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diff --git a/41140-0.txt b/41140-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..399ef8a --- /dev/null +++ b/41140-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,12809 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41140 *** + +[Illustration: THE MODERN WORLD AND THE BIBLE LANDS. + +NOTE.--The Bible Lands are those included within the red lines.] + +[Transcriber's Note: Bold text is set off by =equal signs= and italic +text by _underscores_.] + + + +BIBLE ATLAS + + +A MANUAL OF + +BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY + +ESPECIALLY PREPARED + +FOR THE USE OF TEACHERS AND STUDENTS OF THE BIBLE, AND FOR SUNDAY SCHOOL +INSTRUCTION, CONTAINING + +Maps, Plans, Review Charts, Colored Diagrams, + +AND + +ILLUSTRATED + +WITH ACCURATE VIEWS OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES AND LOCALITIES KNOWN TO +BIBLE HISTORY. + + +REVISED EDITION. + + +BY REV. JESSE L. HURLBUT, D. D., + +AUTHOR OF "REVISED NORMAL LESSONS," "STUDIES IN THE FOUR GOSPELS," +"STUDIES IN OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY," ETC. + +WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY + +REV. BISHOP JOHN H. VINCENT, D. D., LL. D., + +CHANCELLOR OF THE CHAUTAUQUA UNIVERSITY. + + CHICAGO: + RAND, McNALLY & COMPANY, + PUBLISHERS. + + + + + MANUAL OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. + + COPYRIGHT, 1884, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO. + COPYRIGHT, 1887, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO. + COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO. + COPYRIGHT, 1908, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO. + COPYRIGHT, 1910, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO. + + + + +INTRODUCTION. + + +ON this side of the sea we sit down with a big book in our hands. It is +an old book. Nearly two thousand years have passed since the last word +of it was written, and no one can tell how many thousands of years ago +the records were made or the words uttered, out of which its first +writer prepared his wonderful statements. + +This old book is a singular book as to the variety of its +contents,--ranging from dry chronological statement to highest flight of +royal poetry. Many pages of it are simply historical, with lists of +kings, and names of family lines through many generations. Geographical +allusions descending to minutest detail are strewn thickly through its +pages. There is no department of natural science which does not find +some of its _data_ recognized in the chapters of this venerable volume. +Stones and stars, plants and reptiles, colossal monsters of sea and +land, fleet horse, bird of swift flight, lofty cedar and lowly +lily,--these all find their existence recognized and recorded in that +book of "various theme." + +As it is a long time since these records were made, so are the lands far +away in which the events recorded are said to have occurred. We measure +the years by millenaries, and by the thousand miles we measure the +distance. The greatest contrast exists between the age and land in which +we live and the age and lands in which this book found its beginning, +its material and its ending. + +To one familiar only with the habits, dress and customs of American +life, the every-day events recorded in the book seem fabulous. We do not +dress as the book says that people dressed in those far-away years and +far-away lands; we do not eat as they did; our houses are not like +theirs; we do not measure time as they did; we do not speak their +language; our seasons do not answer to the seasons that marked their +year. It is difficult, knowing only our modern American life, to _think_ +ourselves into the conditions under which this book says that people +lived and thought in those long-ago ages. Their wedding feasts and +funeral services differed utterly from ours. They lived and died in +another atmosphere, under a government that no longer exists; made war +upon nations that are powerless to-day as the sleeping dead in a +national cemetery; and the things which we read concerning them seem +strange enough to us. + +In the changes which have taken place through all these centuries, it +would be an easy thing, under some circumstances, for men to deny that +the people of the book ever lived, that the cities of the book were ever +built, that the events of the book ever transpired. And, if its historic +foundation were destroyed, the superstructure of truth, the doctrinal +and ethical teachings resting upon it, might in like manner be swept +away. + +This old Book--the Bible, a divine product, wrought into the texture of +human history and literature with the gradually unfolding ages--is the +old Book we study to-day on this side the sea. + +It is a "Book of books,"--the Book out-shining all other books in the +literary firmament, as the sun out-splendors the planets that move in +their orbits around him. + +It is a book that deals with man as an immortal soul; making known the +beginnings of the race; going back of the beginning to God, who is from +"everlasting to everlasting," and who "in the beginning created the +heaven and the earth"; revealing the creative purpose and loving grace +of God; tracing the fall and deterioration of man, the divine +interposition in human history, the preparation of a family, a race, a +nation, and a world at large, for the coming of the Redeemer; revealing +the glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ; showing how the Christ +came, what he did, what he said, what he resisted, what he endured, what +he suffered, what he achieved; telling in simple way the story of the +early church, from the little meeting of the bereaved disciples in the +upper room to the magnificent consummation of Christ's coming, as seen +in the prophetic visions of St. John on the Isle of Patmos. + +It is a book full of history, of geography, of archæology, of prophecy, +of poetry, of doctrine, of "exceeding great and precious promises." + +In an important sense the foundations of this book are laid in human +history and geography. However high toward the heavens it may reach in +doctrine and promise, its foundations lay hold of the earth. If the +children of Israel did not live in Egypt and Canaan and the far East, if +the statements of their history as recorded in the book be not _facts_, +if the story of Jesus Christ be false,--everything fails us. With the +sweeping away of fact, we must also bid farewell to the words of +doctrine and of promise here recorded; to the divine words of assurance +which now give comfort to the penitent, hope to the despairing, strength +to the feeble, and immortal life to the dying. + +As we sit down on this side of the sea, it is well that we are able to +look beyond the sea to the lands which gave to the world the book in our +hands. And it is well, that, as we look, we are able to connect the book +of to-day with those same lands as they now lie among the rivers and by +the seaside, from the sources of the Tigris and Euphrates to the mouths +of the Nile, from the palaces of Babylon to the dock at Puteoli and the +prison at Rome. And it is well that the lands as they are found to-day +correspond to the records of the Book as they were made centuries and +centuries ago. The Book, on its human historic, geographical and +archæological side, is true to the facts as in the nineteenth century +they are presented to us in the lands of the East. + +There are those who believe with firm faith, that, for these days of +skepticism and of merciless and conscienceless historic criticism, the +lands have been kept almost in their original condition, that the +testimony of the modern skeptical traveler might (though unintentionally +on his part, but necessarily) corroborate the teachings of the Bible. +Have the mummy wrappings of Mohammedan domination held the far East +unchanged through the centuries, that in these days of doubt the hills +of Canaan, the plains of Egypt and the ruins of Mesopotamia might lift +their voice in solemn attestation to the divine truthfulness of the +sacred historians? + +These lands are memorial lands. They are now what the Book says they +once were. Although the sweeping away of ancient governments and the +reign of anarchy have modified the face of the country, the evidences +still remain that the most glowing descriptions of their prosperity were +not exaggerated. Infidels have doubted, for example, whether Palestine +could contain the immense populations which, in its prosperous days, +according to the statements of the Book, were resident there. But +scientists show that the soil of Canaan, under cultivation, is one of +the richest and most fertile in the world. The broken terraces that may +still be traced on the hill-sides, the walls of cities and other ruins +that fill the land, sustain the account of the prosperous days and the +immense populations of Bible times. + +So little have the conditions of social life been modified, that one may +live the old life over again in Canaan. Soil and scenery, the seasons of +the year, Jacob's well and the Jordan, Ebal and Gerizim, the plain, the +wilderness and the city, all give witness to the words of the Book. + +The names of olden time still linger. One lands at _Yafa_, the "Joppa" +of old; Jerusalem is now _el Khuds_,--"the Holy"; _Bahr-lut_--"the Sea +of Lot"--is the Dead Sea in the Valley of Sodom and Gomorrah; _Bir es +Seba_ is the Beersheba of the olden time; _el Azariyeh_ is Bethany, the +home of Lazarus; _Beit-lahm_ is still Bethlehem; and _el Khalil_--"the +Friend"--is the name of Hebron, the home of Abram, "the Friend of God." + +In the customs and costumes, in the habits of speech and the manners of +the people, you read the same lesson. In the spring of 1863 I was +permitted to spend forty days and forty nights in Palestine. I saw +Abraham at his tent-door; Rebekah vailing herself at the approach of the +stranger; the long caravan of camels and Midianites on their way toward +the South. I saw the wailing mourners at the house of death; the roof +that might easily have been broken up; the wedding procession; the grass +on the house-tops; the sparrow making a nest for her young in the +synagogues of Jerusalem. I saw the elders in the gates; David the +shepherd, with his sheep, on the hill-side; the Jewish mother teaching +Timothy the words of the old Book in the old city on the hill. Verily, +it is the old land; it is the old life; it is the memorial presentation +in concrete form of what the Book says was true there thousands of years +ago. + +As I stood on Safed, overlooking the Sea of Galilee and the lovely land +about it, I turned and looked toward the north, and saw snow-sheathed +Hermon, probably the Mount of Transfiguration, as it stood out that day +against the blue sky of Syria. I thought of Ruskin's words: "These pure +white hills, near to the heavens and sources of all good to the earth, +are the memorials of the light of his mercy that fell snow-like on the +Mount of Transfiguration." + +I once saw the Alps glorified by the setting sun. I was standing on _La +Flégére_, looking down upon the Valley of Chamounix, and upward upon the +magnificent heights, above which towered the great Mont Blanc. A pall of +mist had hidden the rough and unilluminated rocks; but, when that mist +grew thin as a vail of delicate lace, I saw the Alps beyond, and they +appeared as if on fire. I cried out in ecstacy, "Behold Mount Zion." +Through the mists of earth I saw the splendors of heaven. The story of +the transfiguration on Mount Hermon, in the days of Jesus, if taken +literally, is not so marvelous as the history we call the life and +character of Jesus. Both belong to the realm of the supernatural. The +"life" granted, the transfiguration has no surprise in it. So I discover +the strange blending of the natural and supernatural in the Land and the +Book,--in the Land as to-day hallowed by the Book,--in the Book as +to-day supported and made real by the Land. + +It thus easily appears that every Bible reader should be acquainted with +the outlines of Biblical and geographical antiquities. Without such +knowledge it is impossible properly to understand the divine word. How +often, through ignorance of sacred archæology, we overlook the force and +beauty of the allusions which abound in the narrative, poetic and +prophetic parts of Scripture. And there is, moreover, an air of reality +imparted to all history by familiarity with the geography involved in +it. + +In view of the supernatural character of Bible history, acquaintance +with Bible geography is particularly important. Once give its wonderful +transactions an actual locality among the hills, valleys and cities +which may still be found and visited, connecting and comparing them with +the records of our present history, and our youth will readily +distinguish the miraculous from the mythical, and discover not only +clear illustrations of many portions of the Bible, but strong and +irresistible evidence in favor of its divinity. + +I therefore hail with joy the admirable presentation of the facts of +Bible history and geography in this volume--a presentation so clear, and +so abundantly illustrative, that the humblest teacher and most +indifferent student may be interested and instructed. + +The study of Bible history and geography must not be limited to the +theological school, the pastor's study, or the advanced Bible class. It +is a department peculiarly adapted to our youngest children, and by them +most needed, that they may secure the vivid realization of actuality in +the Bible narratives. Boys and girls to-day may not take much delight in +the advanced doctrinal teachings of the Bible; but it is possible so to +connect its history with stories of modern travel, through the regions +referred to in that history, that they will become interested in the one +because of the pleasure they find in the other. + +Our Sunday School libraries should contain the many books of travel +through the far East which are published in these days. And our +ministers should enlist young people, through special classes, in the +study of Bible history and geography. In this way a "week-day hold" upon +our young people may be secured. + +During ten years of my pastoral life, wherever the itinerant system of +my church placed me, I held on every Saturday afternoon, in the +lecture-room of my church, a class to which old and young, and the +representatives of all denominations, were admitted. It was called "The +Palestine Class," and was devoted to the study of Bible history and +geography. An outline of facts, prepared in catechetical form, was +printed, and committed to memory by every pupil. Difficult old Hebrew +names of lands, cities and mountains, were arranged in a rhythmic way, +and chanted after the manner of the old-time "singing geography" +classes. Answers were given in concert to help the memory, and personal +examinations were afterward conducted to test it. The class constituted +an "ideal company of tourists to the far East." The course of lessons +was divided into five sections, covering the whole of Bible history. As +each member, passing a personal examination, gave proof that he had +thoroughly mastered "Section One," he was constituted a PILGRIM to the +Holy Land, and given a certificate to that effect. Having studied +"Section Two," and passed a satisfactory examination, he was made a +RESIDENT in Palestine, and his name was associated with one town or +mountain. In that way every principal place on the map was associated +with the name of some member, who was held responsible to the class for +information concerning its history and present condition. An examination +in "Section Three" made our "pilgrim" and "resident" a DWELLER IN +JERUSALEM. Having been examined in "Section Four," he was made an +EXPLORER of other Bible lands, and was located on some mountain, or city +of Egypt, Arabia, Chaldea, Asia Minor, etc. A final examination made him +a TEMPLAR. + +The songs, concert exercises, responses and ideal pilgrimage gave +enthusiasm to the class, while the personal examinations guaranteed +thoroughness. As I recall those Saturday afternoons of my early +ministry, surrounded by earnest women and wide-awake boys and girls of +all ages, I am amply rewarded for all the labor and time expended. The +enthusiasm and delight, the perceptible growth in knowledge, the spirit +of catholicity, the steadiness promoted in the frivolous, the +gratification afforded on the occasion of public examinations and +reviews, the increased appreciation of the Sunday preaching, visible on +the faces of young and old, the grateful words that have come through +the intervening years from those who were by these studies incited to a +more intelligent and earnest Bible study--these are some of the results +of those years of pastoral service. The plan is practicable for every +pastor. The book which I now have the honor of introducing to the public +furnishes to every minister a complete preparation for directing such +classes--a preparation which, twenty-five years ago, would have been a +great benediction to me. + +One of these Palestine classes reported its imaginary tour through the +village paper. These articles gave local interest to the movement, +delighting the imaginary tourists, and (through no fault of ours) +deceiving more than one simple-hearted reader in the community. From +these letters I make a few extracts. + + +"PALESTINE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE 'INDEPENDENT WATCHMAN.' + + "DEAR INDEPENDENT: In fulfillment of the promise + made the night before our departure, I sit down to + write the first of a series of letters detailing + the most noteworthy incidents of our journey to + the Holy Land, with such historical and + geographical facts as are suggested by the + localities we may be permitted to visit. + + "As you are well aware, an association, which has + for its specific object the study of Bible history + and geography, was organized in your town some + months ago. After a course of thorough preliminary + training, arrangements were consummated for a tour + of observation through Egypt, Arabia, + Palestine,--the lands of Hebrew life and + literature, the scenes of the early Christian + history, and, later, the arena of Saracenic + invasion and domination. We are now on the way + thither. While the tide of mighty immigration is + pouring westward toward the American desert, the + Rocky Mountains, Pike's Peak and Cherry creek, a + tiny rill of exploration is trickling eastward + toward the desert of Sinai, the mountains of + Egypt, the peaks of Lebanon, and the river of + Jordan." * * * * * + +After calling attention to two books which had just then appeared--"The +Land and The Book," by Dr. Thomson, and "Palestine Past and Present," by +Dr. Osborn--the Palestine correspondent continued: + + "No class of literature is more refining and + exalting than the records of cultivated minds made + amid the sacred scenes of Palestine, and the not + less interesting ruins of Egypt, Asia Minor and + Greece. A taste for such mental pabulum is a + better safeguard against the popular and polluting + fictions of the day than all the mandates of the + parent or the uncompromising denunciations of the + pulpit. Preoccupy by the good, and there will be + no evil to expel. Create a taste for healthful + literature in our young people, and they will not + crave the blood and fire potions now so + mercilessly provided by the corrupt press. This is + one object of our present pilgrimage to Palestine. + We would open a new world--the newest and yet the + oldest of worlds--to their view. We would unfurl + bright maps and open new books, and delight them + in a field of thought and research, in which + healthful influences prevail, a field of fragrant + and thornless flowers, of luscious and life-giving + fruit. * * * * * The association to which I have + referred is composed of about eighty pilgrims. On + Saturday morning, the 25th, we left your quiet + village, reaching Chicago the same evening. + Tuesday morning found us on our way to New York, + where we arrived early this morning. We shall sail + on Saturday, April 2, for the Orient. In order to + diminish our expenses, we forego the speed of the + regular steam route, and have chartered the + sailing vessel, the schooner 'Star of Bethlehem.' + She is a new vessel, and a 'bright light' in her + way. Well rigged, and ably manned, she is prepared + for the buffeting of old ocean. Her captain is the + distinguished and experienced _Hardstudy_, with + whom, I am sure, you have some acquaintance. He is + a true gentleman, and, I am told, has been an + intimate companion of several Oriental travelers. + He accompanied Dr. Robinson on both his tours. The + 'Star,' built expressly for excursions to the + Mediterranean waters, is a stout boat, and is + provided with the modern conveniences and luxuries + of travel. She is about 150 tons burden. I spent + an hour on board of her this afternoon, and am + much gratified with the neatness and elegance + displayed in all her departments. The library and + reading-room is a little palace. It contains about + 1,500 volumes, chiefly of Eastern travel, which, + together with a number of good maps and paintings, + will afford us every opportunity to prepare for + the interesting tour we are about making. All thus + far are well. Remember us in our wanderings, and + send us copies of your paper, directing to the + 'care of the United States Consul at Alexandria.' + Prepay to New York, and send 'Via Liverpool and + Beyrout.'" + +The next letter gives an account of the various pilgrimages which have +been made to Palestine from the days of Abraham down to the present. + + "Off Sandy Hook, 3.30 P. M.," our correspondent + wrote. "The wide ocean is before us. We have + passed the Battery, Brooklyn, Staten Island, the + ruins of old quarantine and the forts,--feeble + protection in cases of invasion,--and yonder to + the east is Sandy Hook. The bell of the tug rings. + In five minutes our friends who accompany us down + will return to the city, and we shall be alone + upon the wide, wide sea. The waters appear quiet; + a faint west wind is rising; all the children are + in good spirits. If they are as bright to-morrow + it will be strange. Farewell, native land! + Farewell!" + +The third letter opened with a quotation from Browning: + + + "'In the dimmest northeast distance + Dawned Gibraltar, grand and gray.' + + "SCHOONER STAR OF BETHLEHEM, + "HARBOR OF GIBRALTAR, May 4, '59. + + "DEAR INDEPENDENT: Thirty-two days ago we left the + port of New York, and day before yesterday glided + through the Straits of Gibraltar, casting anchor + in this harbor. Our voyage was short and + agreeable, all that could be desired, with the + exception of the sea-sickness that prevailed among + us for the first four or five days, and the alarm + occasioned by the heavy gale of last week. For two + days the storm raged so violently that our fears + were much excited. On the evening of the 26th ult. + the winds were lulled, the clouds broke away, and + the rays of the setting sun hurried swiftly across + the yet raging waves, to brighten their foaming + crests with golden light, and bring hope to our + hearts. Religious services were conducted each + Sabbath by the chaplain, and our programme of + study and reading was faithfully observed every + day. All that we did, and all that we saw, cannot + be reported in a single letter. Our young friends + must themselves write about the wonders of the + sea,--whales, dolphins, icebergs; sunset, sunrise, + midnight; calms, storms, water-spouts; and all + other sources of joy or terror in ocean life. + Yesterday was spent in an excursion to the town of + Gibraltar." * * * * * + +After a description of Gibraltar, the writer says: + + "The whole juvenile forces of our vessel have been + invited to dine this afternoon with the officers + of _H. M. S. Manchester_, in company with the + British and American consuls of Gibraltar, and + left an hour ago, under the charge of Captain + _Hardstudy_, to comply with the gracious + invitation, and I remain to prepare this letter + for the morrow's steamer from Valetta to + Liverpool. The sun is already sinking in the blue + and gold waters of the Mediterranean. A fresh + breeze has startled the sleeping waves into lively + gambols, and our flag points eagerly westward and + homeward. See our party of little travelers just + off for the 'Manchester'! How their boats dance up + and down over the water! 'Boom!' 'boom!' go the + signal guns from the kind old ship! Now hear the + thunderous volleys from the batteries on the huge + mountain, proclaiming the hour of sunset!" + +The letters which follow are from "Alexandria, Egypt, May 28"; from the +"Steamer Rameses, River Nile, June 11"; from "Off Joppa, June 16"; from +"Jerusalem, July 5"; from "Nablous, 'the City of Samaria,' July 12"; +from "Beyrout, Syria, July 23"; and on Monday morning, July 25, our +correspondent writes his farewell, as follows: + + "Well, friend INDEPENDENT, our travels are ended. + We came on board the 'Star of Bethlehem' this + morning. The steamer for Liverpool leaves this + afternoon, and we shall send our letters ashore to + be mailed. By the 30th of September we hope to be + with you again. We have seen the earthly Canaan, + with its degradation and defilement. Our minds + turn toward the better Canaan. With Watts we sing: + + "'Look up, our souls, pant toward the eternal hills; + Those heavens are fairer than they seem. + There pleasures all sincere glide on in crystal rills; + There not a dreg of guilt defiles, + No grief disturbs the stream + That Canaan knows,--no noxious thing, + No cursed soil, no tainted spring; + No roses grow on thorns, nor honey wears a sting.'" + +Such devices as these help to inspire the young with an interest in +sacred things. They may not yet be prepared to appreciate the night of +prayer on the mountain, the agony of the Lord in Gethsemane, or the +rapturous experiences of St. John on Patmos; but they may take delight +in the land, its customs, its wonderful histories, read with +gratification an account of journeys from Dan to Beersheba, with perils +from robbers, and the pranks of native children, the lonely horseback +ride from Jerusalem down to Jericho, the encampment by the "Fountain of +robbers" north of Jerusalem, the loveliness of Nazareth, the beauty of +the Sea of Galilee, and the glories of Lebanon and Hermon. Finding +delight in these more human things, they may, incidentally, under the +leadership of the divine Providence and Spirit, catch glimpses of his +face who, by simile and word and spirit, sanctified the land from north +to south and from Bashan to the sea. + + J. H. VINCENT. + + + + +PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. + + +DURING the fourteen years since this work was prepared great advancement +has been gained in knowledge of the ancient Oriental world. In the light +of recent researches it has become necessary to revise the entire book. +The work has been done with care, every location has been +reinvestigated, and the historical allusions have been compared with the +latest and best authorities. In this revision the author has been +materially aided by Prof. Robert W. Rogers of Madison, N. J., and Prof. +Karl P. Harrington of Chapel Hill, N. C., to both of whom thanks are +rendered. It is possible that some errors may yet remain, and if any +appear to students who make use of this work, corrections or suggestions +with regard to them will be gratefully received. + + JESSE L. HURLBUT. + + + + +GENERAL INDEX. + + + PAGE + Ancient World, and the Descendants of Noah 23 + Apostolic History, Early 112 + Bible History, Chart of 13 + Conquest of Canaan 50 + Empire of David and Solomon 68 + Illustrations, List of 11 + Index to Descriptive Matter 157 + Index to Map of Old Testament World (Map on pp. 18, 19) 156 + Index to Map of Palestine (Map on pp. 152, 153) 151 + Introduction 3 + Isles of Greece and the Seven Churches 132 + Jerusalem, Ancient 72 + Jerusalem, Environs of 82 + Jerusalem, Modern 77 + Journeys of the Apostle Paul 116 + Journeys of the Patriarchs 33 + Kingdom of Saul 64 + Lands of the Sojourn and Wandering 41 + Life of Christ, The 103 + Measures of the Bible, The 148 + New Testament Palestine (Kingdom of Herod the Great) 100 + Old Testament World, The 17 + Oriental Empires, The Great 91 + Palestine Among the Twelve Tribes 55 + Palestine Before the Conquest 36 + Palestine, Lessons in the Geography of 143 + Palestine Under the Judges 60 + Physical Palestine 28 + Roman Empire, The 97 + Solomon's Empire, The Division of 86 + Tabernacle, The 135 + Table of Contents 9 + Temple, The 138 + + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS. + + + PAGE + CHART OF BIBLE HISTORY 13-16 + + I. GENERAL PERIODS. + II. SUBDIVISIONS. + III. PERSONS AND RULERS. + IV. EVENTS OF BIBLE HISTORY. + V. THE HISTORY OF EGYPT. + VI. THE KINGDOMS OF THE EAST. + VII. THE ORIENTAL EMPIRES. + VIII. THE WORLD IN GENERAL. + + + THE OLD TESTAMENT WORLD 17-22 + + I. EXTENT. + II. SEAS. + III. MOUNTAIN RANGES. + IV. RIVERS. + V. LANDS. + I. _Lands of the Mountain System._ + 1. Armenia; + 2. Media; + 3. Persia. + II. _Lands of the Plain._ + 1. Assyria; + 2. Elam; + 3. Mesopotamia; + 4. Chaldea; + 5. Arabia. + III. _Lands of the Mediterranean._ + 1. Asia Minor; + 2. Syria; + 3. Phoenicia; + 4. Palestine; + 5. The Wilderness; + 6. Egypt. + + + ANCIENT WORLD, AND DESCENDANTS OF NOAH 23-27 + + I. THE JAPHETIC NATIONS. + 1. Gomer; + 2. Magog; + 3. Madai; + 4. Javan; + 5. Tubal; + 6. Meshech; + 7. Tiras. + II. THE HAMITIC RACES. + 1. Cush; + 2. Mizraim; + 3. Phut; + 4. Canaan. + III. THE SEMITIC RACES. + 1. Elam; + 2. Asshur; + 3. Arphaxad; + 4. Lud; + 5. Aram. + + + PHYSICAL PALESTINE 28-32 + + I. DIMENSIONS. + 1. Canaan; + 2. Palestine Proper; + 3. The Land of Promise. + II. NATURAL DIVISIONS. + 1. Maritime Plain; + 2. Mountain Region; + 3. Jordan Valley; + 4. Eastern Table-Land. + III. THE WATERS OF PALESTINE. + 1. The River Jordan; + 2. The Three Lakes; + 3. The Brooks. + IV. THE MOUNTAINS OF PALESTINE. + 1. West of the Jordan; + 2. East of the Jordan. + V. THE PLAINS OF PALESTINE. + 1. Phoenicia; + 2. Sharon; + 3. Philistia; + 4. Esdraelon; + 5. Negeb; + 6. Jordan; + 7. Hauran. + + + THE JOURNEYS OF THE PATRIARCHS 33-36 + + I. THE JOURNEYS OF ABRAHAM. + 1. Ur to Haran; + 2. Haran to Canaan; + 3. Visit to Egypt; + 4. Removal to Hebron; + 5. Pursuit of the Elamites; + 6. Settlement at Beersheba; + 7. Offering of Isaac; + 8. Burial of Sarah. + II. THE JOURNEYS OF ISAAC. + Homes: + 1. Beer-lahai-roi; + 2. Gerar; + 3. Rehoboth; + 4. Beersheba; + 5. Hebron. + III. THE JOURNEYS OF JACOB. + 1. Flight to Haran; + 2. Return to Canaan; + 3. Residence in Canaan; + 4. Descent into Egypt; + 5. Burial Procession. + + + PALESTINE BEFORE THE CONQUEST 36-40 + + I. THE EARLIEST INHABITANTS. + 1. The Rephaim; + 2. The Zuzim; + 3. The Emim; + 4. The Horim; + 5. The Avim; + 6. The Anakim. + II. THE TRIBES OF THE PATRIARCHAL ERA. + 1. Zidonians; + 2. Canaanites; + 3. Philistines; + 4. Hittites; + 5. Girgashites; + 6. Hivites; + 7. Perizzites; + 8. Jebusites; + 9. Amorites. + III. THE NATIONS AT THE TIME OF THE CONQUEST. + 1. Amorites; + 2. Moabites and Ammonites. + IV. THE SURROUNDING NATIONS. + 1. Hivites, Arkites, Sinites, + Arvadites, Hamathites; + 2. Ammonites; + 3. Amalekites, Kenites, Edomites. + + + LANDS OF THE SOJOURN AND WANDERING 41-49 + + I. THE LAND OF EGYPT. + 1. Names; + 2. Boundaries and Dimensions; + 3. Divisions; + 4. The Nile; + 5. The People; + 6. History; + 7. Principal Places. + II. THE WILDERNESS OF THE WANDERING. + 1. Situation; + 2. Natural Features; + 3. Inhabitants. + III. THE LAND OF EDOM. + 1. Boundaries; + 2. Names; + 3. Natural Features; + 4. History; + 5. Peculiarities. + IV. THE WANDERING IN THE WILDERNESS. + 1. Rameses to the Red Sea; + 2. Red Sea to Mt. Sinai; + 3. Mt. Sinai to Kadesh-barnea; + 4, 5, 6. Kadesh-barnea to Mt. Hor, + Ezion-geber, and Return; + 7, 8. Kadesh-barnea to Elath and Jordan; + Table of Stations. + + + THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN 50-54 + + I. CONQUEST OF EASTERN PALESTINE. + 1. Gilead; + 2. Bashan; + 3. Midian. + II. CONQUEST OF WESTERN PALESTINE. + 1. Central; + 2. Southern; + 3. Northern. + III. SUPPLEMENTARY CONQUESTS. + 1. Judah and Simeon; + 2. Caleb and Othniel; + 3. Dan. + + + PALESTINE AMONG THE TWELVE TRIBES 55-59 + + I. REUBEN. + II. GAD. + III. MANASSEH--EAST. + IV. SIMEON. + V. JUDAH. + VI. BENJAMIN. + VII. DAN. + VIII. EPHRAIM. + IX. MANASSEH--WEST. + X. ISSACHAR. + XI. ASHER. + XII. ZEBULON. + XIII. NAPHTALI. + XIV. LEVI. + + + PALESTINE UNDER THE JUDGES 60-63 + + I. SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE CONQUEST. + 1. Judah and Simeon; + 2. Danite Migration; + 3. Civil War. + II. OPPRESSIONS AND JUDGES. + 1. Mesopotamian (south); + 2. Moabite (central); + 3. Early Philistine (south); + 4. Canaanite (north); + 5. Midianite (central and north); + 6. Ammonite (east); + 7. Philistine (south and central). + III. BATTLES OF THE PERIOD. + + + THE KINGDOM OF SAUL 64-67 + + I. SAUL'S APPOINTMENT AS KING. + II. THE WARS OF SAUL. + III. SAUL'S PURSUIT OF DAVID. + IV. SAUL'S DEATH. + + + THE EMPIRE OF DAVID AND SOLOMON 68-71 + + I. DAVID'S REIGN OVER JUDAH. + II. THE UNION OF PALESTINE. + III. DAVID'S FOREIGN CONQUESTS. + IV. THE CALAMITIES OF DAVID'S REIGN. + V. THE CLOSE OF DAVID'S REIGN. + VI. THE REIGN OF SOLOMON. + + + ANCIENT JERUSALEM 72-76 + + I. NAMES. + II. LOCATION. + III. GEOLOGIC FORMATION. + IV. VALLEYS. + V. MOUNTAINS. + VI. WALLS. + VII. HISTORY. + + + MODERN JERUSALEM 77-81 + + I. LOCATION. + II. WALLS. + III. GATES. + IV. QUARTERS. + V. FOUNTAINS AND POOLS. + VI. OUTSIDE THE WALLS. + + + THE ENVIRONS OF JERUSALEM 82-85 + + I. NORTHERN ROAD. + 1. Mizpeh; + 2. Nob; + 3. Gibeah; + 4. Anathoth; + 5. Ramah; + 6. Michmash; + 7. Ai; + 8. Beeroth; + 9. Bethel; + 10. Rimmon; + 11. Ephraim. + II. EASTERN ROAD. + 1. Bethany; + 2. Steep Descent; + 3. Jericho. + III. SOUTHERN ROAD. + 1. Plain of the Rephaim; + 2. Rachel's Tomb; + 3. Bethlehem; + 4. Valley of Elah; + 5. Hebron; + 6. Jeshimon. + IV. SOUTHWESTERN ROAD. "Jerusalem to Gaza." + V. WESTERN ROAD. + 1. Emmaus; + 2. Kirjath-jearim. + VI. NORTHWESTERN ROAD. + 1. Ramah; + 2. Gibeon; + 3. Beth-horon. + + + THE DIVISION OF SOLOMON'S EMPIRE 86-90 + + I. KINGDOMS: + 1. Syria; + 2. Israel; + 3. Judah; + 4. Moab; + 5. Edom. + II. PERIODS: + 1. Period of Division; + 2. Syrian Period; + 3. Restoration of Israel; + 4. Fall of Israel; + 5. Fall of Judah. + III. BATTLES OF THE PERIOD. + + + THE GREAT ORIENTAL EMPIRES 91-96, 99 + + I. THE EARLY CHALDEAN EMPIRE. + II. THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE. + III. THE BABYLONIAN EMPIRE. + IV. THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. + THE DIVISION OF ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE, B.C. 250. + 1. Persian Supremacy; + 2. Macedonian Supremacy; + 3. Egyptian Supremacy; + 4. Syrian Supremacy; + 5. Maccabean Independence; + 6. Roman Supremacy. + + + THE ROMAN EMPIRE 97-99 + + I. EUROPEAN PROVINCES. + II. INSULAR PROVINCES. + III. ASIATIC PROVINCES. + IV. AFRICAN PROVINCES. + + + NEW TESTAMENT PALESTINE 100-102 + + I. THE PROVINCES OF PALESTINE. + 1. Judea; + 2. Samaria; + 3. Galilee; + 4. Peræa; + 5. Decapolis. + II. THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF PALESTINE, + B.C. 4-A.D. 70. + 1. Kingdom of Herod the Great; + 2. Tetrarchy; + 3. Kingdom of Herod Agrippa; + 4. The Two Provinces. + + + THE LIFE OF CHRIST 103-111 + + I. PERIOD OF PREPARATION. + 1. Presentation in the Temple; + 2. Flight into Egypt; + 3. Settlement at Nazareth; + 4. Visit to the Temple. + II. PERIOD OF INAUGURATION. + 1. Baptism; + 2. Temptation; + 3. Marriage at Cana; + 4. First Passover; + 5. Return to Galilee. + III. PERIOD OF EARLY GALILEAN MINISTRY. + 1. Opening of the Ministry; + 2. Tour in Eastern Galilee; + 3. Second Passover; + 4. Sermon on the Mount. + IV. PERIOD OF LATER GALILEAN MINISTRY. + 1. Tour in Southern Galilee; + 2. Gadarene Voyage; + 3. Tour in Central Galilee; + 4. Retirement to Bethsaida. + V. PERIOD OF RETIREMENT. + 1. Journey to Phoenicia; + 2. Journey to Decapolis; + 3. Journey to Cæsarea Philippi; + 4. Last Return to Capernaum. + VI. PERIOD OF JUDÆAN MINISTRY. + 1. Galilee to Jerusalem; + 2. Jerusalem to Bethabara. + VII. PERIOD OF PERÆAN MINISTRY. + 1. Bethabara to Bethany; + 2. Retirement to Ephraim; + 3. Journey in Peræa; + 4. Jericho to Bethany. + VIII. PERIOD OF THE PASSION. + 1, 2, 3. Bethany to Temple and Return; + 4. Bethany to Supper; + 5. Supper to Gethsemane; + 6. Gethsemane to House of Caiaphas; + 7. Caiaphas to Pilate; + 8. Pilate to Herod and Return; + 9. Pilate to Calvary. + IX. PERIOD OF THE RESURRECTION--The Ten + Appearances of Christ: + 1. At Jerusalem; + 2. At Jerusalem; + 3. Near Emmaus; + 4. At Jerusalem; + 5. At Jerusalem; + 6. At Jerusalem; + 7. Near the Sea of Galilee; + 8. On a Mountain in Galilee; + 9. At Jerusalem; + 10. Near Bethany. + + + EARLY APOSTOLIC HISTORY 112-115 + + I. PHILIP'S JOURNEY. + II. SAUL'S JOURNEY. + III. PETER'S JOURNEY. + IV. BARNABAS' JOURNEY. + V. BARNABAS AND SAUL'S JOURNEY. + + + JOURNEYS OF THE APOSTLE PAUL 116-131 + + I. THE PROVINCES OF ASIA MINOR. + 1. On the Black Sea; + 2. On the Ægean Sea; + 3. On the Mediterranean; + 4. In the Interior. + II. THE FIRST MISSIONARY JOURNEY. + 1. Antioch in Syria; + 2. Seleucia; + 3. Island of Cyprus; + 4. Salamis; + 5. Paphos; + 6. Perga; + 7. Antioch in Pisidia; + 8. Iconium; + 9. Lystra; + 10. Derbe; + 11. Return, and Attalia. + III. THE SECOND MISSIONARY JOURNEY. + I. _Asiatic Stations._ + 1. Syria; + 2. Cilicia; + 3. Derbe; + 4. Lystra; + 5. Phrygia; + 6. Galatia; + 7. Troas. + II. _European Stations._ + 1. Philippi; + 2. Amphipolis; + 3. Apollonia; + 4. Thessalonica; + 5. Berea; + 6. Athens; + 7. Corinth; + 8. Cenchrea. + III. _Stations of the Return Journey._ + 1. Ephesus; + 2. Cæsarea; + 3. Jerusalem; + 4. Antioch. + IV. THE THIRD MISSIONARY JOURNEY. + I. _Outward Journey._ + 1. Antioch; + 2. Galatia; + 3. Phrygia; + 4. Ephesus; + 5. Troas; + 6. Macedonia; + 7. Greece. + II. _Return Journey._ + 1. Philippi; + 2. Troas; + 3. Assos; + 4. Mitylene; + 5. Chios; + 6. Samos; + 7. Trogyllium; + 8. Miletus; + 9. Coos; + 10. Rhodes; + 11. Patara; + 12. Tyre; + 13. Ptolemais; + 14. Cæsarea; + 15. Jerusalem. + V. THE VOYAGE TO ROME. + 1. Jerusalem; + 2. Antipatris; + 3. Cæsarea; + 4. Zidon; + 5. Myra; + 6. Crete; + 7. Melita; + 8. Syracuse; + 9. Rhegium; + 10. Puteoli; + 11. Appii Forum; + 12. Rome. + VI. THE LAST JOURNEYS OF PAUL. + 1. Colosse, Ephesus; + 2. Macedonia; + 3. Crete; + 4. Nicopolis; + 5. Troas; + 6. Ephesus; + 7. Rome. + + + THE ISLES OF GREECE AND THE SEVEN CHURCHES 132-134 + + I. PATMOS. + II. ASIA. + III. THE SEVEN CHURCHES OF ASIA. + 1. Ephesus; + 2. Smyrna; + 3. Pergamos; + 4. Thyatira; + 5. Sardis; + 6. Philadelphia; + 7. Laodicea. + + + THE TABERNACLE 135-137 + + I. ORIGIN. + II. HISTORY. + III. DEPARTMENTS OF THE TABERNACLE. + 1. The Court; + 2. The Altar; + 3. The Laver; + 4. The Tent; + 5. The Holy Place; + 6. The Holy of Holies. + + + THE TEMPLE 138-142 + + I. COURT OF THE GENTILES. + II. SACRED ENCLOSURE. + III. COURT OF THE WOMEN. + IV. COURT OF ISRAEL. + V. COURT OF THE PRIESTS. + VI. THE HOUSE OF GOD. + + + LESSONS IN THE GEOGRAPHY OF PALESTINE 143-147 + + I. LINES AND WATERS. + II. NAMES AND DISTANCES. + III. NATURAL DIVISIONS. + 1. Sea-Coast Plain; + 2. Mountain Region; + 3. Jordan Valley; + 4. Eastern Table-Land. + IV. MOUNTAINS. + V. PLACES. + 1. In the Sea-Coast Plain; + 2. In the Mountain Region; + 3. In the Jordan Valley; + 4. In the Eastern Table-Land. + VI. PROVINCES. + 1. Judæa; + 2. Samaria; + 3. Galilee; + 4. Peræa; + 5. Bashan. + + + THE MEASURES OF THE BIBLE 148-150 + + I. SMALLER MEASURES OF LENGTH. + II. LARGER MEASURES OF LENGTH. + III. DRY MEASURES OF CAPACITY. + IV. LIQUID MEASURES OF CAPACITY. + V. MEASURES OF WEIGHT. + VI. MEASURES OF VALUE. + + + INDEX TO AND MAP OF PALESTINE 151-155 + + INDEX TO MAP OF OLD TESTAMENT WORLD 156 + + INDEX TO DESCRIPTIVE MATTER 157, 158 + + + + +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. + + + MAPS. + PAGE + Alexander's Empire, Division of 94 + Ancient Jerusalem in New Testament Period 72 + Ancient World, and Descendants of Noah 24 + Assyrian Empire 92 + Babylonian Empire and its Surroundings 92 + Beth-horon and Vicinity 50 + Conquest of Canaan 50 + Corinth and Vicinity 123 + Damascus and Vicinity 114 + Division of Solomon's Empire 86 + Early Apostolic History 112 + Empire of Chedorlaomer 34 + Empire of David and Solomon 68 + Environs of Jerusalem 82 + Island of Cyprus 119 + Isles of Greece and the Seven Churches 132 + Isle of Patmos 134 + Journeys of the Patriarchs 36 + Kadesh-barnea and Vicinity 48 + Kingdom of Egypt at its greatest extent under + Rameses II 42 + Kingdom of Herod the Great 100 + Kingdom of Saul 64 + Lands of the Sojourn and Wandering 44 + Modern Jerusalem 81 + Modern Palestine 152, 153 + Modern World and Bible Lands facing title + Mount Sinai, Vicinity of 44 + Natural Features of Jerusalem 75 + Nineveh and Vicinity 96 + Old Testament World 18, 19 + Oriental World in the Time of David 70 + Outline Map for Review 26 + Outline Maps (Geography of Palestine) 143-146 + Palestine among the Tribes 58 + Palestine as Promised and Possessed 53 + Palestine before the Conquest 36 + Palestine during the Ministry of Jesus 102 + Palestine under the Judges 60 + Palestine under the Maccabees, B.C. 100 96 + Paul's First Missionary Journey 116 + Paul's Second Missionary Journey 120 + Paul's Third Missionary Journey 124 + Paul's Voyage to Rome 126 + Paul's Last Journeys 130 + Period of Preparation. (Life of Christ) 104 + Period of Inauguration. " 104 + Period of Early Galilean Ministry. " 106 + Period of Later Galilean Ministry. " 107 + Period of Retirement. " 107 + Period of Judæan Ministry. " 108 + Period of Peræan Ministry. " 109 + Period of the Passion. " 109 + Persian Empire 94 + Peter's Journey 112 + Philip's Journey 112 + Physical Palestine 28 + Plain of Esdraelon 60 + Restoration of Israel, B.C. 800 89 + Roman Empire in New Testament Period 98 + Saul's Last Battle 64 + Saul of Tarsus' and Barnabas' Journeys 112 + St. Paul's Bay, Malta, enlarged 128 + Syrian Period, B.C. 884-840 88 + The Two Provinces, A.D. 44-70 102 + + + ENGRAVINGS. + + Ancient Coins 149, 150 + Antioch in Syria 117 + Arches under Temple Area 147 + Areopagus at Athens 121 + Assyrian Palace 91 + Babylon 95 + Bashan, View in the Eastern Table-Land 55 + Bethany 150 + Bethlehem 105 + Bible Measures 148, 149 + Birs Nimroud (supposed Tower of Babel) 23 + Black Obelisk 93 + Brazen Altar 137 + Capernaum and the Sea of Galilee 101 + Church of the Ascension 54 + Church of the Holy Sepulchre 16 + Church of Nativity, Bethlehem 71 + Colosseum at Rome 97 + Damascus 113 + David's Tomb 73 + Defile between Jerusalem and Jericho 83 + Dome of the Rock (Site of the Temple) 139 + Egyptian Temple 41 + Entry of Pilgrims into Bethlehem xii + Garden of Gethsemane 49 + Gethsemane 85 + Grotto of Jeremiah 99 + Hebron 39 + Jericho 67 + Jericho and the Jordan 37 + Jews' Wailing Place at Jerusalem 27 + Laodicea from Hierapolis 133 + Moabite Stone 88 + Modern Jerusalem, Panorama and Description of 78, 79 + Mosque El Aska 90 + Mount Ararat 20 + Mount Tabor 61 + Mount Zion 115 + Mugheir (supposed to be Ur of the Chaldees) 33 + Nazareth 110 + Pool of Siloam 103 + Râs es Sufsafeh (Mount Sinai) 43 + River Jordan 30 + Round about Jerusalem 59 + Shechem 51 + Solomon's Pools 84 + Tabernacle 135 + Tower of David 69 + Table of Shew Bread 136 + Via Dolorosa 111 + + + CHARTS. + + Bible History 14, 15 + Chronological Chart of Kings of Israel and Judah 87 + Paul's First Journey, Review 119 + Table of Nations, Review 27 + + + COMPARATIVE DIAGRAMS. + + Age of the Patriarchs, before and after the Deluge 34 + Areas of Asia Minor and Texas, U.S. 118 + Area of Egypt 42 + Areas of Palestine and New England 29 + Area of Palestine at Different Periods 70 + Areas of Assyrian, Babylonian and Persian Empires 93 + Height of Bible Mountains 17 + Height of Mountains in Palestine 32 + Population of the Twelve Tribes at Entrance into + Canaan 57 + Size of the Territory of the Tribes 56 + United States and Old Testament World 17 + + + PLANS. + + Antioch, Ancient 114 + Athens, Ancient 122 + Babylon 93 + Camp of Israel 47 + Ephesus and Vicinity 125 + Rome, Ancient 129 + Sacred Enclosure (Herod's Temple) 141 + Section of Palestine, North to South 31 + Section of Palestine, East to West 31 + Section Through the Middle of Temple, East to West 140 + Solomon's Temple 71 + Temple in the Time of Christ (Herod's) 138 + +[Illustration: ENTRY OF PILGRIMS INTO BETHLEHEM.] + + + + +CHART OF BIBLE HISTORY. + + +THE Geography and the History of the Bible are so closely united that +neither subject can be studied to advantage without the other. We +therefore present at the opening of our work the Chart of Bible History, +upon which the leading events of Bible History and those of the ancient +world in general are arranged in parallel columns. The blue lines +extending across the page represent the centuries before Christ, each +space between them being 100 years. Until recently the common chronology +found in all reference Bibles and Biblical works, was that prepared by +Archbishop Ussher, who died in 1656, long before the present sources of +information from "the monuments" had been discovered. His chronology has +not been regarded as trustworthy by scholars for thirty years past; but +until recently it has been retained because students of Biblical and +Ancient History were not agreed as to the dates which should be given in +place of it. But there is now a substantial, though not complete +agreement among scholars; and we therefore discard the Ussherian system, +and adopt that obtained from the information given in the inscriptions +of Assyria, Babylonia, and Egypt, when compared with statements in the +Bible. + +We begin at the date 2500 B.C. as the events of Bible History earlier +than 2500 B.C. cannot be fixed with any certainty. And it must be +admitted that none of the dates earlier than 1000 B.C. can be regarded +as established. + +I. =General Periods.= In the first column we note the five great periods +of Bible History. These are the natural divisions of the events +contained in the Bible story. + +1. The Period of the Early Races, from the Deluge, at a date unknown, to +the Call of Abraham, B.C. 2280. Before the Call of Abraham, the history +in the book of Genesis is introductory. + +2. The Period of the Chosen Family, from the Call of Abraham, B.C. 2280, +to the Exodus from Egypt, about 1250 B.C. + +3. The Period of the Israelite People, from the Exodus, 1250 B.C., to +the Coronation of Saul, about 1050 B.C. + +4. The Period of the Israelite Kingdom, from the Coronation of Saul, +1050 B.C., to the Captivity in Babylon, B.C. 587. + +5. The Period of the Jewish Province, from the Captivity in Babylon, 587 +B.C., to the Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans, A.D. 70. + +II. In the second column the larger periods are broken up into +=Subdivisions=. 1. In the _Period of the Early Races_ the line of +division is made at the Dispersion of the Races, to which no date is +assigned. 2. _The Period of the Chosen Family_ is subdivided at the +Descent into Egypt by Jacob and his family, about 2060 B.C. 3. _The +Period of the Israelitish People_ has three subdivisions. (1.) The +Wandering in the Wilderness, from the Exodus, B.C. 1250, to the Entrance +into Canaan, B.C. 1210. (2.) The Settlement, extending to the +Mesopotamian Oppression, B.C. 1180. (3.) The Rule of the Judges, to the +Coronation of Saul, B.C. 1050. 4. _The Period of the Israelitish +Kingdom_ naturally divides itself into three sections. (1.) Unity, to +the Division of the Kingdom, B.C. 935. (2.) Division, to the Captivity +of the Ten Tribes, B.C. 721. (3.) Decay, the stage of the kingdom of +Judah alone, from B.C. 721 to 587, the Babylonian Captivity. 5. _The +Period of the Jewish Province_ has five subdivisions. (1.) Chaldean +Rule, to the Return from Captivity, B.C. 536. (2.) Persian Rule, to the +Conquest by Alexander the Great, B.C. 330. (3.) Greek Rule, under the +kingdoms of Alexander's successors to the Revolt of Mattathias, B.C. +168. (4.) Jewish Independence, to the Annexation of Judæa to the Roman +Empire, A.D. 6. (5.) Roman Rule, to the final Destruction of Jerusalem, +A.D. 70. + +III. Next, we notice the prominent =Persons and Rulers= in Sacred +History. The perpendicular lines opposite the names of the patriarchs +indicate the duration of their lives, according to the common +chronology. Only the most important of the Judges are named, and with +each is given his number in the order of the list. The crowns show the +kings, and the years show the period of their reigns. The chronology +during the age of the Judges is very uncertain, and the dates are only +conjectural. + +IV. =The Events of Bible History=, given in the fourth column, are too +numerous to be recapitulated. The student should divide them according +to the Subdivisions of the Periods, already given. + +V. =The History of Egypt= occupies the fifth column. The opinions of +scholars are greatly at variance with regard to the dates of the first +eighteen dynasties, some of them differing by a thousand years. The +ancient history of Egypt is divided into three sections. (1.) The Old +Kingdom, founded by Menes perhaps 4700 B.C., and governed by ten +dynasties in succession. (2.) The Middle Kingdom, from about 2900 B.C. +to 1570 B.C., Dynasties XI. to XVII. (3.) The New Kingdom, from 1570 +B.C. to 525 B.C., Dynasties XVII. to XXVII. Egypt was part of the Persian +Empire from 525 to 332 B.C. After 323 B.C. it was governed by a line of +Greek kings, who bore the name of Ptolemy, until 30 B.C., when it became +a Roman province. + +VI. =The Kingdoms of the East=, Babylonia and Assyria, appear on the +sixth column; beginning with a number of states in Babylonia; becoming +an empire under Hammurabi about 2280 B.C.; by turns strong and weak +until about 1100 B.C., when the Assyrian empire arose, overpowering +Babylon. The Assyrian Empire lasted until 625 B.C., when Babylon again +arose to power, though the Chaldean Empire did not begin until 606 B.C. +In 536 B.C. it fell before the Persian conquerors, and the whole world +of the Bible was under Persian control until 330 B.C., when Alexander +the Great won it. No world-empire arose after the death of Alexander, +until the Roman period. + +[Transcriber's Note: This time-line has been changed from the original +layout due to width and text constraints. Originally, there were eight +columns across with the Roman numeral major divisions noted below and +the century marks ran down the left and right margins. The original is +also color-coded to indicate eras of history such as the Roman Rule of +Israel. To try to make this time-line still useful in a text format, +each item from each column has been arranged in order with a letter +indicating its original column title. This leads to some necessary +repetion. For example: + + [C] c. 1010. David, King. + [D] 1010--David King over Judah. + +because David was both a "Ruler in Bible History" and a part of the +"History of Israel." Below this linear timeline is a format more like +the original but with only one, two or three columns in a section +depending on the space available.] + + A I. General Periods + B II. Subdivision of General Periods + C III. Persons and Rulers in Bible History + D IV. History of Israel + E V. Egypt + F VI. Kingdoms of the East + G VII. The Oriental Empires + H VIII. The World in General + + + Pre-2500 B.C. + [A] Period of Early Races, from the deluge. (Date unknown) + [B] The United Races to the Dispersion. (Date unknown) + [D] [All the dates in this column are uncertain above 1000 B.C., and + are given tentatively. The dates are not sufficient for a + complete and sure chronology]. + [E] 4700(?)--Egypt founded by Menes. Old Kingdom (Dynasties I.-X.). + Memphis earliest capital. + [F] 4500 B.C.--Kingdoms existing in Babylonia. + [H] Dates earlier than 700 B.C. traditional and uncertain. + [F] 3900(?)--Rise of Ur to power. + [E] 3500(?)--Pyramids built (Dynasty IV.). + [F] 3000--Nineveh in existence. + [E] 2900(?)--Middle kingdom begins (Dynasties XI.-XVII.). + [H] 2850--China founded by Fu-hi. + + 2500 + [A] 2500-2280--I. Period of the Early Races to the Call of Abraham + c. 2280. + [B] 2500-2280--II. The Dispersed Races to the Call of Abraham. + [F] 2454(?)--First dynasty of kings begins to reign at Babylon with + Su-mu-abi. + Eleven kings reigning 2454 to 2151(?). + + 2400 + [F] 2357--Lao reigning in China. + [E] During the middle kingdom, 2900-1570 B.C. Thebes was capital until + about 2000 B.C. The dates are very uncertain, but between 2500 + and 2000 B.C. the kingdom declined. 12th Dynasty 2500-2300. + [C] c. 2355 Abraham. + + 2300 + [A] 2280-1250--II. Period of the Chosen Family. + [B] 2280-2060--Journeys of the Patriarchs. + [G] 2280-1120--EARLY BABLYLONIAN EMPIRE + [F] 2280(?)--Hammurabi (Amraphel(?)) (Gen. 14), sixth king of the + first dynasty reigning at Babylon. He conquered many states, + established a code of laws, and may be regarded as founder of + the early Babylonian Empire. + [D] c. 2280(?)--Call and Migration of Abraham. + [D] c. 2270(?)--Abraham's Victory over the Five Kings. [Gen. 14] + [B] c. 2256 Isaac. + [D] c. 2232(?)--The Offering of Isaac on Mount Moriah. + [H] 2205--Chinese History Begins + + 2200 + [C] 2195--Jacob + [F] 2150(?)--Second dynasty of kings at Babylon begins with An-ma-an. + (According to records, not certain, it lasted until 1783 B.C.) + [D] c. 2180(?) Death of Abraham. + [D] c. 2120(?)--Jacob's Vision and Journey to Padan-aram. + [C] 2103--Joseph + [D] c. 2103(?)--Jacob's Return to Canaan. + + 2100 + [D] c. 2084(?)--Joseph Sold into Egypt. + [D] c. 2073(?)--Joseph Ruler in Egypt. + [B] 2060-1250--Sojourn in Egypt. + [D] c. 2060(?)--Jacob and his Family go down to Egypt; Beginning of + the SOJOURN OF THE ISRAELITES. + [D] c. 2045(?)--Death of Jacob in Egypt. + [E] About 2000 B.C. Lower Egypt fell under the power of invaders from + the desert, who were called Hyksos, or Shepherd Kings. Their + capital was Tanis, or Zoan. Very little is known of their + history, and their names cannot be given with certainty, as + their memory was hated by the rulers that followed them, and + their inscriptions may have been obliterated. They ruled Egypt + until about 1570 B.C.(?), though the dates both of their + conquest and their departure are uncertain. + [F] 2000--Ishkibal, fourth king of second dynasty, reigning at + Babylon. + [H] 2000--Aryan migration to India(?). + + 2000 + [D] 1993(?)--Death of Joseph in Egypt. The Israelites remain in the + Land of Goshen, between Egypt and the Wilderness, from about + 2062 to 1250 B.C. [dates very very uncertain]. During most + of this period the Hyksos or Shepherd-Kings, friendly to the + Israelites, were ruling in Egypt. + [H] 1920--Gold and silver first mentioned as money. + [F] 1800--An Assyrian Kingdom in existence, but subject to Babylon. + Asshur, its capital. + [F] 1782--Third dynasty of kings of Babylon, beginning with Gandish, + reigning 1782-1767. This dynasty, known as Kassites, came from + Elam, conquered Babylonia, and held rule until 1207. Not much + is known of Babylonian history during this period; but the + kingdom was declining. + [E] About 1570 the war of liberation from the Hyksos began under + Dynasty XVIII., and the New Kingdom opened. + [E] 1570-1320(?)--Dynasty XVIII. reigning (Amosis, Amenophis, Queen + Hatasu, Thutmosis (or Thotmes) III., Amenophis II., Amenophis + III., Amenophis IV.). A period of conquest. Egyptian invasion + of Syria about 1490(?) (Thutmosis III.). Battle of Esdraelon + in Canaan. Tell-el-Amarna letters written in reigns of + Amenophis III. and IV. + [H] 1556--Athens founded. (traditional.) + [H] 1546--Traditional founding of Troy. + [H] 1507--Court of Areopagus founded at Athens. + [D] 1500--The Israelites still in Egypt. + [F] 1500-1207--Kassite dynasty still reigning at Babylon. + [H] 1500--Thebes founded. Greek alphabet introduced by Cadmus. + [H] c. 1500--Hittite migration to southern Asia Minor. + + 1500 + [F] 1430--Assur-nadin-akhi. King of Assyria. (From this reign, + regular lists of Assyrian kings; and their kingdom grows in + power.) + [H] 1400--Rise of Hittite Kingdom in Asia Minor. + + 1400 + [E] 1359(?)--Dynasty XIX. begins. Seti I. powerful ruler and + conqueror. Rameses II., "Pharaoh of the Oppression"(?). + Merenepthah, "Pharaoh of the Exodus"(?). Decline of Egyptian + power. Rameses III., date unknown. + [C] c. 1330 Moses. + [D] About 1330(?) begins the Oppression of the Israelites under + Dynasty XIX. in Egypt. About the same time 1330(?) Moses was + born. All the dates of this period are uncertain. + [F] 1300(?)--Shalmaneser I., King of Assyria, begins conquests. Calah + becomes capital. + + 1300 + [F] 1290(?)--Tukulti-ninib, King of Assyria, conquers Babylon; but it + soon regains its independence. Babylonian Kingdom declining + in power. + [C] 1260--Joshua. + [A] 1250-1050--III. PERIOD OF THE ISRAELITE PEOPLE. + [B] 1250-1210--WANDERING. + [D] 1250(?)--The Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. End of the + Sojourn; Beginning of the History of Israel as a People. Death + of Moses. + [H] 1235--Theseus, King of Athens. + [H] 1233--Carthage founded. + [B] 1210-1180--CONQUEST. + [D] 1210(?)--The Israelites enter the Land of Canaan, and begin the + Conquest of Canaan. Battle of Beth-horon, 1210(?). + [F] 1207-1075--Dynasty of Isin in Babylon; wars between Assyria and + Babylonia; continued decline of Babylonia and rise of Assyria. + [H] 1200--Dorian migration into Greece. + + 1200 + [H] 1193--Trojan war begins. + [B] 1180-1020--Rule of the Judges + [D] 1180(?)--Death of Joshua. + [D] 1170(?)--Age of the Judges in Israel begins. + [C] c. 1170. Othniel, Judge. + [C] c. 1130. Gideon, Judge. + [D] 1130--Gideon ruling in Israel. + [H] 1120-626 B.C. ASSYRIAN EMPIRE + [F] 1120-1090--Tiglath-pileser I., the first great king of Assyria, + conqueror over many lands. THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE begins. + [H] 1122--Chow dynasty reigning in China. + [C] c. 1100. Jephthah, Judge. + + 1100 + [E] 1089(?)--Dynasty XXI. begins; a line of kings of foreign race who + obtained control in Egypt. + [C] 1080--Samuel, Judge. + [D] 1080--Samuel, the last of the Judges. + [H] 1070--Codrus; last king of Athens. + [A] 1050-587--IV. PERIOD OF ISRAELITE KINGDOM + [B] 1050-925--UNITY + [C] c. 1050. Saul, King. + [D] 1050--Coronation of Saul, King of Israel. + [H] 1015--Minos gives laws in Crete. + [C] c. 1010. David, King. + [D] 1010--David King over Judah. + [D] 1003--David King over Israel. + + 1000 + [D] 990--David conquers Syria, Moab, and Edom. + [C] 970. Solomon, King. + [D] 970--Solomon, King of Israel, Syria, Moab, and Edom. + [B] 935-721--DIVISION + [C] KINGS OF ISRAEL. KINGS OF JUDAH. + 935. Jeroboam. 935. Rehoboam. + [D] 935--Division of the Kingdom. Jeroboam, King of Ten Tribes + (Israel). Rehoboam, King of Judah. + [E] 925--Shishak, King of Egypt, invades Judah, and takes many cities. + [E] 900(?)--Zerah, the Ethiopian (Osorkon II.), invades Egypt. + + 900 + [H] 886--Homeric Poems brought into Greece. + [F] 885-860--Assur-nazir-pal, King of Assyria. + [C] 875. Ahab (Isr.) + [D] 875--Worship of Baal introduced into Israel by Jezebel. + [C] 870. Jehoshaphat. (Jud.) + [D] 870--Elijah the Prophet. + [F] 860-825--Shalmaneser II., King. + [F] 854--Victory of Shalmaneser over Syrians and Israelites (under + King Ahab) at Karkar. + [H] 850--Lycurgus, lawgiver of Sparta. + [C] 842. Jehu (Isr.) 842. Athaliah, usurper. (Jud.) + [D] 842--Jehu King of Judah. Athaliah usurper in Judah. + [F] 842--Jehu, King of Israel, pays tribute to Shalmaneser. + [C] 836. Jehoash. (Jud.) + [D] 836--Revolution in Judah under Jehoiada, the Priest. + [F] 800--Babylon under Assyrian control. + + 800 + [C] 799. Joash. (Isr.) + [D] 799--Joash, King of Israel. + [C] 783. Jeroboam II. (Isr.) 783. Uzziah. (Jud.) + [D] 783--Jeroboam II., King of Israel. Israelite power; Prophet Amos. + [D] 769--Uzziah, King of Israel; Age of Prosperity. + [H] 753--Traditional founding of Rome by Romulus. + [H] 750--Syracuse in Sicily founded by Corinthians. + [D] 748--Prophet Hosea in Israel. + [F] 745-727--Tiglath-pileser III., King of Assyria; great conqueror; + receives tribute from Menahem, King of Israel. 732--Damascus + taken. + [C] 741. Menahem. (Isr.) + [D] 738--Prophet Isaiah begins his Ministry. Jotham, King of Judah. + [C] 735. Ahaz. (Jud.) + [C] 730. Hoshea. (Isr.) + [D] 730--Hoshea, last King of Israel. + [F] 727-722--Shalmaneser IV., King. 725--Siege of Samaria begun. + [E] 725--Hoshea, King of Israel, in Alliance with So (or Sabakon), + King of Egypt. + [F] 722-705--Sargon II., King of Assyria. + [B] 721-587--DECAY + [D] 721--Fall of Samaria. Israel carried captive by Sargon II. of + Assyria. + [C] 719. Hezekiah. (Jud.) + [H] 708--Median Kingdom begins under Deioces. + [F] 704-687--Sennacherib, King. Nineveh made capital. + [D] 701--Sennacherib's invasion of Judah. + [E] 701--Defeat of Tirkahah by Sennacherib, King of Assyria. + + 700 + [C] 690. Manasseh. (Jud.) + [F] 680-668--Esar-haddon, King. 674--Egypt invaded by Assyrians. + Empire of Assyria at its culmination. + [E] 674--Invasion of Egypt by Esar-haddon, King of Assyria. + [F] 668-626--Assur-bani-pal, King. Decline of Assyrian Empire begins. + [E] 665--Destruction of Thebes by the Assyrians. + [H] 660--Japanese History begins with Jimmu Tenno whose descendants + have reigned since without intermission. + [H] 658--Byzantium founded by Byzas. 640--Media independent of + Assyria. + [D] 647--Manasseh a captive at Babylon; but released later. + [C] 639. Josiah. (Jud.) + [D] 628--Prophet Jeremiah begins Ministry. + [G] 626-536--CHALDEAN EMPIRE + [F] 625-604--Nabopolassar, King of Babylon, founder of Chaldean + Empire. + [D] 621--Josiah begins great reforms. Finding of the Book of the Law. + [H] 621--Laws of Draco in Athens. + [F] 609--FALL OF ASSYRIAN EMPIRE. Nineveh destroyed by the Medes. + [C] 608. Jehoiakim. (Jud.) + [D] 608--Death of Josiah in battle at Megiddo. Necho of Egypt invades + Judah. Jehoiakim, King of Judah. + [F] 608--Victory of Nebuchadnezzar, son of Nabopolassar, over Necho, + King of Egypt, at Carchemish. CHALDEAN EMPIRE begins + (606-536). + [D] 606--First visit of Nebuchadnezzar to Judah; first group of + Captives to Babylon. + [E] 606--Necho, King of Egypt, defeated at Carchemish by + Nebuchadnezzar. + [F] 604-562--Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon. + + 600 + [D] 598--Chaldeans invade Judah a second time. + [C] 597. Zedekiah. + [D] 592--Prophet Ezekiel in Chaldea. + [A] 587 B.C.-(?) A.D.--PERIOD OF THE JEWISH PROVINCE + [B] 587-536--CHALDEAN RULE + [D] 586--Fall of Jerusalem; end of Kingdom of Judah; Jews taken to + Babylon. + [F] 586--Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar. + [F] 585-573--Siege of Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar. + [H] 583--Laws of Solon in Athens. + [H] 578--Money coined in Rome. + [E] 567--Egypt invaded by Nebuchadnezzar, but not held. + [F] 562--Rapid decline of Chaldean power after death of + Nebuchadnezzar. + [H] 560--Pisistratus usurps rule at Athens. + [F] 558-536--Nabonidus, last king of Babylon. He associates his son + Belshazzar in the government. + [H] 557--Buddha born in India. + [F] 553--Cyrus, the Persian, conquers the Medes. Beginning of Persian + power. + [H] 550--Confucius born. Laocius and Mencius, the other Chinese sages, + lived in same century. 546--Cyrus overthrows empire of + Croesus. + [C] 536. Zerubbabel, Prince. + [D] 536--Decree of Cyrus, King of Persia, permitting return of Exiled + Jews. + [F] 536--Babylon taken by Cyrus. End of Chaldean Empire. + [D] 535--Rebuilding of Temple begun. 522--Discontinued. + [G] 530-330--THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. + [F] 529-521--Cambyses, King of Persia. Egypt conquered. + [E] 525--Egypt conquered by Persians under Cambyses and annexed to the + Persian empire. From that time until 332 Egypt was under + Persian rule. + [F] 521-486--Darius, King of Persia. + [D] 520--Prophets Haggai and Zechariah. + [D] 515--Second Temple completed. + [H] 510--Romans abolish royalty; Government by Consuls begins. + [H] 510--Africa first circumnavigated. + [H] 500--Pythagoras teaching in Greece. + + 500 + [F] 491--Darius, King of Persia, invades Greece. 490--Battle of + Marathon. Greeks victorious over Persians. + [H] 490--Battle of Lake Regillus in Italy. + [H] 490--Battle of Marathon in Greece. + [F] 486-466--Xerxes (Ahasuerus in book of Esther), King of Persia. + [F] 481--Expedition of Xerxes into Greece. + [F] 480--Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis. + [D] 478--Esther's deliverance. + [F] 466-425--Artaxerxes Longimanus, King of Persia. Empire declining + in power. + [C] 458. Ezra. + [D] 458--Ezra's visit to Jerusalem. + [C] 444. Nehemiah. + [D] 444--Nehemiah rebuilds the Wall of Jerusalem. + [D] 440--Separation of Samaritans from Jews. + [F] 425--Xerxes II., King of Persia. + [F] 424-404--Darius II., King. + [H] 418--Battle of Mantinea in Greece. + [D] 400(?)--Malachi, last of Old Testament Prophets. + [H] 400--Retreat of the Ten Thousand in Persia. + [C] c. 400--END OF OLD TESTAMENT + + 400 + [H] 399--Death of Socrates. + [F] 361--Artaxerxes (or Darius) Ochus, King of Persia. + [C] 350. Jaddua, High Priest. + [D] 350--Jaddua, High Priest. + [F] 336--Darius Codomannus, last king of Persia. + [D] 332--Visit of Alexander the Great to Judea. + [E] 332--Alexander the Great receives the submission of Egypt. + [B] 330-168--GREEK RULE + [G] 330-60--KINGDOMS OF ALEXANDER'S SUCCESSORS + [C] 330. Onias, High Priest. + [D] 330--Onias, High Priest. + [F] 330--Persian Empire conquered by Alexander the Great (Battle of + Arbela.) + [E] 328--Ptolemy Soter establishes the Greek kingdom of Egypt. + [F] 323--Alexander the Great dies at Babylon. + [D] 305--Jerusalem taken by Ptolemy Lagus, of Egypt. Judea subject to + Egypt. + [F] 301--Alexander's empire divided among his four generals Ptolemy, + Seleucus, Cassander, Lysimachus. + [C] 300. Simon the Just, High Priest. + [D] 300--Simon the First, High Priest. + + 300 + [E] 286--The Alexandrian library and Museum began by King Ptolemy II., + Philadelphus. + [D] 275(?)--Translation of the Old Testament into Greek begun + (Septuagint.) + [H] 264--First Punic war begun by Rome. + [E] 247-225--Reign of Ptolemy Euergetes, ablest and most powerful of + the Ptolemies. + [H] 216--Battle of Cannae; overthrow of Hannibal. + [H] 211--Wall of China completed. + [E] 205-182--Reign of Ptolemy V. Epiphanes. + + 200 + [D] 197--Palestine annexed to kingdom of Syria under Antiochus III. + [F] 187--Seleucus IV., Philopator, King of Syria. + [F] 175--Antiochus IV., Epiphanes, King of Syria. + [B] 168-43--JEWISH INDEPENDENCE + [D] 168--Persecution of the Jews by Antiochus IV. (Epiphanes). + [D] 168--Revolt of Mattathias against Syrian rule. + [C] 166. Judas Maccabeus. + [D] 166--Judas Maccabeus, Liberator and Ruler of Judea. + [E] 165--The Roman senate intervenes in Egypt. + [F] 162--Demetrius I., Soter, King of Syria. + [D] 142--Simon, brother of Judas, High Priest and Ruler. + [H] 123--The Gracchi in Rome. + [D] 107--Aristobulus assumes title of King of Judea. + [D] 105--Rise of Sects, Pharisees and Sadducees. + + 100 + [F] 69--Syria and Armenia conquered by Romans. + [C] 63. Antipater. + [D] 63--Jerusalem taken by Pompey; Romans intervene in Judea. + [D] 63--Antipater, Ruler, under Roman authority. + [G] 60 B.C.-100 A.D.--ROMAN EMPIRE + [E] 52-30--Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt. + [B] 43--START OF ROMAN RULE + [C] 43. Herod the Great. + [D] 43--Herod the Great made King by Roman Senate. + [H] 41--Assassination of Julius Caesar. + [E] 30--Egypt becomes a Roman province. + [F] 27--Syria made an imperial province of Roman empire. + [H] 27--Augustus, Emperor of Roman World. + [D] 4 B.C.--Jesus born at Bethlehem. 4 B.C.--Death of Herod. + + A.D. + [H] 14--Tiberius, Emperor. + [C] 26. Pontius Pilate, Procurator. + [D] 26--Ministry of John the Baptist. + [D] 30--Crucifixion, Resurrection, and Ascension of Christ. + [D] 37--Conversion of St. Paul. + [C] 41. Herod Agrippa I. King of Judea. + [H] 41--Claudius, Emperor. + [D] 50--Council of Christian Church at Jerusalem. + [C] 52. Felix, Procurator. + [H] 54--Nero, Emperor. + [C] 60. Festus, Procurator. + [D] 68--Revolt of Jews against Roman Empire. + [D] 68--Martyrdom of St. Paul. + [D] 70--Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. + [H] 79--Titus, Emperor. + + + + + B.C. I. II. III. + GENERAL SUB DIVISION PERSONS AND RULERS IN BIBLE + PERIODS. OF GENERAL HISTORY. + PERIODS. + + I. PERIOD + OF THE I. + EARLY THE UNITED + RACES, RACES + FROM THE TO THE + DELUGE. DISPERSION. + + (Date unknown) (Date unknown) + 2500 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + I. II. + PERIOD THE DISPERSED + OF THE RACES TO + 2400 EARLY + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + RACES THE CALL OF + to the Call of + of Abraham ABRAHAM. c. 2355 Abraham. + c. 2280 + 2300 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 2280 B.C. c. 2280 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + c. 2256 Isaac. + + JOURNEYS + + 2200 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + c. 2180 c. 2195 Jacob. + + II. OF THE + + PATRIARCHS c. 2103 Joseph. + 2100 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + PERIOD c. 2075 + + c. 2060 B.C. + +------------ + | + | c. 2045. + 2000 | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | c. 1993. + OF THE | + | THE + | + | + | + | + | + 1500 | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | + CHOSEN | + | SOJOURN IN + 1400 | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | + | c. 1330 Moses. + FAMILY. | + | EGYPT. + 1300 | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | + | c. 1260 Joshua. + 1250 B.C. | 1250 + --------------+============-------------------------------------- + | + | WANDERING + | + | + III. | 1210 c. 1210 + +------------ + 1200 | CONQUEST. + ---------------------|--------------------------------------------------- + PERIOD | 1180 c. 1180 + +------------ c. 1170. Othniel, Judge. + OF | + | RULE + ISRAELITE | + | OF THE c. 1130. Gideon, Judge. + PEOPLE | + | JUDGES. + | + | c. 1100. Jephthah, Judge. + 1100 | + ---------------------|-------------------------------------------------- + | c. 1080. Samuel, Judge. + | + 1050 B.C. | 1050 c. 1050. Saul, King. + ---------------------------------------------------------------- + | UNITY + | + IV. | c. 1010. David, King. + | + 1000 | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | + | 970. Solomon, King. + | + | 935 KINGS OF ISRAEL. KINGS OF JUDAH. + +---------935. Jeroboam. 