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. Near it was fought -the great battle between Augustus and Antony on one side, and Brutus and -Cassius on the other, in which the hope of a Roman republic perished, -and the empire was ushered in. It had been made a _colony_; that is, a -branch of Rome itself, and enjoyed certain privileges of -self-government, so that its magistrates bore Roman titles, as noticed -by Luke. Here Lydia, the first convert in Europe, was baptized, and a -church was planted; Paul and Silas were scourged and imprisoned, and set -free by divine power; the jailer was brought to Christ; and the -officials of the city were made to tremble at having inflicted violence -upon citizens of Rome. - -2. _Amphipolis_ was 33 miles southwest of Philippi, and 3 miles from the -Ægean Sea. It was a town of ancient fame; but, in Paul's time, decayed -in population; and, having no synagogue or Jewish population, was not -yet made a field of his labors. After a delay of only a day, he -journeyed on still further westward. (Acts 17:1.) - -3. _Apollonia_ was 30 miles from Amphipolis, and an important city; but -for some reason Paul did not choose to labor in its vicinity, and -remained there but a day. (Acts 17:1.) - -4. _Thessalonica_ (Acts 17:1-9) was the capital of the entire province, -and 40 miles from the preceding station. It was named after a sister of -Alexander the Great, and had many historic associations. An arch is -still standing, and was doubtless seen by the apostle, which -commemorated the victory at Philippi. There was a large Jewish -population, and a synagogue, in which Paul preached for three sabbaths. -He succeeded in founding a church, mostly of Gentiles, to which he soon -after wrote his two earliest epistles, First and Second Thessalonians. -But the Jews excited a riot, and the apostles were compelled to leave -the city by night. Thessalonica, now called _Saloniki_, is still the -second city of European Turkey, and contains 80,000 inhabitants. - -5. _Berea_ (Acts 17:10-13) was a small city, chosen by the apostle on -account of its retired situation. It lay on the eastern side of Mount -Olympus. Its people were generous in hearing the truth, and candid in -examination of its claims; so that many of them believed, and "the -Bereans" have furnished a name for earnest students of the Bible in all -lands. The place is now called _Verria_, and has a population of about -6,000. - -[Illustration: PLAN OF ATHENS.] - -6. _Athens_ (Acts 17:15-34) was one of the most famous cities of the -world. It was situated 5 miles northeast of the Saronic Gulf, between -the two little streams Cephissus and Ilissus, and connected by long -walls with its two seaports, the Piræus and the Phaleric Gulf, where -probably Paul landed. Around it stand mountains noted in history, and -within its walls rise four important hills: the Acropolis, surmounted -by the Parthenon, the most perfect specimen of Greek architecture; the -Areopagus, northwest of the Acropolis, where Paul delivered his -memorable discourse; the Pnyx, still further west; and, on the south, -the Museum. In Paul's time Athens was no longer the political capital, -but was still the literary centre, not only of Greece, but of the -civilized world. Paul's discourse before its philosophers was not -attended with immediate results, as no church appears to have been -founded; but, four centuries afterward, the Parthenon became a Christian -church, and the Athenians were among the most bitter foes of image -worship. After many changes of fortune--at times being without -inhabitants--Athens is now the growing capital of the kingdom of modern -Greece, and the seat of a university. - -7. _Corinth_ (Acts 18:1-18), the next station of the apostle, was 40 -miles west of Athens, on the isthmus between Hellas and Peloponnesus, -which is here 10 miles wide. In Paul's time it was the commercial and -political metropolis of Greece, being the residence of the Roman -proconsul. It was, however, a most wicked city, and a by-word for -corruption and licentiousness. Paul preached in Corinth for a year and a -half, working meanwhile at his trade as a tent-maker, and during his -stay wrote the two Epistles to the Thessalonians. After leaving, he -wrote to the Corinthian Christians two of his longest Epistles, First -and Second Corinthians. The site of the city is now desolate, except for -a small and wretched village, named _Gortho_. - -[Illustration: CORINTH AND VICINITY.] - -8. _Cenchrea_ (Acts 18:18), more accurately Cenchreæ, is named merely as -the place from which Paul set forth on his return journey, and where he -performed the Levitical service of cutting off his hair in token of a -vow. We know, however, that he had, directly or indirectly, planted a -church here, as its deaconess, Phebe, is named. (Rom. 16:1, 2.) This was -the eastern harbor of Corinth, on the Saronic Gulf, 9 miles from the -city. It is now called _Kekhries_. - -III. =The Return Stations= of the apostle, in his journey from Corinth -to Antioch, are given as four in number, though the journey was more -than a thousand miles in length. - -1. Sailing eastward across the Ægean Sea, and passing many celebrated -islands, after a voyage of 250 miles, he reached _Ephesus_. (Acts -18:19-21.) He had been hindered from preaching in this region before, -and now remained but a few weeks, though urged by the Jews to remain -longer. He left behind him his friends Aquila and Priscilla, by whose -labors the brilliant young Apollos of Alexandria was led into the -church, and the way was prepared for Paul's labor on his second visit, -in connection with which Ephesus will be noticed again. - -2. A voyage around the southwestern border of Asia Minor, thence past -the isle of Rhodes in a southeasterly direction, leaving Cyprus on the -northeast, brought the apostle to _Cæsarea_. (Acts 18:22.) This was the -Roman capital of Palestine, and a harbor. Here Paul debarked from the -vessel on which he had sailed 600 miles, and entered once more the Holy -Land. (For an account of Cæsarea, see page 113.) - -3. _Jerusalem._ (Acts 18:22.) The apostle climbed the mountains, and for -the fourth time since his conversion entered the Holy City. He stayed -only to salute the church, and perhaps leave the gifts of the Gentile -Christians to the poorer saints of Judæa, and then left once more. - -4. He traveled, overland most probably, to _Antioch_, his home, if any -place might be so named; for here were his nearest friends, here he had -begun his missionary journey, and here he doubtless received a glad -welcome from the church. He brought with him, on his return, not only -Silas, who had set out as his companion, but Timothy, and perhaps also -Aristarchus, Gaius and Erastus, whose names we find associated with -Paul's soon after. - - -OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. - - I. Draw the map of Asia Minor, and review the - names of its provinces as already given. - - II. Notice the _Stations in Asia_, and the events - of the journey associated with them. 1. Syria. 2. - Cilicia. 3. Derbe. 4. Lystra. 5. Phrygia. 6. - Galatia. 7. Troas. - - III. Notice the _Stations in Europe_. 1. Philippi. - 2. Amphipolis. 3. Apollonia. 4. Thessalonica. 5. - Berea. 6. Athens. 7. Corinth. 8. Cenchrea. - - IV. Notice the _Stations of the Return Journey_. - 1. Ephesus. 2. Cæsarea. 3. Jerusalem. 4. Antioch. - - -THE THIRD MISSIONARY JOURNEY. - -This journey of the apostle, beginning at Antioch, led him as far west -as Corinth, and then as far east as Jerusalem. It probably occupied -about four years, from A.D. 54 to 58, and may be subdivided into two -stages. I. The Outward Journey, from Antioch to Corinth, including seven -stations. II. The Return Journey, from Corinth to Jerusalem, with -fifteen stations. More than half of this period was spent at Ephesus, -where Paul preached for nearly three years. - -[Illustration: PAUL'S THIRD MISSIONARY JOURNEY.] - -I. =The Outward Journey.= (Acts 18:23-20:3.) - -1. We note _Antioch_, the starting point for each of Paul's three -missionary journeys. This place has been already described, on page 113, -in connection with the map of the Early Apostolic History. - -2. His westward course lay through _Galatia_ (Acts 18:23), where he -visited the churches planted upon his former tour. But as before, this -may refer to the part of Galatia embraced in Lycaonia; and we have thus -indicated upon the map by a dotted line. (See page 121.) - -3. Still journeying westward toward the coast, Paul passed through -_Phrygia_ (Acts 18:23), already described on page 118. No events of this -part of the journey are related. - -4. He came from the highlands of the interior to _Ephesus_, where he had -touched on his previous journey, and was now to remain longer than at -any other place during his active ministry. (Acts 19:1-20:1.) Ephesus -was the metropolis of Proconsular Asia, and may be regarded as the third -capital of Christianity, as Jerusalem had been its birthplace, and -Antioch the centre of its foreign missions. It stood a mile from the -Ægean Sea, fronting an artificial harbor, in which met the ships of all -lands, and above which rose the Temple of Artemis (Diana), celebrated as -the most magnificent building in Asia Minor, though the image which it -enshrined was only a shapeless block. Its population was principally -Greek, though with a large Oriental mixture. Here a preparation for -Paul's labor had been made by Apollos, who had instructed a small -company of Jews up to the twilight of John the Baptist's teachings -concerning the Messiah. From Paul's friends, Aquila and Priscilla, he -had learned the gospel of Christ; and, just before the apostle's -arrival, had gone to Corinth. For three months Paul labored in the -synagogue with the Jews and inquiring Gentiles; but, when the Jewish -opposition endangered the work, he took the step (at this time first in -the history of Christianity) of calling the believers in Christ out of -the synagogue. Paul remained at Ephesus in all more than two years, -working at his trade through the week, while preaching on the Jewish -Sabbath. Through his endeavors most of "the Seven Churches," addressed -long afterward by John, were founded at this time. Just before Paul's -departure a riot arose, and a tumultuous mob occupied the theatre, whose -ruins may still be seen. Ephesus is now an utter desolation, haunted by -wild beasts. Near its ruins is a small Turkish village, called -_Ayasalouk_. Near the close of his stay at Ephesus, Paul wrote the First -Epistle to the Corinthians. - -[Illustration: PLAN OF EPHESUS.] - -5. The next stopping place of the apostle was at _Troas_. (2 Cor. 2:12, -13.) This is mentioned, not in the Acts, but in the Epistle written soon -afterward. Here he had expected to meet his companion Titus, with news -from the church at Corinth. While waiting, he found an opportunity for -preaching, and success in winning souls. But, as the expected tidings -did not come, Paul again took ship, and sailed once more (see the -previous journey) from Asia to Europe. - -6. His next station is named as _Macedonia_ (Acts 20:2); but it may be -inferred that he visited Philippi, Thessalonica and Berea, the places of -former labors, already described in the account of the second journey. -Perhaps it was at this time that he journeyed "round about unto -Illyricum," which was a province on the Adriatic Sea, west of Macedonia. -(Rom. 15:19.) While in Macedonia, perhaps at Philippi, Paul wrote the -Second Epistle to the Corinthians. - -7. The last place in Paul's outward journey is mentioned as _Greece_, -the province elsewhere called Achaia. (Acts 20:2, 3; 18:27.) His -principal errand was to Corinth (already described on page 123), where -troubles in the church required his attention. While here he wrote the -Epistle to the Galatians, and his great statement of Christian doctrine, -the Epistle to the Romans. - -II. =The Return Journey.= (Acts 20:6-21:6.) This was undertaken with the -desire of reaching Jerusalem in time for the Feast of Pentecost, A.D. -58. For some reason, probably on account of a Jewish plot to murder him, -Paul did not take the direct route, but went around the Ægean Sea by way -of Philippi and Troas, and was accompanied by a number of friends. - -1. From Corinth, Paul and his friends journeyed overland, through Greece -and Macedonia, to _Philippi_ (Acts 20:3-6), a place now visited for the -third time. Here Paul was rejoined by Luke the Evangelist, who -henceforth shared his dangers to the end of his life. - -2. Most of Paul's company sailed from Philippi across the Ægean Sea to -_Troas_, in advance of the apostle, but were soon followed by Paul and -Luke. (Acts 20:5-13.) At Troas they remained for a week with the church; -and here Eutychus was restored to life by the apostle. - -[Illustration: PAUL'S VOYAGE TO ROME.] - -3. From Philippi, most of the company set sail for Palestine, but Paul -went on foot as far as _Assos_, where he was taken on board. (Acts -20:13, 14.) This place was situated 19 miles from Troas, and is now -marked by extensive ruins. - -4. _Mitylene._ This was on the island of Lesbos, famed as the home of -Sappho, the Greek poetess. Here they anchored for the night, as the -channel was not easy to follow among the islands. (Acts 20:14.) This and -the succeeding stations in the Ægean Sea may be noticed on the map of -the islands and coasts of Asia Minor, on page 132. - -5. _Chios._ (Acts 20:15.) This is an island 32 miles long, and 5 miles -from Asia; said to have been the birthplace of Homer; and now called -_Scio_. Here Paul's ship anchored only for a night. - -6. _Samos._ (Acts 20:15.) This is an island near the mainland, 42 miles -southwest of Smyrna; and 27 miles long. It was the birthplace of the -philosopher Pythagoras. They barely touched at the island, and then -sailed across to the shore of Asia Minor. - -7. _Trogyllium_ (Acts 20:15) is a town and cape on the coast of Asia -Minor, at the foot of Mount Mycale. The place at which they anchored for -the night is still called _St. Paul's Port_. On the next day they sailed -past the harbor of Ephesus without stopping, for Paul's stations were -controlled by the movements of the ship and its masters. - -8. _Miletus._ (Acts 20:16-38.) This was at the mouth of the river -Mæander, 36 miles south of Ephesus; and at that time on the shore, -though now ten miles inland, by the changes in the coast. Here, while -the ship was delayed, Paul sent for the elders of the church at Ephesus, -and gave to them a farewell address of deep tenderness. This place is -now a small village, called _Melas_. - -9. _Coos_, or