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diff --git a/41068-h/41068-h.htm b/41068-h/41068-h.htm index c83596c..d57c38e 100644 --- a/41068-h/41068-h.htm +++ b/41068-h/41068-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Syndicalism in France, by Louis Levine. @@ -122,45 +122,7 @@ td.leftbb{ </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Syndicalism in France, by Louis Levine - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Syndicalism in France - -Author: Louis Levine - -Contributor: Franklin H. Giddings - -Release Date: October 15, 2012 [EBook #41068] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SYNDICALISM IN FRANCE *** - - - - -Produced by Fritz Ohrenschall, Judith Picken and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41068 ***</div> <div class="transnote"><p>[Transcriber's notes:<br /> Missing page numbers denote blank pages that have been removed, with the exception of page 26 which is a full-page table. This has been moved near its reference in the text on Page <a href="#Page_25">25</a>. @@ -261,7 +223,7 @@ exclusively as a phase of the evolution of Socialism. As the term suggests, it is also a development of the French Labor Movement. The organization which represents Revolutionary Syndicalism in France is the General Confederation -of Labor (<i>La Confédération Générale du Travail</i>, +of Labor (<i>La Confédération Générale du Travail</i>, generally referred to as the C. G. T.)—the central organization of the labor unions or syndicats in France. The history of Revolutionary Syndicalism coincides almost @@ -410,7 +372,7 @@ French described in the words “revolutionary syndicalism.” The English use of the term has reacted upon the French syndicalists who have now generally dropped the adjective “revolutionary” and speak of their movement as -“le syndicalisme” or “le syndicalisme français.” In a +“le syndicalisme” or “le syndicalisme français.” In a word, as a result of recent industrial events the world over, syndicalism has emerged as a new movement of international scope and character. The most significant manifestation @@ -555,7 +517,7 @@ influence on the French labor movement</td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><a <tr><td align="center"><a href="#Page_45">CHAPTER II</a><br /> <span class="smcap">Origin of the General Confederation of Labor</span> (1871-1895)</td><td></td></tr> -<tr><td style="text-align:justify; padding-left:1em; text-indent:-1em;">The influence of the Commune on the syndicats—Barberet and his rôle in +<tr><td style="text-align:justify; padding-left:1em; text-indent:-1em;">The influence of the Commune on the syndicats—Barberet and his rôle in the syndical movement (1872-78)—The first Labor Congress in France (1886)—Acceptance of the Socialist program by the syndicats at the congress of Marseilles (1879)—The Socialist groups in France: Guesdists, @@ -574,7 +536,7 @@ Labor by advocates of general strike and opponents of Guesdists</td><td align="c <tr><td style="text-align:justify; padding-left:1em; text-indent:-1em;">Importance of Bourses du Travail; their rapid growth—Municipal and governmental subventions—Program of Bourses du Travail—Federation of Bourses du Travail organized in 1892—Its original purpose—Fernand -Pelloutier Secretary of Federation—His rôle and influence—Conception of +Pelloutier Secretary of Federation—His rôle and influence—Conception of syndicat as the cell of future society—Growth of Federation of Bourses; its relations with the General Confederation of Labor</td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> @@ -606,7 +568,7 @@ direct struggle against the State; exclusion of parliamentary methods—Crit of democracy—Class struggle versus co-operation of classes—Anti-patriotism—Anti-militarism—General strike the means of emancipating workingmen—The ideal society of the syndicalists: economic federalism—The -rôle of the “conscious minority”—Syndicats the true leaders of the +rôle of the “conscious minority”—Syndicats the true leaders of the working-class</td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span><a href="#Page_141">CHAPTER VI</a><br /> @@ -622,12 +584,12 @@ strike a “social myth”—What is a “social myth?”&md means of producing a complete rupture between working-class and bourgeoisie—Sorel's theory of progress; only technical progress continuous; succession of cultures not continuous—Necessity of combating democracy—Democracy—the -régime of professional politicians who rule the people—Class +régime of professional politicians who rule the people—Class struggle and violence; meaning of violence—General strike a great moral force—Syndicalist ideas founded on pessimistic basis—Pessimism as cause of great historical achievements—Ideas of Bergson—Criticism of Sorel; neo-Marxism not true to spirit of Marx—Lagardelle and his writings—Gustave -Hervé and “La Guerre Sociale”—Influence of Sorel—Criticism +Hervé and “La Guerre Sociale”—Influence of Sorel—Criticism of Prof. Sombart's views—Syndicalism a development independent of Sorel—Relation of syndicalism to other social theories</td><td align="center" valign="bottom"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td></tr> @@ -761,7 +723,7 @@ of the rising middle classes who felt a necessity of removing the obstacles in the way of economic initiative and of personal effort. These interests and ideas dictated the law of March 2-17, 1791, which abolished the guilds -and inaugurated the era of competition in France (<i>Liberté +and inaugurated the era of competition in France (<i>Liberté du Travail</i>). The law declared that henceforth everybody was “free to do such business, exercise such profession, art, or trade, as he may choose.”<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> @@ -772,7 +734,7 @@ which was yet in the future. These changes may be summarized as the application of science to industry and the introduction of machinery. The process went on in France irregularly, affecting different industries and different localities -in various degrees. The first machine (<i>machine à +in various degrees. The first machine (<i>machine à vapeur</i>) was introduced in France about 1815; in 1830 there were about 600 in operation. Some idea of the later changes may be gained from the following table giving the @@ -847,7 +809,7 @@ agreement which he had made with his employer.”<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FN <p>The law identified the new combinations with the ancient guilds. Its first clause declared that “whereas the abolition of all kinds of corporations of citizens of the same estate -(<i>état</i>) and of the same trade is one of the fundamental +(<i>état</i>) and of the same trade is one of the fundamental bases of the French Constitution, it is prohibited to re-establish them <i>de facto</i> under any pretext or form whatsoever”. The second clause formulated the prohibition to @@ -870,7 +832,7 @@ menace and of violence. The eighth clause prohibited all or of laborers, or instigated by them and directed against the free exercise of industry and work to which all sorts of persons have a right under all sorts of conditions -agreed upon by private contract (<i>de gré a gré</i>)”. +agreed upon by private contract (<i>de gré a gré</i>)”. “Such gatherings are declared riotous, are to be dispersed by force, and are to be punished with all the severity which the law permits.”<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p> @@ -943,7 +905,7 @@ even of twenty persons, if they were branches of a larger association.<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p> <p>The workingmen, however, soon began to feel that the -<i>Liberté du Travail</i> as interpreted by the laws of the +<i>Liberté du Travail</i> as interpreted by the laws of the country put them at a disadvantage in the struggle for existence. Individually each one of them was too weak to obtain the best bargain from his employer. This was notoriously @@ -1030,7 +992,7 @@ directed by organizations which existed by avoiding the law in various ways.</p> <p>These organizations were of three different types: the -<i>compagnonnages</i>, the friendly societies (<i>mutualités</i>) and +<i>compagnonnages</i>, the friendly societies (<i>mutualités</i>) and the “societies of resistance”.</p> <p>The <i>compagnonnages</i> originated under the guild-system @@ -1051,7 +1013,7 @@ only. If a member married or established himself as master, he left the <i>compagnonnage</i>. Besides, admission to the <i>compagnonnage</i> was dependent on tests of moral character and of technical skill. Thus, the <i>compagnonnages</i> always -embraced but a small part of the workingmen—the élite +embraced but a small part of the workingmen—the élite from the technical point of view. To attain the required technical standard, members had to pass some time as aspirants before they could become <i>compagnons</i>.</p> @@ -1059,7 +1021,7 @@ before they could become <i>compagnons</i>.</p> <p>The organization of the <i>compagnonnages</i> was very simple. All the <i>compagnons</i> of the same trade lived together in one house, usually in an inn, kept by the so-called -<i>mère</i> (mother) or <i>père</i> (father) of the trade. The <i>compagnons</i> +<i>mère</i> (mother) or <i>père</i> (father) of the trade. The <i>compagnons</i> were generally the only boarders in the house. If not numerous enough to occupy the entire house, they had one hall for their exclusive occupation. Here they held @@ -1090,7 +1052,7 @@ of two traveling <i>compagnons</i> on the road, etc., were occasions for strange and complicated ceremonies which had to be accurately performed. These ceremonies were due in a large measure to the secrecy in which the <i>compagnonnages</i> -developed under the ancient régime, persecuted +developed under the ancient régime, persecuted as they were by the royal authorities, by the church, and by the master-craftsmen.</p> @@ -1213,7 +1175,7 @@ and their numbers increased during the following years.</p> <p>The form of organization called into being by the new <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> -economic conditions was the <i>société de résistance</i>, an organization +economic conditions was the <i>société de résistance</i>, an organization primarily designed for the purpose of exercising control over conditions of employment. These societies of resistance assumed various names. They usually had no @@ -1262,14 +1224,14 @@ organized which adopted a general scale of wages. This commission also acted as a board of mediation and conciliation in disputes between employers and workingmen.<a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p> -<p>The <i>compagnonnages</i>, <i>mutualités</i> and resistance-societies +<p>The <i>compagnonnages</i>, <i>mutualités</i> and resistance-societies aimed partly or exclusively to better conditions of employment by exerting pressure upon employers. These societies reveal the efforts that were being made by workingmen to adjust themselves to the economic conditions of the time. But after 1830, other ideas began to find adherents among the French workingmen; namely, the ideas of opposition -to the entire economic régime based on private property +to the entire economic régime based on private property and the idea of substituting for this system a new industrial organization.</p> @@ -1286,7 +1248,7 @@ the minds of French workingmen.<a name="FNanchor_24" id="FNanchor_24" href="#Foo <p>The idea of co-operation had been propagated before 1848 by the Saint-Simonists and Fourierists, and particularly by Buchez who had outlined a clear plan of co-operation -in his paper <i>L'Européen</i> in 1831-2. Similar ideas were +in his paper <i>L'Européen</i> in 1831-2. Similar ideas were advanced during the forties by a group of workingmen who published <i>L'Atelier</i>. But only with the outbreak of the Revolution of 1848, and under the influence of Louis Blanc, @@ -1300,7 +1262,7 @@ Paris and 36 in the provinces.<a name="FNanchor_25" id="FNanchor_25" href="#Foot founded without assistance was much greater; about 300 in Paris and many more in the provinces. Of these societies most perished within a short time while the rest were dissolved -by the administration of Napoleon III after the <i>coup-d'état</i> +by the administration of Napoleon III after the <i>coup-d'état</i> of 1851.<a name="FNanchor_26" id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p> <p>The Revolution of 1848 was an important moment in @@ -1312,8 +1274,8 @@ left an impression upon the minds of French workingmen. The belief in a possible social transformation became a tradition <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> with them. Besides, the Revolution gave a strong -impulse to purely trade organizations such as the <i>sociétés -de résistance</i>. Before 1848 they had existed in a few trades +impulse to purely trade organizations such as the <i>sociétés +de résistance</i>. Before 1848 they had existed in a few trades only. The period of the Revolution witnessed the formation of a large number of them in various trades and strengthened the tendency towards organization which had @@ -1412,7 +1374,7 @@ syndicats in each trade in order to counter-balance the formidable organization of the syndical chambers of the merchants and manufacturers.... The workingmen's syndical chambers, composed of syndics elected by the votes of the -workingmen of their trade, would have an important rôle to +workingmen of their trade, would have an important rôle to fulfil. Besides the competent experts which they could always furnish for the cases subject to the jurisdiction of the prud'hommes, for justices of the peace and for the tribunals @@ -1486,7 +1448,7 @@ of production were formed without any such elaborate preparation as outlined above. However, many “societies of credit and saving” were formed. In 1863 there were 200 of them in Paris; and in September, 1863, a central -bank, <i>La Société du Credit au Travail</i> was organized. +bank, <i>La Société du Credit au Travail</i> was organized. Similar central banks were formed in Lyons, Marseilles, Lille and other large cities.</p> @@ -1494,13 +1456,13 @@ Lille and other large cities.</p> co-operative movement between 1863 and 1868. It subsidized successively <i>L'Association</i> (Nov., 1864-July, 1866) <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> -and <i>La Co-opération</i> (Sept., 1866-Feb., 1867)—magazines +and <i>La Co-opération</i> (Sept., 1866-Feb., 1867)—magazines devoted to the spread of co-operative ideas. It gave advice and information for forming co-operatives. Most of the co-operative enterprises of the period were planned and first elaborated in the councils of this society. Finally it furnished the co-operatives with credit. Its business done -in 1866 amounted to 10½ million francs.<a name="FNanchor_31" id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p> +in 1866 amounted to 10½ million francs.<a name="FNanchor_31" id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p> <p>In 1868 the co-operative movement, after several years of development, suffered a terrible blow. On November @@ -1543,7 +1505,7 @@ economic society based upon a new principle of right—the principle of mutuality—which was “the idea of the working-class”.<a name="FNanchor_33" id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> Their spokesman and master was Proudhon who formulated the ideas of <i>mutuellisme</i> in his -work, <i>De la Capacité Politique des Classes Ouvrières</i>.</p> +work, <i>De la Capacité Politique des Classes Ouvrières</i>.</p> <p>Between 1864 and 1868, the “International” met with little success in France. The largest number of adherents @@ -1577,7 +1539,7 @@ Republican youth.<a name="FNanchor_35" id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" clas in the “International” which Caesar de-Paepe, Marx and Bakounine succeeded in winning over to their collectivist ideas. The congresses of the “Association” in Brussels -in 1868 and in Bâle in 1869 adopted resolutions of a +in 1868 and in Bâle in 1869 adopted resolutions of a collectivist character, and many members of the French section were won over to the new ideas.<a name="FNanchor_36" id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p> @@ -1597,7 +1559,7 @@ the strike, declaring it “the means <i>par excellence</i> for the organization of the revolutionary forces of labor”.<a name="FNanchor_37" id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> The idea of the general strike suggested itself to others.<a name="FNanchor_38" id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> At <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> -the Congress of Bâle in 1869, one of the French delegates +the Congress of Bâle in 1869, one of the French delegates advocated the necessity of organizing syndicats for two reasons: first, because “they are the means of resisting the exploitation of capital in the present;” and second, because @@ -1610,7 +1572,7 @@ the relations of labor—this taking the place of politics.”<a name="F <p>Under the influence of the “International” the syndicats of Paris—there were about 70 during the years 1868-1870—founded a local federation under the name of <i>Chambre -Fédérale des sociétés ouvrières de Paris</i>. This federation +Fédérale des sociétés ouvrières de Paris</i>. This federation formulated its aim in the following terms:</p> <blockquote><p>This agreement has for its object to put into operation the @@ -1636,7 +1598,7 @@ contrary. But, above all, the experience of the workingmen was preserved. The form of organization which they generally advocated after the Commune was the syndicat. The other forms (<i>i. e.</i>, the <i>Compagnonnages</i> and the -secret <i>Société de résistance</i>) either disappeared or developed +secret <i>Société de résistance</i>) either disappeared or developed independently along different lines, as the friendly societies.</p> @@ -1678,7 +1640,7 @@ country. His observations had convinced him that the Second Empire had fallen largely in consequence of the strike movement during 1868-70, and he was anxious to preserve the Republic from similar troubles. As he expressed it, -strikes were “a crime of <i>lèse-democratie</i>”<a name="FNanchor_42" id="FNanchor_42" href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> which it was +strikes were “a crime of <i>lèse-democratie</i>”<a name="FNanchor_42" id="FNanchor_42" href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> which it was necessary to prevent by all means.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> @@ -1700,7 +1662,7 @@ and which would in time equalize wealth.