935. Rehoboam. + PERIOD + 900 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 875. Ahab + 870. Jehoshaphat. + + 842. Jehu. 842. Athaliah, usurper. + OF DIVISION 836. Jehoash. + 800 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 799. Joash. + 783. Jeroboam II. 783. Uzziah. + + + 741. Menahem. + + 735. Ahaz. + ISRAELITE + 730. Hoshea. + 721 + +------- + | + | 719. Hezekiah. + | + 700 | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | + KINGDOM | 690. Manasseh. + | DECAY + | 639. Josiah. + | + | + | + | 608. Jehoiakim. + | + | + | + | + 600 | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 587 B.C. | 587 597. Zedekiah. + | + | + ---------------------------------------------------------------------- + | + | CHALDEAN + PERIOD OF | RULE 536. Zerubbabel, Prince. + | 536 + THE JEWISH +------- + PROVINCE + + 500 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + PERIOD + + PERSIAN 458. Ezra. + + 444. Nehemiah. + + (END OF OLD + TESTAMENT) + + 400 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + RULE + + 350. Jaddua, High Priest. + + OF 330 B.C. 330. Onias, High Priest. + +--------- + | + | + | 300. Simon the Just, High Priest. + 300 | + -------------------|---------------------------------------------------- + | + | GREEK + JEWISH | + | RULE + 200 | + -------------------|---------------------------------------------------- + | + | + | + | + | 168 B.C. + +--------- + PROVINCE | 166. Judas Maccabeus. + | JEWISH + | + | INDEPENDENCE + 100 | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | 63. Antipater. + | + | + | 43 B.C. 43. Herod the Great. + +-------- + + A.D. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + ROMAN + + 26. Pontius Pilate, Procurator. + 41. Herod Agrippa I. King of Judea. + 52. Felix, Procurator. + 60. Festus, Procurator. + + + + RULE + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 100 + + + + + B.C. IV. + THE HISTORY OF ISRAEL. + + + + + [All the dates in this column are uncertain above 1000 B.C., + and are given tentatively. The dates are not + sufficient for a complete and sure chronology]. + + + + + 2500 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + + 2400 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + + + 2300 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + c. 2280(?)--Call and Migration of Abraham. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + c. 2270(?)--Abraham's Victory over the Five Kings. [Gen. 14] + + c. 2232(?)--The Offering of Isaac on Mount Moriah. + + + 2200 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + c. 2180(?) Death of Abraham. + + + c. 2120(?)--Jacob's Vision and Journey to Padan-aram. + c. 2103(?)--Jacob's Return to Canaan. + 2100 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + c. 2084(?)--Joseph Sold into Egypt. + c. 2073(?)--Joseph Ruler in Egypt. + c. 2060(?)--Jacob and his Family go down + to Egypt; Beginning of the SOJOURN OF THE ISRAELITES. + + c. 2045(?)--Death of Jacob in Egypt. + + 2000 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 1993(?)--Death of Joseph in Egypt. + The Israelites remain in the Land of Goshen, between Egypt + and the Wilderness, from about 2062 to 1250 B.C. [dates very + very uncertain]. During most of this period the Hyksos or + Shepherd-Kings, friendly to the Israelites, were ruling in + Egypt. + + 1500--The Israelites still in Egypt. + 1500 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + + 1400 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + About 1330(?) begins the Oppression of the Israelites under + Dynasty XIX. in Egypt. About the same time 1330(?) + Moses was born. All the dates of this period are uncertain. + 1300 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + 1250 1250(?)--The Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. End of the + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + Sojourn; Beginning of the History of Israel as a People. + Death of Moses. + + + 1210(?)--The Israelites enter the Land of Canaan, and begin the + Conquest of Canaan. Battle of Beth-horon, 1210(?). + 1200 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + 1180(?)--Death of Joshua. + 1170(?)--Age of the Judges in Israel begins. + + + + 1130--Gideon ruling in Israel. + + + + + 1100 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 1080--Samuel, the last of the Judges. + + 1050 1050--Coronation of Saul, King of Israel. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + 1010--David King over Judah. + 1003--David King over Israel. + 1000 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 990--David conquers Syria, Moab, and Edom. + 970--Solomon, King of Israel, Syria, Moab, and Edom. + + 935--Division of the Kingdom. Jeroboam, King of Ten Tribes + (Israel). Rehoboam, King of Judah. + + 900 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 875--Worship of Baal introduced into Israel by Jezebel. + 870--Elijah the Prophet. + + 842--Jehu King of Judah. Athaliah usurper in Judah. + 836--Revolution in Judah under Jehoiada, the Priest. + 800 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 799--Joash, King of Israel. + 783--Jeroboam II., King of Israel. Israelite power; + Prophet Amos. + + 769--Uzziah, King of Israel; Age of Prosperity. + 748--Prophet Hosea in Israel. + 738--Prophet Isaiah begins his Ministry. Jotham, King of Judah. + 730--Hoshea, last King of Israel. + + + 721--Fall of Samaria. Israel carried captive by + Sargon II. of Assyria. + + 701--Sennacherib's invasion of Judah. + 700 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + 647--Manasseh a captive at Babylon; but released later. + + 628--Prophet Jeremiah begins Ministry. + 621--Josiah begins great reforms. Finding of the Book of the + Law. + + 608--Death of Josiah in battle at Megiddo. Necho of Egypt + invades Judah. Jehoiakim, King of Judah. + 606--First visit of Nebuchadnezzar to Judah; first group of + Captives to Babylon. + 600 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 598--Chaldeans invade Judah a second time. + 592--Prophet Ezekiel in Chaldea. + + 586--Fall of Jerusalem; end of Kingdom of Judah; Jews taken + to Babylon. + 536--Decree of Cyrus, King of Persia, permitting return of + Exiled Jews. + 535--Rebuilding of Temple begun. 522--Discontinued. + 520--Prophets Haggai and Zechariah. + 515--Second Temple completed. + 500 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + 478--Esther's deliverance. + 458--Ezra's visit to Jerusalem. + + 444--Nehemiah rebuilds the Wall of Jerusalem. + 440--Separation of Samaritans from Jews. + + + 400 400(?)--Malachi, last of Old Testament Prophets. + (END OF OLD + TESTAMENT) + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + 350--Jaddua, High Priest. + 332--Visit of Alexander the Great to Judea. + 330--Onias, High Priest. + + 305--Jerusalem taken by Ptolemy Lagus, of Egypt. + Judea subject to Egypt. + 300--Simon the First, High Priest. + 300 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 275(?)--Translation of the Old Testament into Greek begun + (Septuagint.) + + + 200 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 197--Palestine annexed to kingdom of Syria under + Antiochus III. + + 168--Persecution of the Jews by Antiochus IV. (Epiphanes). + 168--Revolt of Mattathias against Syrian rule. + 166--Judas Maccabeus, Liberator and Ruler of Judea. + 142--Simon, brother of Judas, High Priest and Ruler. + + 107--Aristobulus assumes title of King of Judea. + 105--Rise of Sects, Pharisees and Sadducees. + 100 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 63--Jerusalem taken by Pompey; Romans intervene in Judea. + 63--Antipater, Ruler, under Roman authority. + + 43--Herod the Great made King by Roman Senate. + + + A.D. 4 B.C.--Jesus born at Bethlehem. 4 B.C.--Death of Herod. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + 26 A.D.--Ministry of John the Baptist. + + 30 A.D.--Crucifixion, Resurrection, and Ascension of Christ. + 37--Conversion of St. Paul. + + 50--Council of Christian Church at Jerusalem. + 68--Revolt of Jews against Roman Empire. + 68--Martyrdom of St. Paul. + 70--Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 100 + + + + + + B.C. V. VI. + EGYPT. KINGDOMS OF THE EAST. + + 4700(?)--Egypt founded by Menes. + Old Kingdom (Dynasties I.-X.). 4500 B.C.--Kingdoms existing in + Memphis earliest capital. Babylonia. + 4000(?)--City of Babylon + founded. + 3900(?)--Rise of Ur to power. + 3500(?)--Pyramids built + (Dynasty IV.). + 3000--Nineveh in existence. + 2900(?)--Middle kingdom begins + (Dynasties XI.-XVII.) + 2500 B.C. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + 2454(?)--First dynasty of kings + begins to reign at Babylon + with Su-mu-abi. + Eleven kings reigning 2454 to + 2151(?). + 2400 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + During the middle kingdom, 2900-1570 + B.C. Thebes was capital until about + 2000 B.C. The dates are very uncertain, + but between 2500 and 2000 B.C. the + kingdom declined. 12th Dynasty 2500-2300. + + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + 2280(?)--Hammurabi (Amraphel(?)) + (Gen. 14), sixth king of the + first dynasty reigning at + Babylon. He conquered many + states, established a code of + laws, and may be regarded as + founder of the early + Babylonian Empire. + 2300 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + 2150(?)--Second dynasty of kings + at Babylon begins with + An-ma-an. (According to + records, not certain, it + lasted until 1783 B.C.) + + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + About 2000 B.C. Lower Egypt + fell under the power of invaders + from the desert, who were called + Hyksos, or Shepherd Kings. Their + capital was Tanis, or Zoan. Very + little is known of their history, + and their names cannot be given + with certainty, as their memory + was hated by the rulers that + followed them, and their + inscriptions may have been + obliterated. They ruled Egypt + until about 1570 B.C.(?), though + the dates both of their conquest + and their departure are 2000--Ishkibal, fourth king of + uncertain. second dynasty, reigning at + Babylon. + 2000 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + About 1570 the war of liberation + from the Hyksos began under + Dynasty XVIII., and the New + Kingdom opened. + 1570-1320(?)--Dynasty XVIII. 1800--An Assyrian Kingdom in + reigning (Amosis, Amenophis, existence, but subject to + Queen Hatasu, Thutmosis (or Babylon. Asshur, its capital. + Thotmes) III., Amenophis II., + Amenophis III., Amenophis 1782--Third dynasty of kings of + IV.). A period of conquest. Babylon, beginning with + Egyptian invasion of Syria Gandish, reigning 1782-1767. + about 1490(?) (Thutmosis III.). This dynasty, known as + Battle of Esdraelon in Canaan. Kassites, came from Elam, + Tell-el-Amarna letters written conquered Babylonia, and + in reigns of Amenophis III. held rule until 1207. Not + and IV. much is known of Babylonian + history during this period; + but the kingdom was + declining. + + 1500-1207--Kassite dynasty + 1500 still reigning at Babylon. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + 1430--Assur-nadin-akhi. King of + Assyria. (From this reign, + regular lists of Assyrian + kings; and their kingdom + grows in power.) + 1400 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 1359(?)--Dynasty XIX. begins. + Seti I. powerful ruler and conqueror. + Rameses II., "Pharaoh of the Oppression"(?). + Merenepthah, "Pharaoh of the Exodus"(?). + Decline of Egyptian power. Rameses III., + date unknown. + + 1300(?)--Shalmaneser I., King + of Assyria, begins conquests. + 1300 Calah becomes capital. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 1290(?)--Tukulti-ninib, King + of Assyria, conquers Babylon; + but it soon regains its + independence. Babylonian + Kingdom declining in power. + + + 1207-1075--Dynasty of Isin in + Babylon; wars between Assyria + and Babylonia; continued + decline of Babylonia and rise + 1200 of Assyria. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + + 1120-1090--Tiglath-pileser I., + the first great king of + Assyria, conqueror over many + lands. THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE + 1100 begins. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 1089(?)--Dynasty XXI. begins; a line of + kings of foreign race who obtained control + in Egypt. + + 1000 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + 925--Shishak, King of Egypt, invades + Judah, and takes many cities. + + 900(?)--Zerah, the Ethiopian (Osorkon II.), + 900 invades Egypt. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 885-860--Assur-nazir-pal, King + of Assyria. + + 860-825--Shalmaneser II., King. + 854--Victory of Shalmaneser + over Syrians and Israelites + (under King Ahab) at Karkar. + 842--Jehu, King of Israel, pays + tribute to Shalmaneser. + + 800--Babylon under Assyrian + 800 control. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + 745-727--Tiglath-pileser III., + King of Assyria; great + conqueror; receives tribute + from Menahem, King of Israel. + 732--Damascus taken. + + 725--Hoshea, King of Israel, in 727-722--Shalmaneser IV., King. + Alliance with So (or Sabakon), 725--Siege of Samaria begun. + King of Egypt. 722-705--Sargon II., King of + Assyria. + 704-687--Sennacherib, King. + 701--Defeat of Tirkahah by Nineveh made capital. + 700 Sennacherib, King of Assyria. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 674--Invasion of Egypt by 680-668--Esar-haddon, King. + Esar-haddon, King of Assyria. 674--Egypt invaded by + 665--Destruction of Thebes by Assyrians. Empire of Assyria + the Assyrians. at its culmination. + 668-626--Assur-bani-pal, King. + Decline of Assyrian Empire + begins. + 625-604--Nabopolassar, King of + Babylon, founder of Chaldean + Empire. + 609--FALL OF ASSYRIAN EMPIRE. + Nineveh destroyed by the + Medes. + 608--Victory of Nebuchadnezzar, + son of Nabopolassar, over + Necho, King of Egypt, at + 606--Necho, King of Egypt, Carchemish. CHALDEAN EMPIRE + defeated at Carchemish by begins (606-536). + Nebuchadnezzar. 604-562--Nebuchadnezzar, King + 600 of Babylon. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 586--Jerusalem taken and + destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar. + 567--Egypt invaded by 585-573--Siege of Tyre by + Nebuchadnezzar, but not held. Nebuchadnezzar. + 562--Rapid decline of Chaldean + power after death of + Nebuchadnezzar. + 558-536--Nabonidus, last king + of Babylon. He associates + his son Belshazzar in the + government. + 553--Cyrus, the Persian, + conquers the Medes. Beginning + of Persian power. + 536--Babylon taken by Cyrus. + 525--Egypt conquered by Persians End of Chaldean Empire. + under Cambyses and annexed to 530-330--THE PERSIAN EMPIRE. + the Persian empire. From that 529-521--Cambyses, King of + time until 332 Egypt was under Persia. Egypt conquered. + Persian rule. 521-486--Darius, King of + 500 Persia. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 491--Darius, King of Persia, + invades Greece. 490--Battle + of Marathon. Greeks + victorious over Persians. + 486-466--Xerxes (Ahasuerus in + book of Esther), King of + Persia. + 481--Expedition of Xerxes into + Greece. + 480--Battles of Thermopylae and + Salamis. + 466-425--Artaxerxes Longimanus, + King of Persia. Empire + declining in power. + 425--Xerxes II., King of Persia. + 400 424-404--Darius II., King. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + 361--Artaxerxes (or Darius) + Ochus, King of Persia. + + 336--Darius Codomannus, last + king of Persia. + 332--Alexander the Great + receives the submission of + Egypt. 330--Persian Empire conquered + by Alexander the Great + 328--Ptolemy Soter establishes (Battle of Arbela.) + the Greek kingdom of Egypt. + 323--Alexander the Great dies + at Babylon. + 301--Alexander's empire divided + among his four generals + Ptolemy, Seleucus, Cassander, + 300 Lysimachus. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 286--The Alexandrian library and + Museum began by King Ptolemy II., + Philadelphus. + 247-225--Reign of Ptolemy Euergetes, + ablest and most powerful of the + Ptolemies. + + 200 205-182--Reign of Ptolemy V. Epiphanes. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 187--Seleucus IV., Philopator, + King of Syria. + 175--Antiochus IV., Epiphanes, + King of Syria. + 165--The Roman senate + intervenes in Egypt. 162--Demetrius I., Soter, + 100 King of Syria. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 69--Syria and Armenia + conquered by Romans. + 52-30--Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt. + + 30--Egypt becomes a Roman province. + 27--Syria made an imperial + A.D. province of Roman empire. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + + + 100 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + + + + B.C. VII. VIII. + THE ORIENTAL EMPIRES. THE WORLD IN GENERAL. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + Dates earlier than 700 B.C. + traditional and uncertain. + + + + + 2850--China founded by Fu-hi. + 2500 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + 2400 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + + + 2357--Lao reigning in China. + + 2300 + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 2280 B.C. + +-----------------+ + | | 2205--Chinese history begins. + 2200 | | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | | + | | + | | + | | + 2100 | | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | | + | | + | EARLY | + | | + 2000 | | 2000--Aryan migration to India(?). + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | | 1920--Gold and silver first mentioned as + | | money. + | | + | | + | | 1556--Athens founded. (traditional.) + | | 1546--Traditional founding of Troy. + | | + | | 1507--Court of Areopagus founded at Athens. + | | + | | 1500--Thebes founded. Greek alphabet + | | introduced by Cadmus. + | | + | | c. 1500--Hittite migration to southern + 1500 | | Asia Minor. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | | + | | + | BABYLONIAN | + | | + | | 1400--Rise of Hittite Kingdom in Asia + 1400 | | Minor. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | | + | | + | | + | | + | | + | | + 1300 | | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | | + | | + | | + | EMPIRE. | + | | + | | 1235--Theseus, King of Athens. + | | 1233--Carthage founded. + | | + | | + 1200 | | 1200--Dorian migration into Greece. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | | 1193--Trojan war begins. + | | + | | + | | 1122--Chow dynasty reigning in China. + | 1120 B.C. | + +-----------------+ + 1100 | | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | | 1070--Codrus, last king of Athens. + | ASSYRIAN EMPIRE | + | | + | | + | | + | | 1015--Minos gives laws in Crete. + 1000 | | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | | + | ASSYRIAN | + | | + | | + 900 | | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | | 886--Homeric Poems brought into Greece. + | | + | | + | | + | | + | | 850--Lycurgus, lawgiver of Sparta. + | | + 800 | | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | EMPIRE. | + | | + | | 753--Traditional founding of Rome by + | | Romulus. + | | 750--Syracuse in Sicily founded by + | | Corinthians. + | | + | | + | | + | | + | | 708--Median Kingdom begins under Deioces. + 700 | | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | | + | | + | | 660--Japanese History begins with Jimmu + | 626 B.C. | Tenno whose descendants have reigned + +-----------------+ since without intermission. + | | 658--Byzantium founded by Byzas. 640--Media + | | independent of Assyria. + | | 621--Laws of Draco in Athens. + | | + | | + |CHALDEAN EMPIRE | + | | + 600 | | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | | 583--Laws of Solon in Athens. + | | 578--Money coined in Rome. + | | 560--Pisistratus usurps rule at Athens. + | | 557--Buddha born in India. + | | 550--Confucius born. Laocius and Mencius, + | | the other Chinese sages, lived in same + | 536 B.C. | century. 546--Cyrus overthrows empire of + +-----------------+ Croesus. + | | 510--Romans abolish royalty; Government by + | | Consuls begins. + | | 510--Africa first circumnavigated. + 500 | | 500--Pythagoras teaching in Greece. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | PERSIAN | 490--Battle of Lake Regillus in Italy. + | | 490--Battle of Marathon in Greece. + | | + | | + | | + | | + | | + | | + | EMPIRE. | + | | 418--Battle of Mantinea in Greece. + 400 | | 400--Retreat of the Ten Thousand in Persia. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | | 399--Death of Socrates. + | | + | | + | | + | | + | 330 B.C. | + +-----------------+ + | | + | | + 300 | | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | | + | KINGDOMS | + | | 264--First Punic war begun by Rome. + | | + | | 216--Battle of Cannae; overthrow of + | | Hannibal. + | | 211--Wall of China completed. + 200 | OF ALEXANDER'S | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | | + | | + | | + | | + | | + | | + | SUCCESSORS. | 123--The Gracchi in Rome. + | | + 100 | | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | | + | | + | 60 B.C. | + +-----------------+ 41--Assassination of Julius Caesar. + | | + | | 27--Augustus, Emperor of Roman World. + | | + A.D. | ROMAN EMPIRE. | + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + | | 14 A.D.--Tiberius, Emperor. + | | + | | 41--Claudius, Emperor. + | | + | | 54--Nero, Emperor. + | | + | | 79--Titus, Emperor. + ------------------------------------------------------------------------ + 100 A.D. | 100 A.D. | + +-----------------+ + + +VII. =The Oriental Empires= are indicated upon the seventh column of the +chart. While they follow in regular succession, there were brief periods +of anarchy and confusion between them, which cannot be indicated. (1.) +The Early Babylonian Empire, 2280-1120 B.C. Much of the time this was +not an empire, but rather the leading state in the oriental world. (2.) +The Assyrian Empire, 1120-626 B.C.; its capital at Nineveh on the Tigris +River, its people fierce warriors, but not able rulers. (3.) The +Chaldean Empire, 606-536 B.C., established by Nebuchadnezzar, and +passing away soon after his death. (4.) The Persian Empire, 536-330, +founded by Cyrus, and ruling over all the Old Testament lands. (5.) The +Kingdoms (not empire) of Alexander's Successors, 330-60 B.C. The empire +of Alexander the Great lasted only seven years (330-323), and was +followed by war until 301, when the four generals of Alexander made a +division of his conquests. (6.) The Roman Empire became dominant in the +east about 60 B.C., and continued supreme until after the New Testament +period. + +VIII. =The World in General.= We arrange on the last column events +showing the general progress of the world outside of the Bible lands. +The student will note that Bible History antedates the annals of Greece +and Rome by many centuries. + +[Illustration: THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE.] + + + + +THE OLD TESTAMENT WORLD. + + +I. =Extent.= The Old Testament World embraces the seas and lands between +30° and 54° east longitude, or from the mouth of the Nile to that of the +Persian Gulf; and between 27° and 40° north latitude, from the parallel +south of Mount Sinai to that north of Mount Ararat. The total extent of +territory is about 1,400 miles from east to west and 900 miles from +north to south, aggregating 1,260,000 square miles. Deducting from this +the space occupied by the Mediterranean Sea and other large bodies of +water, the land will include about 1,110,000 square miles, or one-third +the extent of the United States, excluding Alaska. Unlike the United +States, however, nearly two-thirds of this extent is a vast desert, and +uninhabitable, so that the portion actually occupied by man is less than +an eighth of that included in the American Union. + +[Illustration: COMPARATIVE VIEW OF UNITED STATES AND OLD TESTAMENT +WORLD.] + +II. =Seas.= This world of the Old Testament embraces several large +bodies of water. 1. The _Caspian Sea_, the largest body of water +surrounded by land on the globe, occupies its northeastern corner. 2. +The _Persian Gulf_, the outlet of the great rivers of the Old Testament +history, is in its southeastern border. 3. The two arms of the northern +end of the _Red Sea_, the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Akaba, are on its +southwestern side. 4. The _Mediterranean Sea_, "the great sea toward the +going down of the sun" (Josh. 1:4), forms a part of its western +boundary. These are its largest seas; but besides these may be named +three others, all salt lakes, imbedded in its mountain system. 5. The +_Dead Sea_, called in the Bible "Sea of the Plain," and "Salt Sea," +lying 1,290 feet below the Mediterranean, and situated in the land of +Palestine; 6. _Lake Van_, anciently Arsissa, in Armenia; and 7. _Lake +Urumiyeh_, in Media. Neither of the last two are referred to in the +Bible. + +III. =Mountain Ranges.= The nucleus of the mountain system is found in +the land of Armenia, on the north of the map. Here five great ranges of +mountains have their origin. 1. The _Ararat Mountains_ are lofty masses, +lying between the Caspian Sea and Asia Minor. They are arranged in three +sections, nearly parallel: Mount Masius, on the south; Mount Niphates, +north of Lake Van; and Mount Abus, still farther north. One of the peaks +of this latter section is the traditional resting place of the ark (Gen. +8:4), and is the summit of the group, 17,750 feet high. 2. The _Caspian +Mountains_, branching from Ararat, bend around the southern end of the +Caspian Sea and extend eastward, forming the northern boundary of Media. +3. The _Zagros Mountains_ also start from Ararat, and follow a direction +generally southeast, to the northern shore of the Persian Gulf. They +form the eastern watershed of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. 4. The +_Lebanon Range_ starts from the western side of the Ararat group, and +follows the Mediterranean coast through Syria and Palestine, then down +the Sinaitic peninsula. Its general direction is west of south. In Syria +and Palestine it is divided into two parallel branches, Lebanon and +Anti-Lebanon, the latter on the east. Its highest peak is Mount Hermon, +about 9,000 feet above the sea. South of Palestine it forms the +remarkable Sinaitic group of mountains, upon one of which the Law was +given. 5. The last range is _Mount Taurus_, which also branches from +Ararat, in a westerly direction, and forms the southern coast line of +Asia Minor. + +[Illustration: COMPARATIVE HEIGHT OF BIBLE MOUNTAINS.] + +[Illustration: THE OLD TESTAMENT WORLD.] + +IV. =Rivers.= Passing by many unimportant streams, we notice the +following, the largest of which have their rise in the mountain +system of Armenia. 1. The _Araxes_, not named in the Bible, but +important as a boundary, rises in the northern section of the Ararat +Range, and flows, in a general direction, eastward into the Caspian Sea. +2. The _Tigris_, called in the Bible Hiddekel, rises in Mount Niphates, +of the Ararat Range, and flows in a southeasterly direction, following +the line of Mount Zagros, unites with the Euphrates, and thence flows +into the Persian Gulf. Its length to the union with the Euphrates is +1,146 miles; beyond the union to the gulf, at present, 100 miles, though +anciently much less; and at a time within the limits of history the two +rivers discharged by separate mouths. Their united stream is now called +the _Shaat el Arab_. 3. _The Euphrates_, or the _Frat_ (a word meaning +"abounding"), is the great river of the Bible world. It has two +important sources, both in Armenia: one at a place called _Domli_; the +other, the more distant and true source, at _Diyadin_, at the foot of a +mountain called _Ala Tagh_, 20 miles west of Mount Ararat. It flows +westward 400 miles, then southward about as far, then in a southeasterly +direction 1,000 miles, uniting at last with the Tigris to form the +_Shaat el Arab_. It is navigable for 1,100 miles, and has in all ages +formed the principal means of travel between Eastern and Western Asia. +At Babylon, it is nearly a mile in width, though for 800 miles it does +not receive a single tributary, as it flows through a desert. It +overflows its banks every year, rising as high as twelve feet. 4. The +_Orontes_ rises in Mount Lebanon, and flows northward parallel with the +Mediterranean until, just before reaching Asia Minor, it breaks through +the mountains and empties into the sea. 5. The _Jordan_, least yet most +important of all, flows southward from the foot of Mount Hermon into the +Dead Sea. It will be described in connection with the Physical Map of +Palestine. 6. The _Nile_, the great river of Africa, rises in the centre +of the continent and flows northward into the Mediterranean Sea, turning +the desert through which it passes into a garden. + +V. =The Lands.= These are not easy to determine since their boundaries +and names varied at different periods of the history. Yet their +locations may be given, and their natural limits are generally known. +They may be classified as follows: 1. Lands of the Mountain System, all +north and east of the Zagros chain of mountains: Armenia, Media, and +Persia. 2. Lands of the Plain: Assyria, Elam, Mesopotamia, Chaldea, +Arabia. 3. Lands of the Mediterranean: Asia Minor, Syria, Phoenicia, +Palestine, The Wilderness, Egypt. + +[Illustration: MOUNT ARARAT.] + + +I. LANDS OF THE MOUNTAIN SYSTEM. + +1. =Armenia= is a name nowhere used in the original Scriptures, but in +our version is a translation of the word "Ararat," which word properly +appears in place of "Armenia" in the Revised Version. The province +embraces the lofty plateau and mountain group between the Caspian and +Black Seas, and north of Mesopotamia and Assyria, the source of four +great rivers, the Araxes, Tigris, Euphrates, and Acampsis, the latter +pouring into the Black Sea. Its boundaries are: upon the north, the +Caucasus Mountains; on the east, Media and the Caspian Sea; on the +south, Media, from which it is separated by the Araxes, and Assyria, +from which it is divided by Mount Masius; and on the west, the +Euphrates, separating it from Asia Minor. Tradition states that it was +settled by Haïk, a grandson of Japhet; and the earliest history names it +as tributary to Assyria. Excepting the resting of Noah's ark upon one of +its mountains, few events of Scripture are associated with it. + +2. =Media= is in the original the same word as Madai, the son of Japhet. +(Gen. 10:2.) Its boundaries are the river Araxes and the Caspian Sea on +the north, the great salt desert of Iram on the east, Persia on the +south, and the Zagros Mountains, separating it from Assyria and Armenia. +A branch of the Zagros Mountains, running eastward, divides it into two +portions, anciently known as Media Atropatene (the one northward) and +Media Magna. In each of these provinces the principal city was called +Ecbatana. The Medes were of the Aryan or Japhetic stock, and were always +a warlike and independent people. Though conquered by Assyria, their +land was never formally annexed to the Assyrian empire. In B.C. 633 the +Median kingdom was established, and soon became supreme over Assyria, +Armenia, and Persia, and formed the Medo-Persian empire, which succeeded +to the power of Babylon in the East, B.C. 536. After that date the +history of Media is lost in that of Persia. + +3. =Persia= was originally a small province on the Persian Gulf, still +known as _Fars_. But Persia Proper included, besides the sandy plain on +the gulf, a mountainous plateau north of it, and was bounded by Media on +the north, by Carmania on the east, by the Persian Gulf on the south, +and by Elam on the west. Its people were of the Aryan race, and at first +subject to the Medes. They revolted under Cyrus the Great, and became +the controlling power in the conquest of Nebuchadnezzar's dominion. The +Persian empire arose to greatness at the fall of Babylon, B.C. 536, +conquered and ruled over all the lands from India to Ethiopia, and was +by far the greatest of the great Oriental monarchies. It was subjected +by Alexander the Great, B.C. 330. The capital of the Persian empire was +Susa, called in the Bible "Shushan the Palace" (Esther 1:2); which was, +however, situated not in Persia Proper, but in Elam. The most important +places in the province were Persepolis (its capital at one period), +Pasargada, and Mesambria, none of which are named in the Bible. + + +II. LANDS OF THE PLAIN. + +Of these, two are situated mainly between the Zagros chain of mountains +and the Tigris river, Assyria and Elam; two are between the Tigris and +Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Chaldea; and one is the vast Arabian desert. + +1. =Assyria=, in the Hebrew everywhere Asshur, was properly the province +now called _Kurdistan_, lying on the western slope of the Zagros +Mountains, and extending across the Tigris to the Sinjar hills and the +border of the Mesopotamian desert. The mountains separate it from +Armenia; and the line of division from Elam, on the southeast, was near +the place where the Tigris and Euphrates approach nearest before their +separation. The land was occupied by people of various races, of which +the Semitic were predominant. The earliest city was at Asshur, supposed +to be _Kileh Sherghat_, where a dynasty of kings began to rule about +1800 B.C., while the Israelite tribes were in Egypt. The seat of +government was afterward transferred to Calah, or Halah (_Nimrud_), +north of Asshur; and finally a permanent location of the capital was +made at Nineveh, which became the centre of the great Assyrian empire. +This will be described more fully with the map of that empire, on page +91. The Assyrian kingdom was long in its duration, but passed through +many vicissitudes, several times ruling all the lands of the Euphrates, +and again, in a feeble condition. Its principal cities, besides Nineveh, +were Calah, Resen (which may have been at _Selamiyeh_, three miles south +of Nineveh), and Rehoboth. There is reason to believe that all the four +cities named in Gen. 10:11, 12, were combined in the walls of Nineveh. + +2. =Elam=, called Susiana by the Greeks, lay southeast of Assyria and +west of Persia Proper, between the Zagros chain of mountains and the +Tigris river. It included both a mountainous and a lowland tract, the +latter very fertile. Shushan (Susa), the capital of the Persian empire, +lay within this province, and was its principal city. The earliest +conqueror named in the Bible, Amraphel, was the king of Elam, and held +dominion over most of the lands as far west as Canaan. (See the map of +his empire, on page 34.) This kingdom was not of long continuance as an +independent state, but soon fell under the power of Assyria, though +maintaining its own organization as a vassal state until the Persian +period, when it became a province of the empire. + +3. =Mesopotamia=, called in Scripture Aram-naharaim, or "Syria of the +two rivers," was a land of indefinite boundaries. The name means +"between the rivers," and hence it was often applied to all the plain +between the Tigris and Euphrates, including even Chaldea and a part of +Assyria. A more frequent use of the name restricts it to the +northwestern portion of the region between the rivers, above the place +where they approach and separate again. The Sinjar hills, crossing, +divide it into two sections, a higher and a lower, the former +mountainous, and the latter mostly a great desert. The upper section +contained the cities of Orfa (Edessa), formerly supposed to be the +birthplace of Abraham; Haran, the patriarch's resting place on the way +to Canaan; Nisibis and Amida, now _Nisibin_ and _Diarbekr_. The only +time when Mesopotamia appears in Bible history as a kingdom was a brief +interval during the period of the Judges. (Judg. 3:8.) Earlier it had +been occupied by separate and warring tribes; later it was a part of +Assyria. + +4. =Chaldea= is also called Shinar and Babylonia. The name Chaldea, in +its most accurate sense, belongs to the southern portion of the +province, but is generally used with reference to all the Mesopotamian +plain south of _Baghdad_. It is perfectly level, and by nature one of +the most fertile places on the whole earth. Its earliest inhabitants, at +least the ruling portion of them, were Cushites, of the stock of Ham. An +early Oriental kingdom began at Ur (_Mugheir_) about B.C. 3900. It +lasted, with varying fortunes, until B.C. 538. Babylon afterward became +the capital, and in a later period was the greatest city of the East. +(See diagram on page 93.) Other cities of Chaldea were Erech (_Orchoë_), +Calneh, and Sepharvaim. Further details of its political history are +given in the account of the Babylonian empire of Nebuchadnezzar, on page +92. + +5. The desert of =Arabia= occupies more than half of the map of the Old +Testament World. That portion of it included upon the map is a vast +triangle, having for its base the 28th parallel of latitude, from the +Persian Gulf to the Red Sea, the Euphrates on its northeastern side, and +the border of the Lebanon chain of mountains for its western. It is +called in the Bible "the land of Kedar." It is a high, undulating, dry +plain, with few oases, and almost impenetrable to travelers. From the +days of Abraham until the present, the caravans have gone around it upon +the north, following up the Euphrates to Tiphsah (Thapsacus), and then +turning southward rather than face its terrors. Only once in history is +it related that an army crossed it. This was when Nebuchadnezzar, while +ravaging Palestine, learned of his father's death, and crossed this +great desert by the most direct route, in order to take possession of +the throne. + + +III. LANDS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN. + +These lands will receive more extended treatment in connection with +other maps, so that we give them only a brief mention here. + +1. =Asia Minor= scarcely enters the field of the Old Testament, except +as the "land of the Hittites." It will be noticed under the topic of the +Journeys of the Apostle Paul, page 117. + +2. =Syria=, in the Hebrew Aram, is a name of indefinite signification, +sometimes embracing all the territory north of The Wilderness of the +Wandering, and therefore including Palestine and the provinces around +it. But Syria Proper seems only to indicate the territory bounded by the +Amanus and Taurus ranges of mountains on the north, by the Euphrates and +the desert on the east, by Palestine, beginning with Mount Hermon, on +the south, by the Mediterranean and Phoenicia on the west. It reaches +the Mediterranean only near the mouth of the Orontes. It consists of +three portions: On the north an elevated tract, never thickly populated, +having Carchemish and Samosata as its principal cities; between the +Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon ranges of mountains a great valley, called +Coele-Syria, "hollow Syria," forming the bed of the Orontes, flowing +north, and the Leontes (_Litany_), flowing south; and on the east a +level country reaching to the desert, containing the cities of Damascus +on the south, Tiphsah (Thapsacus) on the north, and Tadmor (Palmyra) in +the desert. During the times from Jeroboam to Jehoash, Syria was an +independent kingdom, the rival of Israel, with which its political +relations may be seen on the map on page 86. In the Old Testament +period, Damascus was its principal city, and exercised sovereignty; but +later, Antioch, in the north, became more prominent, and was the Greek +and Roman capital of the province. + +3. =Phoenicia= is a narrow strip of territory between the Mediterranean +Sea and Mount Lebanon, north of Palestine and south of the Orontes. Its +two great cities were, Zidon, the mother of Mediterranean commerce; and +Tyre, her daughter. Its boundaries were never extensive; but its vessels +traded with every land, and its colonies were planted all along the +shores of the Mediterranean. + +4. =Palestine= lies south of Phoenicia, between the Mediterranean and +the desert. It will be described in connection with the Physical Map of +Palestine, page 29, and Moab and Edom, near it, on pages 39 and 45. + +5. South of Palestine is =The Wilderness=, a part of Arabia, in which +the Israelites wandered during forty years. Its description may be found +on page 42. + +6. =Egypt= lies in the northeastern corner of Africa. See its +description on page 41. + + +OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. + +1. Let the teacher state the EXTENT of the Old Testament World, and its +comparison in size with the United States, as given in the description; +the class taking down the figures in their note-books. + +2. Let the teacher draw upon the blackboard the SEAS of the map, in +presence of the class, describing each as it is drawn. If drawn in +advance with an ordinary slate pencil, the mark cannot be seen by the +class, but can be traced by the teacher with white chalk. Do not try to +make the lines exact. A general sketch will answer far better than +finished work. Write upon each its initial letter, but let the class +give its full name; and at the same time follow the teacher by drawing +the map on slates or in note-books. Review the names of the seas: +_Caspian_, _Persian Gulf_, _Red Sea_, _Mediterranean_ or _Great Sea_, +_Dead Sea_, _Lake Arsissa_ or _Van_, _Lake Urumiyeh_. + +3. Draw next the most important of the MOUNTAIN RANGES, showing their +general lines, in blue or green color, naming each as drawn, requiring +the class to repeat its name, and to review at the close all the names: +_Ararat_ (including _Masius_, _Niphates_, _Abus_), _Caspian_, _Zagros_, +_Lebanon_, _Taurus_. + +4. Draw the RIVERS in white chalk, and drill the class upon their names +as the course of each is shown: _Araxes_, _Tigris_, _Euphrates_, +_Orontes_, _Jordan_, _Nile_. Review the names of seas, mountains, and +rivers, before beginning the next subject. + +5. Show the LANDS in their three classes, and drill the class upon their +names. (1.) MOUNTAIN LANDS: _Armenia_, _Media_, _Persia_. (2.) LANDS OF +THE PLAIN: _Assyria_, _Elam_, _Mesopotamia_, _Chaldea_, _Arabia_. (3.) +LANDS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN: _Asia Minor_, _Syria_, _Phoenicia_, +_Palestine_, _Wilderness_, _Egypt_. + +Review the entire map, from the beginning; then erase it, and call for +the class to give the names as they are indicated by the pointer without +marking. + + + + +ANCIENT WORLD, AND DESCENDANTS OF NOAH. + + +ONE of the most ancient and valuable accounts of the races of mankind is +found in the tenth chapter of Genesis. It states the location and, in +large degree, the relationship of the various families upon the earth, +as they were known to the descendants of Abraham. + +[Illustration: BIRS NIMROUD (SUPPOSED TOWER OF BABEL).] + +In the interpretation of this "Table of Nations" certain facts and +principles are to be borne in mind. 1. It is _incomplete_; not +undertaking to name all the races of mankind, but only those in the +Hebrew, Egyptian, and Assyrian sphere of interest. Neither the yellow, +the brown, or the black races are represented upon it, and only a +portion of the ruddy or white race. 2. It is _popular_ and not +scientific. The Orientals never wrote with the precision of modern +students. Hence find in this document terms employed in a general and +indefinite manner. 3. It is, in reality, _geographical_ rather than +racial. For example, when it says "the sons of Canaan," we are not +always to infer a literal descent, but a location in the land of Canaan. +The names upon this table are generally not those of individuals, but of +tribes. In some instances relationship may be indicated; but generally +propinquity of settlement is all that can positively be affirmed. 4. It +arranges the nations _according to zones_, in a general direction from +northwest to southeast; not by continents, as was formerly supposed. The +nations of the Japhetic family are found in Asia and Europe; the +Shemites, or Semites, in Asia; the so-called Hamitic races, in Asia and +Africa. After the deluge an instinct of migration took possession of the +human family. From the original home (long supposed to be near the +Caspian Sea, but now uncertain as to locality) clans moved in all +directions, and nations arose, occupying different lands. + + +I. THE JAPHETIC NATIONS. + +These belonged to seven families, who are called "sons of Japheth" in +Gen. 10:2; and seven others, who are spoken of as his grandsons in Gen. +10:3, 4. These statements are not necessarily to be understood +literally. There may have been other sons and grandsons of Japheth; but +these were the ones whose names are remembered as the founders of +nations. The peoples descended from Japheth belong to what is called the +Aryan or Indo-European race. + +1. =Gomer= is named, in Ezek. 38:2-6, as a race opposed to Israel after +the captivity. They were probably the people whom the Assyrians called +_Gimirrai_, and the Greeks _Kimmerioi_. Their name is perpetuated in the +_Crimea_, their early home. A branch of this race moving westward became +the _Cimbri_, who were formidable enemies of Rome; and probably another, +the _Cymry_, settled in the British Isles, and were the ancestors of the +Welsh and the Irish. The Celtic races, to which the French partly +belong, are descended from this family. + +Three of the families descended from Gomer formed separate tribes, +named, in the table of nations in Gen. 10:3, after Ashkenaz, Riphath and +Togarmah. All of these had homes around or near the Black Sea. + +(1.) _Ashkenaz_ is the name of a people spread out of _Mysia_ and +_Phrygia_ in Asia Minor. "Ascanios," a Greek form of the word, occurs in +Homer as the name of a Mysian and Phrygian prince. It is, however, true +that, in Jer. 51:27, Ashkenaz is located in Western Armenia, whither +this people had later migrated. Here, also, the Assyrians located them. + +(2.) _Riphath_ was formerly supposed to point to the _Riphæn Mountains_, +north of the Danube and west of the Black Sea, but this is very +doubtful. + +(3.) _Togarmah_ (Ezek. 27:14; 38:6) is identified with the land of +_Armenia_, whose people have a tradition that they are descended from +Targom. + +2. =Magog= (called, in Ezek. 38 and 39, _Gog_, the prefix _Ma_ being +thought to signify "land") is generally understood to designate the +_Scythians_. + +[Illustration: THE ANCIENT WORLD AND THE DESCENDANTS OF NOAH.] + +3. =Madai= is everywhere in Scripture the word translated _Medes_, whose +early home was south of the Caspian Sea, whence they marched westward, +and conquered the lands as far as the Mediterranean. + +4. =Javan= is the Hebrew term for the _Greeks_, as is indicated by +various references in the Old Testament. It is especially applied to the +Ionians (originally called Iafon-es, the descendants of Iafon, or +Javan), who were the Grecian people, with whom the Israelites were +brought into commercial relations. + +Five lands and races are named as subdivisions of the family of Javan in +Gen. 10:4, all of which were situated near each other. + +(1.) _Elishah_ (or, as in Ezek. 27:7, "the isles of Elishah,") is +supposed to refer to the _Æolians_, inhabiting the isles of the Ægean +Sea, from which came the purple dye mentioned in Ezekiel's reference. + +(2.) _Tarshish_ was formerly supposed to refer to _Tarsus_ in Cilicia of +Asia Minor, on the authority of Josephus, but is now identified with +_Tartessus_ in Spain, embracing the coast land from Gibraltar to the +Guadalquiver. + +(3.) _Kittim_, or _Chittim_, was the name applied to the island of +_Cyprus_, of which one of the cities was called Kitium. The name Chittim +was also loosely given by the Hebrews to the shores and isles of the +Mediterranean. + +(4.) _Dodanim_ (or, as in some copies of 1 Chron. 1:7, Rodanim). If the +reading _Dodanim_ be preferred, this may point to the _Dardanians_, a +name often applied in the classics to the people of Troy, the famous +city of Homer. The other reading, _Rodanim_, which is preferred by some +critics, is supposed to point to the isle of Rhodes, in the Ægean Sea, a +home of the ancient Greeks. Thus both Javan and all his sons who founded +families were connected with the Greek race. + +(5.) _The Isles of the Gentiles_ (Gen. 10:5) in Hebrew refers not only +to islands, but all lands bordering upon the sea. Here it refers to the +Japhetic colonies on the coasts of the Mediterranean, the Black and the +Caspian Seas. + +5. =Tubal=, and 6. =Meshech=, are generally associated in Scripture. +(Ezek. 27:13; 32:26; 38:2, 3; 39:1.) From their associations, they are +to be sought near the Caspian and Black Seas, where Herodotus mentions +the _Tibareni_ and the _Moschi_. + +7. =Tiras= (1. Chron. 1:5) was believed by the Jews to refer to the +_Thracians_, southwest of the Black Sea. There is nothing to oppose this +view, but no evidence except the similarity of name in its favor. + + +II. THE HAMITIC RACES. + +These are named with greater particularity, because they were those +which rose to prominence early in the history, and those with which the +Hebrews were brought into closer relations, either as enemies or as +friends. Four principal races are given, some of which were greatly +subdivided. The homes of these races were in Africa, Eastern Arabia, +with a fringe of sea-coast along the eastern Mediterranean, and the +great Mesopotamian valley, in which arose the earliest world empires. +They have been sometimes called _Turanians_. It is by no means probable +that all these nations should be regarded as the descendants of Ham, the +son of Noah. In this list are evidently grouped together some races +whose territory was contiguous, but whose physical appearance and +language show no relationship. + +1. =Cush= is, throughout the Bible, the word translated _Ethiopia_. +Generally this refers to the region south of Egypt, now known as +Abyssinia; but in Gen. 2:13, Isa. 11:11, and Ezek. 38:5, the reference +must be to an Asiatic Cush, in Mesopotamia. The subdivisions of the +Cushite tribes in Gen. 10:7-12, show that the earliest great Oriental +monarchies were of this race. These subdivisions are as follows: + +(1.) _Seba._ These were, probably, the Ethiopians of Meroë, on the Nile, +anciently called _Saba_; in Isa. 43:3 and 45:14, connected with the +Egyptians. + +(2.) _Havilah._ This is supposed to refer to _Arabia_, or at least a +part of it. + +(3.) _Sabtah._ This may refer to the _Sabbatha_, or _Sabota_, of Pliny +and Ptolemy, on the southern shore of Arabia. + +(4.) _Raamah_, with whom are associated his sons or descendants, _Sheba_ +and _Dedan_, occupied the eastern shore of Arabia, near the Persian +Gulf. + +(5.) _Sabtechah._ This is unknown, but, from the relation of the +previous names, may have been in the southeastern portion of Arabia. + +(6.) _Nimrod_ is named as a descendant of Cush (perhaps the only name of +an individual in the list), and the founder of the early Babylonian +empire. + +2. =Mizraim= is the name everywhere used for _Egypt_ in the Hebrew. The +word is in the dual form, representing the two divisions of the country, +and corresponding to the two crowns on all the royal effigies. Several +branches of this race are especially mentioned. + +(1.) _Ludim._ Not the same with the _Lud_ of verse 22, but from its +associations plainly in Africa. The location has been given as _Nubia_, +but is very doubtful. + +(2.) _Anamim._ An unknown people, whose identity was early lost in some +other race. + +(3.) _Lehabim._ These are elsewhere in Scripture called _Lubim_, and +were the Libyans, or people of Libya, west of Egypt, on the southern +shore of the Mediterranean. + +(4.) _Naphtuhim._ Probably the _Na-Ptah_ of the Egyptian monuments, +having their home at _Memphis_, south of the Delta. + +(5.) _Pathrusim._ Often referred to in the prophets as _Pathros_, or +Upper Egypt. + +(6.) _Casluhim._ An unknown people, perhaps in the vicinity of _Goshen_. + +(7.) _Caphtorim._ Generally supposed to refer to the people on the +island of _Crete_. With these, and not with the _Casluhim_, should the +_Philistim_ be connected. (See Deut. 2:23, Jer. 47:4, Amos 9:7.) + +3. =Phut.= The word is several times translated _Libya_, and, from its +association with other tribes, should probably be referred to that +section in Northern Africa. (See Jer. 46:9; Ezek. 27:10; 30:5; 38:5; +Nah. 3:9.) Some of these passages would indicate that there was also an +Asiatic branch of this same family. + +4. =Canaan.= The ancient inhabitants of Palestine and Lower Syria, from +Gaza to Hamath. In their most flourishing period, just before the +conquest by Joshua, they embraced six subdivisions or clans. (See map on +page 36, and explanations.) + + +III. THE SEMITIC RACES. (Gen. 10:21-31.) + +The descendants of Shem are placed last in the list of the table of +nations, not because their founder was the youngest, but because out of +their lines one family is chosen as the especial theme of the history, +which thus receives a fitting introduction. Shem was the founder of five +great races, and of many subordinate tribes. + +1. =Elam= everywhere is recognized as the name of a province east of the +Tigris and north of the Persian Gulf, called by the Greeks _Elymais_. +The name was often applied, in later times, to the whole of Persia, +whose capital stood within its territory. + +2. =Asshur= is frequently mentioned in the Old Testament. It was located +on the Tigris, having Nineveh as its capital, and its people at one time +were rulers of all the lands westward to the Mediterranean. + +3. =Arphaxad=, or _Arpachshad_ (as in the margin of Gen. 11:10), has +been supposed to be the ancestor of the Chaldeans, whose home was at the +head of the Persian Gulf. The patriarch Abraham belonged to his race, +and was born in "Ur of the Chaldees." Another of Arphaxad's descendants +was _Joktan_, from whom arose thirteen tribes, named after _Almodad_, +_Sheleph_, _Hazarmaveth_, _Jerah_, _Hadoram_, _Uzal_, _Diklah_, _Obal_, +_Abimael_, _Sheba_ (the most important of all in after history, +absorbing most of the rest), _Ophir_, _Havilah_, and _Jobab_. All these +occupied the southeastern and southern sections of the great Arabian +peninsula. The fact that some of these names have already been mentioned +in the Hamite genealogies may indicate that the two races became +mingled. + +4. =Lud.= This is believed by most scholars to refer to the _Lydians_, +who dwelt on the southwestern border of Asia Minor, and under their +king, Croesus, became a powerful nation. Their history was short, as +their empire was conquered by Cyrus the Great. + +5. =Aram.= This is the word uniformly rendered _Syria_ throughout the +Bible. The Arameans, or Syrians, occupied the region between Canaan and +Phoenicia, on the east, the Euphrates on the north, and the great desert +on the west and south. Four branches of this race formed separate +tribes. _Uz_, the race of the ancient Job, was settled in the middle of +North Arabia, near Nejd. _Hul_ and _Gether_ are supposed (but with +slight evidences) to have occupied the country near Lake Merom, where +the _Geshurites_ were afterward found. _Mash_, or, as called in 1 Chron. +1:17, _Meshech_, may have merged with the Meshech of the Japhetic line. + +[Illustration: OUTLINE MAP FOR REVIEW.] + + +OUTLINE FOR TEACHING. + +1. The principal authorities for the map on page 24, and its +explanations, are: "Ethnic Affinities," by Canon George Rawlinson; E. H. +Browne, in "The Speaker's Commentary"; J. G. Murphy's "Notes on +Genesis"; Dillmann, "Commentary on Genesis"; and "The Races of the Old +Testament," by A. H. Sayce. To these the student is referred for more +thorough discussion of the subject. + +2. In teaching, draw on the blackboard a sketch map (no matter how +roughly) of the outlines of the coast, as given above, and then write on +each place the name of the people occupying it. Take, first, the great +divisions of Noah's family; then, the subdivisions; then, the minor +tribes. Review the locations as each family is finished. Write on the +board only the first syllable of each name, as an aid to memory, as _Ar_ +for _Arphaxad_, _Cu_ for _Cush_, etc. If the names of each of the three +great races are written in chalk of a different color, it will make the +distinctions more readily understood. + +3. If practicable, by means of a duplicating process, print a sufficient +number of copies of the sketch map to supply the class or audience, and +let each person, with pencil, place on the map the names of the tribes +as they are located. This will greatly add to the interest of the +lesson. + +[Transcriber's Note: This family tree was originally one tree. It was +separated into families to accommodate size issues.] + +REVIEW CHART--THE TABLE OF NATIONS. + + + NOAH + +---------------------+----------------------+ + JAPHETH HAM SHEM + (_Aryan Race_) (_Turanian Race_) (_Semitic Race_) + + + JAPHETH (_Aryan Race_) + +---------+---------+------------+--------+-------+-------+ + | | | | | | | + Gomer Magog Madai Javan Tubal Meshech Tiras + (_Celts_)(_Scythians_)(_Medes_) (_Greeks_) (_Thracians_) + | | + Ashkenaz (_Nysia and Phrygia_) Elishah (_Æolians_) + Riphath (_Riphaean Mts?_) Tarshish (_Tartessus_) + Togarmah (_Armenia_) Kittim (_Cyprus_) + Dodanim (_Trojans_) + + + HAM (_Turanian Race_) + +-------------+------+--------+ + | | | | + Cush Mizraim Phut Canaan + (_Ethiopia_) (_Egypt_)(_Libya_)(_Palestine_) + | | + Seba Ludim + (_Meroë_) (_Nubia?_) + Havilah Anamim + (_Arabia_) + Sabtah Lehabim + (_Sabbatha?_) (_Libya_) + Raamah Naphtuhim + (_Per. Gulf_) (_Na-petu_) + Sabtechah Pathrusim + (_Pathros_) + NIMROD Casluhim-Philistim + (_Philistia_) + Caphtorim + (_Crete_) + + + SHEM (_Semitic Race_) + +--------------+-------------+------------+-----------+ + | | | | | + Elam Asshur Arphaxad Lud Aram + (_Elamites_) (_Assyrians_) (_Chaldeans_) (_Lydians_) (_Syrians_) + | | + Salah Uz + | Hul + | Gether + | Mash + Eber + +---+---+ + | | + Peleg Joktan(_Arabia_) + +[Illustration: THE JEWS' WAILING PLACE, AT JERUSALEM.] + +[Illustration: PHYSICAL MAP OF PALESTINE.] + + + + +PHYSICAL PALESTINE. + + +I. DIMENSIONS. + +THE terms Canaan, Palestine and the Holy Land are used with various +meanings. The first is the original name, taken from the ancestor of its +early inhabitants; the second is a modernized form of the word +"Philistine," a race occupying its southwest portion; the third is the +name applied to it as the land where the Saviour of the world lived and +died. In either one of these three names we may also find three +different limitations of meaning. 1. Strictly speaking, the word +"Canaan" refers to the country between the Jordan and the Mediterranean; +bounded on the north by Mount Lebanon, and on the south by the desert. +The name "Palestine" is often given to this section only. This region +includes about 6,600 square miles, a territory smaller than the State of +Massachusetts by 1,200 square miles. 2. Palestine Proper, the Land of +the Twelve Tribes, embraces both Canaan and the region east of the +Jordan, loosely called Gilead, though that name strictly belongs to but +one section of it. Palestine Proper is bounded on the north by the river +Leontes, Mount Lebanon and Mount Hermon; east by the Syrian desert, +south by the Arabian desert, and west by the Mediterranean; and forms a +sort of parallelogram, embracing an area of about 12,000 miles, about +the size of Massachusetts and Connecticut. 3. The Land of Promise (Num. +34), in its largest meaning, extended from the "Entrance of Hamath," on +the north, to Mount Hor, Kadesh-barnea, and the "River of Egypt" (_Wady +el Arish_); and from the Euphrates to the Mediterranean; including an +area of 60,000 square miles, a little less than that of the five New +England States. This was realized only during a part of the reigns of +David and Solomon. Not all of even Palestine Proper was possessed by +Israel during most of its history; for the plain along the sea-shore was +held by the Philistines on the south, and by the Phoenicians on the +north. + +[Illustration: COMPARATIVE AREAS OF PALESTINE AND NEW ENGLAND.] + + +II. NATURAL DIVISIONS. + +The divisions of Palestine made by the natural features of the country +are four, generally parallel to each other: 1. The Maritime Plain. 2. +The Mountain Region. 3. The Jordan Valley. 4. The Eastern Table-Land. + +1. =The Maritime Plain= lies along the coast of the Mediterranean for +the entire length of the country, broken only by Mount Carmel, north of +which it is quite narrow; but immediately south of the mountain it is 8 +miles wide, thence widening to 20 miles at the southern boundary of the +country. It is an undulating surface of low hillocks of sandy soil, from +100 to 200 feet above the sea-level, and very fertile. In the Old +Testament period it was but little occupied by the Israelites, whose +home was on the mountains. It is divided into four portions. North of +Mount Carmel a narrow strip is called Phoenicia. Directly east of Mount +Carmel the level country is pressed inward, and lies between the +mountains, forming the remarkable Plain of Esdraelon, physically +belonging to the Maritime Plain, but geographically to the Mountain +Region. South of Mount Carmel lay Sharon; and further southward was +Philistia, a land whose people, the Philistines, were long the enemies +of Israel, and have since given the name PALESTINE to the whole land. + +2. =The Mountain Region=, between the Jordan Valley and the Plain, is +the backbone of the country, and was the principal home of the +Israelites. It is a continuation of the Lebanon range of mountains, and +extends southward to the desert. It is divided into five sections, by +natural rather than political lines of boundary. (1.) In Upper Galilee +the mountains average a height of 2,800 feet above the sea, and _Jebel +Jermuk_, the highest peak, is 4,000 feet high. (2.) In Lower Galilee the +hills are about 1,800 feet high, their southeastern slopes precipitous, +the northern and northwestern gentle. In this section lies the Plain of +Esdraelon, about 250 feet above the sea, 9 miles across, and 14 miles +north and south. (3.) The Hill Country of Samaria and Judæa, called in +the Old Testament "Mount Ephraim," and "the mountains of Judah," is from +2,000 to 3,000 feet high, consisting of mountain and valley, with the +watershed midway between the Jordan and the sea. Near the Dead Sea is +the Wilderness of Judæa, an uninhabitable region, without verdure, and +penetrated with ravines and caves; sometimes called Jeshimon. (4.) The +_Shefelah_, or "low hills," are the foot-hills of the Mountain Region, +forming a natural terrace 500 feet above the sea-level, on the western +side of the mountains, between them and the Plain. This extends along +both Samaria and Judæa. (5.) The Negeb, a word meaning "dry," translated +"South Country" in the Bible, begins just south of Hebron, and slopes +southward to the Arabian desert, in a series of hills much lower than +those in the northern section. + +3. =The Jordan Valley= is a remarkable depression, beginning at the +sources of the river, and plowing a gorge which grows deeper as it goes +southward. At the springs of the Jordan it is 1,700 feet above the sea, +with lofty mountains on each side, Hermon and Lebanon. At lake Merom it +is 7 feet above the level of the sea. Below Merom it descends by a fall +of 60 feet to the mile, and at the Sea of Galilee is 682 feet below the +Mediterranean. Here begins the _Ghor_ (its Arab name, meaning "hollow"), +a gorge 65 miles long to the Dead Sea, and descending 610 feet further +in its depth, with a barrier of cliffs on either side, from 2 to 8 miles +apart, except at the "Plain of Jordan," or "Plain of Jericho," just +north of the Dead Sea, which is 14 miles wide. This plain lies 400 feet +above the level of the Dead Sea, and is encompassed by mountains which +rise above it about 4,000 feet. + +4. =The Eastern Table-Land= is a lofty plateau, east of the Jordan. The +mountains on this side are higher and more steep than are those on the +west; and from their summit a plain stretches away to the great Syrian +desert. It is mostly fertile, and especially adapted to pasturage. On +the north is Bashan, now called "the Hauran," in the centre lies Gilead, +and south was the land of Moab. + + +III. THE WATERS OF PALESTINE. + +These may be noticed under three heads: 1. The River Jordan. 2. The +Three Lakes. 3. The Brooks, or mountain torrents. + +[Illustration: THE RIVER JORDAN.] + +1. =The River Jordan= has three sources. (1.) The most northerly is at +_Hasbeiya_, on Hermon. (2.) The largest stream proceeds from a great +spring at the ancient Dan, now _Tell el Kady_. (3.) The one recognized +as the source by the Jews is at Banias, near the ancient Cæsarea +Philippi. It may be divided into three sections: from Hasbeiya to Lake +Merom, about 40 miles; from its entrance into Merom to the Sea of +Galilee, 15 miles; and from the northern end of that lake to the Dead +Sea, 79 miles,--making its direct length 134 miles, though by its +windings the channel is about 200 miles long. In its progress it falls +over 3,000 feet, an average fall of over 22 feet to the mile. It varies +in width from 80 to 180 feet, and in depth from 5 to 12 feet. + +2. =The Three Lakes= are: (1.) Merom, now called _Huleh_, a triangular +sheet of water three miles across, located in a swamp in Northern +Galilee. (2.) The Sea of Galilee, called Chinnereth in the Old +Testament, a pear-shaped lake, 14 miles long, and 9 wide. (3.) The Dead +Sea, 46 miles long, its surface 1,290 feet below the level of the +Mediterranean, and in some places 1,300 feet deep, though the great +lagoon on its southern end is not more than 20 feet deep. + +[Illustration: SECTION OF PALESTINE FROM NORTH TO SOUTH.] + +3. =The Brooks=, or mountain torrents, are an important feature in the +country. They are dry for most of the year, but during the winter are +large and rapid. (1.) On the east of the Jordan Valley are: (_a_) the +Hieromax (now called the _Jarmuk_), flowing from the highlands of Bashan +into the Jordan, south of the Sea of Galilee; (_b_) the Jabbok (now +_Zerka_), descending from the table-land, and entering the Jordan a +little south of midway between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea; +(_c_) the Arnon (now _Mojeb_), entering the Dead Sea about the middle of +its eastern shore. (2.) Flowing from the Mountain Region eastward are: +(_a_) the _Farah_, "the waters of Enon" (John 3:23); (_b_) the brook +Cherith (1 Kings 17:3), perhaps _Wady Kelt_, near Jericho; (_c_) the +brook Kedron, running past Jerusalem, eastward, into the Dead Sea, +probably the _Wady en Nar_. (3.) Flowing into the Mediterranean are: +(_a_) the Leontes (now _Litany_), the northern boundary of Palestine, a +stream almost as long as the Jordan; (_b_) the Kishon, "that ancient +river" (Judg. 5:21), watering the Plain of Esdraelon; (_c_) the brook +Besor (_Wady es Sheriah_), near the southern frontier. Others might be +named, but these are the most important, though not in all cases the +largest. + +[Illustration: SECTION OF PALESTINE FROM EAST TO WEST.] + + +IV. THE MOUNTAINS OF PALESTINE. + +These may be considered either in order of height or of location. The +diagram groups the principal mountains in the relation of their +comparative height above the sea-level; we may notice them in their +order of location. They naturally divide into two sections: 1. Those of +the Mountain Region west of Jordan. 2. Those of the Eastern Table-Land. + +[Illustration: COMPARATIVE HEIGHT OF MOUNTAINS IN PALESTINE.] + +Beginning at the northern boundary of Palestine, we find: 1. Mount +Lebanon, "the white mountain," a range of lofty mountains stretching +northward, parallel with the sea, generally about 5,000 feet high, but +at its highest point, _Jebel Mukhmeel_, 10,200 feet high. 2. The highest +point in Galilee is _Jebel Jermuk_, northwest of the Sea of Galilee, +4,000 feet high. 3. West of the Sea of Galilee is _Kurûn Hattin_, "the +horns of Hattin," the traditional "Mount of the Beatitudes," 1,200 feet +high. 4. At the northeastern corner of the Plain of Esdraelon is Mount +Tabor, a symmetrical cone, the battle-field of Deborah and Barak, 1,843 +feet high. 5. A short distance to the south stands Little Hermon, "the +Hill of Moreh," now _Jebel el Duhy_, 1,815 feet high. 6. Southward still +is Mount Gilboa, the place of Gideon's victory and of King Saul's +defeat, 1,715 feet high. 7. Sweeping around the southern border of the +Plain of Esdraelon to the Mediterranean Sea is Mount Carmel, at its +highest point 1,750 feet, but 500 as it meets the sea. These last four +mountains form the boundary of the Plain of Esdraelon. In the land of +Samaria, which we now enter, are but two important elevations: 8. Ebal, +the mountain of the curses, 3,075 feet; 9. Directly opposite, Gerizim, +the mountain of the blessings, 2,850 feet. The principal peaks in Judæa +are the following: 10. Mount Zion, the seat of David's castle, 2,550 +feet; 11. Across the valley of the Kedron eastward, the Mount of Olives, +2,665 feet; 12. Mount Hebron, 3,030 feet. South of Hebron the land +slopes away to the level of the desert. + +The Eastern Table-Land has fewer elevations, and is generally less +noticed in the Scriptures. 