Cos (Acts 21:1), where they next anchored, is a small -island, northwest of Rhodes; now called _Stanchio_. - -10. _Rhodes_ (Acts 21:1) is an island of note in both ancient and modern -history, 13 miles from Asia Minor, 46 miles long, and 18 wide. Upon it -had stood the Colossus, a figure over 100 feet high, but overthrown by -an earthquake, B.C. 224, and prostrate at the time of Paul's visit. - -11. _Patara_ (Acts 21:1) was a seaport in the province of Lycia, in Asia -Minor, opposite Rhodes. Here the vessel ended its voyage, and the -apostolic company found another, which was bound for Phoenicia. The -place is now a ruin, and buried in the encroaching sand. - -12. The disciples took another ship at Patara, and sailed in a -southeasterly direction for Phoenicia, passing by Cyprus without -stopping. The vessel paused for a week at _Tyre_ to unlade its burden, -and here Paul found a church, perhaps planted by Philip the evangelist. -Tyre had once been the great commercial metropolis of the Mediterranean, -known as "the strong city" as early as the time of Joshua. It was the -capital of Phoenicia, and in Old Testament times held friendly relations -with Israel, but was idolatrous and abominably wicked. It was besieged -by Nebuchadnezzar for 13 years, was destroyed by Alexander the Great, -rebuilt by the Seleucidæ, and, in Paul's time, was still a large city. -It is now a miserable village, called _Sur_, and, in the fulfillment of -prophecy, "a place for the spreading of nets." (Ezek. 26:14.) - -13. Taking ship once more, for the last time, they sailed southward -along the coast of Palestine to _Ptolemais_. (Acts 21:7.) This was the -Old Testament Accho, in the tribe of Asher, but never possessed. It was -8 miles north of Mount Carmel. In mediæval history it sustained a siege -by the Crusaders, and was known as _St. Jean d'Acre_. Here Paul spent a -day with the church, and then journeyed with his friends southward over -the Plain of Esdraelon and Mount Carmel. - -14. At _Cæsarea_, the next station, they were entertained by Philip, -who, years before, had been driven out of Jerusalem by Saul of Tarsus. -(See Philip's Journey, page 112.) Cæsarea was the Roman capital of -Palestine, and was in all respects a heathen city, though containing -many Jews. Here Paul received a message from the aged prophet Agabus, -warning him not to go to Jerusalem; but he persisted in his purpose. - -15. For the fifth time in his life as a Christian, and for the last -time, Paul entered the city of JERUSALEM, from which he was soon to go -forth "the prisoner of the Lord." - - -OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. - - I. _Outward Journey._ 1. Antioch. 2. Galatia. 3. - Phrygia. 4. Ephesus. 5. Troas. 6. Macedonia. - (Philippi.) 7. Greece. (Corinth.) - - II. _Return Journey._ 1. Philippi. 2. Troas. 3. - Assos. 4. Mitylene. 5. Chios. 6. Samos. 7. - Trogyllium. 8. Miletus. 9. Coos. 10. Rhodes. 11. - Patara. 12. Tyre. 13. Ptolemais. 14. Cæsarea. 15. - Jerusalem. - - -THE VOYAGE TO ROME. - -The last of Paul's recorded journeys was that which he took as a -prisoner under Roman power. He was seized by a Jewish mob in the Court -of the Women in the Temple (see plan of the Temple on page 141), in or -near the room set apart for the ceremonies of a Nazarite's vow. Dragged -by the crowd into the Court of the Gentiles, he would have been slain -but for the arrival of a company of Roman soldiers from the Tower of -Antonia. He made an address to the throng from the stairs leading from -the Court of the Gentiles to the Tower, and was then taken to the prison -in the tower. - -1. From _Jerusalem_ he began his journey, as a prisoner. The immediate -cause of his departure from the city was the information received by the -Roman officer in charge of the Tower of Antonia, that a band of Jews had -formed a plan to slay Paul. That night he was sent, under a strong -escort, out of the reach of his enemies. - -2. The guard paused at _Antipatris_ (Acts 23:31, 32), beyond which the -soldiers were not needed, so they were sent back, and Paul journeyed the -rest of the way under an escort of cavalry. Antipatris was built by -Herod the Great, and named for his father, Antipater. It was 26 miles -southeast of Cæsarea, on the direct road from Jerusalem, and 16 miles -northeast of Joppa. Its location is not identified with certainty, but -is probably to be found at a ruin known as _Ras el' Ain_. - -3. The apostle was taken to _Cæsarea_ (Acts 23:33), where he was -remanded to prison. Here he remained for more than two years, was tried -by Felix, and made his memorable defense before the younger Herod -Agrippa. (Acts 24-26.) Having appealed, as a Roman citizen, to the -supreme court of the emperor at Rome, he was sent on shipboard for the -voyage with a company of prisoners, and a guard commanded by the -centurion Julius. Luke and Aristarchus were with Paul on the vessel. -(Acts 27:1, 2.) - -4. The day after starting from Cæsarea, the vessel touched at _Zidon_, -and Paul was permitted to go on shore with the soldier to whom he was -chained. (Acts 27:3.) Zidon was one of the most ancient towns in -history, and the mother city of Tyre, which was 20 miles south of it. It -lay in the limits of the tribe of Asher, but was never possessed by -Israel. Its commerce was extensive, but early superseded by that of -Tyre. It was a battle ground more than once during the Crusades, and -changed masters frequently. Its site is now occupied by a small fishing -village, called _Saida_. - -5. The wind being unfavorable, the vessel was carried to the north of -Cyprus, and sailed over waters traversed by Paul more than once, in the -northeastern corner of the Mediterranean, past his church home at -Antioch, and his birthplace, Tarsus, to the harbor of _Myra_, a city in -the province of Lycia, in Asia Minor. (Acts 27:4-6.) This city stood at -the entrance to a gorge in Mount Taurus, two miles from the sea. Its -port, where Paul landed to be transferred to another vessel, was called -Andriadice. It is now in ruins. - -6. The next station was to have been Cnidus, 100 miles from Myra, on the -coast of Caria; but the vessel only reached it with difficulty, and was -unable to enter, on account of contrary winds: so the prow was turned -southward toward the island of _Crete_. This lies at the entrance to the -Ægean Sea, and is 140 miles long by 35 wide. They rounded Cape Salmone, -at the eastern point of the island, and anchored for a time at a place -then known, and still known, as _Fair Havens_, on the southern coast, -about midway between the two extremes of the island. Here they were -delayed for some time, and Paul urged the centurion to remain during the -winter, and escape impending dangers. But it was resolved to follow -along the shore still further westward, to the more commodious harbor of -Phenice. But in this they were disappointed; for they were driven out to -sea, and to the final result predicted by the apostle. (Acts 27:7-13.) - -7. Soon after leaving Fair Havens, the storm set in. It was of the kind -then called Euroclydon (Revised Version, Euro aquilo, "east-northeaster"), -now known as "a Levanter." They were able to run under the lee of the -little island of Clauda, 23 miles from Fair Havens, where they -strengthened the vessel for the gale by "frapping," or winding ropes -around the hull. Thence for fourteen days and nights they were driven -before the wind in a westward direction, until hope perished in every -heart save Paul's. They were driven 476 miles, upon the island of -_Melita_, which is 62 miles south of Sicily, and is 17 miles long by 8 -or 9 wide. It is of irregular oval shape, and its coast is indented by -many bays. The one in which the apostle was shipwrecked is on the -northeastern side of the island, and is known as St. Paul's Bay. A close -investigation of the locality, its surroundings, and the soundings of -the sea approaching it, show the remarkable accuracy of Luke's -statements. The island is now known as _Malta_, and is under British -rule. Some years ago an ancient inscription was found on the island, -giving to its ruler the same title, _protos_, "first or chief man" (Acts -28:7), given by Luke. - -[Illustration: ST. PAUL'S BAY, MALTA, ENLARGED. - -MALTESE ISLANDS.] - -8. After wintering in the island of Melita, Paul and the other prisoners -were placed on board an Alexandrian ship which was bound toward Rome. -The first stopping place in this part of the voyage was at the historic -city of _Syracuse_, on the eastern shore of Sicily. (Acts 28:12.) Here -they paused for three days, and then continued their voyage. - -9. The next station was at _Rhegium_, where they lay, awaiting a -favorable wind, for one day. (Acts 28:13.) This is at the "toe" of the -Italian boot, opposite Sicily, from which it is separated by a strait, -only 6 miles wide. It is now a flourishing town, called _Rheggio_. - -10. The vessel ended its voyage, and Paul and his fellow-prisoners -disembarked, at _Puteoli_, near Naples. This was one of the leading -ports of Italy, being to Rome what Liverpool is to London. Here Paul -found a Christian church, and was permitted to remain for a week before -going onward to the capital, 141 miles distant. The city is now called -_Pozzuoli_. - -[Illustration: PLAN OF ANCIENT ROME.] - -11. At a place called _Appii Forum_, "the forum of Appius," a village on -the Appian Way, 43 miles from Rome, and again at the "Three Taverns," 10 -miles nearer, Paul was met by some Christians, who had heard of his -coming, and came to give him a welcome, which rejoiced his heart. - -12. At last great ROME was reached, and the apostle was at the end of -his long journey. For two years he dwelt as a prisoner at large, chained -to a Roman soldier, but in "his own hired house." At this point ends all -that is positively known of the journeys of the apostle. - -The city of Rome stands on the river Tiber. In the period of its -greatness it occupied ten hills, with the valleys between them, and a -plain near the river. The apostle lived near the Pretorian Camp, on the -northeastern border of the city, and at the opposite end of the city -from the Jewish quarter, which was on the west of the Tiber. At the time -of Paul's imprisonment, Rome contained about 1,200,000 inhabitants. -One-half of the population were slaves, and two-thirds of the rest were -paupers, supported in idleness by the free distribution of food. During -the two years of Paul's imprisonment he wrote at least four -Epistles--Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon. After about -two years of imprisonment, Paul was released and spent two or more years -at liberty. - - -OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. - - 1. Jerusalem. 2. Antipatris. 3. Cæsarea. 4. Zidon. - 5. Myra. 6. Crete. (Fair Havens.) 7. Melita. 8. - Syracuse. 9. Rhegium. 10. Puteoli. 11. Appii Forum - and Three Taverns. 12. Rome. - - -THE LAST JOURNEYS OF PAUL. - -[Illustration: PAUL'S LAST JOURNEYS.] - -The definite history of the apostle Paul ends with the last verse of the -Acts of the Apostles; but, from the later Epistles and the dim light of -early tradition, we may gather a few facts, and perhaps can indicate a -few more journeys. From Philippians and Philemon, it is clear that -Paul expected an acquittal and release; from 1 Timothy and Titus, it is -evident, that after his imprisonment there were two years, perhaps more, -of liberty. Combining the allusions in the Epistles, we offer a -conjectural outline of the apostle's journeys during that year, -following mainly the order of Canon Farrar. - -1. Near the close of his imprisonment he expressed an expectation of -speedily visiting the churches of Proconsular Asia, especially that at -_Colosse_ (Philem. 1:22), and desired a lodging to be prepared for him -at the house of Philemon. We may take for granted that this purpose was -accomplished, and that _Ephesus_, as well as Colosse, was visited at -this time. Ephesus has been already described. (See page 125.) Colosse, -called also Colassæ, was a city on the Lycus, near Hierapolis and -Laodicea, and on the great caravan road from Ephesus to the Euphrates. -At one time it was a large and flourishing place, but declined as other -cities gained its Eastern trade. Paul had never before visited this -city, and its church had been founded by Epaphras. Yet Paul was well -acquainted with several of its members, and addressed to it, during his -imprisonment, the Epistle to the Colossians; and to one of its members -the Epistle to Philemon. The site of the ancient city is near the modern -village of _Chonas_. - -2. Just before his release, Paul dispatched Timothy to Philippi, -expecting soon to follow him. (Phil. 2:19-24.) Timothy fulfilled his -mission, and came to Ephesus, where Paul left him in charge of the -church, and himself went to _Macedonia_. (1 Tim. 1:3.) Here he doubtless -visited the churches which he had planted in Philippi, Thessalonica and -Berea, and probably journeyed as far south as Corinth. - -3. We judge that to this time belongs his visit to _Crete_. (Titus 1:5.) -He had touched at this island during his voyage to Rome, and may have -gone on shore at Fair Havens; but now he organized the church, and left -it under the care of Titus, who had accompanied him to the island. - -4. We find that after this Paul was at _Nicopolis_, a place not -previously mentioned in his history. (Titus 3:12.) There were no less -than ten cities of this name in the ancient world; but it must have been -one of three among them: Nicopolis of Thrace, of Cilicia, or of Epirus. -The latter has been generally accepted as the one where Paul "determined -to winter." It was in the Roman province of Achaia, near the Adriatic -Sea and the Ionian Isles; and was built by Augustus to commemorate his -victory at Actium. The place is now called _Paleo-prevesa_, "old -Prevesa," and contains extensive ruins, among which is a building said -to have been Paul's place of prayer. Some think that Paul was arrested -here before his final imprisonment; but there is no certainty concerning -it. - -5. _Troas._ (2 Tim. 4:13.) It is evident that Paul passed through this -place, and stopped with a certain person named Carpus, where he left his -mantle for winter wear, and some manuscripts. Farrar is of the opinion -that he was here arrested, and in such haste that he could not obtain -these articles. He may have come from Nicopolis by way of Macedonia, -passing through Philippi, and sailing across the Ægean Sea. - -6. An allusion in 2 Tim. 4:20 hints at another place visited by the -apostle, perhaps as a prisoner. If arrested at Troas, he would probably -be sent to _Ephesus_, the residence of the proconsul, for trial. And at -Miletus, near that city, we find that he left his companion, Trophimus, -who had been with him at the time of his former arrest in Jerusalem. It -is a slight confirmation of this view, that there is among the ruins of -Ephesus a place pointed out as the prison of Paul. - -7. From Ephesus he may have set sail once more as a prisoner for _Rome_. -He was accompanied by several friends, as Titus, who had left Crete once -more to follow him; Luke the physician, his companion to the last; and -Tychicus. We know nothing concerning the voyage, and therefore represent -it on the map by the most direct route from Ephesus. At Rome we know -only that his imprisonment was short; that his friends were few, for the -church had been scattered by the terrible persecution of Nero; that Paul -was left alone at his first hearing, his friends having gone in various -directions, some on errands of duty, and others in fear of the world; -that he wrote earnestly to Timothy to come, bringing Mark with him (2 -Tim. 4:9, 11); and we infer from his own expectations and the tradition -of the church, that his martyrdom was not long delayed. - -The traditional place of his execution is shown at Aquæ Salvæ, now _Tre -Fontane_, three miles from Rome, near the road to Ostia. - - -OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. - - 1. Colosse and Ephesus. 