<a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43" h were reconstituted in a few trades in Paris during 1872. These syndicats felt the necessity of uniting into a larger body, and in August of the same year they founded -the <i>Cercle de l'Union Ouvrière</i>, which was to form a counter-balance +the <i>Cercle de l'Union Ouvrière</i>, which was to form a counter-balance to the employers' organization <i>L'Union Nationale du Commerce et de l'Industrie</i>. The <i>Cercle</i> insisted on its peaceful intentions; it declared that its aim was “to @@ -1820,15 +1782,15 @@ and propagandist of Marxian or “scientific socialism”. Fanatical, vigorous, domineering, he soon made himself the leader of the French collectivists. Towards <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> -the end of 1877, he founded a weekly, <i>L'Égalité</i>, the first +the end of 1877, he founded a weekly, <i>L'Égalité</i>, the first number of which outlined the program which the paper intended -to defend. “We believe,” wrote <i>L'Égalité</i>, “with +to defend. “We believe,” wrote <i>L'Égalité</i>, “with the collectivist school to which almost all serious minds of the working-class of both hemispheres now belong, that the natural and scientific evolution of mankind leads it irresistibly to the collective appropriation of the soil and of the instruments of labor.” In order to achieve this end, -<i>L'Égalité</i> declared it necessary for the proletariat to constitute +<i>L'Égalité</i> declared it necessary for the proletariat to constitute itself a distinct political party which should pursue the aim of conquering the political power of the State.<a name="FNanchor_50" id="FNanchor_50" href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p> @@ -1947,7 +1909,7 @@ of the syndical movement passed to the Socialists. This led to a split at the next Congress held in Havre in 1880. The “moderates” and “co-operators” separated from the revolutionary collectivists. The former grouped themselves -about <i>L'Union des Chambres Syndicales Ouvrières de +about <i>L'Union des Chambres Syndicales Ouvrières de France</i>. They held two separate congresses of their own in 1881 and 1882, which attracted little attention and were of no importance. The <i>Union des Chambres Syndicales</i> confined @@ -2020,13 +1982,13 @@ power of the State.<a name="FNanchor_59" id="FNanchor_59" href="#Footnote_59" cl soon took place. In 1882, at the Congress of St. Etienne, the party was split into two parts; one part followed Guesde, the other followed Paul Brousse. The latter part -took the name of <i>Parti ouvrier socialiste révolutionnaire -français</i>—it dropped the word “<i>révolutionnaire</i>” from +took the name of <i>Parti ouvrier socialiste révolutionnaire +français</i>—it dropped the word “<i>révolutionnaire</i>” from its title in 1883—and continued to bear as sub-title, the name “Federation of socialist workingmen of France.” Guesde's -party took the name of <i>Parti Ouvrier Français</i>.</p> +party took the name of <i>Parti Ouvrier Français</i>.</p> -<p>The <i>Parti Ouvrier Français</i> claimed to represent the +<p>The <i>Parti Ouvrier Français</i> claimed to represent the “revolutionary” and “scientific” socialism of Marx. It <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> accepted the familiar doctrines of “orthodox” Marxism, @@ -2037,7 +1999,7 @@ the political power of the State in a revolutionary way.</p> <p>In 1886 J. Guesde wrote as follows:</p> -<blockquote><p>In the capitalist régime, that is, as long as the means of production +<blockquote><p>In the capitalist régime, that is, as long as the means of production and of existence are the exclusive property of a few who work less and less, all rights which the constitutions and the codes may grant to others, to those who concentrate within @@ -2069,7 +2031,7 @@ man and no party can call forth a revolution, but when the revolution which the nineteenth century carried within itself arose as a result of national and international complication, the <i>Parti Ouvrier</i> would be the party to assume -the rôle of directing it.<a name="FNanchor_63" id="FNanchor_63" href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></p> +the rôle of directing it.<a name="FNanchor_63" id="FNanchor_63" href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></p> <p>The <i>Parti Ouvrier</i> adopted a centralized form of organization. It became in time the strongest and best organized @@ -2079,7 +2041,7 @@ It was also known as the “Guesdist” party, after its leader Guesde.</p> <p>The <i>Parti Ouvrier</i> denounced the members of the <i>Parti -Ouvrier révolutionnaire socialiste</i>, or “Broussists,” also +Ouvrier révolutionnaire socialiste</i>, or “Broussists,” also thus named after their leader Brousse, as “opportunists and possibilists” because they believed in the possibility of reforms and had said that it was necessary “to split up our @@ -2126,7 +2088,7 @@ world in which the syndicats of France were moving during this period. These two were the Blanquists and the Independent Socialists.</p> -<p>The Blanquists—known also as the <i>Comité Révolutionnaire +<p>The Blanquists—known also as the <i>Comité Révolutionnaire Central</i>—were held together by a bond of common tradition, namely, by their loyalty to the name of Blanqui, spoken of in the preceding chapter. The leaders of the @@ -2156,7 +2118,7 @@ services, laws for the protection of labor, self-government for the communes, etc. The party became an important factor in the political life of France. Some of the best known socialists of France have come from its ranks, as J. -Jaurès, Millerand, Viviani and others.</p> +Jaurès, Millerand, Viviani and others.</p> <p>Amid these socialist factions, the syndicats were a coveted bit torn to pieces because everybody wanted the larger @@ -2241,7 +2203,7 @@ problems of labor have always the power of uniting the workingmen.<a name="FNanc the “prospect of a Federation of all workingmen's syndicats.” <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> The discussion brought out the fact that the delegates -had different ideas on the future rôle of the Federation. +had different ideas on the future rôle of the Federation. Still the majority united on the following resolution:</p> <blockquote><p>Considering that in face of the powerful bourgeois organization @@ -2276,14 +2238,14 @@ were composed of the same men and passed the same resolutions. Besides, the “National Federation of Syndicats” never succeeded in establishing connections between the local syndicats and the central organization (the <i>Conseil -fédéral national</i>)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> and could, therefore, exert little economic +fédéral national</i>)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> and could, therefore, exert little economic influence.</p> <p>While the “National Federation of Syndicats” became a war-engine at the service of the Guesdists,<a name="FNanchor_70" id="FNanchor_70" href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> another central organization was created by the rivals of the Guesdists. This was the “Federation of Labor Exchanges of France” -(<i>Fédération des Bourses du Travail de France</i>). The idea +(<i>Fédération des Bourses du Travail de France</i>). The idea of the <i>Bourse du Travail</i> may be traced back to the middle of the nineteenth century and even further back to the Great Revolution.<a name="FNanchor_71" id="FNanchor_71" href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> At first the idea was to erect a building @@ -2410,8 +2372,8 @@ would paralyze the life of the country and would reduce the ruling classes to famine. Lasting a few days only, it would compel the government to capitulate before the workingmen, and would carry the workingmen's party into -power. Thus, a “peaceful strike of folded arms” (<i>grève -des bras croisés</i>) would usher in the Social Revolution +power. Thus, a “peaceful strike of folded arms” (<i>grève +des bras croisés</i>) would usher in the Social Revolution which would bring about the transformation of society. The feeling prevailed that the general strike could begin any moment and that it assured the speedy realization of @@ -2560,7 +2522,7 @@ of Labor.</p> <p>The elements constituting the General Confederation of Labor will remain independent of all political schools (<i>en -dehors de toute école politique</i>).</p></blockquote> +dehors de toute école politique</i>).</p></blockquote> <p>The aim of the Confederation was evidently formulated to satisfy all conceptions. Its vague wording was as follows: @@ -2720,9 +2682,9 @@ into conflict with the municipal authorities.</p> <p>The program which the <i>Bourses du Travail</i> gradually outlined for themselves has been classified under four heads: (1) Benevolent Services, or as the French term it -<i>Mutualité</i>; (2) <i>Instruction</i>; (3) <i>Propaganda</i>; and (4) <i>Resistance</i>.<a name="FNanchor_86" id="FNanchor_86" href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></p> +<i>Mutualité</i>; (2) <i>Instruction</i>; (3) <i>Propaganda</i>; and (4) <i>Resistance</i>.<a name="FNanchor_86" id="FNanchor_86" href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></p> -<p>The services of <i>Mutualité</i> included finding employment +<p>The services of <i>Mutualité</i> included finding employment for workingmen out of work (<i>Placement</i>), assistance to workmen who go from city to city in search of employment (<i>Viaticum</i>), aid to other unemployed persons, sick @@ -2841,7 +2803,7 @@ library of the <i>Bourse du Travail</i> of Paris contained over 2,000 volumes. Besides, every large Bourse had its periodical, weekly or monthly.<a name="FNanchor_90" id="FNanchor_90" href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p> -<p>The <i>Fédération des Bourses du Travail</i> was formed +<p>The <i>Fédération des Bourses du Travail</i> was formed in 1892 to systematize and to unify the activities of the Bourses. Though it owed its origin to political motives, the Federation soon devoted its main energies to the economic @@ -3083,7 +3045,7 @@ following table: <p>The Bourses paid their dues irregularly and Pelloutier complained that with such means the Committee could not render all the services it was capable of and that it was -necessarily reduced to the rôle of a correspondence bureau, +necessarily reduced to the rôle of a correspondence bureau, “slow and imperfect in its working.”</p> <p>Whatever others may have thought of the results obtained @@ -3121,7 +3083,7 @@ would, in time, substitute communistic forms of production and of distribution for those now in existence. The question was brought up for discussion at the Congress of Tours (1896) and two reports were read on the present -and future rôle of the <i>Bourses du Travail</i>. One report +and future rôle of the <i>Bourses du Travail</i>. One report was written by Pelloutier, the other was prepared by the delegates of the Bourse of Nimes, Claude Gignoux and Victorien Briguier (Allemanists).</p> @@ -3161,7 +3123,7 @@ to increase the material welfare of the country. The report concluded:</p> <blockquote><p>This summary outline gives those who live in the syndical -movement an idea of the rôle which falls and will fall to the +movement an idea of the rôle which falls and will fall to the <i>Bourses du Travail</i>. It would not do to hurry decisions; the methodical pursuit of the development of our institutions is sufficient to realize our aim, and to avoid many disappointments @@ -3178,7 +3140,7 @@ contained the same ideas but emphasized some other points. “We start out from the principle,” read this report, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> “that the task of the revolution is to free mankind -not only from all authority (<i>autorité</i>), but also from every +not only from all authority (<i>autorité</i>), but also from every institution which has not for its essential purpose the development of production. Consequently, we can imagine the future society only as a voluntary and free association @@ -3213,7 +3175,7 @@ foreign to it and will finally conquer security and liberty.”<a name="FNan <p>This conception of the syndicat has since become fundamental <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> with revolutionary syndicalists. Formulating it, the -<i>Fédération des Bourses du Travail</i> really laid the foundations +<i>Fédération des Bourses du Travail</i> really laid the foundations of what later became revolutionary syndicalism. The “Federation of Bourses” also made the first step in the propaganda of anti-militarism and in outlining a policy @@ -3222,7 +3184,7 @@ at the same time developed in the General Confederation of Labor and will be considered in connection with the history of that body in the next chapter.</p> -<p>From 1894 to 1902 the <i>Fédération des Bourses du Travail</i> +<p>From 1894 to 1902 the <i>Fédération des Bourses du Travail</i> was the strongest syndical organization in France. Pelloutier claimed 250,000 members for it, but the figure is exaggerated. There is no way, however, of finding out @@ -3296,7 +3258,7 @@ of the political spirit.”<a name="FNanchor_104" id="FNanchor_104" href="#F showed that the aim was not attained. Only 32 organizations had paid the initiation fee (two francs) as requested by the statutes adopted at Limoges. Of the 32 -only four, the <i>Fédération des Travailleurs du Livre</i>,<a name="FNanchor_105" id="FNanchor_105" href="#Footnote_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> the +only four, the <i>Fédération des Travailleurs du Livre</i>,<a name="FNanchor_105" id="FNanchor_105" href="#Footnote_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> the Syndicat of Railway Men, the Circle of Machinists, and the Federation of Porcelain Workers, paid their dues regularly; the rest paid irregularly or did not pay at all. @@ -3352,8 +3314,8 @@ and anarchists, was indorsed by the Congress with a greater majority than at previous Congresses. By this time, however, several modifications had taken place in the conception of the general strike. These were emphasized -by M. Guérard who defended the idea before the Congress. -Said M. Guérard:</p> +by M. Guérard who defended the idea before the Congress. +Said M. Guérard:</p> <blockquote><p>The conquest of political power is a chimera; there are at present only three or four true socialists in the Chamber of @@ -3392,7 +3354,7 @@ make their comrades in the syndicats leave their work. Those who continue to work on that day will be compelled, or forced, to quit.<a name="FNanchor_108" id="FNanchor_108" href="#Footnote_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></p></blockquote> -<p>And M. Guérard, applauded by the audience, concluded: +<p>And M. Guérard, applauded by the audience, concluded: “The general strike will be the Revolution, peaceful or not.”</p> @@ -3649,7 +3611,7 @@ emancipation.<a name="FNanchor_116" id="FNanchor_116" href="#Footnote_116" class of the working-class.”<a name="FNanchor_117" id="FNanchor_117" href="#Footnote_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a></p> <p>This conception of the general strike attributed to the -syndicat a revolutionary rôle, as the syndicat was to take +syndicat a revolutionary rôle, as the syndicat was to take possession of the means of production in the name of society as a whole. It did not exclude however the parallel action of political parties. The latter could profit @@ -3754,7 +3716,7 @@ of over 6,000 francs. The number of copies printed fell from 12,000-14,000 during the first months to 800 during the later months.</p> -<p>The secretary of the Confederation, M. Guérard, also +<p>The secretary of the Confederation, M. Guérard, also complained that the “Confederation was anaemic for lack of means.” The twenty organizations—federations and syndicats—which adhered to the Confederation during @@ -3853,7 +3815,7 @@ movement which must bring them their economic liberation.</p></blockquote> <p>And the report of the Committee went on to point out the conditions which in its opinion indicated “that the moment had come to try the general strike (<i>faire la -Grève générale</i>) with strong chances of success.”<a name="FNanchor_121" id="FNanchor_121" href="#Footnote_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a></p> +Grève générale</i>) with strong chances of success.”<a name="FNanchor_121" id="FNanchor_121" href="#Footnote_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a></p> <p>The delegate from the miners said: “If you wish to join us, we will be able not only to strike, but to bring @@ -3879,7 +3841,7 @@ in any case a movement of solidarity which will not impair in the least the revolutionary principle of the general strike of all workingmen.<a name="FNanchor_123" id="FNanchor_123" href="#Footnote_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a></p></blockquote> -<p>The delegate of the Typographical Union (<i>La Fédération +<p>The delegate of the Typographical Union (<i>La Fédération du Livre</i>) <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> combated the idea of the general strike and argued that it was impossible in view of the small @@ -4174,7 +4136,7 @@ more and more emphasized.</p> <p>Thus the “revolutionary” socialists were approaching the reformist elements composed of Broussists and of Independents. In 1896 this <i>rapprochement</i> was manifested -at the banquet of Saint Mandé arranged on the +at the banquet of Saint Mandé arranged on the occasion of the success obtained by the socialists during the municipal elections of that year. All socialist parties took part in it and Millerand delivered a speech in @@ -4192,10 +4154,10 @@ of Socialism given by Millerand.</p> <p>The Dreyfus affair brought the socialists for some <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> time into still closer contact. A “Committee of Harmony” -(<i>Comité d'Entente</i>) was formed in which all the +(<i>Comité d'Entente</i>) was formed in which all the socialist organizations were represented. The demand for unity was expressed in the socialist periodical press, -and J. Jaurès outlined a plan according to which the old +and J. Jaurès outlined a plan according to which the old separate and rival factions were to disappear in one unified party.<a name="FNanchor_144" id="FNanchor_144" href="#Footnote_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> The belief in the possibility of such a unified party was general.</p> @@ -4218,7 +4180,7 @@ to complete rupture at the following Congress in Lyons in May, 1901. The Guesdists, Blanquists and several regional federations formed the <i>Parti Socialiste de France</i>; the Independents, Broussists, and Allemanists -formed the <i>Parti Socialiste Français</i>, which supported +formed the <i>Parti Socialiste Français</i>, which supported Millerand and the cabinet of Waldeck-Rousseau. Within each new grouping, however, the old organizations remained intact.