1. On the north rises Mount Hermon, 9,000 +feet high, the southern end of the range known as Anti-Lebanon, or +"Lebanon toward the sun-rising." 2. South of the river Hieromax is Mount +Gilead, about 3,000 feet high. 3. Near the northern end of the Dead Sea +is Mount Nebo, 2,670 feet high, on a "shoulder" of which, Mount Pisgah, +Moses beheld the Promised Land, and died. + + +V. THE PLAINS OF PALESTINE. + +These have been already noticed, to some extent, but may be named +together. Upon the Maritime Plain, we notice: 1. Phoenicia, a very +narrow strip along the Mediterranean, north of Mount Carmel, never +possessed by the Israelites, and having Tyre and Sidon as its principal +cities. 2. Directly south of Mount Carmel, Sharon, having Cæsarea and +Joppa as its most important places. 3. Still further south, Philistia, +the land of Israel's ancient enemies, containing several cities, of +which Gaza and Ashkelon (afterward Ascalon) were chief. Upon the +Mountain Region we find imbedded, 4. The Plain of Esdraelon, a Y-shaped +region, 250 feet above the sea-level, surrounded by mountains, and +situated between Mounts Carmel, Tabor and Gilboa. 5. The Negeb, or South +Country, between Hebron and the desert, in Southern Judæa, may be +regarded as a plain, though of rolling character, as its hills are not +so high as those on the north. 6. In the Jordan Valley, just north of +the Dead Sea, is a place called "the Plain of Jordan," or "the Plain of +Jericho," the site of the destroyed "cities of the plain." 7. In the +northern section of the Eastern Table-Land is the vast highland known as +"the Hauran," anciently called Bashan, watered by the streams which form +the Hieromax river. + + +OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. + +I. _Dimensions._ 1. Canaan. 2. Palestine (Twelve Tribes). 3. Land of +Promise. + +II. _Natural Divisions._ 1. Maritime Plain. 2. Mountain Region (Upper +Galilee, Lower Galilee, Hill Country, Shefelah, Negeb). 3. Jordan Valley +(Merom, Galilee, Dead Sea). 4. Eastern Table-Land (Bashan, Gilead, +Moab). + +III. _Waters._ 1. Jordan (sources, sections). 2. Lakes (Merom, Galilee, +Dead Sea). 3. Brooks. (1.) East: Hieromax, Jabbok, Arnon. (2.) Mountain +Region: Farah, Cherith, Kedron. (3.) Maritime Plain: Leontes, Kishon, +Besor. + +IV. _Mountains._ 1. West of Jordan: Lebanon, Jermuk, Hattin, Tabor, +Little Hermon, Gilboa, Carmel, Ebal, Gerizim, Zion, Olives, Hebron. 2. +East of Jordan: Hermon, Gilead, Nebo. + +V. _Plains._ 1. Phoenicia. 2. Sharon. 3. Philistia. 4. Esdraelon. 5. +Negeb. 6. Jordan. 7. Hauran. + + + + +THE JOURNEYS OF THE PATRIARCHS. + + +AT the close of the eleventh chapter of Genesis a change is made in the +subject of the Bible story. Thus far it has been a history of the entire +race; but from this point to the close of Genesis a single family is +brought into prominent notice, and the rest of the tribes of men are +referred to only incidentally. The family of Abraham, of Semitic origin, +deserve all their prominence in sacred history, since through them the +true religion was perpetuated until the world was ready for its wider +dissemination in the gospel period. + +[Illustration: MUGHEIR, SUPPOSED TO BE UR OF THE CHALDEES.] + + +I. THE JOURNEYS OF ABRAHAM. + +These extend over nearly all the lands of the Old Testament, from +Chaldea to Egypt. They represent the separation of a Semitic clan from +the great body of the race, which was then ruled by an Elamite dynasty; +and they bring to our notice the political relations of the world about +two thousand years before Christ, in the early Chaldean period of the +East. + +1. =From Ur to Haran.= (Gen. 11:27-32.) The family of Abraham (then +called Abram) lived at Ur of the Chaldees, probably _Mugheir_, south of +the Euphrates, and an early seat of empire. Thence, at God's call, they +migrated, moving up the Euphrates to Haran, in Mesopotamia, probably the +Roman Carrhæ, and the modern _Haran_, on the river Belik, 50 miles above +its entrance into the Euphrates. Here the family remained until the +death of Terah, Abraham's aged father, whose traditional tomb is still +shown. + +2. =From Haran to Canaan.= (Gen. 12:1-9.) A branch of the family, the +descendants of Abraham's brother Nahor, settled in Haran; but Abraham +and his nephew Lot moved on southward, past Damascus, to the land of +Canaan. They paused first at Shechem, and afterward at Bethel, at each +place building an altar; but after a time removed further southward, +impelled by the dearth of food in the land. + +3. =The Visit to Egypt.= (Gen. 12:10-20.) The famine caused a removal of +the entire clan to Egypt, where the beauty of Sarah was the occasion of +Abraham's deception, of Pharaoh's wrong, and of Abraham's expulsion from +the land. He returned to his former abode at Bethel. (Gen. 13:3, 4.) + +4. =The Removal to Hebron.= (Gen. 13:5-18.) This was occasioned by the +scarcity of pasture for the immense flocks and herds of Abraham and Lot. +The two chieftains made a division of the land, Lot choosing the Jordan +Valley, north of the Dead Sea, near the city of Sodom, and Abraham the +highlands around Hebron, anciently Kirjath-arba, now known by Abraham's +title, _el Khalil_, "The Friend," _i. e._, of God. + +5. =Pursuit of the Elamites.= (Gen. 14.) At that period the early +Babylonian empire, under Amraphel or Hammurabi (see p. 91), was at the +height of its power. Its king governed Elam, Chaldea, Assyria, +Mesopotamia, and most of Palestine. Chedorlaomer, the head of the united +peoples, led his armies against the aboriginal races east of the Jordan. +(See Map of Palestine Before the Conquest, and description, on page 37.) +After subduing them he passed around south of the Dead Sea, smote the +Amorites in the mountains near Hazezon-tamar, afterward En-gedi, and +poured his host down upon the Jordan Valley. The cities on the north of +the Dead Sea, Sodom and Gomorrah, with their dependent villages, being +unable to stay his progress, were ravaged, and their inhabitants +(including Abraham's nephew Lot) carried away captive, up the valley. +News of the invasion came to Abraham, and he instantly gathered his +servants and allies, and pursued the marauders. He overtook them near +Laish, afterward Dan, now _Tell el Kady_, attacked them by night, +pursued them as far as Hobah, near Damascus, and brought back the booty +and the prisoners. On the return took place the remarkable interview +with Melchizedek, a priest-king over the city of Salem, perhaps the +place afterward Jerusalem. After the return to Hebron the following +events occurred: 1. The covenant of God with Abraham. (Gen. 15.) 2. The +birth of Ishmael. (Gen. 16.) 3. The destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. +(Gen. 18, 19.) These cities were probably located on the plain of +Jordan, north of the Dead Sea, and not on the south, as formerly +supposed; but all traces of them have entirely disappeared. + +[Illustration: EMPIRE OF AMRAPHEL OR HAMMURABI.] + +6. =The Settlement at Beersheba.= (Gen. 20-25.) After the destruction of +the cities of the plain, Abraham moved southward, and made his home at +Beersheba, on the desert border, now _Bir es Seba_. Here he spent most +of his later years, as after various journeys we find him each time +encamped at Beersheba. + +7. =The Offering of Isaac.= (Gen. 22.) From Beersheba Abraham took his +son Isaac, at God's command, to offer him as a burnt offering in "the +land of Moriah." Some authorities accept the Samaritan tradition, that +this place was Mount Gerizim; but we see no sufficient reason to dissent +from the general view, that it was Mount Moriah, at Jerusalem, ten +centuries afterward the site of the Temple. After this sublime token of +his faith in God, the patriarch returned to his tent at Beersheba. + +8. =The Burial of Sarah.= (Gen. 23.) We find Abraham again at Hebron, in +his old age. Here Sarah died and was buried in the cave of Machpelah. +This is undoubtedly covered by the Mohammedan mosque so sacredly guarded +against the intrusion of travelers. The after events of Abraham's +history may have taken place at Hebron or at Beersheba, as neither place +is named as his residence at the time of Isaac's marriage or his own +death. He was buried in the family sepulchre at Hebron, beside the body +of Sarah. + + +II. THE JOURNEYS OF ISAAC. + +The life of Isaac, though longer than the lives of Abraham and Jacob, +was spent in a comparatively small range of territory, and with +comparatively few events. We have not noted upon the map the lines of +his journeyings; but the localities may be seen, as far as they are +identified, upon the map of Palestine, on page 58. + +The homes of Isaac were as follows: 1. Beer-lahai-roi, "Well of the Life +of Vision," _i. e._, where life remained after seeing God; an unknown +locality in the south of Canaan, between Bered and Kadesh. It was so +named by Hagar, after meeting an angel, before the birth of Ishmael. +(Gen. 16:13.) 2. Gerar. (Gen. 26:1.) This was the chief city of the +Philistines in that age; and is now called _Kirbet el Gerar_. The wells +dug by Isaac, and seized by the Philistines, were probably in the region +near this city. 3. Rehoboth (Gen. 26:22) is probably at the _Wady_ +(Valley) _er Ruhaibeh_, south of Beersheba. 4. Beersheba. (Gen. +26:23-35.) Here he made a treaty of peace with the Philistine king, and +remained for many years. It was his home during the strife of Jacob and +Esau, and from this place Jacob departed on his long visit to Haran. +(Gen. 28:10.) 5. Hebron. (Gen. 35:27.) Here, beside the tomb of his +parents, Isaac at last met his son Jacob, and here he died and was +buried, at the age of 180 years. + +[Illustration: COMPARATIVE AGE OF THE PATRIARCHS BEFORE AND AFTER THE +DELUGE.] + + +III. THE JOURNEYS OF JACOB. + +The life of Jacob is related with more of detail than that of any other +person in Old Testament history; yet there is great uncertainty +concerning the division of its periods. His first sixty years were +passed near Beersheba; then twenty years in Haran, and fifty years in +Canaan (though some of the best chronologers allow _forty_ years in +Haran, and _thirty_ years in Canaan); and seventeen years in Egypt. The +principal places named in Jacob's journeys are: 1. Beersheba, now _Bir +es Seba_, a well-known place in the south of Palestine. 2. Bethel, now +_Beitin_, 10 miles north of Jerusalem. 3. Haran, now bearing the same +name. (See under Abraham's life, Journey No. 1.) 4. Mizpah, called also +Jegar-sahadutha, "the heap of witness," perhaps the important place +afterward known as Ramoth-gilead, now _es Salt_, 13 miles south of the +Jabbok. But this seems too far south to represent the event, and we are +inclined to place it at some unknown mountain between the Jabbok and the +Hieromax. 5. Mahanaim, probably at _Mahneh_, 10 miles north of the +Jabbok. 6. Peniel, afterward Penuel, unknown, but somewhere on the brook +Jabbok. 7. Succoth, "booths," recently identified as _Tell Darala_, a +mile north of the Jabbok, in the Jordan Valley. 8. Shalem, "peace." If +this refers to a place, it is _Salim_, 3 miles east of Shechem. But some +read the sentence, "Jacob came in peace [_i. e._, in safety] to +Shechem." (Gen. 33:18.) 9. Ephrath, the place of Rachel's death and +burial, near Bethlehem. + +The Journeys of Jacob may be arranged as follows: + +1. =The Flight to Haran.= (Gen. 28:10-29:14.) Fearing the vengeance of +Esau after the stolen blessing, Jacob hastily left his home at +Beersheba, and journeyed northward to Haran. At Bethel he saw the vision +of the heavenly ladder, and arrived safely at Haran, distant 450 miles +from Beersheba. Here he remained either 20 or 40 years, according to +different views, and married his two wives. + +2. =The Return to Canaan.= (Gen. 31-33.) At Mizpah he made a treaty with +Laban; at Mahanaim was comforted by a vision of angels; at Peniel +wrestled with "the angel of God," and was reconciled to his brother +Esau; and at Salim (if that be the name of a place), near Shechem, he +rested in the Land of Promise. + +3. =The Residence in Canaan.= (Gen. 34-45.) The slaughter of the +Shechemites by Simeon and Levi, caused Jacob to move his increasing clan +further south. At Bethel he renewed the covenant with God. (Gen. +35:1-15.) Near Ephrath, or Bethlehem, his beloved wife Rachel died and +was buried. (Gen. 35:10-20.) At Hebron he met once more his aged father, +and remained during most of his after-life in the land. (Gen. 35:27.) +While Jacob was living at Hebron, Joseph was sold a slave to the +Midianites, at Dothan, on the southern slopes of Mount Gilboa, and by +them taken down to Egypt. (Gen. 37.) + +4. =The Descent into Egypt.= (Gen. 45-50.) At the invitation of Joseph, +then prince in Egypt, Jacob left Hebron to go down into Egypt. At +Beersheba he offered sacrifices, and received divine guidance. His home +was fixed in the Land of Goshen, a small but fertile district between +the eastern channel of the Nile and the desert, the modern province of +_es Shurkiyeh_, including the _Wady Tumilat_. Here the family of Jacob +remained until they became "a great nation," a period variously +estimated at from 200 to 400 years, or even longer. + +5. =The Burial Procession.= (Gen. 50.) After the death of Jacob, his +embalmed body was borne from Egypt to Hebron. The direct route was not +taken, probably on account of the hostility of the Philistine and +Amorite tribes; but the procession passed around the south of the Dead +Sea, through the land of Moab, and crossed the Jordan at Abel-mizraim, +near Jericho, a place afterward known as Beth-hoglah; and thence to +Hebron, where the last of the three fathers of the chosen people was +laid to rest in the ancestral sepulchre. + + +OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. + +I. _Journeys of Abraham._ 1. Ur to Haran. 2. Haran to Canaan. (Shechem, +Bethel.) 3. Visit to Egypt. (Return to Bethel.) 4. Removal to Hebron. 5. +Pursuit of Elamites. (Dan, Hobah, Salem.) 6. Settlement at Beersheba. 7. +Offering of Isaac. (Moriah.) 8. Burial of Sarah. (Hebron.) + +II. _Journeys of Isaac._ 1. Beer-lahai-roi. 2. Gerar. 3. Rehoboth. 4. +Beersheba. 5. Hebron. + +III. _Journeys of Jacob._ 1. Flight to Haran. (Beersheba, Bethel, +Haran.) 2. Return to Canaan. (Mizpah, Mahanaim, Peniel, Shechem.) 3. +Residence in Canaan. (Bethel, Bethlehem, Hebron, Dothan.) 4. Descent +into Egypt. (Beersheba, Goshen.) 5. Burial Procession. (Abel-mizraim, +Hebron.) + +[Illustration: PALESTINE BEFORE THE CONQUEST. + +JOURNEYS OF THE PATRIARCHS] + + + + +PALESTINE BEFORE THE CONQUEST. + + +THE knowledge which we possess of the inhabitants of Palestine before +the 13th century B.C. is quite scanty. The names of tribes, more or less +settled, are given; but we know very little of their language, customs +or origin. The description of Palestine during the first eight hundred +years after the Deluge may be arranged as follows: 1. The Earliest +Inhabitants. 2. The Tribes of the Patriarchal Era. 3. The Nations at the +Time of the Conquest. 4. The Surrounding Nations. + + +I. THE EARLIEST INHABITANTS. + +[Illustration: JERICHO AND THE JORDAN.] + +In most lands the earliest people have been of an unknown race, as the +mound builders of America and the cave dwellers of Europe. Very early in +the history of the race a people entered Palestine, and settled upon +both sides of the Jordan, generally among the mountains. They were +remembered by different names in various parts of the country, but the +names show the dread inspired by them among the later tribes. They were +doubtless of one race, but whether of Hamitic or Semitic stock is +uncertain; and their history is as unknown as their origin. They were +already in their decline in the times of Abraham, when the Canaanite +races, the second series of inhabitants, were in possession of the land. +They belonged to six tribes or divisions, each having a different name +and location, but all bearing the same characteristics, and all regarded +as giants by those who came after them. Our principal authorities +concerning these archaic peoples are Gen. 14:5-7, and Deut. 2:10-23. + +1. The =Rephaim=, "lofty men," are frequently named in the Old +Testament, the word being generally translated "giants." In the age of +Abraham they were living in the highlands of Bashan, where their +capital, Ashteroth Karnaim, "the two-horned Ashtaroth," was taken by the +Elamite king, Chedorlaomer, the earliest conqueror in Bible history. By +degrees they lost their nationality and were merged with the Amorites, +over whom one of their race, the gigantic Og, king of Bashan, ruled at +the time of the conquest. They may have settled also west of the Jordan, +near what was afterward Jerusalem, since a locality in that vicinity +(see map on page 82) was long afterward known as "the Valley of the +Rephaim." (2 Sam. 5:18.) + +2. The =Zuzim=, "tall ones," are supposed to be the same people with +those who in Deut. 2:20 are called =Zamzummim=. They occupied the +eastern table-land, south of Bashan and Gilead. Their capital was Ham, a +city not yet identified, unless it was (as some suppose) the place +afterward known as Rabbath Ammon. These people were also giants, like +the Rephaim (Deut. 2:21), were also overswept in the raid of +Chedorlaomer (Gen. 14:5), and during the time of the Israelites' sojourn +in Egypt, were dispossessed by the Ammonites, who occupied their +country afterward, until in turn driven out by the Amorites. + +3. The =Emim=, "terrible ones," were south of the Zuzim, and therefore +directly east of the Dead Sea. They were overcome by Chedorlaomer at +Shaveh Kiriathaim, "the dale of the two cities," and their land was +afterward occupied by the Moabites. + +4. The =Horim=, "cave dwellers," or Horites, occupied Mount Seir, south +of the Dead Sea. Their genealogy is given in Gen. 36:20-30, and 1 Chron. +1:38-42. They lived in caves, which are still found in great numbers +through that region. They were beaten by Chedorlaomer, and subsequently +dispossessed by the descendants of Esau, the Edomites. + +5. The =Avim=, "ruins," or "dwellers in ruins," lived in the Shefelah, +or foot-hills, between the Philistine plain and the mountains of Judah. +(Deut. 2:23; Josh. 13:2, 3.) They were early conquered by the Caphtorim, +a Philistine race, and were in a depressed condition at the time of the +entrance of the Israelites. The word Hazerim (Deut. 2:23) means +"villages," or "nomad encampments," showing that they were not a +settled, but a wandering people. + +6. The =Anakim=, "long-necked ones." The name may refer either to their +size, or their strength (which in Hebrew comes from a word similar to +_neck_). They were descendants of Arba, and divided into three clans, +named Sheshai, Ahiman and Talmai. (Josh. 14:15; 15:14.) Their principal +home was at Hebron, called by them Kirjath-arba; but they also occupied +a city near it, called Kirjath-sepher, or "book-town," a name which is +suggestive of a national literature. Unlike the other races, they seem +to have maintained a foothold in the presence of the incoming Canaanite +races, and their gigantic appearance struck terror to the Israelite +spies during the wandering. (Num. 13.) But they were conquered by Caleb +(Josh. 14), and their remnant, driven from the mountains, mingled with +the Philistines of the sea-coast plain. One family of this race remained +as late as the days of David, that of Goliath and his brothers. (1 Sam. +17:4; 2 Sam. 21:15-22.) + + +II. THE TRIBES OF THE PATRIARCHAL ERA. + +The chosen family came to Palestine about 1921 B.C., according to the +common chronology, but probably from two to four hundred years earlier. +At this time these earliest races were already superseded in nearly all +the land by later tribes, of Hamitic origin, with which the patriarchs +were often brought into contact. Those tribes were often called +Canaanites, because the nation of that name was both the original stock +and in possession of the richest and best portion of the land. + +We notice these tribes, as far as practicable, in the order of their +location in the four great natural divisions of the country: the tribes +of the maritime plain, those of the mountain region, those of the Jordan +Valley, and those of the eastern table-land. + +1. Beginning at the north, on the narrow plain by the Mediterranean Sea, +we find the =Zidonians=, with their two great cities, Zidon the earlier, +and Tyre the later. Perhaps the latter city was not yet founded in the +patriarchal age. These people were early famous as the traders of the +Mediterranean world, having commercial relations as far as Spain. They +occupied a narrow strip of territory between Mount Lebanon and the sea, +north of Mount Carmel. Their country was never possessed by the +Israelites, and most of the time the relations between the two races +were peaceful. + +2. Next in order of location we come to the =Canaanites= proper, or that +branch of the descendants of Canaan which retained the family name. +While _all_ the tribes of Palestine are often called Canaanites, as +descended from one stock, the name strictly belongs only to people who +lived in two sections of the country. The word means "lowlanders," and +was applied particularly to those dwelling on the maritime plain, on +both sides of Mount Carmel, the plain of Esdraelon and that of Sharon; +and to those in the Jordan Valley. These together constituted "the +Canaanites on the east and on the west." (Josh. 11:3.) They occupied the +richest and most valuable portions of the land. The only city on the +coast belonging to the Canaanites existing during the patriarchal age +was Joppa, still standing. The Canaanite cities in the Jordan Valley +were the "five cities of the plain," Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboim and +Zoar, of which all except the last were destroyed by the visitation of +God. (Gen. 19.) Their location was in the plain on the north of the Dead +Sea, and there is no reason to suppose that they are covered by its +waters. In the time immediately before the conquest we find Jericho has +arisen in the place of the destroyed cities, and not far from their +site, as the most important city of the Jordan Valley. + +3. South of the Canaanites, on the maritime plain, were the +=Philistines=. "Emigrants" is the meaning of the word, supporting the +view that they came from Caphtor, or Crete, which is but little more +than a surmise. They were related to the Egyptians, and hence were of +Hamitic stock. They came to the land before the time of Abraham, drove +out and subdued the earlier Avim (Deut. 2:23), or Avites, and had +frequent dealings with Abraham and Isaac. In the patriarchal age their +principal cities were Gaza and Gerar; but before the conquest they had +moved northward, and were a powerful confederacy of five cities: Gaza, +Ashkelon, Ashdod, Gath and Ekron. (Josh. 13:3.) Their territory, if +taken at all during the campaigns of Joshua, was soon reconquered, and +the Philistines were the most dangerous enemies of Israel during all the +period of the Judges. In David's time they were subjected; but not until +the Maccabean age were they fully conquered, and their land made a part +of Israel. + +4. We turn now to the tribes of the mountain region, beginning, as +before, at the north. As these northern regions are not alluded to in +patriarchal history, and only very briefly named in the annals of the +conquest, it is not easy to determine which of the tribes occupied them. +But, from allusions in Josh. 1:4 and 11:3, and from frequent mention on +the monuments of Egypt, we incline to the opinion that the =Hittites= +were the possessors of this country. They have left their name in +Hattin, the Caphar Hittai of the Talmud, near the Sea of Galilee. +Another branch, more frequently mentioned, were in the south, at and +around Hebron (Gen. 23), perhaps extending as far south as Beersheba. +(Gen. 27:46.) With these people the relations of the patriarchs were +ever peaceful, and of them Abraham purchased his family sepulchre. + +[Illustration: HEBRON.] + +5. The position of the =Girgashites= is uncertain, from the infrequent +mention of them. But the slight indications point to the region west of +the Sea of Galilee, where we locate them conjecturally. They may have +been absorbed by the surrounding tribes. + +6. South of Mount Carmel, and extending to what was afterward the border +of Benjamin, we find the =Hivites=, having Shechem as their principal +city in the time of Jacob. (Gen. 34:2.) Afterward, they occupied several +towns immediately north of Jerusalem, four of which formed the +"Gibeonite league," and made a treaty of peace with Joshua. (Josh. +9:3-15.) They were a quiet people, averse to war, and submitting readily +to foreign domination. + +7. The =Perizzites=, "villagers" are always named in connection with the +Canaanites. From the allusions in Gen. 34:30, Josh. 17:15, and other +places, we locate them between the Hivites and the western Canaanites, +in the northern portion of the Shefelah, or foot-hills, where villages +would more readily cluster than among the mountains. They remained in +the land as late as the time of the restoration from Babylonian +captivity. (Ezra 9:1.) + +8. The =Jebusites= lived in the mountains around their city Jebus, +afterward Jerusalem. They were of Canaanitish origin, a small but +warlike tribe. Their king was slain by Joshua; but the city, though +burned by the Israelites (Judges 1:8), was still held by its own people, +and remained in their possession, a foreign fortress in the midst of the +land, until finally taken by David, and made his capital. (2 Sam. 5.) +South of the Jebusites were the southern branch of the Hittites, already +referred to. + +9. One more nation of the Canaanite stock remains, perhaps the most +powerful of all, the =Amorites=, or "mountaineers." They occupied, +originally, the wilderness between Hebron and the Dead Sea, having +Hazezon-tamar (afterward En-gedi) as their capital; were smitten by +Chedorlaomer, but aided Abraham in his pursuit and battle. (Gen. 14.) +Afterward they pushed northward, crossed the Jordan, and possessed all +the eastern table-land north of the Dead Sea, dispossessing the +Ammonites of its southern portion, and the Rephaim of its northern. This +great country was the "land of the Amorites" at the time of the +conquest, ruled by two kings, Sihon and Og. + +It is probable, that, during the patriarchal era, while Abraham and his +family lived as wanderers in their Land of Promise, the lands east of +the Jordan were occupied by their primeval inhabitants, the Rephaim in +the north, the Zuzim between the Jabbok and the Arnon, and the Emim in +the south. + + +III. THE NATIONS AT THE TIME OF THE CONQUEST. + +What changes may have taken place among the tribes of Western Palestine +during the four centuries while the Israelites were in Egypt, is not +known; but, as the land became more thickly settled, the strifes of the +Canaanite tribes and their roving traits would result in many +alterations of boundary lines. But east of the Jordan the changes may be +more distinctly marked. + +1. The =Amorites=, already named, probably conquered the eastern +table-land, north of the Jabbok, during the period of the sojourn +(_i. e._, the stay of the Israelites in Egypt), and dispossessed its +early inhabitants. Many of these, however, remained among the conquerors, +and one of this race, Og, the King of Bashan, ruled over the northern +Amorites when the Israelites entered the land, and was slain by them. + +2. Two new tribes, closely related, made their appearance during this +epoch, the =Moabites= and =Ammonites=. They were descended from Lot, the +nephew of Abraham, and their origin is related in Gen. 19. They arose +during the period of the sojourn, and conquered the primitive Emim and +Zuzim (Deut. 2:19-23), probably as far north as the Jabbok. But the +Amorites on the north wrested their conquests from them and drove them +back south of the Arnon, which was thenceforward their northern +boundary. The Moabites were the settled portion of the tribe, dwelling +in cities; while the Ammonites were the predatory, wandering element, +living mostly in the east, and without permanent dwelling places. During +the period of the Judges they were among the oppressors of Israel +(Judges 3 and 10), were defeated by Saul, (1 Sam. 11), and conquered by +David. (2 Sam. 8:2.) + + +IV. THE SURROUNDING NATIONS. + +The principal nations bordering upon the land of Canaan before the +conquest were the following: + +1. On the north were the =Hivites=, "that dwelt in Mount Lebanon, from +Mount Baal-hermon unto the entering in of Hamath." (Judges 3:3.) This is +supposed to have been the original home of the race, from which they +journeyed to their seat in Central Palestine. Still further north were +the =Arkites=, the =Sinites=, the =Arvadites= and the =Hamathites=. + +2. On the northeast lay the desert, and on the southeast roamed the +=Ammonites=, already mentioned. + +3. On the south were several tribes, not all of which can be located +with certainty. In the west, south of the Philistine country, were the +=Amalekites=, a people of unknown origin and predatory habits. South of +Judah were the =Kenites=; and southeast of the Dead Sea, were, in early +times, the Horim (already mentioned), succeeded during the time of the +sojourn by the =Edomites=, a race descended from Esau, who will be +described hereafter. (See explanations to map on page 44.) + +With regard to these early inhabitants of Palestine, the following facts +may be noteworthy: 1. In respect to =race=, most of them belonged to the +Hamitic stock; though the origin of the six earliest peoples remains +unknown, and the two latest, the Moabites and Ammonites, were Semites, +and closely related to Israel. 2. As to =language=, they probably spoke +the Hebrew tongue, or one closely allied to it. In Isa. 19:18, the +Hebrew is evidently "the language of Canaan," _i. e._, of the +Canaanites. Whether this language was the one originally spoken by +Abraham's ancestors or not, we have no means of knowing; but it is +possible that it was gained, during the period of the journeyings, from +the Canaanites. 3. In =government=, each village or tribe had its own +ruler, who was called a "_king_"; but his authority was limited by the +"_elders_," a body having influence partly from birth, and partly by +force of character of its members. 4. Their =religion= was widely +different from that of the Hebrews, who, from the age of Abraham, +worshiped one invisible, self-existent, spiritual God. The Canaanites +deified nature under various forms, especially as Baal, the giver of +life, and Ashtoreth (Greek, Astarte), the corresponding female divinity. +Their rites of worship were abominable, cruel and licentious. They +sacrificed not only captured enemies, but their own children, to their +idols, and performed acts of the grossest wickedness at their idolatrous +service. 5. Their =history= is unwritten, save in its tragical close, +the conquest of their land by the Israelites under Joshua, and the +annihilation of many of their races. Still, many lived as a separate +people through all Jewish history; and some of the best scholars are of +opinion that the native population of Palestine at the present time +mainly belongs to this old Canaanite stock. + + +OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. + +I. _Earliest Inhabitants._ Rephaim, Zuzim, Emim, Horim, Avim, Anakim. + +II. _Tribes of the Patriarchal Era._ 1. Maritime Plain: Zidonians, +Canaanites, Philistines. 2. Mountain Region: Hittites (north), +Girgashites, Hivites, Perizzites, Jebusites, Hittites (south), Amorites. +3. Jordan Valley: Canaanites. 4. Eastern Table-Land: Rephaim, Zuzim, +Emim. + +III. _Nations at the Time of the Conquest._ East of Jordan: Amorites, +Moabites, Ammonites. + +IV. _Surrounding Nations._ 1. North: Hivites, Arkites, Sinites, +Arvadites, Hamathites. 2. Southeast: Ammonites. 3. South: Amalekites, +Kenites, Edomites. + + + + +LANDS OF THE SOJOURN AND WANDERING. + + +THE LAND OF EGYPT. + +I. =Names.= The present name, "Egypt," was given by the Greeks, and was +never used by the inhabitants in ancient times. On the monuments it is +generally called KEM. In the Old Testament the most frequent name is +"Mizraim," in plural form. The poetical books of the Bible contain the +name "Rahab," "the proud, or insolent," and "Land of Ham." + +[Illustration: AN EGYPTIAN TEMPLE.] + +II. =Boundaries and Dimensions.= On the north, Egypt is bounded by the +Mediterranean Sea; on the east, by Palestine, the Arabian Desert, and +the Red Sea; on the south, by Nubia; and on the west, by the great +African Desert. Its limits have been the same in nearly all ages. In a +geographical sense, it embraces 115,000 square miles; but of this more +than nine-tenths consists of uninhabitable deserts. The true Egypt, the +home of its people, is simply the Valley of the Nile and the space +between its mouths, an area of 9,600 square miles, a little larger than +the State of New Hampshire. Deducting from this the area covered by the +Nile and its branches, the land of Egypt which may be occupied or +cultivated includes about 5,600 square miles, or less than the united +area of Connecticut and Rhode Island. + +III. =Divisions.= There have always been two Egypts, Northern and +Southern. Northern or Lower Egypt comprises the Delta of the Nile, +triangular in shape, a plain between the eastern or Pelusiac branch of +the Nile and its western or Canopic branch. This is a vast garden, with +soil the richest in the Old World, and the grain field of the Roman +empire. Southeast of the Pelusiac branch lay the Land of Goshen (now +_Esh Shurkiyeh_), the home of the Israelites during the Sojourn. +Southern or Upper Egypt is a narrow valley, winding with the course of +the Nile, varying in width from two to ten miles; a strip of fertile +soil between two barren hills, beyond which the desert lies on either +side. The two sections were always regarded as separate, and each was +represented in the double crown worn by the kings. There was another +division, made in very early times, into _nomes_, or provinces, each +having its own ruler, and its own object of worship. Of these nomes +there were from 36 to 50 at different times. + +IV. =The Nile.= This has been in every age the most important feature in +the topography of the country, and the cause of its surpassing +fertility. Its sources, long unknown, are in the great lakes of Central +Africa, whence it flows in a northerly direction. The main stream, +called the White Nile, receives in Nubia its principal tributary, the +Blue Nile, which rises in Abyssinia. During the last 1,500 miles of its +course it is not increased by any other stream, and flows through a +torrid desert. Yet, as it enters the Mediterranean, its current is still +that of a mighty river. Its mouths are at present three in number, +though formerly seven; and, from their resemblance on the map to the +Greek letter [Greek: D], that portion of Egypt is called the Delta. Its +annual overflow begins, in Lower Egypt, about the 25th of June, attains +its height in three months, and remains stationary twelve days, at a +height of about 36 feet above its ordinary level at Thebes, 25 feet at +Cairo, and 4 feet at its mouth. This overflow is due to the rains in +Central Africa, and as it brings down new soil, keeps the land always +fertile. But for the Nile, Egypt would only be a part of the Great +Desert. + +V. =The People of Egypt= were of the Hamitic stock, a race of high +capacity, forming the earliest civilization known in history. They were +religious, but worshiping animals, and even the lowest forms of life; +contemplative and studious, attaining to considerable knowledge, though +on narrow lines of research; patriotic, but not fond of war, and +therefore rarely conquerors of other nations. Their language was +"agglutinative monosyllabic," with mingled Nigritic and Semitic +characteristics. Their government was most thoroughly organized, and +took cognizance of even the minute matters of life. Their art was +massive and sombre, imposing from its vastness, but not varied, and +therefore giving but little play to genius. The Egyptians were slender +of frame, but strong. Their faces were oval and olive-colored; their +hair long, crisp and jet-black. They are supposed to be represented at +the present time by the Copts. + +[Illustration: AREA OF EGYPT.] + +[Illustration: THE KINGDOM OF EGYPT AT ITS GREATEST EXTENT UNDER RAMESES +II.] + +VI. =The History of Egypt= begins at a time undated, but long after the +flood. It is divided into three periods, those of the Old, Middle, and +New Empires. The Old Empire was founded by Menes, and had its capital at +Memphis. During the fourth dynasty of this period the Pyramids were +built. The Middle Empire arose at Thebes, and lasted until 1570 B.C. The +Twelfth dynasty was most powerful during this epoch, conquering Ethiopia +and Arabia. About 2000 B.C. the land was conquered by foreign princes, +who ruled 400 years, and were known as the Hyksos, or Shepherd Kings. +The New Empire arose in 1570 B.C., after the expulsion of the Hyksos, +and lasted for a thousand years. Its greatest monarch was Rameses II., +who has been supposed to be the "Pharaoh of the Oppression" (not of the +Exodus), and ruled as far east as Chaldea and Assyria. The above dates +are all uncertain. Concerning the chronology, see page 13. The land was +conquered by the Persians, B.C. 527, and annexed to the Persian empire. + +VII. The principal =Places= were, in Lower Egypt, Memphis, the ancient +capital; Heliopolis, called in the Bible On, near the eastern branch of +the Delta; Rameses, in the Land of Goshen; Pelusium, at the eastern +mouth of the Nile; and Alexandria, in later history the metropolis of +Egypt, near the Canopic mouth of the Nile. In Upper Egypt, Thebes was +the most important place, and long the capital. + + +OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. + +1. _Names._ Egypt, Kem, Mizraim, Rahab, Land of Ham. + +2. _Boundaries and Dimensions._ North (Mediterranean Sea); East +(Palestine, Arabia, Red Sea); South (Nubia); West (African Desert). +Area, 115,000 square miles. Inhabitable, 9,600 square miles. Land, 5,600 +square miles. + +3. _Divisions._ Lower (Delta); Upper (Valley). + +4. _Nile._ White Nile, Blue Nile; Sources; Delta; Overflow. + +5. _People._ Hamitic Origin; Civilization; Language; Art; Physical +Traits. + +6. _History._ Old Empire (Memphis, Pyramids); Middle Empire (Thebes, +Dynasty XII., Hyksos); New Empire (Rameses II., Persians). + + +THE WILDERNESS OF THE WANDERING. + +I. =Situation.= This region lies between Egypt and Edom, a great +triangle, having for its three points the border of _Lake Menzaleh_, the +southern extremity of the Dead Sea, and _Ras Mohammed_, the southern end +of the peninsula. Its northern boundary is the Mediterranean Sea, the +land of the Philistines, and the _Negeb_, or South Country. Its +southeastern line is the depression of the _Arabah_, and the Gulf of +Akaba, or Ælanitic Gulf. Its southwestern line is the Isthmus of Suez +and the Gulf of Suez. From Egypt, in a line due east, to the Dead Sea, +is about 200 miles; from the Mediterranean, at the _Wady el Arish_ ("the +River of Egypt"), to Ras Mohammed, a line a little east of south, is +about 225 miles, thus making the entire area of the triangle about +22,500 square miles, or less than the aggregate area of New Hampshire, +Vermont and Massachusetts, though larger than any two of those States. + +[Illustration: RÂS ES SUFSAFEH (MOUNT SINAI).] + +II. =Natural Features.= This region has two general divisions, and three +others closely connected with them. 1. The Table-Land. 2. The Sinaitic +Mountains. 3. The narrow plain by the western arm of the Red Sea. 4. The +Arabah, or valley between the Ælanitic Gulf and the Dead Sea. 5. The +Negeb, or South Country. + +1. The northern and central portion of the triangle is a sterile +table-land of limestone, from 2,000 to 2,500 feet high, and consisting +of rolling plains with a gravelly surface; with few springs, and these +mostly of impure water; and watered only by the streams of the _Wady el +Arish_ ("the River of Egypt"), a torrent which is dry during most of the +year. + +This was the Wilderness of Paran, "the great and terrible wilderness" +(Deut. 1:19) in which the Israelites wandered for 38 years. It is now +called _et Tih_, "the wandering," and is traversed from east to west by +two caravan routes, marked by the bleached bones of camels that have +perished by the way. On the north it slopes away to a plain of white +sand reaching to the Mediterranean, which was generally called the +Wilderness of Shur. On the other three sides it is bounded by a chain of +mountains, 4,000 feet high, called _Jebel et Tih_. It was in this +wilderness country that the children of Israel were doomed to wander +until all the generation that came out of Egypt died, except Caleb and +Joshua. Even Moses was not permitted to more than see the Promised Land +from the top of Pisgah. + +2. Beyond the desert, and separated from it by the chain of mountains +above named, and also by a narrow strip of sand south of the mountains, +is the group of the Sinaitic Mountains. This group is triangular in +form, and consists of ranges radiating from a centre. The names Horeb +and Sinai seem to have been used interchangeably, though some consider +the former the name of the group, and Sinai a single peak. There has +been much discussion as to which is the "Mountain of the Law," from +which the Ten Commandments were given. Three peaks have been most +prominently presented by different explorers. _Jebel Musa_, "the +Mountain of Moses," which is supported by local tradition, and by the +authority of Ritter, Kurtz, Keil and Kalisch; _Jebel Serbal_, claimed by +Lepsius; and _Râs es Sufsafeh_, supported by Robinson, Dean Stanley, and +the most of recent travelers. This is a granite cliff standing above the +plain so boldly that one may walk up and lay a hand upon its wall, which +rises 1,500 feet above the plain, and 6,500 feet above the sea. The +plain in front of it is called _er Rahah_, and is 2,300 yards long and +900 yards wide, sufficiently large for the presence of all the +Israelites before the mount, without including another plain on the +northeast, branching from _er Rahah_, and called _Wady esh Sheikh_. It +is situated in a vast and dreary desert, occupied for the most part by +hordes of Arabs, who subsist by plunder, and render the journey to Sinai +impossible except to large and well defended caravans. + +3. Between the mountains and the western arm of the Red Sea lies a +narrow plain, following the line of the coast. On the northwestern +section it was called the Wilderness of Etham; opposite the Sinaitic +group of mountains, the Wilderness of Sin. This lower portion is now +called _el Kaa_. + +[Illustration: LANDS OF THE SOJOURN AND WANDERING. + +VICINITY OF MOUNT SINAI.] + +4. From the head of the Gulf of Akaba (Ælanitic Gulf) a gorge extends +nearly northward to the Dead Sea, an extension of the Jordan Valley, the +Arabah, called in the history the Wilderness of Zin. It lies between the +mountain chain on the east of the Wilderness of Paran (_et Tih_) and +Mount Seir, the home of the Edomites. The opinion held by many early +writers, that the Jordan once flowed through this depression into the +Red Sea, may be correct as regards a past geologic period, but not as an +historical fact; for it is evident that no great change has taken place +in this region within the limit of historical time. Opposite the +traditional Mount Hor the bed of the valley is about 500 feet above the +sea-level; and from this point it slopes northward to the Dead Sea, +1,300 feet below the sea-level, and southward to the Gulf of Akaba. + +5. The Negeb, or South Country, has already been described. (See p. 32.) +The southern section of this region belongs to the Wilderness of the +Wandering, from Mount Halak northward. + +III. =Inhabitants.= The only inhabitants of this region at the time of +the Israelite Wandering were the Amalekites, who roamed throughout the +desert of Paran. Their origin is uncertain; and they may have belonged +to the same stock with the earliest inhabitants of Canaan, as they were +a distinct tribe in the times of Abraham. (Gen. 14.) They were the +bitter enemies of Israel during all the period of the Wandering, +attacking their rear, and destroying detached companies of them on their +march. (Deut. 25:18.) The only pitched battle with them took place at +Rephidim, near Mount Sinai, when they were defeated by Israel; but they +attacked the Israelites again at Hormah, and inflicted serious injury. +Long afterward their power was broken by Saul (1 Sam. 15), and their +destruction was completed by David. (1 Sam. 27 and 30.) + + +OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. + +I. _Situation._ Triangle (Menzaleh, Dead Sea, Ras Mohammed). Boundaries. +North (Mediterranean Sea, Philistines, Negeb); Southeast (Arabah, +Akaba); Southwest (Isthmus and Gulf of Suez). 200 miles east and west; +225 north and south. + +II. _Natural Features._ Table-Land (Paran, Shur); Sinaitic Mountains +(Horeb and Sinai); Plain (Etham, Sin); Arabah (Zin); Negeb (Mount +Halak). + +III. _Inhabitants._ Amalekites (Rephidim, Hormah). + + +THE LAND OF EDOM. + +I. =Boundaries.= The country of Edom, or of the Edomites, lay south of +that of the Moabites, the boundary between them being the brook Zered +(_Wady el Ahsy_), which flows into the southern lagoon of the Dead Sea. +On the east it extended to the great Arabian desert, in that section +supposed to be the "land of the Temanites." On the south its border was +the country of the Midianites, and the head of the Gulf of Akaba. The +western boundary was the Arabah, or sunken ravine running northward +between the Red Sea and the Dead Sea. There is, however, an opinion +gaining ground, that "the field of Edom" extended somewhat to the west +of the Arabah, and south of Palestine. + +II. =Names.= The earliest name of this country, and one often used +throughout Bible history, was Mount Seir, "the rugged," from its rough, +mountainous nature. This was the name of its earliest inhabitants, "the +sons of Seir the Horite." (Gen. 36:20.) Afterward it was possessed by +the descendants of Esau, and called Edom, "red," from the "red pottage" +for which Esau sold his birthright. Probably the red color of its +sandstone mountains also aided to fix the name. In the New Testament +time the word received a Greek form, and became Idumea. Josephus called +it Geballene, "mountainous." At present it is divided into two sections, +each having a different name; north of Petra being called _Jebal_, and +south, _esh Sherah_. + +III. =Natural Features.= Edom is emphatically a land of mountains. On +the west, along the side of the Arabah, is a line of low limestone +hills. Back of these rise higher, igneous rocks, surmounted by +variegated sandstone, of peculiar color, 2,000 feet high. The eastern +side of the mountains slopes gently away into the Arabian desert. But, +though rough, the land is rich, and the terraced hill-sides have in all +ages been bright with vegetation, and its people have been prosperous. +So the blessing of Esau (Gen. 27:39, 40) has been fulfilled in a land of +"the fatness of the earth, and of the dew of heaven." Its capital during +the Old Testament period was Bozrah (now _Busireh_), near its northern +border. Afterward, Sela, the _Petra_ of remarkable rock-hewn buildings, +arose to prominence. Ezion-geber, at the head of the Gulf of Akaba, was +its seaport. + +IV. =History.= Mount Seir was first settled by the Horites, or Horim, +like the inhabitants of Palestine a people of unknown origin. During the +later patriarchal age it was conquered and possessed by Esau, the +brother of Jacob, and ever after occupied by his descendants, the +Edomites. The refusal of this people to allow the Israelites to journey +through their territory compelled them to make a long detour around Edom +on the south and east, and enter Palestine by the land of the Moabites. +During the period of the Judges the Edomites are not mentioned; but they +were beaten by Saul, and thoroughly conquered by David, after a severe +struggle. At the division of the kingdom, B.C. 935, Edom was held by +Judah. Its people rebelled in the time of Jehoram, the son of +Jehoshaphat, and, although defeated by Judah, were able to maintain +their independence. They joined the Chaldeans under Nebuchadnezzar in +the destruction of Jerusalem, for which the later prophecies and psalms +gave them bitter denunciations. About the time of the captivity, B.C. +587-536, the Edomites gained possession of most of the country south of +Judah, extending even to the confines of Egypt. But they lost their own +land, Mount Seir, which became the possession of the Nabatheans. These +were a race, perhaps allied to the Arabians, who laid aside their nomad +habits, and founded a kingdom, whose people grew rich by the caravan +trade. The Edomites, or Idumeans, south of Palestine, were conquered by +the Maccabean princes and incorporated with the Jews, B.C. 130, and the +Nabathean kingdom was annexed to the Roman empire, A.D. 105. + +V. =Peculiarities.= The Edomites, though descended from the stock of +Abraham, adopted the idolatry of the Canaanites, with whom they had +intermarried. But their most remarkable feature, as a nation, was that +of dwelling in caves. The mountains of Idumea are of soft sandstone, +easily wrought, and are penetrated with caves and grottoes, which were +used, not like those of other nations, for burial places, but for +residence. The rock-hewn temples, palaces and homes of Petra, so well +known to travelers, are magnificent in appearance. The custom probably +arose from the fear of robbers, and from the ease with which the caves +could be excavated in the sandstone rock. + + +OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. + +1. _Boundaries._ Moab; Desert: Midianites; Arabah. + +2. _Names._ Seir, Edom, Idumea, Geballene, Jebal and esh Sherah. + +3. _Natural Features._ Mountains; Soil; Capitals (Bozrah, Petra). + +4. _History._ Horites; Esau; Edomites; Israelite Supremacy; Chaldeans; +Nabatheans; Maccabeans; Romans. + +5. _Peculiarities._ Religion; Rock Houses. + + +THE WANDERING IN THE WILDERNESS. + +There are great difficulties in fixing the location of the places and +the order of events in the history of the forty years which intervened +between the exodus, or "going out," from Egypt, and the entrance into +the Promised Land (B.C. 1250-1210). These difficulties arise from +various causes: the antiquity of the events, the fragmentary character +of the history, the extent of the country, our scanty knowledge of the +region, and especially the changes which have taken place in the +sea-coast during the 3,000 years past. While the general course of the +journey can be easily defined, the particular localities are, in many +instances, exceedingly uncertain. For the convenience of the student, we +divide the entire journey from Egypt to Canaan into sections. + +I. =From Rameses to the Red Sea.= (Exod. 12-14; Num. 33:5-8.) The +sojourn of the Israelites was passed in the Land of Goshen, between the +Nile and the Isthmus of Suez. The court of the reigning Pharaoh during +the time while Moses was negotiating for the departure of the +Israelites, was at Zoan, or Tanis (Psa. 78:12), the royal city of the +Delta. Rameses, the place of meeting for the Israelites, was probably a +district rather than a city (Gen. 47:8), but may have been at _Abu +Kesheib_. Pithom (Exod. 1:11) has been discovered at _Tell Maskutor_, +ten miles west of Lake Timsah. Succoth, "booths" or "tents," was +probably not a city but a camp, and its location is unknown. Etham, +"wall" (Exod. 13:20), may indicate a place near the great wall which +extended across the isthmus. Pi-hahiroth may be at _Agrud_, near Suez. +Baal-zephon may be the mountain _Jebel Alaka_. The Israelites crossed +the sea at the narrow Strait of Suez, where the distance from shore to +shore is about two-thirds of a mile. At that time the gulf probably +extended several miles north of its present position. The northeast wind +drove out the waters, leaving a path across the gulf, with pools on +either side, as a "wall" or defense to the crossing Israelites. + +II. =From the Red Sea to Mount Sinai.= (Exod. 15-19; Num. 33:8-15.) The +general direction can be traced with certainty, but the precise places +of encampment are only conjectural. It is probable that so vast a body +of people, about two millions, must have occupied a large extent of +territory, and the "stations" were the various headquarters of the camp. +This section of the journey was mostly spent in the two narrow plains +along the coast, the Wilderness (or desert) of Etham, and that of Sin. +At Marah (_Ain Hawârah_) the bitter waters were healed; at Elim (_Wady +Ghurundel_) they were refreshed by the "twelve wells and three-score and +ten palm trees." At the next station, No. 9, "the encampment at the Red +Sea," they saw for the last time the waters of the western gulf, and the +land of Egypt beyond them. Here they turned eastward, and, passing the +mountain barrier, entered the Wilderness of Sin. (This is to be +distinguished from the Wilderness of Zin, or the Arabah, on the eastern +side of the peninsula.) In this wild and barren country, food failed +them, and the manna began to be supplied (Exod. 16), to last for forty +years. Their general course was now eastward, through the _wadies_, or +dry beds of winter torrents. At Rephidim (station 13) two events are +recorded as occurring. The want of water led to a miraculous supply from +the smitten rock (Exod. 17:2-7); and the Israelites fought the first +battle in their history, with the wandering Amalekites, who attacked the +rear of the scattered host. Under Joshua, who here appears for the first +time, they were defeated, and devoted to complete destruction. (Exod. +17:8-16; Deut. 25:18.) The next station was Mount Sinai, in front of +which they encamped, probably on the plain _er Rahah_. Their journey +thus far had occupied two months and a half, and here they remained for +a year. The principal events at Mount Sinai were: 1. The giving of the +law. (Exod. 19-31.) 2. The worship of the golden calf, and its +punishment. (Exod. 32.) 3. The building and consecration of the +Tabernacle. (Exod. 35-40.) 4. The numbering and organization of the +people. (Num. 1-2.) + +III. =From Mount Sinai to Kadesh-barnea.= After a year spent at and +around Mount Sinai, the camp was taken up, and the host, led by the Ark +of the Covenant, entered once more upon its march. The direction of the +journey was northeast, and the route was probably through the _Wady +Saal_. At Taberah (station 15), the "fire of the Lord" consumed some on +the verge of the camp who murmured against God's commands. (Num. +11:1-3.) At Kibroth-hattaavah (station 16), (perhaps the same place with +the preceding), a dislike of the manna and a lust for flesh-meat seized +the crowd of people, and for a month they fed upon quails, but were +punished by a plague, which destroyed multitudes, and gave a name to the +place, "the graves of lust." (Num. 11:4-35.) At Hazeroth (probably _Ain +Hudherah_), Miriam instigated Aaron to a rebellion against Moses, but +was smitten with leprosy, though healed at the prayer of Moses. (Num. +12:1-16.) The Israelites followed the mountain chain by the Red Sea, +keeping upon the western side of the hills, and, passing through the +edge of the Wilderness of Paran and along the Arabah, followed up the +line of the "Mount of the Amorites" (which appears to have been a +general name for the mountains in the southern portion of the Negeb, or +South Country), until they came to Kadesh-barnea. The location of this +place is the great difficulty in the geography of the period. The name +appears to be used with reference to a region, and more definitely +referring to a place. Three localities have been claimed, all on the +border of the "Mount of the Amorites," or the South Country. The most +southerly location is that now known as _Ain esh Shehabeh_, on the _Wady +Jerafeh_; the most westerly, at _Ain Gadis_, or _Quadis_, directly south +of the land of Judah; the one farthest to the north and east, at _Ain el +Weibeh_, in the edge of the Arabah, south of the Dead Sea. The latter +has been regarded by most explorers since Dr. Robinson, as the correct +site, and as it appears on the older maps. But the Rev. J. Rowlands, on +a journey through the entire region, identified _Ain Quadis_ as the true +Kadesh-barnea, and his conclusion was confirmed by Dr. H. C. Trumbull +after a thorough investigation of all the three places. It is now +accepted by most writers. We have therefore regarded _Ain Quadis_ as +Kadesh-barnea, and have made it the center of Israelite journeying +during the thirty-eight years of the wandering. The change in the +location of Kadesh-barnea may necessitate a change in the location of +Mount Hor, which Trumbull places at _Jebel Maderah_, but we have +retained the old locality on the edge of Edom. Twice the Israelites were +encamped at Kadesh, which marked the beginning and end of the +thirty-eight years' wandering in the Wilderness of Paran. From Kadesh +the twelve spies were sent northward into the Land of Canaan, and the +adverse report of ten of them caused such terror and rebellion in the +host, that God declared that they should not enter the Promised Land +until all that generation should have passed away. (Num. 13, 14.) They +were ordered to turn back into the wilderness, but disobeyed, and, +against their leaders' advice, undertook to force a passage to Canaan, +probably up the pass _es Sufa_. But the inhabitants of the mountains +(Amorites, Canaanites, and Amalekites in alliance) attacked them to +their utter defeat at Hormah, and effectually barred their entrance to +the land through the South Country, as the warlike Philistines had +closed it against them by the way of the plain by the sea. (Exod. +13:17.) Discouraged and despairing, the host of Israel again turned +their faces once more toward the terrible Wilderness of Paran. + +IV., V., VI. =From Kadesh-barnea to Mount Hor, Ezion-geber, and Return.= +The period of the next thirty-eight years remains in shadow. Scarcely an +event is named which certainly belongs to this division, the longest by +far in the journey. In the history at Num. 14:45, there is a break in +the record, and other topics are referred to until we find the people at +Kadesh once more, at the end of the 38 years, in chapter 20; and the +list of stations in Num. 33:18-36, is only a barren catalogue of 18 +places, in which not one is clearly recognized, and only two or three +can be even guessed at. Some have thought that the entire period was +spent in the Arabah, wandering up and down, as two of the stations +plainly belong there. But it is more probable that the people wandered +over the borders between the Negeb (South Country) and the Wilderness of +Paran. For convenience we may subdivide this period of wandering into +its three journeys. From Kadesh, through 12 unknown stations, to +Moseroth, which is afterward named in the account of Aaron's death +(Deut. 10:6), showing that it was near Mount Hor. This is indicated on +the Map as Journey IV. Journey V. was from Mount Hor down the Arabah +southward to Ezion-geber, at the head of the Ælanitic Gulf. Journey VI. +was once more through the Arabah, northward to Kadesh-barnea, completing +the period of the punishment for the rebellion of 38 years before. Here +three events took place. 1. The rock was smitten by Moses, when God had +bidden him speak to it, in order to bring forth water; and, as a +penalty, he was not permitted to enter Canaan. (Num. 20:1-13.) 2. The +Israelites asked of the Edomites (on whose western border they were +encamped at Kadesh), the privilege of crossing their territory on their +journey to Canaan, but their request was denied. 3. Soon after this, the +king of the Canaanite city of Arad, in the Negeb, or South Country, 20 +miles south of Hebron, hearing of Israel's approach by the same route as +that of the spies, 38 years before, went out to meet the invading host. +He was repulsed near the same place where Israel had suffered a defeat +before, and which was thenceforth called Hormah, "destruction." (Num. +21:1-3.) + + +-------------+---------------------------------------+-------------+ + | | NORTH. | | + | WEST. |+-----------++-----------++-----------+| EAST. | + | || DAN, || ASHER, || NAPHTALI, || | + |+-----------+|| 62,700. || 41,500. || 53,400. ||+-----------+| + || BENJAMIN, ||+-----------++-----------++-----------+|| JUDAH, || + || 35,400. || CAMP OF DAN. || 74,600. || + |+-----------++---------------------------------------++-----------+| + | | +---+ TRIBE OF LEVI. | | + |+-----------+| | G | +--------------+ +---------+ |+-----------+| + || MANASSEH, || | E | | MERARITES | | | || ISSACHAR, || + || 32,200. || | R | +--------------+ | | || 54,400. || + |+-----------+| | S | +--------------+ | AARON | |+-----------+| + | | | H | | TABERNACLE | | | | | + |+-----------+| | O | +--------------+ | MOSES | |+-----------+| + || EPHRAIM, || | N | +--------------+ | | || ZEBULON, || + || 40,500. || | I | | KOHATHITES | | Priests | || 57,400. || + |+-----------+| | T | +--------------+ | | |+-----------+| + | | | E | TRIBE OF LEVI. | | | | + | CAMP OF | | S | +---------+ | CAMP OF | + | | +---+ | | + | EPHRAIM. +---------------------------------------+ JUDAH. | + | | CAMP OF REUBEN. | | + | |+-----------++-----------++-----------+| | + | || GAD, || SIMEON, || REUBEN, || | + | || 45,650. || 59,300. || 46,500. || | + | |+-----------++-----------++-----------++ | + | | SOUTH. | | + +-------------+---------------------------------------+-------------+ + +[Illustration: CAMP OF ISRAEL.] + +VII., VIII. =From Kadesh-barnea to Elath and Jordan.= The Israelites +were now ready to enter their Land of Promise. But, as the entrance by +the south was found impracticable, and the Edomites would not permit +them to cross their mountains, a long detour became necessary; so for a +third time they took their journey through the Arabah. This we have +indicated on the map as No. VII. They paused before Mount Hor, while +Aaron left them, to ascend the mountain and to die. The peak still bears +his name, _Jebel Haroun_. So according to most travelers; but Trumbull +locates Mount Hor in the Negeb. At Ezion-geber and Elath (stations 43 +and 44), they saw once more the Red Sea, at its eastern arm. On this +journey, too, but whether before or after passing the Red Sea, is +uncertain, they were plagued by serpents, and "the brazen serpent" was +lifted up by Moses. (Num. 21:4-9.) At last the southern point of Mount +Seir was reached and passed, and now for the last time (Journey VIII.) +the Israelites turned their faces northward. They traveled through the +land of Teman, between Edom and the Arabian desert. At the brook Zered +(_Wady el Ahsy_), station 49, they entered the land of Moab, which they +crossed in safety (Num. 21:11); and at the brook Arnon they came into +the country of Sihon, the king of the Amorites, who came against them, +and was defeated and slain at Jahaz. (Num. 21:12-31.) The Amorites of +Bashan on the north were ruled by the giant Og, a descendant of the +ancient Rephaim. (See page 37.) His land was conquered and himself slain +in a decisive battle at Edrei. From the heights of Abarim (station 57) +they descended to the Jordan Valley, and encamped at their last station +(No. 58) before entering the Land of Promise, on the eastern bank of the +Jordan, opposite Jericho. Here occurred: 1. The episode of Balaam's +prophecy. (Num. 22-24.) 2. The iniquity of Israel with the women of +Moab, and the plague on the people as a result. (Num. 25:1-18.) 3. The +numbering of Israel. (Num. 26.) 4. The campaigns against the Moabites +and Midianites. (Num. 31.) 5. The allotment to the tribes of Reuben and +Gad, and half the tribe of Manasseh. (Num. 32.) 6. The repetition of the +law and the recapitulation of the journeys, in the book of Deuteronomy. +7. Last of all, the ascent of Moses up the height of Nebo, his prophetic +view of the Promised Land, and his lonely death. (Deut. 34.) + +[Illustration: KADESH-BARNEA AND VICINITY. + +(According to DR. TRUMBULL.)] + + +STATIONS OF THE ISRAELITES DURING THEIR JOURNEY FROM EGYPT TO CANAAN. + +I. FROM RAMESES TO THE RED SEA. + + +============================+=================+======+======+======+ + | STATION. |IDENTIFICATION. |EXOD. | NUM. |DEUT. | + +----------------------------+-----------------+------+------+------+ + |1. Rameses |Abu Kesheib |12:37 |33: 3 | | + |2. Succoth |Unknown |12:37 |33: 5 | | + |3. Etham |Unknown |13:20 |33: 6 | | + |4. Pi-hahiroth |Bir Suweis |14: 2 |33: 7 | | + |5. Red Sea | |14:22 |33: 8 | | + +----------------------------+-----------------+------+------+------+ + + +II. FROM THE RED SEA TO MOUNT SINAI. + + +============================+=================+======+======+======+ + | STATION. |IDENTIFICATION. |EXOD. | NUM. |DEUT. | + +----------------------------+-----------------+------+------+------+ + |6. Desert of Shur, |Shore of Red Sea |15:22 |33: 8 | | + | or of Etham | | | | | + |7. Marah |Ain Hawârah |15:23 |33: 8 | | + |8. Elim |Wady Ghurundel |15:27 |33: 9 | | + |9. Red Sea |Wady Taiyibeh | |33:10 | | + |10. Desert of Sin |El Murkîyeh(?) |16: 1 |33:11 | | + |11. Dophkah |Ain Markhâ(?) | |33:12 | | + |12. Alush |Uncertain | |33:13 | | + |13. Rephidim |Wady Feiran |17: 1 |33:14 | | + |14. Sinai |Plain er Râhah |19: 1 |33:15 | | + +----------------------------+-----------------+------+------+------+ + + +III. FROM MOUNT SINAI TO KADESH-BARNEA. + + +=============================+=================+======+======+======+ + | STATION. |IDENTIFICATION. |NUM. | NUM. |DEUT. | + +-----------------------------+-----------------+------+------+------+ + |15. Taberah |Wady Sâal(?) |11: 3 | | 9:22 | + |16. Kibroth-hattaavah |Erweis el Ebeirig|11:34 |33:16 | | + |17. Hazeroth |Ain Hudherah |11:35 |33:17 | | + |18. Mount of the Amorites |Jebel Magrah(?) | | | 1:19 | + |19. Kadesh-barnea |Ain el Weibeh(?) |13:26 | | 1:19 | + +-----------------------------+-----------------+------+------+------+ + + +IV. FROM KADESH-BARNEA TO MOUNT HOR. + + +=============================+================+======+======+======+ + | STATION. |IDENTIFICATION. |NUM. | NUM. |DEUT. | + +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+ + |20. Rithmah |Uncertain | |33:18 | | + |21. Rimmon-parez |Uncertain | |33:19 | | + |22. Libnah |Uncertain | |33:20 | | + |23. Rissah |Uncertain | |33:21 | | + |24. Kehelathah |Uncertain | |33:22 | | + |25. Mount Shapher |Jebel Araif(?) | |33:23 | | + |26. Haradah |Uncertain | |33:24 | | + |27. Makheloth |Uncertain | |33:25 | | + |28. Tahath |Uncertain | |33:26 | | + |29. Tarah |Uncertain | |33:27 | | + |30. Mithcah |Uncertain | |33:28 | | + |31. Hashmonah |Uncertain | |33:29 | | + |32. Moseroth |Mount Hor | |33:30 | | + +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+ + + +V. FROM MOUNT HOR TO EZION-GEBER. + + +=============================+================+======+======+======+ + | STATION. |IDENTIFICATION. |NUM. | NUM. |DEUT. | + +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+ + |33. Bene-jaakan |Arabah | |33:31 | | + |34. Hor-hagidgad |Wady Ghudhaghidh| |33:32 | | + |35. Jotbathah |Emshâsh(?) | |33:33 | | + |36. Ebronah |Uncertain | |33:34 | | + |37. Ezion-geber |Gulf of Akabah | |33:35 | | + +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+ + + +VI. FROM EZION-GEBER TO KADESH-BARNEA. + + +=============================+================+======+======+======+ + | STATION. |IDENTIFICATION. | NUM. | NUM. |DEUT. | + +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+ + |38. Kadesh-barnea |Ain Quadis |20: 1 |33:36 | | + +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+ + + +VII. FROM KADESH-BARNEA TO ELATH. + + +=============================+================+======+======+======+ + | STATION. |IDENTIFICATION. |NUM. | NUM. |DEUT. | + +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+ + |39. Bene-jaakan |Arabah | | |10: 6 | + |40. Mosera |Mount Hor |20:22 |33:37 |10: 6 | + |41. Gudgodah |Wady Ghudhaghidh| | |10: 7 | + |42. Jotbath |Uncertain | | |10: 7 | + |43. Ezion-geber |Gulf of Akaba |21: 4 | | 2: 8 | + |44. Elath |Akabah | | | 2: 8 | + +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+ + + +VIII. FROM ELATH TO JORDAN. + + +=============================+================+======+======+======+ + | STATION. |IDENTIFICATION. | NUM. | NUM. |DEUT. | + +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+ + |45. Zalmonah |Wady Amran(?) | |33:41 | | + |46. Punon |Uncertain | |33:42 | | + |47. Oboth |Uncertain |21:10 |33:43 | | + |48. Ije-abarim |Uncertain |21:11 |33:44 | | + |49. Zered |Wady el Ahsy |21:12 | |10:13 | + |50. Arnon |Wady Môjeb |21:13 | |10:24 | + |51. Dibon-gad |Dhibân | |33:45 | | + |52. Almon-diblathaim |Uncertain | |33:46 | | + |53. Beer |Uncertain |21:16 | | | + |54. Mattanah |Uncertain |21:18 | | | + |55. Nahaliel |Uncertain |21:19 | | | + |56. Bamoth |Uncertain |21:19 | | | + |57. Abarim, Nebo, or Pisgah |Jebel Neba |21:20 |33:47 | | + |58. Plains of Moab, or Jordan|Ghôr en Nimrîn |22: 1 |33:48 | | + +=============================+================+======+======+======+ + +[Illustration: GARDEN OF GETHSEMANE.] + +[Illustration: Beth-horon and Vicinity. + +CONQUEST OF CANAAN.] + + + + +THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN. + + +AFTER the forty years of the Wandering came the seven years of the +Conquest. Yet it is true, that in the complete sense the conquest began +before the Israelites crossed the Jordan under Joshua, and was not +finished until long after the period of the Judges. As Dean Stanley +says: "The conquest began from the passage of the brook Zered, under +Moses; it was not finally closed till the capture of Jerusalem by David. +But in a more limited sense it may be confined to the period during +which the territory, afterward known by the name of Palestine, was +definitively occupied as their own by the Israelites." The map on page +36 shows us the territorial divisions of the land before the conquest; +the one which we are now studying presents the campaigns by which it was +won. These may be divided into three sections. 