2. Macedonia. (Philippi, - Thessalonica, Berea, Corinth.) 3. Crete. 4. - Nicopolis. 5. Troas. (Arrest?) 6. Ephesus. 7. - Rome. (Martyrdom.) - -[Illustration: THE ISLES OF GREECE AND THE SEVEN CHURCHES.] - - - - -THE ISLES OF GREECE AND THE SEVEN CHURCHES. - - -I. AS THE islands of the Ægean Sea are often referred to in the Acts, -especially in the account of Paul's voyage to Phoenicia, in his third -missionary journey, we present a map representing them upon a larger -scale, with those portions of Asia and Europe adjoining them. Such of -the islands as are mentioned in the history have been already described. -One of the smallest is brought to our notice in the book of Revelation, -=Patmos=, to which the apostle John was banished. This lies 20 miles -south of the island of Samos, 24 miles west of Asia Minor, and about 70 -miles southwest of Ephesus. It is about 20 miles in circumference, and -is rocky and barren. Its loneliness and seclusion made it a suitable -place for the banishment of criminals; and to it the apostle John was -banished by the emperor Domitian, near the close of the first Christian -century: though some scholars give an earlier date, under the emperor -Nero. A narrow isthmus divides the island into two parts, north and -south. On a hill in the southern part is a monastery named after the -apostle John, and near it is the cave where it is said by tradition that -he received the vision of the Apocalypse. In the Middle Ages the island -was called Patmosa, and it is now known as _Patmo_. - -II. The term =Asia= was used by the ancients in varied extent of -meaning. 1. Its earliest use in Homer refers only to a meadow near Troy -(Troas), which was called the "Asian meadow." 2. The lands of Mysia, -Lydia, Caria, and a part of Phrygia, were known as Proconsular Asia, as -they formed the province of Asia under the Roman government. This was -originally the dominion of the last king of Pergamos, whose title was -"king of Asia"; and was by him bequeathed to the Romans. 3. Asia Minor, -as a whole, was sometimes called by the name Asia, though not often. 4. -The entire Asiatic continent was known by this name in ancient times; -but this use of the word is not found in Scripture. - -[Illustration: LAODICEA FROM HIERAPOLIS.] - -III. =The Seven Churches of Asia= were all located in Proconsular Asia, -in the immediate neighborhood of Ephesus. There were other churches -besides these, as Hierapolis and Colosse, both near Laodicea, and -referred to in the Pauline Epistles; but these are named as the most -important, and a group of seven is the arrangement most frequently found -in the Bible, especially in its symbolical writings. To these Seven -Churches were sent the messages in the opening chapters of the -Revelation. - -1. _Ephesus_ (Rev. 2:1) was the most important city of the district, its -church was the largest, and it was the first addressed. (A description -and plan of this city may be found on page 125.) - -2. _Smyrna_ (Rev. 2:8) is north of Ephesus, about 40 miles in a direct -line, though longer by the route of travel. It is on the Ægean Sea, at -the head of the Hermæan Gulf, at the foot of Mount Pagus. The earliest -city was built B.C. 1500, by the Greeks, and destroyed and rebuilt -several times. From the time of Alexander the Great, who was one of its -builders, it became an important city. Its earliest mention in Christian -history is in the Revelation. Polycarp, a pupil of John, was martyred -here A.D. 155. His grave is still shown on a hill near the city. Despite -fires, earthquakes and wars, it has retained its importance, and is now -the largest city on the Asiatic side of the Ægean Sea, having a -population of nearly 200,000 people. The modern city is about two miles -from the ancient site. - -3. _Pergamos_ (Rev. 2:12), more properly Pergamum, was 60 miles -northeast of Smyrna, in the district of Mysia, 3 miles north of the -little river Caicus, and 20 miles from the Ægean Sea. It was the capital -of a small but wealthy kingdom, which arose in the breaking up of -Alexander's empire. It was celebrated for its large library, which at -one time contained 200,000 manuscripts, but was by Mark Antony presented -to Cleopatra, and removed to Alexandria. The city was devoted to the -worship of Æsculapius, the patron divinity of medicine; and was, like -most idolatrous places, corrupt in its morals. It is now a city of -25,000 inhabitants, called _Pergama_. - -[Illustration: ISLE of PATMOS.] - -4. _Thyatira_ (Rev. 2:18) was a city in the province of Lydia, on the -road from Pergamos to Sardis. It was founded by Alexander the Great, who -planted it with people from Macedonia, which may account for the fact -that "Lydia of Thyatira" was found by Paul at Philippi, in Macedonia. It -was a prosperous manufacturing town, but never a great city, and its -scarlet cloth still has a reputation throughout the Orient. It is now a -place with a population of from 17,000 to 20,000, and is called _ak -Hissar_, "white castle." - -5. _Sardis_ (Rev. 3:1) lay 30 miles south of Thyatira, between the river -Hermus and Mount Tmolus. It was the capital of Croesus, the wealthy king -of Lydia, whose empire was overthrown by Cyrus the Great. After the time -of Alexander it belonged to the kingdom of Pergamos, until its -absorption into the Roman empire. It was a place of extensive commerce, -which led to prosperity, and the worldliness of the Christian church, -rebuked in the message of the Revelation. It is now a miasmatic region, -with scarcely an inhabitant, and bears the name _Sert Kalessi_. - -6. _Philadelphia_ (Rev. 3:7) was about 25 miles southeast of Sardis, on -the river Cogamus, a branch of the Hermus. It was built and named by -Attalus Philadelphus, king of Pergamos, and was the centre of a rich -farming region, which has kept it inhabited through all the vicissitudes -of the centuries. It was destroyed by an earthquake A.D. 17, but -rebuilt. Its population is now about 10,000, and its modern name is -_Allah Shehr_, "city of God." - -7. _Laodicea_ (Rev. 3:14) was the capital of Phrygia, and was 50 or 60 -miles from Philadelphia, according to route. It was on the bank of the -Lycus, near Hierapolis and Colosse. Its ancient name was Diospolis, but -was changed by the Syrian king, Seleucus II., in honor of his wife, -Laodice. In A.D. 62 it was destroyed by an earthquake; but its people -were sufficiently rich to decline the aid of the Romans in rebuilding -their city. Its worldly prosperity was reflected in its church, which -received the sharpest rebukes of the Revelator. The Mohammedans -destroyed the city, which is now a mass of ruins, surrounding a village -called _Eski-hissar_. - -It will be noticed, that, in the order of the Revelation, the Seven -Churches are arranged in a circuit, as one would find them, starting -from Ephesus, and traveling north to Smyrna and Pergamus, then southeast -to Thyatira, Sardis and Philadelphia, until the southern and eastern -limit is reached at Laodicea. - - -OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. - - I. Let the teacher draw the outlines of the coast - of both Europe and Asia, and call attention to the - lands as already noticed under other maps. Then - locate and name the principal _Islands_, - especially those referred to in Paul's voyage to - Palestine (map on page 122), and _Patmos_. - - II. Explain the four meanings of the name Asia, as - used by the ancients. - - III. Locate and name the _Seven Churches_, as - given in Revelation. _Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamos, - Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, Laodicea._ - - - - -THE TABERNACLE. - -[Illustration: THE TABERNACLE, ACCORDING TO FERGUSSON.] - - -I. =Its Origin.= The Tabernacle was the tent in which the emblems for -divine worship were kept from the time of Moses to that of Solomon, 400 -years. It represented the idea of God dwelling among his people, in the -centre of the camp of Israel. The earliest institution for worship was -the Altar, built wherever the patriarchs pitched their tents. Next we -find a place consecrated and kept for the house of God, as Jacob's -pillar at Bethel, to which the patriarch returned as to a sanctuary in -after years. The Tabernacle arose when Israel was no longer a family, -but a nation, needing a centralizing power and a system of worship as -the uniting element among the tribes. It was erected under the direction -of Moses, by divine command, while the Israelites were encamped at Mount -Sinai. - -II. =Its History.= During all the journeys of the Israelites through the -wilderness, the Tabernacle stood in the centre of their camp, or, while -on the march, was taken apart and carried by the Levites. At the time of -the conquest, it remained at Gilgal, the fortified camp of Israel, near -Jericho. After the war it was established at Shiloh, in the tribe of -Ephraim, where it continued until the great defeat of Israel at Ebenezer -(1 Sam. 4:1-11), when the ark was taken, and probably Shiloh was -ravaged. The Tabernacle was removed to Nob, in the tribe of Benjamin, -where it remained until Saul's slaughter of the priests. (1 Sam. 21:1-6; -22:18, 19.) It seems to have been at Gibeon, while the ark was in -seclusion at Kirjath-jearim. (2 Chron. 1:4.) There is no mention of the -Tabernacle after the building of the Temple; but a Jewish tradition is -that its curtains were rolled up and laid away in one of the rooms -connected with the Temple. - -III. =The Departments of the Tabernacle.= This will require us to -notice: 1. The Court. 2. The Altar. 3. The Laver. 4. The Tent. 5. The -Holy Place. 6. The Holy of Holies. The dimensions of these are given in -cubits; and, as the authorities differ as to the length of the cubit, we -will consider it here as being about a foot and a half, or 18 inches, -the length generally given. - -1. _The Court_ was 150 feet long by 75 wide. It was separated from the -camp by a curtain of fine linen, supported by 60 pillars, of which 20 -were on each side, and 10 on each end. The pillars were probably of wood -covered with brass. (There is strong reason for believing that the word -"brass" in the Old Testament refers to copper.) They were fastened -together by cords, and rested upon bases of brass, which were fastened -to the ground, perhaps by spikes from the bottom. Each pillar was 7-1/2 -feet (5 cubits) high, and was covered with a silver cap. The curtain was -made of linen, in sections, extending from pillar to pillar, a distance -of about 8 feet, and was fastened to the pillars by hooks of silver. The -entrance was on the end toward the east, 30 feet wide, and consisted of -an embroidered hanging, which could be raised or lowered at pleasure. -None but the priests and Levites were allowed within the court; and the -worshipers presented their offerings without at the entrance. (Review. -1. Dimensions. 2. Pillars. 3. Curtain. 4. Entrance. 5. Priests.) - -2. _The Altar_ stood within the court, in front of the entrance, in the -most prominent situation of the camp, and was the largest article of the -tabernacle furniture. It was a plain structure, 7-1/2 feet square and -4-1/2 feet high, hollow within, and made of acacia wood, to avoid -excessive weight; but covered with plates of brass, as it was exposed to -the fire. Upon each corner projected a horn from the top, upon which the -blood of the victim was sometimes sprinkled, and to which suppliants -sometimes fled. Around the altar, midway between the top and bottom, was -a "compass" (Exod. 27:5), or ledge, upon which the priest stood while -sacrificing. There is mention also of "a grate" (Exod. 27:4), which was -formerly supposed to have been placed inside the altar, so that the fire -might be built upon it, and the ashes fall through it; but this is now -by the best scholars considered to have been upright, and under the -"compass," and not a grate, but a lattice-work of brass, surrounding the -altar. It is believed that at each encampment the altar was filled with -earth, and that upon this the fire was kindled, according to Exod. -20:24, 25. At each corner was a brass ring, and through the pair of -rings on each side a rod was passed, by which the altar was carried -from place to place during the marches of Israel. The fire upon the -altar was kindled miraculously (Lev. 9:24), and was never suffered to go -out, but was kept alive even on the march by live coals in a vessel. -Twice each day the high-priest offered the general sacrifice for the -people, besides the individual offerings of worshipers. In officiating, -the priest approached the altar by an ascent of earth, as steps were -forbidden (Exod. 20:26), and he stood upon either the north or south -side, as the ashes were thrown out on the east side. (Lev. 1:16.) The -utensils of the altar were five, all of brass. 1. _Pans_, used to convey -the ashes outside the camp. (Lev. 6:10, 11.) 2. _Shovels_, for taking -off coals of fire to put in the censers. 3. _Basins_, for receiving and -carrying the blood of offerings. 4. _Flesh-hooks_, for placing the -sacrifice on the fire. 5. _Fire-pans_, for carrying the fire while on -the march. (Note for Review. 1. Situation. 2. Dimensions. 3. Horns. 4. -Compass. 