</p> @@ -4242,7 +4204,7 @@ of all political parties, “leaving to individuals the undeniable right to devote themselves to that kind of struggle which they prefer in the political field.” The syndicat as an organization, however, should remain neutral; -otherwise it would be “false to its true rôle which consists +otherwise it would be “false to its true rôle which consists in grouping all the exploited without distinction of race, nationality, philosophical or religious opinions, and political views.”<a name="FNanchor_145" id="FNanchor_145" href="#Footnote_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a></p> @@ -4347,9 +4309,9 @@ by this time become conscious of themselves, and in opposition to the program of the political socialists, they advanced the idea of the General Confederation of Labor as a distinctly unifying conception which in the future -was to play a great social rôle. “The General Confederation +was to play a great social rôle. “The General Confederation of Labor uniting all the workingmen's syndical -forces,” said the Secretary, Guérard, in his report to the +forces,” said the Secretary, Guérard, in his report to the Congress of Lyons, “is destined to become the revolutionary instrument capable of transforming society.”<a name="FNanchor_149" id="FNanchor_149" href="#Footnote_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> In greeting the delegates at the opening of the Congress, @@ -4607,7 +4569,7 @@ heavy.</p> <p>A more aggressive form of <i>sabotage</i> is that which expresses itself in deliberate damage done either to the product of labor or to the nature of the service. An instance -of the latter was the so-called <i>grève perlée</i> applied +of the latter was the so-called <i>grève perlée</i> applied by the French railway men, which consisted in wilful misdirection of baggage and of perishable merchandise. This form of <i>sabotage</i> implies disregard for the @@ -4622,7 +4584,7 @@ in the deliberate and open disorganization of machinery. This form of <i>sabotage</i> has nothing in common with the destruction of machinery practiced by unorganized workers during the early stages of the capitalist -régime. It aims not at the destruction of the machine +régime. It aims not at the destruction of the machine as a means of production, but at the temporary disability of the machine during strikes for the purpose of preventing employers to carry on production with the @@ -4846,7 +4808,7 @@ use it with the consent of the entire society.</p> through its relations with the Federation of its trade, the <i>Bourse du Travail</i>, and the General Confederation. With the National Federation relations will be mainly -technical and special, and the rôle of the Federation will +technical and special, and the rôle of the Federation will be insignificant. With the General Confederation relations will be indirect and mainly by mediation of the <i>Bourse du Travail</i>. Relations with the latter will be of @@ -4940,7 +4902,7 @@ the syndicalist movement is clearly paving the way for an “economic federalism”.</p> <p>The workingmen are being prepared for their future -rôle by the experiences of syndicalist life. The very struggle +rôle by the experiences of syndicalist life. The very struggle which the syndicats carry on trains the workingmen in solidarity, in voluntary discipline, in power and determination to resist oppression, and in other moral qualities @@ -5103,7 +5065,7 @@ outside the syndicalist movement, have grouped themselves about the monthly <i>Le Mouvement Socialiste</i>, started in 1899 by M. Hubert Lagardelle, a member of the Socialist Party, and about the weekly <i>La Guerre -Sociale</i>, of which Gustave Hervé is editor. <i>Le Mouvement +Sociale</i>, of which Gustave Hervé is editor. <i>Le Mouvement Socialiste</i> was at first a Socialist monthly review, but accentuated its sympathy for the syndicalists as time went on, and became an expressly revolutionary syndicalist @@ -5124,9 +5086,9 @@ Ancient World</i>, a number of articles on ethics and on various other topics. The works that bear on revolutionary syndicalism which alone can be here considered, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> -are: <i>L'Avenir Socialiste des Syndicats</i>, <i>La Décomposition -du Marxisme</i>, <i>Introduction à l'Économie Moderne</i>, <i>Les -Illusions du Progrès</i>, <i>Réflexions sur la Violence</i>, and a +are: <i>L'Avenir Socialiste des Syndicats</i>, <i>La Décomposition +du Marxisme</i>, <i>Introduction à l'Économie Moderne</i>, <i>Les +Illusions du Progrès</i>, <i>Réflexions sur la Violence</i>, and a number of articles in various periodicals.</p> <p>The works of M. Sorel on revolutionary syndicalism @@ -5291,7 +5253,7 @@ from those of the bourgeoisie, and not in imitation of the latter.</p> <p>Sorel is bitter in his criticism of democracy; it is, in -his view, the régime <i>par excellence</i> in which men are +his view, the régime <i>par excellence</i> in which men are governed “by the magical power of high-sounding words rather than by ideas; by formulas rather than by reasons; by dogmas the origin of which nobody cares to find out, @@ -5343,7 +5305,7 @@ is not to be thought of after the model of the “Reign of Terror” which was the creation of the bourgeoisie. “Proletarian violence” does not mean that there should be a “great development of brutality” or that “blood -should be shed in torrents” (<i>versé à flots</i>).<a name="FNanchor_168" id="FNanchor_168" href="#Footnote_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> It means +should be shed in torrents” (<i>versé à flots</i>).<a name="FNanchor_168" id="FNanchor_168" href="#Footnote_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> It means that the workingmen in their struggle must manifest their force so as to intimidate the employers; it means that “the social conflicts must assume the character of @@ -5372,7 +5334,7 @@ the world.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> All these ideas may seem tinged with pessimism. But -“nothing very great (<i>très haut</i>) has been accomplished +“nothing very great (<i>très haut</i>) has been accomplished in this world” without pessimism.<a name="FNanchor_170" id="FNanchor_170" href="#Footnote_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> Pessimism is a “metaphysics of morals” rather than a theory of the world; it is a conception of “a march towards deliverance” @@ -5395,7 +5357,7 @@ moments of life when “we make an effort to create a new man within ourselves” “do we take possession of ourselves” and become free in the Bergsonian sense of the term. The general strike, therefore, raises socialism -to the rôle of the greatest moral factor of our time.</p> +to the rôle of the greatest moral factor of our time.</p> <p>Thus, M. Sorel having started out with Marx winds up with Bergson. The attempt to connect his views @@ -5450,7 +5412,7 @@ by his disciples.</p> Marx in this point. “Science has no way of foreseeing,”<a name="FNanchor_173" id="FNanchor_173" href="#Footnote_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> says he. His works are full of diatribes against the pretention of science to explain everything. He attributes -a large rôle to the unclear, to the subconscious and to +a large rôle to the unclear, to the subconscious and to the mystical in all social phenomena. A sentence like the following may serve to illustrate this point. Says M. Sorel:</p> @@ -5519,7 +5481,7 @@ and of originality.</p> is regular, systematic, fluent, and clear. While Sorel is mainly interested in the philosophical aspect of his problems and has been called, probably sarcastically, -by M. Jaurès “the metaphysician of revolutionary syndicalism,” +by M. Jaurès “the metaphysician of revolutionary syndicalism,” M. Lagardelle considers the economic and political aspects of the new doctrine. His works need not be dwelt upon because his ideas do not differ essentially @@ -5529,7 +5491,7 @@ democracy, is careful to point out that Socialism has been made possible by democracy and that no return to ancient political forms is desired; secondly, he allows a place for the political [socialist] party in the general -social system; its rôle is to attend to those problems +social system; its rôle is to attend to those problems which are not entirely included within the domain of industrial activities.<a name="FNanchor_175" id="FNanchor_175" href="#Footnote_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a></p> @@ -5538,15 +5500,15 @@ mainly to the philosophical and sociological aspects of syndicalism, the weekly <i>La Guerre Sociale</i> took up questions of policy and method, particularly the questions of anti-militarism and anti-patriotism. Gustave -Hervé, the editor of the paper, attracted widespread +Hervé, the editor of the paper, attracted widespread attention by his attacks on the army and on the idea of patriotism, and became the <i>enfant terrible</i> of the French socialist movement because of his violent utterances on these questions. On other questions of method, M. -Hervé was no less violent being a disciple of the Blanquists +Hervé was no less violent being a disciple of the Blanquists who believed in the efficacy of all revolutionary methods including the general strike. However, the -theoretical contributions of M. Hervé to the philosophy +theoretical contributions of M. Hervé to the philosophy of the movement are slight.</p> <p>Now, what are the relations of the two groups of @@ -5600,7 +5562,7 @@ the general strike was elaborated by workingmen-members of the various committees on the general strike. The idea of “direct action,” as has been shown, found its defenders in the first Congresses of the General Confederation -of Labor. The theory of the social rôle of +of Labor. The theory of the social rôle of the syndicat was formulated by Pelloutier and by other members of the “Federation of Bourses” before M. Sorel wrote his little book on <i>The Socialist Future of @@ -5623,7 +5585,7 @@ could not feel themselves its representatives.</p> as that of other socialist writers. They were and are <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> read by the French workingmen just as Kropotkin, -Jaurès, Proudhon and other contemporary or former +Jaurès, Proudhon and other contemporary or former socialist and anarchist writers, and as many non-socialist writers are. Naturally, some workingmen came more under their influence, than under that of others; and @@ -5638,7 +5600,7 @@ myth” may be original and attractive, but if accepted by the workingmen could not inspire them to action. If “images of battles” are important for the “rising classes” as an impelling force, they can be so only so -long as they are naïvely and fully believed in. The worm +long as they are naïvely and fully believed in. The worm of reflection must not touch them. The “men longing for deliverance” must believe that the future will be just as they picture it, otherwise their enthusiasm for these @@ -5675,7 +5637,7 @@ from the theoretical point of view.</p> the revolutionary syndicalist movement may be illustrated by the following comparison. At the Congress of Lyons in 1901 the secretary of the General Confederation -of Labor, M. Guérard, wrote, as we have seen, that +of Labor, M. Guérard, wrote, as we have seen, that the Confederation is destined to transform society. In the same year, M. Sorel, in his preface to Pelloutier's <i>Histoire des Bourses du Travail</i>, wrote: “The Confederation @@ -5707,15 +5669,15 @@ which keenly interest the cultivated youth of France.<a name="FNanchor_178" id=" <p>Previous to that, M. Sorel and M. Berth had both promised collaboration in a so-called neo-monarchist monthly, -<i>La Cité Française</i>, which, however, did not see the light. +<i>La Cité Française</i>, which, however, did not see the light. This probably seemed to them natural in view of their opposition to democracy. But under the political conditions of France such an act could not but shock the workingmen who may criticise democracy but who are bitterly -opposed to everything connected with the <i>ancien régime</i>. +opposed to everything connected with the <i>ancien régime</i>. This act of M. Sorel and M. Berth weakened the group of <i>Le Mouvement Socialiste</i> which, however, is still published -by M. Lagardelle, though with less force and <i>éclat</i> +by M. Lagardelle, though with less force and <i>éclat</i> than before. The act of M. Sorel, however, could have no perceptible significance for the revolutionary syndicalist movement. The latter is led by other leaders and is @@ -5730,7 +5692,7 @@ turn which the syndicats took. Their influence, hailed by some, deplored by others, is recognized by all. The Anarchists themselves often speak as if they “created” the entire movement, though this is an exaggeration. The -rôle of the Allemanists has been considerable, as was +rôle of the Allemanists has been considerable, as was shown in the preceding chapters. And the more definite <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> formulation of revolutionary syndicalist ideas in the period @@ -5757,7 +5719,7 @@ cannot be said to be new. They may all be found in the old “International Association of Workingmen,” and especially in the writings of the Bakounist or federalist wing of that Association. If not the terms, the ideas -on direct action, on the general strike, on the social rôle +on direct action, on the general strike, on the social rôle of the syndicat, and on the future “economic federalism” may all be found there more or less clearly stated.<a name="FNanchor_179" id="FNanchor_179" href="#Footnote_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a></p> @@ -5853,7 +5815,7 @@ strike, and (3) the Commission of Control.</p> <p>The two sections are autonomous in their internal affairs. The first section is formed by the delegates of the National Federations of trades and industries. They take -the name of <i>Comité des Fédérations d'industries et de +the name of <i>Comité des Fédérations d'industries et de metiers</i>. This section appoints its own secretary, assistant secretary, treasurer, assistant treasurer, and archivist, who form the executive committee of the section. This @@ -5874,7 +5836,7 @@ to join their <i>Bourses du Travail</i>.</p> <p>The “Section of the Federation of <i>Bourses du Travail</i>” is formed by the delegates of the local, departmental and regional central unions. The delegates take -the title of <i>Comité des Bourses du Travail</i>.<a name="FNanchor_185" id="FNanchor_185" href="#Footnote_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> The section +the title of <i>Comité des Bourses du Travail</i>.<a name="FNanchor_185" id="FNanchor_185" href="#Footnote_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> The section appoints its own secretary, assistant secretary, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> treasurer, assistant treasurer, and archivist, and these @@ -5883,7 +5845,7 @@ section. It collects from the <i>Bourses du Travail</i> 35 centimes monthly for each adhering syndicat.<a name="FNanchor_186" id="FNanchor_186" href="#Footnote_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a></p> <p>The second section promotes the creation of new -<i>Bourses du Travail</i> and coördinates the activities of the +<i>Bourses du Travail</i> and coördinates the activities of the adhering Bourses. Its functions embrace “everything that bears upon syndical administration and upon the moral education of the workingmen;” its task is to @@ -5965,7 +5927,7 @@ in membership, as may be seen from the following table:</p> <p>After 1906 Bourses of the same region or Department began to form regional and Departmental Unions in -order to coördinate their activities and to influence +order to coördinate their activities and to influence larger groups of the working population. This has led to the process described above, which is transforming the basis of representation in the General Confederation @@ -6061,8 +6023,8 @@ The agitation for the suppression of the employment bureaus appeared to all as a manifestation of the new theories on “Direct Action.” “The socialist syndicats have wrested the vote of the Chamber by the pressure -of rebellion (<i>Coup d'émeutes</i>)” wrote the <i>Journal des -Économistes</i>.<a name="FNanchor_190" id="FNanchor_190" href="#Footnote_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> The revolutionary syndicalists themselves +of rebellion (<i>Coup d'émeutes</i>)” wrote the <i>Journal des +Économistes</i>.<a name="FNanchor_190" id="FNanchor_190" href="#Footnote_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> The revolutionary syndicalists themselves considered the agitation as an illustration of their methods, and the success obtained as a proof of the efficiency of the latter. The report to the Congress of Bourges @@ -6121,10 +6083,10 @@ the Provinces and 50 from Paris.</p> <p>The attack on the Confederal Committee was led by M. Keufer, the delegate and secretary of the Typographical -Union (<i>La Fédération du Livre</i>). He accused the +Union (<i>La Fédération du Livre</i>). He accused the Confederal Committee of violating the statutes, of being partial and biased and of trying in every way to harm -the <i>Fédération du Livre</i>, because the latter pursued +the <i>Fédération du Livre</i>, because the latter pursued “reformist” methods. “Yes,” said M. Keufer, “we prefer the reformist method, because we believe that <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> @@ -6135,11 +6097,11 @@ necessary to try conciliatory methods before declaring strikes and to solicit the help of representatives in the legislative bodies. He showed that, on the one hand, even the revolutionary syndicalists were compelled by -circumstances to use such methods, while the <i>Fédération +circumstances to use such methods, while the <i>Fédération du Livre</i>, on the other hand, did not shrink from strikes and from direct action, when that was inevitable. M. Keufer was supported by M. Lauche, the delegate of the -machinists, and by M. Guérard, the delegate of the railway +machinists, and by M. Guérard, the delegate of the railway workers.</p> <p>The accusations of the “reformists” were repudiated @@ -6421,7 +6383,7 @@ as soon as possible the unification of their separate parties into one national Socialist Party. In April, 1905, a “Congress of Unification” was held at Paris, at which the <i>Parti Socialiste de France</i> and the <i>Parti Socialiste -Français</i> formed the <i>Parti Socialiste Unifié</i>. A +Français</i> formed the <i>Parti Socialiste Unifié</i>. A common program was accepted and a new form of organization elaborated. At its first Congress in Chalons in October, 1905, the Unified Party counted 35,000 paying @@ -6511,7 +6473,7 @@ political party.