1. The conquest of the +territory on the east of the Jordan, in three campaigns, during the rule +of Moses. 2. The conquest of that on the west of the Jordan, under the +leadership of Joshua, in three campaigns. 3. A series of supplementary +conquests completing the work of subjugation. + +[Illustration: SHECHEM.] + + +I. THE CONQUEST OF EASTERN PALESTINE. + +This region was occupied, at the time of the arrival of the Israelites, +by the Moabites between the brooks Zered and Arnon, and by the Amorites +north of the Arnon. The latter people were divided into two kingdoms. +The land of Gilead was ruled by King Sihon, whose capital was at +Heshbon; and the table-land of Bashan by Og, a remnant of the old race +of the Rephaim. Tributary to Sihon, and on the border of the Arabian +desert, were the Midianites (Josh. 13:21); and near the Moabites were +their nomadic kinsmen, the Ammonites. + +1. =The Conquest of Gilead.= (Num. 21:21-31.) The Amorites, under Sihon, +had wrested from the Moabites the land between the Arnon and the Jabbok, +a short time before the coming of Israel. Moses sent messengers, +requesting the privilege of journeying through their land; but they +refused to permit the passage of such a vast host, and came out to meet +the Israelites in battle at Jahaz, near their border, at the brook +Arnon. They were defeated, and their whole land was conquered, including +their own territory north of the Jabbok, as well as their Moabite +possessions south of it. Thus the Israelites obtained, as their first +foothold, the rich region of the eastern table-land, from the Arnon to +the Hieromax. + +2. =The Conquest of Bashan.= (Num. 21:32-35.) The success of the war +with one nation of the Amorites encouraged the Israelites to cross the +Hieromax and undertake the conquest of the rich pasture fields of +Bashan, the kingdom of Og, whose capital was at the ancient city of his +race, Ashteroth Karnaim. There is some evidence to indicate that the +leader in this campaign was Nobah, of the tribe of Manasseh. (Num. +32:42.) A decisive battle was fought at Edrei, at the entrance to the +_Ledja_, or mountainous district; and Og was slain, and his kingdom +possessed by Israel. Its western portion, including Kenath and its +vicinity, was given to Nobah, who named the region after himself. (Num. +32:42; Judges 8:11.) + +3. =The Conquest of Midian.= (Num. 25 and 31.) While the Israelites were +encamped on the plain of Jordan, opposite Jericho, their last station, +called Shittim (Num. 25:1), a league was formed by the Moabites and +Midianites to resist their advance. Balaam, the Mesopotamian seer, was +summoned to aid them by his curses against Israel; but his words were +turned to blessing. (Num. 22-24.) Fearing the result of open war, the +allied nations now undertook to corrupt Israel by their friendship and +the seductions of their women; and they succeeded to such an extent that +multitudes of the people perished by a plague which fell upon the nation +as a penalty. The Moabites were punished by exclusion for ten +generations from the privileges of Israel (Deut. 23:3, 4), and by the +loss of that portion of their territory already taken from the Amorites. +The Midianites, evidently the guiltier nation, were doomed to utter +destruction. The campaign against them was regarded as a sacred war, and +Phinehas the priest took command of the army. The entire people were +laid under the ban, and the portion of them east of the Jordan were +thoroughly annihilated. This was, however, only a small section of the +great tribe of Midian, whose principal home was on the eastern shore of +the Red Sea, south of the Edomites; and their former home near Moab was +again repopulated, and, some centuries afterward, gave new trouble to +Israel. + +The entire country east of the Jordan and north of the brook Arnon was +thus conquered by the Israelites before the death of Moses. It was +assigned to the tribes of Reuben and Gad, and half the tribe of +Manasseh, as their home, upon condition that their warriors should +accompany the rest of the tribes in the conquest of Western Palestine. +(Num. 32.) Their boundaries will be noticed in connection with the map +of Israel, as divided among the Twelve Tribes. + + +II. THE CONQUEST OF WESTERN PALESTINE. + +This was undertaken by Joshua after the death of Moses, and, as far as +can be ascertained from the record, was accomplished in three campaigns. +The war began with the passage of the Jordan, B.C. 1210, and, so far as +active hostilities were concerned, was finished in seven years. But the +great mass of the native population remained upon the soil, to plague +the Chosen People by the influence of their wickedness, so that the +conquest was never thoroughly completed. Indeed, some writers think that +the inhabitants of Palestine at the present time belong mainly to the +old Canaanite stock, which has perpetuated itself under all the changes +of government. + +1. =The Conquest of Central Palestine.= (Josh. 3-8.) According to the +account in the book of Joshua, this was a brief campaign; but the +Samaritan records relate a series of supplementary sieges and battles, +which would indicate that the war may have been longer than appears. +Still, there are evidences that the Hivites and Perizzites, who occupied +most of this district, were peaceful peoples, readily yielding to the +conquerors, so that the resistance was less stubborn than in other +sections. The war began with the passage of the Jordan, an event ever +kept in mind as the entrance of the people upon their own land. They +pitched their camp at Gilgal, in the Jordan Valley, and fortified the +place as a permanent headquarters during the entire period of conquest. +(Josh. 5.) Jericho was first taken, by supernatural aid, and devoted to +God as the first fruits of conquest. (Josh. 6.) An act of trespass +against God by Achan, caused a defeat at Ai (near Bethel), the next +place attacked; but the sin was punished, and, by a stratagem and +ambush, Ai was taken. They then marched northward to Shechem, an ancient +Hivite city, of which the last previous account is its destruction by +the sons of Jacob. (Gen. 34.) It may not have been rebuilt, as we find +at this time the Hivites occupying a number of towns at a distance from +it (Gibeon and others, Josh. 9); or it may have submitted to the +overwhelming power of Israel. In the Vale of Shechem, between the +mountains Ebal and Gerizim, all the Israelites were assembled, the law +was read in their hearing, and memorial stones were erected. After this, +the Hivites of four villages, of which Gibeon was the most important, by +means of a deception made a treaty of peace with the Israelites, and +obtained a pledge of protection; being the only nation in all the land +formally spared from destruction. Their deceit was soon discovered; but +the word of Israel was kept, though the people of the four villages were +reduced to the condition of "servants of the sanctuary," _i. e._, +employed in the menial duties of the Tabernacle. The central portion of +the land was now possessed by Israel, from Jericho and Gibeon northward +to the Carmel range of mountains, and the army returned to the fortified +camp at Gilgal. (Josh. 9.) + +2. =The Conquest of Southern Palestine.= (Josh. 10.) The conquest had +thus far been easy; mainly because there was no union among the native +tribes, but each city and village was ruled by its own "king," or +sheikh, and all were jealous of one another, so that they were readily +conquered in detail. Warned by the fate of Jericho and Ai, and alarmed +at the defection of Gibeon, the kings of five cities formed a league to +resist the invading host. The head of the confederation was Adoni-zedek, +the king of Jerusalem, and associated with him were the rulers of +Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish and Eglon, and perhaps other subordinate +chiefs. They began by an attack on the city of Gibeon, as a tributary of +Israel. Joshua at once called forth his warriors, left the camp at +Gilgal, made a swift night march through the mountain passes, and came +suddenly upon the enemy near Beth-horon. Here was fought perhaps the +most important battle in all human history, and one at which "the sun +and moon" might well "stand still," since the religious destiny of all +the world was at stake in its result. In this one battle the conquest of +Canaan was made certain, though it was not fully accomplished until long +afterward. The flying host were pursued to Makkedah, on the border of +the plain, where the five kings were captured and slain. Then in +succession, the strongholds of Libnah, Lachish, Eglon, Hebron, and, last +of all, Debir, were taken by storm. From the list of the kings captured +(Josh. 12:9-24), it would appear that Joshua carried his conquests +through the South Country, as far as Arad and Hormah, places where the +Israelites had suffered defeat during the period of the wandering (Num. +21:1-3); though these kings may have been captured at Hebron or Debir. +But, though all may not have been ravaged by the Israelites, all was +certainly conquered, from Jerusalem to the great desert on the south. +The conquest was afterward made complete by the aged Caleb, who with his +nephew Othniel took possession of the very cities of which the name had +filled the Israelites with terror a generation before. (Num. 13.) + +[Illustration: PALESTINE AS PROMISED AND POSSESSED.] + +3. =The Conquest of Northern Palestine.= (Josh. 11.) This region was +also occupied by a number of independent chiefs, of whom the most +powerful was Jabin, the king of Hazor, a title which afterward reappears +in the history. (Judges 4, 2.) They ruled over small tribes of various +races, from Mount Hermon to Mount Carmel, especially on the Plain of +Esdraelon. The king of Hazor called together the associated tribes, and +their camp was pitched near Lake Merom. Joshua made one of his +characteristic swift marches, up the Jordan Valley, attacked them +suddenly, and utterly defeated and scattered them. He burned the many +war chariots, and so cut the sinews of their horses as to make them +useless; since these animals were never used by the Israelites. After +the battle he marched through the northern regions, capturing the cities +and slaying their rulers, a number of whom are mentioned in the +catalogue of Josh. 12:9-24. This campaign closed the active operations, +so that "the land rested from war" (Josh. 11:23); but for many years the +strife was feebly continued, and it was not entirely finished until the +reign of David. + + +III. SUPPLEMENTARY CONQUESTS. + +Although the struggle of the conquest was over, yet in most of the land +the task of expulsion or destruction was yet to be accomplished, and in +many places was never entirely wrought. The entire section of the +maritime plain remained in the hands of the Philistines; in almost every +tribe were fortresses, which long resisted the Israelites, and formed +centres of rebellion, and sometimes of oppression. And many of the +cities taken by Joshua were soon reoccupied by their original +inhabitants, and once more fortified. The book of the Judges relates +briefly three campaigns after the conquest. + +1. =The Campaign of the Judaites and Simeonites.= (Judges 1:1-8.) This +was undertaken against Adoni-bezek, the king of Bezek, a place in or +near the tribe of Judah, not positively identified. Adoni-bezek was a +petty chieftain, who had cruelly mutilated no less than 70 local chiefs +whom he had taken in battle. He was surprised by the allied forces of +Judah and Simeon, and ten thousand of his warriors were slain. He was +taken prisoner, and treated as he had treated other captive kings; his +thumbs and great toes being cut off, thus making him helpless. After +this, the allied tribes marched down upon the maritime plain, and took +the Philistine cities of Gaza, Ashkelon and Ekron. But their conquests +were not permanent; they withdrew to the mountains, and the Philistines +were soon in possession of their cities, which long stood as a menace to +Israel. Another campaign was directed against the cities of the Negeb, +or South Country, and resulted in the destruction of Zephath and Hormah, +both south of Hebron. + +2. =The Campaign of Caleb and Othniel.= Caleb was the oldest man in +Israel, having accompanied Joshua and the other spies, thirty-eight +years before the entrance of Israel into the Promised Land. (Num. +13-14.) For his faithfulness when so many were overcome with terror, he +received a promise of inheritance in the land. At least 45 years +afterward, Hebron, in the south of Judah, was allotted to him. It had +been taken by Joshua (Josh. 10:36, 37), but afterward reoccupied by the +Anakim (see page 38), and the Amorites, its original possessors. Caleb +led an army against it, once more won the city, and made it his own. He +promised his daughter, Achsah, to the warrior who should take Debir, or +Kirjath-sepher, south of Hebron, which had also been reoccupied by the +enemy. His younger brother (perhaps nephew) Othniel, won the city and +his bride. (Josh. 14:1-15; 15:13-19; Judges 1:10-15.) This campaign was +probably about the same time with the one narrated above, and may have +been in connection with it. + +3. =The Danite Campaign.= (Judges 18.) The tribe of Dan found themselves +unable to overcome their Philistine neighbors, and were straitened for +room in their narrow possessions. They sent out a body of men to search +for a new home. These spies traversed the country as far to the north as +Laish, or Leshem, a Phoenician city, near one of the sources of the +Jordan. The Danite spies returned to their people at Zorah and Eshtaol, +and made their report. A part of the tribe agreed to migrate to this +northern region. Their first encampment on the journey, near +Kirjath-jearim, in Judah, long bore the name of "the camp of Dan." At a +village in Mount Ephraim they plundered Micah of his idols and carried +away their priest, who was a degenerate grandson of Moses the prophet. +At Laish they fell suddenly upon the defenseless Phoenicians, destroyed +their city, and built in its place one which they called Dan. It was the +northern landmark of the land, as Beersheba was its southern, giving +rise to the term "from Dan to Beersheba." Dan remained an idol +sanctuary, and a place of corrupting influence during all the after +history of Israel. + +Upon the map are noted: 1. The six campaigns of the conquest, three on +each side of the Jordan. The precise route of travel cannot be +identified, but the general direction is shown by a red line. The +"supplementary conquests" are not indicated, in order to avoid +confusion, but can be easily traced. 2. The important battle-fields are +indicated by flags. These were at (1) Jahaz, (2) Edrei, (3) the land of +Midian, (4) Jericho, (5) Ai, (6) Beth-horon, (7) Hazor. Besides these +were many cities captured by Joshua during his campaign in Southern +Canaan. 3. The royal cities captured by Moses and Joshua are each +indicated on the map by a crown. These were, on the east of Jordan: +Heshbon, the capital of Sihon's kingdom, and Ashtaroth, the capital of +Og's kingdom; and on the west of Jordan, 31 cities, whose kings were +taken and slain by Joshua. (Josh. 12:9-24.) The places identified are +the only ones marked upon the map. 4. The four cities of the Hivite +league, which alone made a treaty with Israel, are shown by clasped +hands, the token of peace. 5. At the close of the conquest a large part +of the country was left in the possession of the native races. This +region is indicated by the yellow color. 6. Many towns remained in the +hands of the Canaanite and Philistine races. Some were taken by Israel, +but afterward reoccupied by their original inhabitants; others held out +against the Israelites, and were a constant source of danger, both by +their opposition, and still more by their friendship. The ceasing of the +war before the native races were either utterly exterminated or driven +away, was a mistaken mercy, which cost Israel centuries of strife, the +infection from their idolatry, and the corrupt influence of their +morals. The sparing of the Canaanites imperiled and well nigh thwarted +the destiny of Israel as the depositary of religious truth for all the +world. + + +OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. + +I. _Conquest of Eastern Palestine._ 1. Gilead. (Amorites, Sihon, Jahaz.) +2. Bashan. (Amorites, Og, Edrei; Nobah, Kenath.) 3. Midian. (Phinehas.) + +II. _Conquest of Western Palestine._ 1. Central. (Gilgal, Jericho, Ai, +Shechem, Gibeon.) 2. Southern. (Beth-horon, Makkedah, Libnah, Lachish, +Eglon, Hebron, Debir.) 3. Northern. (Hazor.) + +III. _Supplementary Conquests._ 1. Judah and Simeon. (Adoni-bezek, +Bezek; Gaza, Ashkelon, Ekron; Zephath, Hormah.) 2. Caleb and Othniel. +(Hebron, Debir.) 3. Dan. (Laish.) + +[Illustration: CHURCH OF THE ASCENSION.] + + + + +PALESTINE AMONG THE TWELVE TRIBES. + + +THE division of the land among the Twelve Tribes took place in three +stages. 1. After the conquest of Eastern Palestine, during the lifetime +of Moses, the two tribes of Reuben and Gad and half the tribe of +Manasseh received their portion, on condition that their warriors should +aid their kinsmen in the war for the rest of the land. (Num. 32.) 2. +After the campaigns in Western Palestine (see last map and +explanations), the two leading tribes of Judah and Ephraim and the +remaining half of Manasseh received their inheritance, and took +possession of it, as far as conquered: Judah in the south, Ephraim a +small but choice portion in the centre, and Manasseh immediately north +of it. (Josh. 15-17.) 3. The remaining seven tribes delayed long in +obtaining their portions in the land, but at last, after a rebuke from +the aged Joshua for their slowness, made the division by lot, and +entered upon their inheritance. (Josh. 18, 19.) The cities of refuge, +and those for the priests and Levites, were last of all appointed, late +in the life of Joshua, and then "the land had rest from war," and Israel +entered upon its history in its own land. + +It is not easy to fix the tribal boundary lines, since some tribes +possessed cities within the domain of other tribes, and the boundaries, +if not entirely indeterminate, varied greatly in different ages. +Geographers are agreed upon the general position, but not upon the +precise boundary lines. We follow the map of Dr. James Strong, in +McClintock and Strong's Cyclopedia. + +[Illustration: VIEW IN THE EASTERN TABLE-LAND--BASHAN.] + +I. =The Tribe of Reuben= (Num. 32:1-38; Josh. 13:15-23) had the river +Arnon for its southern border, this river separating it from Moab. It +was bounded on the east by the Syrian desert, and on the west by the +Dead Sea and the lower end of the Jordan. Its northern line began at +Beth-jeshimoth, and extended northeasterly to near Rabbath Ammon. Its +territory consisted of a low region by the sea and the river, a +precipitous mountain range, and a rolling plateau eastward, well adapted +for pasture. Among its prominent localities were: Heshbon, the capital +of the Amorite king, Sihon; Dibon, where recently the Moabite stone was +discovered; Mount Nebo, where Moses died; Bezer, a city of refuge; +Aroer, Ataroth, Medeba, Kiriathaim, and Kedemoth. + +II. =The Tribe of Gad= (Num. 32:34-36; Josh. 13:24-28) was located north +of Reuben. Its boundary on the west was the river Jordan, from the Sea +of Chinnereth (Galilee) almost to its mouth. Its eastern border was the +desert, from Rabbath Ammon to Mahanaim, from which point its line ran +northwest to the Sea of Chinnereth. Like the land of Reuben, its +territory embraced portions of the Jordan Valley; the eastern +mountains, divided by the torrent Jabbok; and the table-land, a rich +and well-watered district. The part in the Jordan Valley was, however, +never possessed by the Israelites, but remained in the hands of the +native Canaanites. In the valley, its cities were Beth-nimrah and +Succoth. Among the mountains the places were: Jazer, near the border of +Reuben; Ramoth-gilead, a famous fortress, often the scene of war; +Penuel, the place of Jacob's wrestling with the angel (Gen. 32:24-32); +Jabesh-gilead, whose warriors rescued the bodies of Saul and Jonathan (1 +Sam. 31:11-13); Mahanaim, a place of refuge both for the son of Saul, +and afterward for David (2 Sam. 2:8; 2 Sam. 17:24); and Gadara, a +foreign city, on the northern frontier. + + +-----------------------------------------------------------+ + |+---------------------------------------------------------+| + || Manasseh, (East) 2,590 Sq. M. || + || (_Partly Desert_) || + |+---------------------------------------------------------+| + || Judah, 1,400 Sq. M. | | + ||(_Exclusive of Philistia and | | + || Desert by Dead Sea_) | | + |+-------------------------------+ | + || Gad, | | + ||1,300 Sq. Miles. | | + |+----------------------------+ | + ||Simeon, 1,000 Sq. M.| | + ||(_Partly Desert_) | | + |+--------------------+ | + ||Manasseh, (West) | | + || 800 Sq. M. | | + |+-----------------+ | + || Naphtali, | | + || 800 Sq. M. | | + |+-----------------+ | + || Reuben, | | + || 700 Sq. M. | | + |+--------------+ | + || Ephraim, | | + || 600 Sq. M.| COMPARATIVE SIZE | + |+------------+ | + || Dan, | | + ||500 Sq. M.| OF | + |+----------+ | + || |Issachar, | + || |400 Sq. M. TERRITORY OF THE TRIBES. | + |+------+ | + || |Zebulon, | + || |300 Sq. M. | + |+---+ | + || |Asher, | + || |300 Sq. M. | + |+---+ | + || |Benjamin, | + || |300 Sq. M. | + |+---+ | + +-----------------------------------------------------------+ + + +III. =The Half Tribe of Manasseh, East= (Num. 32:39-42; Josh. 13:29-31), +occupied the northern portion of Eastern Palestine, generally known in +the Old Testament as Bashan, larger than the portion assigned to any one +tribe. It extended from Mahanaim northward to Mount Hermon, and from the +river Jordan and its two northern lakes eastward to the desert. Though +some of this land is a desert, yet most of it is fertile, and even now +it is called "the granary of Palestine." It consists of undulating +plains between two masses of mountains; the one on the east, now known +as _el Ledja_, and the other on the side of the Jordan Valley. On its +western hills were Aphek, and Golan, a city of refuge; near its centre +were Ashtaroth, the former capital of Og, who reigned over Bashan before +the conquest, and Edrei. Kenath, taken by Nobah, was at the foot of _el +Ledja_, east of the line of the map. Its people never conquered the +Geshurites on the east, and were separated from their brethren by the +Canaanites in the Jordan Valley (see map on page 50), so that they were +not closely identified with the history of Israel, and were the first to +be carried away captive. (2 Kings 10:32, 33.) + +IV. =The Tribe of Simeon= (Josh. 19:1-9) received a portion of the land +previously given to Judah. Its location was on the extreme south, and +its boundaries were indeterminate, being indicated only by the list of +eighteen towns belonging to it. It was the strip of grazing land between +the mountains and the desert of the wandering, where Abraham and Isaac +spent most of their lives. Its most important place was the historic +Beersheba; but it included also Gerar, on the Philistine border; Arad, +whose king twice resisted the Israelites' progress during the wandering; +Hormah, in the South Country; and Ziklag, at one time the home of David. +Nothing is known of this tribe's history. From its frontier position it +probably lost its individuality, a part of its people becoming merged +with the wandering races of the desert, and a part with its more +powerful neighbor, Judah. Most of its cities were held by the +Philistines until the reign of David. + +V. =The Tribe of Judah= (Josh. 15:1-63) occupied the most valuable +portion of the land, and for three centuries was the rival of Ephraim in +the leadership of the nation. Its boundary line on the north is +described with great minuteness, but was changed after the building of +the Temple to include a part of the city of Jerusalem. It ran from the +northern end of the Dead Sea, south of Jerusalem, in a direction +generally east, though with many turnings, from the Jordan to the +Mediterranean. The region embraced five sections. 1. The Philistine +plain, by the sea, never conquered. 2. The Shefelah, or low hills, a +boundary disputed with the Philistines. 3. The "hill country," the home +of the tribe. 4. The Negeb, or South Country, extending from Hebron +southward. 5. The wild, uninhabitable Jeshimon, called in later history +"the wilderness of Judæa," on the western shore of the Dead Sea. +Omitting the Philistine cities by the Mediterranean, its most important +cities were: Hebron, the inheritance of Caleb; Debir, the conquest of +Othniel; Bethlehem, the birthplace of David, and, in after ages, of his +greater Son; Maon, Carmel; En-gedi, a haunt of David during his exile; +Lachish and Libnah, on the Shefelah; and Kirjath-jearim, at one time the +abode of the ark. + +VI. =The Tribe of Benjamin= (Josh. 18:11-28) was located between Judah +and Ephraim, having the Jordan on the east, and Dan on the west. It was +a small country, 25 miles long by 12 wide, yet rich in natural +advantages; and many events of Bible history took place within its +borders. It included 26 cities, of which the most important were: +Gilgal, the military capital during the conquest; Jericho, the first +town taken on the west of the Jordan; Jerusalem, long held by the +Jebusites, but from the time of David the capital of the country; +Bethel, connected with many events; Ramah, the home of Samuel; Gibeah, +the residence of King Saul; Michmash, Gibeon and Mizpeh, the places of +famous battles. No portion of the land contains more of Jewish history +than Benjamin, the smallest of all the tribes of Israel. + +[Illustration: COMPARATIVE POPULATION OF THE TWELVE TRIBES AT THE +ENTRANCE INTO CANAAN.] + + Judah, 306,000. + Dan, 257,600. + Issachar, 257,200. + Zebulon, 242,000. + Asher, 213,600. + Manasseh, 210,800. + Benjamin, 182,400. + Naphtali, 181,600. + Reuben, 174,920. + Gad, 162,000. + Ephraim, 130,000. + Simeon, 88,800. + Levi, 46,000. + +VII. =The Tribe of Dan= (Josh. 19:40-48; Judges 18) was situated between +Benjamin and the sea, and, though apparently large, was in reality very +small, since nearly all its territory was held by the original +inhabitants, the Canaanites. Its southernmost town was Timnath, a small +village not on the map, but two miles west of Beth-shemesh; its northern +limit was a brook just north of Joppa. The original inhabitants proved +too strong for the Danites, who were compelled to maintain a sort of +fortified camp in and between the villages of Zorah and Eshtaol, called +"the camp of Dan." (Judges 13:25.) A part of the tribe migrated +northward, as related in the interesting account in Judges 17, 18; and, +by a surprise, seized the Phoenician village of Laish, or Leshem, in the +far north of Palestine, changed its name to Dan, and made it a new +rallying centre for the tribe. This place, with Beersheba on the south, +was named, in the expression "from Dan to Beersheba," as one of the +limits of the land. It remained for centuries the place of an idolatrous +worship, perpetuated under all the changes of government, down to the +final captivity of the land. + +VIII. =The Tribe of Ephraim= (Josh. 16) was located on the north of +Benjamin and Dan, and extended from the Jordan to the Mediterranean, in +the centre of the country. But inasmuch as the Canaanites were able to +resist the power of the Ephraimites on both sides of the mountain, +toward the river Jordan and toward the sea, the haughty tribe deemed its +possession too small for its needs, and asked a larger space of Joshua. +They were answered in a half-jesting, half-rebuking manner by the +leader, and urged to drive out the enemy and make for themselves more +room, a counsel which they followed only in part. (Josh. 17:14-18; +Judges 1:22-26.) The principal places in "Mount Ephraim" (as the +district of this tribe was generally called) were: Shechem, between the +twin mountains of Ebal and Gerizim; Shiloh, the place of the ark, and +the religious centre of the land; Beth-horon, the field where the +decisive victory of the conquest was won; Timnath, the burial place of +Joshua; and Samaria, built during the kingdom as the capital of the Ten +Tribes. + +IX. =The Half Tribe of Manasseh, West= (Josh. 17), was located north of +Ephraim, and extended from the Jordan to the Mediterranean. Its boundary +followed the northern slope of Mount Carmel, except by the sea, where +the mountain was given to Asher. The lowlands on the Jordan, the Plain +of Esdraelon, and the Mediterranean, were held by the Canaanites, in the +cities of Dor, Megiddo, Taanach and Beth-shean, a chain of fortresses +which gave control of the larger portion of the province, so that the +Manassites were restricted to the mountains, where they occupied Geba, +Dothan and Jarmuth. + +X. =The Tribe of Issachar= (Josh. 19:17-23) was allotted the Plain of +Esdraelon (which it was never able to possess), and the mountains of +Tabor and Little Hermon ("Hill of Moreh"), extending to the Jordan south +of the Sea of Chinnereth (Galilee). Both the plain and the Jordan Valley +were held by the Canaanites, but the tribe occupied the mountains. Its +cities were En-gannim, Shunem, Haphraim, Daberath, and Beth-shemesh. The +towns of Cana, Nain and Nazareth, in New Testament history, were located +in this tribe. + +XI. =The Tribe of Asher= (Josh. 19:24-31) lay along the sea-coast, and +extended from Mount Carmel to Zidon. Nearly all its cities were +controlled by the Canaanites and Phoenicians, and the people soon +entered into friendly relations with them, and lost their power. A part +of the tribe, however, occupied the mountain range, and retained their +relationship with the rest of the Israelites. + +XII. =The Tribe of Zebulon= (Josh. 19:10-16) occupied a triangle between +Mount Carmel, the Sea of Chinnereth (afterward the Sea of Galilee), and +the village of Aijalon; having as its base the mountain border north of +the Plain of Esdraelon, and its western line the mountain chain +following the Mediterranean. As this belonged to the mountain region, it +was controlled mainly by the Israelites, though the Canaanites held two +towns, Kitron and Nahalol. (Judges 1:30.) Its principal places were: +Gath-hepher, the home of the prophet Jonah; Bethlehem (to be +distinguished from the town of the same name in Judah); and, in later +times, most of the cities of Galilee visited by our Lord. + +[Illustration: PALESTINE AMONG THE TRIBES.] + +XIII. =The Tribe of Naphtali= (Josh. 19:32-39) was the farthest to the +north in all Israel. It occupied a section running north and south, +between the Jordan and the Sea of Chinnereth on one side, and the +Phoenician border on the other. Its central city was Kedesh, a city of +refuge. Other towns were Hazor, Abel-beth-maachah, Beth-rehob (the +extreme point visited by the spies, Num. 13:21) and Beth-shemesh. Dan +(see on Tribe of Dan) was also in the limits of this tribe. + +XIV. =The Tribe of Levi= was the priestly caste, and received no +separate province in the land, but was allotted certain cities +throughout the tribes. These cities were given up to the Levites, either +wholly or in part; though it is evident that they were not the only +places occupied by the priests, and that others besides the Levites +dwelt in them. These "Levitical cities" were divided into two classes: +those for the priests proper, or descendants of Aaron, thirteen in +number, and all in the tribes of Judah, Simeon and Benjamin (a +remarkable arrangement, since the altar and the Tabernacle were in the +tribe of Ephraim); and those for the Levites, or subordinate priests, +thirty-five in number, divided among the other tribes. Thus there were +in all forty-eight Levitical cities. These were so arranged that in each +tribe four cities were assigned to the priests, except in Judah (which +had more), and Simeon and Naphtali, the frontier tribes, which had less. +As far as they have been identified and located, they are indicated upon +the map: the priests' cities by the _tiara_, or head-dress, worn by the +priests; the Levites' cities by a _trumpet_, as they formed the choral +bands in the worship of the Temple. Six of these cities were assigned as +"cities of refuge" for the innocent man-slayer. (Josh. 20.) Three cities +were chosen on each side of the Jordan; in the south, the centre and the +north of the land. These were: Bezer, in Reuben; Ramoth-gilead, in Gad; +Golan, in Manasseh, East; Hebron, in Judah; Shechem, in Ephraim; and +Kedesh, in Naphtali. Each of these is indicated on the map by a tower. + + +OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. + + +SUGGESTIONS FOR TEACHING. + +Draw a rough map of Palestine, omitting mountains and all other lines +except the river and the seas. Do not attempt to make it accurate. In +presence of the class, draw the boundary lines of the tribes, not +attempting an accurate copy, but roughly indicating them. With each +tribe indicate the most important places by their initial letters. +Review all the places before beginning another tribe, and occasionally +go back to the beginning and review all the work done. Let the class, on +slate or paper, also draw the map, and locate the places. At the close, +call upon the scholars to give the location and name the places of the +tribes. + + +REVIEW. + +I. _Reuben._ Heshbon, Dibon, Mount Nebo, Bezer, Aroer, Ataroth, Medeba, +Kiriathaim, Kedemoth. + +II. _Gad._ Beth-nimrah, Succoth, Jazer, Ramoth-gilead, Penuel, +Jabesh-gilead, Mahanaim, Gadara. + +III. _Manasseh, East._ Aphek, Golan, Ashtaroth, Edrei, Kenath. + +IV. _Simeon._ Beersheba, Gerar, Arad, Hormah, Ziklag. + +V. _Judah_ (5 sections). Hebron, Debir, Bethlehem, Maon, Carmel, +En-gedi, Lachish, Libnah, Kirjath-jearim. + +VI. _Benjamin._ Gilgal, Jericho, Jerusalem, Bethel, Ramah, Gibeah, +Michmash, Gibeon, Mizpeh. + +VII. _Dan._ Zorah, Eshtaol, Dan. + +VIII. _Ephraim._ Shechem, Shiloh, Beth-horon, Timnath, Samaria. + +IX. _Manasseh, West._ Dor, Megiddo, Taanach, Beth-shean, Geba, Dothan, +Jarmuth. + +X. _Issachar._ En-gannim, Shunem, Haphraim, Daberath, Beth-shemesh, +Cana, Nain, Nazareth (in New Testament History). + +XI. _Asher._ + +XII. _Zebulon._ Gath-hepher, Bethlehem. + +XIII. _Naphtali._ Kedesh, Hazor, Abel-beth-maachah, Beth-rehob, +Beth-shemesh. + +XIV. _Levi._ Forty-eight Levitical cities in all. Six of these were +cities of refuge, as follows: Bezer, Ramoth-gilead, Golan, Hebron, +Shechem, Kedesh. + +[Illustration: ROUND ABOUT JERUSALEM.] + +[Illustration: PALESTINE UNDER THE JUDGES. + +THE PLAIN OF ESDRAELON.] + + + + +PALESTINE UNDER THE JUDGES. + + +THE map on page 60 is intended to illustrate the history of Palestine +from the division of the land (about 1170 B.C.) to the accession of +David (B.C. 1010.) This period may be noticed under three topics. 1. The +movements among the tribes supplementary to the conquest. 2. The +oppressions and the Judges. 3. The reign of the first king, Saul. (See +The Kingdom of Saul, page 64.) + + +I. SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE CONQUEST. + +1. =The Conquests of Judah and Simeon.= (Judges 1.) These were made by +the two southern tribes in alliance, and were accompanied by decisive +victories at Bezek, Hebron, Debir, and Zephath (afterward known as +_Hormah_, "destruction"). These places are marked with flags upon the +map. Jerusalem, Gaza, Ashkelon, and Ekron were also attacked and taken; +but the conquest was not permanent, since these places were soon +reoccupied by the native races. + +2. =The Danite Migration=, related in Judges 17, 18, took place about +the same time. The tribe of Dan was crowded by the Philistines into two +towns, Zorah and Eshtaol. A part of the warriors went upon an expedition +northward, and finding Laish, at one of the sources of the Jordan, +undefended, slew its Zidonian inhabitants, and made it their home and a +sanctuary of idols, under a new name, Dan. This formed the northern +outpost of the land of Israel. + +3. =The Civil War.= (Judges 19-21.) This was caused by a crime among the +people of one city, Gibeah, whose part was taken by the entire tribe, +according to the Oriental view of honor among members of a clan. It led +to a war between Benjamin and the rest of the tribes, at the end of +which, by the battle of Gibeah, the one tribe was almost annihilated. + +[Illustration: MOUNT TABOR.] + + +II. THE OPPRESSIONS AND THE JUDGES. + +From the times of Joshua to those of Saul, the Israelites were ruled by +men raised up to meet the needs of the hour, not by succession or +appointment, but by personal character and influence. Most of them ruled +over a limited region, and more than one doubtless was in authority at +the same time, in different parts of the land. They were called forth by +a series of _oppressions_, which were sometimes invasions by foreign +tribes, and sometimes the uprising of the native peoples against their +Israelite conquerors, reversing the relation for a time. The judges +were, in most instances, men who led the Israelites in throwing off the +yoke of these foreign races. The oppressions are generally reckoned as +seven, though the third was rather an invasion than an oppression; and +the judges, as fifteen in number, though several were not judges, in the +strict sense of the word. + +1. =The Mesopotamian Oppression= (Judges 3:1-11) was the first, +occurring soon after the death of Joshua. It resulted from the conquests +of a king named Chushan-rishathaim, who reigned in Mesopotamia. From the +two facts, that at this period the kings of Edom had Aramean names (Gen. +36), and that the deliverer of Israel was Othniel, of the tribe of +Judah, the first judge, it has been concluded that the region of this +oppression was the territory of that tribe, in the southern portion of +Palestine. + +2. =The Moabite Oppression.= (Judges 3:12-30.) The Moabites lived south +of the torrent Arnon, on the east of the Dead Sea. In alliance with the +wandering Ammonites, further eastward, and the Amalekites of the desert, +under their king, Eglon, they took possession of Jericho (which stood as +an unwalled town), and made it the centre of rule over the central +portion of the land, chiefly Benjamin and Judah. Ehud, the second +judge, assassinated Eglon, and then called upon his countrymen to +assemble at Mount Ephraim. A decisive battle was fought at the "Fords of +Moab" (where the Israelites had crossed the Jordan on their first +entrance to the land), resulting in the defeat of the Moabites and the +freedom of Israel. + +3. =The Early Philistine Oppression= (Judges 3:31) was perhaps no more +than a raid of these people upon the mountain region of Judah. It was +repelled by Shamgar, the third judge, whose army of farmers, hastily +gathered, had no other weapons than their formidable ox-goads. The +precise place of the victory is unknown, but it was on the frontier +between Judah and Philistia. + +4. =The Canaanite Oppression= (Judges 4, 5) was an uprising of the +native people against the Israelite conquerors. They changed the +relations of the two races, by becoming the dominant people in all the +region north of the Carmel range of mountains. Their capital was at +Hazor, and their chief military post at Harosheth, near the Plain of +Esdraelon. A woman, Deborah, living between Ramah and Bethel, was then +recognized as the fourth judge. She called upon Barak, of Naphtali, who +aided her in gathering a little army, chiefly from the tribes of +Issachar, Zebulon and Naphtali. They met at Mount Tabor, from which they +poured down upon the Canaanites, who were encamped upon the plain. In +the rout that followed, the Israelites were aided by a sudden storm, +and a rise in the torrent Kishon, which swept away many of their +enemies. The power of the Canaanites was broken, and thenceforward the +race made no attempt to regain its independence. + +5. =The Midianite Oppression= (Judges 6-8) was the most severe, thus +far, in the history of the judges. The Midianites, a migratory tribe on +the east of Palestine, joined with the Amalekite Bedouins in an invasion +which overran all the central portion of the land, plundering the +inhabitants, and destroying the fruits of the field. So low were the +Israelites reduced, that they were compelled to hide their crops, and +themselves also, in the caves of the mountains. The deliverer of Israel +at this period was Gideon, the fifth judge. At God's call he summoned +his countrymen, and gathered an army on Mount Gilboa, while their +enemies were encamped at the foot of the Hill Moreh (Little Hermon), an +innumerable host. With three hundred chosen men Gideon made a night +attack upon the Midianite host. They were defeated, and fled down the +ravine to the Jordan Valley, past Beth-shean, Abel-meholah and Tabbath. +Beth-barah, where they were intercepted by the men of Ephraim, was not +the same with the Bethabara of the New Testament, but probably in the +Jordan Valley, north of the Jabbok. At Succoth, near the junction of the +Jabbok and the Jordan, and at Penuel, in the valley of the Jabbok, the +pursuing Israelites under Gideon were inhospitably treated by the +inhabitants, but avenged themselves on their return. The remains of the +routed Midianite army were found by Gideon at Karkor, a place not +precisely known. He made a circuit, attacked them on the east, and +utterly destroyed them. After this victory Gideon bore rule over Israel +from his home in Ophrah, until his death. + +After the death of Gideon arose his son Abimelech, the sixth judge, "the +bramble king," who reigned over a small district around Shechem. (Judges +9.) He was not one of the divinely chosen deliverers, and strictly +should not be reckoned in the list of judges. He was slain ignobly at +Thebez, north of Shechem. The seventh judge was Tola, who ruled from +Shamir, in Mount Ephraim. (Judges 10:1, 2.) The eighth was Jair, whose +home was at Camon, in Mount Gilead, east of the Jordan. (Judges 10:3-5.) + +6. =The Ammonite Oppression= (Judges 10:6-18; 11:1-40) was perhaps +contemporaneous with the early part of the one named after it, the +Philistine. It embraced the land of the tribes on the east of the +Jordan, and lasted eighteen years. The Israelites rallied at Mizpeh of +Gilead (the place where Jacob and Laban made their covenant, Gen. +31:49), and called to the command Jephthah, the ninth judge, who was +living as a freebooter in the land of Tob, north of Gilead. He marched +against the Ammonites, and fought them at Aroer, on the border of the +torrent Arnon. He drove them in flight northward, and wasted their +territory as far as Minnith, near Heshbon. On his return took place the +fulfillment of his vow upon his daughter (Judges 11:40); and a civil +strife with the haughty tribe of Ephraim (Judges 12:1-6), which attacked +Gilead, but was beaten and put to flight. At the fords of Jordan many +thousand Ephraimites were slain in attempting to cross. Probably this +was the same place referred to already as Beth-barah. (Judges 7:24.) + +After Jephthah, the tenth judge was Ibzan of Bethlehem, north of Mount +Carmel; the eleventh, Elon of Aijalon, in the tribe of Zebulon; the +twelfth, Abdon of Pirathon, in Ephraim. (Judges 12:8-15.) + +7. =The Philistine Oppression= (Judges 13-16) began about the same time +with the Ammonite, but lasted far longer. During all the judgeships of +Eli, the thirteenth judge, of Samson the fourteenth, of Samuel the +fifteenth and last, and the forty years of Saul's reign, Israel remained +more or less under Philistine domination. In the reign of Saul we read +of Philistine garrisons throughout the land, as at Bethel (1 Sam. +10:3-5) and at Geba (1 Sam. 13:3), and not until all Israel was +consolidated under the strong sceptre of David, was the Philistine yoke +entirely thrown off. + +Eli, the thirteenth judge, was also high-priest, and ruled from Shiloh, +the place of the ark. The history relates only the events at the close +of his judgeship, when, by the loss of the ark at Ebenezer, and the +death of Eli, on the same day, the Israelites were reduced to the lowest +condition of trouble. + +The exploits of Samson were all personal, and in a narrow district. He +led no army, but wrought brave deeds singlehanded, in the "camp of Dan" +and the country of the Philistines. Had he added the administrative +powers of a Samuel to his courage and strength, the triumphs of David +would have been anticipated by a century. He was born at Zorah, in the +tribe of Dan (Judges 13:2), and won victories at Timnath (Judges +15:1-8); at Lehi ("the jaw," from the weapon used), a place whose +precise location is uncertain (Judges 15:9-20); and in his death, at +Gaza. (Judges 16.) + +Samuel, the fifteenth judge, was born at Ramah (also called +Ramathaim-zophim) (1 Sam. 1:1), and ruled from the same place during his +period of government, from the loss of the ark to the Anointing of Saul. +The great event of his rule was the victory at Ebenezer (1 Sam. 7), +which gave a name to the place of the former defeat. Other places +connected with this period are Kirjath-jearim, where the ark was long +kept; Mizpeh, the place where the active rule of Samuel both began and +ended; Bethel and Gilgal, where also he exercised the functions of +judge; and Beersheba, in the south of Judah, where his sons ruled for a +time as deputies in his name. + +Upon the map the names of the towns which remained during this period +under the control of the native races, are printed in red. Some of these +were Philistine, others Canaanite. Those on the maritime plain, west of +Judah and Benjamin, were mainly Philistine, as Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, +Ekron and Gath. Those in the interior, as Aijalon and Jebus; around the +Plain of Esdraelon, as Harosheth, Megiddo, Taanach and Hadad-rimmon; and +in the Jordan Valley, as Beth-shean and Jericho, were under the control +of the Canaanite races. + +We give the names of the fifteen judges, and their various centers of +authority, as indicated in the books of Judges and First Samuel. Some of +the locations are uncertain; but the places cannot be far from those +assigned upon the map. The names and locations are: 1. Othniel, tribe of +Judah. 2. Ehud, tribe of Benjamin. 3. Shamgar, tribe of Judah. 4. +Deborah, between Ramah and Bethel, in Ephraim. 5. Gideon, Ophrah, in +Manasseh, West. 6. Abimelech, "the bramble king," at Shechem, in +Ephraim. 7. Tola, in Shamir, of Manasseh, East. 8. Jair, in Manasseh, +East. 9. Jephthah, in the tribe of Gad. 10. Ibzan, in Bethlehem, north +of Mount Carmel. 11. Elon, at Aijalon, of Zebulon. 12. Abdon, at +Pirathon, in Ephraim. 13. Eli, at Shiloh, in Ephraim. 14. Samson, at +Zorah, in Dan. 15. Samuel, at Ramah, in Benjamin. + +The battles of this period are indicated upon the map by flags, and are +as follows: 1. Bezek. 2. Hebron. 3. Debir. 4. Zephath. All these in the +campaign of Judah and Simeon. (Judges 1.) 5. Laish (Dan), in the north, +the Danite conquest. (Judges 18.) 6. Gibeah, the extermination of +Benjamin. (Judges 20.) 7. Fords of Moab, Ehud's victory over the +Moabites. (Judges 3.) 8. Mount Tabor, Deborah's victory over the +Canaanites. (Judges 4.) 9. The Hill Moreh (Little Hermon), Gideon's +victory over the Midianites. (Judges 7.) 10. Karkor, the capture of the +chiefs of Midian. (Judges 8.) 11. Shechem, Abimelech's conquest. (Judges +9.) 12. Thebez, Abimelech's death. (Judges 9.) 13. Aroer, Jephthah's +victory over the Ammonites. (Judges 11.) 14. Beth-barah, Jephthah's +victory over Ephraim. (Judges 12.) 15. Timnath. 16. Lehi. 17. Gaza, +Samson's three slaughters of the Philistines. (Judges 14-16.) 18. +Ebenezer, the loss of the ark. (1 Sam. 4.) 19. Ebenezer, the victory of +Samuel. (1 Sam. 7.) + + +OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. + + +I. SUPPLEMENTARY TO CONQUEST. + +1. _Judah and Simeon._ Bezek, Hebron, Debir, Zephath. + +2. _Danite Migration._ Zorah, Eshtaol; Laish (Dan). + +3. _Civil War._ Benjamin, Gibeah. + + +II. OPPRESSIONS AND JUDGES. + +1. _Mesopotamian._ (South.) Othniel, 1st Judge. + +2. _Moabite._ (Central.) Jericho. Ehud, 2d Judge; Fords of Moab. + +3. _Early Philistine._ (South.) Shamgar, 3d Judge. + +4. _Canaanite._ (North.) Hazor, Harosheth. Mount Tabor; Deborah, 4th +Judge, Ramah. + +5. _Midianite._ (Central and North.) Hill Moreh, Karkor; Gideon, 5th +Judge, Ophrah. Abimelech, 6th Judge; Shechem, Thebez. Tola, 7th Judge, +Shamir. Jair, 8th Judge, Camon. + +6. _Ammonite._ (East.) Aroer; Jephthah, 9th Judge; "Fords of Jordan." +Ibzan, 10th Judge, Bethlehem. Elon, 11th Judge, Aijalon. Abdon, 12th +Judge, Pirathon. + +7. _Philistine._ (South and Central.) Eli, 13th Judge, Shiloh; Ebenezer. +Samson, 14th Judge; Timnath, Lehi, Gaza. Samuel, 15th Judge, Ramah; +Ebenezer. + + * * * * * + +_Battles of the Period._ 1. Bezek. 2. Hebron. 3. Debir. 4. Zephath. 5. +Laish (Dan). 6. Gibeah. 7. Fords of Moab. 8. Mount Tabor. 9. Hill Moreh. +10. Karkor. 11. Shechem. 12. Thebez. 13. Aroer. 14. Fords of Jordan +(Beth-barah?). 15. Timnath. 16. Lehi. 17. Gaza. 18, 19. Ebenezer. + +[Illustration: KINGDOM OF SAUL. + +Saul's Last Battle.] + + + + +THE KINGDOM OF SAUL. + + +DURING the last century of the Judges, there was a growing tendency +toward a more settled form of government; and the wise rule of Samuel +inspired a still stronger desire for a better organization of the state. +The rival tribes of Ephraim and Judah were conciliated by the choice of +a king from the weak tribe of Benjamin, equally dependent upon both; and +Saul, an obscure farmer of Gibeah, was called to the throne. The events +of his reign are here related only so far as is necessary to present the +localities referred to, which may be grouped under the following heads: +1. His Appointment. 2. His Wars. 3. His Pursuit of David. 4. His Death. + +I. =Saul's Appointment as King.= (1 Sam. 9-12.) This is connected with +four places. Ramah, the residence of Samuel (probably _Neby Samwil_, +3-1/2 miles nearly north of Jerusalem), where Saul was privately +crowned; Mizpeh, an unknown place, near by, and also north of Jerusalem, +where he was introduced to the people as king; Gibeah (_Tuleil el Ful_, +4 miles north of Jerusalem), his home and capital; and Gilgal, in the +Jordan Valley, where he was formally recognized as king, after his +victory at Jabesh-gilead. The places named in the account of Saul's +search for his father's stray asses, which led him to Samuel, are not +known with certainty; but Shalisha may be _Sirisia_, 13 miles north of +Lydda, and Zuph may be another name for Zophim, or Ramah, of which the +name in full was Ramathaim-zophim. + +II. =The Wars of Saul.= (1 Sam. 11-18.) These were as follows: + +1. _The Ammonite War._ (1 Sam. 11.) The Ammonites were a roving, +predatory, cruel people, ancient enemies of Israel, living east of the +Moabites. Under their king, Nahash, they invaded the territory east of +the Jordan, and besieged Jabesh-gilead (_ed Deir_). Word came to Saul, +who instantly summoned the warriors of Israel. They met at Bezek (not +the same with the Bezek of Judges 1:4, but probably the ruin _Ibzik_, a +little north of Tirzah), marched against the Ammonites, and, under +Saul's vigorous leadership, utterly discomfited them. The relief of +Jabesh-gilead, Saul's first victory, greatly strengthened his authority +as king, over the tribes. + +2. _The First Philistine War._ (1 Sam. 13, 14.) At the time of Saul's +accession, the Philistine outposts held Geba, Bethel, and other places +in the mountain region. Saul undertook to free the land, and summoned +the Israelites, who came tremblingly, being thoroughly cowed under their +oppressors. Saul's son Jonathan struck the first blow, by attacking the +Philistines at Geba (_Jeba_), near Gibeah, Saul's capital; and soon +followed it up by a great victory at Michmash, across the valley from +Geba. The Israelites now gained courage, and pursued the Philistines, +even to their own borders. Nevertheless, the Philistines continued to +hold their fortresses in Israel through all the reign of Saul, and wars +were constant between the two races. + +Three other wars of Saul are named in a single verse (1 Sam. 14:47), +without mention of particular events. These are as follows: + +3. _The Moabite War._ These people lived south of the brook Arnon, and +east of the Dead Sea. The war with them may have taken place in +connection with the Ammonite campaign, already referred to. No +battle-fields are named, so that the places of the war cannot be given. +It resulted in the defeat of the Moabites, but not in their subjection +to Israel. + +4. _The Edomite War_ perhaps occurred at the same time, and may have +been caused by an alliance of Edom, Moab and Ammon against Israel, as +all these tribes lived near each other, the Edomites south of the Dead +Sea. Probably after the victory at Jabesh-gilead, Saul pursued the +flying Ammonites, ravaged their territory, and then entered the lands of +Moab and of Edom. + +5. _The Syrian War._ This was against "the kings of Zobah." (1 Sam. +14:47.) Zobah was situated near Damascus, northeast of Palestine, and +was the head of a kingdom until subjected in the reign of David. It is +likely that Saul's campaign was a defensive one, protecting his border +against a Syrian inroad, but no places or particulars are named. + +6. _The Amalekite War._ (1 Sam. 14:48; 15:1-35.) This marked the turning +point in Saul's career; for, though a signal victory, it was the +occasion of his alienation from Samuel, the priests and the prophetic +order, and the beginning of his decline. The Amalekites were wild +Bedouins of the desert, whose presence made the southern border unsafe, +and against whom an ancient ban had been pronounced. They were to be +utterly destroyed, not merely conquered or despoiled. Saul assembled his +army at Telaim, on the southern border (probably _el Kuseir_, between +Beersheba and the Dead Sea), and marched into the land of the +Amalekites, destroyed their principal city, laid waste their country, +and brought away their king a prisoner. But the command had been, not to +plunder, but to destroy; as the safety of Israel (and, we may add, the +salvation of the world through Israel) was endangered by these nomad +hordes; and Saul, after leading his host with their plunder over the +mountains of Judah, met Samuel at Gilgal, and received a rebuke for his +disobedience, and the warning of his own rejection as the theocratic +king. + +7. _The Second Philistine War._ (1 Sam. 17, 18.) War was the normal +condition between the Israelites and the Philistines, and there were +doubtless many battles and campaigns of which no mention is made. But +this was notable for the first appearance of DAVID, the destined king, +who had been privately anointed by Samuel at Bethlehem. The Philistines +were encamped at a place called Ephes-dammim, or Shochoh, and the +Israelites across the Valley of Elah, where between the two hosts David +met the gigantic Goliath of Gath, and killed him, in a deed of mingled +skill and courage. As a result the Philistines fled, and were pursued by +Israel even to the gates of Ekron and Gath. David was now brought +prominently into notice, and became one of Saul's household at Gibeah, +though soon an object of suspicion by the jealous king. + +III. =Saul's Pursuit of David= (1 Sam. 19-28) is the principal subject +of the history during the close of his reign. We have indicated upon the +map, by a red line, the wanderings of David during this period, as +nearly as the localities have been identified, and have marked each +place by a number. + +1. At _Gibeah_, the capital, David was more than once threatened with +death, until at last he fled from Saul's wrath to Ramah. + +2. At _Ramah_, David was with Samuel and the "sons of the prophets," in +a neighborhood called Naioth, "pastures," or "dwellings." Here Saul came +to slay him, but was overcome by the ardent worship of the prophetic +band, and, forgetting his errand, joined in their devotions, while David +escaped once more to Gibeah. (1 Sam. 19:18-24.) + +3. At _Gibeah_, David found a place of hiding for a few days, and then +met his friend Jonathan, in the farewell interview, when "the arrows" +were shot as tokens. (1 Sam. 20.) + +4. David's first stopping place, in his permanent exile, was at _Nob_, +where stood the Tabernacle. Here he received food, and took the sword of +Goliath, which he carried as his weapon during his wanderings. This act +of hospitality afterward cost the high-priest and many of his order +their lives, at the hand of Saul. (1 Sam. 21:1-9; 22:6-23.) Nob was +probably about two miles north of Jerusalem. + +5. From Nob, David made his way down the mountains to _Gath_, at that +time the head of the Philistine league. Here he was suspected by the +Philistines, and compelled to escape by a stratagem. (1 Sam. 21:10-15.) + +6. He found a hiding place in the _Cave of Adullam_. This was in the +Shefelah, or low country, perhaps at _Beit-jibrin_, where immense +caverns are found. Here a force of men gathered around him, and his aged +parents and brothers joined him, probably from a well-grounded fear, +that Saul, who about this time slaughtered the priests for an act of +kindness to David, would not scruple to kill the members of his family. +(1 Sam. 22:1, 2.) + +7. To find a safe refuge for his parents, David left Judah, and went +into the land of Moab. Here he placed his parents in the care of the +king of Moab, while David and his men took up their abode at _Mizpeh of +Moab_, in a place called "the hold." This may have been at _Kerak_. (1 +Sam. 22:3-5.) + +8. By the advice of the prophet Gad, who probably had been one of his +companions at Samuel's "school of the prophets," in Ramah, David led his +little army back to the land of Judah, and made his headquarters in the +_Forest of Hareth_ (perhaps _Kharas_, in the mountains near Hebron). +Here he received news of the massacre of the priests, and was joined by +Abiathar, bearing the ephod of the high-priest. (1 Sam. 22:5, 20-23.) + +9. Next, he led his men to _Keilah_ (_Kilah_, in the mountains northwest +of Hebron), to repel an attack of the Philistines. But, learning that +the ungrateful people were about to betray him to Saul, he removed in +haste to the wilderness between Hebron and the Dead Sea, called +Jeshimon, "waste." (1 Sam. 23:1-13.) + +10. In this wilderness David remained for a time, at _Ziph_ (_Tell Zif_, +south of Hebron). Here he met his friend Jonathan for the last time. His +followers scattered, and David was alone, except for the presence of a +few faithful companions. The Ziphites were willing to betray him to +Saul, and he was again compelled to flee. (1 Sam. 23:14-24.) + +11. His next hiding place was a mountain in the wilderness of _Maon_, 7 +miles south of Hebron. Here he was again in great danger from Saul, but +was saved by an opportune foray of the Philistines, which called the +king and his troops away. (1 Sam. 25:24-28.) + +12. From Ziph he took refuge in the almost inaccessible mountains of +_En-gedi_ (_Ain-jedy_), overlooking the Dead Sea. Here David showed his +generosity in sparing Saul, when it was in his power to slay him. (1 +Sam. 24.) + +13. About the time of Samuel's death, David returned into the south of +Judah, to the neighborhood of _Maon_, 7 miles south of Hebron. (See +above, Nos. 10, 11. The likeness of the account in the two visits, has +suggested that but one event may be related in both.) Here the +narrow-minded Nabal was saved from David's wrath by the wisdom and +generosity of his wife, Abigail, who, after Nabal's death, became +David's wife. (1 Sam. 25.) About this time, and while David was in or +near this locality, occurred David's act of mercy in sparing Saul's life +a second time, when by moonlight he penetrated to the very centre of +Saul's camp. (1 Sam. 26.) + +14. Despairing of safety in Saul's realm during his reign, David finally +took refuge in _Gath_ (_Tell es Safieh_), on the Shefelah, the capital +of the Philistines. Here he was more kindly received than before (see +No. 5), as his relations with Saul were better understood, and he was +able to obtain from Achish, the king of Gath, the grant of a city as his +home. (1 Sam. 27:1-4.) + +15. The place allotted to David, was _Ziklag_, on the south of Judah, +which was at that time recognized as a possession of the Philistines. +Its location is unknown, but we have followed Conder in placing it at +_Zuheilikah_, 11 miles south of east from Gaza. Here David remained +during the closing years of Saul's reign. He accompanied the +Philistines as far as Aphek, in Mount Ephraim, but was sent back, from a +fear lest he might desert to the Israelites. Returning, he found his +home plundered by a roving band of Amalekites, pursued them, rescued his +family and possessions, and also took a great quantity of booty, which +he judiciously used in making presents to the leading people of various +places in Judah, after the death of Saul. (1 Sam. 27, 29, 30.) These +places are located upon the map as far as they are known. + +16. From Ziklag David went up into the mountain region at _Hebron_, soon +after the death of Saul. Here he was made king, first of the tribe of +Judah, and afterward of all Israel. (2 Sam. 2:1-3.) + +IV. =Saul's Death.= This took place B.C. 1010, when Saul had reigned 40 +years. We have noticed two wars with the Philistines as prominent in the +history of Saul's reign. We call the last campaign of Saul the _third_ +Philistine war, as no others are related, though their existence may be +inferred. This marked the flood tide of Philistine power; for it left +them at Saul's death in command not only of the Plain of Esdraelon and +the Jordan Valley, but of all the centre of the country. Their armies +met at Aphek, in the tribe of Benjamin (their old rallying place, 1 Sam. +4:1), and thence marched northward to the Plain of Esdraelon, at the +foot of Mount Gilboa, on which the Israelites were encamped. Saul, full +of fear, went around the Philistine camp to the village of Endor, where +he sought the counsel of a "woman having a familiar spirit," and met the +spirit of Samuel, which gave him warning that on the morrow he should +die. The battle was fought on the next day. Saul and three of his sons, +including the princely Jonathan, were slain; and Israel experienced the +heaviest defeat thus far in its history. All the middle section of the +land of Palestine was conquered by the Philistines, cutting the tribes +in sunder in each direction, from north to south and from east to west. +At such a low ebb were the fortunes of the Chosen People, when David +ascended the throne. Saul's body was fastened up on the wall of the +Canaanite city of Beth-shean, but was rescued by the warriors of +Jabesh-gilead, in grateful remembrance of Saul's brave deed in behalf of +their city, early in his reign. (1 Sam. 31.) + +Upon the map the following are indicated: 1. The portions of the land +under Philistine and Canaanite control are given in yellow, while the +territory governed by Saul is shown in pink. The mountain region was +held by Israel, and the lowlands, both by the sea and the Jordan, by the +Philistines. 2. The names of Philistine cities are printed in red. Some +of these were their own hereditary possessions; others (as Aphek, Geba +and Bethel) were fortresses in the mountain region, garrisoned to hold +Israel in subjection. 3. The battle-fields and wars of Saul are +indicated by flags, and numbered. (1.) Jabesh-gilead, over the +Ammonites. (1 Sam. 11.) (2.) Michmash, over the Philistines. (1 Sam. +14.) (3.) In Moab, at some unknown place. (1 Sam. 14:47.) (4.) In Edom, +at a place also unknown. (1 Sam. 14:47.) (5.) Over the Syrians of Zobah. +(1 Sam. 14:47.) This we have indicated as taking place in the half tribe +of Manasseh, East; but its precise location is unknown. (6.) "A city of +Amalek," place unknown. (1 Sam. 15:5.) (7.) Valley of Elah, over the +Philistines. (1 Sam. 17:2.) (8.) Mount Gilboa. (1 Sam. 31.) 4. The +various places named in Saul's pursuit of David are shown upon the map, +with their most probable identifications. These places are: (1.) Gibeah. +(2.) Ramah. (3.) Gibeah. (4.) Nob. (5.) Gath. (6.) Adullam. (7.) Mizpeh +of Moab. (8.) Hareth. (9.) Keilah. (10.) Ziph. (11.) Maon. (12.) +En-gedi. (13.) Maon. (14.) Gath. (15.) Ziklag. (16.) Hebron. + + +OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. + +I. _Saul's Appointment._ Ramah, Gibeah, Gilgal, Shalisha, Zuph. + +II. _Wars of Saul._ 1. Ammonite. (Jabesh-gilead, Bezek.) 2. First +Philistine. (Geba, Michmash.) 3. Moabite. 4. Edomite. 5. Syrian. 6. +Amalekite. (Telaim, Gilgal.) 7. Second Philistine. (Valley of Elah.) + +III. _Pursuit of David._ 1. Gibeah. 2. Ramah. 3. Gibeah. 4. Nob. 5. +Gath. 6. Adullam. 7. Mizpeh of Moab. 8. Hareth. 9. Keilah. 10. Ziph. 11. +Maon. 12. En-gedi. 13. Maon. 14. Gath. 15. Ziklag. 16. Hebron. + +IV. _Saul's Death._ Aphek, Gilboa, Beth-shean, Jabesh-gilead. + +[Illustration: JERICHO.] + +[Illustration: THE EMPIRE OF DAVID AND SOLOMON.] + + + + +THE EMPIRE OF DAVID AND SOLOMON. + + +[Illustration: TOWER OF DAVID.] + +THE greatness of David may be shown by a comparison of our last map with +the present one, keeping in mind the difference of scale between them. +David succeeded to the throne of Israel when it represented about 6,000 +square miles of territory, more or less, under control; he left to his +successor, Solomon, an empire embracing an area of 60,000 square miles. +See the comparative diagram on page 70. The map now before us being upon +a scale greatly reduced from that of Saul's kingdom, it will be +impossible to represent upon it all the localities mentioned in the +history of David and Solomon. Those in the neighborhood of Jerusalem +will be found on the map of the Environs of Jerusalem, page 83, and +those of minor importance in the land of Israel may be found on the map +of Palestine Among the Tribes, page 58. + +We present the events and localities under the following outline: 1. +David's Reign over Judah. 2. The Union of Palestine. 3. David's Foreign +Conquests. 4. David's Calamities. 5. The Closing Events. 6. The Reign of +Solomon. + +I. =David's Reign over Judah.= (2 Sam. 1-4.) After the death of Saul, +David went from Ziklag to Hebron, and was there accepted as king over +the tribe of Judah. His reign lasted for seven years, from 1010 to 1003 +B.C. During a part of this time, Ishbosheth, the only remaining son of +Saul, was also nominally reigning over a large part of the land, the +real power being held by Abner, Saul's general, and the ablest man of +his time. War naturally arose, and many battles were doubtless fought, +of which but one, at Gibeon, is related. At last, Abner and Ishbosheth +were both murdered, though not by David's desire nor with his +approbation; and, with one consent, David was accepted as king over all +the Twelve Tribes. + +II. =The Union of Palestine.= (2 Sam. 5-7.) David was now ruler over the +mountain region only, as Saul had been before him, and in various places +were garrisons of the Philistines, and cities held by the Canaanite +races. He began by a siege of Jebus, or Jebusi, a fortress of the +Jebusites, on the border of Judah and Benjamin. Though deemed +impregnable by the natives, it was taken by storm, and, under its new +name, JERUSALEM, became the capital of the kingdom. The Philistines had +been friendly with David in the past, and were perhaps recognized as the +"lords paramount" during his reign over Judah; but now they were jealous +of his growing power, and, as of old, entered the mountain region with +their armies. But in David they met an enemy of a different character +from either Samson or Saul. Two battles were fought, both near +Jerusalem, at a place called "the Valley [or plain] of the Rephaim"; and +in each the Philistines were utterly routed. + +David followed up his advantage, after the second victory, by marching +down upon the Shefelah and the plain. He took Gath (called Methegammah, +"the bridle of the metropolis," in 2 Sam. 8:1), and subjugated the +entire Philistine confederacy so completely that thenceforward they +ceased to trouble Israel for centuries. + +The land was now united, and David turned his attention to the religious +reformation of the people, brought the ark from Baale, or +Kirjath-jearim, to Jerusalem, planned for the Temple to be built by his +successor, and organized the worship on a magnificent scale. (2 Sam. 6, +7.) + +III. =David's Foreign Conquests.