5. Grate. 6. Earth contents. 7. Rings. 8. Fire. 9. Sacrifices. -10. Approach. 11. Utensils.) - -[Illustration: THE TABLE OF SHEW-BREAD.] - -3. _The Laver_ is less minutely described than the altar. It was a large -tank for holding water, an abundance of which was needed in the -sacrifices, and was made out of the metallic "looking-glasses" of the -women who worshiped at the Tabernacle. (Exod. 38:8.) It stood at the -door of the Tabernacle, and west of the altar. (Exod. 30:18.) With it is -mentioned "its foot," which was probably a lower basin, into which the -water ran from above, made to prevent the earth around from becoming -saturated with water. Its size and form are not stated in the account. -(Review. 1. Purpose. 2. Material. 3. Place. 4. Foot.) - -4. _The Tent._ This was the Tabernacle proper, to which the court was -the adjunct. It stood as the representation of God's house, wherein he -dwelt in the midst of his own chosen people. It was 15 feet wide and -high, and 45 feet long, divided into two rooms by a curtain, or vail. -Though many details are given, yet it is not possible to give certain -conclusions either concerning its plan of construction, or even its -general appearance. For example: some authorities conclude that the -curtained roof was flat, or even sagging downward in the middle, while -others are sure that it was pointed, by means of a ridge-pole, as -represented in our engraving. We consider neither as certain, but -incline to the latter opinion. The walls and rear end of the tent were -made of upright boards, covered with gold, each 15 feet high, and 2 feet -3 inches wide; of which there were 20 boards on each side, and 10 in the -rear, while the front was open. Upon each board were rings of gold, so -arranged that, when the walls were erected, the rings were in three -rows, and through them long poles were passed to hold the structure -together. Each board was furnished at its lower end with two tenons, -which fitted into mortises in bases of solid silver, each weighing -nearly 100 pounds. These bases stood side by side, forming a firm and -continuous foundation, and protecting the lower ends of the boards from -decay. The roof of the tent was supported by pillars, of which there -seem to have been five in the front (Exod. 36:38), and probably as many -in the rear. These were covered with gold, and rested upon bases of -brass. The covering of the Tabernacle consisted of four curtains, one -over another. 1. A covering called the "tabernacle cloth," of linen, -woven in various colors, and embroidered with figures of cherubim. 2. -Over this was stretched a covering of cloth made from goat's hair, -larger than the other, and therefore extending beyond it. 3. Next came a -covering of "rams' skins dyed red." 4. Over all was spread a covering -skin, called in the Hebrew, _tachash_, translated "badgers' skins," but -supposed by many to mean _seal skin_, taken from animals found in the -Red Sea, and intended to preserve the roof from the effects of the -weather. The front, on the eastern end, was protected by a hanging of -fine linen, embroidered in blue, purple and scarlet, and resting upon -the five pillars named above. (Review. 1. Purpose. 2. Dimensions. 3. -Form. 4. Walls. 5. Rings. 6. Bases. 7. Pillars. 8. Coverings. 9. Front.) - -5. _The Holy Place._ This was the larger of the two rooms, and was -separated from the smaller room within by the _Vail_, which was an -embroidered curtain hanging upon four pillars. Its dimensions were 15 -feet in width and 30 feet in length, with walls 15 feet high. There is -no mention of a floor, and probably there was none. It contained three -articles of furniture. On the right of a person entering, midway between -the two ends of the room, stood the _Table_, made of shittim wood -(acacia), covered with gold; it was 3 feet long, a foot and a half wide, -2 feet 3 inches high, and surrounded with a "crown," or ornamental band, -of gold. On the corners were rings, through which rods were passed, to -carry it from place to place. On this table were kept 12 loaves of -unleavened bread, which were renewed every Sabbath. On the left, -opposite to the table, was the _Lamp-stand_, generally called the -Candlestick, but incorrectly, as it contained lamps, not candles. This -was a tree of gold, probably 40 inches high, having three branches on -each side of the central trunk, so arranged that the seven summits, each -holding a lamp, stood in a horizontal line. It is uncertain whether the -lamps were kept burning at all times, or only during the night. Directly -in front of the vail, at the western end of the Holy Place, stood the -_Altar of Incense_. This was of acacia wood, overlaid with gold, whence -it was frequently called "the golden altar." It was a foot and a half -square, and three feet high. It had horns on its corners, and rings for -carrying, and an opening in the top, wherein was placed daily a censer -full of incense, which was lighted by live coals from the altar of burnt -offering in the court. The lighting of the incense with common fire was -the crime for which the two elder sons of Aaron "died before the Lord." -(Lev. 10:1, 2.) Into the Holy Place the priests entered daily, to trim -and refill the lamps, and offer the incense. (Review. 1. Vail. 2. -Dimensions. 3. Table. 4. Lamp-stand. 5. Altar of Incense. 6. Daily -uses.) - -6. _The Holy of Holies._ This was the inner room, at the western end of -the building, entered only on one day in the year, the Day of Atonement, -and only by the high priest. Its dimensions were those of a cube, 15 -feet in breadth, length and height. It contained the most sacred _Ark of -the Covenant_, which was a chest, the receptacle for the stone tablets -of the Law, given by the Lord to Moses. It was of shittim or acacia -wood, covered without and within with gold, 3 feet 9 inches long, by 2 -feet 3 inches wide and deep; furnished on the side with rings, that it -might be carried. The lid was made of gold, and was called the -_propitiatory_,--in our version, "mercy seat." Upon it stood golden -figures of the cherubim, and between them was believed to dwell the -cloud which denoted God's presence. (Review. 1. Uses. 2. Dimensions. 3. -Ark.) - -[Illustration: THE BRAZEN ALTAR.] - - -OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. - - 1. Draw upon the blackboard a diagram representing - the ground-plan of the Court of the Tabernacle, - and, within it, the Tabernacle itself. Tell the - class its origin and history. - - 2. Locate upon the diagram each of the parts - referred to, and describe them, following the - outline given at the end of each paragraph. - - 3. Review the facts given, frequently during the - lesson, and finally at the close. - -[Illustration: THE BRAZEN ALTAR, ACCORDING TO MEYER.] - -[Illustration: THE TEMPLE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST (HEROD'S).] - - - - -THE TEMPLE. - - -THE Temple was the centre of Jewish thought, not only in Palestine, but -also throughout the world. Even when it lay in ruins, Daniel, in the -land of captivity, opened his window toward its site when he prayed; and -the front of every synagogue looked toward it. It stood on Mount Moriah, -which was originally outside the wall of the city, east of Mount Zion. -In order to give room for all its courts, the surface of the hill was -increased by building out from its sides on successive platforms, -supported by immense substructions of brick and stone, so that the -entire mountain is honeycombed with artificial caves. - -There were three successive Temples. 1. _Solomon's Temple_ dedicated -about 950 B.C. The accounts of this building are so meager, and the text -is so uncertain, that it is impossible to construct its plan with any -satisfaction. A conjectural ground plan is given on page 71. This temple -stood until 587 B.C., when it was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar. 2. After -a period of desolation of 50 years, _Zerubbabel's Temple_ was begun, 536 -B.C., and finished 20 years after. Still less is known of its -architecture; but it was probably on the same general plan as Solomon's, -though less magnificent. It passed through many sieges, was desecrated -by enemies, and reconsecrated by the Jews, but stood until 30 years -before the birth of Christ. 3. _Herod's Temple_ was a restoration, -enlargement, and improvement upon Zerubbabel's. It was built by Herod -the Great, in sections, taking down the old and building the new part by -part, so that it occupied many years, and was not completed until after -Herod's death, and less than ten years before its final destruction. -This was the Temple standing in the time of Christ, and referred to in -the allusions of the New Testament. It was destroyed by the Romans under -Titus, A.D. 70, and was never rebuilt by the Jews, though its -restoration was more than once attempted. Its site is now occupied by -the Mohammedan "Dome of the Rock," often, but erroneously, called the -Mosque of Omar. - -[Illustration: THE DOME OF THE ROCK.] - -The Temple of Herod is the one usually described in works on the -subject. The authorities are: 1. The Scriptures, from which we gather -references to this Temple, and analogies from the description of the -Tabernacle, of which the Temple was an enlarged copy. 2. The description -given by Josephus, which was written 20 years after its fall, and gives -general impressions rather than accurate details. 3. The tract Middoth -"measures," in the Talmud, which gives precise measurements, but not -complete information. 4. The allusions in ancient Jewish literature, of -more or less value and authority. 5. The results of recent explorations -under the Temple area, which are very valuable. Different investigators -have come to very different conclusions concerning the Temple and its -courts. We present in this description those of Dr. James Strong, in -McClintock & Strong's Cyclopedia, from which our diagram is taken, by -permission. From the uncertainty of many dimensions, and especially the -difference of opinion with regard to the length of the Jewish cubit, in -which all the ancient measurements are given, most of our figures must -be regarded as general estimates, rather than precise statements. - -The Temple consisted of a building called "the House of God," surrounded -by a number of open courts, the outer ones including the inner. On the -north of it was the Tower of Antonia; east, Valley of the Kedron; -south, Ophel; west, Valley of the Tyropoeon; and beyond, Mount Zion. - -I. =The Court of the Gentiles= was the largest, and the first entered by -a visitor from without. It was so named because it was the only part of -the building in which foreigners were allowed; hence not regarded as -sacred by the Jews. Speaking roughly, it was an open square, of about -1,000 feet on each side; more precisely, a quadrangle, whose inside -measurements were 990 feet on the north, 1,000 on the east, 910 on the -south, 1,060 on the west. On two sides there was a covered corridor; -Solomon's Porch on the east, Herod's Porch on the south. It was entered -on the north, east and south, by a single gate in each wall: north, the -Gate Tedi, a staircase leading up to the Tower Antonia, from which Paul -made his speech to the Jewish mob (Acts 22); east, the Gate Shushan, -directly opposite to the altar, and leading to the Valley of the Kedron; -south, the Gate Huldah, a subterranean passage through the floor of the -court, which was here much higher than the ground outside the wall; -west, four gates: the southern, near the angle of the wall, the Gate -Shalleketh, or Kiponos, opening to a bridge over the Tyropoeon; next, -Gate Parbar; then, the South Gate of Asuppim; and near the northern -corner of the wall, the North Gate of Asuppim. On the floor of this -court was a market for the sale of sacrificial meats, with "tables of -the money changers"; twice broken up by Jesus in his ministry. (John -2:14-16; Matt. 21:12, 13.) [Notice, in this account: 1. Name. 2. -Dimensions. 3. Porches. 4. Gates. 5. Market.] - -[Illustration: SECTION THROUGH THE MIDDLE OF THE TEMPLE FROM EAST TO -WEST.] - -II. =The Sacred Enclosure= was an elevated section in the northwestern -part of the Court of the Gentiles, containing the sacred buildings. It -was called by the Jews the _Chel_ (pronounced _Kel_). It stood 8 feet -higher than the level of the surrounding court; and its outside -measurement was 630 feet on the north and south, by 300 east and west. -Its outer wall was a lattice wrought in stone, called Soreg, -"interwoven," 4-1/2 feet high, containing inscriptions in many -languages, warning all foreigners not to enter it, under penalty of -death. A fragment of this wall, with its inscription, was recently -discovered in Jerusalem. Within this wall was a corridor 24 feet wide, -containing an ascent of steps 8 feet high; and above them the inner -wall, which was like that of a castle, very thick, from 40 to 60 feet -high, and more than once used as a fortress by the Jews. Through both -the outer lattice and the inner wall were nine gates, four each on the -north and south; one on the east, opposite to the altar; but none on the -west. Though most of the worshipers came from that side, the rear of the -Temple stood toward it, and the front faced the east. The Chel, then, -was a terrace of 24 feet, between two walls, an outer lattice and an -inner castle. Paul was arrested under a false report of his having led -Gentiles into this Sacred Enclosure. (Acts 21:28, 29.) - -[Illustration: PLAN OF THE SACRED ENCLOSURE (HEROD'S TEMPLE).] - -III. =The Court of the Women=, often called "The Treasury," occupied a -square in the eastern end of the Sacred Enclosure. Passing through the -thick wall, the Jewish visitor (for none other was allowed to enter) -found himself in an open court, about 240 feet square, surrounded by -high walls, and 3 feet higher than the platform of the Chel. To this led -four gates, or rather doors, in the middle of the wall on each side; -that on the east, probably, being the Beautiful Gate (Acts 3:2), and -that on the west the Gate of Nicanor, because the head of Nicanor, a -Syrian enemy of the Jews, had once been hung upon it. In each corner of -the court was a room, open overhead, 60 feet square. That in the -southeast was used for the ceremonies of the Nazarite's vow, and was the -one where Paul was seized by the Jews (Acts 21:26); in the northeast, -for the preparation of wood for the altar; in the northwest, for the -ceremonies of cleansing for lepers; in the southwest, for the storage of -sacrificial oil. Between these rooms were galleried cloisters, of which -the upper story was set apart for women, who were not allowed to -penetrate further into the Temple, but from the gallery over the Gate of -Nicanor could witness the sacrifices. Around the wall were fastened 13 -treasure-chests, for gifts of the worshipers, from which came the name -"Treasury." (Mark 12:41, 42; John 8:20.) Under the floor of this court -was a subterranean passage from the Tower of Antonia, by which soldiers -were sent to quell riots among the Jews, the opening being by the Gate -Beautiful, over which was a guard-room. Through this passage the -soldiers came who rescued Paul from the Jewish mob. (Acts 21:31, 32.) -Under the steps leading up to the Gate Nicanor were two rooms in which -musical instruments were stored for use at the festivals. [Review. 