<a name="FNanchor_205" id="FNanchor_205" href="#Footnote_205" cl <p>The revolutionary syndicalists in their turn criticised the part assigned to the syndicat both by the political syndicalists and by the “reformists.” They emphasized -the “integral” and revolutionary rôle of the syndicat +the “integral” and revolutionary rôle of the syndicat which makes it unnecessary and dangerous to conclude any alliance with any political party. They denied that the Confederal Committee was carrying on an anarchist @@ -6554,7 +6516,7 @@ capitalist class against the working-class.</p> by adding the following points:</p> <p>With regard to the every-day demands, syndicalism pursues -the coördination of the efforts of the workingmen, the +the coördination of the efforts of the workingmen, the increase of the workingmen's welfare through the realization of immediate ameliorations, such as the diminution of working hours, the increase of wages, etc.</p> @@ -6818,7 +6780,7 @@ strike, but the invitation of the Confederation found very little response, and the Post Office employees returned to work.</p> -<p>The failure was ascribed to the “reformists”, M. Guérard,<a name="FNanchor_208" id="FNanchor_208" href="#Footnote_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> +<p>The failure was ascribed to the “reformists”, M. Guérard,<a name="FNanchor_208" id="FNanchor_208" href="#Footnote_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> secretary of the Railway Workers, and to M. Niel, who had delivered a speech on the eve of the general strike declaring that the miners were not ready for it. @@ -6833,7 +6795,7 @@ became still more acute after the resignation of M. Niel. The rumor that the “reformist” syndicats would leave the Confederation circulated more persistently than before. The “reformists” formed in July, 1909, -a <i>Comité d'Union Syndicaliste</i> to react against the anarchistic +a <i>Comité d'Union Syndicaliste</i> to react against the anarchistic syndicalism, to realize the union of workingmen, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> independent of all politics, in the exclusively economic @@ -7442,7 +7404,7 @@ must leave the question open.</p> representation which exists now in the Confederation affects both revolutionary and reformist syndicalists in a more or less equal degree. At the Congress of Amiens, -for instance, the <i>Fédération du Livre</i>, with its 10,000 +for instance, the <i>Fédération du Livre</i>, with its 10,000 members, had 135 votes; the Railway Syndicat, with its 24,275 members, had only 36 votes; these two organizations were among the “reformists” who combated the @@ -7455,7 +7417,7 @@ may be right in their assertion that proportional representation would not change the leadership of the Confederation. This belief is strengthened in them by the fact that in all so-called “reformist” organizations, as -the <i>Fédération du Livre</i>, the Railway Syndicat, etc., +the <i>Fédération du Livre</i>, the Railway Syndicat, etc., there are strong and numerous revolutionary minorities.</p> <p>It is often asserted that only the small syndicats, @@ -7469,7 +7431,7 @@ Trades is the most revolutionary organization in the Confederation; at the same time it is the most numerous, and its members pay the highest dues (after the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> -<i>Fédération du Livre</i>) in France.<a name="FNanchor_219" id="FNanchor_219" href="#Footnote_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> The revolutionary +<i>Fédération du Livre</i>) in France.<a name="FNanchor_219" id="FNanchor_219" href="#Footnote_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> The revolutionary Federation of Metallurgy is also one of the large organizations in the Confederation and belongs to an industry which is one of the most centralized in France. The @@ -7488,7 +7450,7 @@ which is the most centralized in France.<a name="FNanchor_221" id="FNanchor_221" <p>A diversity of conditions prevails in the industries to which the other revolutionary organizations belong. On the other hand, the so-called reformist organizations, -the Federation of Mines, the <i>Fédération du Livre</i>, the +the Federation of Mines, the <i>Fédération du Livre</i>, the Federation of Employees, differ in many respects and are determined in their policy by many considerations and conditions which are peculiar to each one of them.</p> @@ -7504,7 +7466,7 @@ discuss them one by one.</p> <p>The fundamental condition which determines the policy <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> of “direct action” is the poverty of French syndicalism. -Except the <i>Fédération du Livre</i>, only a very few federations +Except the <i>Fédération du Livre</i>, only a very few federations pay a more or less regular strike benefit; the rest have barely means enough to provide for their administrative and organizing expenses and can not collect @@ -7569,7 +7531,7 @@ on strike.</p> <p>The poverty of the French syndicats is the result of the reluctance of the French workingmen to pay high dues. -In the <i>Fédération du Livre</i>, which has the highest dues, +In the <i>Fédération du Livre</i>, which has the highest dues, every member pays a little over two francs a month. In other federations the dues are lower, coming down in some organizations to 10 centimes a month. In recent years @@ -7602,7 +7564,7 @@ are but loosely held together, are easily dissolved and are composed of a more or less variable and shifting membership. The instability is increased of course by the absence of benevolent features in the syndicats. The -<i>Fédération du Livre</i> alone pays sick and other benefits.</p> +<i>Fédération du Livre</i> alone pays sick and other benefits.</p> <p>The weakness of the syndicats predisposes the French workingmen to more and more generalized forms of @@ -7956,16 +7918,16 @@ be is hidden in the mystery of the future. <i>Qui vivra—verra</i>.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span></p> <h2>BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2> -<p><i>Action Directe</i>. Revue Révolutionnaire Syndicaliste. Paris, July, +<p><i>Action Directe</i>. Revue Révolutionnaire Syndicaliste. Paris, July, 1903-August, 1904.</p> -<p><i>Annuaire Statistique</i>. Ministère du Travail et de la Prévoyance Sociale. +<p><i>Annuaire Statistique</i>. Ministère du Travail et de la Prévoyance Sociale. Paris.</p> -<p>Antonelli, E. <i>La démocratie sociale devant les idées présentes</i>. Paris, +<p>Antonelli, E. <i>La démocratie sociale devant les idées présentes</i>. Paris, 1911.</p> -<p><i>Associations professionnelles ouvrières</i>; office du Travail. Paris, 1899-1904.</p> +<p><i>Associations professionnelles ouvrières</i>; office du Travail. Paris, 1899-1904.</p> <p>Barberet, J. <i>Monographies professionnelles</i>. 4 vols. Paris, 1886.</p> @@ -7973,9 +7935,9 @@ Paris.</p> <p>Berth, Edouard. <i>Les nouveaux aspects du socialisme</i>. Paris, 1908.</p> -<p>Blum, Leon. <i>Les congrès ouvriers et socialistes français</i>. Paris, 1901.</p> +<p>Blum, Leon. <i>Les congrès ouvriers et socialistes français</i>. Paris, 1901.</p> -<p>Bouglé, E. <i>Syndicalisme et démocratie</i>. Paris, 1908.</p> +<p>Bouglé, E. <i>Syndicalisme et démocratie</i>. Paris, 1908.</p> <p>Bourdeau, J. <i>Entre deux servitudes</i>. Paris, 1910.</p> @@ -7988,106 +7950,106 @@ Paris.</p> <p>Brants, Victor. <i>La petite industrie contemporaine</i>. Paris, 1902.</p> -<p>Breton, J. L. <i>L'Unité Socialiste</i>. Vol. 7 of Histoire des partis socialistes, -ed. by Zévaès. Paris, 1912.</p> +<p>Breton, J. L. <i>L'Unité Socialiste</i>. Vol. 7 of Histoire des partis socialistes, +ed. by Zévaès. Paris, 1912.</p> <p>Brooks, John Graham. <i>American Syndicalism</i>. New York, 1913.</p> -<p>Buisson, Etienne. <i>La grève générale</i>. Paris, 1905.</p> +<p>Buisson, Etienne. <i>La grève générale</i>. Paris, 1905.</p> -<p>Chaboseau, A. <i>De Babeuf à la Commune</i>. Volume 1 of Histoire des -partis socialistes, edited by Zévaès.</p> +<p>Chaboseau, A. <i>De Babeuf à la Commune</i>. Volume 1 of Histoire des +partis socialistes, edited by Zévaès.</p> -<p>Challaye, Félicien. <i>Syndicalisme révolutionnaire et syndicalisme réformiste</i>. +<p>Challaye, Félicien. <i>Syndicalisme révolutionnaire et syndicalisme réformiste</i>. Paris, 1909.</p> -<p>Chambre des Députés, Débats Parlementaires.</p> +<p>Chambre des Députés, Débats Parlementaires.</p> <p>Charnay, Maurice. <i>Les Allemanistes</i>. Vol. 5 of Histoire des partis -socialistes, edited by Zévaès.</p> +socialistes, edited by Zévaès.</p> <p>Clay, Sir Arthur. <i>Syndicalism and Labor</i>. London, 1912.</p> <p>Cole, G. D. H. <i>The World of Labor</i>. London, 1913.</p> -<p>Commission Ouvrière de 1867, recueil des procés-verbaux. 2 vols. +<p>Commission Ouvrière de 1867, recueil des procés-verbaux. 2 vols. Paris, 1868-69.</p> -<p>Congrès national des syndicats ouvriers tenu à Lyon en Octobre, +<p>Congrès national des syndicats ouvriers tenu à Lyon en Octobre, 1886, compte rendu Lyon, 1887. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span></p> -<p>Congrès général des organisations socialistes, compte rendu. Paris, +<p>Congrès général des organisations socialistes, compte rendu. Paris, 1899.</p> -<p>Congrès (deuxième) général des organisations socialistes françaises -tenu à Paris de 28 au 30 Septembre, 1900, compte rendu. Paris, +<p>Congrès (deuxième) général des organisations socialistes françaises +tenu à Paris de 28 au 30 Septembre, 1900, compte rendu. Paris, 1901.</p> -<p>Congrès (troisième) général des organisations socialistes françaises -tenu à Lyon du 26 au 28 mar., 1901, compte rendu. Paris, 1901.</p> +<p>Congrès (troisième) général des organisations socialistes françaises +tenu à Lyon du 26 au 28 mar., 1901, compte rendu. Paris, 1901.</p> -<p>Congrès national des syndicats tenu à Marseilles du 19 au 22 Octobre, +<p>Congrès national des syndicats tenu à Marseilles du 19 au 22 Octobre, 1892, compte rendu. Paris, 1909.</p> -<p>Congrès national du Parti Ouvrier tenu à Paris du 11 au 14 Juillet, +<p>Congrès national du Parti Ouvrier tenu à Paris du 11 au 14 Juillet, 1897, compte rendu.</p> -<p>Congrès national corporatif (IV<sup>e</sup> de la Confédération Générale du -Travail), tenu à Rennes, compte rendu. Rennes, 1898.</p> +<p>Congrès national corporatif (IV<sup>e</sup> de la Confédération Générale du +Travail), tenu à Rennes, compte rendu. Rennes, 1898.</p> -<p>Congrès national corporatif (V<sup>e</sup> de la Confédération), tenu à Paris, +<p>Congrès national corporatif (V<sup>e</sup> de la Confédération), tenu à Paris, compte rendu. Paris, 1900.</p> -<p>Congrès national corporatif (VI<sup>e</sup> de la Confédération), tenu à Lyon, +<p>Congrès national corporatif (VI<sup>e</sup> de la Confédération), tenu à Lyon, compte rendu. Lyon, 1901.</p> -<p>Congrès national corporatif (VII<sup>e</sup> de la Confédération), tenu à +<p>Congrès national corporatif (VII<sup>e</sup> de la Confédération), tenu à Montpellier, compte rendu. Montpellier, 1902.</p> -<p>Congrès national corporatif (VIII<sup>e</sup> de la Confédération), tenu à +<p>Congrès national corporatif (VIII<sup>e</sup> de la Confédération), tenu à Bourges, compte rendu. Bourges, 1904.</p> -<p>Congrès national corporatif (IX<sup>e</sup> de la Confédération), tenu à +<p>Congrès national corporatif (IX<sup>e</sup> de la Confédération), tenu à Amiens, compte rendu. Amiens, 1906.</p> -<p>Congrès national corporatif (X<sup>e</sup> de la Confédération), tenu à +<p>Congrès national corporatif (X<sup>e</sup> de la Confédération), tenu à Marseille, compte rendu. Marseille, 1909.</p> -<p>Congrès national corporatif (XI<sup>e</sup> de la Confédération), tenu à +<p>Congrès national corporatif (XI<sup>e</sup> de la Confédération), tenu à Toulouse, compte rendu. Paris, 1911.</p> -<p>Congrès national corporatif (XII<sup>e</sup> de la Confédération), tenu à +<p>Congrès national corporatif (XII<sup>e</sup> de la Confédération), tenu à Havre, compte rendu. Paris, 1913.</p> -<p>Congrès socialiste international tenu à Paris du 23 au 27 septembre, +<p>Congrès socialiste international tenu à Paris du 23 au 27 septembre, 1900. Paris, 1901.</p> -<p>Connay, J. <i>Le Compagnonnage, son histoire, ses mystères</i>. Paris, +<p>Connay, J. <i>Le Compagnonnage, son histoire, ses mystères</i>. Paris, 1909.</p> -<p>Cornélissen, Ch. “Ueber den internationalen Syndikalismus.” <i>Archiv -für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik</i>. Tübingen, 1910.</p> +<p>Cornélissen, Ch. “Ueber den internationalen Syndikalismus.” <i>Archiv +für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik</i>. Tübingen, 1910.</p> -<p>Crouzel, A. <i>Étude historique, économique et juridique sur les coalitions -et les grèves</i>. Paris, 1887.</p> +<p>Crouzel, A. <i>Étude historique, économique et juridique sur les coalitions +et les grèves</i>. Paris, 1887.</p> <p>Da Costa, Charles. <i>Les Blanquistes</i>. Vol. 6 of Histoire des partis -socialistes, edited by Zévaès. Paris, 1912.</p> +socialistes, edited by Zévaès. Paris, 1912.</p> <p>Delesalle, J. <i>Les Bourses du Travail et la C. G. T.</i> Paris.</p> <p>Delesalle, P. <i>L'action syndicaliste et les anarchistes</i>. Paris, 1900.</p> -<p>Déville, G. <i>Principes socialistes</i>. Paris, 1896.</p> +<p>Déville, G. <i>Principes socialistes</i>. Paris, 1896.</p> -<p>Dijol, M. <i>Situation économique de la France, sous le régime protectioniste +<p>Dijol, M. <i>Situation économique de la France, sous le régime protectioniste de 1892</i>. Paris, 1911. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p> <p>Diligent, Victor. <i>Les orientations syndicales</i>. Paris, 1910.</p> -<p>Dru, Gaston. <i>La Révolution qui vient</i>. Paris.</p> +<p>Dru, Gaston. <i>La Révolution qui vient</i>. Paris.</p> <p>Dubois, F. <i>The Anarchist Peril</i>. Tr. by Ralph Derechef. London.</p> @@ -8096,11 +8058,11 @@ de 1892</i>. Paris, 1911. <p>Du-Cellier, M. <i>Histoire des classes laborieuses en France</i>. Paris, 1860.</p> -<p>Dufour. <i>Le Syndicalisme et la Prochaine Révolution</i>. Paris, 1913.</p> +<p>Dufour. <i>Le Syndicalisme et la Prochaine Révolution</i>. Paris, 1913.</p> -<p><i>Économiste Français</i>. Monthly.</p> +<p><i>Économiste Français</i>. Monthly.</p> -<p><i>Égalité</i>. Periodical published from 1877 to 1881. Paris.</p> +<p><i>Égalité</i>. Periodical published from 1877 to 1881. Paris.</p> <p>Ely, R. T. <i>French and German Socialism</i>. New York, 1898.</p> @@ -8111,11 +8073,11 @@ de 1892</i>. Paris, 1911. <p>Festy, Octave. <i>Le mouvement ouvrier au debut de la Monarchie de Juillet</i>. Paris.</p> -<p><i>Forces productives de la France</i>. Conferences organisées a la Société -des anciens élèves de l'École libre des Sciences politiques. Paris, +<p><i>Forces productives de la France</i>. Conferences organisées a la Société +des anciens élèves de l'École libre des Sciences politiques. Paris, 1909.</p> -<p>Franck, Charles. <i>Les Bourses du Travail et la Confédération Générale +<p>Franck, Charles. <i>Les Bourses du Travail et la Confédération Générale du Travail</i>. Paris, 1910.</p> <p>Fribourg, E. E. <i>L'Association internationale des travailleurs</i>. Paris, @@ -8128,7 +8090,7 @@ Arbeiterbewegung</i>. Jena, 1908.</p> <p><i>Grande Revue</i>. Monthly.</p> -<p>Griffuelhes, V. <i>Voyage révolutionnaire; impressions d'un propagandiste</i>. +<p>Griffuelhes, V. <i>Voyage révolutionnaire; impressions d'un propagandiste</i>. Paris, 1910.</p> <p>Griffuelhes, V. <i>L'action syndicaliste</i>. Paris, 1908.</p> @@ -8136,7 +8098,7 @@ Paris, 1910.</p> <p>Griffuelhes, V. et Niel, L. <i>Les objectifs de nos luttes de classes</i>. Paris, 1909.</p> -<p><i>Guerre Sociale, La</i>, revolutionary weekly edited by Gustave Hervé.</p> +<p><i>Guerre Sociale, La</i>, revolutionary weekly edited by Gustave Hervé.</p> <p>Guesde, J. <i>Le Socialisme au jour le jour</i>. Paris, 1899.</p> @@ -8146,51 +8108,51 @@ Paris, 1909.</p> <p>Guillaume, James. <i>L'Internationale, documents et souvenirs</i>. 4 vols. Paris, 1905-10.</p> -<p>Hamon. A. <i>Le Socialisme et le congrès de Londres</i>. Paris, 1897.</p> +<p>Hamon. A. <i>Le Socialisme et le congrès de Londres</i>. Paris, 1897.</p> <p>Hanoteaux, G. <i>Modern France</i>. 4 vols. New York, 1903-09.</p> <p>Harley, J. H. <i>Syndicalism</i>. London, 1912.</p> -<p>Hervé, Gustave. <i>My Country, Right or Wrong</i>. English translation +<p>Hervé, Gustave. <i>My Country, Right or Wrong</i>. English translation by Guy Bowman. London, 1911.</p> -<p>Hubert-Valleroux, P. <i>La Co-opération en France</i>. Paris, 1904.</p> +<p>Hubert-Valleroux, P. <i>La Co-opération en France</i>. Paris, 1904.</p> <p>Humbert, Sylvain. <i>Le Mouvement Syndical</i>. Vol. 9 of Histoire des -partis socialistes, edited by Zévaès. Paris, 1912. +partis socialistes, edited by Zévaès. Paris, 1912. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span></p> <p>Humbert, Sylvain. <i>Les Possibilistes</i>. Vol. 4 of Histoire des partis -socialistes, edited by Zévaès. Paris, 1911.</p> +socialistes, edited by Zévaès. Paris, 1911.</p> -<p><i>L'Humanité</i>. Socialist daily published since 1905. Contains many +<p><i>L'Humanité</i>. Socialist daily published since 1905. Contains many articles by revolutionary and reformist syndicalists.</p> -<p>Isambert, G. <i>Les idées socialistes en France de 1815 à 1848</i>. Paris, +<p>Isambert, G. <i>Les idées socialistes en France de 1815 à 1848</i>. Paris, 1905.</p> -<p>Jouhaux, L. <i>Le Syndicalisme français</i>. Bruxelles, 1911.</p> +<p>Jouhaux, L. <i>Le Syndicalisme français</i>. Bruxelles, 1911.</p> -<p><i>Journal des Débats</i>. Weekly.</p> +<p><i>Journal des Débats</i>. Weekly.</p> -<p><i>Journal des Économistes</i>. Monthly.</p> +<p><i>Journal des Économistes</i>. Monthly.</p> <p>Kirkup, Th. <i>A History of Socialism</i>. Third edition. New York, 1906.</p> -<p>Kritsky. <i>L'Évolution du syndicalisme en France</i>. Paris, 1908.</p> +<p>Kritsky. <i>L'Évolution du syndicalisme en France</i>. Paris, 1908.</p> -<p>Labusquière. <i>La Troisième République</i>. Paris, 1909.</p> +<p>Labusquière. <i>La Troisième République</i>. Paris, 1909.</p> -<p>Lagardelle, H. <i>L'Évolution des syndicats ouvriers en France</i>. Paris, +<p>Lagardelle, H. <i>L'Évolution des syndicats ouvriers en France</i>. Paris, 1901.</p> -<p>Lagardelle, H. <i>La grève générale et le socialisme</i>. Paris, 1905.</p> +<p>Lagardelle, H. <i>La grève générale et le socialisme</i>. Paris, 1905.</p> <p>Lagardelle, H. <i>Le socialisme ouvrier</i>. Paris, 1911.</p> <p>Lagardelle, H. “Die Syndikalistische Bewegung in Frankreich.” <i>Archiv -für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik</i>. Tübingen, 1908.</p> +für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik</i>. Tübingen, 1908.</p> <p>Laurin, M. T. <i>Les Instituteurs et le syndicalisme</i>. Paris, 1908.</p> @@ -8198,11 +8160,11 @@ für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik</i>. Tübingen, 1908.