= These were not altogether inspired by +ambition, but were necessary for the safety of Israel, and to keep its +people from the contamination of the idolatry of the surrounding +nations. These conquests are indicated by flags on the map, though the +precise locations of the battles are not known in all cases. The lands +conquered by David were as follows: + +1. _Moab._ (2 Sam. 8:2.) It is stated by Josephus, that the cruel +treatment of the Moabites (though fully in accord with the customs of +Oriental war in that day) was in revenge for the slaughter of David's +parents by the king of Moab, an event not mentioned in the Bible. + +2. _Zobah_ (2 Sam. 8:3, 4), at that time the principal state between +Damascus and the Euphrates. + +3. _Damascus_ (2 Sam. 8:5-12), in alliance with Zobah, and the largest +city in Syria. + +4. _Edom_ (2 Sam. 8:13, 14), south of the Dead Sea. The word "Syrians," +in verse 13, should undoubtedly be "Edomites." The battle was fought at +the "valley of salt," an unknown place, but probably near Sela, or +Petra, the capital of Edom. + +5. _Ammon._ (2 Sam. 10-13.) This was the longest of David's wars, and +was waged not against the Ammonites only, but against the allied forces +of several small Syrian kingdoms, as Zobah (already conquered, but not +subjugated), Maachah, Rehob and Tob, districts on the north and east of +Israel. Three great battles were fought; the first near Medeba; the +second at Helam, an uncertain locality (if it be the name of a place, +which is questioned, as the word means "host," or "army"); and the +third, the siege and capture of Rabbah, the capital of the Ammonites, +which ended the war. During this war occurred the crime of David with +Bathsheba, and the murder of Uriah. (2 Sam. 11.) This completed the +series of conquests, and made the throne of David supreme from the Red +Sea to the Euphrates. One fact which made these conquests possible was +that the tribes around Israel were not united into strong nations, as +afterward in the cases of Syria and Assyria, but were independent +principalities, easily overcome in turn by the trained warriors of +David. + +As a result of these wars the kingdom of David, which he transmitted to +his son Solomon, was the largest in the Oriental world at that time. The +Assyrian empire had not arisen, the great kings of Egypt had passed +away, and the East was broken up into small principalities, among which +Israel easily rose to power. + + COMPARATIVE AREA OF PALESTINE + AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. + + +------------------+ + | | + | | + | | + | Solomon, | +-------+ + +-------+ | | +-------+ | + | | | B.C. 1000, +-------+Judah |Macca- | Herod | + |Joshua,+------+ | Ten | B.C. | bees, | the | + | B.C. |Saul, | 60,000 Sq. M. |Tribes,| 975, | B.C. | Great,| + | 1443, |B.C. | | B.C. +------+ 100, |B.C. 6,| + | |1095, | | 975, | | | | + |11,000 |6,000 | | 9,400 |3,400 |11,000 |12,000 | + |Sq. M. |Sq. M.| |Sq. M. |Sq. M.|Sq. M. |Sq. M. | + +-------+------+------------------+-------+------+-------+-------+ + +[Illustration: THE ORIENTAL WORLD IN THE TIME OF DAVID.] + +IV. =The Calamities of David's Reign.= (2 Sam. 12-20, 24.) Three great +troubles befell David and his kingdom as the result of his sins. + +1. The first and greatest was the _Rebellion of Absalom_. We can only +mention the places referred to in the history, not relate its events. +Geshur, where Absalom was in exile, was a small kingdom under the rule +of Absalom's maternal grandfather. Tekoa, whence came the "wise woman," +was near Bethlehem. The places near Jerusalem named in David's flight, +may be seen on the map of the Environs of Jerusalem, page 83. David's +resting place was at Mahanaim, east of the Jordan, and south of the +Hieromax. Absalom was defeated and killed at "the wood of Ephraim," a +locality not in the tribe of that name, but east of the Jordan, perhaps +where the Ephraimites sustained a great defeat from Jephthah. (Judges +12.) + +2. The second calamity was the _Rebellion of Sheba_, following soon +after Absalom's, and arising from the same disaffection. It was ended at +Abel-beth-maachah, in the extreme north, by the death of Sheba. (2 Sam. +20.) + +3. The third calamity was the _Pestilence_, after the numbering of the +people, an enumeration with a view either to heavy levies of assessment, +or to foreign conquest; either of which was contrary to the spirit of +the Hebrew constitution. (2 Sam. 24.) The places named will be found +upon the map, except the inexplicable Tahtim-hodshi, which may mean "the +land newly inhabited," but whose location is unknown. The sacrifice of +David at Araunah's threshing-floor gave the location to the great altar +of the Temple, probably the rude rock which now rises from the floor of +the Mosque of Omar, in Jerusalem. + +V. =The Close of David's Reign= (1 Kings 1, 2; 1 Chron. 22-29) was +occupied in the organization of his empire, and in preparation for the +building of the Temple. There are but few localities named with this +period, and they may be easily found upon the maps, those near Jerusalem +being upon the map of its Environs. + +VI. =The Reign of Solomon= was a period of peace, with few incidents to +mark its even tenor. Its principal event was the building of the Temple. +We insert here a plan of Solomon's Temple, largely conjectural, as +neither of the descriptions is sufficiently exact for a complete +knowledge. The Temple, as it afterward stood in the time of Christ, may +be found described on page 139. + +[Illustration: PLAN OF SOLOMON'S TEMPLE.] + +Upon the map are noted most of the battle-fields, which may be +enumerated as follows: 1. At Gibeon, the victory over Abner and the +adherents of Ishbosheth. 2. At Jerusalem, its capture from the +Jebusites. 3, 4. Near Jerusalem, not indicated upon the map; two +decisive victories over the Philistines. 5. Gath, the capture of the +Philistine capital. 6. The victory over the Moabites, probably near Ar. +7. The conquest of Zobah, north of Damascus. 8. The conquest of Damascus +and its dependent places. 9. The conquest of Edom, near Sela. 10. The +victory at Medeba, over the Ammonites. 11. The victory at Helam, near +the Euphrates, over the Syrian allies of the Ammonites. 12. The siege +and capture of Rabbah. 13. The defeat of Absalom's army in the wood of +Ephraim, east of the Jordan. + + +OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. + +I. Draw a rough map of the country from the Red Sea to the Euphrates, as +in the map of the kingdom of David and Solomon, and locate upon it the +land of Israel proper, showing the dominion of Saul. + +II. Draw the boundary line to show the kingdom of David at Hebron, and +that of Ishbosheth at Mahanaim; mention and locate the battle of Gibeon. + +III. Show in order the conquests of David, writing upon the board the +names of the lands conquered in order, and indicating the battles by +flags. + +IV. Show the dimensions of David's kingdom, by another map of the +Oriental World in the time of David. Locate and drill upon the leading +lands and capitals. + +V. Give an account of the calamities in David's reign, show the flight +of David, and locate the battle with Absalom. + +[Illustration: CHURCH OF NATIVITY, BETHLEHEM.] + +[Illustration: ANCIENT JERUSALEM, IN THE NEW TESTAMENT PERIOD.] + + + + +ANCIENT JERUSALEM. + + +I. =Names.= The city of Jerusalem has been known by a different name +during each of the most important periods of its varied history. 1. In +the patriarchal age it was the seat of Melchizedek's priestly kingdom, +and was known as SALEM, properly pronounced _Shalem_. (Gen. 14:18; Psa. +76:2.) 2. During the Jebusite period it was known as JEBUS. (Judges +19:10.) Probably at this time the full name was _Jebus-shalem_. 3. After +the capture by David it received the name JERUSALEM, properly +_Jeru-shalaim_. The earliest instance of this name is in Judges 1:7, 8, +where it may have been used by anticipation; or there may have been a +change, for euphony, from Jebus-shalem to _Jeru-shalem_. The word means +"possession of peace." The Greek form of this word is Hierosolyma. 4. It +is called by the prophets by the poetical name of ARIEL, "the lion of +God." (Isa. 29:1.) 5. More than once in the Bible it is called "the holy +city." (Matt. 4:5; 27:53.) 6. After its destruction by Titus, it was +rebuilt by the emperor Ælius Hadrianus, A.D. 135, and named ÆLIA, or, in +full, ÆLIA CAPITOLINA, a name that it held until the year 536 A.D., +when the ancient name Jerusalem again became prevalent. 7. It is now +known to the Arabs as EL KHUDS, "the holy." + +[Illustration: DAVID'S TOMB.] + +II. =Location.= The city of Jerusalem stands in latitude 31° 46´ 45´´ +north, and longitude 35° 13´ 25´´ east of Greenwich, the observations +being taken from the dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This may +have been outside the ancient wall, but was certainly near it. The city +is 32 miles from the Mediterranean, 18 from the Dead Sea, 20 from +Hebron, and 36 from Samaria; and its general elevation is about 2,500 +feet above the level of the ocean. + +III. =Geologic Formation.= "The vicinity of Jerusalem consists of strata +of the Eocene and chalk formations, having a general dip down the +watershed of about 10° east-southeast. The action of denudation has left +patches of the various strata; but, generally speaking, the oldest are +on the west. The upper part of the Olivet chain consists of a soft white +limestone, with fossils and flint bands belonging to the Upper Chalk; +beneath this are, first, a hard silicious chalk, with flint bands; +second, a soft white limestone, much used in the ancient buildings of +the city; third, a hard chalk, often pink and white in color, and then +known as Santa Croce marble. The underlying beds belonging to the period +of the Greensand are not visible, the lowest strata in the Kedron +precipices belonging to the Lower Chalk epoch." (_Encyclo. Britan._) + +IV. =Valleys.= The peculiar natural features of Jerusalem, and much of +its history, are due to the arrangement of its three valleys. These +unite near the southeastern corner of the city. 1. _The Valley of the +Kedron_, called also "the Valley of Jehoshaphat" (perhaps referred to in +Joel 3:2, 12); and "the king's dale" (Gen. 14:17; 2 Sam. 18:18). This +lies on the east of the city, between Mount Moriah and the Mount of +Olives. During the summer it is dry; but in the rainy season it is the +bed of a brook, from which it receives its name. 2. _The Valley of the +Tyropoeon_ (a word supposed to mean "cheesemongers," though the meaning +and derivation are questioned) branches from the Kedron Valley at the +southern end of Mount Moriah, and extends in a northwesterly direction. +The principal ravine curves in crescent form around Mount Zion, but a +shallower and less noticeable branch extends further to the north. This +valley is now almost obliterated by the accumulation of debris, but its +ancient course has been established by recent soundings. 3. _The Valley +of Hinnom_, called also, "the valley of the son of Hinnom" (Josh. 15:8), +forms the western and southern border of the city, and unites with the +Kedron Valley near its junction with the Tyropoeon. Its lower portion, +near the Kedron, was called Tophet, or "place of fire" (Jer. 7:31), and +Gehenna (Ge-Hinnom). It was at one time the seat of idolatrous worship +to Molech, and afterward became a cesspool, and place where the offal of +the city was burned. Gihon (1 Kings 1:33) is located by most in the +upper portion of this valley; but, by Conder and a few others, in the +lower portion of the Kedron Valley, at the spring en Rogel. + +V. =Mountains.= Jerusalem is and has ever been emphatically a place of +mountains; as it stood anciently upon four distinct hills, with others +around its walls on every side. The names of these hills are well known, +but the identification of them is neither easy nor unanimous among +investigators. We name the locations as given by the largest number of +leading scholars. + +1. _Mount Zion_ is the largest and highest of the four hills within the +city. It lies on the southwestern section, between the Valleys of the +Tyropoeon on the east and north, and Hinnom on the south and west. Its +crown is 2,540 feet high. Upon it, probably, stood the Jebusite fortress +which so long defied the Israelites, but was finally taken by David. + +2. _Acra_ is a little east of north from Zion, and is an irregularly +shaped eminence, now 2,490 feet high, but anciently higher, as its crest +was cut down by the Maccabean princes, in order to bring it nearer to +the level of the Temple-hill. It is surrounded upon the south, east and +north by the two arms of the Tyropoeon Valley. On this may have stood +the castle, or Millo. (2 Sam. 5:9.) + +3. On the eastern side of the city is _Mount Moriah_, the place once +occupied by the Temple, and now by the Dome of the Rock, mistakenly +called the Mosque of Omar. It lies between the two valleys of the Kedron +on the east and the Tyropoeon on the west, and is 2,432 feet high. Its +southern end is a steep declivity, called Ophel (in Josephus, Ophlas), +running southward to the junction of the valleys. + +4. _Bezetha_ is a little west of north from Mount Moriah, and separated +from it by a slight depression. It lies between the Kedron Valley and +the northern branch of the Tyropoeon. Only in the later age of New +Testament history was it within the walls of the city. Its height is a +little over 2,500 feet. + +These four mountains are all that are named as within the ancient walls. +Calvary was not a mountain, but merely a place outside the city where +the crucifixion of Jesus took place; so that it is not to be counted in +the list. But we must notice, in addition, the most important of the +"mountains round about Jerusalem." + +5. _The Mount of Olives_ lies east of the Kedron Valley, and is a range +of hills having several summits, which are a little under 3,000 feet in +height. (1.) The northern peak, called _Scopus_, lies northeast of the +wall, and is supposed to be the point from which Titus obtained his +first view of the doomed city. (2.) The second is called _Viri Galilæi_, +"men of Galilee," from a tradition that the angels, at the time of +Christ's ascension, appeared upon it. (Acts 1:11.) (3.) The central +summit is the _Mount of Ascension_, 2,665 feet high, and directly east +of the Temple. It is probable that the true place of the ascension is to +be found on the eastern slope of this hill, near Bethany, and not in +sight of Jerusalem. (4.) The next peak southward is called "_The +Prophets_," from a tradition that some of the prophets were buried upon +its side near the Kedron. (5.) The southern peak is called the _Mount of +Offense_, from the idol worship which Solomon established upon it. (1 +Kings 11:7.) + +6. South of the Valley of Hinnom, and directly opposite to Mount Zion, +is an eminence known as the _Hill of Evil Counsel_, where Judas is said +to have bargained for the betrayal of his Lord. Upon the slope of this +hill is the traditional Aceldama, "the field of blood." (Matt. 27:7, 8.) + +VI. =Walls.= Of these, three are named by the early historians and +mentioned in the Bible. 1. The first wall was built by David and +Solomon, and surrounded what was known as "the city of David." It +included Zion, Moriah, Ophel, and the southern portion of the Tyropoeon +Valley. The lines of this wall may still be traced and the ancient +foundations shown in various places. 2. The second wall, including Acra, +extended in a curved line from the tower Antonia, north of the Temple, +to a point not yet marked with certainty, on the northern border of +Mount Zion. The location of Calvary and the place of the Saviour's +burial depend upon the question, whether this wall ran outside or inside +of the place where now stands the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. For, as +these were "outside the gate," if the wall include the traditional +localities, they are wrongly located, and the true places must be sought +elsewhere, perhaps near the so-called Grotto of Jeremiah, north of the +city. We indicate both localities, but regard the northern as +preferable. 3. The third wall was not built until after the time of +Christ, but was begun by Herod Agrippa, and was completed not long +before the Roman siege. This section was called "the new city," and +included Mount Bezetha, and the region north and northwest of Mount +Zion. Only a small portion of the wall can be located with certainty. + +VII. =History of Jerusalem.= This may be briefly noticed under seven +periods. + +1. _The Patriarchal Period_ (B.C. 2000-1300). The earliest mention of +Jerusalem is that in Gen. 14:18, which, taken with Psa. 76:2, seems to +indicate the place, though the identity is questioned by some scholars. +In the time of Abraham, B.C. 1918, according to the common chronology, +Jerusalem was the seat of a kingdom under the priest Melchizedek, who +received homage and tithes, as God's representative, from the patriarch. +At that time it was a centre, not only of political power, but of a +religious worship which was recognized by Abraham as divine and +spiritual. + +2. _The Jebusite Period_ (B.C. 1300-1003). The next reference to +Jerusalem (and the earliest certain account) is at the time of the +conquest, B.C. 1210. At that period it was held by the Jebusites, a +race of Canaanite origin, small in numbers, but of indomitable courage +and resolution, since they were able to hold their city for four +centuries against all the power of Israel. Their king, Adoni-zedek +(Josh. 10:1), may have been a descendant of the pious Melchi-zedek, as +the names are similar; but the ancient purity of the people's worship +had been lost in the idolatry of the surrounding races. The little city +of Jebus, as it was then called, formed a confederation with the other +clans of the south to resist Joshua's invading host. But in the decisive +battle of Beth-horon the Canaanites were routed, their five kings were +slain (among them the king of Jerusalem), and the alliance was broken +up. For the present, Jerusalem was not attacked, but its territory was +assigned to the tribe of Benjamin. (Josh. 18:28.) Soon after the death +of Joshua, however, it was besieged by the united tribes of Judah and +Simeon, as dangerous to the northern frontier of the former. From Judges +1:8, and the history of Josephus, we learn that the lower city (perhaps +on Acra) was taken and burned; but the fortress was found impregnable +"by reason of its walls and also of the nature of the place." +(Josephus.) The city was soon rebuilt (Judges 19:11), and remained in +Jebusite hands through all the age of the Judges and the reign of Saul. + +3. _The Royal Period_ (B.C. 1003-587). With the accession of David a new +era began in Israel, and every part of the kingdom soon felt the strong +hand of its new master. He was not one to brook a foreign fortress in +the centre of his realm, and in the first year of his reign over united +Israel he marched against it, and demanded its surrender. Trusting to +their strong situation, the Jebusites refused, and, as an insult, placed +"the blind and the lame" on its walls in mockery of his attempt. But, +under the valiant Joab, the height was scaled, the fortress was taken, +and Jerusalem was thenceforth "the city of David." (2 Sam. 5.) David +made it his capital, brought thither the ark of the covenant, and +surrounded it with a new wall. Solomon enriched it with treasures, and +with its greatest glory, the Temple on Mount Moriah. After the division +it remained the capital of Judah, though close to the border of the Ten +Tribes. It was taken without resistance from Rehoboam, by Shishak, the +king of Egypt, and robbed of its wealth, 930 B.C. In the reign of +Jehoshaphat it was restored to something like its former prosperity; but +under his son Jehoram, B.C. 840, it was taken by a sudden attack of the +Philistines and Arabians, and again plundered. Under Athaliah it became +a shrine of abominable Baal worship, but was reformed by Jehoiada in the +earlier days of the reign of Joash. Joash, however, in his later years +allowed the people to relapse into idolatry, with the usual result; for, +about B.C. 800, the powerful Hazael, king of Syria, overran the +Shefelah, defeated the Judaites, and was only kept from entering the +city by a gift of its treasures. Amaziah, the next king, elated by a +victory, offered battle at Beth-shemesh to Joash, king of Israel, then +the most powerful state between Egypt and Assyria. He was defeated; and, +as a result, Jerusalem was entered by the Israelites, its wall was +thrown down, and it was again plundered. The city suffered during the +wicked reign of Ahaz, but was restored and divinely protected from its +Assyrian besiegers in the good reign of Hezekiah. After the death of +Josiah it was entered by the Egyptians under Necho; but its final +destruction was wrought by Nebuchadnezzar, of the Babylonian empire. +Twice he visited it with a heavy hand, setting up one king after +another; and, when his vassal Zedekiah again rebelled, he besieged it +for more than a year, with some intermissions, and at last, in B.C. 587, +made a breach in its walls and took it by storm. Then, for the first +time, the city was absolutely destroyed, and made a heap of ruins, while +its people were carried into captivity. + +[Illustration: NATURAL FEATURES OF JERUSALEM.] + +4. _The Period of Restoration_ (B.C. 587-70 A.D.). After lying desolate +for 50 years, the city was again occupied under Zerubbabel, by the +decree of Cyrus, B.C. 536. For nearly a century it remained unwalled and +was thinly inhabited, until its wall was rebuilt by Nehemiah, B.C. 445. +Thenceforward it grew rapidly, and soon became again the metropolis as +well as the capital of the Jewish state. Alexander the Great visited it, +B.C. 332, and gave the Jews certain privileges in his empire. The city +was taken by Ptolemy Soter, king of Egypt, B.C. 320, because the Jews +would not fight on the Sabbath. In B.C. 203 it was taken by Antiochus, +the king of Syria, and, after a revolt, again by his son, Antiochus +Epiphanes, in B.C. 170 and B.C. 168. The latter capture was followed by +a bitter persecution of the Jewish religion, in which thousands of +lives were sacrificed. But a deliverer arose, in the family of the +priest Mattathias, whose son, Judas Maccabeus, rescued the city and +restored the worship in the Temple. Under the Maccabean princes +Jerusalem was generally prosperous, though with occasional reverses. The +Romans first besieged and took the city under Pompey, B.C. 65. Herod the +Great beautified the city, erected many buildings, and rebuilt the +Temple throughout. But the most terrible of all scenes in Jerusalem's +annals, were those which took place in the revolt of the Jews against +the Roman empire, and the destruction of the city by Titus, A.D. 70. For +years it was the arena of riot, of the bloody strife of factions, and of +massacre, which scarcely ceased during the final siege. At last the city +and Temple were taken by Titus, demolished and burned, and for a second +time Jerusalem was left an utter desolation. + +5. _The Roman Period_ (A.D. 70-637). For fifty years after its +destruction Jerusalem is not mentioned, and probably remained +uninhabited. But, after the attempt of the false Messiah Bar-cocheba to +rebuild the city and Temple, and restore the independence of the +Jews,--an attempt which was only quelled by calling forth all the power +of the empire,--the emperor Hadrian resolved to establish a heathen city +upon its site. He named it Ælia Capitolina, built on Moriah a temple to +Jupiter, and allowed no Jews to enter the walls, a prohibition which +remained until the empire became Christian. Constantine, the first +Christian emperor, restored the ancient name; and his mother, Helena, +made a pilgrimage to the city, A.D. 326, which now began to be regarded +as a sacred place by Christians. At this time the first Church of the +Holy Sepulchre was built, over the place where Helena discovered the +tomb of Jesus. The emperor Julian, A.D. 362, out of hatred to the +Christians, undertook to rebuild the Temple, and make it once more a +Jewish centre; but was defeated in his plans by earthquakes and the +leaping forth of subterranean fires, as is related by Ammianus +Marcellinus, himself a heathen, the friend and companion in arms of the +emperor. He states: "Horrible balls of fire, breaking out near the +foundations, with frequent and reiterated attacks, rendered the place +from time to time inaccessible to the scorched and blasted workmen; and, +the victorious element continuing in this, obstinately and resolutely +bent, as it were, to drive them to a distance, the undertaking was +abandoned." In 529 A.D. the emperor Justinian founded a church upon the +site where now is the Mosque el Aksa, and a tide of pilgrims, increasing +with each generation, began to pour upon the holy places. In 614 A.D. +the city was taken by the Persian king, Chosroes II., the churches were +destroyed, and multitudes of priests and monks were slain; but 14 years +afterward it was retaken by the emperor Heraclius, and held, though but +for a short time, by the Christians. + +6. _The Mediæval Period_ (A.D. 637-1517). In 637 Palestine and Jerusalem +passed under the dominion of the Moslems, then ruled by the Caliph Omar; +but the holy places were respected, and the Christians were allowed to +retain their churches. Under the Fatimite caliphs of Cairo the +Christians were persecuted, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was +several times destroyed and rebuilt. The pilgrims from Europe brought +trade and tribute, so that the city flourished, in spite of frequent +pillagings and captures by various Arab and Turkish hordes. On July 15, +1099, it was taken by the Crusaders, after a terrible assault, and for +88 years was the seat of a Christian kingdom. Saladin reconquered it in +1187; and various changes in its government and several sieges followed, +until 1517, when it finally passed under the rule of the Turks, who have +since been its masters. + +7. _The Modern Period_, from A.D. 1517 until the present, has witnessed +comparatively few changes in the city's condition. The present wall was +built by the sultan Suleiman in 1542. In 1832 it was seized by Mohammed +Ali, Pasha of Egypt, but was again restored to the sultan, through the +interference of the European powers. It is now a city of a population +variously estimated at from twenty to fifty thousand. + + +OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. + +Have two blackboards (or a large one), and use one for the outline of +the lesson, the other for the map. + +I. Teach the _Names_. Salem, Jebus, Jerusalem, Ariel, Ælia Capitolina, +El Khuds. + +II. _Location._ 1. Latitude. 2. Longitude. 3. Distances. 4. Elevation. + +III. _Geologic Formation._ + +IV. _Valleys._ Draw a rough map showing the valleys, and name them, +indicating them by initial letters on the map. 1. Kedron. 2. Tyropoeon. +3. Hinnom. + +V. _Mountains._ Describe each, and indicate by initial letter. 1. Zion. +2. Acra. 3. Moriah. 4. Bezetha. 5. Olives. Peaks: (1.) Scopus. (2.) +"Viri Galilæi." (3.) Ascension. (4.) Prophets. (5.) Offense. (6.) Evil +Counsel. + +VI. _Walls._ Draw them on the board, describe and name. First. (David.) +Second. Third. (Agrippa.) + +VII. _History._ 1. Patriarchal. (Melchizedek.) 2. Jebusite. +(Adoni-zedek.) 3. Royal. (David, Jehoshaphat, etc.) 4. Restoration. +(Zerubbabel, Alexander, Ptolemy, Antiochus, Judas Maccabeus, Pompey, +Herod, Titus.) 5. Roman. (Bar-cocheba, Hadrian, Constantine, Julian, +Justinian, Chosroes.) 6. Mediæval. (Omar, Crusaders, Saladin.) 7. +Modern. (Suleiman, Mohammed Ali, etc.) + +[Illustration: PANORAMA OF JERUSALEM, FROM THE MOUNT OF OLIVES.] + + Rosel Minaret A 44 + El Kala'a (Citadel) A 45 + Hippicus (Tower of David) A 46 + Greek Monastery A 57 + Russian Colony A 75-87 + Hospital A 77 + Church A 81-82 + Talitha Kumi A 85 + German Hospital for Children A 92 + Watchtower on the Road to Yafa A 97 + Wely Rimr Monument A 98 + Mosque and Tombs of David B 23 + Buildings and Gardens of the Armenian Monastery B 27-36 + Armenian Seminary B 28 + St. James Church of the Armenians B 35 + English Protestant Church B 42 + Girl's School of the English Mission B 43 + Muristan B 47 + Mar Hanna (Greek Church) B 47 + Yafa Gate B 48 + Latin Patriarchate B 56 + Church of the Sepulchre B 57 + Kaukab Minaret B 60 + Latin Monastery of St. Salvador B 65-66 + Hospice of St. John, and German School B 62 + Mulawieh Minaret B 78 + Russian Consulate B 81 + Pilgrims' Houses B 84 + Arabian Protestant Church B 91 + Jebel Abu Tôr (Hill of Evil Counsel) C 7-9 + Tree of Judas C 8 + Road to Bethlehem C 13 + Mount Zion C 19-29 + Suburb of Neby Daud C 20-24 + Gate of Zion C 25 + Synagogues of the Ashkenasim C 28 and B 32 + Hamra Minaret C 72 + Damascus Gate C 79 + Hill of the Grotto of Jeremiah C 95 + Place where Peter Wept D 17 + Dwellings for Pilgrims of the Ashkenasim D 21 + Gate of Herod D 89 + Mosque el Aksa E 16-22 + Dung Gate E 19 + Moghreb Minaret E 20 + Rothschilds' Hospital E 22 + Kubbet es Sakhra (Dome of the Rock) E 31-36 + New Convent of the Roman Catholic Sisters of Zion E 62-63 + Barracks (Castle of Antonia) F 55-56 + Haram esh Sherif (Site of the Temple) G 15-39 + Former Serai G 52 + Valley of Hinnom (Wady er Rababi) I 1-E 14 + Golden Gate I 30-31 + Gate of St. Stephen (Bab Sitti Mariam) I 56 + Moslem Tombs J 27 and J 70 + Road to Gethsemane J 55 to N 53 + Road from the Valley of Kedron to the Gate of Zion K 2 to N 4 + Slope toward the Wady Sitti Mariam + (Valley of Kedron or Jehoshaphat) Foreground + + +DESCRIPTION OF MODERN JERUSALEM. + +I. =Location.= The modern city of Jerusalem stands upon the ruins of the +ancient, but does not include much of Mount Zion, which was the most +important part in Bible history. It occupies the northern part of Zion, +the hills Acra, Moriah, and part of Bezetha, embracing within its walls +an area of about 210 acres. Its population has been variously estimated, +but is supposed to number about 22,000, of which 12,000 are Jews, 5,000 +Moslems, and 5,000 Christians. The view represents it from the eastern +side, having in the foreground the Valley of the Kedron, or of +Jehoshaphat, called by Mohammedans _Wady Sitti Mariam_, "The Valley of +our Lady Mary." On the south, or left of the picture, is the Valley of +Hinnom (_Wady er Rababi_), and beyond it the Hill of Evil Counsel +(_Jebel Abu Tôr_), the traditional place where Judas made the agreement +to betray his Lord. On the northwest, outside the wall, is the extensive +Russian establishment for pilgrims of the Greek Church, containing the +consulate, houses, and a large church. Near it is a Protestant mission +church. North of the wall, on the right of the picture, is a cave called +the Grotto of Jeremiah, supposed by some to represent the place of the +crucifixion and burial of Jesus. The roads running out of the city, and +the places adjoining them, will be described in connection with the map +of the Environs of Jerusalem, page 82. + +II. =Walls.= The present walls were built by the Sultan Suleiman, in +1542, on the site of a mediæval wall. Though imposing in appearance, +affording a fine view of the city, and sufficiently strong to protect it +from marauders of the desert, they would be of little avail against +modern methods of warfare. They are in most places 38 feet high, and +contain 34 towers. They form an irregular quadrangle, which may be +roughly described as 3,930 feet long on the north, 2,754 feet on the +east (the front of the engraving), 3,245 feet on the south, and 2,086 +feet on the west, making the entire wall 12,015 feet, or 2.292 miles +long. + +III. =Gates.= Of these there are seven, two of which are closed. 1. The +Jaffa or Yafa Gate, called by Moslems, _Bab el Khalil_, "Hebron Gate," +is in the western wall, near the Citadel of David. Through this gate +most travelers enter the city. 2. The Damascus Gate (_Bab el Amud_, +"Gate of the Column,") is in the middle of the northern wall (right of +the picture), and leads to the northward road, over Scopus, past the +(so-called) Tombs of the Kings, to Samaria and Damascus. 3. The Gate of +Herod (_Bab es Zahireh_) is in the northern wall (right of the picture), +but is kept closed during most of the year. 4. The Gate of St. Stephen +(_Bab es Sitti Mariam_, "Gate of our Lady Mary,") is in the eastern wall +(foreground of the picture), and is supposed by some to be the place of +Stephen's martyrdom. The road leads from it past the Garden of +Gethsemane, over Mount Olivet, and through Bethany. 5. The Golden Gate, +walled up, is in the eastern wall, and is shown in the picture in front +of the Dome of the Rock. Its Moslem names are _Bab el Taubeh_, "Gate of +Repentance," and _Bab ed Dahariyeh_, "Eternal Gate." 6. The Dung Gate, +called also the Moorish Gate (_Bab ed Mugharibeh_), is a small portal in +the southern wall, leading to the village of Siloam, but usually closed. +It is shown on the left of the picture. 7. The Zion Gate (_Bab en Neby +Daud_, "Gate of the Prophet David,") is in the southern wall, opening on +Mount Zion, indicated on the picture in the background on the left. + +IV. =Quarters.= These are four in number, given to the different +religions; but to them may be added the Temple Enclosure, which forms a +separate section of the city. Their boundaries cannot be traced upon the +picture, but may be seen on the map of Modern Jerusalem, page 81. Two +important streets, crossing each other nearly at right angles, divide +the city into the four unequal sections called quarters. The streets are +David Street, running eastward from the Jaffa (Yafa) Gate, and Damascus +Street, southward from the Damascus Gate; though both have different +names in some places. + +1. The Mohammedan Quarter occupies the northeastern half of the city, +and is the foreground of our view. Its principal objects of interest +are, the Church of St. Mary Magdalene, the Church of St. Anne, two +convents, two mosques, a building known as Pilate's Hall, and the narrow +and crooked street known as the Via Dolorosa, "The Sorrowful Way," +through which Christ is (traditionally) said to have carried his cross; +a street crowded with places commemorating different events in the +passion of our Lord. + +2. The Temple Enclosure, called by Moslems _Haram esh Sherif_, "The +Noble Sanctuary," is in the southeastern part of the Mohammedan Quarter +(on the left foreground of the picture). It occupies the site of the +Temple, and probably a part also of the Tower of Antonia. (See map and +description of Ancient Jerusalem, page 72.) It is now a quadrangle of +1,042 feet on the north, 1,530 east (along the front wall in the +picture), 922 south, and 1,601 west, embracing about 35 acres. Its most +prominent building is the _Kubbet es Sakhra_, "The Dome of the Rock," +often called, but incorrectly, the Mosque of Omar. This is an octagonal +building, each of its sides being 67 feet long, 170 in height, and +surmounted by a dome. Directly under the dome rises a rough native rock, +standing at present nearly 5 feet above the pavement. Some regard this +as the place where the Ark of the Covenant rested in Solomon's Temple; +but most authorities consider it the site of the Altar of Burnt +Offering, and of Araunah's threshing-floor. (2 Sam. 24:18.) In the +southeast corner of the Enclosure stands the Mosque el Aksa (left of the +picture), adjoining the southern wall. + +3. The Jewish Quarter is west of the Temple Enclosure. In the picture, +beyond the trees in the Enclosure, may be seen the steep side of the +Tyropoeon Valley. The Jews' Wailing Place, adjoining the Temple +Enclosure, is hidden in the picture by the Mosque el Aksa, but may be +located upon the map. Here the wall contains large blocks of stone, +which may have belonged to the foundations of the court of the ancient +Temple; and at this place a Jewish service of lamentation is held every +week, over the destruction of the Temple and the city. Two domed +buildings may be noticed on the hill beyond the Tyropoeon Valley, the +two synagogues of the Ashkenasim Jews. This quarter, once filthy and +mean, has been greatly improved by the liberality of Sir Moses +Montefiore. + +4. The Armenian Quarter is west of the Jewish, in the southwestern +corner of the city. Its most prominent building is the Citadel of David +(_el Kabaa_), an irregular, castellated edifice, containing a lofty +tower. This _may_ occupy the site of the castle built by David, where a +Jebusite fortress had stood before, but the identification is not +certain. Two other buildings in this quarter are named upon the +panoramic view, the Church of St. James, and a seminary. + +5. The Christian Quarter is in the northwestern part of the city, +between the Jaffa and Damascus Gates, in the picture. Its most important +locality is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, where tradition has fixed +the scenes of the crucifixion and resurrection. The church is a group of +buildings, crowned with a dome, and erected at various periods. The Holy +Sepulchre itself is a marble shrine within the cathedral, 26 feet long, +by 18 broad, and 20 feet high. If the ancient wall can be certainly +shown not to have been _outside_ of this place, then the identity of the +holy places may be deemed measurably sure, since the cross and the +sepulchre were undoubtedly near the wall, but without it. Another place +of interest is the Muristan, a ruined castle, which was the headquarters +of the Knights Hospitallers during the Crusades. + +V. =Fountains and Pools.= Most of these are without the walls, and only +one is shown in the picture. The identification of the ancient pools is +not easy, and explorers are not agreed with regard to their position and +modern name. 1. The _Birket Mamilla_, supposed by many to represent the +Upper Pool of Gihon (2 Kings 18:17; Isa. 7:3), lies 2,000 feet west of +the Jaffa Gate, and is now 240 feet long by 144 wide, but anciently much +larger. 2. The _Birket es Sultan_, supposed to be the Lower Pool of +Gihon, where Solomon was crowned (1 Kings 1:38), lies just outside the +southwestern corner of the wall, in the Valley of Hinnom. It is narrow, +but 500 feet long. 3. The _Birket es Silwan_, or Pool of Siloam (John +9:7), is in the Tyropoeon Valley, near its junction with the Kedron +Valley, just outside the limit of the picture, on the left. It is 52 +feet long, and 18 wide. 4. The _Birket el Hamra_ ("red pond") lies south +of the Pool of Siloam, still further outside of the picture, and is +larger, but now nearly filled up, and without water. Some think that +this is the pool dug by Hezekiah. (2 Chron. 32:30.) 5. The spring +_En-rogel_, called by Christians the Fountain of the Virgin, and by +Moslems _'Ain Umm ed Deraj_ ("the spring the mother of steps," from the +28 steps leading down to it), is the only natural fountain near the +city. It lies in the narrowest part of the Kedron Valley, opposite the +stone Zoheleth. (1 Kings 1:9.) Its action is intermittent, rising and +falling suddenly, sometimes oftener than once a day. From this fact, +some have thought it to be the Pool of Bethesda. (John 5:2-9.) 6. But +most of the explorers regard the Pool of Bethesda as identical with +the _Birket Israel_, which may be found on the picture just within the +eastern (foreground) wall, between the gate of St. Stephen and the +northern wall of the Temple Enclosure, just behind the little domed +building by the wall, to the left of St. Stephen's Gate. This is 360 +feet long, by 120 feet wide, and 80 feet deep, but half filled with +rubbish. 7. The _Birket Hamman_ ("Pool of the Bath"), generally known as +the Pool of Hezekiah, is within the wall, adjoining the Muristan on the +west, and hidden by it in the picture. It is supplied with water by an +underground conduit, from the _Birket Mamilla_. 8. To this list we might +add the vast covered reservoirs under the Temple, on Mount Moriah. These +aggregated in their capacity five million gallons, and furnished an +abundant supply of water for the Temple services. + +VI. =Outside the Walls.= Some of the important places without the wall +have been already noticed. The Tomb of David (traditional) is on Mount +Zion, near the Gate of Zion; and just a little to the left of it, where +several small domes are seen, is the Coenaculum, or traditional place +where the Last Supper was held. Mount Zion is now, fulfilling prophecy, +"a plowed field," and has but few buildings. On nearly all sides of the +city, outside the wall, are Moslem graves. Northwest of the city, toward +the Russian Colony, is the place where the Assyrian messengers encamped +in the time of Hezekiah. (2 Kings 18.) + +[Illustration: MODERN JERUSALEM.] + +[Illustration: ENVIRONS OF JERUSALEM.] + + + + +THE ENVIRONS OF JERUSALEM. + + +THE city of Jerusalem occupies a prominent place, not only in the +history but also in the topography of the Holy Land. It is one of the +most elevated sites in a land whose important places were among the +mountains. There are many peaks higher than Mount Zion, on which the +city stands; but few cities in Palestine are built upon a site so lofty. +This fact explains many of the allusions in the Psalms. "Beautiful for +situation," "I will look unto the hills," etc. + +There are six roads leading to Jerusalem from different parts of the +land. Starting from the city by each one of these roads, let us notice +the important places upon either side of it. + +[Illustration: DEFILE BETWEEN JERUSALEM AND JERICHO.] + +I. =The Northern Road.= This starts from the Damascus Gate and leads +almost due north through the centre of the mountain region, toward +Shechem and Damascus, passing more of the historic localities than any +other. Explorers, however, are not agreed upon the identification of all +the places; and our space permits us only to give conclusions without +naming reasons or authorities for the opinion in all cases. + +1. About a mile north of Jerusalem, on the west of the path, we find +_Scopus_, the eminence from which Titus, the Roman conqueror, obtained +his first view of the doomed city. According to some authorities this +was also the location of _Mizpeh_, the place of assembly for Israel +during the time of the Judges. But later investigators place Mizpeh at +_Neby Samwil_, on the northwestern road, and we have accepted their +conclusions. (See next page.) Both the location of Mizpeh and that of +Ramah are uncertain. One word means "watch-tower," the other "height," +so they may be identical, though the references seem to point to +different localities. + +2. A mile further, and on the west of the path, is _Nob_ (_el +Isawiyeh_), named as a city of the priests. At this place the Tabernacle +was kept during the reign of Saul; David visited the high-priest and +received the sword of Goliath; and the priest and 70 of his associates +were slain by command of Saul. (1 Sam. 21:1-9; 22:9-19.) + +3. _Gibeah_ (_Tuleil el Ful_), "hill of beans," lies on the east of the +road, 2-1/2 miles from the city. The place is first mentioned in the +painful story of the Levite (Judges 19); but its principal interest is +in the fact that it was the home and court of King Saul. "It is now +dreary and desolate, with scarce any ruins save a confused mass of +stones, which form a sort of cairn on the top."--_Tristram._ + +4. _Anathoth_ (_Anata_), the birthplace of the prophet Jeremiah, and a +priestly city, is 3 miles northeast of Jerusalem, upon a path branching +out of the main road. It is now a village of about 20 houses. + +5. Some locate _Ramah_, the home of Samuel, at _Er Ram_, on the east of +the road; but others favor the place at _Neby Samwil_, to be noticed +below. + +6. _Michmash_, the scene of Jonathan's daring exploit, lies on a hill +adjoining a ravine, 7 miles northeast of the city; and a mile away, in +plain sight, lies _Geba_, the camping place of Saul's army at the time +of the battle. (1 Sam. 13.) It is now called _Mukmas_. + +7. _Ai_--the place where Joshua's army was repulsed by the Canaanites, +on account of the crime of Achan (Josh. 7), and which, after his +punishment, was taken and destroyed by the Israelites--is 9 miles from +the city; a desolate heap, known as _el Tell_. + +8. _Beeroth_ (wells), now _el Bireh_, 10 miles north, was one of the +Gibeonite cities which made peace with Israel. (Josh. 9:17.) According +to tradition, this is the place where Joseph and Mary, returning from +Jerusalem, first missed the boy Jesus (Luke 2:44); and it is now the +halting place of caravans going north. + +9. _Bethel_, "the house of God" (now _Beitin_), 10 miles north, is a +place of many Scriptural associations. Here Abraham pitched his tent and +built his altar, on his entrance upon the Land of Promise (Gen 12:8); +here Jacob lay down to rest and saw the glorious vision of the heavenly +ladder (Gen. 28:11-22), and on his return from Syria again consecrated +the place to God's service. (Gen. 35:6-15.) During the period of the Ten +Tribes it was a sanctuary of idols, but also the seat of a prophetic +school. (1 Kings 12:29-33; 2 Kings 2:2, 3.) It is now an uninhabited +ruin. + +10. East of Bethel, and 11 miles north of Jerusalem, is the rock +_Rimmon_ (now _Rummon_), where the remnant of the tribe of Benjamin +found a refuge after the civil war. (Judges 20, 21.) + +11. Two miles north of Rimmon is the site of _Ophrah_, in the New +Testament _Ephraim_, the retreat of Jesus after the raising of Lazarus. +(John 11:54.) It is in a wilderness, on the edge of the Jordan Valley, +and outside the line of travel; now called _et Taiyibeh_. + +[Illustration: SOLOMON'S POOLS.] + +II. =The Eastern Road= from Jerusalem leads through a barren region of +crags and ravines, almost without inhabitants, except the robbers who +have haunted it since the days when "a certain man went down from +Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell among thieves." (Luke 10:30.) The road is +a continual descent from a height of 2,700 feet above the sea to 1,300 +feet below it, in 20 miles. + +The only place passed on the route is _Bethany_ (now _el Azariyeh_), the +home of Mary and Martha, the place where Lazarus was raised from death, +and near which Jesus ascended. (Luke 24:50.) It is on the eastern slope +of the Mount of Olives, and about a mile and a quarter from Jerusalem. +Beyond this place the road grows more steep, descending toward the +Jordan Valley. + +III. =The Southern Road=, leading along the crest of the hill country +toward Hebron, also passes few places of historical interest. + +1. Just south of the city is the _Plain of the Rephaim_, where, after +the capture of Jerusalem, David twice met and vanquished the +Philistines. (2 Sam. 5:18-25.) The name may be a reminiscence of the +most ancient people who inhabited the mountain region of Palestine, +before the Amorites were in the land. + +2. Four miles from the city the traveler passes _Rachel's Tomb_. This +may represent the place where Jacob, while journeying southward, lost +his beloved wife Rachel, the mother of Joseph and Benjamin. (Gen. +35:16-20.) The monument now standing is of comparatively recent date; +but it may occupy the site of one more ancient. + +3. Six miles southeast of the city we come to _Bethlehem_, a small town, +yet having the deepest interest as the birthplace of David, and of +David's greatest descendant, the Saviour of the world. It lies upon the +side and summit of a steep hill, and contains now about 2,000 +inhabitants. Many places connected with the birth of Jesus are shown; +but there is no authority for their precise location except tradition. +In a cave near this village Jerome wrote most of his translation of the +Bible, the Vulgate version, recognized as the standard Bible by the +Roman Catholic Church. + +4. A little beyond Bethlehem is the head of the _Valley of Elah_, in +which, but at a distance to the west, David fought with Goliath, and +gained his earliest honors before Israel. (1 Sam. 17.) + +5. There are no more places of interest to the Bible reader until we +reach _Hebron_, 18 miles from Jerusalem. This is one of the most ancient +towns in the world, occupied before the time of Abraham; the burial +place of the Patriarchs, the capital of David's kingdom of Judah, and +the place where Absalom's rebellion was begun. It is still a large town, +inhabited by intolerant Mohammedans, who closely guard the sanctity of +the Mosque which covers the graves of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. It is +now called _el Khalil_, "the Friend," _i. e._, Abraham, "the friend of +God." + +6. The region between Hebron and the Dead Sea is wild and desolate, with +but few inhabitants. It was called _Jeshimon_, "the waste," and is the +place generally recognized as "the wilderness of Judæa," where David +wandered during his exile when he was persecuted by Saul, and in +constant danger of his life, and where Christ was tempted after his long +fast of forty days. + +IV. =The Southwestern Road= is that "that goeth down from Jerusalem unto +Gaza, which is desert." (Acts 8:26.) It passes through ravines and among +mountains, descending through successive plateaus, from the mountain +region to the Shefelah, or low hills, and thence to the plain by the +Mediterranean. It is "desert," in the sense that no towns lie along the +route. The fountain where Philip baptized the Ethiopian treasurer is +shown at _Ain Haniyeh_, 4 miles southwest of Jerusalem; but it has only +tradition in support of its claim. + +V. =The Western Road= leads to Joppa, descending from the mountains to +the sea. + +1. Four miles from Jerusalem it passes _Emmaus_ (_Kuloniyeh_), the place +to which the two disciples were walking when they were joined by the +risen Christ. (Luke 24:13.) The place, however, is disputed. Dr. Thomson +locates it at _Kuriet el Enab_, further from Jerusalem; and others at +_el Kubeibeh_, 7 miles northwest of the city. + +2. _Kirjath-jearim_, or _Baalah_, is 7 miles from Jerusalem, at _Kuriet +el Enab_, named above. Here the Ark of the Covenant was brought from +Beth-shemesh, after its return from the Philistines, and remained until +it was removed by David to Jerusalem. (1 Sam. 6:21; 2 Sam. 6:2.) It is +now a small village, with ruins and a church. + +VI. =The Northwestern Road= branches from the Northern Road just beyond +Gibeah, and winds down the mountains to the sea-shore at Joppa. Among +its places of interest are the following: + +1. _Mizpeh_, "watch-tower," is probably the hill known as _Neby Samwil_, +4 miles northwest of Jerusalem. Here Samuel gathered the people for +reformation, and won his great victory over the Philistines. This may +also have been _Ramah_, the birthplace and burial-place of Samuel. + +2. _Gibeon_ is at _el Jib_, a hill 6 miles from Jerusalem. This was the +head of the Hivite league of cities which made peace with Israel and +were spared by Joshua at the time of the conquest (Josh. 9:17); which +led to the battle of Beth-horon, the decisive event of the war. Here a +skirmish took place between the soldiers of David and of Abner (while +David was reigning over Judah), and Asahel, the brother of Joab, was +killed. (2 Sam. 2:12-24.) At this place the Tabernacle was standing +during David's reign, while the ark was at Zion; here was "the great +high place" where Solomon offered sacrifice at the opening of his reign; +and here Solomon had a vision, and made his choice of wisdom. (1 Kings +3:4-14.) + +3. Five miles beyond Gibeon is _Beth-horon_, celebrated as the place +where was fought the great battle of the conquest, which, measured by +its results, was the most important battle in the history of the world, +since upon it was staked the world's religion. If ever the sun might +stand still, it was then, when earth's destiny was in the balance. +(Josh. 10:9-14.) The "upper Beth-horon" is at _Beit ur el Foka_, and the +lower at _Beit ur et Tahta_, two miles beyond it. + +In this brief view we have compassed the most important places upon the +map within 15 miles around the city of Jerusalem. + + +OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. + + +SUGGESTIONS FOR TEACHING. + +1. Locate upon the blackboard Jerusalem as a centre, and in presence of +the class draw the general direction of the roads leading from it. It is +scarcely necessary to draw the valleys and mountains, as they are but +rarely referred to by name. The teacher may mark the line of the road in +French chalk or common slate-pencil upon the blackboard, in advance of +the lesson, making a faint line, which can be followed with the crayon +afterward. + +2. Then take each road in order, going out from Jerusalem, and indicate +the places near it, stating the events of Bible History in connection +with each place. + +3. It would be a good plan to write on slips of paper the references to +texts, distribute them among the class, and have each text read by a +student as its event is named. + + +REVIEW. + +I. _Northern Road._ 1. Scopus. (Titus.) 2. Nob. (Slaughter of priests.) +3. Gibeah. (Saul's court.) 4. Anathoth. (Jeremiah.) 5. Ramah.(?) +(Samuel.) 6. Michmash. (Jonathan's exploit.) 7. Ai. (Achan.) 8. Beeroth. +(Gibeonites; Jesus lost in Temple.) 9. Bethel. (Jacob's ladder.) 10. +Rimmon. (Benjamin.) 11. Ephraim. (Christ's retirement.) + +II. _Eastern Road._ 1. Bethany. (Lazarus.) 2. Steep descent. 3. Jericho. + +III. _Southern Road._ 1. Plain of Rephaim. (David's victory.) 2. +Rachel's Tomb. 3. Bethlehem. (David, Jesus.) 4. Valley of Elah. (David +and Goliath.) 5. Hebron. (Abraham's sepulchre.) 6. Jeshimon +(Wilderness). + +IV. _Southwestern Road._ "Jerusalem to Gaza." (Philip.) + +V. _Western Road._ 1. Emmaus. (Risen Christ.) 2. Kirjath-jearim. +(Removal of ark.) + +VI. _Northwestern Road._ 1. Mizpeh. (Samuel.) 2. Gibeon. (Solomon's +choice.) 3. Beth-horon. (Joshua's victory.) + +[Illustration: GETHSEMANE.] + +[Illustration: THE DIVISION OF SOLOMON'S EMPIRE.] + + + + +THE DIVISION OF SOLOMON'S EMPIRE. + + +ON the death of Solomon, B.C. 935, the empire which had been won by the +sword and consolidated by the statesmanship of David, fell asunder, and +five kingdoms took the place of one. These were: + +1. The portion of Solomon's empire north of Mount Hermon and extending +to the Euphrates revolted, and formed the =Kingdom of Syria=, having +Damascus for its capital. This kingdom, at first small, soon rose to +power, and at its height, under Hazael, was the leading nation in Asia, +west of the Euphrates. It fell, about B.C. 750, under the power of +Assyria. + +[Illustration: CHRONOLOGICAL CHART OF KINGS OF ISRAEL AND JUDAH.] + +2. South of Syria was the =Kingdom of Israel=, or the Ten Tribes, +founded by Jeroboam, B.C. 935, soon after the death of Solomon. This +included by far the larger portion of Palestine Proper, having 9,400 +square miles, while the rival kingdom of Judah had but 3,400. It +received the allegiance of all the tribes on the east of the Jordan. The +boundary line between the two kingdoms ran south of Jericho, Bethel and +Joppa. This line was, however, very variable, being moved northward or +southward, according to the relative power of the kingdoms. Over this +kingdom reigned nineteen kings, representing several dynasties, with +intervals of anarchy and frequent change. Its capital was at first +Shechem, then Tirzah, until Omri, the founder of the third dynasty, +chose a permanent location at SAMARIA, which soon became to Israel all +that Jerusalem was to Judah, and in time gave its name to the entire +province. Its two religious sanctuaries were at Dan on the north, and at +Bethel on the south, where the national worship to Jehovah, was +maintained under the form of a calf or young ox. + +3. =The Kingdom of Judah= included the tribe of that name, a portion of +Benjamin, and perhaps of Simeon also, though the southern boundary was +always uncertain. The Shefelah, or low hills, and the sea-coast, were +probably controlled by the Philistines, though nominally belonging to +Judah. This kingdom remained loyal to the house of David during all its +history, and was ruled by twenty-one kings, all of one family. It was +destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, B.C. 587. + +4. =Moab= lay east of the Dead Sea, between the brooks Arnon and Zered. +It was nominally subject to Israel (the northern kingdom); but, from the +indications of the history and of the Moabite Stone (a monument of +Mesha, the king of Moab, erected in the time of Elisha the prophet), it +may be inferred that it had its own government, and only occasionally +paid tribute to the Ten Tribes. Strong kings, like Omri, Ahab and +Jeroboam II., may have held power over it; but during most of the time +it was practically independent. + +5. =Edom=, south of the Dead Sea, had been conquered by David, and +remained subject during the reign of Solomon. After the disruption it +held to Judah about the same relation that Moab held to Israel, +dependent and tributary, but not annexed as a part of the realm. There +was a king of Edom during the reign of Jehoshaphat (2 Kings 3:9), but +evidently subject to Judah. The Edomites finally gained their +independence during the reign of Jehoram, the son of Jehoshaphat (2 +Kings 8:16-22), despite a defeat which they suffered at Zair (probably +Seir, or Sela). Like all the kingdoms around it, this kingdom fell under +the rule of Nebuchadnezzar. + +These five provinces or kingdoms are represented upon the map according +to their general boundaries during most of the time from the age of +Solomon to that of Nebuchadnezzar, when all the East was united under +one mighty sceptre. Historically, the epoch requires the consideration +of several periods, as follows: + +1. =The Period of Division= (B.C. 935-842), during which three +kingdoms--Syria, Israel and Judah--strove for supremacy. This extends +from the reign of Jeroboam to that of Jehu in the north; and from +Rehoboam to Joash in Judah. During the first half-century of this +period, wars were constant between Israel and Judah. During the latter +half-century the growing power of Syria compelled an alliance between +the rival kingdoms, and nearly all the battles were between Israel and +Syria. The leading events of this period were: (1.) The accession of +Rehoboam, followed by the disruption of the kingdom, and the breaking up +of Solomon's empire. (2.) The invasion of Judah by Shishak, king of +Egypt, and the loss of all the treasures of David and Solomon (2 Chron. +12), which permanently crippled the kingdom. (3.) The wars of Jeroboam +with Judah, culminating in the battle of Zemaraim, near Bethel, a signal +defeat for Israel. (2 Chron. 13.) (4.) The invasion of Judah by the +Ethiopians under Zerah, and the victory of Asa at Mareshah. (2 Chron. +14.) (5.) The introduction of the worship of Baal into Israel, by Ahab, +and with it the appearance of the prophet Elijah. (1 Kings 16-19.) (6.) +The wars with Syria, with the victory of Israel at Aphek, and the defeat +at Ramoth-gilead. (1 Kings 20-22.) (7.) The invasion of Judah, in the +reign of Jehoshaphat, by the allied forces of Ammon, Moab and Edom, and +their slaughter at Berachah. (2 Chron. 20.) (8.) The allied war of +Israel and Judah with Moab, and the battle of Kir-haraseth, commemorated +by the Moabite Stone, recently discovered. (2 Kings 3.) (9.) The revolt +of Edom from Judah, in the reign of Jehoram. Jehoram gained a victory at +Zair (probably Sela, or Petra), but could not retain supremacy over the +Edomites. + +[Illustration: MOABITE STONE.] + +[Illustration: THE SYRIAN PERIOD, B.C. 884-840.] + +2. =The Syrian Period=, B.C. 842-799, began with revolutions in the same +year in Damascus, Samaria, and Jerusalem; by which Hazael mounted the +throne of Syria, Jehu of Israel, and Athaliah, the queen-mother, usurped +the throne of Judah. Hazael established a powerful kingdom. (2 Kings +8:7-15.) He conquered all of Israel east of the Jordan (2 Kings 10:32, +33), reduced Israel under Jehoahaz to a condition of vassalage (2 Kings +13:1-8), took Gath from Judah, and was only withheld from besieging +Jerusalem by the payment of a heavy tribute. (2 Kings 12:17, 18; 2 +Chron. 24:23, 24.) We insert an outline map of his kingdom and +conquests. + +The principal events of this period were as follows: (1.) The accession +of Hazael in Syria, Jehu in Israel, and Athaliah in Judah, B.C. 842. +(2.) The destruction of Baal worship in Israel. (2 Kings 10.) (3.) The +conquests of Hazael on the east of Jordan. (2 Kings 10:32, 33.) (4.) The +slaughter of Athaliah, and accession of Jehoash in Judah. (2 Kings 11.) +(5.) The repairs of the Temple by Jehoiada. (2 Kings 12.) (6.) The +prophecies of Jonah and Joel. (7.) The subjection of Israel under +Hazael. (8.) Hazael's campaign against Judah, and capture of Gath. (9.) +The death of Hazael. + +3. =The Restoration of Israel=, B.C. 779-742. The Syrian conqueror, +Hazael, left as his successor a weak prince, Ben-hadad III., who was +unable to hold his dominions against the ability of the third king of +the house of Jehu in Israel, Jehoash, or Joash, and his greater son, +Jeroboam II. Under these two able rulers the kingdom of the Ten Tribes +arose to its culmination, the territory lost was regained, nearly all +Syria was conquered, Judah was made tributary, and Samaria gave laws to +a large part of Solomon's empire. This period was marked as the era of +two great prophets, Jonah and Joel; and, from its brilliant but brief +prosperity, has been called "the Indian Summer of Israel." At the +opening of this epoch, Amaziah reigned in Judah. He won a victory in +Edom, but, venturing to attack Israel, was routed at Beth-shemesh; and, +for the only time in Judah's history, the army of the Ten Tribes entered +Jerusalem as victors. (2 Kings 14.) Uzziah, his successor, was more +successful, and held his kingdom in security both against Israel and the +enemies on the south. The outline map represents the kingdoms during the +reign of Jeroboam II., about B.C. 800. + +4. =The Fall of Israel=, B.C. 742-721. The decline of Israel after the +reign of Jeroboam II. was rapid. A succession of usurpers seized the +throne, the foreign conquests melted away, and anarchy prevailed. The +cause of these sudden changes was the growth of the Assyrian power under +a succession of warlike kings, who made Nineveh the capital of the +Eastern world. Syria fell before their arms, and Israel soon followed. +In the reign of Menahem, Israel became tributary to Assyria; and in that +of Pekah, B.C. 735, the portion of Israel on the north, including the +tribe of Naphtali, was carried into captivity by Tiglath-pileser. (2 +Kings 15:29.) In the reign of Hoshea, Samaria itself was taken (B.C. +721) by Sargon (having been besieged by Shalmaneser); and the Ten Tribes +were finally carried into captivity to Halah and Habor. (2 Kings 17.) +This period belongs to the map of the Assyrian Empire. + +5. =The Fall of Judah=, B.C. 721-587. The kingdom of Judah lasted more +than a hundred years after that of Israel, though most of the time as a +subject-nation to the "great king" of Assyria, to whom Ahaz and most of +the kings of Judah after him paid tribute. The most important events of +this period were: (1.) The reforms of King Hezekiah, and the deliverance +of Jerusalem from the Assyrians under Sennacherib. (2 Chron. 30-32.) +(2.) The captivity of King Manasseh among the Assyrians, and his return. +(2 Chron. 33.) (3.) The attempt at reformation by King Josiah, and his +death at the battle of Megiddo. (2 Chron. 34, 35.) (4.) The rise of the +power of Babylon, and Nebuchadnezzar's first invasion of Judah, in the +reign of Jehoiakim, B.C. 606. From this date Judah was subject to +Babylon, and the "seventy years' captivity" began. (5.) The rebellion of +Zedekiah, the last king, against Nebuchadnezzar, the siege of Jerusalem, +the destruction of the kingdom, and the final carrying of Judah into +captivity to Babylon, B.C. 587. + +[Illustration: THE RESTORATION OF ISRAEL, B.C. 800.] + +We notice the most important wars, sieges and battles of this period, +indicated upon the map of the Division of Solomon's Empire, by flags. + +1. The battle of =Zemaraim=, near Bethel, fought between Jeroboam and +Abijah, the second king of Judah, B.C. 917, and resulting in the defeat +of Israel, and the ruin of Jeroboam's plans of ambition. (2 Chron. 13.) + +2. The battle of =Mareshah=, in Judah, on the border of the mountain +region, in which King Asa defeated Zerah, the Ethiopian king of Egypt, +and an immense host, B.C. 900. (2 Chron. 14.) + +3. The siege of =Samaria=, by Ben-hadad, king of Syria, in the reign of +Ahab, who was able to repel the invaders. (1 Kings 20.) We notice, that +from this time, for a century, the principal wars of Israel are with +Syria. + +4. The victory at =Aphek=, won by Ahab over Ben-hadad and the Syrians. +Ahab, however, allowed the fruits of the victory to be lost, when he +might have made it decisive in its results. (1 Kings 20:26-43.) + +5. The battle of =Ramoth-gilead=, in which the Syrians, under Ben-hadad, +were victorious over allied Israel and Judah, and Ahab was slain. (1 +Kings 22.) + +6. The slaughter of the allied Moabites, Ammonites and Edomites, at +=Berachah=, "the valley of blessing," in the reign of Jehoshaphat, king +of Judah. (2 Chron. 20.) + +7. The war of Israel, Judah and Edom, against the Moabites, in which a +great battle took place at =Kir-haraseth=, in the land of Moab, when the +king of Moab offered his own son as a sacrifice in presence of the +contending armies. (2 Kings 3.) This was during the reign of Jehoshaphat +in Judah, and of Jehoram in Israel. + +8. A second siege of =Samaria=, by the Syrians, under Ben-hadad, in the +reign of Jehoram; and a miraculous deliverance. (2 Kings 6, 7.) + +9. A battle at =Zair= (probably Sela, or Petra), in Edom, in which +Jehoram was surrounded by the revolting Edomites, and won a victory, yet +could not prevent the Edomites from gaining their liberty. (2 Kings +8:21, 22.) + +10. The capture of =Gath=, by the Syrians, under Hazael, in the reign of +Jehoash, king of Judah. (2 Kings 12:17.) + +11. The victory of King Jehoash, of Israel, over the Syrians, at +=Aphek=, foretold by Elisha. (2 Kings 13:17-25.) + +12. The battle of =Beth-shemesh=, a victory of Israel over Judah, +resulting in an Israelite army entering Jerusalem, in the reign of +Amaziah. (2 Kings 14.) + +13. The final capture of =Samaria= by the Assyrians, and the extinction +of the kingdom of the Ten Tribes. (2 Kings 17:1-6.) + +14. The battle of =Megiddo=, in which King Josiah, of Judah, lost his +life while resisting the invasion of Pharaoh-necho, the king of Egypt. +(2 Kings 23:29.) + +15. Two battles at =Carchemish=, near the Euphrates, in the first of +which, Pharaoh-necho, of Egypt, was victorious (B.C. 608) over the +Assyrians, and in the second (B.C. 606) was thoroughly defeated by +Nebuchadnezzar, and compelled to relinquish all his conquests in Asia. +(2 Chron. 