1. -Names. 2. Dimensions. 3. Doors. 4. Rooms. 5. Galleries. 6. -Treasure-chests. 7. Underground passage. 8. Music-rooms. 9. Scripture -allusions.] - -IV. =The Court of Israel=, or Court of the Men, occupied the western end -of the Sacred Enclosure, and was a narrow corridor surrounding the Court -of the Priests. It was 10 feet higher than the Court of the Women; 320 -feet east and west, by 240 north and south. The width of the corridor on -the north and south was 16 feet, and on the east and west 24 feet. It -was the place where the men of Israel stood to view the sacrifices. On -the outside of it rose the high inner wall of the Sacred Enclosure; on -the inside, a low balustrade sufficed to separate it from the space set -apart for the priests. Three gates led up to it on the north; as many on -the south; and one, the Gate of Nicanor, on the east. In the wall on the -north were chambers used severally for treasuries, guard, the storage of -salt, the storage of hides and of earthenware. On the south, at its -eastern corner, was the session-room of the Sanhedrim, called the Hall -Gazith, and beyond it rooms in the wall for guard, storage, etc. In the -Hall Gazith, the elders sat on seats of stone arranged in semicircular -form. [Review. 1. Name. 2. Location. 3. Dimensions. 4. Purpose. 5. -Walls. 6. Gates. 7. Rooms.] - -V. =The Court of the Priests= was a raised platform within the Court of -Israel, and standing 3 feet above it. It was about 275 feet long, by 200 -feet wide. It was mainly occupied by the House of God, in front of which -stood the great Altar of Burnt Offering, built upon the stone which now -rises under the Dome of the Rock. The altar was a rude structure of -rough stone, whitewashed, and 15 feet high. From its southwestern corner -an underground drain passed beneath all the courts to the brook Kedron. -Opposite, also, to the southwestern corner, was the Laver, supplying -water for the services and washings. Around the altar were marble tables -for various uses in the sacrifices, and in the pavement were rings for -securing the animals to be slain. [Review. 1. Name. 2. Dimensions. 3. -Altar. 4. Drain. 5. Laver. 6. Tables, rings, etc.] - -VI. =The House of God=, or Temple Proper, occupied more than half the -space in the Court of the Priests. Its floor was 8 feet above the level -of the surrounding court; and it had four parts. 1. The Porch, or -Vestibule, extended across the front: it was 120 feet high, and -consisted of several stories. Its roof was steep, and covered with -golden spikes to keep birds from settling upon and defiling it. It was -built of marble, and richly ornamented. 2. The Chambers were on each -side of the house, but separate from it, and not attached to its wall. -They were three stories high, and entered from the north and south by -winding stairs. Their use was to furnish homes for the priests during -their two weeks of service each year. 3. The Holy Place was 30 feet wide -and 60 feet long, double the dimensions of the same room in the -Tabernacle. It was entered from the vestibule by double doors plated -with gold; and both floor and ceiling were covered with gold. On the -right side of one entering was the Table, on which 12 loaves of -unleavened bread were kept standing; on the left was the Lamp-stand, -generally called (but incorrectly) the Golden Candlestick, for it held -seven lamps, not candles; and at its further end was the golden Altar of -Incense, lighted each day by coals from the Altar of Burnt Offering. In -this room Zacharias received the promise of the birth of John the -Baptist. (Luke 1.) 4. The Holy of Holies was a cube, each dimension -being 30 feet. It was separated from the Holy Place by a vail, said to -be 8 inches thick (but probably consisting of two vails 8 inches apart), -which was rent from top to bottom at the hour of the Saviour's death on -the cross. (Mark 15:38.) In the first Temple this room contained the Ark -of the Covenant; but in the second and third Temples the place of the -lost ark was taken by a marble stone, upon which the high priest laid -the censer on the Day of Atonement, the only day in the year when the -Holy of Holies was entered. The Roman conqueror, Pompey, insisted upon -entering it, expecting to see some object of worship, and perhaps -treasure, but was surprised to find nothing within the vail. [Review. 1. -Porch. 2. Chambers. 3. Holy Place and contents. 4. Holy of Holies.] - - -OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. - - I. Let the teacher relate the history of the - Temple, with its three periods of building, under - Solomon, Zerubbabel and Herod, and review the - class on the names and events. - - II. Draw the elevations of the several courts and - buildings, showing how they successively rose one - above another, and, as each is indicated, give its - name, and its elevation above the preceding. 1. - Court of Gentiles. 2. Sacred Enclosure, 8 feet - elevation. 3. Court of Women, 3 feet higher. 4. - Court of Israel, 10 feet. 5. Court of the Priests, - 3 feet. 6. House of God, 8 feet. - - III. Draw next the ground plan of the six - departments as given, and describe each, following - the order given in the description above. - Frequently review the class upon the names, - dimensions and facts. - - IV. Number the Scripture references given in the - description, write them on slips of paper, - distribute to the class, and call for them in - connection with the parts of the Temple to which - they refer. At the close call upon the class to - name the Scripture incidents connected with each - department. - - - - -LESSONS IN THE GEOGRAPHY OF PALESTINE. - - -MORE than two-thirds of the events of Bible history are associated with -the land of Palestine, and a knowledge of that country and its principal -places is needed by every Sunday School scholar and Bible student. Any -Superintendent who will take ten minutes of the Sunday School session -for the purpose or teaching Bible Geography, can in less than three -months give to his school a sufficient knowledge of Palestine for the -general needs of Bible study. The requisites are: a blackboard; some -crayons (of various colors, if possible to obtain them); a clear idea on -the part of the instructor of what he proposes to teach; precise -statements of the things taught, in as few words as possible; giving -nothing except the important facts which are to be remembered; and -frequent reviews, from the beginning, of all the facts acquired. The -lessons here given have been taught many times in Sunday Schools and -children's classes at Assemblies, and are now published in the hope that -they may be made generally useful. - -[Illustration: LESSON I.] - - -LESSON I. LINES AND WATERS. - -I. Draw in presence of the class, in white chalk, the =two lines=, one -representing the Coast Line, the other, the Jordan Line. Notice that the -cape on the Coast Line is one-third the distance from the top of the -map; that the second of the three lakes is directly opposite to the -cape; and that the distance between the second and third lakes is just -six times that between the first and the second. The teacher may draw -the lines in advance of the lesson, with a soapstone slate pencil, which -will make a faint mark, not distinguishable at a distance, but seen by -the teacher, and easily traced in presence of the class with white -crayon. Let the class repeat the names of the two lines. 1. Coast Line. -2. Jordan Line. - -II. Locate the different =Bodies of Water=, indicating their names by -initial letters. 1. The Mediterranean Sea, on the west, called in the -Bible "the Great Sea." 2. The river Jordan, flowing from north to south. -3. Lake Merom, on the north. 4. The Sea of Galilee. 5. The Dead Sea, -into which the Jordan flows. Show the class that this sea lies so low, -that, if a canal were cut to the Mediterranean, the ocean would run in, -instead of the Dead Sea running out. Drill the class on: 1. Lines. 2. -Bodies of Water. - - -LESSON II. NAMES AND DISTANCES. - -Draw the same map as in Lesson I., but omit the lettering, and review -the Lines and Waters. - -I. State and drill upon the =Names= by which the land has been known in -different times. 1. In the earliest ages it was called _Canaan_, because -its best-known people were the Canaanites. 2. After the Israelites -conquered it, it was known as the _Land of Israel_. 3. In the time of -Christ it was generally called _Judæa_ because the Jews were its -inhabitants. 4. Its name is now _Palestine_. [Write an initial or -syllable of each name, and recall it from the class.] - -II. Give the =Distances=. 1. Begin with the country best known, and -state first the distance from America to Palestine, 7,800 miles. [Write -on the board A. P. 7,800.] 2. The Coast Line, from a point opposite the -source of the Jordan to a point opposite the lower end of the Dead Sea, -180 miles. [Write C. L. 180.] 3. The Jordan Line, from its source to the -lower end of the Dead Sea, 180 miles. [J. L. 180.] 4. From the Jordan to -the Mediterranean, on the north, 30 miles. [J. M. 30.] 5. From the Dead -Sea, at its southern end, to the Mediterranean, 90 miles. [D. S. M. 90.] -6. The most northern town in Palestine was Dan [mark D. on the map]; the -most southern was Beersheba [mark B.]. Hence, to show the extent of the -land, they said "from Dan to Beersheba," which was 150 miles in a -straight line. [Write D. B. 150.] 7. Palestine, between the Jordan and -the sea, includes about 6,600 square miles, which is a little smaller -than Massachusetts. [Write S. M. 6,600.] Review the facts already given -from the beginning. 1. Lines. 2. Waters. 3. Distances. - -[Illustration: LESSON II.] - -[Illustration: LESSON III.] - - -LESSON III. NATURAL DIVISIONS. - -Draw, as before, the outline of the map, and review all the facts -already taught. 1. Lines. 2. Waters. 3. Names. 4. Distances. Test the -memory of the class on these without giving the initials. - -There are four Natural Divisions to Palestine; that is, four sections in -the country, lying parallel with each other. Indicate them on the map in -brown chalk, not making them very prominent. - -1. We find the =Sea-Coast Plain= [S. C. P.] extending along the Coast -from north to south, narrow at the north, and wider at the south. - -2. Further inland, we come to the =Mountain Region= [M. R.], the -backbone of the country, a section of hills and mountains, and the home -of the Israelitish people. - -3. Passing over the mountains, we find the =Jordan Valley=, a deep -gorge, and deeper the further we travel southward, until, at the Dead -Sea, it is more than 1,300 feet lower than the Mediterranean. - -4. Still further eastward, we climb the steep mountains again, and reach -the =Eastern Table-Land=, a lofty plain sloping gradually to the great -desert beyond it. - -Review, as before. 1. Lines. 2. Waters. 3. Names. 4. Distances. 5. -Natural Divisions. - - -LESSON IV. MOUNTAINS. - -[Illustration: LESSON IV.] - -Review, as usual, from the beginning, before commencing the advance -lesson. The events of the Bible are often associated with =Mountains=, -of which there are many in Palestine. We select eight of the most -important, group them in pairs, and state with each the fact which gives -it interest. - -On the north of the country, near the source of the Jordan, we find two -mountains, nearly opposite to each other. 1. _Mount Hermon_, on the -east, the highest mountain in Palestine, and the place where the Saviour -was transfigured. 2. _Mount Lebanon_, on the west, famous for its -cedars. - -Next, we find two mountains nearly in line with the Sea of Galilee, one -directly west and the other southwest of it. 3. _Mount Carmel_, by the -Mediterranean, where Elijah called down fire from heaven upon the altar. -4. _Mount Gilboa_, where King Saul fell in battle with the Philistines. - -In the centre of the country we find two mountains, where Joshua read -the law to the Israelites. 5. On the north, _Mount Ebal_, the mount of -cursing. 6. On the south, _Mount Gerizim_, the mount of blessing. - -In the south, directly in line with the northern end of the Dead Sea, -are two mountains. 7. On the west, _Mount Olivet_, or the Mount of -Olives, where Jesus ascended. 8. On the east, _Mount Nebo_, where Moses -died. - -With each of these mountains the event associated might be briefly -related. At the close, review as before. 1. Lines. 2. Waters. 3. Names. -4. Distances. 5. Divisions. 6. Mountains. Be sure that the class can -name the event with each mountain. - - -LESSON V. PLACES. - -This lesson may well be divided into from two to four sections, -according to the time which can be given to it. Draw the map, as usual, -from the beginning; and, as each subject is presented upon it, review -the pupils, until all their past lessons are clearly fixed in mind. 1. -Lines. 2. Waters. 3. Names. 4. Distances. 5. Natural Divisions. 6. -Mountains. See that with each mountain, as it is located, the event -connected with it is named. - -We have now to fix the most important =Places= in Palestine. We locate -them by their arrangement in the Natural Divisions, and name an event -for which each place is remembered. - -I. =Places in the Sea-Coast Plain.= [These may constitute one lesson, if -desired.] 1. _Gaza_, where Samson pulled down the idol temple upon the -Philistines and himself. This lies on the Mediterranean, directly in -line west of the middle point of the Dead Sea. 2. _Joppa_, the seaport -of Palestine, from which the prophet Jonah started on his voyage. This -lies nearly half way between Gaza and Mount Carmel. 3. _Cæsarea_, where -Paul made his defense before King Agrippa, and was a prisoner for two -years. This is a little more than half way between Joppa and Mount -Carmel. 