</p> <p>Leroy, Maxime. <i>Syndicats et Services Publics</i>. Paris, 1909.</p> -<p>Levasseur, E. <i>Histoire des classes ouvrières et d'industrie en France +<p>Levasseur, E. <i>Histoire des classes ouvrières et d'industrie en France avant 1789</i>. 2 vols. Second edition. Paris, 1900.</p> -<p>Levasseur, E. <i>Histoire des classes ouvrières et d'industrie en France -de 1789 à 1870</i>. 2 vols. Second edition. Paris, 1903.</p> +<p>Levasseur, E. <i>Histoire des classes ouvrières et d'industrie en France +de 1789 à 1870</i>. 2 vols. Second edition. Paris, 1903.</p> <p>Levine, Louis. “The Development of Syndicalism in America.” <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>, September, 1913.</p> @@ -8218,50 +8180,50 @@ American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. 1912.</p> <p><i>Libertaire, Le</i>. Anarchist weekly.</p> -<p>Lorulot, André. <i>Le Syndicalisme et la transformation sociale</i>. Arcueil, +<p>Lorulot, André. <i>Le Syndicalisme et la transformation sociale</i>. Arcueil, 1909.</p> -<p>Louis, Paul. <i>Histoire du socialisme français</i>. Paris, 1901.</p> +<p>Louis, Paul. <i>Histoire du socialisme français</i>. Paris, 1901.</p> <p>Louis, P. <i>Histoire du mouvement syndical en France</i>. Paris, 1907.</p> -<p>Louis, P. <i>Le syndicalisme contre l'état</i>. Paris, 1910.</p> +<p>Louis, P. <i>Le syndicalisme contre l'état</i>. Paris, 1910.</p> -<p>Louis, P. “Die Einheitsbestrebungen im französischen Sozialismus.” -<i>Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik</i>. Tübingen, 1909.</p> +<p>Louis, P. “Die Einheitsbestrebungen im französischen Sozialismus.” +<i>Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik</i>. Tübingen, 1909.</p> <p>Macdonald, J. Ramsay. <i>Syndicalism</i>. 1912.</p> -<p>Méline, J. <i>The Return to the Land</i>. Tr. from the French. New +<p>Méline, J. <i>The Return to the Land</i>. Tr. from the French. New York, 1907. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span></p> -<p>Milhaud, A. <i>La lutte des classes à travers l'histoire et la politique</i>. +<p>Milhaud, A. <i>La lutte des classes à travers l'histoire et la politique</i>. Paris.</p> -<p>Millerand, A. <i>Le socialisme réformiste français</i>. Paris, 1903.</p> +<p>Millerand, A. <i>Le socialisme réformiste français</i>. Paris, 1903.</p> <p>Molinari, G. <i>Les Bourses du Travail</i>. Paris, 1893.</p> -<p>Molinari, G. <i>Le mouvement socialiste et les réunions publiques</i>. Paris, +<p>Molinari, G. <i>Le mouvement socialiste et les réunions publiques</i>. Paris, 1872.</p> <p><i>Mouvement Socialiste</i>. Published since 1899. Particularly valuable for students of revolutionary syndicalism.</p> -<p>Orry, Albert. <i>Les Socialistes Indépendant</i>. Vol. 8 of Histoire des -partis socialistes, edited by Zévaès. Paris, 1911.</p> +<p>Orry, Albert. <i>Les Socialistes Indépendant</i>. Vol. 8 of Histoire des +partis socialistes, edited by Zévaès. Paris, 1911.</p> <p>Parti Socialiste. Proceedings of annual conventions (1904-1913).</p> -<p>Pataud, E. et Pouget, E. <i>Comment nous ferons la révolution</i>. Paris, +<p>Pataud, E. et Pouget, E. <i>Comment nous ferons la révolution</i>. Paris, 1909. Translated into English by Charlotte and Frederick Charles, under title: <i>Syndicalism and the Co-operative Commonwealth</i>. London, 1913.</p> -<p>Pawlowski, A. <i>La confédération générale du travail</i>. Paris, 1910.</p> +<p>Pawlowski, A. <i>La confédération générale du travail</i>. Paris, 1910.</p> -<p>Pelloutier, F. <i>Le congrès général du parti socialiste français</i>. Paris, +<p>Pelloutier, F. <i>Le congrès général du parti socialiste français</i>. Paris, 1900.</p> <p>Pelloutier, F. <i>Histoire des bourses du travail</i>. Paris, 1902.</p> @@ -8269,12 +8231,12 @@ London, 1913.</p> <p>Pelloutier, Maurice. <i>Fernand Pelloutier, sa vie, son oeuvre</i>. Paris, 1911.</p> -<p>Pelloutier, F. et M. <i>La vie ouvrière</i>. Paris, 1900.</p> +<p>Pelloutier, F. et M. <i>La vie ouvrière</i>. Paris, 1900.</p> <p>Perdiguier, Agricol. <i>Le livre du compagnonnage</i>. Second edition. Paris, 1841.</p> -<p>Pierrot. <i>Syndicalism et révolution</i>. Second edition. Paris, 1908.</p> +<p>Pierrot. <i>Syndicalism et révolution</i>. Second edition. Paris, 1908.</p> <p>Pouget, E. <i>Le sabotage</i>. Paris, 1910. English translation by Arturo M. Giovannitti.</p> @@ -8285,40 +8247,40 @@ M. Giovannitti.</p> <p>Pouget, E. <i>Le parti du travail</i>. Paris.</p> -<p>Pouget, E. <i>La confédération générale du travail</i>. Paris, 1908.</p> +<p>Pouget, E. <i>La confédération générale du travail</i>. Paris, 1908.</p> <p>Prolo, Jacques. <i>Les Anarchistes</i>. Vol. 10 of Histoire des partis socialistes, -edited by Zévaès. Paris, 1912.</p> +edited by Zévaès. Paris, 1912.</p> -<p>Proudhon, J. P. <i>De la capacité politique des classes ouvrières</i>. Paris, +<p>Proudhon, J. P. <i>De la capacité politique des classes ouvrières</i>. Paris, 1865.</p> -<p>Renard, Georges. <i>La république de 1848</i>. Paris, 1907.</p> +<p>Renard, Georges. <i>La république de 1848</i>. Paris, 1907.</p> <p>Renard, G. <i>Syndicats, trades unions, et corporations</i>. Paris, 1909.</p> -<p>Rénault, Ch. <i>Histoire des grèves</i>. Paris, 1887.</p> +<p>Rénault, Ch. <i>Histoire des grèves</i>. Paris, 1887.</p> <p><i>Revue Socialiste</i>. Monthly.</p> <p><i>Revue Syndicaliste</i>. Monthly published from May, 1905, to January, 1910.</p> -<p>Séances du Congrès Ouvrier de France. Session de 1876. Paris, 1877.</p> +<p>Séances du Congrès Ouvrier de France. Session de 1876. Paris, 1877.</p> -<p>Seilhac, Leon de. <i>Syndicats ouvriers, fédérations, bourses du travail</i>. +<p>Seilhac, Leon de. <i>Syndicats ouvriers, fédérations, bourses du travail</i>. Paris, 1902. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228"></a>[Pg 228]</span></p> -<p>Seilhac, Leon de. <i>Les congrès ouvriers en France</i>. Paris, 1899.</p> +<p>Seilhac, Leon de. <i>Les congrès ouvriers en France</i>. Paris, 1899.</p> <p>Seilhac, Leon de. <i>Le monde socialiste</i>. Paris, 1896.</p> <p>Severac, G. <i>Guide pratique des syndicats professionnels</i>. Paris, 1908.</p> -<p>Smith, L. <i>Les coalitions et les grèves</i>. Paris, 1885.</p> +<p>Smith, L. <i>Les coalitions et les grèves</i>. Paris, 1885.</p> -<p><i>Socialiste, Le</i>. Organe central du Parti Socialiste Français.</p> +<p><i>Socialiste, Le</i>. Organe central du Parti Socialiste Français.</p> <p>Sombart, Werner. <i>Socialism and the Social Movement</i>. English tr. by M. Epstein. New York, 1909.</p> @@ -8326,20 +8288,20 @@ by M. Epstein. New York, 1909.</p> <p>Sorel, G. <i>L'avenir socialiste des syndicats</i>. Revised edition. Paris, 1901.</p> -<p>Sorel, G. <i>La décomposition du marxisme</i>. Paris, 1908.</p> +<p>Sorel, G. <i>La décomposition du marxisme</i>. Paris, 1908.</p> -<p>Sorel, G. <i>Illusions du progrès</i>. Paris, 1911. Second edition.</p> +<p>Sorel, G. <i>Illusions du progrès</i>. Paris, 1911. Second edition.</p> -<p>Sorel, G. <i>Réflexions sur la violence</i>. Paris, 1910. Second edition.</p> +<p>Sorel, G. <i>Réflexions sur la violence</i>. Paris, 1910. Second edition.</p> -<p>Sorel, G. <i>Introduction à l'économie moderne</i>. Second edition. Paris.</p> +<p>Sorel, G. <i>Introduction à l'économie moderne</i>. Second edition. Paris.</p> -<p>Sorel, G. <i>La révolution dreyfusienne</i>. Second edition. Paris, 1911.</p> +<p>Sorel, G. <i>La révolution dreyfusienne</i>. Second edition. Paris, 1911.</p> -<p>Sorel, G. “La polémique pour l'interprétation du marxisme.” <i>Revue +<p>Sorel, G. “La polémique pour l'interprétation du marxisme.” <i>Revue internationale de sociologie</i>. Paris, 1900.</p> -<p>Sorel, G. “L'éthique du socialisme.” <i>Morale Sociale</i>. Paris, 1900.</p> +<p>Sorel, G. “L'éthique du socialisme.” <i>Morale Sociale</i>. Paris, 1900.</p> <p>Spargo, John. <i>Syndicalism, Industrial Unionism, and Socialism</i>. New York, 1913.</p> @@ -8363,14 +8325,14 @@ Paris.</p> <p>Thomas, Albert. <i>Le second empire</i>. Paris, 1907.</p> -<p>Tridon, André. <i>The New Unionism</i>. New York, 1913.</p> +<p>Tridon, André. <i>The New Unionism</i>. New York, 1913.</p> -<p><i>Vie Ouvrière</i>. Revue Syndicaliste Bi-mensuelle. Paris.</p> +<p><i>Vie Ouvrière</i>. Revue Syndicaliste Bi-mensuelle. Paris.</p> <p>Villetard, Edmond. <i>History of the International</i>. Tr. from the French, 1874.</p> -<p><i>Voix du Peuple</i>. Organe de la Confédération Générale du Travail.</p> +<p><i>Voix du Peuple</i>. Organe de la Confédération Générale du Travail.</p> <p>Warbasse, James Peter. <i>The Ethics of Sabotage</i>. Pamphlet. New York, 1913.</p> @@ -8389,27 +8351,27 @@ York, 1913.</p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p> <p>Weill, G. “Die Formen der Arbeiterbewegung in Frankreich.” <i>Archiv -für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik</i>. Tübingen, 1909.</p> +für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik</i>. Tübingen, 1909.</p> <p>Yvetot, George. <i>A. B. C. syndicaliste</i>. Paris.</p> <p>Yvetot, G. <i>Manuel du soldat</i>. Paris.</p> -<p>Zévaès, Alexandre. <i>Histoire des partis socialistes en France</i>. 11 volumes. +<p>Zévaès, Alexandre. <i>Histoire des partis socialistes en France</i>. 11 volumes. Paris, 1911.</p> -<p>Zévaès, Alexandre. <i>Le Socialisme en France depuis 1871</i>. Paris, 1908.</p> +<p>Zévaès, Alexandre. <i>Le Socialisme en France depuis 1871</i>. Paris, 1908.</p> -<p>Zévaès, Alexandre. <i>Le Syndicalisme Contemporain</i>. Paris, 1911.</p> +<p>Zévaès, Alexandre. <i>Le Syndicalisme Contemporain</i>. Paris, 1911.</p> -<p>Zévaès, Alexandre. <i>Le Socialisme en 1912</i>. Vol. 11 of Histoire des +<p>Zévaès, Alexandre. <i>Le Socialisme en 1912</i>. Vol. 11 of Histoire des partis socialistes. Paris, 1912.</p> -<p>Zévaès, Alexandre. <i>De la semaine sanglante au Congrès de Marseille +<p>Zévaès, Alexandre. <i>De la semaine sanglante au Congrès de Marseille (1871-1879)</i>. Vol. 2 of Histoire des partis socialistes, edited by -Zévaès. Paris, 1911.</p> +Zévaès. Paris, 1911.</p> -<p>Zévaès, Alexandre. <i>Les Guesdistes</i>. Vol. 3 of Histoire des partis +<p>Zévaès, Alexandre. <i>Les Guesdistes</i>. Vol. 3 of Histoire des partis socialistes. Paris, 1911.</p> <div class="footnotes"><h2>FOOTNOTES:</h2> @@ -8418,14 +8380,14 @@ socialistes. Paris, 1911.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The term “socialist” is here used in a wide sense to include all varieties, even communistic anarchism.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>Les Associations Professionelles Ouvrières</i>, Office du Travail +<p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> <i>Les Associations Professionelles Ouvrières</i>, Office du Travail (Paris, 1899), vol. i, p. 7.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> <i>Annuaire Statistique</i>.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>Les Associations Professionelles</i>, vol. i, p. 8.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> H. Lagardelle, <i>L'Évolution des Syndicats Ouvriers en France</i> +<p><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> H. Lagardelle, <i>L'Évolution des Syndicats Ouvriers en France</i> (Paris, 1901), p. 13.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>Les Associations Professionelles</i>, vol. i, pp. 11-12.</p> @@ -8444,10 +8406,10 @@ du Movement Social en France</i> (Paris, 1904), p. 332.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> M. Du Cellier, <i>Histoire des Classes Laborieuses en France</i> (Paris, 1860), p. 362.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Octave Festy, <i>Le Movement Ouvrier au Début de la Monarchie de +<p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Octave Festy, <i>Le Movement Ouvrier au Début de la Monarchie de Juillet</i>, <i>passim</i>.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Octave Festy, <i>Le Movement Ouvrier au Début de la Monarchie de +<p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Octave Festy, <i>Le Movement Ouvrier au Début de la Monarchie de France</i> (Paris, 1900), vol. i, pp. 600 <i>et seq.</i></p> <p><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> <i>Les Associations Professionelles</i>, vol. i, p. 95.</p> @@ -8472,27 +8434,27 @@ Livre du Compagnonnage</i>, 1841.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_24" id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> On the history of French socialism: R. T. Ely, <i>French and German Socialism</i> (1878); Th. Kirkup, <i>A History of Socialism</i> (1906); G. -Isambert, <i>Les Idées Socialistes en France</i> (1905); P. Louis, <i>Histoire -du Socialisme Français</i> (1901).</p> +Isambert, <i>Les Idées Socialistes en France</i> (1905); P. Louis, <i>Histoire +du Socialisme Français</i> (1901).</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_25" id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Georges Renard, <i>La République de 1848</i>.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_25" id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Georges Renard, <i>La République de 1848</i>.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_26" id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Albert Thomas, <i>Le Second Empire</i> (Paris, 1907).</p> <p><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> G. Weill, <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 63-65.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> <i>Commission Ouvrière de 1867, Recueil des Procés-Verbaux</i>, vol. +<p><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> <i>Commission Ouvrière de 1867, Recueil des Procés-Verbaux</i>, vol. i, p. 28.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_29" id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Lagardelle, <i>Évolution des Syndicats</i>, pp. 218-9.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_29" id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Lagardelle, <i>Évolution des Syndicats</i>, pp. 218-9.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> <i>Commission Ouvrière de 1867</i>, vol. i, p. 28.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> <i>Commission Ouvrière de 1867</i>, vol. i, p. 28.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_31" id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> P. Hubert-Valleroux, <i>La Co-opération</i> (Paris, 1904), pp. 14-17.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_31" id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> P. Hubert-Valleroux, <i>La Co-opération</i> (Paris, 1904), pp. 14-17.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_32" id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> P. Hubert-Valleroux, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 16.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_33" id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> P. J. Proudhon, <i>De la Capacité Politique des Classes Ouvrières</i> +<p><a name="Footnote_33" id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> P. J. Proudhon, <i>De la Capacité Politique des Classes Ouvrières</i> (Paris, 1865), p. 59.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_34" id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> A. Thomas, <i>Le Second Empire</i>, p. 332.</p> @@ -8522,9 +8484,9 @@ p. 16.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_44" id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> Fernand Pelloutier, <i>Histoire des Bourses du Travail</i> (Paris, 1902), p. 35.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_45" id="Footnote_45" href="#FNanchor_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> <i>Séances du Congrès Ouvrier de France</i>, Session de 1876, p. 43.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_45" id="Footnote_45" href="#FNanchor_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> <i>Séances du Congrès Ouvrier de France</i>, Session de 1876, p. 43.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_46" id="Footnote_46" href="#FNanchor_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> <i>Séances du Congrès Ouvrier</i>, 1876 (Paris, 1877), p. 9.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_46" id="Footnote_46" href="#FNanchor_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> <i>Séances du Congrès Ouvrier</i>, 1876 (Paris, 1877), p. 9.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_47" id="Footnote_47" href="#FNanchor_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> Afterward one of the active members of the <i>Office du Travail</i>.</p> @@ -8532,28 +8494,28 @@ p. 35.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_49" id="Footnote_49" href="#FNanchor_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Terrail-Mermeix, <i>La France Socialiste</i> (Paris, 1886), p. 51.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_50" id="Footnote_50" href="#FNanchor_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> <i>L'Égalité</i>, 18 Nov., 1877.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_50" id="Footnote_50" href="#FNanchor_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> <i>L'Égalité</i>, 18 Nov., 1877.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_51" id="Footnote_51" href="#FNanchor_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Terrail-Mermeix, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 98.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_52" id="Footnote_52" href="#FNanchor_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Leon Blum, <i>Les Congrès Ouvriers et Socialistes Français</i> (Paris, +<p><a name="Footnote_52" id="Footnote_52" href="#FNanchor_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Leon Blum, <i>Les Congrès Ouvriers et Socialistes Français</i> (Paris, 1901), pp. 33-4.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_53" id="Footnote_53" href="#FNanchor_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 36.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_54" id="Footnote_54" href="#FNanchor_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Leon de Seilhac, <i>Les Congrès Ouvriers en France</i> (Paris, 1899), +<p><a name="Footnote_54" id="Footnote_54" href="#FNanchor_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Leon de Seilhac, <i>Les Congrès Ouvriers en France</i> (Paris, 1899), p. 47.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_55" id="Footnote_55" href="#FNanchor_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> <i>Pourquoi Guesde n'est-il pas anarchiste?</i> p. 6.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_56" id="Footnote_56" href="#FNanchor_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> On the anarchist theory, the works of Bakounin, Kropotkin, Reclus and J. Grave should be consulted; on anarchism in France see Dubois, -<i>Le Péril anarchiste</i>; Garin, <i>l'Anarchie</i>; also various periodicals, -particularly, <i>Le Révolte</i> and <i>Les Temps Nouveaux</i>.