35:20.) + +16. The destruction of =Jerusalem= by Nebuchadnezzar, and the extinction +of the kingdom of Judah. (2 Kings 25.) + + +OUTLINE FOR TEACHING. + +1. Draw on the blackboard the map of _Solomon's Empire_, as already +given, showing its boundaries, and placing on it the city of Jerusalem, +the river Jordan, etc. + +2. Divide the map into the _five kingdoms_ of _Syria_, _Israel_, +_Judah_, _Moab_ and _Edom_, and show their capitals and political +relations. + +3. Drill the class upon the leading events of the _five historical +periods_ named in the above description, placing upon the map the +localities named in the history. + +4. Name the _battles_ of the periods, and state the circumstances of +each battle, placing them upon the map in their historical order. + +5. Through all the work let the class draw their own maps, following +that upon the board, and at the close carefully review all the work. +This subject might require several lessons in a normal class. + +[Illustration: MOSQUE EL AKSA.] + + + + +THE GREAT ORIENTAL EMPIRES. + + +THE history of the Bible is so interwoven with that of the East, that a +view of its great empires is necessary. All the lands between the +Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean were united at different periods +under one government, and formed an empire which was constantly changing +according to the power or weakness of its dominant state; for in the +Oriental world there never has existed anything like a confederation of +states on an equality. At different periods Ur, Babylon or Nineveh +conquered all the surrounding lands; or at other periods a single race, +as the Medes and Persians, obtained supremacy. The empire thus arose and +fell, to be succeeded by a similar empire with another centre. During +the Old Testament history, between the days of Abraham and of Ezra, more +than 1,500 years, four successive empires appeared in the East. These +were: + +I. The Early Babylonian Empire. B.C. 2280-1120. + +II. The Assyrian Empire. B.C. 1120-626. + +III. The Babylonian Empire. B.C. 606-538. + +IV. The Persian Empire. B.C. 538-330. + +I. =The Early Babylonian Empire= began about 3000 B.C., with several +states, each having a city as its capital. Among these were Ur +(_Mugheir_), Lagesh (Shirpurta), and Isin. These separate kingdoms were +united in an empire, of which Babylon was the capital, in the reign of +Hammurabi (the Amraphel of Gen. 14:1), about 2280 B.C. It lasted, with +varying fortunes, for 1,000 years. A map of this empire, in the time of +Abraham, is given on page 34. + +[Illustration: AN ASSYRIAN PALACE.] + +II. =The Assyrian Empire= arose from the small country Asshur, about 25 +square miles in extent, lying east of the Tigris and north of the lower +Zab. Its capital was the city Asshur, now called _Kileh Sherghat_, 60 +miles south of Nineveh. The city rose to power in the 14th century B.C., +when, under Tukulti-ninib, Babylon was captured and the Babylonian +empire became the Assyrian. Afterward _Nimrud_, 20 miles south of +Nineveh, became the capital. Not until 702 was NINEVEH made by +Sennacherib the royal residence. It soon surpassed the earlier capitals +in size and magnificence, and became one of the largest cities of the +East. It then included four cities, surrounded by one wall, and forming +a parallelogram, as shown on the plan on page 96. The greatest kings of +this empire were: Shalmaneser, who made war on Samaria, and erected the +"Black Obelisk," which now stands in the British Museum, and by its +inscriptions furnishes the best record of the kingdom down to its own +age; Sargon, who completed the conquest of Samaria, and otherwise added +to the empire; Sennacherib, who enlarged and beautified Nineveh, warred +from Babylon to Egypt, and extorted tribute from Hezekiah, king of +Judah; and Esar-haddon, son of the preceding, who saw the empire at its +height, embracing, besides Assyria, Armenia, Media, Babylonia, Elam, +Mesopotamia, Syria, Israel, Judah, and the northern portion of Egypt. +These lands, however, for the most part retained their own rulers, +customs and government, but recognized themselves as vassals to the +"Great King," as he is styled in the inscriptions. Esar-haddon took +Manasseh, king of Judah, captive to Babylon, and repopulated Samaria +with colonists from other lands. His son, Asshur-bani-pal, witnessed his +kingdom declining, and was the last of the great kings, though he built +a vast palace at Nineveh. There was no coherence or unity in the empire, +whose provinces were held together only by the strong arm of the king; +and, on the death of Asshur-bani-pal, a general revolt took place among +the subject nations, his son perished, and Nineveh was utterly +destroyed, never again to appear in history. + +The boundaries of the Assyrian empire are given upon the map according +to the best authorities. On the north they were the Armenian Mountains, +the river Cyrus (now called the _Kur_), north of the Araxes, and the +northern range of Mount Taurus; on the east, the Caspian Sea and the +great salt desert; on the south, the Persian Gulf, the Arabian desert +and Upper Egypt; on the west, the Mediterranean and the river Halys. + +[Illustration: THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE.] + +[Illustration: THE BABYLONIAN EMPIRE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.] + +III. =The Babylonian Empire=, B.C. 606-538. This period has been more +correctly termed that of the "four kingdoms," since the East was not +then, as during the Assyrian period, under one government. The +destruction of Nineveh had been wrought by the union of the Medes and +Babylonians, under their kings, Cyaxares and Nabopolassar, and these +peoples succeeded to most, but not all, of the conquests of Assyria. + +1. Media won its own independence, and obtained possession of Armenia, +Assyria Proper (north of the Tigris), and Elam. Persia had already been +conquered, so that the largest, though less important, portion of the +Assyrian empire now belonged to Media. + +2. Babylonia obtained Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Syria and Palestine. Most of +these countries had claimed their independence on the fall of Assyria; +and their conquest occupied the reign of Nabopolassar, and his greater +son, Nebuchadnezzar. Thus the important parts of the Bible world were +nearly all under the rule of Babylon. + +3. A new kingdom arose in Asia Minor, that of Lydia, embracing all the +lands between the Ægean Sea and the river Halys; destined, however, to a +short history, for it formed one of the earliest conquests of Cyrus the +Great. + +4. Cilicia also appears for the first time upon the map, being situated +between the Euphrates and Lydia, north of Syria, and south of the Halys +river, and retained its independence until the close of the Babylonian +period, when it was annexed to Persia, though even then it retained its +own kings. + +5. To these might be added Egypt, though outside of the Asiatic world. +It soon shook off the yoke of Assyria, and resumed its independence; +but, endeavoring to contest with Babylon the empire of the East, was +defeated at Carchemish by Nebuchadnezzar, and compelled to retire from +Asia. Some suppose that it was conquered by Babylon; and it is possible +that for a few years Egypt may have recognized the supremacy of +Nebuchadnezzar by paying tribute, but it was never a part of his empire. + +[Illustration: BLACK OBELISK.] + +The map of the Oriental world, as thus reconstructed, lasted about a +century, though with varying boundary lines; as, for instance, Elam, or +Susiana, sometimes formed a part of Babylonia, and at other times of +Media. During this period BABYLON was the metropolis of the East. It was +raised to greatness by Nebuchadnezzar, who finished the Tower of Belus, +raised the Hanging Gardens, and built great palaces. Two-thirds of the +bricks unearthed in the ruins of Babylon bear his name. The city formed +a square, on both sides of the Euphrates, covering an area of 130 miles, +about that of the city and county of Philadelphia. It was surrounded +with double walls, one of which is said to have been 300 feet high, and +so wide that six chariots could be driven abreast along its summit. The +greatness of the city was short-lived. It was taken by the Medes and +Persians, B.C. 536, and soon began to decline, though it remained, in a +decaying condition, for nearly 1,000 years afterward. + +[Illustration: BABYLON.] + +[Illustration: COMPARATIVE AREAS OF THE GREAT EMPIRES--ASSYRIAN, +BABYLONIAN, PERSIAN.] + +[Illustration: THE PERSIAN EMPIRE.] + +[Illustration: DIVISION OF ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE.] + +IV. =The Persian Empire=, B.C. 538-330. As the Babylonian power arose +with Nebuchadnezzar, the Persian began with Cyrus the Great. He was the +hereditary king of the Persians, and headed a revolt against the Medes, +which resulted in reversing the relations of the two races, so that the +Persians became dominant. He then led his united people westward, and +conquered Croesus, the king of Lydia, thus extending his dominion from +the Persian Gulf to the Ægean Sea. The power of Babylon began to fall on +the death of Nebuchadnezzar, whose successors were weaklings, and in +B.C. 538 Cyrus took the city of Babylon. His dominions were now larger +than those of the old Assyrian empire; and under his successors the +conquests of Persia were pushed both eastward and westward, until, under +Darius the Great, they embraced all the lands from the Indus to the +Nile. The map represents the empire of Persia at this period, with the +twenty satrapies, or provinces, into which it was divided by Darius. +This empire lasted for 200 years, until its conquest by Alexander the +Great, B.C. 330, when the sceptre of the East passed into European +hands, and Greece gave law to Asia. In the extent of its territory, in +the strength of its dominion, and in the consolidation of its conquests, +Persia was far greater than either Assyria or Babylon. It will be +observed that the scale of all the maps of the Assyrian, Babylonian and +Persian Empires, is the same, so that their relative proportions may be +seen. + +The map of the Persian Empire represents the political state of the +Oriental world at the conclusion of the Old Testament period. When Ezra +and Nehemiah were at Jerusalem, and Haggai and Malachi were the prophets +of Judah, all the lands were under the dominion of Persia, and were +governed from "Shushan the palace," or Susa. + +[Illustration: BABYLON.] + + +PERIOD OF RESTORATION 536 B.C.-70 A.D. + +The closing portion of Old Testament history, from the edict of Cyrus +the Great, B.C. 536, permitting the captive Jews to return to Palestine, +is known as the Period of Restoration. From that time until the end of +the Jewish history, the land was under foreign rule. The Period of +Restoration, from the return from captivity to the birth of Christ, may +be divided as follows: + +1. =The Persian Supremacy=, B.C. 538-330. During the 200 years of the +Persian empire, the Jews were kindly treated by their sovereigns, and +permitted to regulate their own affairs. Under Darius the Great, who +reigned B.C. 521-486, the second Temple was completed. Under Xerxes, the +next monarch, called in the Bible, Ahasuerus, occurred the romantic +events of Esther's deliverance, and the downfall of Haman. Under his +successor, Artaxerxes Longimanus, B.C. 465-425, the Jewish state was +reformed by Ezra, and the walls of Jerusalem were built by Nehemiah. +Soon after this occurred the separation of the Samaritans, and a rival +temple was built on Mount Gerizim. + +2. =The Macedonian Supremacy=, B.C. 330-321, though brief, brought to +pass vast results. Alexander the Great, in a brilliant series of +battles, subjugated the entire Persian empire, and became the master of +the Oriental world. He dealt kindly with the Jews, notwithstanding their +loyalty to the Persian throne, and permitted them to enjoy freedom of +worship and of government. We do not give a map of Alexander's empire, +as its boundaries in Asia varied but little from those of Persia, and it +has no direct relation to Bible history. Soon after Alexander's death, +his generals formed a compact for the government of his empire; but it +was soon broken, and out of his conquests four kingdoms arose, of which +the most important were those of Seleucus in Asia, and of Ptolemy in +Africa. In the first division, B.C. 323, Palestine became a part of +Syria. + +3. =The Egyptian Supremacy=, B.C. 321-198. Palestine was taken from +Syria by Ptolemy Soter, the ruler of Egypt; and his successors, the +Greek kings of Egypt, all named Ptolemy, held the Holy Land for 120 +years. During this time the Jews were governed, under the king of Egypt, +by their high-priests. The most important event of this epoch was the +Septuagint translation of the Old Testament, made at Alexandria about +285 B.C. The map of the Division of Alexander's Empire represents the +Oriental world at this period, after the lands had settled down into +something like order under stable governments. + +Omitting the minor states and free cities, the kingdoms of that epoch +were as follows: + +1. _The kingdom of the Seleucidæ_, sometimes known as Syria, was founded +by Seleucus, B.C. 312. It included the largest portion of Alexander's +conquests, embracing most of Asia Minor, and those provinces of the +Bible world known as Syria, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Persia Proper, +Southern Media, and far beyond them eastward to the Indus. Throughout +its history of 250 years, it remained a Greek government, though in +Asia, and introduced the Greek language and literature to all the lands +of the Orient. + +2. _The kingdom of the Ptolemies_ included Egypt, Libya, Palestine, +Phoenicia, and the southern provinces of Asia Minor. It was ruled by a +succession of Greek monarchs, descended from Ptolemy Soter, and, with +changing boundaries, endured until the death of its last queen, the +famous Cleopatra, when it became a part of the Roman empire. + +3. There were other kingdoms in Asia at this time, appearing upon the +map. _Pontus_ and _Cappadocia_ intervened between the two sections of +the empire of the Seleucidæ. Southwest of the Caspian, and near the sea, +_Media Atropatene_ had gained its independence, and on the southeast +_Parthia_ was rising to power; while beyond, on the east, was +_Bactriana_. Other lands of less importance might also be named; but +these are all that are necessary to the reader of the history. + +During this epoch of 125 years, Palestine remained under the control of +Egypt. + +[Illustration: NINEVEH AND VICINITY.] + +4. =The Syrian Supremacy=, B.C. 198-166. By the battle of Mount Panium, +Antiochus of the Seleucid line wrested Palestine from Egypt. The Syrian +domination, though short, brought to the Jews greater trials than any +previous period in their history. Jerusalem was twice taken and sacked, +the Temple was desecrated and closed, the Jewish religion was forbidden, +and those who remained steadfast to it were subjected to a cruel +persecution. The trials named in Heb. 11:35-87, belonged to this +period, when every attempt was made by Antiochus Epiphanes to destroy +the worship of Jehovah, and introduce Greek customs and religion among +the Jewish people. But the very violence of the tyranny reacted, and led +to a complete deliverance and a more thorough devotion. + +5. =The Maccabean Independence=, B.C. 166-40. A priest named Mattathias +raised the banner of revolt; and, after his death, his five sons in +succession led the efforts of the Jews for freedom. The greatest of +them, though all were heroes, was Judas, called Maccabeus, "the hammer." +In B.C. 165 he took possession of Jerusalem; and, after his death, his +brother Simon won the recognition of the freedom of Palestine. Other +Maccabean princes extended the boundaries of the land over Edom, Samaria +and Galilee. Under a succession of these rulers, also called Asmonean +kings, Palestine was virtually independent, though nominally subordinate +to either Syria or Egypt. + +[Illustration: PALESTINE UNDER THE MACCABEES. + +B.C. 100.] + +6. =The Roman Supremacy=, B.C. 40-A.D. 70. Perhaps this period should +begin with B.C. 63, when the Roman general Pompey entered Jerusalem, and +the Romans began to exercise a controlling influence. But the +representatives of the Maccabean line were allowed to reign until B.C. +40, when they were set aside, and Herod the Great, an Idumean (Edomite), +was made king by the Romans. It was in the closing portion of his reign +that JESUS CHRIST was born. The last 70 years of the Roman period belong +to New Testament history, and will be considered in connection with the +maps of that period. + + + + +THE ROMAN EMPIRE. + + +THE last of the Old World empires was that having its capital on the +seven hills of ROME. Like most of the others, it was the dominion of a +single city; but, unlike others, it represented the conquests, not of a +single conquering king, as Nebuchadnezzar or Cyrus, but of a +self-governing and conquering people; and, unlike its predecessors, it +was not a loose aggregation of states, ready to fall apart as soon as +the hand that fettered them was removed, but an empire, carefully welded +together, building up in every land its own civilization, and developing +a national unity which held its possessions together for a thousand +years. + +[Illustration: THE COLOSSEUM AT ROME.] + +At the close of the Old Testament period, the Persian empire stood in +all its power. Four hundred years later, at the opening of the New +Testament epoch, the Persian empire had given place to that of +Alexander; that had broken up into many fragments; and most of these in +turn had been united under the eagles of Rome. The world's capital had +moved westward, and the Mediterranean was now a Roman lake. The +principal provinces of this empire, omitting minor subdivisions, were: + +I. =European Provinces.= 1. Italy. 2. Hispania, now known as Spain, +subdivided into three provinces. 3. Gallia, now France, including also +parts of Germany and the Netherlands, embracing five provinces. 4. The +Danubian provinces of Rhætia, Noricum, Pannonia, and Moesia, to which +Dacia was afterward added by the emperor Trajan. 5. The Grecian +provinces of Thracia, Macedonia, Achaia, and Illyricum. + +II. =The Insular Provinces= were: 1. Britannia. 2. Sicilia. 3. Sardinia +and Corsica, united. 4. Cyprus. The other islands were attached, either +to these, or to governments upon the mainland. + +III. =The Asiatic Provinces= were: 1. Asia, a term referring only to the +western end of Asia Minor. 2. Pontus and Bithynia, united. 3. Galatia. +4. Pamphylia and Lycia. 5. Cilicia. 6. Syria, of which Palestine was a +part. To these were added, after the New Testament period, Armenia, +Mesopotamia, and Arabia Petræa; but they were soon lost to the empire. + +IV. =The African Provinces= were: 1. Ægyptus, or Egypt. 2. Cyrenaica, +called, in Acts 2:10, "parts of Libya about Cyrene." 3. Africa, the +district around Carthage. 4. Mauritania, now Morocco. + +This empire was the most thoroughly organized and the longest in +duration of any in ancient history. It lasted until Rome fell under the +attacks of barbarians from the North, A.D. 476. Even after this, the +eastern division of the empire remained with almost unbroken power for +centuries, and was not finally extinguished until 1453, the close of the +Middle Ages. + +[Illustration: THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE NEW TESTAMENT PERIOD.] + + +OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. + +THE ANCIENT EMPIRES. + +It is desirable to let the class see the comparative area and location +of the Four Oriental Empires; hence they should be presented upon the +same map. Each of these may form a separate lesson. + +I. _The Early Chaldean Empire._ 1. Draw in the centre of the blackboard +the outlines of the map of Chedorlaomer's Empire, on page 34, reserving +space enough around it to embrace all the lands of the maps on page 92. +2. Draw the four important rivers: the _Tigris_, _Euphrates_, _Jordan_ +and _Nile_. 3. Show the _boundaries_ of Chedorlaomer's empire, and its +principal places: _Babylon_, _Ur_, _Nineveh_, _Haran_, _Damascus_, +_Hebron_. 4. State briefly the _history_ of the empire. 5. Review the +lesson, and let the class state all the information given. + +N. B. The outlines may be drawn in advance with slate pencil or +soapstone, and then traced with chalk in the presence of the class. +Also, the initial letters only of places or rivers should be written, as +a hint to the memory; afterward the initial letters should be erased, +and the class be called upon to name the places as located by the +pointer. + +II. _The Assyrian Empire._ 1. After erasing the boundaries of the first +empire, leaving the general outline of sea-coast and lands the same, +show the location of the conquering province, _Assyria_, and its +capital, Nineveh. 2. Draw the _boundaries_ of the Assyrian empire, +explain them to the class, and have them repeated in concert. 3. Locate +and name the subject provinces: _Armenia_, _Media_, _Mesopotamia_, +_Susiana_, _Babylonia_, _Syria_, _Palestine_. 4. Name its most important +kings: _Tiglath-adar_, _Shalmaneser_, _Sargon_, _Sennacherib_, +_Esar-haddon_, _Asshur-bani-pal_. With each king should be named the +events associated with his reign. 5. Review the outline as before. + +III. _The Babylonian Empire._ This may be given upon the same map as the +two preceding. 1. Show the location and relations of the four kingdoms: +_Babylonia_, _Media_, _Lydia_, _Cilicia_. 2. Give an account of Babylon, +and its fall. + +IV. _The Persian Empire._ Leaving the coast-line of the former maps on +the board, add to it the lines in all points of the compass requisite to +show the boundaries of Persia. The provinces, or satrapies, need not be +specified (unless detailed knowledge is desired), for they do not relate +to Bible history. Name the leading monarchs, Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes, +Artaxerxes Longimanus, and give an account of the fall of the empire. + +V. _The Empire of Alexander._ 1. This may be shown in outline; and its +history be given. 2. The division of the empire and its leading kingdoms +should be mentioned. + +VI. _The Roman Empire._ This will require a new map. Draw in outline the +lands around the Mediterranean Sea, and enumerate the provinces: +European, Asiatic, African. + +[Illustration: GROTTO OF JEREMIAH (UNDER MOUNT CALVARY).] + +[Illustration: THE KINGDOM OF HEROD THE GREAT.] + + + + +NEW TESTAMENT PALESTINE. + + +THE political geography of Palestine, during the seventy years of New +Testament history, is somewhat complicated, from the two facts, that new +provinces are named in the annals, and also that the government was +changed from regal to provincial, and from provincial to regal, oftener +than once in a generation. + + +I. THE PROVINCES OF PALESTINE. + +These were, on the west of the Jordan, Judæa, Samaria and Galilee; and +on the east, Peræa, and a group of minor principalities, popularly, but +not accurately, called Decapolis. They are indicated upon the map of the +Kingdom of Herod the Great. + +1. =Judæa= was the largest province in Palestine. It embraced the +territory anciently belonging to the four tribes, Judah, Benjamin, Dan, +and Simeon. On the east its boundary was the Dead Sea; on the south, the +desert; on the west, the Mediterranean. The northern line, separating it +from Samaria, is less definitely known; but we have adopted the boundary +as given by Conder in "A Handbook to the Bible," where the evidences in +its favor are shown. The southern portion was properly Idumaea, or +western Edom. The Philistine plain, and the Negeb, or "South Country," +were both known as Daroma. + +2. =Samaria= was the central province, between Judæa and the Carmel +range of mountains. Its share of the plain by the sea was known as +Sarona (Sharon), and was occupied almost entirely by Gentiles; while its +mountain region was held by the Samaritans, a people of mingled origin, +partly descended from the remnant of the Ten Tribes after the captivity, +and partly from heathen peoples deported to the territory, of which an +account is contained in 2 Kings 17. They separated from (or rather, were +disfellowshiped by) the Jews in the times of Nehemiah, and built a +temple on Mount Gerizim, B.C. 400. A small remnant still remain in the +ancient city of Shechem, and maintain their ancient worship. + +3. =Galilee= was the northern province, extending from Mount Carmel to +Lebanon, and from the Sea of Tiberias to the Mediterranean and +Phoenicia. Its people were Jews, and profoundly attached to the law, but +less superstitious than those of Jerusalem. In this province most of the +ministry of Jesus Christ was accomplished. + +[Illustration: TIBERIAS.] + +4. =Peræa= extended from the Jordan and the Dead Sea on the west to the +Syrian desert on the east, and from the river Arnon on the south to the +town of Pella on the north; nearly corresponding to the location of the +tribes of Reuben and Gad. The word means "beyond"; and the country was +sometimes called (Mark 10:1) "Judæa by the farther side of Jordan." It +was inhabited during the New Testament period by Jews, among whom were +established many villages of Gentiles. + +5. The remaining province has no correct geographical name. It is +sometimes called =Decapolis=; but the term is not precise, and strictly +refers to ten cities, not all of which were in the province. It embraced +no less than five sections, as may be seen upon the map. (1.) +Gaulanitis, the ancient Golan, now _Jaulan_, east of the Jordan, +Tiberias, and Lake Merom, which was then called Samachonitis. (2.) +Auranitis, now _Hauran_, the flat country of Bashan. (3.) Trachonitis, +"rugged," the mountainous district of Bashan, now known as _el Ledja_. +(4.) Iturea, now called _Jedur_, between Mount Hermon and the _Ledja_, +on the north. (5.) Batanea, an Aramaic form of the Hebrew word Bashan, +south of the Hieromax. + +Decapolis was "the land of the ten cities." These were ten confederated +Gentile cities standing in Palestine; and, though surrounded by a Jewish +population, preserving their heathen character, and protected by the +Roman government. Their names, as given by different historians, do not +entirely agree; but the best list is: (1.) Scythopolis (Beth-shean). +(2.) Gadara. (3.) Gerasa. (4.) Canatha. (5.) Abila. (6.) Raphana. (7.) +Hippos. (8.) Dion. (9.) Pella. (10.) Capitolias. To these may be added: +(11.) Philadelphia (Rabbath Ammon). (12.) Damascus. As far as +identified, they are named upon the map in red letters. Many of these +cities were destroyed, and their inhabitants massacred, by the Jews, in +the beginning of the final war before the destruction of Jerusalem by +Titus. + +[Illustration: PALESTINE DURING THE MINISTRY of JESUS. + +A.D. 26.] + + +II. THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF PALESTINE, B.C. 4-A.D. 70. + +1. =The Kingdom of Herod the Great= included all the provinces indicated +upon the map, and described above. This organization came to an end B.C. +4, when Herod died. + +2. =The Tetrarchy=, B.C. 4-A.D. 41. The word means "a government of +four," and points to the division of the kingdom after Herod's death, +when Archelaus was made tetrarch of Judæa and Samaria; Antipas (called +in the New Testament "Herod the tetrarch"), of Galilee and Peræa; and +Philip, of the fifth province, east of the Sea of Tiberias. The fourth +tetrarch was Lysanias, who ruled over the small district of Abilene, +between Mount Hermon and Damascus, a separate dominion from that of +Herod. In A.D. 6 Archelaus was deposed, and Judæa and Samaria were +annexed directly to the empire, and governed by a series of procurators, +of whom Pontius Pilate was the sixth. This was the political arrangement +of Palestine during the ministry of Jesus, of which a map is given. + +3. =The Kingdom of Herod Agrippa=, A.D. 41-44. Herod Agrippa was a +grandson of Herod the Great, and an intimate friend of the emperor +Caligula, from whom he received the title of king, and all the dominions +of Herod the Great, with Abilene added; so that he reigned over more +territory than any Jewish king after Solomon. He was the "Herod the +king" who slew the apostle James, imprisoned Peter, and died by the +judgment of God at Cæsarea. (Acts 12.) + +4. =The Two Provinces=, A.D. 44-70. On the death of Herod Agrippa, his +son, Herod Agrippa II., was a youth of 17. The emperor Claudius gave him +only the tetrarchies formerly held by Philip and Lysanias, "the fifth +province" of Palestine, and Abilene. Over these he reigned until the +final extinction of the Jewish state by Titus, A.D. 70, when he retired +to a private station at Rome. This was the "King Agrippa" before whom +the apostle Paul bore testimony. (Acts 25, 26.) During his reign, Judæa, +Samaria, Galilee and Peræa formed the province of Judæa, under Roman +procurators, having their headquarters at Cæsarea. When the last +rebellion of the Jews had been quelled by the destruction of Jerusalem, +the entire country was annexed to the province of Syria, and the history +of Judæa ended. + +[Illustration: THE TWO PROVINCES. + +A.D. 44-70.] + + + + +THE LIFE OF CHRIST. + + +AS THE life of Jesus Christ on earth is the most important not only in +all Bible history, but in all human history as well, it is desirable +that the Bible student, and especially the Bible teacher, should obtain +a clear understanding of its leading events, associate them with the +places where they occurred, and arrange them in chronological order. Of +the 150 principal events, about 100 are fixed as to their chronological +order by the common consent of the leading harmonists; about 25 are +agreed upon by the majority; while the remaining 25 are altogether +uncertain. In the outline here given, the authorities most relied upon +are Andrews, Robinson, Geikie, and Strong, yet no one of them is +exclusively followed. We divide the earthly life of Jesus into nine +periods, to each of which is given a separate map, so that the student +may not be confused among the various lines of the Saviour's journeying. + +[Illustration: THE POOL OF SILOAM.] + +The periods are as follows: + +I. Period of Preparation, 30 years, from the Birth to the Baptism of +Jesus. + +II. Period of Inauguration, 15 months, from the Baptism to the Rejection +at Nazareth. + +III. Period of Early Galilean Ministry, 4 months, from the Rejection at +Nazareth to the Sermon on the Mount. + +IV. Period of Later Galilean Ministry, 10 months, from the Sermon on the +Mount to the Feeding of the Five Thousand. + +V. Period of Retirement, 6 months, from the Feeding of the Five Thousand +to the Feast of Tabernacles. + +VI. Period of Judæan Ministry, 3 months, from the Feast of Tabernacles +to the Feast of Dedication. + +VII. Period of Peræan Ministry, 4 months, from the Feast of Dedication +to the Anointing at Bethany. + +VIII. Period of the Passion, 8 days, from the Anointing at Bethany to +the Resurrection. + +IX. Period of the Resurrection, 40 days, from the Resurrection to the +Ascension. + + +I. PERIOD OF PREPARATION. + +This includes the events of 30 years, from the Birth of Jesus to his +Baptism, and though the longest, contains the fewest recorded incidents +of any. Upon the map are indicated by red lines four journeys of Jesus. + +1. =The Presentation in the Temple.= (From Bethlehem to Jerusalem and +return.) From Bethlehem, his birthplace, the infant Jesus, at the age of +40 days, was taken to Jerusalem, to be presented before the Lord in the +Temple. Here he was recognized as the Messiah of Israel, by Simeon and +Anna, and then was taken back to Bethlehem. (Luke 2:22-38.) + +2. =The Flight into Egypt.= (From Bethlehem to Egypt.) After the visit +of the Wise Men, the Saviour, still an infant, was taken down to Egypt, +in order to escape the jealousy of Herod the Great. (Matt. 2:1-18.) + +3. =The Settlement at Nazareth.= (From Egypt to Nazareth.) After the +death of Herod, Jesus was taken from Egypt to Galilee, to the village of +Nazareth, the early home of Joseph and Mary. Here he spent his youth. +(Matt. 2:19-23.) + +4. =The Visit to the Temple.= (From Nazareth to Jerusalem and return.) +The only recorded event of the Saviour's youth, is his journey to +Jerusalem, at the age of 12 years, to attend the Passover. On the return +journey, he was lost by his parents, and after three days, found in the +Temple (probably in the Court of the Women), conversing with the doctors +of the law. He returned with Joseph and Mary to Nazareth (Luke 2:40-52), +and thenceforth no events in his life for 18 years are related. + +The places in this period are: (1.) Bethlehem, a village six miles +southwest of Jerusalem, now _Beit-lahm_. (2.) The Temple in Jerusalem. +(See plan on page 138.) (3.) Nazareth, a village on the border of the +Plain of Esdraelon, in Galilee, now _en Nasireh_, a place of 6,000 +population. + +[Illustration: THE LIFE OF CHRIST + +MAP 1. + +PERIOD OF PREPARATION, FROM THE BIRTH TO THE BAPTISM.] + + +OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--FIRST PERIOD. + +PERIOD OF PREPARATION. + + 1. _Presentation in the Temple._ (Bethlehem to + Jerusalem and return.) Recognized by Simeon and + Anna. + + 2. _Flight into Egypt._ (Bethlehem to Egypt.) + Escape from Herod. + + 3. _Settlement at Nazareth._ (Egypt to Nazareth.) + Childhood and youth. + + 4. _Visit to the Temple._ (Nazareth to Jerusalem + and return.) Found among the doctors. + + +II. PERIOD OF INAUGURATION. + +This embraces 15 months, from the Baptism of Jesus to the Rejection at +Nazareth, and contains the record of five journeys. Its places are as +follows: 1. Nazareth, already located. 2. Bethabara was formerly +supposed to be the ancient Beth-Nimrah, now _Nimrin_, on a small stream +east of the Jordan, not far from the Dead Sea. But Conder locates it at +_Abarah_, a ford of the Jordan above Beth-shean, and near the Sea of +Galilee. 3. "The Wilderness" is probably the uninhabited region of Judæa +near the Dead Sea, though it may have been the desert far to the south. +4. Cana is located at _Kefr Kenna_, northeast of Nazareth, though Dr. +Robinson places it at _Kana el Jelil_, 9 miles north of Nazareth. 5. +Capernaum was probably at _Khan Minyeh_, on the west of the Sea of +Galilee, though long located at _Tell Hum_, on the north. 6. Jerusalem. +7. Sychar, the ancient Shechem, now _Nablus_, beside Mount Gerizim. The +journeys of this period are named, each from its leading event. + +1. =The Baptism.= (From Nazareth to Bethabara.) Near the close of John +the Baptist's ministry, Jesus left his carpenter shop at Nazareth, and +journeyed down the Jordan Valley to Bethabara. There he was baptized by +John, and received from heaven the testimony of his sonship. (Matt. +3:13-17.) + +2. =The Temptation.= (From Bethabara to the Wilderness and return.) (1.) +Immediately after his baptism, Jesus was led by the Spirit into the +Wilderness, where he fasted 40 days, and overcame the temptations of +Satan. (Matt. 4:1-11.) (2.) Returning to Bethabara, he received the +testimony of John the Baptist, and met his earliest followers, Andrew +and Peter, John, Philip, and Nathanael. (John 1:37-50.) + +[Illustration: THE LIFE OF CHRIST + +MAP 2. + +PERIOD OF INAUGURATION, FROM THE BAPTISM TO THE REJECTION AT NAZARETH.] + +3. =The Marriage at Cana.= (Bethabara to Cana and Capernaum.) (1.) Jesus +left Bethabara, journeyed up the Jordan Valley to Galilee, and over the +mountains to Cana, near Nazareth. Here he was present at a wedding, and +wrought his first miracle, turning the water into wine. (2.) Thence, +with his mother and brothers, he went down to Capernaum, by the Sea of +Galilee, and remained a few days. (John 2:1-12.) + +4. =The First Passover.= (Capernaum to Jerusalem.) (1.) Soon after the +wedding feast Jesus went up to Jerusalem, probably by way of the Jordan +Valley, to attend the first Passover of his ministry. (John 2:13.) (2.) +At Jerusalem he asserted his authority by cleansing the Temple from the +traders. (John 2:14-22.) (3.) He held the conversation with Nicodemus +concerning the new birth, and remained for a time in Judæa, gathering a +few disciples, yet not making his ministry prominent, while his +forerunner was still preaching. (John 3:1-36.) + +5. =The Return to Galilee.= (Jerusalem to Sychar and Cana.) (1.) As soon +as the teaching of John the Baptist was ended by his imprisonment, Jesus +left Judæa to open his own public ministry. (2.) He went through +Samaria, and paused at Jacob's well for the conversation with the +Samaritan woman, and then remained at Sychar, the ancient Shechem, two +days. (3.) At Cana, the place of his earlier miracle, he spoke the word +of healing for a nobleman's son, who was sick at Capernaum. (John +4:1-54.) + + +OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--SECOND PERIOD. + +PERIOD OF INAUGURATION. + + 1. _Baptism._ (Nazareth to Bethabara.) + + 2. _Temptation._ (Bethabara to Wilderness and + return.) (1.) The temptation. (2.) The first + followers. + + 3. _Marriage at Cana._ (Bethabara to Cana and + Capernaum.) (1.) The first miracle. (2.) The visit + to Capernaum. + + 4. _First Passover._ (Capernaum to Jerusalem.) + (1.) The Passover. (2.) Cleansing the Temple. (3.) + Discourse with Nicodemus. + + 5. _Return to Galilee._ (Jerusalem to Sychar and + Cana.) (1.) The departure. (2.) The woman of + Samaria. (3.) The nobleman's son. + +[Illustration: BETHLEHEM.] + + +III. PERIOD OF EARLY GALILEAN MINISTRY. + +This is a period of about four months, from the Rejection at Nazareth to +the Sermon on the Mount. It brings to notice six places, most of which +have been already noticed. 1. Cana. 2. Nazareth. 3. Capernaum. 4. +Eastern Galilee, the region on the shore of the Sea of Galilee. 5. +Jerusalem. 6. The mountain of the sermon. This was probably _Kurûn +Hattin_, "the horns of Hattin," a mountain with a double peak, a few +miles from the Sea of Galilee. The journeys of this period are four in +number. + +1. =The Opening of the Ministry.= (From Cana to Nazareth and Capernaum.) +(1.) He came (perhaps from Cana) to Nazareth, with the intention of +commencing his ministry in his own home. But his towns-people rejected +his message, and would have slain him if he had not escaped from their +hands. (Luke 4:16-31.) (2.) Rejected in his own city, he removed to +Capernaum, which thenceforward was the centre of his ministry for more +than a year. (Luke 4:31.) (3.) Here he called from their work at the +seaside his four earliest disciples, Simon and Andrew, James and John. +They had known him before, but now left all to follow him. (Luke +5:1-11.) (4.) In the synagogue, on the sabbath, he cast out an evil +spirit (Luke 4:33-36), and healed the mother of Peter's wife. (Luke +4:38-40.) + +2. =The Tour in Eastern Galilee.= (From Capernaum through Eastern +Galilee and return.) (1.) This journey was probably near the Sea of +Galilee, and may not have occupied more than a few weeks. (2.) During +its progress he healed a leper, whose testimony led such multitudes to +come seeking miracles that Jesus was compelled to go into retirement. +(3.) On his return to Capernaum he healed a paralytic let down through +the roof, and (4.) called the publican Matthew to be one of his +disciples. (Luke 5:17-28.) + +3. =The Second Passover.= (From Capernaum to Jerusalem and return.) (1.) +In the spring of the second year of his ministry he went up to the feast +at the capital, and while there healed a cripple at the Pool of +Bethesda. (John 5:1-47.) (2.) On his return, while walking through the +wheat fields, he asserted his authority as "Lord of the sabbath." (Luke +6:1-5.) (3.) On a sabbath soon after, he healed in the synagogue a man +with a withered hand. (Luke 6:6-11.) + +4. =The Sermon on the Mount.= (From Capernaum to the mountain.) (1.) The +opposition of the Pharisees caused Jesus to leave Capernaum and instruct +the people by the sea-shore. (Mark 3:7-12.) (2.) He ascended a mountain, +probably _Kurûn Hattin_, and, after a night in prayer, appointed the +Twelve Apostles. (Luke 6:12-16.) (3.) To the disciples and the multitude +he preached the Sermon on the Mount. (Matt. 5-7.) + + +OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--THIRD PERIOD. + +PERIOD OF EARLY GALILEAN MINISTRY. + +1. _Opening of the Ministry._ (Cana to Nazareth and Capernaum.) (1.) +Rejection at Nazareth. (2.) Settlement at Capernaum. (3.) Calling of +Simon and Andrew, James and John. (4.) Demoniac healed, and Peter's +wife's mother healed. + +2. _Tour in Eastern Galilee._ (Capernaum to Eastern Galilee and return.) +(1.) Preaching in Galilee. (2.) Leper healed. (3.) Paralytic healed. +(4.) Matthew called. + +3. _Second Passover._ (Capernaum to Jerusalem and return.) (1.) The +cripple at Bethesda. (2.) Through the wheat fields. (3.) Withered hand +healed. + +4. _Sermon on the Mount._ (Capernaum to the mountain.) (1.) By the sea. +(2.) Calling the Twelve. (3.) The sermon. + +[Illustration: THE LIFE OF CHRIST + +MAP 3. + +EARLY GALILEAN MINISTRY FROM THE REJECTION AT NAZARETH TO THE SERMON ON +THE MOUNT.] + + +IV. THE LATER GALILEAN MINISTRY. + +This period of ten months, from the Sermon on the Mount to the Feeding +of the Five Thousand, was a time of opposition on the part of the ruling +classes, but continued popularity among the people. The places which +Jesus visited at this time were: 1. Capernaum, already noticed, and +still the headquarters of his ministry. 2. Nain, now called _Nein_, on +the northwestern edge of Little Hermon, six miles southeast of Nazareth, +in full view of Mount Tabor. 3. "The country of the Gadarenes" (Mark +5:1); called by Matthew (8:28) "the country of the Gergesenes." Gadara +was the largest city of the region, situated south of the Sea of +Galilee, and giving its name to the district; Gergesa, the little +village east of the Sea of Galilee, now called _Khersa_. 4. Nazareth, +already noticed under Period I. 5. Bethsaida, a city at the head of the +Sea of Galilee, supposed by some to have been on both sides of the +Jordan, by others on the east side. 6. The plain of Gennesaret, near to +Capernaum. We arrange the events of this period under four journeys. + +1. =The Tour in Southern Galilee.= (From Capernaum to Nain and return.) +The following events belong to this tour: (1.) At Capernaum, before +starting, Jesus healed the slave of a believing centurion. (Luke +7:1-10.) (2.) On the next day he led his disciples southward to Nain, +where he raised to life the widow's son, about to be buried. (Luke +7:11-17.) (3.) Perhaps at the same time and place he received the +messengers and answered the questions of John the Baptist. (Luke +7:18-35.) (4.) During the journey he was entertained by a Pharisee, at +whose house "a woman who was a sinner" washed his feet. (Luke 7:36-50.) +(5.) On his return the healing of a dumb demoniac occasioned the +Pharisees to assume an open opposition, and to declare that his miracles +were wrought by the power of the evil spirit. (Luke 11:14-26.) (6.) At +the same time occurred the interference of his mother and brethren, +desiring to restrain him. (Luke 8:19-21.) + +2. =The Gadarene Voyage.= (Capernaum to Gergesa and return.) With this +journey are associated four events. (1.) The opposition of the enemies +caused Jesus to leave the city, and to teach in parables by the sea. +(Matt. 13:1-53.) (2.) From the shore, near Capernaum, he set sail for +the country of the Gadarenes, east of the Sea of Galilee, and on the +voyage stilled a sudden tempest. (Mark 4:35-41.) (3.) At the eastern +shore, near the village of Gergesa, he restored two demoniacs, permitted +the demons to enter a herd of swine, and as a result was besought by the +people to leave their coasts. (4.) Returning across the sea to +Capernaum, he raised to life the daughter of Jairus the ruler. (Luke +8:41-56.) + +3. =The Tour in Central Galilee.= (From Capernaum to Nazareth and +return.) (1.) Starting from Capernaum with his disciples, he visited +Nazareth a second time, but was again rejected by its people. (Mark +6:1-6.) (2.) He then gave the Twelve a charge, and sent them out to +preach. (Matt. 10:5-42.) (3.) While they were absent upon their mission, +Jesus himself also journeyed preaching through Central Galilee. (Mark +6:6.) This was his third tour in Galilee. (4.) On his return to +Capernaum, he received the report of the Twelve, and the news of John +the Baptist's murder by Herod Antipas. (Mark 6:14-30.) + +4. =The Retirement to Bethsaida.= (1.) The multitudes following him led +Jesus to leave Capernaum by sea for a retired place near Bethsaida. +(Mark 6:31, 32.) (2.) The people hastened after Jesus, and met him as he +landed, so that he was compelled to teach them all day, and wrought in +the afternoon the miracle of the Five Loaves. (Mark 6:32-44.) (3.) After +the miracle he sent the disciples out upon the sea, and at midnight +walked to them upon the water. (Mark 6:45-51.) (4.) In the morning they +landed at the plain of Gennesaret, near Capernaum, where Jesus wrought +many miracles (Mark 6:52-56), and then returned to Capernaum. (5.) Here +he completed his Galilean ministry by a discourse in the synagogue on +the "Bread of Life." (John 6:25-59.) + +[Illustration: THE LIFE OF CHRIST + +MAP 4. + +LATER GALILEAN MINISTRY + +A.D. 28-29.] + + +OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--FOURTH PERIOD. + +PERIOD OF LATER GALILEAN MINISTRY. + +1. _Tour in Southern Galilee._ (Capernaum to Nain and return.) (1.) +Centurion's servant healed. (2.) Widow's son at Nain raised. (3.) +Messengers from John. (4.) Washing the Saviour's feet. (5.) Dumb +demoniac, and opposition of Pharisees. (6.) Interference of relatives. + +2. _Gadarene Voyage._ (Capernaum to Gergesa and return.) (1.) Parables +by the sea. (2.) Stilling the tempest. (3.) Gadarene demoniacs. (4.) +Jairus' daughter raised. + +3. _Tour in Central Galilee._ (Capernaum to Nazareth and return.) (1.) +Second rejection at Nazareth. (2.) Mission of the Twelve. (3.) Third +tour in Galilee. (4.) Report of the Twelve, and death of John the +Baptist. + +4. _Retirement to Bethsaida._ (Capernaum to Bethsaida and return.) (1.) +Seeking retirement. (2.) Feeding the five thousand. (3.) Walking on the +sea. (4.) Miracles at Gennesaret. (5.) Discourse on the "Bread of Life." + + +V. PERIOD OF RETIREMENT. + +During most of the six months, from the Feeding of the Five Thousand to +the Feast of Tabernacles, in the fall before Christ's crucifixion, he +remained in retirement, engaged in instructing his disciples in the +deeper truths of the gospel. The places visited at this time were: 1. +Phoenicia, "the coasts of Tyre and Sidon," probably only the borders +near Galilee, not the cities themselves. 2. Decapolis, the region of the +"ten cities," southeast of the Sea of Galilee; a country mainly +inhabited by a heathen population. 3. Dalmanutha, a village on the +western shore of the Sea of Galilee, not certainly identified, but +perhaps at _Ain el Barideh_, two miles from Tiberias. 4. Bethsaida, +already noticed under Period IV. 5. Cæsarea Philippi, at the foot of +Mount Hermon, now _Banias_. 6. Capernaum, already noticed under Period +II. + +1. =The Journey to Phoenicia.= (From Capernaum to the borders of Tyre +and Sidon.) (1.) The discourse in the synagogue, showing the spiritual +nature of Christ's kingdom, led to the defection of the multitude, and +the retirement of Jesus and the Twelve. (John 6:60-71.) (2.) At the +"coasts," or frontiers, of Tyre and Sidon, he restored the demoniac +daughter of a Syrophoenician woman. (Mark 7:24-30.) + +[Illustration: THE LIFE OF CHRIST + +MAP 5. + +PERIOD OF RETIREMENT, + +A.D. 29.] + +2. =The Journey to Decapolis.= (From the borders of Tyre and Sidon to +Decapolis.) (1.) The crowds gathering around Jesus in Phoenicia, he +crossed Galilee, and sought seclusion in Decapolis, southeast of the Sea +of Galilee. (Mark 7:31.) (2.) Here he wrought two miracles, healing a +deaf stammerer, and feeding the four thousand. (Mark 7:31-37; 8:1-9.) + +3. =The Journey to Cæsarea Philippi.= (From Decapolis to Dalmanutha, +Bethsaida and Cæsarea Philippi.) (1.) He sailed across the lake to +Dalmanutha, but was met by the Pharisees with unbelieving demands for a +sign, so took ship again. (Mark 8:10-13.) (2.) He sailed northward to +Bethsaida, where he healed a blind man, who saw "men as trees walking." +(Mark 8:22-26.) (3.) Pursuing his way up the Jordan, he came to Cæsarea +Philippi, at the foot of Mount Hermon, where he remained several days. +(4.) Here occurred Peter's confession, "Thou art the Christ," the +transfiguration, and the restoration of the demoniac boy. (Luke +9:18-45.) + +4. =The Last Return to Capernaum.= (From Cæsarea Philippi to Capernaum.) +He probably went down the Jordan to Bethsaida, and thence by the shore +of the sea to Capernaum. Here he kept in seclusion, and gave his +disciples a lesson in humility, from "the child in the midst." (Mark +9:30-50.) + + +OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--FIFTH PERIOD. + +PERIOD OF RETIREMENT. + +1. _To Phoenicia._ (Capernaum to coasts of Tyre and Sidon.) (1.) +Defection of the multitude. (2.) Syrophoenician woman. + +2. _To Decapolis._ (Phoenicia to Decapolis.) (1.) Journey to Decapolis. +(2.) Healing the stammerer, and feeding the four thousand. + +3. _To Cæsarea Philippi._ (Decapolis to Dalmanutha, Bethsaida and +Cæsarea Philippi.) (1.) Dalmanutha: a sign demanded. (2.) Bethsaida: +blind man healed. (3.) Cæsarea Philippi. (4.) Transfiguration. + +4. _To Capernaum._ (Cæsarea Philippi to Capernaum.) The child in the +midst. + + +VI. PERIOD OF JUDÆAN MINISTRY. + +This includes the events of about three months, from the Feast of +Tabernacles to the Feast of Dedication. The following places are +referred to during this period: 1. Capernaum, noticed under Period II. +2. The "village of the Samaritans" where Jesus was inhospitably treated, +has been traditionally located at En-gannim, on the border of Galilee +and Samaria. 3. Bethany, a small village on the Mount of Olives, east of +Jerusalem, the home of Mary and Martha, now _el Nasiriyeh_. 4. +Jerusalem. (See description on page 73.) 5. Bethabara, on the east of +Jordan, referred to as the place of the baptism, in Period II. + +This period embraces but two journeys, at its beginning and ending; the +one before the Feast of Tabernacles, the other after the Feast of +Dedication. + +1. =From Galilee to Jerusalem.= (1.) Bidding farewell to Galilee, Jesus +left Capernaum for the last time, and journeyed through Galilee toward +Jerusalem. While starting he conversed with "the three aspirants" (Luke +9:57-62), and showed the duty of full devotion to his work. (2.) On the +border of Samaria, perhaps at the village of En-gannim, he was rejected +by the Samaritans, but refused to allow his disciples to call down fire +from heaven, "as Elias did." (Luke 9:52-56.) (3.) While in Samaria he +healed the ten lepers, of whom but one turned back to give him thanks. +(Luke 17:11-19). (4.) He found a home at Bethany, with Lazarus and his +two sisters, and reminded Martha of her needless care, while Mary was +seeking "the good part." (Luke 10:38-42.) (5.) He came to Jerusalem +during the Feast of Tabernacles, and gave the teachings embodied in John +7-10. (6.) While here he healed the blind man at the Pool of Siloam. +(John 9:1-41.) + +2. =From Jerusalem to Bethabara.= (1.) At the Feast of Dedication the +teachings of Christ created such an opposition that he left the city. +(2.) He went to Bethabara beyond Jordan, the place of the baptism, and +there prepared for his tour in Peræa. + +[Illustration: THE LIFE OF CHRIST + +MAP 6. + +PERIOD OF JUDÆAN MINISTRY, + +A.D. 29. + +TO THE FEAST OF TABERNACLES FROM THE FEAST OF DEDICATION.] + + +OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--SIXTH PERIOD. + +PERIOD OF JUDÆAN MINISTRY. + +1. _From Galilee to Jerusalem._ (1.) Three aspirants. (2.) Rejected by +Samaritans. (3.) Ten lepers. (4.) Mary and Martha. (5.) Feast of +Tabernacles. (6.) Blind man at Pool of Siloam. + +2. _From Jerusalem to Bethabara._ (1.) Departure from Jerusalem. (2.) At +Bethabara. + + +VII. PERIOD OF PERÆAN MINISTRY. + +This extends through four months, from the events immediately succeeding +the Feast of Dedication, to the Anointing at Bethany, six days before +the crucifixion. Its places are as follows: 1. Bethabara, already +noticed in Period II. 2. Bethany. (See Period VI.) 3. Ephraim. This was +probably the village in a wild region northeast of Bethel, in the Old +Testament called Ophrah, now _et Taiyibeh_. 4. Peræa was the province on +the east of Jordan, and south of the Hieromax river. It was governed by +Herod Antipas, the slayer of John the Baptist, and was inhabited by a +mixed population. No towns are named as visited by the Saviour; but we +have conjectured a route through most of the province, as shown on the +map. 5. Jericho, at that time the largest city in the Jordan Valley, and +recently beautified by Herod. It is now a miserable village, called _er +Riha_. This period includes four journeys. + +[Illustration: THE LIFE OF CHRIST + +MAP 7. + +PERIOD OF PERÆAN MINISTRY, + +A.D. 30. + +FROM FEAST OF DEDICATION TO ANOINTING AT BETHANY.] + +1. =From Bethabara to Bethany.= (1.) While at Bethabara Jesus sent out +the Seventy, to proclaim his coming in the Peræan villages. (Luke +10:1-16.) (2.) Hearing of the sickness of Lazarus, after some delay, he +went to Bethany, and raised him from the dead, a miracle which caused +the Jewish leaders to formally resolve upon putting Jesus to death. +(John 11.) + +2. =The Retirement to Ephraim.= The hour had not yet come for Jesus to +die, and he therefore secluded himself from the rulers, in the village +of Ephraim, in a wilderness north of Jerusalem, on the mountains +overlooking the Jordan Valley. Here he remained several weeks, probably +instructing the Twelve. + +3. =The Journey in Peræa.= Descending the mountains, Jesus crossed the +Jordan Valley, and entered the province of Peræa. His ministry, during +this journey, was of teaching rather than miracle, and is mainly related +by Luke. Its events were: (1.) The miracles of healing the woman bent +together by an infirmity, and the man with the dropsy. (Luke 13:10-17, +and 14:1-6.) (2.) The seven great parables, among them that of the +Prodigal Son. (Luke 14-16.) (3.) Blessing the little children. (Luke +18:15-17.) (4.) The rich young ruler's question, and Jesus' answer, +"Sell all that thou hast," etc. (Luke 18:18-30.) (5.) The ambitious +request of James and John, for the first places in the kingdom of +Christ. (Matt. 20:20-28.) + +4. =From Jericho to Bethany.= Jesus had now reached Jericho, on his last +journey to Jerusalem, and from this point we notice the following +events: (1.) The healing of Bartimeus at the gate of Jericho. (Luke +18:35-43.) (2.) The visit of Jesus at the house of Zaccheus the +publican. (Luke 19:1-10.) (3.) At the end of his journey, the anointing +by Mary at Bethany, on the Saturday evening before the Passover. (John +12:1-8.) + + +OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--SEVENTH PERIOD. + +PERIOD OF PERÆAN MINISTRY. + +1. _Bethabara to Bethany._ (1.) Sending the Seventy. (2.) Raising of +Lazarus. + +2. _Retirement to Ephraim._ + +3. _Journey in Peræa._ (1.) Two miracles (infirm woman, and dropsy). +(2.) Seven parables. (3.) Blessing little children. (4.) Rich young +ruler. (5.) Request of James and John. + +4. _Jericho to Bethany._ (1.) Bartimeus. (2.) Zaccheus. (3.) Anointing +by Mary. + +[Illustration: MAP 8. THE LIFE OF CHRIST. + +PERIOD OF THE PASSION, FROM THE ANOINTING TO THE RESURRECTION.] + + +VIII. PERIOD OF THE PASSION. + +Although this period embraces only the week from the Anointing by Mary +to the Death of Jesus on the cross, its events are so minutely related +by the Evangelists as to occupy one-third of the Gospels. If the entire +life of Jesus were as fully written out, it would fill nearly 80 volumes +as large as the Bible. The events of the Passion-Week took place in and +near Jerusalem. The locations on the map are those of tradition only, +and are largely conjectural, while the lines of the journeyings are +entirely unknown. The map is intended merely as a guide to the student +in presenting the order of events, and must not be regarded as fixing +the places with any authority. We arrange the events under nine short +journeys. + +[Illustration: NAZARETH.] + +1, 2, 3. =From Bethany to the Temple and Return.= These three journeys +took place on successive days, and were marked by distinctive events. +(1.) The First Journey, on Sunday, was the triumphal entry into the city +and the Temple, after which Jesus returned for the night to Bethany. +(Matt. 21:1-11.) (2.) The Second Journey, on Monday, was marked by the +cleansing of the Temple, when for the second time the Saviour drove out +of the Court of the Gentiles those who made it a place of trade. (3.) +The Third Journey, on Tuesday, was made memorable by the last teachings +of Jesus, to the people and rulers in the Temple, and to the Twelve on +the Mount of Olives, looking down upon the city. (Matt. 21-25.) At the +close of each of these three days Jesus returned to Bethany, where he +remained in seclusion on Wednesday, no event of that day being left on +record. + +4. =From Bethany to the Supper.= The traditional place of the +_Coenaculum_, or supper-room, is on Mount Zion, where Jesus came with +his disciples on Thursday evening. Here took place the Last Supper, and +the farewell conversation of Jesus with his disciples. (John 13-17.) + +5. =From the Supper to Gethsemane.= Near midnight of Thursday, Jesus and +his disciples (Judas being absent) left the supper-room, and walked up +the Valley of Jehoshaphat to the Garden of Gethsemane. Here Jesus +endured the agony, and here he was arrested by the officers of the Jews, +led by Judas. (Matt. 26:36-56.) + +6. =From Gethsemane to the House of Caiaphas.= The fettered Jesus was +dragged by the crowd, first to the house of Annas (John 18:13-15), for a +brief examination, thence to the house of Caiaphas for the formal trial +before the Sanhedrim. This place is traditionally located on Mount Zion, +near the house of the Last Supper. Here he was condemned by the rulers, +and mocked by their servants. (John 18:16-28.) + +7. =From Caiaphas to Pilate.= Jesus was brought before the Roman +procurator at his _prætorium_, or place of judgment. We are inclined to +think that this was the castle built by Herod the Great on Mount Zion; +but we give on the map the traditional location at the Tower Antonia, +north of the Temple. Here Jesus was examined by Pilate, who vainly +sought to deliver him, being convinced of his innocence. (John +18:28-38.) + +8. =From Pilate to Herod and Return.= Wishing to avoid the +responsibility of condemning Jesus, Pilate sent him to Herod Antipas, +who was then in the city, probably in the palace of the Asmonean +(Maccabean) kings. But Herod only mocked Jesus, and returned him to +Pilate. (Luke 23:8-12.) + +9. =From Pilate to Calvary.= At last Pilate gave orders for the +crucifixion of Jesus. He was now led forth, bearing his cross, perhaps +by the street called Via Dolorosa, "the Sorrowful Way," to the place +Golgotha, or CALVARY, outside the wall, where three crosses were +erected, and the Saviour of the world was crucified. As two locations of +Calvary are now given, both are indicated, and a journey from Pilate's +castle to each. The route to the northern locality is indicated by +dotted lines. + + +OUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--EIGHTH PERIOD. + +PERIOD OF THE PASSION. + +1. _Bethany to Temple and Return._ Triumphal entry. + +2. _Bethany to Temple and Return._ Cleansing the Temple. + +3. _Bethany to Temple and Return._ Last discourses. + +4. _Bethany to Supper._ Last Supper. + +5. _Supper to Gethsemane._ (1.) Agony. (2.) Arrest. + +6. _Gethsemane to Caiaphas._ (1.) To Annas. (2.) To Caiaphas. + +7. _Caiaphas to Pilate._ + +8. _Pilate to Herod and Return._ + +9. _Pilate to Calvary._ (1.) Crucifixion. (2.) Death. (3.) Burial. + + +IX. PERIOD OF THE RESURRECTION. + +The events of the forty days between the Resurrection and the Ascension +of Jesus cannot be arranged as journeys, since his resurrection body +moved from place to place by the will of his spirit. The student may +therefore consult the Map of Palestine during the ministry of Jesus for +the places referred to in the account of this period. Of the ten +recorded appearances, five were on the day of the resurrection, the +first Easter Sunday. + +1. =At Jerusalem=, on Easter morning, to Mary Magdalene, after the other +women had received from the angels the news that he was alive. (John +20:1-18.) + +2. =At Jerusalem=, soon afterward, to the other women, when Jesus +greeted them with the words "All hail!" (Matt. 28:1-10.) + +3. =Near Emmaus=, on Easter afternoon, to two disciples, not apostles, +to whom he unfolded the Scriptures concerning himself. (Luke 24:13-33.) +Various locations have been proposed for Emmaus, of which we prefer +_Kulonieyeh_, four miles west of Jerusalem. + +4. =At Jerusalem=, on the afternoon of the same day, to Simon Peter. +(Luke 24:34.) No account of this appearance, more than the mention of +the fact, has been preserved. + +5. =At Jerusalem=, on Easter evening, to the ten disciples, Thomas being +absent. (John 20:19-25.) + +6. =At Jerusalem=, a week after the resurrection, to the eleven +apostles, when Thomas received a tender rebuke for the slowness of his +faith. (John 20:26-29.) Perhaps these last two appearances were at the +place of the Supper, on Mount Zion. + +7. =Near the Sea of Galilee=, to seven apostles, when Peter received a +new commission. (John 21:1-23.) + +8. =On a Mountain in Galilee=, perhaps _Kurûn Hattin_, the place of the +Sermon on the Mount. Here were gathered 500 disciples, and the final +commands of Christ were given. (Matt. 28:16-20; 1 Cor. 15:6.) + +9. =At Jerusalem= (?). To James, the Lord's brother. Only a mention of +this appearance is left on record. (1 Cor. 15:7.) + +10. =Near Bethany.= Forty days after the resurrection, Jesus appeared to +the eleven apostles, gave them his last charges, and ascended to heaven, +from whence he has promised to come once more to earth. (Acts 1:9-12.) + +[Illustration: THE VIA DOLOROSA.] + + +OUTLINE REVIEW OF NINTH PERIOD. + +PERIOD OF THE RESURRECTION. + +_The Ten Appearances of the Risen Christ:_ + +1. _Jerusalem._ Mary Magdalene. + +2. _Jerusalem._ Other women. + +3. _Emmaus._ Two disciples. + +4. _Jerusalem._ Peter. + +5. _Jerusalem._ Ten apostles. + +6. _Jerusalem._ Eleven apostles. + +7. _Sea of Galilee._ Seven apostles. + +8. _Mountain in Galilee._ Five hundred disciples. + +9. _Jerusalem(?)._ James. + +10. _Bethany._ Apostles. [Ascension.] + + +OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. + +1. Let each period be given as a separate lesson. + +2. Draw the map for the period on the blackboard, and show each place +named in the period. + +3. Let each scholar also draw the map, and locate the places upon it. + +4. Draw the lines of the journeys in the period in colored chalk, naming +the places and events of the journeys, and writing only initials or +catch-syllables. + +5. Review carefully and thoroughly each period, each journey under it, +and each event of the journey. + +6. Erase the map, and call upon the scholars to draw its different parts +in turn; one the outlines, another the places, a third the journeys, a +fourth the events, etc. + +7. Review with each lesson the leading points in all the previous +lessons, until the whole series is thoroughly understood and +remembered. + +[Illustration: EARLY APOSTOLIC HISTORY. + +PHILIP'S JOURNEY. + +PETER'S JOURNEY.] + + + + +EARLY APOSTOLIC HISTORY. + + +DURING the seven years following the ascension of the Saviour, the +Christian church was entirely Jewish in its membership, and, so far as +we can learn, limited to the city of Jerusalem and the surrounding +villages. There was at that time no thought of the gospel for the +Gentiles, and the conception of the apostles was that the only door into +the church lay through the profession of Judaism and the rite of +circumcision. Probably the first to attain to wider views of the gospel +was Stephen, and the persecution in which he became the first martyr +arose from the tendency of his teachings toward extending among the +Gentiles the privileges of the new kingdom. This state of affairs was +suddenly ended by the death of Stephen, and the scattering of the church +at Jerusalem. The more liberally inclined of its members, when driven +abroad, were led to preach the gospel, first to Samaritans; then to +believers in the Jewish faith who had not yet submitted to circumcision, +and hence were called "Proselytes of the Gate"; and at last to the +general Gentile world. The period from the death of Stephen, A.D. 37, to +the first missionary journey of the Apostle Paul, A.D. 45, may, +therefore, be regarded as an age of transition from Jewish to Gentile +Christianity. + +This period requires us to notice two provinces, Palestine and Syria. +Palestine appears at this time under several forms of government in +frequent succession. During the public life of Christ, Judæa and Samaria +were under the direct rule of Rome, governed by a procurator, while +Galilee and Peræa belonged to Herod Antipas, and the region north and +east of the Sea of Galilee, anciently called Bashan, was held by Herod +Philip, both of these having the title of _tetrarch_, "ruler of a fourth +part." In A.D. 37 Herod Agrippa received Philip's tetrarchy, and in 41 +he was made king of all Palestine. ("Herod the king," Acts 12.) In A.D. +44 he died, and his dominions were divided. Judæa, Samaria, Galilee and +Peræa again became a procuratorship, under a succession of Roman rulers, +until the final destruction of the Jewish state, A.D. 70. The +principality of Bashan was given to Herod Agrippa II. in A.D. 53, and +held by him until A.D. 70. Syria, the great region north of Palestine, +extending from Damascus to Antioch, was, during this time, a province of +the Roman empire, governed by a prefect. + +[Illustration: DAMASCUS.] + +The events of this period gather around seven cities. 1. =Jerusalem.= +This place has been already described. (See page 73.) 2. =Samaria= (Acts +8:5-25), the field of Philip's early ministry, was the ancient capital +of the Ten Tribes (see page 87), located 30 miles north of Jerusalem, +and 6 miles northwest of Shechem. It had been rebuilt by Herod the +Great, and named Sebaste, in honor of Augustus. It is now a village +called _Sebastiyeh_. 3. =Cæsarea= (Acts 10:1), the place where the +Gentile Cornelius became a disciple, was the Roman capital of Palestine, +and the residence of the procurators. It was called Cæsarea Stratonis, +to distinguish it from Cæsarea Philippi, under Mount Hermon; and was +located on the sea-coast, 47 miles northwest of Jerusalem; and is now a +desolate, uninhabited ruin, called _Kaisarieyeh_. 4. =Joppa=, where +Dorcas was raised to life, and Peter received a vision (Acts 9:36-43; +10:11), is one of the most ancient towns in the world, in all ages the +principal seaport of Palestine. It lies 30 miles south of Cæsarea, and +35 miles northwest of Jerusalem; and is now a flourishing city called +_Yafa_, or _Jaffa_. 5. =Damascus=, the place where Saul was converted +(Acts 9:1-25), is an ancient and famous city of Syria, 133 miles +northeast of Jerusalem, beautifully situated in a plain at the foot of +the Anti-Lebanon mountains. Recently it had a population of 150,000, but +is rapidly decaying from the diversion of the Eastern trade through the +Suez Canal. Its modern name is _el Shams_. 6. =Antioch=, seat of the +first missionary church (Acts 11:19-30), was the metropolis of northern +Syria, situated on the river Orontes, 16-1/2 miles from the +Mediterranean, and 300 miles north of Jerusalem, in a deep pass between +the Taurus and Lebanon ranges of mountains. It is now a mean village of +6,000 people, called _Antakia_. 7. =Tarsus=, the home of the apostle +Paul, was the capital of Cilicia, in Asia Minor, and one of the leading +cities of the Roman world. It was 12 miles from the Mediterranean, the +same distance from Mount Taurus, and about 80 miles northwest of +Antioch, across an arm of the sea. It is now a place of 30,000 +inhabitants, called _Tersous_. + +[Illustration: PLAN OF ANCIENT ANTIOCH.] + +The most important events of this period may be arranged under five +journeys, which are indicated upon the map. + +I. =Philip's Journey.= (Acts 8:5-40.) Philip, one of the "seven" (Acts +6:3-5), was compelled to leave Jerusalem in the persecution that arose +on account of Stephen. He went first to Samaria, the city known by the +Greeks as Sebaste, now _Sebastiyeh_, 6 miles northwest of Shechem, or +Sychar, and there began to preach the gospel. This was a step outside of +narrow Judaism, as the Samaritans were considered at least semi-Gentile +by the Jews. After planting a church here, he was sent by the Spirit +southward "unto the way that goeth down from Jerusalem unto Gaza, which +is desert" (Acts 8:26); that is, by the less frequented road. There he +met a nobleman from Ethiopia (the kingdom of Meroë, in Nubia), whom he +instructed in the gospel, and baptized as a believer. Suddenly caught +away by the Spirit, Philip next appeared at Azotus, the ancient Ashdod, +now _Asdud_. He followed the line of the coast northward, preaching in +the cities of the maritime plain. These cities were mostly inhabited by +heathen, though in all of them there were many Jews. We find in the +after-history the results of his preaching, in churches at Joppa, at +Lydda, and at Cæsarea, where he made his home for 20 years, and was met +by the apostle Paul, who, long before, as Saul the persecutor, had +driven him from Jerusalem. Philip's journey is indicated by a line of +red color on the small map. + +II. =Saul's Journey.= (Acts 9:1-30.) The destroyer of the Jerusalem +church now began a journey for persecution, which was ended in his own +flight, as a Christian, from persecutors. 1. He went to Damascus, +expecting to bind others, but was himself bound by the cords of the +gospel, and preached the truth he had sought to destroy. 2. From +Damascus, as a disciple, he went into Arabia, a name which may refer to +almost any region from the Euphrates to the Indian Ocean, but probably +here indicating the desert lands on the border of Syria, and not +necessarily distant from Damascus, to which he returned after a stay of +from one to three years. (Gal. 1:17.) 3. Escaping from Damascus by being +let down over the wall in a basket, he returned to Jerusalem, where he +was introduced to the church by Barnabas, and received by the apostles +Peter and James. 4. After a fortnight's visit at Jerusalem, he left the +city by divine direction in a vision (Acts 22:17-21), and, aided by the +disciples, descended to the seaport of Cæsarea, where in after years he +was destined to spend two years in imprisonment. 5. From Cæsarea he +sailed to his birthplace, Tarsus, in Cilicia, where he spent several +years in retirement, preparing for the great work which was to open +before him. This journey is shown by a red line on the large map. + +[Illustration: DAMASCUS AND VICINITY.] + +III. =Peter's Journey.= (Acts 9:32-11:18.) This was the journey in which +the door of faith was finally opened to the Gentiles. During the "rest" +which the churches enjoyed after Saul's conversion, and while the Jewish +leaders were too busy with the alarming state of their relations with +Rome to disturb the disciples, Peter went forth to visit the churches. +1. He came down to Lydda, now _Ludd_, on the border of the Shefelah, and +restored to health Æneas, a paralytic. (Acts 9:32, 33.) 2. From Lydda he +was summoned to Joppa, the principal seaport of Palestine, where +Tabitha, or Dorcas, "the gazelle," had died. She was restored to the +weeping church, and Peter remained in Joppa "many days." (Acts 9:43.) +3. He was called to Cæsarea by the Roman centurion, Cornelius, who, +under Peter's ministry, accepted Christ, received the endowment of the +Holy Spirit, and was baptized into the church by the apostle, without +reference to Jewish requirements (Acts 10); thus marking an era in the +history of the church. 