4. _Tyre_, the city which sent ships to all lands; a little -further north of Mount Carmel than Cæsarea is south of it. As each place -is named, locate it on the board, and mark it by an initial letter. - -II. Another lesson may include the most important =Places in the -Mountain Region=. 1. _Beersheba_, the home of Abraham; opposite the -lower bay of the Dead Sea. 2. _Hebron_, where the patriarchs were -buried; opposite the middle of the Dead Sea, and in line with Gaza. 3. -_Bethlehem_, where David and Jesus were born, 6 miles south of -Jerusalem. 4. _Jerusalem_, the capital of Palestine, where David -reigned, and where Jesus was crucified; directly in line with the -northern end of the Dead Sea. 5. _Bethel_, 10 miles north of Jerusalem, -where Jacob saw the vision of the heavenly ladder. 6. _Shechem_, between -the twin mountains of Ebal and Gerizim, where Jesus talked with the -woman of Samaria. 7. _Nazareth_, where Jesus spent his boyhood; directly -in line with the southern end of the Sea of Galilee. - -[Illustration: LESSON V.] - -III. =Places in the Jordan Valley.= Two of these are near the northern -end of the Dead Sea. 1. _Jericho_, west of the Jordan, where the walls -fell down before the Israelites. 2. _Bethabara_, east of the Jordan, -where Jesus was baptized. Two more are near the northern shore of the -Sea of Galilee. 3. _Capernaum_, where Jesus lived during his ministry, -and wrought many miracles; on the northwestern shore of the sea. 4. -_Bethsaida_, where Jesus fed the five thousand with five loaves; on the -north of the sea. 5. The last is at the source of the river Jordan, -_Dan_, the most northerly town in Palestine. - -[Illustration: LESSON VI.] - -IV. =Places in the Eastern Table-Land.= There are not many in this -section, because few events of Bible history took place there. 1. -_Machærus_, where John the Baptist was imprisoned and beheaded; opposite -the northern part of the Dead Sea. 2. _Penuel_, on the brook Jabbok, -where Jacob wrestled with the angel. This is about midway between the -Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee. 3. _Mahanaim_, where David wept over -Absalom's death. This is about half way between Penuel and the Sea of -Galilee. 4. _Cæsarea Philippi_, at the foot of Mount Hermon, where Jesus -taught his disciples. - -It may be desirable not to give these places in a single lesson, but to -divide it into two, or even four sections, and give one at a session. In -that case, with each lesson all the places already located should be -reviewed, together with the events associated with them. If the places -can be marked upon the board in bright red chalk, they will be -prominent. - - -LESSON VI. PROVINCES. - -Review from the beginning, as usual. 1. Lines. 2. Waters. 3. Names. 4. -Distances. 5. Natural Divisions. 6. Mountains. 7. Places. - -In this lesson we are to learn the Provinces, or parts of the country, -in the time of Christ. We do not take the division by tribes; as that is -more difficult to learn, and not often referred to in history. At the -time when Christ was among men, Palestine was divided into five -Provinces, though two of these were under one ruler. - -I. Draw the boundary line of =Judæa=, and write its initial, J. This was -the southern province, and the largest. [Review the names of the places -contained in it.] Its people were the Jews, or men of the tribe of -Judah, and its principal city was Jerusalem. - -II. North of Judæa was the province known as =Samaria=, having Shechem -as its principal city. Its people were the Samaritans, with whom the -Jews had no dealings. In Christ's day Judæa and Samaria were under one -government. It contained the twin mountains Ebal and Gerizim. - -III. North of Samaria was =Galilee=, where Jesus lived during most of -his life. Its people were also Jews, but were called "Galileans" by the -Jews in Jerusalem; and in Christ's time it was under the rule of Herod, -who slew John the Baptist. Notice the mountains and towns situated in -it. Mountains: Lebanon and Gilboa; towns: Nazareth, Capernaum and Dan. - -IV. On the east of the Jordan, and south of the Sea of Galilee, was the -province of =Peræa=, a word which means "beyond"; so named, because it -is "beyond Jordan." Here Jesus taught at one time during his ministry, -and blessed the little children. The places which we have noticed in it -are Machærus, Bethabara, Penuel and Mahanaim; and its mountain, Nebo. -This province, in Christ's day, was also ruled by King Herod. - -V. The province north of Peræa and east of the Sea of Galilee is not -named in the New Testament. We will call it by its Old Testament name, -=Bashan=, a word meaning "woodland." It was ruled by a brother of Herod, -named Philip, whose title was "tetrarch"; hence it is sometimes called -"Philip's Tetrarchy." The mountain we have noticed in it is Hermon, and -the two places, Bethsaida, and Cæsarea Philippi, or "Philip's Cæsarea," -to distinguish it from the other Cæsarea, by the sea-shore. - -At the close of the lesson, review once more from the very beginning of -the series; then erase the map, and, pointing to the places on an -"invisible map," call for their names from the class. There can scarcely -be too much reviewing of these leading facts, in order to impress them -on the scholar's memory. - -[Illustration: ARCHES IN THE TEMPLE AREA.] - - - - -THE MEASURES OF THE BIBLE. - - -THE student of the Bible meets with some difficulty in adapting the -names of weights, measures and coins, to the standards now in use, and -finds that the authorities are not agreed upon the precise signification -of the Bible terms used in relation to these subjects. These -difficulties and discrepancies arise from three facts: 1. The Oriental -mind has never been accustomed to the exactness of our systems of -measurement. Among eight cubit measures found on the Egyptian monuments, -no two were precisely alike. 2. The models or standards of weights and -measures referred to in Hebrew history were long ago lost, and it is not -easy to reproduce them. 3. The Jews adopted the measurements of peoples -among whom they were dispersed, yet often retained the names of such of -their own as were nearest to them in amount, so that at different -periods in Bible history the standard was different. The same word may -refer to different measurements at different times. We have adopted in -this section the measurements of F. R. and C. R. Conder in "The Hand -Book of the Bible," except where other authorities are specified. - -[Illustration: SMALLER MEASURES OF LENGTH.] - -I. =Smaller Measures of Length.= 1. The lowest dimension, as in our own -table of linear measure, was the Barleycorn. 2. Two barleycorns laid -endways made the Finger-breadth (Hebrew, Atzbah), two-thirds of an inch. -3. Four finger-breadths made the Palm (Heb., Tupah), 2-2/3 inches. 4. -Sometimes the Hand-breadth and Palm are the same; elsewhere, the -hand-breadth (Heb., Zereth) is double the palm, or 5-1/3 inches. 5. -Three palms made the Span (Heb., Sit), 8 inches, the width of the -outspread hand, from the end of the thumb to that of the little finger. -6. Four palms made the Foot (Heb., Regal), 10-2/3 inches. 7. Six palms -made the Cubit (Heb., Ameh), 16 inches (Conder), or the distance from -the elbow to the tip of the middle finger, when held in a straight line. -The cubit, however, varied (just as the pound with us varies in troy and -avoirdupois weight), as indicated in the expressions "the cubit of a -man" (Deut. 3:11), "a great cubit" (Ezek. 41:8), etc. In the length of -the cubit, authorities vary from 15 to 21 inches. We have adopted the -general opinion, and place it, conjecturally, at a foot and a half, or -18 inches. - -II. =Larger Measures of Length.= The cubit (reckoned more precisely at -16 inches) is here regarded as the unit of measurement. 1. The Fathom -was 6 or 6-1/2 feet. 2. The Reed (Heb., Keneh; compare our word _cane_) -was 4 cubits, according to Conder, but 6 cubits according to other -authorities, thus varying between 5-1/3 feet and 8 feet. 3. The Furlong -(named only in the New Testament) was a Greek measurement (Stadium), of -606-3/4 feet, or 53-1/4 feet less than our furlong. 4. The Mile (Matt. -5:41) was 1,618 yards. The Hebrew mile is not referred to in the Bible, -but was of two kinds, "the small mile" (Heb., Mil), being about 1,000 -cubits, or about a quarter of our mile; and "the long mile," twice as -far. 5. The Sabbath Day's Journey is stated by Conder at 2,000 cubits, -or half an English mile; but by most other writers at seven-eighths of -our mile. 6. The Day's Journey was variable, from 10 to 30 miles; -generally about 20 miles. So most authorities decide, but Conder gives -it at 4-3/4 miles. - -III. =Dry Measures of Capacity.= 1. The Cab (2 Kings 6:25), 96 cubic -inches, or 675 thousandths of a quart. 2. The Omer (Exod. 16:36) -contained 172-8/10 cubic inches, or about 2-1/2 quarts. 3. The Seah (in -Greek, Modios) was the ordinary household measure of quantity, -translated, generally, "measure" in our Bibles, but in Matt. 5:15 -"bushel." It contained six times as much as the cab, or a little over a -peck; according to Conder, 1.012 pecks; according to the Revised Version -(Matt. 13:33, marginal note), a peck and a half. 4. The Ephah (Exod. -16:36) contained 3 seahs, or 10 omers; about three-quarters of a bushel. -5. The Cor contained 10 ephahs, or 7-1/2 bushels. The cor is also called -"the homer" (Isa. 5:10), which is to be carefully distinguished from the -omer, which contained one-hundredth of its quantity. The two words are -not alike in the Hebrew. It will be noticed that the omer, the ephah and -the cor (or homer) formed a decimal scale of measurement. - -[Illustration: DRY MEASURES.] - -IV. =Liquid Measures of Capacity.= 1. The Auphauk (not named in the -Bible) was the smallest, containing 6 cubic inches, or 675 thousandths -of a gill. 2. The Log (Lev. 14:10), four times as large as the auphauk, -was "six egg-shells full," 24 cubic inches, or a little more than half a -pint (675 thousandths). 3. The Hin (Exod. 29:40) contained 12 logs, or a -little over a gallon. 4. The Seah (see above, under Dry Measures) -contained twice as much as the hin. 5. The Bath, containing 3 seahs or 6 -hins, contained 1,728 cubic inches, or 6.036 gallons. Besides these, the -New Testament names two Greek measures, the Metretes (John 2:6, -"firkins"), equivalent to 10-1/3 gallons; and the Choenix (Rev. 6:6, -"measure"), about a pint and a half. - -[Illustration: LIQUID MEASURES.] - -V. =Measures of Weight.= (From the Oxford Teacher's Bible.) 1. The -Gerah, "a bean," weighed a little less than half of a dram avoirdupois -(.439 dram). 2. The Bekah, 10 gerahs, weighed about a quarter of an -ounce (4.39 drams). The word means "half," _i. e._, of a shekel. 3. The -Shekel, "weight," used as a silver coin, 2 bekahs, weighed 8.9 drams. 4. -The Maneh (Greek, Mina), 60 shekels (Conder says 50 shekels, which would -agree with paragraph VI., below), 2 lbs. 1 oz. 5. The Talent, "circle," -meaning "an aggregate sum," 50 manehs, weighing 102 lbs. 14 ozs. The -weights are of lower degree than those in common use at present, because -in the early times money was weighed, and not counted, and exact -weighing was necessary with gold and silver. - -VI. =Measures of Value.= Two systems of money are referred to in the -Bible: the Hebrew, or that in use in Old Testament times and lands; and -the Roman, which was used during the New Testament period. In the Hebrew -system the weights referred to in paragraph V. were used in silver as -measures of value. 1. The Gerah (Exod. 30:13) was the lowest, and was -worth 2-3/4 cents. 2. The Bekah, 10 gerahs (Exod. 38:26), was worth -27-37/100 cents, or about 2 cents more than our quarter of a dollar. 3. -The Shekel, 2 bekahs, was worth 54-3/4 cents, or about 5 cents more than -half a dollar. 4. The Maneh, or Mina, 50 shekels (Luke 19:13, "pound"), -$27.37-1/2. 5. The Talent of Silver, 60 manehs, $1,642.50. 6. The Talent -of Gold was nearly twenty times as valuable, being estimated at $26,280. -7. So the Shekel of Gold was worth, in the same proportion of weight -with the ordinary shekel of silver, $8.75. It is to be remembered that a -given amount of coin in those times would purchase ten times as much as -now. - -[Illustration: This is a copper coin, a quarter-gerah, worth about half -a cent; was made about the time of Alexander the Great, B.C. 325.] - -[Illustration: A silver coin, three-quarters of a shekel, called a -_righia_, used especially for paying the temple tax. It was worth about -40 cents.] - -The Greek and Roman coins are chiefly referred to in the New Testament. -The smallest was the Lepton (Mark 12:42, "mite"), worth a fifth of a -cent. 2. The Quadrans (Mark 12:42, "farthing"), 2 mites, or less than -half a cent. 3. The Assarion (Matt, 10:29, "farthing"), four times the -quadrans, or 1-3/5 cents. Notice that two coins, one worth four times as -much as the other, are both translated "farthing" in our version. 4. The -Denarius (Matt, 22:19, "penny"), 10 times the assarion, or 16 cents. It -was the latter which in Christ's time bore the face of the Roman -emperor. - -[Illustration: No. 1 - -The smallest copper coin in use among the Jews, the _lepton_, called in -Hebrew _chalcous_, "copper money." The widow's mite was of this coin.] - -[Illustration: No. 2 - -The denarius, or penny, bearing the face of the emperor Tiberius.] - -[Illustration: BETHANY.] - - - - -INDEX TO MAP OF PALESTINE. - -(SURROUNDING COUNTRY INCLUDED.) - - - EXPLANATION.