</p> +<i>Le Péril anarchiste</i>; Garin, <i>l'Anarchie</i>; also various periodicals, +particularly, <i>Le Révolte</i> and <i>Les Temps Nouveaux</i>.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_57" id="Footnote_57" href="#FNanchor_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> John Labusquière, <i>La Troisième République</i> (Paris), p. 257.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_57" id="Footnote_57" href="#FNanchor_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> John Labusquière, <i>La Troisième République</i> (Paris), p. 257.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_58" id="Footnote_58" href="#FNanchor_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> <i>L'Égalité</i>, 30 June, 1880.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_58" id="Footnote_58" href="#FNanchor_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> <i>L'Égalité</i>, 30 June, 1880.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_59" id="Footnote_59" href="#FNanchor_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> In socialist writings this transition period is always spoken of as the “Dictatorship of the Proletariat.”</p> @@ -8572,17 +8534,17 @@ the “Dictatorship of the Proletariat.”</p> <p><a name="Footnote_65" id="Footnote_65" href="#FNanchor_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> On the socialist groups of this period see Leon de Seilhac, <i>Le Monde Socialiste</i> (Paris, 1896).</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_66" id="Footnote_66" href="#FNanchor_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Seilhac, <i>Les Congrès Ouvriers</i>, p. 124.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_66" id="Footnote_66" href="#FNanchor_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Seilhac, <i>Les Congrès Ouvriers</i>, p. 124.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_67" id="Footnote_67" href="#FNanchor_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> Blum, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 93.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_68" id="Footnote_68" href="#FNanchor_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> <i>Séances du Congrès Ouvrier</i>, session de 1886, pp. 18-19.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_68" id="Footnote_68" href="#FNanchor_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> <i>Séances du Congrès Ouvrier</i>, session de 1886, pp. 18-19.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_69" id="Footnote_69" href="#FNanchor_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> <i>Congrès National des Syndicats Ouvriers, Compte Rendu</i>, pp. 344-5.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_69" id="Footnote_69" href="#FNanchor_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> <i>Congrès National des Syndicats Ouvriers, Compte Rendu</i>, pp. 344-5.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_70" id="Footnote_70" href="#FNanchor_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Pelloutier, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 60.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_71" id="Footnote_71" href="#FNanchor_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Charles Franck, <i>Les Bourses du Travail et la Confédération Générale +<p><a name="Footnote_71" id="Footnote_71" href="#FNanchor_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Charles Franck, <i>Les Bourses du Travail et la Confédération Générale du Travail</i> (Paris, 1910), p. 17.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_72" id="Footnote_72" href="#FNanchor_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> G. de Molinari, <i>Les Bourses du Travail</i> (Paris, 1893), p. 257.</p> @@ -8591,19 +8553,19 @@ du Travail</i> (Paris, 1910), p. 17.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_74" id="Footnote_74" href="#FNanchor_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Pelloutier, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 64.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_75" id="Footnote_75" href="#FNanchor_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Seilhac, <i>Les Congrès Ouvriers</i>, p. 230.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_75" id="Footnote_75" href="#FNanchor_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Seilhac, <i>Les Congrès Ouvriers</i>, p. 230.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_76" id="Footnote_76" href="#FNanchor_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> B. & S. Webb, <i>History of Trade Unionism</i>, pp. 118-122.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_77" id="Footnote_77" href="#FNanchor_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Dr. E. Georgi, <i>Theorie und Praxis des Generalstreiks in der modernen Arbeiterbewegung</i> (Jena, 1908).</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_78" id="Footnote_78" href="#FNanchor_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> H. Lagardelle, <i>La Grève Générale et le Socialisme</i> (Paris, 1905), +<p><a name="Footnote_78" id="Footnote_78" href="#FNanchor_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> H. Lagardelle, <i>La Grève Générale et le Socialisme</i> (Paris, 1905), p. 42.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_79" id="Footnote_79" href="#FNanchor_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> L. Blum, <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 129, 137.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_80" id="Footnote_80" href="#FNanchor_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> <i>Le Congrès National des Syndicats, Compte Rendu</i>, pp. 45 <i>et seq.</i></p> +<p><a name="Footnote_80" id="Footnote_80" href="#FNanchor_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> <i>Le Congrès National des Syndicats, Compte Rendu</i>, pp. 45 <i>et seq.</i></p> <p><a name="Footnote_81" id="Footnote_81" href="#FNanchor_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> To meet this criticism the Allemanists argued that the militant workingmen could have “reserves” accumulated little by little which @@ -8612,15 +8574,15 @@ strike.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_82" id="Footnote_82" href="#FNanchor_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> G. Deville, <i>Principes Socialistes</i> (Paris, 1896), pp. 191-201.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_83" id="Footnote_83" href="#FNanchor_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Seilhac, <i>Les Congrès Ouvriers</i>, p. 286.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_83" id="Footnote_83" href="#FNanchor_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Seilhac, <i>Les Congrès Ouvriers</i>, p. 286.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_84" id="Footnote_84" href="#FNanchor_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> <i>Annuaire Statistique</i>.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_85" id="Footnote_85" href="#FNanchor_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Seilhac, <i>Congrès Ouvriers</i>, p. 231.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_85" id="Footnote_85" href="#FNanchor_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Seilhac, <i>Congrès Ouvriers</i>, p. 231.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_86" id="Footnote_86" href="#FNanchor_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> On the <i>Bourses du Travail</i> see, F. Pelloutier, <i>Histoire des Bourses -du Travail</i>, 1902; Ch. Franck, <i>Les Bourses du Travail et la Confédération -Générale du Travail</i>, 1910; P. Delesalle, <i>Les Bourses du Travail +du Travail</i>, 1902; Ch. Franck, <i>Les Bourses du Travail et la Confédération +Générale du Travail</i>, 1910; P. Delesalle, <i>Les Bourses du Travail et la C. G. T.</i> (Paris, 1910).</p> <p><a name="Footnote_87" id="Footnote_87" href="#FNanchor_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Pelloutier, <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 87-88.</p> @@ -8636,7 +8598,7 @@ Vie, son Oeuvre</i> (Paris, 1911).</p> <p><a name="Footnote_92" id="Footnote_92" href="#FNanchor_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> P. Delesalle, <i>Temps Nouveaux</i>, 23 Mars, 1901.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_93" id="Footnote_93" href="#FNanchor_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Seilhac, <i>Congrès Ouvriers</i>, p. 272.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_93" id="Footnote_93" href="#FNanchor_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> Seilhac, <i>Congrès Ouvriers</i>, p. 272.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_94" id="Footnote_94" href="#FNanchor_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> The anarchists in France call themselves <i>libertaires</i>.</p> @@ -8654,21 +8616,21 @@ Vie, son Oeuvre</i> (Paris, 1911).</p> <p><a name="Footnote_101" id="Footnote_101" href="#FNanchor_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> F. Pelloutier, <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 163-4.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_102" id="Footnote_102" href="#FNanchor_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Seilhac, <i>Congrès Ouvriers</i>, p. 317.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_102" id="Footnote_102" href="#FNanchor_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Seilhac, <i>Congrès Ouvriers</i>, p. 317.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_103" id="Footnote_103" href="#FNanchor_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> The changes in the form of organization which have been made since 1902 are in harmony with the fundamental ideas of the constitution adopted in 1902.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_104" id="Footnote_104" href="#FNanchor_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> <i>XI Congrès National Corporatif</i> (Paris, 1900), p. 35.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_104" id="Footnote_104" href="#FNanchor_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> <i>XI Congrès National Corporatif</i> (Paris, 1900), p. 35.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_105" id="Footnote_105" href="#FNanchor_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> Typographical Union.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_106" id="Footnote_106" href="#FNanchor_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> Seilhac, p. 328.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_107" id="Footnote_107" href="#FNanchor_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Seilhac, <i>Congrès Ouvriers</i>, p. 325; Ch. Franck, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 323.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_107" id="Footnote_107" href="#FNanchor_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Seilhac, <i>Congrès Ouvriers</i>, p. 325; Ch. Franck, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 323.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_108" id="Footnote_108" href="#FNanchor_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> Seilhac, <i>Congrès Ouvriers</i>, pp. 331-2.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_108" id="Footnote_108" href="#FNanchor_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> Seilhac, <i>Congrès Ouvriers</i>, pp. 331-2.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_109" id="Footnote_109" href="#FNanchor_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> Ch. Franck, <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 226-7.</p> @@ -8677,22 +8639,22 @@ process of production; <i>cf.</i> ch. v.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_111" id="Footnote_111" href="#FNanchor_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> E. Pouget, <i>Le Sabotage</i> (Paris, 1910), pp. 15-16.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_112" id="Footnote_112" href="#FNanchor_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> <i>X Congrès National Corporatif</i> (IV de la C. G. T.), Rennes, 1898, +<p><a name="Footnote_112" id="Footnote_112" href="#FNanchor_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> <i>X Congrès National Corporatif</i> (IV de la C. G. T.), Rennes, 1898, p. 77.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_113" id="Footnote_113" href="#FNanchor_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> <i>X Congrès National Corporatif</i> (Rennes, 1898), p. 334.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_113" id="Footnote_113" href="#FNanchor_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> <i>X Congrès National Corporatif</i> (Rennes, 1898), p. 334.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_114" id="Footnote_114" href="#FNanchor_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 334.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_115" id="Footnote_115" href="#FNanchor_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> <i>X Congrès National Corporatif</i> (Rennes, 1898), p. 302.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_115" id="Footnote_115" href="#FNanchor_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> <i>X Congrès National Corporatif</i> (Rennes, 1898), p. 302.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_116" id="Footnote_116" href="#FNanchor_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> <i>XI Congrès National Corporatif</i> (Paris, 1900), p. 198.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_116" id="Footnote_116" href="#FNanchor_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> <i>XI Congrès National Corporatif</i> (Paris, 1900), p. 198.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_117" id="Footnote_117" href="#FNanchor_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 113.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_118" id="Footnote_118" href="#FNanchor_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> <i>XI Congrès National Corporatif</i> (Paris, 1900), p. 110.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_118" id="Footnote_118" href="#FNanchor_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> <i>XI Congrès National Corporatif</i> (Paris, 1900), p. 110.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_119" id="Footnote_119" href="#FNanchor_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> <i>XI Congrès National Corporatif</i> (Paris, 1900), p. 205.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_119" id="Footnote_119" href="#FNanchor_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> <i>XI Congrès National Corporatif</i> (Paris, 1900), p. 205.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_120" id="Footnote_120" href="#FNanchor_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> The growth of syndicats in France since 1895 is shown in the following table:</p> @@ -8708,7 +8670,7 @@ table:</p> <tr><td align="center"> 1901</td><td align="center">3,287</td><td align="center">588,832</td></tr> </table></div> -<p><a name="Footnote_121" id="Footnote_121" href="#FNanchor_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> <i>XII Congrès National Corporatif</i> (Lyons, 1901), p. 170.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_121" id="Footnote_121" href="#FNanchor_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> <i>XII Congrès National Corporatif</i> (Lyons, 1901), p. 170.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_122" id="Footnote_122" href="#FNanchor_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, pp. 177-8.</p> @@ -8732,7 +8694,7 @@ Professionnels</i> (Paris, 1908), pp. 125-136.</p> they do not by any means exhaust his legislative activities during this period.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_131" id="Footnote_131" href="#FNanchor_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> <i>XII Congrès National Corporatif</i> (VI de la C. G. T.), Lyons, 1901, +<p><a name="Footnote_131" id="Footnote_131" href="#FNanchor_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> <i>XII Congrès National Corporatif</i> (VI de la C. G. T.), Lyons, 1901, p. 110.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_132" id="Footnote_132" href="#FNanchor_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 114.</p> @@ -8745,28 +8707,28 @@ p. 110.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_136" id="Footnote_136" href="#FNanchor_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 110.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_137" id="Footnote_137" href="#FNanchor_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> <i>XI Congrès National Corporatif</i>, p. 114.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_137" id="Footnote_137" href="#FNanchor_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> <i>XI Congrès National Corporatif</i>, p. 114.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_138" id="Footnote_138" href="#FNanchor_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 119.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_139" id="Footnote_139" href="#FNanchor_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> A. Hamon, <i>Le Socialisme et le Congrès de Londres</i> (Paris, 1897), +<p><a name="Footnote_139" id="Footnote_139" href="#FNanchor_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> A. Hamon, <i>Le Socialisme et le Congrès de Londres</i> (Paris, 1897), p. 11.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_140" id="Footnote_140" href="#FNanchor_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> L. Blum, <i>Congrès Ouvriers et Socialistes</i>, p. 146.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_140" id="Footnote_140" href="#FNanchor_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> L. Blum, <i>Congrès Ouvriers et Socialistes</i>, p. 146.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_141" id="Footnote_141" href="#FNanchor_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> <i>Chambre des Deputés, Débats Parlementaires</i>; July 11, 1895; November +<p><a name="Footnote_141" id="Footnote_141" href="#FNanchor_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> <i>Chambre des Deputés, Débats Parlementaires</i>; July 11, 1895; November 22, 1895.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_142" id="Footnote_142" href="#FNanchor_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> Deville, <i>Principes Socialistes</i>.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_143" id="Footnote_143" href="#FNanchor_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> A. Millerand, <i>Le Socialisme Réformiste Français</i> (Paris, 1903), +<p><a name="Footnote_143" id="Footnote_143" href="#FNanchor_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> A. Millerand, <i>Le Socialisme Réformiste Français</i> (Paris, 1903), pp. 31-32.