4. Peter returned to Jerusalem, and there met the +complaints of the Judaistic element in the church, by showing that God's +hand had led in the conversion of Cornelius and the reception of +Gentiles into the church. (Acts 11:1-18.) This journey is indicated by a +red line on the small map, lower right-hand corner. + +IV. =Barnabas' Journey.= (Acts 11:19-30.) After the death of Stephen, +certain disciples, driven from Jerusalem, traveled along the coast past +Tyre and Sidon, as far as Antioch, and at the latter place began +preaching the gospel, at first to the Jews only, but after a while to +the Gentiles also. As a result, a church arose at Antioch (on the +Orontes, near its mouth, now _Antakia_), the first where Jews and +Gentiles became one, the first to receive the name Christian, and the +first to send out missionaries to the heathen world. When the news of +this work came to Jerusalem, there was some alarm lest it might cause a +division in the church. Barnabas was dispatched by the apostles to visit +Antioch. He came, gave the work his hearty indorsement, and remained to +direct it. Soon feeling the need of a co-worker, he went to Tarsus, a +short voyage across the northeastern corner of the Mediterranean. Here +he found Saul, and thenceforward the two were united in labors for many +years, until parted forever by an unhappy difference. This journey of +Barnabas is shown on the map by a broken red line. + +V. =Barnabas and Saul's Journey.= (Acts 11:26-30; 12:25.) 1. Starting +from Tarsus the two gospel workers sailed across the narrow sea to +Seleucia, the seaport, and thence journeyed up the river Orontes to +Antioch. Here they labored together for a year, and aided in +establishing a church, which became one of the most important in the +early age of Christianity. 2. Learning by revelation of coming famine, +the church at Antioch prepared a contribution for the poorer disciples +in Judæa, and sent it by the hands of Barnabas and Saul. 3. About the +time of the death of Herod Agrippa, the two evangelists returned, from +their charitable errand, to Antioch, where they remained until the next +great event, the first missionary journey. + + +OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. + +Let the teacher draw on the blackboard the outline of the map, including +the borders of the Mediterranean Sea, and the two provinces of Palestine +and Syria. Then locate the seven important places. 1. _Jerusalem._ 2. +_Samaria._ 3. _Cæsarea._ 4. _Joppa._ 5. _Damascus._ 6. _Antioch._ 7. +_Tarsus._ Next draw the five lines representing the journeys, relating +the events connected with them. If the journeys can be given in chalk of +different colors, it will make them more distinct. + +I. _Philip's Journey._ Jerusalem, Samaria, Azotus, Lydda, Joppa, +Cæsarea. + +II. _Saul's Journey._ Jerusalem, Damascus, Arabia, Damascus, Jerusalem, +Cæsarea, Tarsus. + +III. _Peter's Journey._ Jerusalem, Lydda, Joppa, Cæsarea, Jerusalem. + +IV. _Barnabas' Journey._ Jerusalem, Antioch, Tarsus. + +V. _Barnabas and Saul's Journey._ Tarsus, Antioch, Jerusalem, Antioch. + +[Illustration: MOUNT ZION.] + +[Illustration: PAUL'S FIRST MISSIONARY JOURNEY.] + + + + +JOURNEYS OF THE APOSTLE PAUL. + + +DURING the twenty years between A.D. 45 and 65, of which the events of +church history are recorded in Acts 13-28, the most important personage +is the apostle Paul. While the work of the original Twelve is scarcely +referred to, the journeys of the last apostle are related with +considerable detail. The probable reason for this is, that Paul was the +leader in the great movement by which the church of Christ was broadened +from an inconsiderable Jewish sect, scarcely known out of Jerusalem, to +a religion for all the world. This distinction from the other apostles +is considered of so much importance that he is called, almost +universally, by the descriptive title he gave himself--the Apostle of +the Gentiles. The localities and events of this period are represented +upon four maps, three of Paul's Missionary Journeys, and the last of his +Voyage to Rome. + + +THE PROVINCES OF ASIA MINOR. + +As the first missionary journey was mainly in Asia Minor, a brief +description of that peninsula is necessary. It embraces about 156,000 +square miles, or about two-thirds the size of Texas, and was located +between the Black, Ægean, and Mediterranean Seas on the north, west and +south, and bounded on the east by the provinces of Armenia, Mesopotamia +and Syria. The provinces which it contained at the New Testament epoch +may be variously stated, since in their political, racial and +geographical relations they were different. The map of the Roman Empire, +on page 98, gives them according to their political arrangement, which +united two or more under one government, and gave to some new names. +Thus there were four districts united under the name ASIA, which in the +New Testament never denotes the whole continent, nor yet the whole +peninsula, but the seaboard provinces of Caria, Lydia, Mysia, and the +interior land of Phrygia. So, too, Bithynia and Pontus formed one +government, Lycaonia was included in Galatia, and Lycia and Pisidia in +Pamphylia. We can best arrange these provinces of Asia Minor, according +to territorial relations, in four groups. 1. The three northern +provinces, on the Black Sea: Pontus, Paphlagonia, Bithynia. 2. The three +western provinces, on the Ægean Sea: Mysia, Lydia, Caria. 3. The three +southern provinces, on the Mediterranean Sea: Lycia, Pamphylia, Cilicia. +4. The five interior provinces: on the north, Galatia; on the east, +Cappadocia; on the south, Lycaonia and Pisidia; and on the west, +Phrygia. All of these fourteen provinces, except four, are named in the +New Testament. + +1. =The Provinces on the Black Sea.= (1.) _Pontus_ (Acts 2:9; 18:2; 1 +Pet. 1:1) was the northeastern province, between Paphlagonia and +Armenia, and having Cappadocia on the south; now represented by +_Trebizond_ in the Turkish empire. Some of its Jewish inhabitants were +present in Jerusalem on the Day of Pentecost; Aquila, a helper of Paul, +was a native of this region; and its Christian Jews were among those +addressed in Peter's first Epistle. (2.) _Paphlagonia_, not mentioned in +the New Testament, lay between Pontus and Bithynia, and north of +Galatia. (3.) _Bithynia_ (Acts 16:7; 1 Pet. 1:1) was the northwestern +province, having the Propontis (now called the _Sea of Marmora_) on the +west, and Mysia and Phrygia on the south, from which it was separated by +Mount Olympus. Though the region is only incidentally named in the New +Testament, two of its cities, Nicæa and Nicomedia, were prominent in the +history of the Greek church. + +[Illustration: ANTIOCH IN SYRIA.] + +2. =The Provinces on the Ægean Sea.= These are all included under the +name Asia, by which the western portion of the peninsula was known to +the Romans. (1.) _Mysia_ (Acts 16:7, 8) was separated from Europe by +the Hellespont and the Propontis, and had Bithynia on the north, Phrygia +on the east, and Mysia on the west. It contained Troas, on the ruins of +ancient Troy, whence Paul could dimly see the hills of Europe on the +west, and where the vision of "the man of Macedonia" led to the voyage +for the evangelization of Europe. (2.) _Lydia_, once the centre of the +great empire of Croesus, extended along the Ægean Sea from Mysia to +Caria, and eastward to Phrygia. Its principal city was Ephesus, the +metropolis of Asia Minor, and one of Paul's most important fields of +labor; and Sardis, Thyatira and Philadelphia were also large places and +seats of churches addressed in the Apocalypse. (3.) _Caria_ was the +southwestern province, not named in the New Testament, though its +cities, Cnidus and Miletus, are referred to; the latter as the place +where Paul parted from the Ephesian elders. (Acts 20:15.) + +[Illustration: MAP GIVING COMPARATIVE SIZE OF ASIA MINOR AND TEXAS, +U. S.] + +3. =The Provinces on the Mediterranean.= (1.) _Lycia_ (Acts 27:5) lay +south of Mount Taurus, and opposite to the island of Rhodes. Two of its +cities, Patara and Myra, were visited by the apostle Paul. (Acts 21:1; +27:5.) (2.) _Pamphylia_ (Acts 13:13) was a small province between Lycia +and Cilicia, and also between Mount Taurus and the sea. Its capital, +Perga, was the first city in Asia Minor visited by Paul on his first +missionary journey. On his return, he preached in its seaport, Attalia. +(Acts 13:13; 14:24, 25.) (3.) _Cilicia_ (Acts 6:9) is a long and narrow +province, also lying between Mount Taurus and the sea, and separated +from Syria by the Syrian Gates, a pass in the mountains. Its capital, +Tarsus, was one of the leading cities of the Roman empire, and the +birthplace of Paul. + +4. =The Provinces in the Interior.= (1.) On the north was _Galatia_, a +land of uncertain and varying boundaries, but located between Bithynia, +Cappadocia, Lycaonia and Phrygia. It received its name from a race of +Gauls, who conquered it about 300 B.C., was twice visited by Paul, and +its Christian population was addressed in the Epistle to the Galatians. +(Acts 16:6; 18:23; Gal. 1:2.) (2.) _Cappadocia_ lay on the southeast of +Galatia, and south of Pontus. It was the largest province in Asia Minor. +Some of its people were in Jerusalem at the Feast of Pentecost (Acts +2:9); and its churches were among those addressed in 1 Peter. (3.) +_Lycaonia_ (Acts 14:1-23) was not a political division, but a district +in southern Galatia. It was west of Cappadocia and east of Phrygia, and +separated by the Taurus range from Cilicia. Its principal places were +Iconium, Derbe and Lystra, in all of which Paul preached the gospel and +suffered persecution. (4.) _Pisidia_ was politically connected with +Pamphylia, but lay north of the Taurus, between Lycaonia and Phrygia. +Its principal city was Antioch (to be distinguished from Antioch in +Syria), twice, at least, visited by the apostle Paul. (Acts 13:14; +14:21.) (5.) _Phrygia_ varied greatly at different periods, and in +Paul's time had no separate existence as a province. In the earlier +days, when Galatia was a part of it, it was said to touch in some way +every other land in Asia Minor. In its southern section lay the three +cities of Laodicea, Hierapolis and Colosse, all named in Paul's letters. + + +THE FIRST MISSIONARY JOURNEY. + +1. Paul and Barnabas, with John Mark as their assistant, set forth upon +the first missionary journey from _Antioch_, the metropolis of Syria +(Acts 13:1), already described on page 107. + +2. They descended the mountains to _Seleucia_ (Acts 13:4), the seaport +of Antioch, 16 miles from the city, named from its founder, Seleucus +Nicator, B.C. 280. It is now a small village known as _el Kalusi_, +having among its ruins an ancient gateway, still standing, through which +Paul and Barnabas may have passed. + +3. Setting sail, they crossed over the arm of the Mediterranean to the +island of _Cyprus_ (Acts 13:4-13), the early home of Barnabas, 60 miles +west of Syria, and 40 miles south of Asia Minor; of irregular shape, 140 +miles long and 50 wide; then thickly inhabited, and governed by a Roman +proconsul, now under the rule of Great Britain. + +4. Their first stopping place was at _Salamis_ (Acts 13:5), on its +eastern shore, on the river Pediæsus, where they found a Jewish +synagogue. The city is now desolate, and its unoccupied site is known as +_Old Famagousta_. + +5. They crossed the island from east to west, preaching on their way, +and came to _Paphos_ (Acts 13:6), the capital, and residence of the +proconsul. This city contained a famous shrine of Venus, to whose +worship, with all its immoralities, its people were devoted. There was +an old and a new city, of which the former was the one visited by Paul +and Barnabas. It is now called _Baffa_. + +6. Sailing in a northwesterly direction a distance of 170 miles, they +reached Asia Minor, in the province of Pamphylia. Passing by Attalia for +the present, they ascended the river Cestrus, and landed at _Perga_ +(Acts 13:13), 7-1/2 miles from the sea. This was a Greek city, devoted +to the worship of Diana: now in ruins, and called _Eski Kalessi_. Here +their young assistant, Mark, left the two missionaries to prosecute the +hardest part of the journey without his help. + +7. Their next field of labor was _Antioch in Pisidia_, a city east of +Ephesus, and northwest of Tarsus, now known as _Yalobatch_. Here Paul +preached in the synagogue a discourse reported more at length than any +other in his ministry, and here a church was founded. (Acts 13:14-52.) + +8. Driven out of Antioch by the persecution of the Jews, they went on 60 +miles eastward to _Iconium_, a large city, still in existence as +_Konieh_, and in the Middle Ages the capital of a powerful Mohammedan +kingdom. This region, in the apostle's time, was independent of the +Roman empire. (Acts 14:1-5.) + +9. Again compelled to endure persecution, they traveled to _Lystra_, a +heathen city in the district of Lycaonia, where a miracle wrought by +Paul led the superstitious people to offer worship to the two apostles +as the gods Jupiter and Mercury (in Greek, Zeus and Hermes). There is +reason to suppose that Lystra was at the place now known as _Bin bir +Kilisseh_, "the thousand and one churches," a mass of ruins in the _Kara +Dagh_, or Black Mountain. + +[Illustration: MAP OF THE ISLAND OF CYPRUS.] + +10. Paul having been stoned at Lystra, the apostles went on to _Derbe_, +20 miles distant, but in the same province, where they were suffered to +labor in peace. It is supposed to be represented by the modern village +of _Divle_. This marked the furthest place reached by the evangelists. +They were now quite near the pass in Mount Taurus, known as the Cilician +Gates, and could easily have reached Tarsus, and thence taken a short +voyage home. + +[Illustration: REVIEW CHART OF PAUL'S FIRST JOURNEY.] + +11. But they preferred to return by the same route, perilous as the +journey was from the enmities excited by their preaching; and revisited +Lystra, Iconium and Antioch, confirming the churches which they had +planted, and establishing new ones in other neighboring places in +Pisidia and Pamphylia, as in _Attalia_, a seaport on the river +Katarrhaktes, 16 miles from Perga, now known as _Adalia_, where they +took ship once more, and thence sailed over the Cilician section of the +Mediterranean, north of Cyprus, to Antioch in Syria, where they were +gladly received by the church which had sent them forth. + + +OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. + +1. Draw on the blackboard the subjoined Review Chart of Asia Minor, and +let the class also draw the same on slates or paper, in a rough sketch. +Then insert the provinces, and drill the class upon their names, +reviewing from the beginning after each group is given. + + _Black Sea._ Pontus, Paphlagonia, Bithynia. + _Ægean Sea._ Mysia, Lydia, Caria. + _Mediterranean Sea._ Lycia, Pamphylia, Cilicia. + _Interior._ Galatia, Cappadocia, Lycaonia, Pisidia, Phrygia. + +2. Draw in colored chalk the line representing _Paul's travel_, calling +attention to the places and events; and frequently review the list, as a +new name is presented. (1.) Antioch in Syria. (2.) Seleucia. (3.) Island +of Cyprus. (4.) Salamis. (5.) Paphos. (6.) Perga. (7.) Antioch in +Pisidia. (8.) Iconium. (9.) Lystra. (10.) Derbe. (11.) Return, and +Attalia. + + +THE SECOND MISSIONARY JOURNEY. + +The map presents the field of the apostle Paul's labor during four of +the most active years of his life, according to Alford's chronology, +from A.D. 50 to 54. To this period belong two journeys: a journey from +Antioch to Jerusalem and return, and the second missionary journey, +through Asia Minor, Macedonia and Greece. + +[Illustration: PAUL'S SECOND MISSIONARY JOURNEY.] + +The journey to Jerusalem, not indicated upon the map, was Paul's third +visit to that city after his conversion. His first visit was in A.D. 40, +when Barnabas introduced him to Peter and James (Acts 9:26-30); his +second was in A.D. 45, when with Barnabas he brought the gifts of the +church at Antioch (Acts 11:30); his third was in A.D. 50, when, again +accompanied by Barnabas, he attended the council in Jerusalem, called to +establish the principle upon which Gentiles were to be received into the +Christian church. (Acts 15:1-30.) + +The second missionary journey began with an unfortunate disagreement +between Paul and Barnabas, which resulted in their separation, Barnabas +going to the island of Cyprus, and Paul to the mainland. (Acts +15:36-40.) The apostle chose as his companion Silas, or Silvanus, and +was afterward joined by Timothy, and Luke, the author of the third +Gospel and the Acts. We may subdivide this journey into three sections, +as follows: + +I. The Stations in Asia, seven in number. + +II. The Stations in Europe, eight in number. + +III. The Stations of the Return, four in number. + +I. =The Asiatic Stations.= These are mostly the names of provinces in +Asia Minor already described in connection with a previous map. + +1. Starting from Antioch, Paul first traveled through _Syria_, visiting +the churches. (Acts 15:41.) This tour was probably through northern +Syria only, in the region around Antioch; and the general direction was +toward Asia Minor, which he probably entered through the Syrian Gates, +now the Beilan Pass in Mount Amanus. No cities are named in this region +as visited by the apostle; but the principal places were Issus and +Alexandria, both of which lay along the route of his journey. + +2. The next province visited was _Cilicia_ (Acts 15:41), the land of +Paul's birth. As everywhere he made the chief cities his stations of +labor, we may suppose that he passed through Mopsuestia and Adana, on +his way to Tarsus, the metropolis of the province. From Tarsus he +journeyed westward toward Mount Taurus, the northern boundary of the +province, and crossed the range through the Cilician Gates, from which +he emerged upon the great Lycaonian plain. + +3. We read of a station at _Derbe_, where he had planted a church on the +first journey, and which was now strengthened by his second visit. (Acts +16:1.) + +4. Next, at _Lystra_, where in other days he had been first worshiped +and then stoned. Here he found a church, the result of his early labors, +and was joined by his life-long companion, Timothy. (Acts 16:1-4.) + +5. We read of Paul and Silas as having next "gone throughout _Phrygia_." +Probably this refers to a tour among the churches at Iconium and Antioch +in Pisidia, the fields of former labors. There is no indication in the +Acts or Epistles that he preached in any new places in this district. + +6. From Antioch he turned northward and entered for the first time the +province of _Galatia_. (Acts 16:6.) But W. M. Ramsay has shown that +Lycaonia itself was only a district in the political province of +Galatia, and that the Galatian journey (and also the Galatian epistle) +may refer to the region of Derbe, Lystra, and Iconium, not to the entire +province. In that case the dotted red line on the map may indicate +Paul's journey, and the line through Pessinus, Ancyra, and Tavium should +be omitted. + +These conclusions are not, as yet, generally accepted. + +7. Paul's desire was to preach the word throughout the Roman proconsular +province of Asia, which comprised Phrygia, and the maritime districts of +Mysia, Lydia and Caria. But divine influences closed up his path, both +in this direction and northward toward Bithynia; so he journeyed +westward across Phrygia and Mysia, and at last reached the shore of the +Ægean Sea at _Troas_. (Acts 16:6-8.) This was the site of ancient Troy, +the scene of Homer's Iliad, and has been the place of great discoveries +in modern times. There was a city near the ancient site in Paul's time; +and it is probable that in it he founded a church, for there he was +joined by Luke, the historian of the Acts and author of the third +Gospel, and in a later journey met "the disciples" of the place. (Acts +20:7.) Here the vision of the "man of Macedonia" summoned Paul from Asia +to Europe (Acts 16:9, 10), and opened a new chapter in the history of +Christianity. + +[Illustration: THE ACROPOLIS AT ATHENS. (AREOPAGUS ON THE LEFT.)] + +II. =The European Stations.= All the places named as visited by the +apostle in this journey were included in the two provinces of Macedonia +and Greece, of which the Roman name was Achaia. + +_Macedonia_ was the province north of Greece, and famous in history from +its conquering kings, Philip, and his greater son, Alexander. Its +boundaries were: on the north, the Hæmus or Balkan Mountains; on the +east, Thrace and the Ægean Sea; on the south, Achaia (Greece); on the +west, the Pindus Mountains, separating it from Epirus and Illyricum. It +consists of two great plains, watered respectively by the Axius, near +Thessalonica, and the Strymon, near Apollonia. Between these two rivers +projects a peninsula, having three points, like a hand of three fingers, +across the palm of which, in Paul's time, ran the great Roman road known +as the Ignatian Way. It was divided by the Romans into four districts, +of which the capitals were Amphipolis, Thessalonica (the residence of +the provincial proconsul), Pella (the birthplace of Alexander the +Great), and Pelagonia. Of these, Amphipolis had become less important +than the rival city of Philippi, in the same district. + +_Achaia_ was the Roman name of the little land of Greece, whose fame has +filled all history. In the later period of its independence, its ruling +state had been Achaia, which gave its name to the entire province when +annexed to the Roman empire. In the apostolic age, Corinth was its +metropolis and political capital, though Athens still retained its fame +as a centre of art and literature. + +The apostle Paul and his companions sailed across the Ægean Sea from +Troas, in a northwesterly direction, passing the storied isles of +Tenedos and Imbros; anchored for the first night off Samothracia, "the +Thracian Samos," a rocky island near the coast of Thrace; and the next +day passed northward of Thasos, and anchored in the harbor of Neapolis, +on the border of Thrace. They did not remain at the seaport, but pressed +inland to the larger city, which was to be memorable as the first +foothold of the gospel in Europe. In the European part of the second +missionary journey we notice eight places visited by the apostle. + +1. _Philippi_ (Acts 16:12-40). This was an ancient town, enlarged and +renamed by Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. Near it was fought +the great battle between Augustus and Antony on one side, and Brutus and +Cassius on the other, in which the hope of a Roman republic perished, +and the empire was ushered in. It had been made a _colony_; that is, a +branch of Rome itself, and enjoyed certain privileges of +self-government, so that its magistrates bore Roman titles, as noticed +by Luke. Here Lydia, the first convert in Europe, was baptized, and a +church was planted; Paul and Silas were scourged and imprisoned, and set +free by divine power; the jailer was brought to Christ; and the +officials of the city were made to tremble at having inflicted violence +upon citizens of Rome. + +2. _Amphipolis_ was 33 miles southwest of Philippi, and 3 miles from the +Ægean Sea. It was a town of ancient fame; but, in Paul's time, decayed +in population; and, having no synagogue or Jewish population, was not +yet made a field of his labors. After a delay of only a day, he +journeyed on still further westward. (Acts 17:1.) + +3. _Apollonia_ was 30 miles from Amphipolis, and an important city; but +for some reason Paul did not choose to labor in its vicinity, and +remained there but a day. (Acts 17:1.) + +4. _Thessalonica_ (Acts 17:1-9) was the capital of the entire province, +and 40 miles from the preceding station. It was named after a sister of +Alexander the Great, and had many historic associations. An arch is +still standing, and was doubtless seen by the apostle, which +commemorated the victory at Philippi. There was a large Jewish +population, and a synagogue, in which Paul preached for three sabbaths. +He succeeded in founding a church, mostly of Gentiles, to which he soon +after wrote his two earliest epistles, First and Second Thessalonians. +But the Jews excited a riot, and the apostles were compelled to leave +the city by night. Thessalonica, now called _Saloniki_, is still the +second city of European Turkey, and contains 80,000 inhabitants. + +5. _Berea_ (Acts 17:10-13) was a small city, chosen by the apostle on +account of its retired situation. It lay on the eastern side of Mount +Olympus. Its people were generous in hearing the truth, and candid in +examination of its claims; so that many of them believed, and "the +Bereans" have furnished a name for earnest students of the Bible in all +lands. The place is now called _Verria_, and has a population of about +6,000. + +[Illustration: PLAN OF ATHENS.] + +6. _Athens_ (Acts 17:15-34) was one of the most famous cities of the +world. It was situated 5 miles northeast of the Saronic Gulf, between +the two little streams Cephissus and Ilissus, and connected by long +walls with its two seaports, the Piræus and the Phaleric Gulf, where +probably Paul landed. Around it stand mountains noted in history, and +within its walls rise four important hills: the Acropolis, surmounted +by the Parthenon, the most perfect specimen of Greek architecture; the +Areopagus, northwest of the Acropolis, where Paul delivered his +memorable discourse; the Pnyx, still further west; and, on the south, +the Museum. In Paul's time Athens was no longer the political capital, +but was still the literary centre, not only of Greece, but of the +civilized world. Paul's discourse before its philosophers was not +attended with immediate results, as no church appears to have been +founded; but, four centuries afterward, the Parthenon became a Christian +church, and the Athenians were among the most bitter foes of image +worship. After many changes of fortune--at times being without +inhabitants--Athens is now the growing capital of the kingdom of modern +Greece, and the seat of a university. + +7. _Corinth_ (Acts 18:1-18), the next station of the apostle, was 40 +miles west of Athens, on the isthmus between Hellas and Peloponnesus, +which is here 10 miles wide. In Paul's time it was the commercial and +political metropolis of Greece, being the residence of the Roman +proconsul. It was, however, a most wicked city, and a by-word for +corruption and licentiousness. Paul preached in Corinth for a year and a +half, working meanwhile at his trade as a tent-maker, and during his +stay wrote the two Epistles to the Thessalonians. After leaving, he +wrote to the Corinthian Christians two of his longest Epistles, First +and Second Corinthians. The site of the city is now desolate, except for +a small and wretched village, named _Gortho_. + +[Illustration: CORINTH AND VICINITY.] + +8. _Cenchrea_ (Acts 18:18), more accurately Cenchreæ, is named merely as +the place from which Paul set forth on his return journey, and where he +performed the Levitical service of cutting off his hair in token of a +vow. We know, however, that he had, directly or indirectly, planted a +church here, as its deaconess, Phebe, is named. (Rom. 16:1, 2.) This was +the eastern harbor of Corinth, on the Saronic Gulf, 9 miles from the +city. It is now called _Kekhries_. + +III. =The Return Stations= of the apostle, in his journey from Corinth +to Antioch, are given as four in number, though the journey was more +than a thousand miles in length. + +1. Sailing eastward across the Ægean Sea, and passing many celebrated +islands, after a voyage of 250 miles, he reached _Ephesus_. (Acts +18:19-21.) He had been hindered from preaching in this region before, +and now remained but a few weeks, though urged by the Jews to remain +longer. He left behind him his friends Aquila and Priscilla, by whose +labors the brilliant young Apollos of Alexandria was led into the +church, and the way was prepared for Paul's labor on his second visit, +in connection with which Ephesus will be noticed again. + +2. A voyage around the southwestern border of Asia Minor, thence past +the isle of Rhodes in a southeasterly direction, leaving Cyprus on the +northeast, brought the apostle to _Cæsarea_. (Acts 18:22.) This was the +Roman capital of Palestine, and a harbor. Here Paul debarked from the +vessel on which he had sailed 600 miles, and entered once more the Holy +Land. (For an account of Cæsarea, see page 113.) + +3. _Jerusalem._ (Acts 18:22.) The apostle climbed the mountains, and for +the fourth time since his conversion entered the Holy City. He stayed +only to salute the church, and perhaps leave the gifts of the Gentile +Christians to the poorer saints of Judæa, and then left once more. + +4. He traveled, overland most probably, to _Antioch_, his home, if any +place might be so named; for here were his nearest friends, here he had +begun his missionary journey, and here he doubtless received a glad +welcome from the church. He brought with him, on his return, not only +Silas, who had set out as his companion, but Timothy, and perhaps also +Aristarchus, Gaius and Erastus, whose names we find associated with +Paul's soon after. + + +OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. + + I. Draw the map of Asia Minor, and review the + names of its provinces as already given. + + II. Notice the _Stations in Asia_, and the events + of the journey associated with them. 1. Syria. 2. + Cilicia. 3. Derbe. 4. Lystra. 5. Phrygia. 6. + Galatia. 7. Troas. + + III. Notice the _Stations in Europe_. 1. Philippi. + 2. Amphipolis. 3. Apollonia. 4. Thessalonica. 5. + Berea. 6. Athens. 7. Corinth. 8. Cenchrea. + + IV. Notice the _Stations of the Return Journey_. + 1. Ephesus. 2. Cæsarea. 3. Jerusalem. 4. Antioch. + + +THE THIRD MISSIONARY JOURNEY. + +This journey of the apostle, beginning at Antioch, led him as far west +as Corinth, and then as far east as Jerusalem. It probably occupied +about four years, from A.D. 54 to 58, and may be subdivided into two +stages. I. The Outward Journey, from Antioch to Corinth, including seven +stations. II. The Return Journey, from Corinth to Jerusalem, with +fifteen stations. More than half of this period was spent at Ephesus, +where Paul preached for nearly three years. + +[Illustration: PAUL'S THIRD MISSIONARY JOURNEY.] + +I. =The Outward Journey.= (Acts 18:23-20:3.) + +1. We note _Antioch_, the starting point for each of Paul's three +missionary journeys. This place has been already described, on page 113, +in connection with the map of the Early Apostolic History. + +2. His westward course lay through _Galatia_ (Acts 18:23), where he +visited the churches planted upon his former tour. But as before, this +may refer to the part of Galatia embraced in Lycaonia; and we have thus +indicated upon the map by a dotted line. (See page 121.) + +3. Still journeying westward toward the coast, Paul passed through +_Phrygia_ (Acts 18:23), already described on page 118. No events of this +part of the journey are related. + +4. He came from the highlands of the interior to _Ephesus_, where he had +touched on his previous journey, and was now to remain longer than at +any other place during his active ministry. (Acts 19:1-20:1.) Ephesus +was the metropolis of Proconsular Asia, and may be regarded as the third +capital of Christianity, as Jerusalem had been its birthplace, and +Antioch the centre of its foreign missions. It stood a mile from the +Ægean Sea, fronting an artificial harbor, in which met the ships of all +lands, and above which rose the Temple of Artemis (Diana), celebrated as +the most magnificent building in Asia Minor, though the image which it +enshrined was only a shapeless block. Its population was principally +Greek, though with a large Oriental mixture. Here a preparation for +Paul's labor had been made by Apollos, who had instructed a small +company of Jews up to the twilight of John the Baptist's teachings +concerning the Messiah. From Paul's friends, Aquila and Priscilla, he +had learned the gospel of Christ; and, just before the apostle's +arrival, had gone to Corinth. For three months Paul labored in the +synagogue with the Jews and inquiring Gentiles; but, when the Jewish +opposition endangered the work, he took the step (at this time first in +the history of Christianity) of calling the believers in Christ out of +the synagogue. Paul remained at Ephesus in all more than two years, +working at his trade through the week, while preaching on the Jewish +Sabbath. Through his endeavors most of "the Seven Churches," addressed +long afterward by John, were founded at this time. Just before Paul's +departure a riot arose, and a tumultuous mob occupied the theatre, whose +ruins may still be seen. Ephesus is now an utter desolation, haunted by +wild beasts. Near its ruins is a small Turkish village, called +_Ayasalouk_. Near the close of his stay at Ephesus, Paul wrote the First +Epistle to the Corinthians. + +[Illustration: PLAN OF EPHESUS.] + +5. The next stopping place of the apostle was at _Troas_. (2 Cor. 2:12, +13.) This is mentioned, not in the Acts, but in the Epistle written soon +afterward. Here he had expected to meet his companion Titus, with news +from the church at Corinth. While waiting, he found an opportunity for +preaching, and success in winning souls. But, as the expected tidings +did not come, Paul again took ship, and sailed once more (see the +previous journey) from Asia to Europe. + +6. His next station is named as _Macedonia_ (Acts 20:2); but it may be +inferred that he visited Philippi, Thessalonica and Berea, the places of +former labors, already described in the account of the second journey. +Perhaps it was at this time that he journeyed "round about unto +Illyricum," which was a province on the Adriatic Sea, west of Macedonia. +(Rom. 15:19.) While in Macedonia, perhaps at Philippi, Paul wrote the +Second Epistle to the Corinthians. + +7. The last place in Paul's outward journey is mentioned as _Greece_, +the province elsewhere called Achaia. (Acts 20:2, 3; 18:27.) His +principal errand was to Corinth (already described on page 123), where +troubles in the church required his attention. While here he wrote the +Epistle to the Galatians, and his great statement of Christian doctrine, +the Epistle to the Romans. + +II. =The Return Journey.= (Acts 20:6-21:6.) This was undertaken with the +desire of reaching Jerusalem in time for the Feast of Pentecost, A.D. +58. For some reason, probably on account of a Jewish plot to murder him, +Paul did not take the direct route, but went around the Ægean Sea by way +of Philippi and Troas, and was accompanied by a number of friends. + +1. From Corinth, Paul and his friends journeyed overland, through Greece +and Macedonia, to _Philippi_ (Acts 20:3-6), a place now visited for the +third time. Here Paul was rejoined by Luke the Evangelist, who +henceforth shared his dangers to the end of his life. + +2. Most of Paul's company sailed from Philippi across the Ægean Sea to +_Troas_, in advance of the apostle, but were soon followed by Paul and +Luke. (Acts 20:5-13.) At Troas they remained for a week with the church; +and here Eutychus was restored to life by the apostle. + +[Illustration: PAUL'S VOYAGE TO ROME.] + +3. From Philippi, most of the company set sail for Palestine, but Paul +went on foot as far as _Assos_, where he was taken on board. (Acts +20:13, 14.) This place was situated 19 miles from Troas, and is now +marked by extensive ruins. + +4. _Mitylene._ This was on the island of Lesbos, famed as the home of +Sappho, the Greek poetess. Here they anchored for the night, as the +channel was not easy to follow among the islands. (Acts 20:14.) This and +the succeeding stations in the Ægean Sea may be noticed on the map of +the islands and coasts of Asia Minor, on page 132. + +5. _Chios._ (Acts 20:15.) This is an island 32 miles long, and 5 miles +from Asia; said to have been the birthplace of Homer; and now called +_Scio_. Here Paul's ship anchored only for a night. + +6. _Samos._ (Acts 20:15.) This is an island near the mainland, 42 miles +southwest of Smyrna; and 27 miles long. It was the birthplace of the +philosopher Pythagoras. They barely touched at the island, and then +sailed across to the shore of Asia Minor. + +7. _Trogyllium_ (Acts 20:15) is a town and cape on the coast of Asia +Minor, at the foot of Mount Mycale. The place at which they anchored for +the night is still called _St. Paul's Port_. On the next day they sailed +past the harbor of Ephesus without stopping, for Paul's stations were +controlled by the movements of the ship and its masters. + +8. _Miletus._ (Acts 20:16-38.) This was at the mouth of the river +Mæander, 36 miles south of Ephesus; and at that time on the shore, +though now ten miles inland, by the changes in the coast. Here, while +the ship was delayed, Paul sent for the elders of the church at Ephesus, +and gave to them a farewell address of deep tenderness. This place is +now a small village, called _Melas_. + +9. _Coos_, or Cos (Acts 21:1), where they next anchored, is a small +island, northwest of Rhodes; now called _Stanchio_. + +10. _Rhodes_ (Acts 21:1) is an island of note in both ancient and modern +history, 13 miles from Asia Minor, 46 miles long, and 18 wide. Upon it +had stood the Colossus, a figure over 100 feet high, but overthrown by +an earthquake, B.C. 224, and prostrate at the time of Paul's visit. + +11. _Patara_ (Acts 21:1) was a seaport in the province of Lycia, in Asia +Minor, opposite Rhodes. Here the vessel ended its voyage, and the +apostolic company found another, which was bound for Phoenicia. The +place is now a ruin, and buried in the encroaching sand. + +12. The disciples took another ship at Patara, and sailed in a +southeasterly direction for Phoenicia, passing by Cyprus without +stopping. The vessel paused for a week at _Tyre_ to unlade its burden, +and here Paul found a church, perhaps planted by Philip the evangelist. +Tyre had once been the great commercial metropolis of the Mediterranean, +known as "the strong city" as early as the time of Joshua. It was the +capital of Phoenicia, and in Old Testament times held friendly relations +with Israel, but was idolatrous and abominably wicked. It was besieged +by Nebuchadnezzar for 13 years, was destroyed by Alexander the Great, +rebuilt by the Seleucidæ, and, in Paul's time, was still a large city. +It is now a miserable village, called _Sur_, and, in the fulfillment of +prophecy, "a place for the spreading of nets." (Ezek. 26:14.) + +13. Taking ship once more, for the last time, they sailed southward +along the coast of Palestine to _Ptolemais_. (Acts 21:7.) This was the +Old Testament Accho, in the tribe of Asher, but never possessed. It was +8 miles north of Mount Carmel. In mediæval history it sustained a siege +by the Crusaders, and was known as _St. Jean d'Acre_. Here Paul spent a +day with the church, and then journeyed with his friends southward over +the Plain of Esdraelon and Mount Carmel. + +14. At _Cæsarea_, the next station, they were entertained by Philip, +who, years before, had been driven out of Jerusalem by Saul of Tarsus. +(See Philip's Journey, page 112.) Cæsarea was the Roman capital of +Palestine, and was in all respects a heathen city, though containing +many Jews. Here Paul received a message from the aged prophet Agabus, +warning him not to go to Jerusalem; but he persisted in his purpose. + +15. For the fifth time in his life as a Christian, and for the last +time, Paul entered the city of JERUSALEM, from which he was soon to go +forth "the prisoner of the Lord." + + +OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. + + I. _Outward Journey._ 1. Antioch. 2. Galatia. 3. + Phrygia. 4. Ephesus. 5. Troas. 6. Macedonia. + (Philippi.) 7. Greece. (Corinth.) + + II. _Return Journey._ 1. Philippi. 2. Troas. 3. + Assos. 4. Mitylene. 5. Chios. 6. Samos. 7. + Trogyllium. 8. Miletus. 9. Coos. 10. Rhodes. 11. + Patara. 12. Tyre. 13. Ptolemais. 14. Cæsarea. 15. + Jerusalem. + + +THE VOYAGE TO ROME. + +The last of Paul's recorded journeys was that which he took as a +prisoner under Roman power. He was seized by a Jewish mob in the Court +of the Women in the Temple (see plan of the Temple on page 141), in or +near the room set apart for the ceremonies of a Nazarite's vow. Dragged +by the crowd into the Court of the Gentiles, he would have been slain +but for the arrival of a company of Roman soldiers from the Tower of +Antonia. He made an address to the throng from the stairs leading from +the Court of the Gentiles to the Tower, and was then taken to the prison +in the tower. + +1. From _Jerusalem_ he began his journey, as a prisoner. The immediate +cause of his departure from the city was the information received by the +Roman officer in charge of the Tower of Antonia, that a band of Jews had +formed a plan to slay Paul. That night he was sent, under a strong +escort, out of the reach of his enemies. + +2. The guard paused at _Antipatris_ (Acts 23:31, 32), beyond which the +soldiers were not needed, so they were sent back, and Paul journeyed the +rest of the way under an escort of cavalry. Antipatris was built by +Herod the Great, and named for his father, Antipater. It was 26 miles +southeast of Cæsarea, on the direct road from Jerusalem, and 16 miles +northeast of Joppa. Its location is not identified with certainty, but +is probably to be found at a ruin known as _Ras el' Ain_. + +3. The apostle was taken to _Cæsarea_ (Acts 23:33), where he was +remanded to prison. Here he remained for more than two years, was tried +by Felix, and made his memorable defense before the younger Herod +Agrippa. (Acts 24-26.) Having appealed, as a Roman citizen, to the +supreme court of the emperor at Rome, he was sent on shipboard for the +voyage with a company of prisoners, and a guard commanded by the +centurion Julius. Luke and Aristarchus were with Paul on the vessel. +(Acts 27:1, 2.) + +4. The day after starting from Cæsarea, the vessel touched at _Zidon_, +and Paul was permitted to go on shore with the soldier to whom he was +chained. (Acts 27:3.) Zidon was one of the most ancient towns in +history, and the mother city of Tyre, which was 20 miles south of it. It +lay in the limits of the tribe of Asher, but was never possessed by +Israel. Its commerce was extensive, but early superseded by that of +Tyre. It was a battle ground more than once during the Crusades, and +changed masters frequently. Its site is now occupied by a small fishing +village, called _Saida_. + +5. The wind being unfavorable, the vessel was carried to the north of +Cyprus, and sailed over waters traversed by Paul more than once, in the +northeastern corner of the Mediterranean, past his church home at +Antioch, and his birthplace, Tarsus, to the harbor of _Myra_, a city in +the province of Lycia, in Asia Minor. (Acts 27:4-6.) This city stood at +the entrance to a gorge in Mount Taurus, two miles from the sea. Its +port, where Paul landed to be transferred to another vessel, was called +Andriadice. It is now in ruins. + +6. The next station was to have been Cnidus, 100 miles from Myra, on the +coast of Caria; but the vessel only reached it with difficulty, and was +unable to enter, on account of contrary winds: so the prow was turned +southward toward the island of _Crete_. This lies at the entrance to the +Ægean Sea, and is 140 miles long by 35 wide. They rounded Cape Salmone, +at the eastern point of the island, and anchored for a time at a place +then known, and still known, as _Fair Havens_, on the southern coast, +about midway between the two extremes of the island. Here they were +delayed for some time, and Paul urged the centurion to remain during the +winter, and escape impending dangers. But it was resolved to follow +along the shore still further westward, to the more commodious harbor of +Phenice. But in this they were disappointed; for they were driven out to +sea, and to the final result predicted by the apostle. (Acts 27:7-13.) + +7. Soon after leaving Fair Havens, the storm set in. It was of the kind +then called Euroclydon (Revised Version, Euro aquilo, "east-northeaster"), +now known as "a Levanter." They were able to run under the lee of the +little island of Clauda, 23 miles from Fair Havens, where they +strengthened the vessel for the gale by "frapping," or winding ropes +around the hull. Thence for fourteen days and nights they were driven +before the wind in a westward direction, until hope perished in every +heart save Paul's. They were driven 476 miles, upon the island of +_Melita_, which is 62 miles south of Sicily, and is 17 miles long by 8 +or 9 wide. It is of irregular oval shape, and its coast is indented by +many bays. The one in which the apostle was shipwrecked is on the +northeastern side of the island, and is known as St. Paul's Bay. A close +investigation of the locality, its surroundings, and the soundings of +the sea approaching it, show the remarkable accuracy of Luke's +statements. The island is now known as _Malta_, and is under British +rule. Some years ago an ancient inscription was found on the island, +giving to its ruler the same title, _protos_, "first or chief man" (Acts +28:7), given by Luke. + +[Illustration: ST. PAUL'S BAY, MALTA, ENLARGED. + +MALTESE ISLANDS.] + +8. After wintering in the island of Melita, Paul and the other prisoners +were placed on board an Alexandrian ship which was bound toward Rome. +The first stopping place in this part of the voyage was at the historic +city of _Syracuse_, on the eastern shore of Sicily. (Acts 28:12.) Here +they paused for three days, and then continued their voyage. + +9. The next station was at _Rhegium_, where they lay, awaiting a +favorable wind, for one day. (Acts 28:13.) This is at the "toe" of the +Italian boot, opposite Sicily, from which it is separated by a strait, +only 6 miles wide. It is now a flourishing town, called _Rheggio_. + +10. The vessel ended its voyage, and Paul and his fellow-prisoners +disembarked, at _Puteoli_, near Naples. This was one of the leading +ports of Italy, being to Rome what Liverpool is to London. Here Paul +found a Christian church, and was permitted to remain for a week before +going onward to the capital, 141 miles distant. The city is now called +_Pozzuoli_. + +[Illustration: PLAN OF ANCIENT ROME.] + +11. At a place called _Appii Forum_, "the forum of Appius," a village on +the Appian Way, 43 miles from Rome, and again at the "Three Taverns," 10 +miles nearer, Paul was met by some Christians, who had heard of his +coming, and came to give him a welcome, which rejoiced his heart. + +12. At last great ROME was reached, and the apostle was at the end of +his long journey. For two years he dwelt as a prisoner at large, chained +to a Roman soldier, but in "his own hired house." At this point ends all +that is positively known of the journeys of the apostle. + +The city of Rome stands on the river Tiber. In the period of its +greatness it occupied ten hills, with the valleys between them, and a +plain near the river. The apostle lived near the Pretorian Camp, on the +northeastern border of the city, and at the opposite end of the city +from the Jewish quarter, which was on the west of the Tiber. At the time +of Paul's imprisonment, Rome contained about 1,200,000 inhabitants. +One-half of the population were slaves, and two-thirds of the rest were +paupers, supported in idleness by the free distribution of food. During +the two years of Paul's imprisonment he wrote at least four +Epistles--Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon. After about +two years of imprisonment, Paul was released and spent two or more years +at liberty. + + +OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. + + 1. Jerusalem. 2. Antipatris. 3. Cæsarea. 4. Zidon. + 5. Myra. 6. Crete. (Fair Havens.) 7. Melita. 8. + Syracuse. 9. Rhegium. 10. Puteoli. 11. Appii Forum + and Three Taverns. 12. Rome. + + +THE LAST JOURNEYS OF PAUL. + +[Illustration: PAUL'S LAST JOURNEYS.] + +The definite history of the apostle Paul ends with the last verse of the +Acts of the Apostles; but, from the later Epistles and the dim light of +early tradition, we may gather a few facts, and perhaps can indicate a +few more journeys. From Philippians and Philemon, it is clear that +Paul expected an acquittal and release; from 1 Timothy and Titus, it is +evident, that after his imprisonment there were two years, perhaps more, +of liberty. Combining the allusions in the Epistles, we offer a +conjectural outline of the apostle's journeys during that year, +following mainly the order of Canon Farrar. + +1. Near the close of his imprisonment he expressed an expectation of +speedily visiting the churches of Proconsular Asia, especially that at +_Colosse_ (Philem. 1:22), and desired a lodging to be prepared for him +at the house of Philemon. We may take for granted that this purpose was +accomplished, and that _Ephesus_, as well as Colosse, was visited at +this time. Ephesus has been already described. (See page 125.) Colosse, +called also Colassæ, was a city on the Lycus, near Hierapolis and +Laodicea, and on the great caravan road from Ephesus to the Euphrates. +At one time it was a large and flourishing place, but declined as other +cities gained its Eastern trade. Paul had never before visited this +city, and its church had been founded by Epaphras. Yet Paul was well +acquainted with several of its members, and addressed to it, during his +imprisonment, the Epistle to the Colossians; and to one of its members +the Epistle to Philemon. The site of the ancient city is near the modern +village of _Chonas_. + +2. Just before his release, Paul dispatched Timothy to Philippi, +expecting soon to follow him. (Phil. 2:19-24.) Timothy fulfilled his +mission, and came to Ephesus, where Paul left him in charge of the +church, and himself went to _Macedonia_. (1 Tim. 1:3.) Here he doubtless +visited the churches which he had planted in Philippi, Thessalonica and +Berea, and probably journeyed as far south as Corinth. + +3. We judge that to this time belongs his visit to _Crete_. (Titus 1:5.) +He had touched at this island during his voyage to Rome, and may have +gone on shore at Fair Havens; but now he organized the church, and left +it under the care of Titus, who had accompanied him to the island. + +4. We find that after this Paul was at _Nicopolis_, a place not +previously mentioned in his history. (Titus 3:12.) There were no less +than ten cities of this name in the ancient world; but it must have been +one of three among them: Nicopolis of Thrace, of Cilicia, or of Epirus. +The latter has been generally accepted as the one where Paul "determined +to winter." It was in the Roman province of Achaia, near the Adriatic +Sea and the Ionian Isles; and was built by Augustus to commemorate his +victory at Actium. The place is now called _Paleo-prevesa_, "old +Prevesa," and contains extensive ruins, among which is a building said +to have been Paul's place of prayer. Some think that Paul was arrested +here before his final imprisonment; but there is no certainty concerning +it. + +5. _Troas._ (2 Tim. 4:13.) It is evident that Paul passed through this +place, and stopped with a certain person named Carpus, where he left his +mantle for winter wear, and some manuscripts. Farrar is of the opinion +that he was here arrested, and in such haste that he could not obtain +these articles. He may have come from Nicopolis by way of Macedonia, +passing through Philippi, and sailing across the Ægean Sea. + +6. An allusion in 2 Tim. 4:20 hints at another place visited by the +apostle, perhaps as a prisoner. If arrested at Troas, he would probably +be sent to _Ephesus_, the residence of the proconsul, for trial. And at +Miletus, near that city, we find that he left his companion, Trophimus, +who had been with him at the time of his former arrest in Jerusalem. It +is a slight confirmation of this view, that there is among the ruins of +Ephesus a place pointed out as the prison of Paul. + +7. From Ephesus he may have set sail once more as a prisoner for _Rome_. +He was accompanied by several friends, as Titus, who had left Crete once +more to follow him; Luke the physician, his companion to the last; and +Tychicus. We know nothing concerning the voyage, and therefore represent +it on the map by the most direct route from Ephesus. At Rome we know +only that his imprisonment was short; that his friends were few, for the +church had been scattered by the terrible persecution of Nero; that Paul +was left alone at his first hearing, his friends having gone in various +directions, some on errands of duty, and others in fear of the world; +that he wrote earnestly to Timothy to come, bringing Mark with him (2 +Tim. 4:9, 11); and we infer from his own expectations and the tradition +of the church, that his martyrdom was not long delayed. + +The traditional place of his execution is shown at Aquæ Salvæ, now _Tre +Fontane_, three miles from Rome, near the road to Ostia. + + +OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. + + 1. Colosse and Ephesus. 2. Macedonia. (Philippi, + Thessalonica, Berea, Corinth.) 3. Crete. 4. + Nicopolis. 5. Troas. (Arrest?) 6. Ephesus. 7. + Rome. (Martyrdom.) + +[Illustration: THE ISLES OF GREECE AND THE SEVEN CHURCHES.] + + + + +THE ISLES OF GREECE AND THE SEVEN CHURCHES. + + +I. AS THE islands of the Ægean Sea are often referred to in the Acts, +especially in the account of Paul's voyage to Phoenicia, in his third +missionary journey, we present a map representing them upon a larger +scale, with those portions of Asia and Europe adjoining them. Such of +the islands as are mentioned in the history have been already described. +One of the smallest is brought to our notice in the book of Revelation, +=Patmos=, to which the apostle John was banished. This lies 20 miles +south of the island of Samos, 24 miles west of Asia Minor, and about 70 +miles southwest of Ephesus. It is about 20 miles in circumference, and +is rocky and barren. Its loneliness and seclusion made it a suitable +place for the banishment of criminals; and to it the apostle John was +banished by the emperor Domitian, near the close of the first Christian +century: though some scholars give an earlier date, under the emperor +Nero. A narrow isthmus divides the island into two parts, north and +south. On a hill in the southern part is a monastery named after the +apostle John, and near it is the cave where it is said by tradition that +he received the vision of the Apocalypse. In the Middle Ages the island +was called Patmosa, and it is now known as _Patmo_. + +II. The term =Asia= was used by the ancients in varied extent of +meaning. 1. Its earliest use in Homer refers only to a meadow near Troy +(Troas), which was called the "Asian meadow." 2. The lands of Mysia, +Lydia, Caria, and a part of Phrygia, were known as Proconsular Asia, as +they formed the province of Asia under the Roman government. This was +originally the dominion of the last king of Pergamos, whose title was +"king of Asia"; and was by him bequeathed to the Romans. 3. Asia Minor, +as a whole, was sometimes called by the name Asia, though not often. 4. +The entire Asiatic continent was known by this name in ancient times; +but this use of the word is not found in Scripture. + +[Illustration: LAODICEA FROM HIERAPOLIS.] + +III. =The Seven Churches of Asia= were all located in Proconsular Asia, +in the immediate neighborhood of Ephesus. There were other churches +besides these, as Hierapolis and Colosse, both near Laodicea, and +referred to in the Pauline Epistles; but these are named as the most +important, and a group of seven is the arrangement most frequently found +in the Bible, especially in its symbolical writings. To these Seven +Churches were sent the messages in the opening chapters of the +Revelation. + +1. _Ephesus_ (Rev. 2:1) was the most important city of the district, its +church was the largest, and it was the first addressed. (A description +and plan of this city may be found on page 125.) + +2. _Smyrna_ (Rev. 2:8) is north of Ephesus, about 40 miles in a direct +line, though longer by the route of travel. It is on the Ægean Sea, at +the head of the Hermæan Gulf, at the foot of Mount Pagus. The earliest +city was built B.C. 1500, by the Greeks, and destroyed and rebuilt +several times. From the time of Alexander the Great, who was one of its +builders, it became an important city. Its earliest mention in Christian +history is in the Revelation. Polycarp, a pupil of John, was martyred +here A.D. 155. His grave is still shown on a hill near the city. Despite +fires, earthquakes and wars, it has retained its importance, and is now +the largest city on the Asiatic side of the Ægean Sea, having a +population of nearly 200,000 people. The modern city is about two miles +from the ancient site. + +3. _Pergamos_ (Rev. 2:12), more properly Pergamum, was 60 miles +northeast of Smyrna, in the district of Mysia, 3 miles north of the +little river Caicus, and 20 miles from the Ægean Sea. It was the capital +of a small but wealthy kingdom, which arose in the breaking up of +Alexander's empire. It was celebrated for its large library, which at +one time contained 200,000 manuscripts, but was by Mark Antony presented +to Cleopatra, and removed to Alexandria. The city was devoted to the +worship of Æsculapius, the patron divinity of medicine; and was, like +most idolatrous places, corrupt in its morals. It is now a city of +25,000 inhabitants, called _Pergama_. + +[Illustration: ISLE of PATMOS.] + +4. _Thyatira_ (Rev. 2:18) was a city in the province of Lydia, on the +road from Pergamos to Sardis. It was founded by Alexander the Great, who +planted it with people from Macedonia, which may account for the fact +that "Lydia of Thyatira" was found by Paul at Philippi, in Macedonia. It +was a prosperous manufacturing town, but never a great city, and its +scarlet cloth still has a reputation throughout the Orient. It is now a +place with a population of from 17,000 to 20,000, and is called _ak +Hissar_, "white castle." + +5. _Sardis_ (Rev. 3:1) lay 30 miles south of Thyatira, between the river +Hermus and Mount Tmolus. It was the capital of Croesus, the wealthy king +of Lydia, whose empire was overthrown by Cyrus the Great. After the time +of Alexander it belonged to the kingdom of Pergamos, until its +absorption into the Roman empire. It was a place of extensive commerce, +which led to prosperity, and the worldliness of the Christian church, +rebuked in the message of the Revelation. It is now a miasmatic region, +with scarcely an inhabitant, and bears the name _Sert Kalessi_. + +6. _Philadelphia_ (Rev. 3:7) was about 25 miles southeast of Sardis, on +the river Cogamus, a branch of the Hermus. It was built and named by +Attalus Philadelphus, king of Pergamos, and was the centre of a rich +farming region, which has kept it inhabited through all the vicissitudes +of the centuries. It was destroyed by an earthquake A.D. 17, but +rebuilt. Its population is now about 10,000, and its modern name is +_Allah Shehr_, "city of God." + +7. _Laodicea_ (Rev. 3:14) was the capital of Phrygia, and was 50 or 60 +miles from Philadelphia, according to route. It was on the bank of the +Lycus, near Hierapolis and Colosse. Its ancient name was Diospolis, but +was changed by the Syrian king, Seleucus II., in honor of his wife, +Laodice. In A.D. 62 it was destroyed by an earthquake; but its people +were sufficiently rich to decline the aid of the Romans in rebuilding +their city. Its worldly prosperity was reflected in its church, which +received the sharpest rebukes of the Revelator. The Mohammedans +destroyed the city, which is now a mass of ruins, surrounding a village +called _Eski-hissar_. + +It will be noticed, that, in the order of the Revelation, the Seven +Churches are arranged in a circuit, as one would find them, starting +from Ephesus, and traveling north to Smyrna and Pergamus, then southeast +to Thyatira, Sardis and Philadelphia, until the southern and eastern +limit is reached at Laodicea. + + +OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. + + I. Let the teacher draw the outlines of the coast + of both Europe and Asia, and call attention to the + lands as already noticed under other maps. Then + locate and name the principal _Islands_, + especially those referred to in Paul's voyage to + Palestine (map on page 122), and _Patmos_. + + II. Explain the four meanings of the name Asia, as + used by the ancients. + + III. Locate and name the _Seven Churches_, as + given in Revelation. _Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamos, + Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, Laodicea._ + + + + +THE TABERNACLE. + +[Illustration: THE TABERNACLE, ACCORDING TO FERGUSSON.] + + +I. =Its Origin.= The Tabernacle was the tent in which the emblems for +divine worship were kept from the time of Moses to that of Solomon, 400 +years. It represented the idea of God dwelling among his people, in the +centre of the camp of Israel. The earliest institution for worship was +the Altar, built wherever the patriarchs pitched their tents. Next we +find a place consecrated and kept for the house of God, as Jacob's +pillar at Bethel, to which the patriarch returned as to a sanctuary in +after years. The Tabernacle arose when Israel was no longer a family, +but a nation, needing a centralizing power and a system of worship as +the uniting element among the tribes. It was erected under the direction +of Moses, by divine command, while the Israelites were encamped at Mount +Sinai. + +II. =Its History.= During all the journeys of the Israelites through the +wilderness, the Tabernacle stood in the centre of their camp, or, while +on the march, was taken apart and carried by the Levites. At the time of +the conquest, it remained at Gilgal, the fortified camp of Israel, near +Jericho. After the war it was established at Shiloh, in the tribe of +Ephraim, where it continued until the great defeat of Israel at Ebenezer +(1 Sam. 4:1-11), when the ark was taken, and probably Shiloh was +ravaged. The Tabernacle was removed to Nob, in the tribe of Benjamin, +where it remained until Saul's slaughter of the priests. (1 Sam. 21:1-6; +22:18, 19.) It seems to have been at Gibeon, while the ark was in +seclusion at Kirjath-jearim. (2 Chron. 1:4.) There is no mention of the +Tabernacle after the building of the Temple; but a Jewish tradition is +that its curtains were rolled up and laid away in one of the rooms +connected with the Temple. + +III. =The Departments of the Tabernacle.= This will require us to +notice: 1. The Court. 2. The Altar. 3. The Laver. 4. The Tent. 5. The +Holy Place. 6. The Holy of Holies. The dimensions of these are given in +cubits; and, as the authorities differ as to the length of the cubit, we +will consider it here as being about a foot and a half, or 18 inches, +the length generally given. + +1. _The Court_ was 150 feet long by 75 wide. It was separated from the +camp by a curtain of fine linen, supported by 60 pillars, of which 20 +were on each side, and 10 on each end. The pillars were probably of wood +covered with brass. (There is strong reason for believing that the word +"brass" in the Old Testament refers to copper.) They were fastened +together by cords, and rested upon bases of brass, which were fastened +to the ground, perhaps by spikes from the bottom. Each pillar was 7-1/2 +feet (5 cubits) high, and was covered with a silver cap. The curtain was +made of linen, in sections, extending from pillar to pillar, a distance +of about 8 feet, and was fastened to the pillars by hooks of silver. The +entrance was on the end toward the east, 30 feet wide, and consisted of +an embroidered hanging, which could be raised or lowered at pleasure. +None but the priests and Levites were allowed within the court; and the +worshipers presented their offerings without at the entrance. (Review. +1. Dimensions. 2. Pillars. 3. Curtain. 4. Entrance. 5. Priests.) + +2. _The Altar_ stood within the court, in front of the entrance, in the +most prominent situation of the camp, and was the largest article of the +tabernacle furniture. It was a plain structure, 7-1/2 feet square and +4-1/2 feet high, hollow within, and made of acacia wood, to avoid +excessive weight; but covered with plates of brass, as it was exposed to +the fire. Upon each corner projected a horn from the top, upon which the +blood of the victim was sometimes sprinkled, and to which suppliants +sometimes fled. Around the altar, midway between the top and bottom, was +a "compass" (Exod. 27:5), or ledge, upon which the priest stood while +sacrificing. There is mention also of "a grate" (Exod. 27:4), which was +formerly supposed to have been placed inside the altar, so that the fire +might be built upon it, and the ashes fall through it; but this is now +by the best scholars considered to have been upright, and under the +"compass," and not a grate, but a lattice-work of brass, surrounding the +altar. It is believed that at each encampment the altar was filled with +earth, and that upon this the fire was kindled, according to Exod. +20:24, 25. At each corner was a brass ring, and through the pair of +rings on each side a rod was passed, by which the altar was carried +from place to place during the marches of Israel. The fire upon the +altar was kindled miraculously (Lev. 9:24), and was never suffered to go +out, but was kept alive even on the march by live coals in a vessel. +Twice each day the high-priest offered the general sacrifice for the +people, besides the individual offerings of worshipers. In officiating, +the priest approached the altar by an ascent of earth, as steps were +forbidden (Exod. 20:26), and he stood upon either the north or south +side, as the ashes were thrown out on the east side. (Lev. 1:16.) The +utensils of the altar were five, all of brass. 1. _Pans_, used to convey +the ashes outside the camp. (Lev. 6:10, 11.) 2. _Shovels_, for taking +off coals of fire to put in the censers. 3. _Basins_, for receiving and +carrying the blood of offerings. 4. _Flesh-hooks_, for placing the +sacrifice on the fire. 5. _Fire-pans_, for carrying the fire while on +the march. (Note for Review. 1. Situation. 2. Dimensions. 3. Horns. 4. +Compass. 5. Grate. 6. Earth contents. 7. Rings. 8. Fire. 9. Sacrifices. +10. Approach. 11. Utensils.) + +[Illustration: THE TABLE OF SHEW-BREAD.] + +3. _The Laver_ is less minutely described than the altar. It was a large +tank for holding water, an abundance of which was needed in the +sacrifices, and was made out of the metallic "looking-glasses" of the +women who worshiped at the Tabernacle. (Exod. 38:8.) It stood at the +door of the Tabernacle, and west of the altar. (Exod. 30:18.) With it is +mentioned "its foot," which was probably a lower basin, into which the +water ran from above, made to prevent the earth around from becoming +saturated with water. Its size and form are not stated in the account. +(Review. 1. Purpose. 2. Material. 3. Place. 4. Foot.) + +4. _The Tent._ This was the Tabernacle proper, to which the court was +the adjunct. It stood as the representation of God's house, wherein he +dwelt in the midst of his own chosen people. It was 15 feet wide and +high, and 45 feet long, divided into two rooms by a curtain, or vail. +Though many details are given, yet it is not possible to give certain +conclusions either concerning its plan of construction, or even its +general appearance. For example: some authorities conclude that the +curtained roof was flat, or even sagging downward in the middle, while +others are sure that it was pointed, by means of a ridge-pole, as +represented in our engraving. We consider neither as certain, but +incline to the latter opinion. The walls and rear end of the tent were +made of upright boards, covered with gold, each 15 feet high, and 2 feet +3 inches wide; of which there were 20 boards on each side, and 10 in the +rear, while the front was open. Upon each board were rings of gold, so +arranged that, when the walls were erected, the rings were in three +rows, and through them long poles were passed to hold the structure +together. Each board was furnished at its lower end with two tenons, +which fitted into mortises in bases of solid silver, each weighing +nearly 100 pounds. These bases stood side by side, forming a firm and +continuous foundation, and protecting the lower ends of the boards from +decay. The roof of the tent was supported by pillars, of which there +seem to have been five in the front (Exod. 36:38), and probably as many +in the rear. These were covered with gold, and rested upon bases of +brass. The covering of the Tabernacle consisted of four curtains, one +over another. 1. A covering called the "tabernacle cloth," of linen, +woven in various colors, and embroidered with figures of cherubim. 2. +Over this was stretched a covering of cloth made from goat's hair, +larger than the other, and therefore extending beyond it. 3. Next came a +covering of "rams' skins dyed red." 4. Over all was spread a covering +skin, called in the Hebrew, _tachash_, translated "badgers' skins," but +supposed by many to mean _seal skin_, taken from animals found in the +Red Sea, and intended to preserve the roof from the effects of the +weather. The front, on the eastern end, was protected by a hanging of +fine linen, embroidered in blue, purple and scarlet, and resting upon +the five pillars named above. (Review. 1. Purpose. 2. Dimensions. 3. +Form. 4. Walls. 5. Rings. 6. Bases. 7. Pillars. 8. Coverings. 