--The letter and number following each - name show its location on the map. The name will - be found at or near the intersection of a vertical - line drawn between the letters top and bottom and - a horizontal line between the figures on either - side. - - Abama R-11 - Abbin M-20 - Abdon G-15 - Abil J-13 - Abilin G-17 - Abud G-23 - Acco Ptolemais F-16 - Acrabi H-23 - Acre F-16 - Acre O-15 - Adlan H-12 - Adonis J-7 - Adrha R-11 - Afka L-7 - Ahiry Q-16 - Ai H-24 - Ain Ata N-6 - Ain Barada N-10 - Ain Burdai O-8 - Ain Feshkhah I-26 - Ain Haudh E-18 - Ain Jiddy I-28 - Ain Yebrud H-24 - Aithy M-10 - Ajalon F-25 - Ajlan D-27 - Ajlun L-21 - Ajiltun K-8 - Akir D-25 - Akka F-16 - Akka, Plain of G-16 - Akkaba I-21 - Akobar P-10 - Akrabeh H-23 - Akurah L-7 - Allan L-22 - Alleikah K-15 - Alma J-15 - Amaad K-19 - Amaleh K-18 - Amateh K-21 - Amathus K-21 - Amkah G-16 - Amman N-24 - Ammik L-10 - Ammonites M-25 - Amshir J-6 - Amwas E-25 - Amyan L-5 - Anab F-28 - Anat J-11 - Anathoth H-25 - Anti-Lebanon R-6 - Antipatris E-22 - Anz T-20 - Apollonia D-22 - Ar (Rabbath Moab) L-29 - Araba I-17 - Arad G-29 - Arair L-28 - Arak el Emir M-24 - Aramun J-9 - Arar O-18 - Ararah F-30 - Arbela N-19 - Arbin P-11 - Ard Asjerah K-16 - Ard el Huleh J-14 - Areiya K-9 - Areopolis L-29 - Arnau K-6 - Arnon L-28 - Arnun I-13 - Arny M-13 - Aroer F-30 - Aroer L-28 - Arrabeh G-20 - Arrabeh I-17 - Arsuf D-22 - Ary R-19 - Ascalon B-26 - Ashdod C-26 - Asher I-21 - Askulan B-26 - Ashkut L-8 - Astifa F-18 - Ataibeh R-11 - Atara G-21 - Ataroth K-27 - Athlit E-18 - Atil R-17 - Atny S-8 - Attil F-21 - Attir F-29 - Atuf I-22 - Aulam J-18 - Auranitis P-18 - Aurney M-13 - Ayun ed Dura P-9 - Ayun el Alak S-5 - Azzun F-22 - Baalbek O-7 - Baal Meor L-26 - Babda J-9 - Bahret Bala T-14 - Bahret el Ateibeh T-12 - Bahret el Hijaneh S-13 - Bahr Tubariyeh K-17 - Bakah F-20 - Bala Q-11 - Balin D-26 - Banias K-14 - Bar Elias M-9 - Bashan O-17 - Batanæa T-16 - Bathaniyeh S-17 - Bathaniyeh T-16 - Batneh K-23 - Batruny N-10 - Bechar F-21 - Beeroth G-24 - Beer Sheba D-29 - Beer Sheba, Desert of D-30 - Beirut I-8 - Beit Auwa E-28 - Beit Dejan D-24 - Beit Dirdis B-27 - Beit er Ras M-19 - Beit Far E-25 - Beit Idis K-20 - Beit Imrim H-21 - Beitin G-24 - Beit Jala G-26 - Beit Jenn M-13 - Beit Jibrin E-27 - Beit Kurm K-29 - Beit Lahm G-18 - Beit Lahm G-26 - Beit Lid F-22 - Beit Luna I-11 - Beit Nebala E-24 - Beit Ur Tahta G-25 - Beka S-20 - Belat I-10 - Belateh N-25 - Belfort J-13 - Bereikut G-26 - Bereitan O-8 - Berkha O-6 - Berya I-10 - Berytus I-8 - Beshara I-14 - Besum J-18 - Bethany H-25 - Bethar F-21 - Beth Dagon D-24 - Bethel G-24 - Beth Gamul P-21 - Beth Hogla J-25 - Bethhoron G-24 - Beth Jesimoth K-25 - Bethlehem G-26 - Beth Nimrah K-24 - Bethshean J-20 - Beth Shemesh F-26 - Beth Tappuah F-27 - Bethzur F-27 - Bilhas L-7 - Bireh G-24 - Bir es Seba D-29 - Birweh G-16 - Bir Zeit G-24 - Bisri J-11 - Biut Jebeil I-15 - Blabura L-6 - Bludan N-10 - Botal Meon L-26 - Botrys J-6 - Bozrah R-19 - Brummana J-8 - Bsherreh M-6 - Budeih N-7 - Bukfeiya K-8 - Bukha R-8 - Burak Q-14 - Burd S-19 - Burka C-25 - Burmeh M-22 - Busrah R-19 - Byblus J-7 - Bziza L-5 - Cabul H-17 - Cæsarea D-20 - Cæsarea Philippi K-14 - Callirhoe J-27 - Cana H-18 - Capercotia H-20 - Carmel G-28 - Castellum Peregrinorum D-18 - Chesalloth I-18 - Chorazin K-16 - Conna Q-5 - Convent E-17 - Coreæ H-23 - Daberath I-18 - Dahr el Ahmar L-11 - Damascus P-11 - Damascus R-9 - Damet el Alyah Q-16 - Dan K-13 - Dareiya O-12 - Dead Sea J-28 - Decapolis Q-16 - Deir Aly P-14 - Deir el Ahmar N-7 - Deir el Kamr J-10 - Denna J-19 - Derat O-18 - Dhekir R-15 - Dhiban L-27 - Dibbin M-21 - Dibon L-28 - Dilly O-16 - Dimas N-11 - Dinneh B-27 - Dimesk P-12 - Dimonah F-31 - Doroa P-17 - Draa J-30 - Dulbeh R-12 - Duma L-6 - Duma P-11 - Dumah F-28 - Dummar O-11 - Dura F-27 - Duris N-8 - Eaumia I-28 - Ecdippi Achzib F-15 - Ed Dur P-17 - Edhra O-17 - Eglon D-27 - Ehden M-5 - Eib P-5 - Eidum M-20 - Ejlil D-22 - Ekron D-25 - El al L-25 - El Batrum J-5 - El Belka K-26 - El Bellan N-12 - El Bukaa M-10 - El Bukeia I-16 - El Burj E-28 - El Burj I-13 - El Daumeh F-28 - El Dekwa T-12 - Elealeh L-25 - Eleutheropolis E-27 - El Fejjeh E-23 - El Fuhais L-24 - El Fuleh H-19 - El Fureidis J-10 - El Futian N-27 - El Ghor J-23 - El Ghor J-31 - El Ghuzlaniyeh Q-12 - El Hadeth J-9 - El Hadeth N-8 - El Hather L-13 - El Herath K-22 - El Hish L-15 - El Husm M-19 - El Jisr K-7 - El Kana N-8 - El Kerak M-8 - El Khulil G-27 - El Kireh G-19 - El Kuds G-25 - El Kusein F-30 - Ellar G-21 - El Latron E-25 - El Lisan J-29 - El Mejdel C-26 - El Merj L-9 - El Mezzeh O-11 - El Mokhrah O-7 - El Mukhtarah J-10 - Er-Riha L-28 - El Tell K-16 - Elusa D-31 - Endor I-18 - En-gannim I-20 - En-gedi I-28 - Ephraim, Mountains of F-23 - Eriha J-25 - Er Ram H-25 - Er Remtheh N-19 - Esdraelon, Plain of H-19 - Esdud C-26 - Eshmiskin O-17 - Es Salt L-23 - Es Samieh I-24 - Es Sawafir C-26 - Es Semuy J-16 - -[Illustration: MAP OF PALESTINE AND SURROUNDING COUNTRY.] - - Es Sendiyaneh F-19 - Es Sgheir P-20 - Es Sheikh F-18 - Es Zib F-15 - Et-Tih, Desert of B-30 - Et Tireh E-18 - Et Tireh E-24 - Et Tireh J-19 - Eyat O-7 - Ez Zumleh O-19 - Farah K-21 - Fawara K-19 - Ferata G-22 - Fedar K-6 - Ferkha G-23 - Fijeh N-11 - Fik Apheca L-17 - Fikeh Q-6 - Frank H-26 - Furzul L-8 - Fusail J-23 - Gaba H-21 - Gabara H-16 - Gabata H-19 - Gadara L-19 - Gadda O-23 - Galilee H-17 - Gamala L-18 - Gath D-26 - Gaulanitis L-17 - Gaza B-28 - Gebal J-7 - Gedor F-26 - Gennesaret J-17 - Gerada S-9 - Gerar B-29 - Gerasa M-22 - Gergasa K-17 - Gharz O-19 - Ghasuleh R-12 - Ghautha R-18 - Ghazir K-7 - Ghederah D-25 - Ghusam Q-19 - Ghuzzeh A-28 - Gibeah G-25 - Gibeah G-26 - Gibeon G-25 - Gilboa I-20 - Gilead L-20 - Gilead, Mountains of L-24 - Gilgal F-23 - Gilgal G-23 - Gilgal I-25 - Gimzo E-24 - Ginæa I-20 - Giscala J-15 - Gophna G-24 - Hadar R-15 - Hafir Q-10 - Haifa F-17 - Halbun O-10 - Halhul G-27 - Halwy M-11 - Hamul G-15 - Harran Q-16 - Harran R-11 - Hanin I-15 - Haris I-14 - Hasbeiya K-12 - Hauran Q-17 - Hawara H-23 - Hazor D-25 - Hazor H-24 - Hebras M-19 - Hebron G-27 - Helaweh K-20 - Heldua I-9 - Heliopolis O-8 - Hepha F-17 - Herodion G-26 - Hesban el Kusur L-26 - Hesbon L-26 - Hieromax L-18 - Hijaneh R-12 - Hippos K-18 - Hit S-16 - Homeis M-5 - Hormah C-31 - Huj C-27 - Hukkok I-17 - Huleh Lake K-15 - Hunin J-14 - Idhna F-27 - Ijon J-12 - Iksim E-19 - Irbid J-17 - Irbid N-19 - Iron I-15 - Ituræa N-15 - Jaarah F-19 - Jabesh K-21 - Jabneh C-25 - Jabbok L-22 - Jacob's Well H-22 - Jaezer M-24 - Jaffa D-23 - Jaj L-6 - Jambruda R-8 - Jamnia C-25 - Janohah I-23 - Japhia H-18 - Japho C-23 - Jarmuth F-26 - Jasem N-16 - Jattir F-29 - Jaulan L-16 - Jeba H-21 - Jebaa J-11 - Jebatha H-18 - Jebeil J-6 - Jebel Ajlun M-20 - Jebel Ameto N-6 - Jebel Bludih O-9 - Jebel Duhy I-19 - Jebel el Mania O-13 - Jebel esh Sheikh M-12 - Jebel esh Sherky P-9 - Jebel Fureidis H-26 - Jebel Hauran T-17 - Jebel Jelad L-23 - Jebel Jermuk I-15 - Jebel Libna L-9 - Jebel Shihan K-28 - Jebel Sunnin M-8 - Jedal Q-16 - Jedur F-26 - Jedur N-15 - Jefat H-17 - Jehab P-15 - Jelbon I-20 - Jenin H-20 - Jerash M-22 - Jericho I-25 - Jerjua I-12 - Jerud S-9 - Jerusalem G-25 - Jezreel I-19 - Jezzin J-11 - Jib Jenin L-11 - Jibin L-17 - Jifna G-24 - Jiljilia G-23 - Jiljuliah F-22 - Jimzu E-24 - Jish J-15 - Jisr Benat Yakub K-15 - Jisr Damieh J-23 - Jiyeh C-27 - Jobar P-11 - Jokneam F-18 - Joppa D-23 - Jordan J-21 - Jotapata H-17 - Jubb Adin Q-9 - Judah, Desert of H-28 - Judah, Mountains of F-27 - Judea G-27 - Julias K-16 - Julis C-26 - Juneh K-8 - Kab Elias L-9 - Kabul H-17 - Kadisha L-5 - Kahn Jubb Yusef J-16 - Kaisariyeh D-19 - Kakon E-21 - Kallaat J-13 - Kamid el Loz L-10 - Kana H-14 - Kanah D-20 - Kara Comochara S-6 - Karobin M-6 - Katarna O-12 - Kattin J-11 - Kaukab O-12 - Kedes J-14 - Kedron H-26 - Keffin K-7 - Kefr Abil K-20 - Kefr Birim I-15 - Kefr Hajla J-25 - Kefr Hata L-5 - Kefr Kannir E-20 - Kefr Kenna H-18 - Kefr Kud H-20 - Kefr Kuk M-11 - Kefr Malik H-24 - Kefr Rahta L-19 - Kefr Saba E-22 - Kefr Sabt I-18 - Kefr Zebad M-9 - Keftun K-5 - Kenath S-17 - Kerak J-18 - Kerak L-30 - Kerak Q-18 - Kerazeh K-16 - Kereimbeh M-14 - Kereitein G-29 - Kerun K-11 - Kes Sumrah K-18 - Kesweh O-13 - Ketherabba K-31 - Khan J-19 - Khan Arus S-8 - Khan El Khulda I-9 - Khan el Tujjar I-18 - Khan Yunas A-29 - Khanzireh K-31 - Khersa K-17 - Khertin K-7 - Khisbet es Suk K-23 - Khirbet Silim I-13 - Khubab P-15 - Khulasah D-30 - Khuldeh M-24 - Khureb Q-20 - Kilkilia F-22 - Kiratah P-16 - Kirjath-arba (see El - Khulil) G-27 - Kirjath-jearim F-25 - Kir Moab L-30 - Kishon F-17 - Kubbet el Baul G-30 - Kudna E-26 - Kufr S-18 - Kulat J-17 - Kulat el Husn K-18 - Kulat Zerka O-23 - Kulmon E-17 - Kunawat S-17 - Kuneitirah L-14 - Kurahta P-12 - Kurawa F-23 - Kureim P-15 - Kureiyat K-27 - Kureiyeh R-19 - Kuriut H-23 - Kuriyet es Suk N-25 - Kurmul G-28 - Kurn Hattin I-17 - Kurnub G-31 - Kustul S-8 - Kuteibeh O-16 - Kuteifeh R-9 - Kutraneh N-30 - Lachish C-27 - Lahfit L-6 - Lala L-11 - Lebweh P-6 - Leja Q-15 - Lejjun G-19 - Lejum N-27 - Leontes I-13 - Little Hermon I-19 - Lubban F-23 - Lubick J-17 - Ludd E-24 - Lybo P-6 - Lycus J-8 - Lydda, Diospolis E-24 - Maad K-6 - Macatha M-18 - Madeba L-26 - Magdala J-17 - Mahajjeh P-16 - Main L-26 - Maksura S-10 - Malatha F-30 - Malia H-15 - Malula Q-8 - Marabun O-9 - Mar Elias G-25 - Maresa E-27 - Mar Saba H-26 - Masada I-29 - Mashita N-25 - Mateh Burak Q-14 - Medaba L-26 - Megiddo G-19 - Meifuk K-6 - Meiron I-16 - Meis J-14 - Mejdel F-23 - Mejdel G-17 - Mejdel I-17 - Mejdel L-13 - Mejdel Keram H-16 - Mejellun I-11 - Menarah J-14 - Meneh O-21 - Menin P-10 - Menjah M-25 - Merjaneh Q-13 - Meshghara K-11 - Mezarib N-18 - Mezraah P-9 - Mezraatesh Shuf J-10 - Mirkib G-31 - Misiliya H-21 - Mizpah G-25 - Mkaur K-27 - Moab, Mountains of K-26 - Moabites M-29 - Moharfer I-25 - Mount Carmel F-18 - Mount Ebal G-22 - Mount Gerizim G-22 - Mount Gilboa I-20 - Mount Hermon M-12 - Mount Nebo K-26 - Mount of Olives H-25 - Mount Tabor J-18 - Mukam B-28 - Mukhalid E-21 - Mukhmas H-25 - Murduk S-17 - Nabatiyeh I-12 - Nabulus G-22 - Naby Shaib K-24 - Nahr Abu Zabura D-21 - Nahr Amman N-24 - Nahr Barada O-11 - Nahr ed Damur I-10 - Nahr el Asy P-5 - Nahr el Aujeh D-23 - Nahr el Auwaly I-11 - Nahr el Falaik D-21 - Nahr el Jazeh L-6 - Nahr el Kasimiyeh G-13 - Nahr el Kelb K-8 - Nahr es Sikal R-11 - Nahr es Zaherani H-11 - Nahr Litany K-12 - Nahr Rubin C-24 - Nahr Yarmuk K-18 - Nahr Zurka E-19 - Nain H-19 - Nakbel Jurd L-8 - Nasar H-12 - Nawa N-16 - Nazareth H-18 - Neapolis R-17 - Nebha O-6 - Nebk S-7 - Neby Samwil G-25 - Neby Sufa L-11 - Neby Zatur M-9 - Nein H-19 - Nejha P-13 - Nejran Q-17 - Nemariyeh I-12 - Nezib F-27 - Nicopolis E-25 - Niha J-11 - Nimrim J-31 - Nimrin K-24 - Nmeireh J-30 - Nob H-25 - Noleh Q-12 - Nujein P-16 - Ophra I-24 - Orak K-31 - Orman T-19 - Palæ Tyrus G-14 - Pelod F-17 - Pharpar Q-13 - Phiala L-13 - Philadelphia O-24 - Philippopolis T-19 - Philistia, Plain of D-25 - Philistines, Country of - the D-26 - Phoeneutus P-14 - Phoenicia H-13 - Pirathon G-22 - Rabba L-29 - Rabbath Ammon O-24 - Rachel's Tomb G-26 - Ragaba K-21 - Raha S-18 - Rajib K-21 - Ramah F-27 - Ramah H-14 - Ramah H-16 - Ramah H-25 - Rameh F-16 - Rameh G-27 - Rameh H-21 - Ramleh E-24 - Ramoth Gilead L-23 - Ras Baalbek Q-5 - Rasheiya L-11 - Rasheiyet K-13 - Rehob J-20 - Rehoboth D-31 - Renthieh E-23 - Reyak N-9 - Rhamdun K-9 - Ridgah J-20 - Rihan Q-11 - Rimeh R-17 - Rimmon H-24 - Rimmon I-17 - Ruheiba D-31 - Ruheim Selameh G-29 - Rukhleh M-11 - Rum J-11 - Rumaneh I-17 - Rumeish H-15 - Rumin I-12 - Rummaneh H-19 - Rummon H-24 - Sabha R-21 - Saccoea S-16 - Safed J-16 - Safriyeh E-24 - Sahmur K-11 - Sahr Q-15 - Sahwet el Kamh Q-19 - Saida H-11 - Saidnaya P-10 - Sair G-27 - Salameh E-23 - Salcah T-20 - Saleh T-18 - Salim H-22 - Samaria G-22 - Samaria H-21 - Sansannah C-29 - Sanur H-21 - Saphir C-26 - Sardak M-7 - Sasa I-15 - Sasa N-13 - Saufin F-22 - Sawanieh E-19 - Sawiet H-23 - Sbeta C-30 - Scopus G-25 - Scythopolis J-20 - Sea of the Plains J-28 - Sea of Tiberias K-17 - Sebaste G-22 - Sebata C-31 - Sebbeh I-29 - Sefurieh H-17 - Seilun H-23 - Selakhid R-16 - Semakh K-18 - Semme P-19 - Semunieh G-18 - Sepphoris G-18 - Serepta H-12 - Seweh S-19 - Shabat O-8 - Shalem H-22 - Sharon, Plain of D-22 - Shebaa P-12 - Shebruh L-7 - Shefa Omar G-17 - Shehim I-10 - Sheikh Abret G-18 - Shelifa N-7 - Sheriat el Kebir J-24 - Shihon K-28 - Shiloh H-23 - Shukah S-16 - Shumlan J-9 - Shunem H-19 - Shuttah I-19 - Shuweikeh E-26 - Shuweikeh F-28 - Sidon H-11 - Sihil S-7 - Sijn R-17 - Siloam H-25 - Sinjil H-23 - Sir H-21 - Solomon's Pools G-26 - Subhiyeh R-20 - Subbarin F-19 - Succoth J-21 - Suf M-21 - Suffa F-24 - Suk N-11 - Suleim R-17 - Sulima K-9 - Sulkhad T-20 - Sunamein O-15 - Sur G-13 - Surafend E-18 - Surafend H-12 - Surah F-25 - Suwaret el Kebir R-14 - Suweideh R-18 - Taanach H-20 - Taanuck H-20 - Taiyibeh H-24 - Tantura E-19 - Tanurin el Fokhar M-6 - Tappoah I-22 - Tarichæa J-18 - Teffuh F-27 - Tekoa H-27 - Tekua H-26 - Tell Arad G-29 - Tell Dothan H-20 - Tell el Kamon F-18 - Tell es Saffoyeh D-26 - Tell Habeish G-14 - Tell Hazor H-16 - Tell Hum J-16 - Tell Lukiyeh E-29 - Tell Main G-28 - Tell Milh F-30 - Tell Sheriah D-29 - Telseæ T-10 - Temnin M-8 - Terbikha H-15 - Tershiha H-15 - Teyasir I-21 - Thebez I-21 - Thimnoth F-24 - Tiberias J-17 - Tibneh F-24 - Tibneh E-26 - Tibnin I-14 - Tibny L-20 - Tibny P-15 - Tima E-26 - Timnath E-26 - Tireh E-23 - Tireh G-17 - Tirzah H-22 - Trachonitis R-16 - Tubakat Fahel K-20 - Tubakoh C-27 - Tubariyeh J-17 - Tubas I-21 - Tufs N-18 - Tuliel el Ful H-25 - Tura H-13 - Turah I-17 - Turkumieh F-27 - Tyre G-13 - Tyrus G-13 - Um el Fahm G-20 - Um el Jemal P-20 - Um el Jemal P-21 - Um el Jerar B-29 - Um er Rusas O-27 - Um Jaujy M-24 - Um Keis L-19 - Um Lakhis C-27 - Umm el Kuten S-21 - Umm es Surab P-20 - Umm Wulad Q-18 - Um Rasas M-27 - Um Tail J-23 - Unkhul O-15 - Urniebeh N-26 - Urtas G-26 - Wady Ain Feranjy M-30 - Wady Allan M-16 - Wady Awaj Q-13 - Wady Belat F-23 - Wady Benillamed K-29 - Wady Debr I-25 - Wady ed Dan P-18 - Wady el Abiad J-24 - Wady el Akib R-20 - Wady el Azziyeh G-14 - Wady el Butm S-20 - Wady el Ghar P-17 - Wady el Harram O-16 - Wady el Hasy B-27 - Wady el Jerayeh R-14 - Wady el Kady I-10 - Wady el Keis D-28 - Wady el Mahanwait H-30 - Wady el Mojib K-28 - Wady Enkeileh M-28 - Wady en Nar I-26 - Wady esh Shahrur I-9 - Wady es Sunam L-16 - Wady es Suny B-29 - Wady Ezrak L-24 - Wady Fedar K-7 - Wady Fikreh I-31 - Wady Fusal J-23 - Wady Harir L-10 - Wady Hrer O-17 - Wady Husasah I-27 - Wady Kell J-25 - Wady Kerak K-30 - Wady Kerkera G-15 - Wady Khuberah C-30 - Wady Khusneh I-20 - Wady Kunawat R-17 - Wady Kurawa F-23 - Wady Kurn G-15 - Wady Luia R-15 - Wady Mukubrit S-10 - Wady Nawaimeh J-24 - Wady Satar Q-1 - Wady Seir K-25 - Wady Seiyal H-29 - Wady Sheriah C-29 - Wady Surar E-25 - Wady Tallit P-18 - Wady Teim K-12 - Wady Tufileh J-31 - Wady Um Baghek H-30 - Wady Umm Dubeb S-13 - Wady Waleh L-27 - Wady Yabis K-20 - Wady Zakur E-23 - Wady Zedi P-19 - Wady Zerka K-22 - Waters of Merom K-15 - Welgha R-18 - Yabrud R-7 - Yabud G-20 - Yafa H-18 - Yafilfeh O-9 - Yakak I-17 - Yalu F-25 - Yanuk H-16 - Yanun I-23 - Yarmuk F-26 - Yaron I-15 - Yarun I-13 - Yatir I-14 - Yazur D-25 - Yazur E-23 - Yebna C-25 - Yelda P-12 - Yerka G-16 - Yesir H-13 - Yosela J-23 - Yunin P-7 - Yutta G-28 - Zahleh M-9 - Zarephath G-12 - Zebdany N-10 - Zebdeh G-20 - Zebdin I-12 - Zebireh Q-16 - Zeila F-21 - Zeita I-11 - Zelah G-26 - Zerarieh H-13 - Zerin H-19 - Zifteh I-12 - Ziph G-28 - Ziph G-31 - Ziza N-26 - Zoar J-30 - Zora O-17 - Zorah F-25 - Zuk J-8 - Zuweirah H-30 - - - - -INDEX TO MAP OF OLD TESTAMENT WORLD, - -GIVING ONLY BIBLE AND MODERN NAMES. - -(_See Map, pages 18, 19._) - - EXPLANATION.