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_144" id="Footnote_144" href="#FNanchor_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> <i>Le Mouvement Socialiste</i>, Jan., 1899.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_145" id="Footnote_145" href="#FNanchor_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> <i>XII Congrès Corporatif</i> (Lyons, 1901), p. 151.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_145" id="Footnote_145" href="#FNanchor_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> <i>XII Congrès Corporatif</i> (Lyons, 1901), p. 151.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_146" id="Footnote_146" href="#FNanchor_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> <i>Congrès Général des Organisations Socialistes</i> (Paris, 1899), p. 152.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_146" id="Footnote_146" href="#FNanchor_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> <i>Congrès Général des Organisations Socialistes</i> (Paris, 1899), p. 152.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_147" id="Footnote_147" href="#FNanchor_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 155.</p> @@ -8775,13 +8737,13 @@ the syndicats, the disillusioning effect of their terroristic campaign from 1890 to 1894, during which the exploits of Ravachole, Henri, Casiers, and others took place, must also be considered.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_149" id="Footnote_149" href="#FNanchor_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> <i>XI Congrès Corporatif</i>, (Lyons, 1901), p. 29.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_149" id="Footnote_149" href="#FNanchor_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> <i>XI Congrès Corporatif</i>, (Lyons, 1901), p. 29.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_150" id="Footnote_150" href="#FNanchor_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 14.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_151" id="Footnote_151" href="#FNanchor_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 69.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_152" id="Footnote_152" href="#FNanchor_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> An intermediate form of <i>sabotage</i> is that known as <i>sabotage à bouche +<p><a name="Footnote_152" id="Footnote_152" href="#FNanchor_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> An intermediate form of <i>sabotage</i> is that known as <i>sabotage à bouche ouverte</i> (<i>sabotage</i> of the open mouth). It consists in the disclosure of conditions generally withheld from the public, such as conditions in hotel-kitchens and restaurants, methods of weighing and measuring in @@ -8793,11 +8755,11 @@ before the law and that there are no classes in the state.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_154" id="Footnote_154" href="#FNanchor_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>L'Avenir Socialiste des Syndicats</i> (Paris, 1901), p. 3.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_155" id="Footnote_155" href="#FNanchor_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>Réflexions sur la Violence</i> (Paris, 1910), p. 249.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_155" id="Footnote_155" href="#FNanchor_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>Réflexions sur la Violence</i> (Paris, 1910), p. 249.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_156" id="Footnote_156" href="#FNanchor_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 246.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_157" id="Footnote_157" href="#FNanchor_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>Réflexions sur la Violence</i> (Paris, 1910), p. 249.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_157" id="Footnote_157" href="#FNanchor_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>Réflexions sur la Violence</i> (Paris, 1910), p. 249.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_158" id="Footnote_158" href="#FNanchor_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>L'Avenir Socialiste des Syndicats</i>, pp. 3-4.</p> @@ -8805,25 +8767,25 @@ before the law and that there are no classes in the state.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_160" id="Footnote_160" href="#FNanchor_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 4.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_161" id="Footnote_161" href="#FNanchor_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>Réflexions sur la Violence</i>, pp. 289-5.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_161" id="Footnote_161" href="#FNanchor_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>Réflexions sur la Violence</i>, pp. 289-5.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_162" id="Footnote_162" href="#FNanchor_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 42.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_163" id="Footnote_163" href="#FNanchor_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>Preface</i> to Pelloutier's <i>Histoire des Bourses du Travail</i>.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_164" id="Footnote_164" href="#FNanchor_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>Réflexions sur la Violence</i>, p. 179.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_164" id="Footnote_164" href="#FNanchor_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>Réflexions sur la Violence</i>, p. 179.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_165" id="Footnote_165" href="#FNanchor_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>Illusions du Progrès</i> (Paris, 1911), p. 10.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_165" id="Footnote_165" href="#FNanchor_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>Illusions du Progrès</i> (Paris, 1911), p. 10.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_166" id="Footnote_166" href="#FNanchor_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>Illusions du Progrès</i>, p. 59.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_166" id="Footnote_166" href="#FNanchor_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>Illusions du Progrès</i>, p. 59.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_167" id="Footnote_167" href="#FNanchor_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 276.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_168" id="Footnote_168" href="#FNanchor_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>Réflexions sur la Violence</i>, pp. 256-7.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_168" id="Footnote_168" href="#FNanchor_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>Réflexions sur la Violence</i>, pp. 256-7.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_169" id="Footnote_169" href="#FNanchor_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 150.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_170" id="Footnote_170" href="#FNanchor_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>Réflexions sur la Violence</i>, p. 8.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_170" id="Footnote_170" href="#FNanchor_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>Réflexions sur la Violence</i>, p. 8.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_171" id="Footnote_171" href="#FNanchor_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 12.</p> @@ -8831,12 +8793,12 @@ before the law and that there are no classes in the state.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_173" id="Footnote_173" href="#FNanchor_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>L'Avenir Socialiste des Syndicats</i>, p. 54.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_174" id="Footnote_174" href="#FNanchor_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>Réflexions sur la Violence</i>, pp. 201-2.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_174" id="Footnote_174" href="#FNanchor_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> G. Sorel, <i>Réflexions sur la Violence</i>, pp. 201-2.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_175" id="Footnote_175" href="#FNanchor_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> H. Lagardelle, <i>Le Socialisme Ouvrier</i> (Paris, 1911).</p> <p><a name="Footnote_176" id="Footnote_176" href="#FNanchor_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> See articles of Lagardelle, G. Weil and Cornelissen in the <i>Archiv -für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik</i>, 1907-1910.</p> +für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik</i>, 1907-1910.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_177" id="Footnote_177" href="#FNanchor_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> <i>Le Mouvement Socialiste</i> (May, 1908), p. 390.</p> @@ -8870,7 +8832,7 @@ The number of the Departmental Unions can not exceed eighty-seven (87), as there are but eighty-seven political subdivisions in France called Departments.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_182" id="Footnote_182" href="#FNanchor_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> E. Pouget, <i>Le Confédération Générale du Travail</i> (Paris, 1908), p. +<p><a name="Footnote_182" id="Footnote_182" href="#FNanchor_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> E. Pouget, <i>Le Confédération Générale du Travail</i> (Paris, 1908), p. 16.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_183" id="Footnote_183" href="#FNanchor_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> From Jan. 1, 1914, called the “Section of the Federation of Departmental @@ -8879,7 +8841,7 @@ Unions.”</p> <p><a name="Footnote_184" id="Footnote_184" href="#FNanchor_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> Increased in 1909 to 60 centimes. For further increase see page 195.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_185" id="Footnote_185" href="#FNanchor_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> When the reorganization is completed, this section will consist of -one delegate from each Departmental Union, who will form the <i>Comité +one delegate from each Departmental Union, who will form the <i>Comité des Unions Departmentales</i>. See note <a href="#Footnote_181">181</a> on page <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_186" id="Footnote_186" href="#FNanchor_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> Changed in 1909 to five centimes for each member per year.</p> @@ -8889,45 +8851,45 @@ des Unions Departmentales</i>. See note <a href="#Footnote_181">181</a> on page <p><a name="Footnote_188" id="Footnote_188" href="#FNanchor_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> Senator Paul Straus in <i>La Grande Revue</i> (Feb., 1914), pp. 320 <i>et seq.</i></p> -<p><a name="Footnote_189" id="Footnote_189" href="#FNanchor_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> <i>Journal des Débats</i> (Nov. 6, 1903), p. 865.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_189" id="Footnote_189" href="#FNanchor_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> <i>Journal des Débats</i> (Nov. 6, 1903), p. 865.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_190" id="Footnote_190" href="#FNanchor_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> <i>Journal des Économistes</i> (November, 1903), p. 315.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_190" id="Footnote_190" href="#FNanchor_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> <i>Journal des Économistes</i> (November, 1903), p. 315.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_191" id="Footnote_191" href="#FNanchor_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> <i>XIV Congrès National Corporatif</i> (Bourges, 1904), p. 8.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_191" id="Footnote_191" href="#FNanchor_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> <i>XIV Congrès National Corporatif</i> (Bourges, 1904), p. 8.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_192" id="Footnote_192" href="#FNanchor_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> <i>XIV Congrès Corporatif</i> (Bourges, 1904), pp. 95-6.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_192" id="Footnote_192" href="#FNanchor_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> <i>XIV Congrès Corporatif</i> (Bourges, 1904), pp. 95-6.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_193" id="Footnote_193" href="#FNanchor_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> <i>Mouvement Socialiste</i> (Nov., 1904), p. 61.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_194" id="Footnote_194" href="#FNanchor_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> A. Keufer, <i>Le Mouvement Socialiste</i> (Nov., 1904), p. 93.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_195" id="Footnote_195" href="#FNanchor_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> <i>XIV Congrès Corporatif</i> (Bourges, 1904), pp. 205-6.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_195" id="Footnote_195" href="#FNanchor_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> <i>XIV Congrès Corporatif</i> (Bourges, 1904), pp. 205-6.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_196" id="Footnote_196" href="#FNanchor_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 207.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_197" id="Footnote_197" href="#FNanchor_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> <i>Journal des Débats</i> (27 April, 1906), p. 769.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_197" id="Footnote_197" href="#FNanchor_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> <i>Journal des Débats</i> (27 April, 1906), p. 769.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_198" id="Footnote_198" href="#FNanchor_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> <i>Statistique des Grèves</i>, 1893-1908.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_198" id="Footnote_198" href="#FNanchor_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> <i>Statistique des Grèves</i>, 1893-1908.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_199" id="Footnote_199" href="#FNanchor_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> <i>XV Congrès National Corporatif</i> (Amiens, 1906), p. 103.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_199" id="Footnote_199" href="#FNanchor_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> <i>XV Congrès National Corporatif</i> (Amiens, 1906), p. 103.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_200" id="Footnote_200" href="#FNanchor_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> <i>Statistique des Grèves</i>, 1906, pp. 774 <i>et seq.</i></p> +<p><a name="Footnote_200" id="Footnote_200" href="#FNanchor_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> <i>Statistique des Grèves</i>, 1906, pp. 774 <i>et seq.</i></p> -<p><a name="Footnote_201" id="Footnote_201" href="#FNanchor_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> <i>XV Congrès Corporatif</i> (Amiens, 1906), p. 3.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_201" id="Footnote_201" href="#FNanchor_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> <i>XV Congrès Corporatif</i> (Amiens, 1906), p. 3.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_202" id="Footnote_202" href="#FNanchor_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> <i>XV Congrès Corporatif</i> (Amiens, 1906), pp. 135-6.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_202" id="Footnote_202" href="#FNanchor_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> <i>XV Congrès Corporatif</i> (Amiens, 1906), pp. 135-6.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_203" id="Footnote_203" href="#FNanchor_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 134.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_204" id="Footnote_204" href="#FNanchor_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 165.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_205" id="Footnote_205" href="#FNanchor_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> <i>XIV Congrès Corporatif</i> (Amiens, 1906), pp. 154-157.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_205" id="Footnote_205" href="#FNanchor_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> <i>XIV Congrès Corporatif</i> (Amiens, 1906), pp. 154-157.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_206" id="Footnote_206" href="#FNanchor_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> <i>XV Congrès Corporatif</i> (Amiens, 1906), p. 167.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_206" id="Footnote_206" href="#FNanchor_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> <i>XV Congrès Corporatif</i> (Amiens, 1906), p. 167.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_207" id="Footnote_207" href="#FNanchor_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> <i>XVI Congrès National Corporatif</i>, p. 213.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_207" id="Footnote_207" href="#FNanchor_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> <i>XVI Congrès National Corporatif</i>, p. 213.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_208" id="Footnote_208" href="#FNanchor_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> M. Guérard, once revolutionary, had become moderate.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_208" id="Footnote_208" href="#FNanchor_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> M. Guérard, once revolutionary, had become moderate.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_209" id="Footnote_209" href="#FNanchor_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> G. Weill, <i>Histoire du Mouvement Social du France</i>, 386.</p> @@ -8941,7 +8903,7 @@ in Europe and America</i> (New York, 1910).</p> <p><a name="Footnote_213" id="Footnote_213" href="#FNanchor_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> These figures are for 1911.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_214" id="Footnote_214" href="#FNanchor_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> <i>La Vie Ouvrière</i>, 20 Oct., 1910, p. 483; <i>XVII Congrès National +<p><a name="Footnote_214" id="Footnote_214" href="#FNanchor_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> <i>La Vie Ouvrière</i>, 20 Oct., 1910, p. 483; <i>XVII Congrès National Corporatif</i> (Toulouse, 1910), p. 226.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_215" id="Footnote_215" href="#FNanchor_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> L. Jouhaux, <i>Le Terrassier</i>, 20 June, 1911.