9. Front.) + +5. _The Holy Place._ This was the larger of the two rooms, and was +separated from the smaller room within by the _Vail_, which was an +embroidered curtain hanging upon four pillars. Its dimensions were 15 +feet in width and 30 feet in length, with walls 15 feet high. There is +no mention of a floor, and probably there was none. It contained three +articles of furniture. On the right of a person entering, midway between +the two ends of the room, stood the _Table_, made of shittim wood +(acacia), covered with gold; it was 3 feet long, a foot and a half wide, +2 feet 3 inches high, and surrounded with a "crown," or ornamental band, +of gold. On the corners were rings, through which rods were passed, to +carry it from place to place. On this table were kept 12 loaves of +unleavened bread, which were renewed every Sabbath. On the left, +opposite to the table, was the _Lamp-stand_, generally called the +Candlestick, but incorrectly, as it contained lamps, not candles. This +was a tree of gold, probably 40 inches high, having three branches on +each side of the central trunk, so arranged that the seven summits, each +holding a lamp, stood in a horizontal line. It is uncertain whether the +lamps were kept burning at all times, or only during the night. Directly +in front of the vail, at the western end of the Holy Place, stood the +_Altar of Incense_. This was of acacia wood, overlaid with gold, whence +it was frequently called "the golden altar." It was a foot and a half +square, and three feet high. It had horns on its corners, and rings for +carrying, and an opening in the top, wherein was placed daily a censer +full of incense, which was lighted by live coals from the altar of burnt +offering in the court. The lighting of the incense with common fire was +the crime for which the two elder sons of Aaron "died before the Lord." +(Lev. 10:1, 2.) Into the Holy Place the priests entered daily, to trim +and refill the lamps, and offer the incense. (Review. 1. Vail. 2. +Dimensions. 3. Table. 4. Lamp-stand. 5. Altar of Incense. 6. Daily +uses.) + +6. _The Holy of Holies._ This was the inner room, at the western end of +the building, entered only on one day in the year, the Day of Atonement, +and only by the high priest. Its dimensions were those of a cube, 15 +feet in breadth, length and height. It contained the most sacred _Ark of +the Covenant_, which was a chest, the receptacle for the stone tablets +of the Law, given by the Lord to Moses. It was of shittim or acacia +wood, covered without and within with gold, 3 feet 9 inches long, by 2 +feet 3 inches wide and deep; furnished on the side with rings, that it +might be carried. The lid was made of gold, and was called the +_propitiatory_,--in our version, "mercy seat." Upon it stood golden +figures of the cherubim, and between them was believed to dwell the +cloud which denoted God's presence. (Review. 1. Uses. 2. Dimensions. 3. +Ark.) + +[Illustration: THE BRAZEN ALTAR.] + + +OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. + + 1. Draw upon the blackboard a diagram representing + the ground-plan of the Court of the Tabernacle, + and, within it, the Tabernacle itself. Tell the + class its origin and history. + + 2. Locate upon the diagram each of the parts + referred to, and describe them, following the + outline given at the end of each paragraph. + + 3. Review the facts given, frequently during the + lesson, and finally at the close. + +[Illustration: THE BRAZEN ALTAR, ACCORDING TO MEYER.] + +[Illustration: THE TEMPLE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST (HEROD'S).] + + + + +THE TEMPLE. + + +THE Temple was the centre of Jewish thought, not only in Palestine, but +also throughout the world. Even when it lay in ruins, Daniel, in the +land of captivity, opened his window toward its site when he prayed; and +the front of every synagogue looked toward it. It stood on Mount Moriah, +which was originally outside the wall of the city, east of Mount Zion. +In order to give room for all its courts, the surface of the hill was +increased by building out from its sides on successive platforms, +supported by immense substructions of brick and stone, so that the +entire mountain is honeycombed with artificial caves. + +There were three successive Temples. 1. _Solomon's Temple_ dedicated +about 950 B.C. The accounts of this building are so meager, and the text +is so uncertain, that it is impossible to construct its plan with any +satisfaction. A conjectural ground plan is given on page 71. This temple +stood until 587 B.C., when it was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar. 2. After +a period of desolation of 50 years, _Zerubbabel's Temple_ was begun, 536 +B.C., and finished 20 years after. Still less is known of its +architecture; but it was probably on the same general plan as Solomon's, +though less magnificent. It passed through many sieges, was desecrated +by enemies, and reconsecrated by the Jews, but stood until 30 years +before the birth of Christ. 3. _Herod's Temple_ was a restoration, +enlargement, and improvement upon Zerubbabel's. It was built by Herod +the Great, in sections, taking down the old and building the new part by +part, so that it occupied many years, and was not completed until after +Herod's death, and less than ten years before its final destruction. +This was the Temple standing in the time of Christ, and referred to in +the allusions of the New Testament. It was destroyed by the Romans under +Titus, A.D. 70, and was never rebuilt by the Jews, though its +restoration was more than once attempted. Its site is now occupied by +the Mohammedan "Dome of the Rock," often, but erroneously, called the +Mosque of Omar. + +[Illustration: THE DOME OF THE ROCK.] + +The Temple of Herod is the one usually described in works on the +subject. The authorities are: 1. The Scriptures, from which we gather +references to this Temple, and analogies from the description of the +Tabernacle, of which the Temple was an enlarged copy. 2. The description +given by Josephus, which was written 20 years after its fall, and gives +general impressions rather than accurate details. 3. The tract Middoth +"measures," in the Talmud, which gives precise measurements, but not +complete information. 4. The allusions in ancient Jewish literature, of +more or less value and authority. 5. The results of recent explorations +under the Temple area, which are very valuable. Different investigators +have come to very different conclusions concerning the Temple and its +courts. We present in this description those of Dr. James Strong, in +McClintock & Strong's Cyclopedia, from which our diagram is taken, by +permission. From the uncertainty of many dimensions, and especially the +difference of opinion with regard to the length of the Jewish cubit, in +which all the ancient measurements are given, most of our figures must +be regarded as general estimates, rather than precise statements. + +The Temple consisted of a building called "the House of God," surrounded +by a number of open courts, the outer ones including the inner. On the +north of it was the Tower of Antonia; east, Valley of the Kedron; +south, Ophel; west, Valley of the Tyropoeon; and beyond, Mount Zion. + +I. =The Court of the Gentiles= was the largest, and the first entered by +a visitor from without. It was so named because it was the only part of +the building in which foreigners were allowed; hence not regarded as +sacred by the Jews. Speaking roughly, it was an open square, of about +1,000 feet on each side; more precisely, a quadrangle, whose inside +measurements were 990 feet on the north, 1,000 on the east, 910 on the +south, 1,060 on the west. On two sides there was a covered corridor; +Solomon's Porch on the east, Herod's Porch on the south. It was entered +on the north, east and south, by a single gate in each wall: north, the +Gate Tedi, a staircase leading up to the Tower Antonia, from which Paul +made his speech to the Jewish mob (Acts 22); east, the Gate Shushan, +directly opposite to the altar, and leading to the Valley of the Kedron; +south, the Gate Huldah, a subterranean passage through the floor of the +court, which was here much higher than the ground outside the wall; +west, four gates: the southern, near the angle of the wall, the Gate +Shalleketh, or Kiponos, opening to a bridge over the Tyropoeon; next, +Gate Parbar; then, the South Gate of Asuppim; and near the northern +corner of the wall, the North Gate of Asuppim. On the floor of this +court was a market for the sale of sacrificial meats, with "tables of +the money changers"; twice broken up by Jesus in his ministry. (John +2:14-16; Matt. 21:12, 13.) [Notice, in this account: 1. Name. 2. +Dimensions. 3. Porches. 4. Gates. 5. Market.] + +[Illustration: SECTION THROUGH THE MIDDLE OF THE TEMPLE FROM EAST TO +WEST.] + +II. =The Sacred Enclosure= was an elevated section in the northwestern +part of the Court of the Gentiles, containing the sacred buildings. It +was called by the Jews the _Chel_ (pronounced _Kel_). It stood 8 feet +higher than the level of the surrounding court; and its outside +measurement was 630 feet on the north and south, by 300 east and west. +Its outer wall was a lattice wrought in stone, called Soreg, +"interwoven," 4-1/2 feet high, containing inscriptions in many +languages, warning all foreigners not to enter it, under penalty of +death. A fragment of this wall, with its inscription, was recently +discovered in Jerusalem. Within this wall was a corridor 24 feet wide, +containing an ascent of steps 8 feet high; and above them the inner +wall, which was like that of a castle, very thick, from 40 to 60 feet +high, and more than once used as a fortress by the Jews. Through both +the outer lattice and the inner wall were nine gates, four each on the +north and south; one on the east, opposite to the altar; but none on the +west. Though most of the worshipers came from that side, the rear of the +Temple stood toward it, and the front faced the east. The Chel, then, +was a terrace of 24 feet, between two walls, an outer lattice and an +inner castle. Paul was arrested under a false report of his having led +Gentiles into this Sacred Enclosure. (Acts 21:28, 29.) + +[Illustration: PLAN OF THE SACRED ENCLOSURE (HEROD'S TEMPLE).] + +III. =The Court of the Women=, often called "The Treasury," occupied a +square in the eastern end of the Sacred Enclosure. Passing through the +thick wall, the Jewish visitor (for none other was allowed to enter) +found himself in an open court, about 240 feet square, surrounded by +high walls, and 3 feet higher than the platform of the Chel. To this led +four gates, or rather doors, in the middle of the wall on each side; +that on the east, probably, being the Beautiful Gate (Acts 3:2), and +that on the west the Gate of Nicanor, because the head of Nicanor, a +Syrian enemy of the Jews, had once been hung upon it. In each corner of +the court was a room, open overhead, 60 feet square. That in the +southeast was used for the ceremonies of the Nazarite's vow, and was the +one where Paul was seized by the Jews (Acts 21:26); in the northeast, +for the preparation of wood for the altar; in the northwest, for the +ceremonies of cleansing for lepers; in the southwest, for the storage of +sacrificial oil. Between these rooms were galleried cloisters, of which +the upper story was set apart for women, who were not allowed to +penetrate further into the Temple, but from the gallery over the Gate of +Nicanor could witness the sacrifices. Around the wall were fastened 13 +treasure-chests, for gifts of the worshipers, from which came the name +"Treasury." (Mark 12:41, 42; John 8:20.) Under the floor of this court +was a subterranean passage from the Tower of Antonia, by which soldiers +were sent to quell riots among the Jews, the opening being by the Gate +Beautiful, over which was a guard-room. Through this passage the +soldiers came who rescued Paul from the Jewish mob. (Acts 21:31, 32.) +Under the steps leading up to the Gate Nicanor were two rooms in which +musical instruments were stored for use at the festivals. [Review. 1. +Names. 2. Dimensions. 3. Doors. 4. Rooms. 5. Galleries. 6. +Treasure-chests. 7. Underground passage. 8. Music-rooms. 9. Scripture +allusions.] + +IV. =The Court of Israel=, or Court of the Men, occupied the western end +of the Sacred Enclosure, and was a narrow corridor surrounding the Court +of the Priests. It was 10 feet higher than the Court of the Women; 320 +feet east and west, by 240 north and south. The width of the corridor on +the north and south was 16 feet, and on the east and west 24 feet. It +was the place where the men of Israel stood to view the sacrifices. On +the outside of it rose the high inner wall of the Sacred Enclosure; on +the inside, a low balustrade sufficed to separate it from the space set +apart for the priests. Three gates led up to it on the north; as many on +the south; and one, the Gate of Nicanor, on the east. In the wall on the +north were chambers used severally for treasuries, guard, the storage of +salt, the storage of hides and of earthenware. On the south, at its +eastern corner, was the session-room of the Sanhedrim, called the Hall +Gazith, and beyond it rooms in the wall for guard, storage, etc. In the +Hall Gazith, the elders sat on seats of stone arranged in semicircular +form. [Review. 1. Name. 2. Location. 3. Dimensions. 4. Purpose. 5. +Walls. 6. Gates. 7. Rooms.] + +V. =The Court of the Priests= was a raised platform within the Court of +Israel, and standing 3 feet above it. It was about 275 feet long, by 200 +feet wide. It was mainly occupied by the House of God, in front of which +stood the great Altar of Burnt Offering, built upon the stone which now +rises under the Dome of the Rock. The altar was a rude structure of +rough stone, whitewashed, and 15 feet high. From its southwestern corner +an underground drain passed beneath all the courts to the brook Kedron. +Opposite, also, to the southwestern corner, was the Laver, supplying +water for the services and washings. Around the altar were marble tables +for various uses in the sacrifices, and in the pavement were rings for +securing the animals to be slain. [Review. 1. Name. 2. Dimensions. 3. +Altar. 4. Drain. 5. Laver. 6. Tables, rings, etc.] + +VI. =The House of God=, or Temple Proper, occupied more than half the +space in the Court of the Priests. Its floor was 8 feet above the level +of the surrounding court; and it had four parts. 1. The Porch, or +Vestibule, extended across the front: it was 120 feet high, and +consisted of several stories. Its roof was steep, and covered with +golden spikes to keep birds from settling upon and defiling it. It was +built of marble, and richly ornamented. 2. The Chambers were on each +side of the house, but separate from it, and not attached to its wall. +They were three stories high, and entered from the north and south by +winding stairs. Their use was to furnish homes for the priests during +their two weeks of service each year. 3. The Holy Place was 30 feet wide +and 60 feet long, double the dimensions of the same room in the +Tabernacle. It was entered from the vestibule by double doors plated +with gold; and both floor and ceiling were covered with gold. On the +right side of one entering was the Table, on which 12 loaves of +unleavened bread were kept standing; on the left was the Lamp-stand, +generally called (but incorrectly) the Golden Candlestick, for it held +seven lamps, not candles; and at its further end was the golden Altar of +Incense, lighted each day by coals from the Altar of Burnt Offering. In +this room Zacharias received the promise of the birth of John the +Baptist. (Luke 1.) 4. The Holy of Holies was a cube, each dimension +being 30 feet. It was separated from the Holy Place by a vail, said to +be 8 inches thick (but probably consisting of two vails 8 inches apart), +which was rent from top to bottom at the hour of the Saviour's death on +the cross. (Mark 15:38.) In the first Temple this room contained the Ark +of the Covenant; but in the second and third Temples the place of the +lost ark was taken by a marble stone, upon which the high priest laid +the censer on the Day of Atonement, the only day in the year when the +Holy of Holies was entered. The Roman conqueror, Pompey, insisted upon +entering it, expecting to see some object of worship, and perhaps +treasure, but was surprised to find nothing within the vail. [Review. 1. +Porch. 2. Chambers. 3. Holy Place and contents. 4. Holy of Holies.] + + +OUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW. + + I. Let the teacher relate the history of the + Temple, with its three periods of building, under + Solomon, Zerubbabel and Herod, and review the + class on the names and events. + + II. Draw the elevations of the several courts and + buildings, showing how they successively rose one + above another, and, as each is indicated, give its + name, and its elevation above the preceding. 1. + Court of Gentiles. 2. Sacred Enclosure, 8 feet + elevation. 3. Court of Women, 3 feet higher. 4. + Court of Israel, 10 feet. 5. Court of the Priests, + 3 feet. 6. House of God, 8 feet. + + III. Draw next the ground plan of the six + departments as given, and describe each, following + the order given in the description above. + Frequently review the class upon the names, + dimensions and facts. + + IV. Number the Scripture references given in the + description, write them on slips of paper, + distribute to the class, and call for them in + connection with the parts of the Temple to which + they refer. At the close call upon the class to + name the Scripture incidents connected with each + department. + + + + +LESSONS IN THE GEOGRAPHY OF PALESTINE. + + +MORE than two-thirds of the events of Bible history are associated with +the land of Palestine, and a knowledge of that country and its principal +places is needed by every Sunday School scholar and Bible student. Any +Superintendent who will take ten minutes of the Sunday School session +for the purpose or teaching Bible Geography, can in less than three +months give to his school a sufficient knowledge of Palestine for the +general needs of Bible study. The requisites are: a blackboard; some +crayons (of various colors, if possible to obtain them); a clear idea on +the part of the instructor of what he proposes to teach; precise +statements of the things taught, in as few words as possible; giving +nothing except the important facts which are to be remembered; and +frequent reviews, from the beginning, of all the facts acquired. The +lessons here given have been taught many times in Sunday Schools and +children's classes at Assemblies, and are now published in the hope that +they may be made generally useful. + +[Illustration: LESSON I.] + + +LESSON I. LINES AND WATERS. + +I. Draw in presence of the class, in white chalk, the =two lines=, one +representing the Coast Line, the other, the Jordan Line. Notice that the +cape on the Coast Line is one-third the distance from the top of the +map; that the second of the three lakes is directly opposite to the +cape; and that the distance between the second and third lakes is just +six times that between the first and the second. The teacher may draw +the lines in advance of the lesson, with a soapstone slate pencil, which +will make a faint mark, not distinguishable at a distance, but seen by +the teacher, and easily traced in presence of the class with white +crayon. Let the class repeat the names of the two lines. 1. Coast Line. +2. Jordan Line. + +II. Locate the different =Bodies of Water=, indicating their names by +initial letters. 1. The Mediterranean Sea, on the west, called in the +Bible "the Great Sea." 2. The river Jordan, flowing from north to south. +3. Lake Merom, on the north. 4. The Sea of Galilee. 5. The Dead Sea, +into which the Jordan flows. Show the class that this sea lies so low, +that, if a canal were cut to the Mediterranean, the ocean would run in, +instead of the Dead Sea running out. Drill the class on: 1. Lines. 2. +Bodies of Water. + + +LESSON II. NAMES AND DISTANCES. + +Draw the same map as in Lesson I., but omit the lettering, and review +the Lines and Waters. + +I. State and drill upon the =Names= by which the land has been known in +different times. 1. In the earliest ages it was called _Canaan_, because +its best-known people were the Canaanites. 2. After the Israelites +conquered it, it was known as the _Land of Israel_. 3. In the time of +Christ it was generally called _Judæa_ because the Jews were its +inhabitants. 4. Its name is now _Palestine_. [Write an initial or +syllable of each name, and recall it from the class.] + +II. Give the =Distances=. 1. Begin with the country best known, and +state first the distance from America to Palestine, 7,800 miles. [Write +on the board A. P. 7,800.] 2. The Coast Line, from a point opposite the +source of the Jordan to a point opposite the lower end of the Dead Sea, +180 miles. [Write C. L. 180.] 3. The Jordan Line, from its source to the +lower end of the Dead Sea, 180 miles. [J. L. 180.] 4. From the Jordan to +the Mediterranean, on the north, 30 miles. [J. M. 30.] 5. From the Dead +Sea, at its southern end, to the Mediterranean, 90 miles. [D. S. M. 90.] +6. The most northern town in Palestine was Dan [mark D. on the map]; the +most southern was Beersheba [mark B.]. Hence, to show the extent of the +land, they said "from Dan to Beersheba," which was 150 miles in a +straight line. [Write D. B. 150.] 7. Palestine, between the Jordan and +the sea, includes about 6,600 square miles, which is a little smaller +than Massachusetts. [Write S. M. 6,600.] Review the facts already given +from the beginning. 1. Lines. 2. Waters. 3. Distances. + +[Illustration: LESSON II.] + +[Illustration: LESSON III.] + + +LESSON III. NATURAL DIVISIONS. + +Draw, as before, the outline of the map, and review all the facts +already taught. 1. Lines. 2. Waters. 3. Names. 4. Distances. Test the +memory of the class on these without giving the initials. + +There are four Natural Divisions to Palestine; that is, four sections in +the country, lying parallel with each other. Indicate them on the map in +brown chalk, not making them very prominent. + +1. We find the =Sea-Coast Plain= [S. C. P.] extending along the Coast +from north to south, narrow at the north, and wider at the south. + +2. Further inland, we come to the =Mountain Region= [M. R.], the +backbone of the country, a section of hills and mountains, and the home +of the Israelitish people. + +3. Passing over the mountains, we find the =Jordan Valley=, a deep +gorge, and deeper the further we travel southward, until, at the Dead +Sea, it is more than 1,300 feet lower than the Mediterranean. + +4. Still further eastward, we climb the steep mountains again, and reach +the =Eastern Table-Land=, a lofty plain sloping gradually to the great +desert beyond it. + +Review, as before. 1. Lines. 2. Waters. 3. Names. 4. Distances. 5. +Natural Divisions. + + +LESSON IV. MOUNTAINS. + +[Illustration: LESSON IV.] + +Review, as usual, from the beginning, before commencing the advance +lesson. The events of the Bible are often associated with =Mountains=, +of which there are many in Palestine. We select eight of the most +important, group them in pairs, and state with each the fact which gives +it interest. + +On the north of the country, near the source of the Jordan, we find two +mountains, nearly opposite to each other. 1. _Mount Hermon_, on the +east, the highest mountain in Palestine, and the place where the Saviour +was transfigured. 2. _Mount Lebanon_, on the west, famous for its +cedars. + +Next, we find two mountains nearly in line with the Sea of Galilee, one +directly west and the other southwest of it. 3. _Mount Carmel_, by the +Mediterranean, where Elijah called down fire from heaven upon the altar. +4. _Mount Gilboa_, where King Saul fell in battle with the Philistines. + +In the centre of the country we find two mountains, where Joshua read +the law to the Israelites. 5. On the north, _Mount Ebal_, the mount of +cursing. 6. On the south, _Mount Gerizim_, the mount of blessing. + +In the south, directly in line with the northern end of the Dead Sea, +are two mountains. 7. On the west, _Mount Olivet_, or the Mount of +Olives, where Jesus ascended. 8. On the east, _Mount Nebo_, where Moses +died. + +With each of these mountains the event associated might be briefly +related. At the close, review as before. 1. Lines. 2. Waters. 3. Names. +4. Distances. 5. Divisions. 6. Mountains. Be sure that the class can +name the event with each mountain. + + +LESSON V. PLACES. + +This lesson may well be divided into from two to four sections, +according to the time which can be given to it. Draw the map, as usual, +from the beginning; and, as each subject is presented upon it, review +the pupils, until all their past lessons are clearly fixed in mind. 1. +Lines. 2. Waters. 3. Names. 4. Distances. 5. Natural Divisions. 6. +Mountains. See that with each mountain, as it is located, the event +connected with it is named. + +We have now to fix the most important =Places= in Palestine. We locate +them by their arrangement in the Natural Divisions, and name an event +for which each place is remembered. + +I. =Places in the Sea-Coast Plain.= [These may constitute one lesson, if +desired.] 1. _Gaza_, where Samson pulled down the idol temple upon the +Philistines and himself. This lies on the Mediterranean, directly in +line west of the middle point of the Dead Sea. 2. _Joppa_, the seaport +of Palestine, from which the prophet Jonah started on his voyage. This +lies nearly half way between Gaza and Mount Carmel. 3. _Cæsarea_, where +Paul made his defense before King Agrippa, and was a prisoner for two +years. This is a little more than half way between Joppa and Mount +Carmel. 4. _Tyre_, the city which sent ships to all lands; a little +further north of Mount Carmel than Cæsarea is south of it. As each place +is named, locate it on the board, and mark it by an initial letter. + +II. Another lesson may include the most important =Places in the +Mountain Region=. 1. _Beersheba_, the home of Abraham; opposite the +lower bay of the Dead Sea. 2. _Hebron_, where the patriarchs were +buried; opposite the middle of the Dead Sea, and in line with Gaza. 3. +_Bethlehem_, where David and Jesus were born, 6 miles south of +Jerusalem. 4. _Jerusalem_, the capital of Palestine, where David +reigned, and where Jesus was crucified; directly in line with the +northern end of the Dead Sea. 5. _Bethel_, 10 miles north of Jerusalem, +where Jacob saw the vision of the heavenly ladder. 6. _Shechem_, between +the twin mountains of Ebal and Gerizim, where Jesus talked with the +woman of Samaria. 7. _Nazareth_, where Jesus spent his boyhood; directly +in line with the southern end of the Sea of Galilee. + +[Illustration: LESSON V.] + +III. =Places in the Jordan Valley.= Two of these are near the northern +end of the Dead Sea. 1. _Jericho_, west of the Jordan, where the walls +fell down before the Israelites. 2. _Bethabara_, east of the Jordan, +where Jesus was baptized. Two more are near the northern shore of the +Sea of Galilee. 3. _Capernaum_, where Jesus lived during his ministry, +and wrought many miracles; on the northwestern shore of the sea. 4. +_Bethsaida_, where Jesus fed the five thousand with five loaves; on the +north of the sea. 5. The last is at the source of the river Jordan, +_Dan_, the most northerly town in Palestine. + +[Illustration: LESSON VI.] + +IV. =Places in the Eastern Table-Land.= There are not many in this +section, because few events of Bible history took place there. 1. +_Machærus_, where John the Baptist was imprisoned and beheaded; opposite +the northern part of the Dead Sea. 2. _Penuel_, on the brook Jabbok, +where Jacob wrestled with the angel. This is about midway between the +Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee. 3. _Mahanaim_, where David wept over +Absalom's death. This is about half way between Penuel and the Sea of +Galilee. 4. _Cæsarea Philippi_, at the foot of Mount Hermon, where Jesus +taught his disciples. + +It may be desirable not to give these places in a single lesson, but to +divide it into two, or even four sections, and give one at a session. In +that case, with each lesson all the places already located should be +reviewed, together with the events associated with them. If the places +can be marked upon the board in bright red chalk, they will be +prominent. + + +LESSON VI. PROVINCES. + +Review from the beginning, as usual. 1. Lines. 2. Waters. 3. Names. 4. +Distances. 5. Natural Divisions. 6. Mountains. 7. Places. + +In this lesson we are to learn the Provinces, or parts of the country, +in the time of Christ. We do not take the division by tribes; as that is +more difficult to learn, and not often referred to in history. At the +time when Christ was among men, Palestine was divided into five +Provinces, though two of these were under one ruler. + +I. Draw the boundary line of =Judæa=, and write its initial, J. This was +the southern province, and the largest. [Review the names of the places +contained in it.] Its people were the Jews, or men of the tribe of +Judah, and its principal city was Jerusalem. + +II. North of Judæa was the province known as =Samaria=, having Shechem +as its principal city. Its people were the Samaritans, with whom the +Jews had no dealings. In Christ's day Judæa and Samaria were under one +government. It contained the twin mountains Ebal and Gerizim. + +III. North of Samaria was =Galilee=, where Jesus lived during most of +his life. Its people were also Jews, but were called "Galileans" by the +Jews in Jerusalem; and in Christ's time it was under the rule of Herod, +who slew John the Baptist. Notice the mountains and towns situated in +it. Mountains: Lebanon and Gilboa; towns: Nazareth, Capernaum and Dan. + +IV. On the east of the Jordan, and south of the Sea of Galilee, was the +province of =Peræa=, a word which means "beyond"; so named, because it +is "beyond Jordan." Here Jesus taught at one time during his ministry, +and blessed the little children. The places which we have noticed in it +are Machærus, Bethabara, Penuel and Mahanaim; and its mountain, Nebo. +This province, in Christ's day, was also ruled by King Herod. + +V. The province north of Peræa and east of the Sea of Galilee is not +named in the New Testament. We will call it by its Old Testament name, +=Bashan=, a word meaning "woodland." It was ruled by a brother of Herod, +named Philip, whose title was "tetrarch"; hence it is sometimes called +"Philip's Tetrarchy." The mountain we have noticed in it is Hermon, and +the two places, Bethsaida, and Cæsarea Philippi, or "Philip's Cæsarea," +to distinguish it from the other Cæsarea, by the sea-shore. + +At the close of the lesson, review once more from the very beginning of +the series; then erase the map, and, pointing to the places on an +"invisible map," call for their names from the class. There can scarcely +be too much reviewing of these leading facts, in order to impress them +on the scholar's memory. + +[Illustration: ARCHES IN THE TEMPLE AREA.] + + + + +THE MEASURES OF THE BIBLE. + + +THE student of the Bible meets with some difficulty in adapting the +names of weights, measures and coins, to the standards now in use, and +finds that the authorities are not agreed upon the precise signification +of the Bible terms used in relation to these subjects. These +difficulties and discrepancies arise from three facts: 1. The Oriental +mind has never been accustomed to the exactness of our systems of +measurement. Among eight cubit measures found on the Egyptian monuments, +no two were precisely alike. 2. The models or standards of weights and +measures referred to in Hebrew history were long ago lost, and it is not +easy to reproduce them. 3. The Jews adopted the measurements of peoples +among whom they were dispersed, yet often retained the names of such of +their own as were nearest to them in amount, so that at different +periods in Bible history the standard was different. The same word may +refer to different measurements at different times. We have adopted in +this section the measurements of F. R. and C. R. Conder in "The Hand +Book of the Bible," except where other authorities are specified. + +[Illustration: SMALLER MEASURES OF LENGTH.] + +I. =Smaller Measures of Length.= 1. The lowest dimension, as in our own +table of linear measure, was the Barleycorn. 2. Two barleycorns laid +endways made the Finger-breadth (Hebrew, Atzbah), two-thirds of an inch. +3. Four finger-breadths made the Palm (Heb., Tupah), 2-2/3 inches. 4. +Sometimes the Hand-breadth and Palm are the same; elsewhere, the +hand-breadth (Heb., Zereth) is double the palm, or 5-1/3 inches. 5. +Three palms made the Span (Heb., Sit), 8 inches, the width of the +outspread hand, from the end of the thumb to that of the little finger. +6. Four palms made the Foot (Heb., Regal), 10-2/3 inches. 7. Six palms +made the Cubit (Heb., Ameh), 16 inches (Conder), or the distance from +the elbow to the tip of the middle finger, when held in a straight line. +The cubit, however, varied (just as the pound with us varies in troy and +avoirdupois weight), as indicated in the expressions "the cubit of a +man" (Deut. 3:11), "a great cubit" (Ezek. 41:8), etc. In the length of +the cubit, authorities vary from 15 to 21 inches. We have adopted the +general opinion, and place it, conjecturally, at a foot and a half, or +18 inches. + +II. =Larger Measures of Length.= The cubit (reckoned more precisely at +16 inches) is here regarded as the unit of measurement. 1. The Fathom +was 6 or 6-1/2 feet. 2. The Reed (Heb., Keneh; compare our word _cane_) +was 4 cubits, according to Conder, but 6 cubits according to other +authorities, thus varying between 5-1/3 feet and 8 feet. 3. The Furlong +(named only in the New Testament) was a Greek measurement (Stadium), of +606-3/4 feet, or 53-1/4 feet less than our furlong. 4. The Mile (Matt. +5:41) was 1,618 yards. The Hebrew mile is not referred to in the Bible, +but was of two kinds, "the small mile" (Heb., Mil), being about 1,000 +cubits, or about a quarter of our mile; and "the long mile," twice as +far. 5. The Sabbath Day's Journey is stated by Conder at 2,000 cubits, +or half an English mile; but by most other writers at seven-eighths of +our mile. 6. The Day's Journey was variable, from 10 to 30 miles; +generally about 20 miles. So most authorities decide, but Conder gives +it at 4-3/4 miles. + +III. =Dry Measures of Capacity.= 1. The Cab (2 Kings 6:25), 96 cubic +inches, or 675 thousandths of a quart. 2. The Omer (Exod. 16:36) +contained 172-8/10 cubic inches, or about 2-1/2 quarts. 3. The Seah (in +Greek, Modios) was the ordinary household measure of quantity, +translated, generally, "measure" in our Bibles, but in Matt. 5:15 +"bushel." It contained six times as much as the cab, or a little over a +peck; according to Conder, 1.012 pecks; according to the Revised Version +(Matt. 13:33, marginal note), a peck and a half. 4. The Ephah (Exod. +16:36) contained 3 seahs, or 10 omers; about three-quarters of a bushel. +5. The Cor contained 10 ephahs, or 7-1/2 bushels. The cor is also called +"the homer" (Isa. 5:10), which is to be carefully distinguished from the +omer, which contained one-hundredth of its quantity. The two words are +not alike in the Hebrew. It will be noticed that the omer, the ephah and +the cor (or homer) formed a decimal scale of measurement. + +[Illustration: DRY MEASURES.] + +IV. =Liquid Measures of Capacity.= 1. The Auphauk (not named in the +Bible) was the smallest, containing 6 cubic inches, or 675 thousandths +of a gill. 2. The Log (Lev. 14:10), four times as large as the auphauk, +was "six egg-shells full," 24 cubic inches, or a little more than half a +pint (675 thousandths). 3. The Hin (Exod. 29:40) contained 12 logs, or a +little over a gallon. 4. The Seah (see above, under Dry Measures) +contained twice as much as the hin. 5. The Bath, containing 3 seahs or 6 +hins, contained 1,728 cubic inches, or 6.036 gallons. Besides these, the +New Testament names two Greek measures, the Metretes (John 2:6, +"firkins"), equivalent to 10-1/3 gallons; and the Choenix (Rev. 6:6, +"measure"), about a pint and a half. + +[Illustration: LIQUID MEASURES.] + +V. =Measures of Weight.= (From the Oxford Teacher's Bible.) 1. The +Gerah, "a bean," weighed a little less than half of a dram avoirdupois +(.439 dram). 2. The Bekah, 10 gerahs, weighed about a quarter of an +ounce (4.39 drams). The word means "half," _i. e._, of a shekel. 3. The +Shekel, "weight," used as a silver coin, 2 bekahs, weighed 8.9 drams. 4. +The Maneh (Greek, Mina), 60 shekels (Conder says 50 shekels, which would +agree with paragraph VI., below), 2 lbs. 1 oz. 5. The Talent, "circle," +meaning "an aggregate sum," 50 manehs, weighing 102 lbs. 14 ozs. The +weights are of lower degree than those in common use at present, because +in the early times money was weighed, and not counted, and exact +weighing was necessary with gold and silver. + +VI. =Measures of Value.= Two systems of money are referred to in the +Bible: the Hebrew, or that in use in Old Testament times and lands; and +the Roman, which was used during the New Testament period. In the Hebrew +system the weights referred to in paragraph V. were used in silver as +measures of value. 1. The Gerah (Exod. 30:13) was the lowest, and was +worth 2-3/4 cents. 2. The Bekah, 10 gerahs (Exod. 38:26), was worth +27-37/100 cents, or about 2 cents more than our quarter of a dollar. 3. +The Shekel, 2 bekahs, was worth 54-3/4 cents, or about 5 cents more than +half a dollar. 4. The Maneh, or Mina, 50 shekels (Luke 19:13, "pound"), +$27.37-1/2. 5. The Talent of Silver, 60 manehs, $1,642.50. 6. The Talent +of Gold was nearly twenty times as valuable, being estimated at $26,280. +7. So the Shekel of Gold was worth, in the same proportion of weight +with the ordinary shekel of silver, $8.75. It is to be remembered that a +given amount of coin in those times would purchase ten times as much as +now. + +[Illustration: This is a copper coin, a quarter-gerah, worth about half +a cent; was made about the time of Alexander the Great, B.C. 325.] + +[Illustration: A silver coin, three-quarters of a shekel, called a +_righia_, used especially for paying the temple tax. It was worth about +40 cents.] + +The Greek and Roman coins are chiefly referred to in the New Testament. +The smallest was the Lepton (Mark 12:42, "mite"), worth a fifth of a +cent. 2. The Quadrans (Mark 12:42, "farthing"), 2 mites, or less than +half a cent. 3. The Assarion (Matt, 10:29, "farthing"), four times the +quadrans, or 1-3/5 cents. Notice that two coins, one worth four times as +much as the other, are both translated "farthing" in our version. 4. The +Denarius (Matt, 22:19, "penny"), 10 times the assarion, or 16 cents. It +was the latter which in Christ's time bore the face of the Roman +emperor. + +[Illustration: No. 1 + +The smallest copper coin in use among the Jews, the _lepton_, called in +Hebrew _chalcous_, "copper money." The widow's mite was of this coin.] + +[Illustration: No. 2 + +The denarius, or penny, bearing the face of the emperor Tiberius.] + +[Illustration: BETHANY.] + + + + +INDEX TO MAP OF PALESTINE. + +(SURROUNDING COUNTRY INCLUDED.) + + + EXPLANATION.--The letter and number following each + name show its location on the map. The name will + be found at or near the intersection of a vertical + line drawn between the letters top and bottom and + a horizontal line between the figures on either + side. + + Abama R-11 + Abbin M-20 + Abdon G-15 + Abil J-13 + Abilin G-17 + Abud G-23 + Acco Ptolemais F-16 + Acrabi H-23 + Acre F-16 + Acre O-15 + Adlan H-12 + Adonis J-7 + Adrha R-11 + Afka L-7 + Ahiry Q-16 + Ai H-24 + Ain Ata N-6 + Ain Barada N-10 + Ain Burdai O-8 + Ain Feshkhah I-26 + Ain Haudh E-18 + Ain Jiddy I-28 + Ain Yebrud H-24 + Aithy M-10 + Ajalon F-25 + Ajlan D-27 + Ajlun L-21 + Ajiltun K-8 + Akir D-25 + Akka F-16 + Akka, Plain of G-16 + Akkaba I-21 + Akobar P-10 + Akrabeh H-23 + Akurah L-7 + Allan L-22 + Alleikah K-15 + Alma J-15 + Amaad K-19 + Amaleh K-18 + Amateh K-21 + Amathus K-21 + Amkah G-16 + Amman N-24 + Ammik L-10 + Ammonites M-25 + Amshir J-6 + Amwas E-25 + Amyan L-5 + Anab F-28 + Anat J-11 + Anathoth H-25 + Anti-Lebanon R-6 + Antipatris E-22 + Anz T-20 + Apollonia D-22 + Ar (Rabbath Moab) L-29 + Araba I-17 + Arad G-29 + Arair L-28 + Arak el Emir M-24 + Aramun J-9 + Arar O-18 + Ararah F-30 + Arbela N-19 + Arbin P-11 + Ard Asjerah K-16 + Ard el Huleh J-14 + Areiya K-9 + Areopolis L-29 + Arnau K-6 + Arnon L-28 + Arnun I-13 + Arny M-13 + Aroer F-30 + Aroer L-28 + Arrabeh G-20 + Arrabeh I-17 + Arsuf D-22 + Ary R-19 + Ascalon B-26 + Ashdod C-26 + Asher I-21 + Askulan B-26 + Ashkut L-8 + Astifa F-18 + Ataibeh R-11 + Atara G-21 + Ataroth K-27 + Athlit E-18 + Atil R-17 + Atny S-8 + Attil F-21 + Attir F-29 + Atuf I-22 + Aulam J-18 + Auranitis P-18 + Aurney M-13 + Ayun ed Dura P-9 + Ayun el Alak S-5 + Azzun F-22 + Baalbek O-7 + Baal Meor L-26 + Babda J-9 + Bahret Bala T-14 + Bahret el Ateibeh T-12 + Bahret el Hijaneh S-13 + Bahr Tubariyeh K-17 + Bakah F-20 + Bala Q-11 + Balin D-26 + Banias K-14 + Bar Elias M-9 + Bashan O-17 + Batanæa T-16 + Bathaniyeh S-17 + Bathaniyeh T-16 + Batneh K-23 + Batruny N-10 + Bechar F-21 + Beeroth G-24 + Beer Sheba D-29 + Beer Sheba, Desert of D-30 + Beirut I-8 + Beit Auwa E-28 + Beit Dejan D-24 + Beit Dirdis B-27 + Beit er Ras M-19 + Beit Far E-25 + Beit Idis K-20 + Beit Imrim H-21 + Beitin G-24 + Beit Jala G-26 + Beit Jenn M-13 + Beit Jibrin E-27 + Beit Kurm K-29 + Beit Lahm G-18 + Beit Lahm G-26 + Beit Lid F-22 + Beit Luna I-11 + Beit Nebala E-24 + Beit Ur Tahta G-25 + Beka S-20 + Belat I-10 + Belateh N-25 + Belfort J-13 + Bereikut G-26 + Bereitan O-8 + Berkha O-6 + Berya I-10 + Berytus I-8 + Beshara I-14 + Besum J-18 + Bethany H-25 + Bethar F-21 + Beth Dagon D-24 + Bethel G-24 + Beth Gamul P-21 + Beth Hogla J-25 + Bethhoron G-24 + Beth Jesimoth K-25 + Bethlehem G-26 + Beth Nimrah K-24 + Bethshean J-20 + Beth Shemesh F-26 + Beth Tappuah F-27 + Bethzur F-27 + Bilhas L-7 + Bireh G-24 + Bir es Seba D-29 + Birweh G-16 + Bir Zeit G-24 + Bisri J-11 + Biut Jebeil I-15 + Blabura L-6 + Bludan N-10 + Botal Meon L-26 + Botrys J-6 + Bozrah R-19 + Brummana J-8 + Bsherreh M-6 + Budeih N-7 + Bukfeiya K-8 + Bukha R-8 + Burak Q-14 + Burd S-19 + Burka C-25 + Burmeh M-22 + Busrah R-19 + Byblus J-7 + Bziza L-5 + Cabul H-17 + Cæsarea D-20 + Cæsarea Philippi K-14 + Callirhoe J-27 + Cana H-18 + Capercotia H-20 + Carmel G-28 + Castellum Peregrinorum D-18 + Chesalloth I-18 + Chorazin K-16 + Conna Q-5 + Convent E-17 + Coreæ H-23 + Daberath I-18 + Dahr el Ahmar L-11 + Damascus P-11 + Damascus R-9 + Damet el Alyah Q-16 + Dan K-13 + Dareiya O-12 + Dead Sea J-28 + Decapolis Q-16 + Deir Aly P-14 + Deir el Ahmar N-7 + Deir el Kamr J-10 + Denna J-19 + Derat O-18 + Dhekir R-15 + Dhiban L-27 + Dibbin M-21 + Dibon L-28 + Dilly O-16 + Dimas N-11 + Dinneh B-27 + Dimesk P-12 + Dimonah F-31 + Doroa P-17 + Draa J-30 + Dulbeh R-12 + Duma L-6 + Duma P-11 + Dumah F-28 + Dummar O-11 + Dura F-27 + Duris N-8 + Eaumia I-28 + Ecdippi Achzib F-15 + Ed Dur P-17 + Edhra O-17 + Eglon D-27 + Ehden M-5 + Eib P-5 + Eidum M-20 + Ejlil D-22 + Ekron D-25 + El al L-25 + El Batrum J-5 + El Belka K-26 + El Bellan N-12 + El Bukaa M-10 + El Bukeia I-16 + El Burj E-28 + El Burj I-13 + El Daumeh F-28 + El Dekwa T-12 + Elealeh L-25 + Eleutheropolis E-27 + El Fejjeh E-23 + El Fuhais L-24 + El Fuleh H-19 + El Fureidis J-10 + El Futian N-27 + El Ghor J-23 + El Ghor J-31 + El Ghuzlaniyeh Q-12 + El Hadeth J-9 + El Hadeth N-8 + El Hather L-13 + El Herath K-22 + El Hish L-15 + El Husm M-19 + El Jisr K-7 + El Kana N-8 + El Kerak M-8 + El Khulil G-27 + El Kireh G-19 + El Kuds G-25 + El Kusein F-30 + Ellar G-21 + El Latron E-25 + El Lisan J-29 + El Mejdel C-26 + El Merj L-9 + El Mezzeh O-11 + El Mokhrah O-7 + El Mukhtarah J-10 + Er-Riha L-28 + El Tell K-16 + Elusa D-31 + Endor I-18 + En-gannim I-20 + En-gedi I-28 + Ephraim, Mountains of F-23 + Eriha J-25 + Er Ram H-25 + Er Remtheh N-19 + Esdraelon, Plain of H-19 + Esdud C-26 + Eshmiskin O-17 + Es Salt L-23 + Es Samieh I-24 + Es Sawafir C-26 + Es Semuy J-16 + +[Illustration: MAP OF PALESTINE AND SURROUNDING COUNTRY.] + + Es Sendiyaneh F-19 + Es Sgheir P-20 + Es Sheikh F-18 + Es Zib F-15 + Et-Tih, Desert of B-30 + Et Tireh E-18 + Et Tireh E-24 + Et Tireh J-19 + Eyat O-7 + Ez Zumleh O-19 + Farah K-21 + Fawara K-19 + Ferata G-22 + Fedar K-6 + Ferkha G-23 + Fijeh N-11 + Fik Apheca L-17 + Fikeh Q-6 + Frank H-26 + Furzul L-8 + Fusail J-23 + Gaba H-21 + Gabara H-16 + Gabata H-19 + Gadara L-19 + Gadda O-23 + Galilee H-17 + Gamala L-18 + Gath D-26 + Gaulanitis L-17 + Gaza B-28 + Gebal J-7 + Gedor F-26 + Gennesaret J-17 + Gerada S-9 + Gerar B-29 + Gerasa M-22 + Gergasa K-17 + Gharz O-19 + Ghasuleh R-12 + Ghautha R-18 + Ghazir K-7 + Ghederah D-25 + Ghusam Q-19 + Ghuzzeh A-28 + Gibeah G-25 + Gibeah G-26 + Gibeon G-25 + Gilboa I-20 + Gilead L-20 + Gilead, Mountains of L-24 + Gilgal F-23 + Gilgal G-23 + Gilgal I-25 + Gimzo E-24 + Ginæa I-20 + Giscala J-15 + Gophna G-24 + Hadar R-15 + Hafir Q-10 + Haifa F-17 + Halbun O-10 + Halhul G-27 + Halwy M-11 + Hamul G-15 + Harran Q-16 + Harran R-11 + Hanin I-15 + Haris I-14 + Hasbeiya K-12 + Hauran Q-17 + Hawara H-23 + Hazor D-25 + Hazor H-24 + Hebras M-19 + Hebron G-27 + Helaweh K-20 + Heldua I-9 + Heliopolis O-8 + Hepha F-17 + Herodion G-26 + Hesban el Kusur L-26 + Hesbon L-26 + Hieromax L-18 + Hijaneh R-12 + Hippos K-18 + Hit S-16 + Homeis M-5 + Hormah C-31 + Huj C-27 + Hukkok I-17 + Huleh Lake K-15 + Hunin J-14 + Idhna F-27 + Ijon J-12 + Iksim E-19 + Irbid J-17 + Irbid N-19 + Iron I-15 + Ituræa N-15 + Jaarah F-19 + Jabesh K-21 + Jabneh C-25 + Jabbok L-22 + Jacob's Well H-22 + Jaezer M-24 + Jaffa D-23 + Jaj L-6 + Jambruda R-8 + Jamnia C-25 + Janohah I-23 + Japhia H-18 + Japho C-23 + Jarmuth F-26 + Jasem N-16 + Jattir F-29 + Jaulan L-16 + Jeba H-21 + Jebaa J-11 + Jebatha H-18 + Jebeil J-6 + Jebel Ajlun M-20 + Jebel Ameto N-6 + Jebel Bludih O-9 + Jebel Duhy I-19 + Jebel el Mania O-13 + Jebel esh Sheikh M-12 + Jebel esh Sherky P-9 + Jebel Fureidis H-26 + Jebel Hauran T-17 + Jebel Jelad L-23 + Jebel Jermuk I-15 + Jebel Libna L-9 + Jebel Shihan K-28 + Jebel Sunnin M-8 + Jedal Q-16 + Jedur F-26 + Jedur N-15 + Jefat H-17 + Jehab P-15 + Jelbon I-20 + Jenin H-20 + Jerash M-22 + Jericho I-25 + Jerjua I-12 + Jerud S-9 + Jerusalem G-25 + Jezreel I-19 + Jezzin J-11 + Jib Jenin L-11 + Jibin L-17 + Jifna G-24 + Jiljilia G-23 + Jiljuliah F-22 + Jimzu E-24 + Jish J-15 + Jisr Benat Yakub K-15 + Jisr Damieh J-23 + Jiyeh C-27 + Jobar P-11 + Jokneam F-18 + Joppa D-23 + Jordan J-21 + Jotapata H-17 + Jubb Adin Q-9 + Judah, Desert of H-28 + Judah, Mountains of F-27 + Judea G-27 + Julias K-16 + Julis C-26 + Juneh K-8 + Kab Elias L-9 + Kabul H-17 + Kadisha L-5 + Kahn Jubb Yusef J-16 + Kaisariyeh D-19 + Kakon E-21 + Kallaat J-13 + Kamid el Loz L-10 + Kana H-14 + Kanah D-20 + Kara Comochara S-6 + Karobin M-6 + Katarna O-12 + Kattin J-11 + Kaukab O-12 + Kedes J-14 + Kedron H-26 + Keffin K-7 + Kefr Abil K-20 + Kefr Birim I-15 + Kefr Hajla J-25 + Kefr Hata L-5 + Kefr Kannir E-20 + Kefr Kenna H-18 + Kefr Kud H-20 + Kefr Kuk M-11 + Kefr Malik H-24 + Kefr Rahta L-19 + Kefr Saba E-22 + Kefr Sabt I-18 + Kefr Zebad M-9 + Keftun K-5 + Kenath S-17 + Kerak J-18 + Kerak L-30 + Kerak Q-18 + Kerazeh K-16 + Kereimbeh M-14 + Kereitein G-29 + Kerun K-11 + Kes Sumrah K-18 + Kesweh O-13 + Ketherabba K-31 + Khan J-19 + Khan Arus S-8 + Khan El Khulda I-9 + Khan el Tujjar I-18 + Khan Yunas A-29 + Khanzireh K-31 + Khersa K-17 + Khertin K-7 + Khisbet es Suk K-23 + Khirbet Silim I-13 + Khubab P-15 + Khulasah D-30 + Khuldeh M-24 + Khureb Q-20 + Kilkilia F-22 + Kiratah P-16 + Kirjath-arba (see El + Khulil) G-27 + Kirjath-jearim F-25 + Kir Moab L-30 + Kishon F-17 + Kubbet el Baul G-30 + Kudna E-26 + Kufr S-18 + Kulat J-17 + Kulat el Husn K-18 + Kulat Zerka O-23 + Kulmon E-17 + Kunawat S-17 + Kuneitirah L-14 + Kurahta P-12 + Kurawa F-23 + Kureim P-15 + Kureiyat K-27 + Kureiyeh R-19 + Kuriut H-23 + Kuriyet es Suk N-25 + Kurmul G-28 + Kurn Hattin I-17 + Kurnub G-31 + Kustul S-8 + Kuteibeh O-16 + Kuteifeh R-9 + Kutraneh N-30 + Lachish C-27 + Lahfit L-6 + Lala L-11 + Lebweh P-6 + Leja Q-15 + Lejjun G-19 + Lejum N-27 + Leontes I-13 + Little Hermon I-19 + Lubban F-23 + Lubick J-17 + Ludd E-24 + Lybo P-6 + Lycus J-8 + Lydda, Diospolis E-24 + Maad K-6 + Macatha M-18 + Madeba L-26 + Magdala J-17 + Mahajjeh P-16 + Main L-26 + Maksura S-10 + Malatha F-30 + Malia H-15 + Malula Q-8 + Marabun O-9 + Mar Elias G-25 + Maresa E-27 + Mar Saba H-26 + Masada I-29 + Mashita N-25 + Mateh Burak Q-14 + Medaba L-26 + Megiddo G-19 + Meifuk K-6 + Meiron I-16 + Meis J-14 + Mejdel F-23 + Mejdel G-17 + Mejdel I-17 + Mejdel L-13 + Mejdel Keram H-16 + Mejellun I-11 + Menarah J-14 + Meneh O-21 + Menin P-10 + Menjah M-25 + Merjaneh Q-13 + Meshghara K-11 + Mezarib N-18 + Mezraah P-9 + Mezraatesh Shuf J-10 + Mirkib G-31 + Misiliya H-21 + Mizpah G-25 + Mkaur K-27 + Moab, Mountains of K-26 + Moabites M-29 + Moharfer I-25 + Mount Carmel F-18 + Mount Ebal G-22 + Mount Gerizim G-22 + Mount Gilboa I-20 + Mount Hermon M-12 + Mount Nebo K-26 + Mount of Olives H-25 + Mount Tabor J-18 + Mukam B-28 + Mukhalid E-21 + Mukhmas H-25 + Murduk S-17 + Nabatiyeh I-12 + Nabulus G-22 + Naby Shaib K-24 + Nahr Abu Zabura D-21 + Nahr Amman N-24 + Nahr Barada O-11 + Nahr ed Damur I-10 + Nahr el Asy P-5 + Nahr el Aujeh D-23 + Nahr el Auwaly I-11 + Nahr el Falaik D-21 + Nahr el Jazeh L-6 + Nahr el Kasimiyeh G-13 + Nahr el Kelb K-8 + Nahr es Sikal R-11 + Nahr es Zaherani H-11 + Nahr Litany K-12 + Nahr Rubin C-24 + Nahr Yarmuk K-18 + Nahr Zurka E-19 + Nain H-19 + Nakbel Jurd L-8 + Nasar H-12 + Nawa N-16 + Nazareth H-18 + Neapolis R-17 + Nebha O-6 + Nebk S-7 + Neby Samwil G-25 + Neby Sufa L-11 + Neby Zatur M-9 + Nein H-19 + Nejha P-13 + Nejran Q-17 + Nemariyeh I-12 + Nezib F-27 + Nicopolis E-25 + Niha J-11 + Nimrim J-31 + Nimrin K-24 + Nmeireh J-30 + Nob H-25 + Noleh Q-12 + Nujein P-16 + Ophra I-24 + Orak K-31 + Orman T-19 + Palæ Tyrus G-14 + Pelod F-17 + Pharpar Q-13 + Phiala L-13 + Philadelphia O-24 + Philippopolis T-19 + Philistia, Plain of D-25 + Philistines, Country of + the D-26 + Phoeneutus P-14 + Phoenicia H-13 + Pirathon G-22 + Rabba L-29 + Rabbath Ammon O-24 + Rachel's Tomb G-26 + Ragaba K-21 + Raha S-18 + Rajib K-21 + Ramah F-27 + Ramah H-14 + Ramah H-16 + Ramah H-25 + Rameh F-16 + Rameh G-27 + Rameh H-21 + Ramleh E-24 + Ramoth Gilead L-23 + Ras Baalbek Q-5 + Rasheiya L-11 + Rasheiyet K-13 + Rehob J-20 + Rehoboth D-31 + Renthieh E-23 + Reyak N-9 + Rhamdun K-9 + Ridgah J-20 + Rihan Q-11 + Rimeh R-17 + Rimmon H-24 + Rimmon I-17 + Ruheiba D-31 + Ruheim Selameh G-29 + Rukhleh M-11 + Rum J-11 + Rumaneh I-17 + Rumeish H-15 + Rumin I-12 + Rummaneh H-19 + Rummon H-24 + Sabha R-21 + Saccoea S-16 + Safed J-16 + Safriyeh E-24 + Sahmur K-11 + Sahr Q-15 + Sahwet el Kamh Q-19 + Saida H-11 + Saidnaya P-10 + Sair G-27 + Salameh E-23 + Salcah T-20 + Saleh T-18 + Salim H-22 + Samaria G-22 + Samaria H-21 + Sansannah C-29 + Sanur H-21 + Saphir C-26 + Sardak M-7 + Sasa I-15 + Sasa N-13 + Saufin F-22 + Sawanieh E-19 + Sawiet H-23 + Sbeta C-30 + Scopus G-25 + Scythopolis J-20 + Sea of the Plains J-28 + Sea of Tiberias K-17 + Sebaste G-22 + Sebata C-31 + Sebbeh I-29 + Sefurieh H-17 + Seilun H-23 + Selakhid R-16 + Semakh K-18 + Semme P-19 + Semunieh G-18 + Sepphoris G-18 + Serepta H-12 + Seweh S-19 + Shabat O-8 + Shalem H-22 + Sharon, Plain of D-22 + Shebaa P-12 + Shebruh L-7 + Shefa Omar G-17 + Shehim I-10 + Sheikh Abret G-18 + Shelifa N-7 + Sheriat el Kebir J-24 + Shihon K-28 + Shiloh H-23 + Shukah S-16 + Shumlan J-9 + Shunem H-19 + Shuttah I-19 + Shuweikeh E-26 + Shuweikeh F-28 + Sidon H-11 + Sihil S-7 + Sijn R-17 + Siloam H-25 + Sinjil H-23 + Sir H-21 + Solomon's Pools G-26 + Subhiyeh R-20 + Subbarin F-19 + Succoth J-21 + Suf M-21 + Suffa F-24 + Suk N-11 + Suleim R-17 + Sulima K-9 + Sulkhad T-20 + Sunamein O-15 + Sur G-13 + Surafend E-18 + Surafend H-12 + Surah F-25 + Suwaret el Kebir R-14 + Suweideh R-18 + Taanach H-20 + Taanuck H-20 + Taiyibeh H-24 + Tantura E-19 + Tanurin el Fokhar M-6 + Tappoah I-22 + Tarichæa J-18 + Teffuh F-27 + Tekoa H-27 + Tekua H-26 + Tell Arad G-29 + Tell Dothan H-20 + Tell el Kamon F-18 + Tell es Saffoyeh D-26 + Tell Habeish G-14 + Tell Hazor H-16 + Tell Hum J-16 + Tell Lukiyeh E-29 + Tell Main G-28 + Tell Milh F-30 + Tell Sheriah D-29 + Telseæ T-10 + Temnin M-8 + Terbikha H-15 + Tershiha H-15 + Teyasir I-21 + Thebez I-21 + Thimnoth F-24 + Tiberias J-17 + Tibneh F-24 + Tibneh E-26 + Tibnin I-14 + Tibny L-20 + Tibny P-15 + Tima E-26 + Timnath E-26 + Tireh E-23 + Tireh G-17 + Tirzah H-22 + Trachonitis R-16 + Tubakat Fahel K-20 + Tubakoh C-27 + Tubariyeh J-17 + Tubas I-21 + Tufs N-18 + Tuliel el Ful H-25 + Tura H-13 + Turah I-17 + Turkumieh F-27 + Tyre G-13 + Tyrus G-13 + Um el Fahm G-20 + Um el Jemal P-20 + Um el Jemal P-21 + Um el Jerar B-29 + Um er Rusas O-27 + Um Jaujy M-24 + Um Keis L-19 + Um Lakhis C-27 + Umm el Kuten S-21 + Umm es Surab P-20 + Umm Wulad Q-18 + Um Rasas M-27 + Um Tail J-23 + Unkhul O-15 + Urniebeh N-26 + Urtas G-26 + Wady Ain Feranjy M-30 + Wady Allan M-16 + Wady Awaj Q-13 + Wady Belat F-23 + Wady Benillamed K-29 + Wady Debr I-25 + Wady ed Dan P-18 + Wady el Abiad J-24 + Wady el Akib R-20 + Wady el Azziyeh G-14 + Wady el Butm S-20 + Wady el Ghar P-17 + Wady el Harram O-16 + Wady el Hasy B-27 + Wady el Jerayeh R-14 + Wady el Kady I-10 + Wady el Keis D-28 + Wady el Mahanwait H-30 + Wady el Mojib K-28 + Wady Enkeileh M-28 + Wady en Nar I-26 + Wady esh Shahrur I-9 + Wady es Sunam L-16 + Wady es Suny B-29 + Wady Ezrak L-24 + Wady Fedar K-7 + Wady Fikreh I-31 + Wady Fusal J-23 + Wady Harir L-10 + Wady Hrer O-17 + Wady Husasah I-27 + Wady Kell J-25 + Wady Kerak K-30 + Wady Kerkera G-15 + Wady Khuberah C-30 + Wady Khusneh I-20 + Wady Kunawat R-17 + Wady Kurawa F-23 + Wady Kurn G-15 + Wady Luia R-15 + Wady Mukubrit S-10 + Wady Nawaimeh J-24 + Wady Satar Q-1 + Wady Seir K-25 + Wady Seiyal H-29 + Wady Sheriah C-29 + Wady Surar E-25 + Wady Tallit P-18 + Wady Teim K-12 + Wady Tufileh J-31 + Wady Um Baghek H-30 + Wady Umm Dubeb S-13 + Wady Waleh L-27 + Wady Yabis K-20 + Wady Zakur E-23 + Wady Zedi P-19 + Wady Zerka K-22 + Waters of Merom K-15 + Welgha R-18 + Yabrud R-7 + Yabud G-20 + Yafa H-18 + Yafilfeh O-9 + Yakak I-17 + Yalu F-25 + Yanuk H-16 + Yanun I-23 + Yarmuk F-26 + Yaron I-15 + Yarun I-13 + Yatir I-14 + Yazur D-25 + Yazur E-23 + Yebna C-25 + Yelda P-12 + Yerka G-16 + Yesir H-13 + Yosela J-23 + Yunin P-7 + Yutta G-28 + Zahleh M-9 + Zarephath G-12 + Zebdany N-10 + Zebdeh G-20 + Zebdin I-12 + Zebireh Q-16 + Zeila F-21 + Zeita I-11 + Zelah G-26 + Zerarieh H-13 + Zerin H-19 + Zifteh I-12 + Ziph G-28 + Ziph G-31 + Ziza N-26 + Zoar J-30 + Zora O-17 + Zorah F-25 + Zuk J-8 + Zuweirah H-30 + + + + +INDEX TO MAP OF OLD TESTAMENT WORLD, + +GIVING ONLY BIBLE AND MODERN NAMES. + +(_See Map, pages 18, 19._) + + EXPLANATION.--The letter and number following each + name show its location on the map. The name will be + found at or near the intersection of a vertical + line drawn between the letters top and bottom and a + horizontal line between the figures on either side. + The italics designate modern names. + + Abronas, _Nahr Ibrahim_, R. L-12 + Accad, _Nisibin_ G-23 + Accho N-11 + Ahava, _Hit_ N-24 + Ain, _Ain el Azy_ L-14 + Ammon Q-14 + Antioch H-14 + Aphek, _Afka_ L-13 + Aphek O-13 + Arad R-11 + Aram L-15 + Aram Naharaim N-26 + Ararat B-31 + Ararat, Mt. A-29 + Argob N-14 + Armenia B-24 + Arnon, R. R-13 + Arvad, _Ruad_, I. K-13 + Asia Minor D-10 + Asshur J-30 + Asshur, _Kileh Sherghat_ J-27 + Assyria K-30 + Ava, _Hit_ N-26 + Baal Zephon T-6 + Babylon, _Hillah_ P-29 + Bashan O-14 + Beersheba R-11 + Berea, _Aleppo_ H-16 + Berothah M-12 + Bethel Q-11 + Bethlehem Q-11 + Beth-shemesh, _Ain Shems_ S-5 + Bozrah S-12 + Calah I-26 + Calah(?), _Holwan_ L-32 + Calneh P-31 + Carchemish G-17 + Carmel, Mt. O-11 + Chaldea Q-32 + Charran(?), _Harran_ G-21 + Chittim, _Cyprus_ J-9 + Chun M-13 + Damascus N-14 + Dan N-13 + Daphne, _Beit el Mâá_ H-14 + Dor O-11 + Ecbatana, North, _Takht-i-Suleiman_ H-34 + Ecbatana, South, _Hamalan_ K 37 + Edom T-12 + Egypt S-3 + Egypt, Stream of, _Wady el Arish_ S-8 + Elam O-34 + Elath U-11 + Elim V-7 + Ellasar, _Senkereh_ Q-32 + Ephraim, Mt. P-12 + Erech, _Warka_ R-31 + Etham S-6 + Euphrates, _el Frat_, R. L-25 + Ezion-geber U-10 + Galilee O-12 + Gaza Q-10 + Gebal, _Jebail_ L-12 + Gilead P-13 + Gilgal P-11 + Gozan H-22 + Great, _el Frat_, R. K-22 + Habor, _Khabour_, R. J-22 + Halah I-26 + Halah, _Holwan_ L-33 + Halak, Mt. T-10 + Ham, Land of U-3 + Hamath K-15 + Hamath, _Hamah_ J-15 + Hara(?), _Harran_ G-20 + Hara, _Zarnath_ M-32 + Haran(?), _Harran_ G-20 + Haran, _Harran el Awamid_ N-15 + Hazar-enan, _Kuryetein_ L-16 + Hebron Q-11 + Helbon M-14 + Hena, _Anah_ L-24 + Hermon, Mt. N-13 + Heshbon Q-13 + Hiddekel, _Tigris_, R. O-31 + Hor, Mt. L-14 + Horeb, Mt. W-9 + Israel O-13 + Ivah, _Hit_ N-25 + Javan, _Cyprus_ J-8 + Jerusalem Q-12 + Jezreel O-12 + Joppa P-10 + Jordan, R. P-12 + Judah Q-11 + Kedesh N-13 + Kedar S-22 + Kir Haraseth R-13 + Luristan N-36 + Mahanaim P-13 + Marah U-7 + Media K-44 + Memphis T-4 + Mesopotamia, _El Jezireh_ J-24 + Migdol, _Tel el Her_ R-6 + Minni C-31 + Moab R-13 + Nebaioth T-13 + Nineveh H-27 + Noph T-4 + On, _Ain Shems_ T-6 + Padan-aram J-22 + Paran W-9 + Paran, Wilderness of U-9 + Pebsia T-45 + Philistines Q-10 + Phoenicia M-13 + Pibeseth S-4 + Pi-hahiroth T-7 + Rabbath Ammon P-13 + Rahab W-3 + Rameses S-5 + Red Sea Y-10 + Rehob, _Ruheibeh_ M-15 + Rehoboth R-9 + Rehoboth, _Rahabeh_ J-21 + Rephidim W-8 + Resen, _Selamyeh_ H-27 + Rezpeh J-19 + Riblah L-14 + Salcah P-15 + Samaria P-11 + Sea of the Plain R-12 + Sela T-12 + Sepharvaim, _Mosaib_ O-28 + Shihor, the River of Egypt, _Nile_ U-3 + Shinar P-30 + Shur, Wilderness of S-8 + Shushan, _Sus_ P-37 + Side G-6 + Sin, _El Farma_ R-7 + Sin, Wilderness of, _El Kâ'a_ X-8 + Sinai, Mt. W-9 + Sinai, Wilderness of Mt. W-9 + Sippara, _Mosaib_ O-27 + Solomon, Kingdom of O-15 + South Country, The, _Negeb_ R-10 + Syria I-16 + Syrian Desert K-18 + Taberah V-9 + Tadmor K-18 + Tiphsah, _Suriyeh_ I-18 + Togarmah C-25 + Tripolis, Tarablous L-12 + Tyre N-12 + Ur, _Mugheir_ S-33 + Uz, Land of Q-22 + Zarephath M-12 + Zephath S-10 + Zidon M-12 + Zin, Wilderness of S-12 + Zoan R-4 + Zobah M-14 + + + + +INDEX TO DESCRIPTIVE MATTER. + + PAGE + Abel-beth-maachah, 57, 71 + Abel-meholah, 62 + Abel-mizraim, 35 + Abila, 102 + Accad, 91 + Achaia, 122 + Acra, 74 + Admah, 38 + Adullam, Cave of, 66 + Ai, 52, 54, 83 + Aijalon, 62, 63 + Akaba, Gulf of, 43 + Alexandria, 42 + Alexander's Empire, 95 + Amalekites, 40 + Amalekite War, 65 + Ammon, 70 + Ammonite, 62 + Ammonites, 39, 40 + Amorites, 39 + Amphipolis, 122 + Anakim, 38 + Anamim, 25 + Anathoth, 83 + Antioch, 113 + Antioch in Pisidia, 119 + Antipatris, 127 + Aphek, 56, 88, 90 + Apollonia, 122 + Appii Forum, 129 + Ar, 71 + Arad, 56 + Aram, 26 + Ariel, 73 + Arkites, 40 + Arnon, 31 + Aroer, 55, 62, 63 + Arphaxad, 26 + Arvadites, 40 + Ashdod, 63, 114 + Asher, 57 + Ashkelon, 63 + Ashkenaz, 23 + Ashtaroth, 56 + Ashteroth Karnaim, 37 + Asia, 133 + Asia Minor, 117 + Asshur 26, 91 + Assyrian Empire, 91 + Ataroth, 55 + Athens, 122 + Attalia, 119 + Auranitis, 101 + Avim, 38 + Azotus, 114 + + Baalah, 85 + Babylon, 91, 93 + Babylonia, 93 + Babylonian Empire, 91, 92 + Bashan, 32, 51 + Batanea, 101 + Beer-lahai-roi, 34 + Beeroth, 83 + Beersheba, 34, 35, 54, 56, 63 + Benjamin, 56 + Berachah, 88, 90 + Berea, 122 + Besor, 31 + Bethabara, 104 + Bethany, 84, 108, 111 + Beth-barah, 62, 63 + Bethel, 33, 35, 56, 62, 63, 83 + Beth-hoglah, 35 + Beth-horon, 52, 57, 85 + Bethlehem, 56, 57, 62, 84, 103, 104 + Beth-nimrah, 56 + Beth-rehob, 57 + Bethsaida, 106 + Beth-shean, 57, 62, 63, 102 + Beth-shemesh, 57, 59, 89, 90 + Bezek, 53, 61, 63, 65 + Bezer, 55, 59 + Bezetha, 74 + Bithynia, 117 + + Cæsarea, 113 + Cæsarea Philippi, 107 + Camon, 62 + Cana, 57, 104 + Canaan, 26, 29 + Canaanite, 62 + Canaanites, 38 + Canatha, 102 + Capernaum, 104 + Caphtorim, 25 + Capitolias, 102 + Cappadocia, 118 + Carchemish, 90 + Caria, 118 + Carmel, 56 + Casluhim, 25 + Cenchrea, 123 + Chaldean, 21 + Cherith, 31 + Chios, 127 + Chittim, 25 + Cilicia, 93, 118 + Colosse, 131 + Coos, 127 + Corinth, 123 + Crete, 38, 128 + Cush, 25 + Cyprus, 118 + + Daberath, 57 + Dalmanutha, 107 + Damascus, 70, 71, 102, 113 + Dan, 33, 54, 57, 59, 61 + Danite, 63 + Debir, 53, 56, 61, 63 + Decapolis, 101, 107 + Dedan, 25 + Derbe, 119 + Dibon, 55 + Dion, 102 + Dodanim, 25 + Dor, 57 + Dothan, 57 + + Ebal, 32 + Ebenezer, 63 + Edom, 45, 70, 71, 87 + Edomites, 40 + Edomite War, 65 + Edrei, 51, 54, 56 + Egypt, 33, 41, 93, 103 + Egypt, River of, 29, 43 + Ekron, 63 + Elah, 66 + Elah, Valley of, 84 + Elam, 26 + Elim, 46 + Elishah, 25 + Emim, 38 + Emmaus, 84, 111 + Endor, 67 + En-gannim, 57, 108 + En-gedi, 33, 56, 66 + Enon, 31 + Ephes-dammim, 66 + Ephesus, 125 + Ephraim, 57, 84, 108 + Ephraim, The Wood of, 71 + Ephrath, 35 + Erech, 91 + Esdraelon, Plain of, 32 + Eshtaol, 57 + Etham, 46 + Etham, Wilderness of, 43 + + Fair Havens, 128 + Farah, 31 + + Gad, 55 + Gadara, 56, 102 + Gadarenes, Country of the, 106 + Galatia, 118 + Galilee, 101 + Gath, 63, 66, 69, 71, 88, 90 + Gath-hepher, 57 + Gaulanitis, 101 + Gaza, 63 + Geba, 57, 62, 65 + Gehenna, 74 + Gerar, 34, 56 + Gerasa, 102 + Gerizim, 32 + Geshur, 70 + Gether, 26 + Gibeah, 56, 61, 63, 65, 66, 83 + Gibeon, 52, 56, 71, 85 + Gihon, 74 + Gilead, 51 + Gilgal, 52, 56, 63, 65 + Girgashites, 39 + Golan, 56, 59 + Gomer, 23 + Gomorrah, 33, 34, 38 + Goshen, 41 + + Hadad-rimmon, 63 + Ham, 37 + Hamathites, 40 + Haphraim, 57 + Haran, 33, 35 + Hareth, 66 + Harosheth, 62, 63 + Hauran, 32 + Havilah, 25 + Hazerim, 38 + Hazeroth, 46 + Hazezon-tamar, 33 + Hazor, 53, 54, 57, 62 + Hebron, 33, 38, 56, 59, 61, 63, 67, 84 + Helam, 70, 71 + Heliopolis, 42 + Heshbon, 54, 55 + Hieromax, 31 + Hill of Evil Counsel, 74 + Hinnom, Valley of, 73 + Hippos, 102 + Hittites, 39 + Hivites, 39, 40 + Hobah, 33 + Horim, 38 + Hormah, 56 + Hul, 26 + + Iconium, 119 + Iturea, 101 + + Jabbok, 31 + Jabesh-gilead, 56, 65 + Jahaz, 54 + Japheth, 23 + Jarmuth, 57 + Javan, 25 + Jazer, 56 + Jebel Jermuk, 29 + Jebel Mukhmeel, 32 + Jebus, 63, 69 + Jebusites, 39 + Jericho, 54, 56, 61, 63, 109 + Jerusalem, 56, 69, 71, 73, 90 + Jeshimon, 56, 84 + Joppa, 113, 114 + Jordan, Fords of, 62 + Jordan, Plain of, 32 + Judæa, 101 + Judah, 56 + + Kadesh-barnea, 46, 47 + Karkor, 62, 63 + Kedemoth, 55 + Kedesh, 57, 59 + Kedron, Valley of the, 73 + Keilah, 66 + Kenath, 56 + Kenites, 40 + Kibroth-hattaavah, 46 + Kingdom of Israel, 87 + Kingdom of Judah, 87 + Kir-haraseth, 88, 90 + Kiriathaim, 55 + Kirjath-jearim, 54, 56, 63, 85 + Kirjath-sepher, 38, 53 + Kishon, 31, 62 + Kittim, 25 + Kurûn Hattin, 32 + + Laish, 33, 54, 57, 61, 63 + Laodicea, 134 + Lehabim, 25 + Lehi, 63 + Leontes, 31 + Leshem, 54 + Levi, 59 + Libnah, 56 + Little Hermon, 32 + Lubim, 25 + Lud, 26 + Ludim, 25 + Lycaonia, 118 + Lycia, 118 + Lydda, 114, 118 + Lydia, 93, 118 + Lystra, 119 + + Maachah, 70 + Macedonia, 122 + Madai, 25 + Magog, 23 + Mahanaim, 35, 56, 70 + Manasseh, 56, 57 + Maon, 56, 66 + Marah, 46 + Mareshah, 89 + Mash, 26 + Medeba, 55, 70, 71 + Media, 93 + Megiddo, 57, 63, 90 + Melita, 128 + Memphis, 42 + Meshech, 25, 26 + Michmash, 56, 65, 83 + Midian, 51 + Midianite, 62 + Miletus, 127 + Minnith, 62 + Mitylene, 127 + Mizpah, 35 + Mizpeh, 56, 63, 83 + Mizpeh of Gilead, 62 + Mizpeh of Moab, 66 + Mizraim, 25 + Moab, 70, 87 + Moab, Fords of, 62,, 63 + Moabite, 61 + Moabites, 39, 61 + Moabite War, 65 + Moreh, Hill of, 32, 57, 62, 63 + Moriah, 34 + Mount Carmel, 32 + Mount Ephraim, 29 + Mount Gilboa, 32, 62, 67 + Mount Gilead, 32 + Mount Hebron, 32 + Mount Hermon, 32 + Mount Hor, 45, 47, 49 + Mount Lebanon, 32 + Mount Moriah, 74 + Mount Nebo, 32, 55 + Mount of Offense, 74 + Mount of Olives, 74 + Mount Pisgah, 32 + Mount Seir, 45 + Mount Tabor, 32, 62, 63 + Mount Zion, 32, 74 + Myra, 128 + Mysia, 118 + + Nain, 57, 106 + Naphtali, 57 + Naphtuhim, 25 + Nazareth, 57, 103, 104 + Negeb, 32 + Nicopolis, 131 + Nimrod, 25 + Nimrud, 91 + Nile, 41 + Nob, 66, 83 + + Ophrah, 62 + + Palestine, 29 + Pamphylia, 118 + Paphlagonia, 117 + Paphos, 118 + Paran, Wilderness of, 43 + Patara, 127 + Pathrusim, 25 + Patmos, 133 + Pella, 102 + Pelusium, 42 + Peniel, 35 + Penuel, 56, 62 + Peræa, 101, 108 + Perga, 119 + Pergamos, 133 + Perizzites, 39 + Persian Empire, 93 + Philadelphia, 102, 134 + Philippi, 122 + Philistia, 32 + Philistine, 62 + Philistines, 38 + Phoenicia, 32, 107 + Phrygia, 118 + Phut, 26 + Pirathon, 62 + Pisidia, 118 + Pontus, 117 + Ptolemais, 127 + Puteoli, 128 + + Raamah, 25 + Rabbah, 70, 71 + Rabbath Ammon, 55 + Rachel's Tomb, 84 + Ramah, 63, 65, 66, 83, 85 + Rameses, 42, 46 + Ramoth-gilead, 56, 59, 88, 90 + Raphana, 102 + Rehob, 70 + Rehoboth, 34 + Rephaim, 37, 69 + Rephaim, Plain of, 84 + Reuben, 55 + Rhegium, 128 + Rhodes, 127 + Rimmon, 84 + Riphath, 23 + Rodanim, 25 + Rome, 129 + Roman Empire, 97 + + Sabtah, 25 + Sabtechah, 25 + Salamis, 118 + Samaria, 57, 87, 89, 90, 101, 113 + Samos, 127 + Sardis, 134 + Scopus, 74 + Scythopolis, 102 + Seba, 25 + Seleucia, 118 + Shalem, 35 + Shalisha, 65 + Shamir, 62 + Sharon, 32 + Sheba, 25 + Shechem, 33, 52, 57, 59, 62, 63 + Shefelah, The, 29 + Shiloh, 57 + Shochoh, 66 + Shunem, 57 + Shur, Wilderness of, 43 + Simeon, 56 + Sin, Wilderness of, 43 + Sinaitic Mountains, 43 + Sinites, 40 + Smyrna, 133 + Sodom, 33, 34, 38 + Succoth, 35, 46, 56, 62 + Sychar, 104 + Syracuse, 128 + Syria, 87 + + Taanach, 57, 63 + Tabbath, 62 + Tarshish, 25 + Tarsus, 114 + Tekoa, 70 + Telaim, 65 + Tetrarchy, 102 + Thebes, 42 + Thebez, 62, 63 + Thessalonica, 122 + Thyatira, 134 + Timnath, 57, 63 + Tiras, 25 + Tob, 62, 70 + Togarmah, 23 + Tophet, 74 + Trachonitis, 101 + Troas, 121 + Trogyllium, 127 + Tubal, 25 + Tyre, 127 + Tyropoeon, Valley of the, 73 + + Ur, 33, 91 + Uz, 26 + + Viri Galilæi, 74 + + Wilderness, 104 + Wilderness of the Wandering, 42 + + Zair, 88, 90 + Zamzummim, 37 + Zeboim, 38 + Zebulon, 57 + Zemaraim, 88, 89 + Zephath, 61, 63 + Zidon, 128 + Zidonians, 38 + Ziklag, 56, 66 + Zin, Wilderness of, 43 + Ziph, 66 + Zoar, 38 + Zobah, 65, 70, 71 + Zorah, 57, 63 + Zuph, 65 + Zuzim, 37 + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes: + +Obvious punctuation errors repaired. Italic text is set apart by +_underscores_ and bold text by =equal signs=. + +To prevent them being split over two lines all spaces in B. C. and A. D. +were removed. + +Page xi, "Aske" changed to "Aska" (Mosque El Aska) + +Page 14, "tentativey" changed to "tentatively" (are given tentatively) + +Page 14, XII changed to XVII (B.C., Dynasties XVII. to XXVII) + +Page 15, "Shalmameser" changed to "Shalmaneser" (860-825--Shalmaneser +II) + +Page 27, Review Chart of the Nations, "Aeolians" changed to "Æolians" +(_Æolians_) + +Page 27, Review Chart of the Nations, "Meroe" changed to "Meroë" +(_Meroë_) + +Page 31, "plain" changed to "Plain" (watering the Plain of Esdraelon) + +Page 35, "7" changed to "8" (8. Burial of Sarah) + +Page 46, "Hawarah" changed to "Hawârah" (_Ain Hawârah_) + +Page 56, Comparitive Size table, Ephraim, "S." changed to "Sq." (600 Sq. +M.) + +Page 62, "route" changed to "rout" (the rout that followed) + +Page 75, "Melchizedek" was hyphenated as "Melchi-zedek" on this page in +the original text to show its similarity to "Adoni-zedek". This was +retained. + +Page 78, "Tor" changed to "Tôr" (Jebel Abu Tôr (Hill of Evil Counsel)) + +Page 79, "1." added to text. (1. The _Birket Mamilla_) + +Page 79, "rred" changed to "red" ("red pond") + +Page 79, bold text changed to italic to match the rest of the pattern +(5. _En-rogel_, called) + +Page 79, word "the" moved to from before "most" to after "of" (most of +the explorers) Original read (the most of explorers) + +Page 115, "Cæesarea" changed to "Cæsarea" (3. _Cæsarea._) + +Page 137, "tables" changed to "tablets" (for the stone tablets of) + +Page 144, "160" changed to "180" (Dead Sea, 180 miles) + +Page 148, the text defines a "cab" as being "96 cubic inches, or 675 +thousandths of a quart". This does not seem possible but the transcriber +could not ascertain what was meant. An earlier version of this text uses +this same definition. + +Pages 151-154, entries in this index match the map but not always the +text. For example, the text refers to Beth Jesimoth which the index and +map names as Beth-jeshimoth. It is Dhibân in the text but Dhiban on the +map and the map's index. Names in the map index were not always in +alphabetical order. This was retained. + +Page 157, "Keilah" moved to alphabetical placement. Originally listed +after "Kenites." + +Page 157, "Miletus" moved to alphabetical placement. Originally listed +after "Michmash." + +Page 157, "Misraim" changed to "Mizraim" (Mizraim, 25) This entry was +also moved to reflect its corrected spelling. + +The original table of contents seems to have been taken from an earlier edition +without the printers updating the chart section. This only affects the Chart of +Bible History. The rest of the Table of Contents is identical. + + PAGE + CHART OF BIBLE HISTORY 13-16 + + I. GENERAL PERIODS. + II. SUBDIVISIONS. + III. PERSONS AND RULERS. + IV. EVENTS OF BIBLE HISTORY. + ------------------------------------- + Actual text of book contains these headings: + (V. THE HISTORY OF EYGPT) + (VI. THE KINGDOMS OF THE EAST) + (VII. THE ORIENTAL EMPIRES) + (VIII. THE WORLD IN GENERAL) + ------------------------------------- + Actual text of table of contents has these headings instead: + V. BATTLES OF BIBLE HISTORY. + VI. EVENTS OF RELIGIOUS PROGRESS. + VII. THE BOOKS OF THE BIBLE. + VIII. GREAT ORIENTAL EMPIRES. + IX. EVENTS OF SECULAR HISTORY. + -------------------------------------- + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Rand-McNally Bible Atlas, by Jesse L. Hurlbut + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41140 *** |