--The letter and number following each - name show its location on the map. The name will be - found at or near the intersection of a vertical - line drawn between the letters top and bottom and a - horizontal line between the figures on either side. - The italics designate modern names. - - Abronas, _Nahr Ibrahim_, R. L-12 - Accad, _Nisibin_ G-23 - Accho N-11 - Ahava, _Hit_ N-24 - Ain, _Ain el Azy_ L-14 - Ammon Q-14 - Antioch H-14 - Aphek, _Afka_ L-13 - Aphek O-13 - Arad R-11 - Aram L-15 - Aram Naharaim N-26 - Ararat B-31 - Ararat, Mt. A-29 - Argob N-14 - Armenia B-24 - Arnon, R. R-13 - Arvad, _Ruad_, I. K-13 - Asia Minor D-10 - Asshur J-30 - Asshur, _Kileh Sherghat_ J-27 - Assyria K-30 - Ava, _Hit_ N-26 - Baal Zephon T-6 - Babylon, _Hillah_ P-29 - Bashan O-14 - Beersheba R-11 - Berea, _Aleppo_ H-16 - Berothah M-12 - Bethel Q-11 - Bethlehem Q-11 - Beth-shemesh, _Ain Shems_ S-5 - Bozrah S-12 - Calah I-26 - Calah(?), _Holwan_ L-32 - Calneh P-31 - Carchemish G-17 - Carmel, Mt. O-11 - Chaldea Q-32 - Charran(?), _Harran_ G-21 - Chittim, _Cyprus_ J-9 - Chun M-13 - Damascus N-14 - Dan N-13 - Daphne, _Beit el Mâá_ H-14 - Dor O-11 - Ecbatana, North, _Takht-i-Suleiman_ H-34 - Ecbatana, South, _Hamalan_ K 37 - Edom T-12 - Egypt S-3 - Egypt, Stream of, _Wady el Arish_ S-8 - Elam O-34 - Elath U-11 - Elim V-7 - Ellasar, _Senkereh_ Q-32 - Ephraim, Mt. P-12 - Erech, _Warka_ R-31 - Etham S-6 - Euphrates, _el Frat_, R. L-25 - Ezion-geber U-10 - Galilee O-12 - Gaza Q-10 - Gebal, _Jebail_ L-12 - Gilead P-13 - Gilgal P-11 - Gozan H-22 - Great, _el Frat_, R. K-22 - Habor, _Khabour_, R. J-22 - Halah I-26 - Halah, _Holwan_ L-33 - Halak, Mt. T-10 - Ham, Land of U-3 - Hamath K-15 - Hamath, _Hamah_ J-15 - Hara(?), _Harran_ G-20 - Hara, _Zarnath_ M-32 - Haran(?), _Harran_ G-20 - Haran, _Harran el Awamid_ N-15 - Hazar-enan, _Kuryetein_ L-16 - Hebron Q-11 - Helbon M-14 - Hena, _Anah_ L-24 - Hermon, Mt. N-13 - Heshbon Q-13 - Hiddekel, _Tigris_, R. O-31 - Hor, Mt. L-14 - Horeb, Mt. W-9 - Israel O-13 - Ivah, _Hit_ N-25 - Javan, _Cyprus_ J-8 - Jerusalem Q-12 - Jezreel O-12 - Joppa P-10 - Jordan, R. P-12 - Judah Q-11 - Kedesh N-13 - Kedar S-22 - Kir Haraseth R-13 - Luristan N-36 - Mahanaim P-13 - Marah U-7 - Media K-44 - Memphis T-4 - Mesopotamia, _El Jezireh_ J-24 - Migdol, _Tel el Her_ R-6 - Minni C-31 - Moab R-13 - Nebaioth T-13 - Nineveh H-27 - Noph T-4 - On, _Ain Shems_ T-6 - Padan-aram J-22 - Paran W-9 - Paran, Wilderness of U-9 - Pebsia T-45 - Philistines Q-10 - Phoenicia M-13 - Pibeseth S-4 - Pi-hahiroth T-7 - Rabbath Ammon P-13 - Rahab W-3 - Rameses S-5 - Red Sea Y-10 - Rehob, _Ruheibeh_ M-15 - Rehoboth R-9 - Rehoboth, _Rahabeh_ J-21 - Rephidim W-8 - Resen, _Selamyeh_ H-27 - Rezpeh J-19 - Riblah L-14 - Salcah P-15 - Samaria P-11 - Sea of the Plain R-12 - Sela T-12 - Sepharvaim, _Mosaib_ O-28 - Shihor, the River of Egypt, _Nile_ U-3 - Shinar P-30 - Shur, Wilderness of S-8 - Shushan, _Sus_ P-37 - Side G-6 - Sin, _El Farma_ R-7 - Sin, Wilderness of, _El Kâ'a_ X-8 - Sinai, Mt. W-9 - Sinai, Wilderness of Mt. W-9 - Sippara, _Mosaib_ O-27 - Solomon, Kingdom of O-15 - South Country, The, _Negeb_ R-10 - Syria I-16 - Syrian Desert K-18 - Taberah V-9 - Tadmor K-18 - Tiphsah, _Suriyeh_ I-18 - Togarmah C-25 - Tripolis, Tarablous L-12 - Tyre N-12 - Ur, _Mugheir_ S-33 - Uz, Land of Q-22 - Zarephath M-12 - Zephath S-10 - Zidon M-12 - Zin, Wilderness of S-12 - Zoan R-4 - Zobah M-14 - - - - -INDEX TO DESCRIPTIVE MATTER. - - PAGE - Abel-beth-maachah, 57, 71 - Abel-meholah, 62 - Abel-mizraim, 35 - Abila, 102 - Accad, 91 - Achaia, 122 - Acra, 74 - Admah, 38 - Adullam, Cave of, 66 - Ai, 52, 54, 83 - Aijalon, 62, 63 - Akaba, Gulf of, 43 - Alexandria, 42 - Alexander's Empire, 95 - Amalekites, 40 - Amalekite War, 65 - Ammon, 70 - Ammonite, 62 - Ammonites, 39, 40 - Amorites, 39 - Amphipolis, 122 - Anakim, 38 - Anamim, 25 - Anathoth, 83 - Antioch, 113 - Antioch in Pisidia, 119 - Antipatris, 127 - Aphek, 56, 88, 90 - Apollonia, 122 - Appii Forum, 129 - Ar, 71 - Arad, 56 - Aram, 26 - Ariel, 73 - Arkites, 40 - Arnon, 31 - Aroer, 55, 62, 63 - Arphaxad, 26 - Arvadites, 40 - Ashdod, 63, 114 - Asher, 57 - Ashkelon, 63 - Ashkenaz, 23 - Ashtaroth, 56 - Ashteroth Karnaim, 37 - Asia, 133 - Asia Minor, 117 - Asshur 26, 91 - Assyrian Empire, 91 - Ataroth, 55 - Athens, 122 - Attalia, 119 - Auranitis, 101 - Avim, 38 - Azotus, 114 - - Baalah, 85 - Babylon, 91, 93 - Babylonia, 93 - Babylonian Empire, 91, 92 - Bashan, 32, 51 - Batanea, 101 - Beer-lahai-roi, 34 - Beeroth, 83 - Beersheba, 34, 35, 54, 56, 63 - Benjamin, 56 - Berachah, 88, 90 - Berea, 122 - Besor, 31 - Bethabara, 104 - Bethany, 84, 108, 111 - Beth-barah, 62, 63 - Bethel, 33, 35, 56, 62, 63, 83 - Beth-hoglah, 35 - Beth-horon, 52, 57, 85 - Bethlehem, 56, 57, 62, 84, 103, 104 - Beth-nimrah, 56 - Beth-rehob, 57 - Bethsaida, 106 - Beth-shean, 57, 62, 63, 102 - Beth-shemesh, 57, 59, 89, 90 - Bezek, 53, 61, 63, 65 - Bezer, 55, 59 - Bezetha, 74 - Bithynia, 117 - - Cæsarea, 113 - Cæsarea Philippi, 107 - Camon, 62 - Cana, 57, 104 - Canaan, 26, 29 - Canaanite, 62 - Canaanites, 38 - Canatha, 102 - Capernaum, 104 - Caphtorim, 25 - Capitolias, 102 - Cappadocia, 118 - Carchemish, 90 - Caria, 118 - Carmel, 56 - Casluhim, 25 - Cenchrea, 123 - Chaldean, 21 - Cherith, 31 - Chios, 127 - Chittim, 25 - Cilicia, 93, 118 - Colosse, 131 - Coos, 127 - Corinth, 123 - Crete, 38, 128 - Cush, 25 - Cyprus, 118 - - Daberath, 57 - Dalmanutha, 107 - Damascus, 70, 71, 102, 113 - Dan, 33, 54, 57, 59, 61 - Danite, 63 - Debir, 53, 56, 61, 63 - Decapolis, 101, 107 - Dedan, 25 - Derbe, 119 - Dibon, 55 - Dion, 102 - Dodanim, 25 - Dor, 57 - Dothan, 57 - - Ebal, 32 - Ebenezer, 63 - Edom, 45, 70, 71, 87 - Edomites, 40 - Edomite War, 65 - Edrei, 51, 54, 56 - Egypt, 33, 41, 93, 103 - Egypt, River of, 29, 43 - Ekron, 63 - Elah, 66 - Elah, Valley of, 84 - Elam, 26 - Elim, 46 - Elishah, 25 - Emim, 38 - Emmaus, 84, 111 - Endor, 67 - En-gannim, 57, 108 - En-gedi, 33, 56, 66 - Enon, 31 - Ephes-dammim, 66 - Ephesus, 125 - Ephraim, 57, 84, 108 - Ephraim, The Wood of, 71 - Ephrath, 35 - Erech, 91 - Esdraelon, Plain of, 32 - Eshtaol, 57 - Etham, 46 - Etham, Wilderness of, 43 - - Fair Havens, 128 - Farah, 31 - - Gad, 55 - Gadara, 56, 102 - Gadarenes, Country of the, 106 - Galatia, 118 - Galilee, 101 - Gath, 63, 66, 69, 71, 88, 90 - Gath-hepher, 57 - Gaulanitis, 101 - Gaza, 63 - Geba, 57, 62, 65 - Gehenna, 74 - Gerar, 34, 56 - Gerasa, 102 - Gerizim, 32 - Geshur, 70 - Gether, 26 - Gibeah, 56, 61, 63, 65, 66, 83 - Gibeon, 52, 56, 71, 85 - Gihon, 74 - Gilead, 51 - Gilgal, 52, 56, 63, 65 - Girgashites, 39 - Golan, 56, 59 - Gomer, 23 - Gomorrah, 33, 34, 38 - Goshen, 41 - - Hadad-rimmon, 63 - Ham, 37 - Hamathites, 40 - Haphraim, 57 - Haran, 33, 35 - Hareth, 66 - Harosheth, 62, 63 - Hauran, 32 - Havilah, 25 - Hazerim, 38 - Hazeroth, 46 - Hazezon-tamar, 33 - Hazor, 53, 54, 57, 62 - Hebron, 33, 38, 56, 59, 61, 63, 67, 84 - Helam, 70, 71 - Heliopolis, 42 - Heshbon, 54, 55 - Hieromax, 31 - Hill of Evil Counsel, 74 - Hinnom, Valley of, 73 - Hippos, 102 - Hittites, 39 - Hivites, 39, 40 - Hobah, 33 - Horim, 38 - Hormah, 56 - Hul, 26 - - Iconium, 119 - Iturea, 101 - - Jabbok, 31 - Jabesh-gilead, 56, 65 - Jahaz, 54 - Japheth, 23 - Jarmuth, 57 - Javan, 25 - Jazer, 56 - Jebel Jermuk, 29 - Jebel Mukhmeel, 32 - Jebus, 63, 69 - Jebusites, 39 - Jericho, 54, 56, 61, 63, 109 - Jerusalem, 56, 69, 71, 73, 90 - Jeshimon, 56, 84 - Joppa, 113, 114 - Jordan, Fords of, 62 - Jordan, Plain of, 32 - Judæa, 101 - Judah, 56 - - Kadesh-barnea, 46, 47 - Karkor, 62, 63 - Kedemoth, 55 - Kedesh, 57, 59 - Kedron, Valley of the, 73 - Keilah, 66 - Kenath, 56 - Kenites, 40 - Kibroth-hattaavah, 46 - Kingdom of Israel, 87 - Kingdom of Judah, 87 - Kir-haraseth, 88, 90 - Kiriathaim, 55 - Kirjath-jearim, 54, 56, 63, 85 - Kirjath-sepher, 38, 53 - Kishon, 31, 62 - Kittim, 25 - Kurûn Hattin, 32 - - Laish, 33, 54, 57, 61, 63 - Laodicea, 134 - Lehabim, 25 - Lehi, 63 - Leontes, 31 - Leshem, 54 - Levi, 59 - Libnah, 56 - Little Hermon, 32 - Lubim, 25 - Lud, 26 - Ludim, 25 - Lycaonia, 118 - Lycia, 118 - Lydda, 114, 118 - Lydia, 93, 118 - Lystra, 119 - - Maachah, 70 - Macedonia, 122 - Madai, 25 - Magog, 23 - Mahanaim, 35, 56, 70 - Manasseh, 56, 57 - Maon, 56, 66 - Marah, 46 - Mareshah, 89 - Mash, 26 - Medeba, 55, 70, 71 - Media, 93 - Megiddo, 57, 63, 90 - Melita, 128 - Memphis, 42 - Meshech, 25, 26 - Michmash, 56, 65, 83 - Midian, 51 - Midianite, 62 - Miletus, 127 - Minnith, 62 - Mitylene, 127 - Mizpah, 35 - Mizpeh, 56, 63, 83 - Mizpeh of Gilead, 62 - Mizpeh of Moab, 66 - Mizraim, 25 - Moab, 70, 87 - Moab, Fords of, 62,, 63 - Moabite, 61 - Moabites, 39, 61 - Moabite War, 65 - Moreh, Hill of, 32, 57, 62, 63 - Moriah, 34 - Mount Carmel, 32 - Mount Ephraim, 29 - Mount Gilboa, 32, 62, 67 - Mount Gilead, 32 - Mount Hebron, 32 - Mount Hermon, 32 - Mount Hor, 45, 47, 49 - Mount Lebanon, 32 - Mount Moriah, 74 - Mount Nebo, 32, 55 - Mount of Offense, 74 - Mount of Olives, 74 - Mount Pisgah, 32 - Mount Seir, 45 - Mount Tabor, 32, 62, 63 - Mount Zion, 32, 74 - Myra, 128 - Mysia, 118 - - Nain, 57, 106 - Naphtali, 57 - Naphtuhim, 25 - Nazareth, 57, 103, 104 - Negeb, 32 - Nicopolis, 131 - Nimrod, 25 - Nimrud, 91 - Nile, 41 - Nob, 66, 83 - - Ophrah, 62 - - Palestine, 29 - Pamphylia, 118 - Paphlagonia, 117 - Paphos, 118 - Paran, Wilderness of, 43 - Patara, 127 - Pathrusim, 25 - Patmos, 133 - Pella, 102 - Pelusium, 42 - Peniel, 35 - Penuel, 56, 62 - Peræa, 101, 108 - Perga, 119 - Pergamos, 133 - Perizzites, 39 - Persian Empire, 93 - Philadelphia, 102, 134 - Philippi, 122 - Philistia, 32 - Philistine, 62 - Philistines, 38 - Phoenicia, 32, 107 - Phrygia, 118 - Phut, 26 - Pirathon, 62 - Pisidia, 118 - Pontus, 117 - Ptolemais, 127 - Puteoli, 128 - - Raamah, 25 - Rabbah, 70, 71 - Rabbath Ammon, 55 - Rachel's Tomb, 84 - Ramah, 63, 65, 66, 83, 85 - Rameses, 42, 46 - Ramoth-gilead, 56, 59, 88, 90 - Raphana, 102 - Rehob, 70 - Rehoboth, 34 - Rephaim, 37, 69 - Rephaim, Plain of, 84 - Reuben, 55 - Rhegium, 128 - Rhodes, 127 - Rimmon, 84 - Riphath, 23 - Rodanim, 25 - Rome, 129 - Roman Empire, 97 - - Sabtah, 25 - Sabtechah, 25 - Salamis, 118 - Samaria, 57, 87, 89, 90, 101, 113 - Samos, 127 - Sardis, 134 - Scopus, 74 - Scythopolis, 102 - Seba, 25 - Seleucia, 118 - Shalem, 35 - Shalisha, 65 - Shamir, 62 - Sharon, 32 - Sheba, 25 - Shechem, 33, 52, 57, 59, 62, 63 - Shefelah, The, 29 - Shiloh, 57 - Shochoh, 66 - Shunem, 57 - Shur, Wilderness of, 43 - Simeon, 56 - Sin, Wilderness of, 43 - Sinaitic Mountains, 43 - Sinites, 40 - Smyrna, 133 - Sodom, 33, 34, 38 - Succoth, 35, 46, 56, 62 - Sychar, 104 - Syracuse, 128 - Syria, 87 - - Taanach, 57, 63 - Tabbath, 62 - Tarshish, 25 - Tarsus, 114 - Tekoa, 70 - Telaim, 65 - Tetrarchy, 102 - Thebes, 42 - Thebez, 62, 63 - Thessalonica, 122 - Thyatira, 134 - Timnath, 57, 63 - Tiras, 25 - Tob, 62, 70 - Togarmah, 23 - Tophet, 74 - Trachonitis, 101 - Troas, 121 - Trogyllium, 127 - Tubal, 25 - Tyre, 127 - Tyropoeon, Valley of the, 73 - - Ur, 33, 91 - Uz, 26 - - Viri Galilæi, 74 - - Wilderness, 104 - Wilderness of the Wandering, 42 - - Zair, 88, 90 - Zamzummim, 37 - Zeboim, 38 - Zebulon, 57 - Zemaraim, 88, 89 - Zephath, 61, 63 - Zidon, 128 - Zidonians, 38 - Ziklag, 56, 66 - Zin, Wilderness of, 43 - Ziph, 66 - Zoar, 38 - Zobah, 65, 70, 71 - Zorah, 57, 63 - Zuph, 65 - Zuzim, 37 - - * * * * * - -Transcriber's Notes: - -Obvious punctuation errors repaired. Italic text is set apart by -_underscores_ and bold text by =equal signs=. - -To prevent them being split over two lines all spaces in B. C. and A. D. -were removed. - -Page xi, "Aske" changed to "Aska" (Mosque El Aska) - -Page 14, "tentativey" changed to "tentatively" (are given tentatively) - -Page 14, XII changed to XVII (B.C., Dynasties XVII. to XXVII) - -Page 15, "Shalmameser" changed to "Shalmaneser" (860-825--Shalmaneser -II) - -Page 27, Review Chart of the Nations, "Aeolians" changed to "Æolians" -(_Æolians_) - -Page 27, Review Chart of the Nations, "Meroe" changed to "Meroë" -(_Meroë_) - -Page 31, "plain" changed to "Plain" (watering the Plain of Esdraelon) - -Page 35, "7" changed to "8" (8. Burial of Sarah) - -Page 46, "Hawarah" changed to "Hawârah" (_Ain Hawârah_) - -Page 56, Comparitive Size table, Ephraim, "S." changed to "Sq." (600 Sq. -M.) - -Page 62, "route" changed to "rout" (the rout that followed) - -Page 75, "Melchizedek" was hyphenated as "Melchi-zedek" on this page in -the original text to show its similarity to "Adoni-zedek". This was -retained. - -Page 78, "Tor" changed to "Tôr" (Jebel Abu Tôr (Hill of Evil Counsel)) - -Page 79, "1." added to text. (1. The _Birket Mamilla_) - -Page 79, "rred" changed to "red" ("red pond") - -Page 79, bold text changed to italic to match the rest of the pattern -(5. _En-rogel_, called) - -Page 79, word "the" moved to from before "most" to after "of" (most of -the explorers) Original read (the most of explorers) - -Page 115, "Cæesarea" changed to "Cæsarea" (3. _Cæsarea._) - -Page 137, "tables" changed to "tablets" (for the stone tablets of) - -Page 144, "160" changed to "180" (Dead Sea, 180 miles) - -Page 148, the text defines a "cab" as being "96 cubic inches, or 675 -thousandths of a quart". This does not seem possible but the transcriber -could not ascertain what was meant. An earlier version of this text uses -this same definition. - -Pages 151-154, entries in this index match the map but not always the -text. For example, the text refers to Beth Jesimoth which the index and -map names as Beth-jeshimoth. It is Dhibân in the text but Dhiban on the -map and the map's index. Names in the map index were not always in -alphabetical order. This was retained. - -Page 157, "Keilah" moved to alphabetical placement. Originally listed -after "Kenites." - -Page 157, "Miletus" moved to alphabetical placement. Originally listed -after "Michmash." - -Page 157, "Misraim" changed to "Mizraim" (Mizraim, 25) This entry was -also moved to reflect its corrected spelling. - -The original table of contents seems to have been taken from an earlier edition -without the printers updating the chart section. This only affects the Chart of -Bible History. The rest of the Table of Contents is identical. - - PAGE - CHART OF BIBLE HISTORY 13-16 - - I. GENERAL PERIODS. - II. SUBDIVISIONS. - III. PERSONS AND RULERS. - IV. EVENTS OF BIBLE HISTORY. - ------------------------------------- - Actual text of book contains these headings: - (V. THE HISTORY OF EYGPT) - (VI. THE KINGDOMS OF THE EAST) - (VII. THE ORIENTAL EMPIRES) - (VIII. THE WORLD IN GENERAL) - ------------------------------------- - Actual text of table of contents has these headings instead: - V. BATTLES OF BIBLE HISTORY. - VI. EVENTS OF RELIGIOUS PROGRESS. - VII. THE BOOKS OF THE BIBLE. - VIII. GREAT ORIENTAL EMPIRES. - IX. EVENTS OF SECULAR HISTORY. - -------------------------------------- - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Rand-McNally Bible Atlas, by Jesse L. 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