</p> @@ -8952,24 +8914,24 @@ the French Nation</i>; Berry, <i>France since Waterloo</i>; Barrett Wendell, <p><a name="Footnote_217" id="Footnote_217" href="#FNanchor_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> <i>Op. cit.</i>, pp. 345-6.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_218" id="Footnote_218" href="#FNanchor_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> A. Pawlowski, <i>La Confédération Générale du Travail</i> (Paris, 1910), +<p><a name="Footnote_218" id="Footnote_218" href="#FNanchor_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> A. Pawlowski, <i>La Confédération Générale du Travail</i> (Paris, 1910), p. 51.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_219" id="Footnote_219" href="#FNanchor_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> <i>Mouvement Socialiste</i>, May, 1911.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_220" id="Footnote_220" href="#FNanchor_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> E. Thery, <i>Les Progrès Économiques de la France</i> (Paris, 1909), p. +<p><a name="Footnote_220" id="Footnote_220" href="#FNanchor_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> E. Thery, <i>Les Progrès Économiques de la France</i> (Paris, 1909), p. 181.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_221" id="Footnote_221" href="#FNanchor_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> <i>Journal des Économistes</i>, Jan., 1911, p. 133.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_221" id="Footnote_221" href="#FNanchor_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> <i>Journal des Économistes</i>, Jan., 1911, p. 133.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_222" id="Footnote_222" href="#FNanchor_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> <i>Statistique des Grèves</i>, 1909, vi-vii.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_222" id="Footnote_222" href="#FNanchor_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> <i>Statistique des Grèves</i>, 1909, vi-vii.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_223" id="Footnote_223" href="#FNanchor_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> <i>XIII Congrès National Corporatif</i>, 1902, pp. 30-31.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_223" id="Footnote_223" href="#FNanchor_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> <i>XIII Congrès National Corporatif</i>, 1902, pp. 30-31.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_224" id="Footnote_224" href="#FNanchor_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> <i>X Congrès National Corporatif</i>, p. 203; <i>XII Congrès National Corporatif</i>, +<p><a name="Footnote_224" id="Footnote_224" href="#FNanchor_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> <i>X Congrès National Corporatif</i>, p. 203; <i>XII Congrès National Corporatif</i>, pp. 15, 29, 44.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_225" id="Footnote_225" href="#FNanchor_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> A. Pawlowski, <i>La Confédération Générale du Travail</i>, p. 130.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_225" id="Footnote_225" href="#FNanchor_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> A. Pawlowski, <i>La Confédération Générale du Travail</i>, p. 130.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_226" id="Footnote_226" href="#FNanchor_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 123.</p> @@ -8985,11 +8947,11 @@ in foreign countries.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_230" id="Footnote_230" href="#FNanchor_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> See <a href="#Page_9">Preface to Second Edition</a>.</p> <p><a name="Footnote_231" id="Footnote_231" href="#FNanchor_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> The active population in 1906 was over 20,000,000, out of a total -population of over 39,000,000. <i>Journal des Économistes</i>, Jan., 1911.</p> +population of over 39,000,000. <i>Journal des Économistes</i>, Jan., 1911.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_232" id="Footnote_232" href="#FNanchor_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> <i>L'Humanité</i>, August 8, 1911.</p> +<p><a name="Footnote_232" id="Footnote_232" href="#FNanchor_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> <i>L'Humanité</i>, August 8, 1911.</p> -<p><a name="Footnote_233" id="Footnote_233" href="#FNanchor_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> M. Colrat, <i>Vers l'équilibre social</i>, quoted by Mr. J. L. Puecht, “Le +<p><a name="Footnote_233" id="Footnote_233" href="#FNanchor_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> M. Colrat, <i>Vers l'équilibre social</i>, quoted by Mr. J. L. Puecht, “Le Mouvement des Classes Moyennes,” in <i>La Grande Revue</i>, Dec., 1910.</p> </div></div> @@ -8997,18 +8959,18 @@ Mouvement des Classes Moyennes,” in <i>La Grande Revue</i>, Dec., 1910.</p List of corrected printers' errors:<br /> pages <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a> and <a href="#Page_189">189</a> "working class" changed to "working-class"<br /> page <a href="#Page_5">5</a> "devolpment" changed to "development" ("it is also a development of the French Labor Movement.")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_13">13</a> "coöperative" changed to "co-operative" ("Revolution of 1848 and the co-operative movement") and ("Failure of co-operative central bank in 1868")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_13">13</a> "coöperation" changed to "co-operation" ("—Syndicats and co-operation—")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_13">13</a> "coöperative" changed to "co-operative" ("Revolution of 1848 and the co-operative movement") and ("Failure of co-operative central bank in 1868")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_13">13</a> "coöperation" changed to "co-operation" ("—Syndicats and co-operation—")<br /> page <a href="#Page_16">16</a> — added ("French workingmen—Causes of the")<br /> page <a href="#Page_30">30</a> "Perdigiuer" changed to "Perdiguier" ("Agricol Perdiguier, <i>Le Livre du Compagnonnage</i>, 1841.")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_32">32</a> "resistance" change to "résistance" ("was the <i>société de résistance</i>")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_32">32</a> "resistance" change to "résistance" ("was the <i>société de résistance</i>")<br /> page <a href="#Page_32">32</a> "." replaced with "," ("<i>Les Associations Professionelles</i>, vol. i. pp. 201-203.")<br /> page <a href="#Page_35">35</a> "presecuted" changed to "persecuted" ("organizations were persecuted;")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_40">40</a> "Cöopération" changed to "Co-opération" ("<i>La Co-opération</i> (Paris, 1904)")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_40">40</a> "Cöopération" changed to "Co-opération" ("<i>La Co-opération</i> (Paris, 1904)")<br /> page <a href="#Page_51">51</a> "bourgois" changed to "bourgeois" ("separation which existed between bourgeois and workingmen")<br /> page <a href="#Page_52">52</a> footnote reference in text altered, referred to wrong footnote<br /> page <a href="#Page_56">56</a> "hemmoroids" changed to "hemorrhoids" (" which it leaves to the hemorrhoids of bourgeois of every stamp)<br /> -page <a href="#Page_62">62</a> "Counseil" changed to "Conseil" ("(the <i>Conseil fédéral national</i>)")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_62">62</a> "Counseil" changed to "Conseil" ("(the <i>Conseil fédéral national</i>)")<br /> page <a href="#Page_65">65</a> "Arbeiter-bewegung" changed to "Arbeiterbewegung" ("<i>Theorie und Praxis des Generalstreiks in der modernen Arbeiterbewegung</i>")<br /> page <a href="#Page_68">68</a> missing "not" added ("they argued that the general strike could not be successful")<br /> page <a href="#Page_71">71</a> "employes" changed to "employees" ("of workingmen and of employees of both sexes")<br /> @@ -9016,22 +8978,22 @@ page <a href="#Page_71">71</a> missing ” added ("(<i>Parti syndical politi page <a href="#Page_75">75</a> missing "(" added ("<i>Bourses du Travail</i> (1896)")<br /> page <a href="#Page_80">80</a> "Nouveoux" changed to "Nouveaux" ("<i>Temps Nouveaux</i>, 23 Mars, 1901.")<br /> page <a href="#Page_93">93</a> "Alemanists" changed to "Allemanists" ("defended by Allemanists and anarchists,")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_93">93</a> "Guerard" changed to "Guérard" ("M. Guérard who defended the idea before the Congress. Said M. Guérard:")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_94">94</a> "Guerard" changed to "Guérard" ("And M. Guérard, applauded by the audience,")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_93">93</a> "Guerard" changed to "Guérard" ("M. Guérard who defended the idea before the Congress. Said M. Guérard:")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_94">94</a> "Guerard" changed to "Guérard" ("And M. Guérard, applauded by the audience,")<br /> page <a href="#Page_96">96</a> "recomended" changed to "recommended" ("To this end the report recommended")<br /> page <a href="#Page_97">97</a> "sub-committes" changed to "sub-committees" ("Only twenty Bourses formed sub-committees.")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_98">98</a> "Congès" changed to "Congrès" ("<i>X Congrès National Corporatif</i>")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_98">98</a> "Congès" changed to "Congrès" ("<i>X Congrès National Corporatif</i>")<br /> page <a href="#Page_101">101</a> removed " ("the completest possible emancipation.")<br /> page <a href="#Page_103">103</a> "posesses" changed to "possess" ("the workingmen who possess nothing.")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_104">104</a> "Guerard" changed to "Guérard" ("The secretary of the Confederation, M. Guérard,")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_104">104</a> "Guerard" changed to "Guérard" ("The secretary of the Confederation, M. Guérard,")<br /> page <a href="#Page_104">104</a> removed "," from "complained that the _Voix du Peuple_" page <a href="#Page_109">109</a> "bourgeoise" changed to "bourgeoisie" ("alliance of the bourgeoisie and of the working-class")<br /> page <a href="#Page_111">111</a> footnote reference altered, referred to wrong footnote<br /> page <a href="#Page_113">113</a> removed " ("stop the offensive movement of the workingmen.")<br /> page <a href="#Page_114">114</a> missing "“" added ("“independently of all parliamentarism”")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_116">116</a> "Parlémentaires" changed to "Parlementaires" ("<i>Chambre des Deputés, Débats Parlementaires</i>")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_117">117</a> "Francais" changed to "Français" ("<i>Parti Socialiste Français</i>")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_117">117</a> "Jaures" changed to "Jaurès" ("and J. Jaurès outlined a plan according")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_116">116</a> "Parlémentaires" changed to "Parlementaires" ("<i>Chambre des Deputés, Débats Parlementaires</i>")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_117">117</a> "Francais" changed to "Français" ("<i>Parti Socialiste Français</i>")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_117">117</a> "Jaures" changed to "Jaurès" ("and J. Jaurès outlined a plan according")<br /> page <a href="#Page_126">126</a> "," replaced with "." ("the strike, the boycott, the label, and <i>sabotage</i>.")<br /> page <a href="#Page_127">127</a> missing "." added ("It is a revolutionary fact of great value.")<br /> page <a href="#Page_129">129</a> "merchchandise" change to "merchandise" ("and of perishable merchandise.")<br /> @@ -9041,415 +9003,40 @@ page <a href="#Page_137">137</a> "particulary" changed to "particularly" ("Moreo page <a href="#Page_137">137</a> "train" changed to "trains" ("The very struggle which the syndicats carry on trains the workingmen")<br /> page <a href="#Page_138">138</a> "workinmen" changed to "workingmen" ("The mass of workingmen")<br /> page <a href="#Page_138">138</a> "massess" changed to "masses" ("keep the masses as quiet,")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_154">154</a> "Jaures" changed to "Jaurès" ("by M. Jaurès “the metaphysician of revolutionary syndicalism,”")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_154">154</a> "Jaures" changed to "Jaurès" ("by M. Jaurès “the metaphysician of revolutionary syndicalism,”")<br /> page <a href="#Page_155">155</a> "Movement" changed to "Mouvement" ("<i>Mouvement Socialiste</i>")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_155">155</a> "Sozialwissenchaft" changed to "Sozialwissenschaft" ("<i>Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik</i>")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_157">157</a> "Jaures" changed to "Jaurès" ("just as Kropotkin, Jaurès, Proudhon")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_158">158</a> "Guerard" changed to "Guérard" ("General Confederation of Labor, M. Guérard, wrote,")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_155">155</a> "Sozialwissenchaft" changed to "Sozialwissenschaft" ("<i>Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik</i>")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_157">157</a> "Jaures" changed to "Jaurès" ("just as Kropotkin, Jaurès, Proudhon")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_158">158</a> "Guerard" changed to "Guérard" ("General Confederation of Labor, M. Guérard, wrote,")<br /> page <a href="#Page_159">159</a> "approfundir" changed to "approfondir" ("his life in the deepening (<i>approfondir</i>)")<br /> page <a href="#Page_164">164</a> "," replaced with "." ("relations between the adhering federations.")<br /> page <a href="#Page_164">164</a> "it" replaced with "its" ("This section appoints its own secretary,")<br /> page <a href="#Page_169">169</a> "idemnity" changed to "indemnity" ("employment bureaus with indemnity in 1901-2.")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_170">170</a> "Economistes" changed to "Économistes" ("<i>Journal des Économistes</i>")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_172">172</a> "Guerard" changed to "Guérard"("and by M. Guérard, the delegate of the railway workers.")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_177">177</a> "Debats" changed to "Débats" ("<i>Journal des Débats</i> (27 April, 1906), p. 769.")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_170">170</a> "Economistes" changed to "Économistes" ("<i>Journal des Économistes</i>")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_172">172</a> "Guerard" changed to "Guérard"("and by M. Guérard, the delegate of the railway workers.")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_177">177</a> "Debats" changed to "Débats" ("<i>Journal des Débats</i> (27 April, 1906), p. 769.")<br /> page <a href="#Page_181">181</a> "economie" changed to "economic" ("it was an instrument in economic struggles")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_182">182</a> "coöperation" changed to "co-operation" ("a co-operation of various political elements.")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_182">182</a> "coöperation" changed to "co-operation" ("a co-operation of various political elements.")<br /> page <a href="#Page_187">187</a> "," replaced with "." ("of the government. The reports of the")<br /> page <a href="#Page_190">190</a> "Offie" changed to "Office" ("employees grievances of the Post Office employees")<br /> page <a href="#Page_190">190</a> missing "“" added ("“revolutionaries”")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_191">191</a> "coöperation" changed to "co-operation" ("soliciting the co-operation of the government.")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_191">191</a> "coöperation" changed to "co-operation" ("soliciting the co-operation of the government.")<br /> page <a href="#Page_196">196</a> extra "the" removed ("the passage of the three years'") page <a href="#Page_200">200</a> missing "”" added ("“... but particularly divergence of aims.”")<br /> page <a href="#Page_200">200</a> "sydicalists" changed to "syndicalists" ("The third group of revolutionary syndicalists") page <a href="#Page_203">203</a> "Vivani" changed to "Viviani" ("(<i>e. g.</i>, Millerand, Viviani, Briand)")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_209">209</a> "Economistes" changed to "Économistes" ("<i>Journal des Économistes</i>")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_209">209</a> "Economistes" changed to "Économistes" ("<i>Journal des Économistes</i>")<br /> page <a href="#Page_211">211</a> extra "and" removed ("the strikers at home and creates") page <a href="#Page_211">211</a> "yeas" changed to "years" ("in recent years")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_211">211</a> "Fèdèration" changed to "Fédération" ("<i>Fédération du Livre</i>")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_211">211</a> "Fèdèration" changed to "Fédération" ("<i>Fédération du Livre</i>")<br /> page <a href="#Page_214">214</a> "sytematized" changed to "systematized" ("the principles systematized,")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_224">224</a> "Etude" changed to "Étude" ("<i>Étude historique, économique et juridique sur les coalitions et les grèves</i>")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_225">225</a> "Ecole" changed to "École" ("Conferences organisées a la Société des anciens élèves de l'École libre des Sciences politiques.")<br /> -page <a href="#Page_226">226</a> "Evolution" changed to "Évolution" ("Kritsky. <i>L'Évolution du syndicalisme en France</i>.")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_224">224</a> "Etude" changed to "Étude" ("<i>Étude historique, économique et juridique sur les coalitions et les grèves</i>")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_225">225</a> "Ecole" changed to "École" ("Conferences organisées a la Société des anciens élèves de l'École libre des Sciences politiques.")<br /> +page <a href="#Page_226">226</a> "Evolution" changed to "Évolution" ("Kritsky. <i>L'Évolution du syndicalisme en France</i>.")<br /> page <a href="#Page_226">226</a> "," replaced with "." ("Louis, Paul.") footnote <a href="#FNanchor_177">[177]</a> "Les" changed to "Le" ("<i>Le Mouvement Socialiste</i> (May, 1908), p. 390.") ]</p></div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Syndicalism in France, by Louis Levine - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SYNDICALISM IN FRANCE *** - -***** This file should be named 41068-h.htm or 41068-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/1/0/6/41068/ - -Produced by Fritz Ohrenschall, Judith Picken and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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