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D.W.] + + + + + +THE MAY-FLOWER AND HER LOG + +July 15, 1620--May 6, 1621 +Chiefly from Original Sources + +By AZEL AMES, M.D. +Member of Pilgrim Society, etc. + + +BOOK 6. + + + +CHAPTER IX + +THE JOURNAL OF THE SHIP MAY-FLOWER + +Thomas Jones, Master, from London, England, towards "Hudson's River" in +Virginia + + [The voyage of the MAY-FLOWER began at London, as her consort's did + at Delfshaven, and though, as incident to the tatter's brief career, + we have been obliged to take note of some of the happenings to the + larger ship and her company (at Southampton, etc.), out of due + course and time, they have been recited only because of their + insuperable relation to the consort and her company, and not as part + of the MAY-FLOWER'S own proper record] + + +SATURDAY, July 15/25, 1620 + Gravesend. Finished lading. Got + passengers aboard and got under way for + Southampton. Dropped down the Thames to + Gravesend with the tide. + + [Vessels leaving the port of London always, in that day, "dropped + down with the tide," tug-boats being unknown, and sail-headway + against the tide being difficult in the narrow river.] + + Masters Cushman and Martin, agents of the + chartering--party, came aboard at London. + +SUNDAY, July 16/26 + Gravesend. Channel pilot aboard. Favoring + wind. + +MONDAY, July 17/27 + In Channel. Course D.W. by W. Favoring + wind. + +TUESDAY, July 18/28 + In Channel. Southampton Water. + +WEDNESDAY, July 19/29 + Southampton Water. Arrived at Southampton + and came to anchor. + + [Both ships undoubtedly lay at anchor a day or two, before hauling + in to the quay. The MAY-FLOWER undoubtedly lay at anchor until + after the SPEEDWELL arrived, to save expense] + +THURSDAY, July 20/30 + Lying at Southampton off north end of "West + Quay." + +FRIDAY, July 21/31 + Lying at Southampton. Masters Carver, + Cushman, and Martin, three of the agents + here. Outfitting ship, taking in lading, + and getting ready for sea. + +SATURDAY, July 22/Aug 1 + Lying off Quay, Southampton. + +SUNDAY, July 23/Aug 2 + Lying off Quay, Southampton. + +MONDAY, July 24/Aug 3 + Lying off Quay, Southampton. + +TUESDAY, July 25/Aug 4 + Lying off Quay, Southampton. Waiting for + consort to arrive from Holland. + +WEDNESDAY, July 26/Aug 5 + Lying off Quay, Southampton. Pinnace + SPEEDWELL, 60 tons, Reynolds, Master, from + Delfshaven, July 22, consort to this ship, + arrived in harbor, having on board some 70 + passengers and lading for Virginia. She + came to anchor off north end "West Quay." + +THURSDAY, July 27/Aug. 6 + Lying at Quay, Southampton, SPEEDWELL + warped to berth at Quay near the ship, to + transfer lading. + + [Some of the cargo of the SPEEDWELL is understood to have been here + transferred to the larger ship; doubtless the cheese, "Hollands," + and other provisions, ordered, as noted, by Cushman] + +FRIDAY, July 28/Aug. 7 + Lying at Quay, Southampton, Much parleying + and discontent among the passengers. + + [Bradford gives an account of the bickering and recrimination at + Southampton, when all parties had arrived. Pastor Robinson had + rather too strenuously given instructions, which it now began to be + seen were not altogether wise. Cushman was very much censured, and + there was evidently some acrimony. See Cushman's Dartmouth letter + of August 17 to Edward Southworth, Bradford's Historie, Mass. ed. + p. 86.] + +SATURDAY, July 29/Aug. 8 + Lying at Quay, Southampton. Some of the + passengers transferred from SPEEDWELL and + some to her. Master Christopher Martin + chosen by passengers their "Governour" for + the voyage to order them by the way, see to + the disposing of their pro visions, etc. + Master Robert Cushman chosen "Assistant." + The ship ready for sea this day, but + obliged to lie here on account of leakiness + of consort, which is forced to retrim. Ship + has now 90 passengers and consort 30. + +SUNDAY, July 30/Aug. 9 + Lying at Southampton. + +MONDAY, July 31/Aug. 10 + Lying at Southampton. Letters received for + passengers from Holland. One from the + Leyden Pastor [Robinson] read out to the + company that came from that place. + +TUESDAY, Aug. 1/Aug. 11 + Lying at anchor at Southampton. SPEEDWELL + retrimmed a second time to overcome + leakiness. + +WEDNESDAY, Aug. 2/Aug. 12 + Lying at anchor at Southampton. Master + Weston, principal agent of the Merchants + setting out the voyage, came up from Lon + don to see the ships dispatched, but, on + the refusal of the Planters to sign certain + papers, took offence and returned to London + in displeasure, bidding them "stand on + their own legs," etc. + + [The two "conditions" which Weston had changed in the proposed + agreement between the Adventurers and Planters, the Leyden leaders + refused to agree to. Bradford, op cit. p. 61. He says: "But they + refused to sign, and answered him that he knew right well that these + were not according to the first Agreement." Dr. Griffis has made + one of those little slips common to all writers--though perfectly + conversant with the facts--in stating as he does (The Pilgrims in + their Three Homes, etc. p. 158), with reference to the new + "conditions" which some blamed Cushman for assenting to, as "more + fit for thieves and slaves than for honest men," that, "nevertheless + they consented to them;" while on p. 169 he says "The SPEEDWELL + people [i.e. the Leyden leaders would not agree with the new + conditions, without the consent of those left behind in Leyden." + + The fact is that the Pilgrims did not assent to the new conditions, + unwarrantably imposed by Weston, though of small consequence in any + view of the case, until Cushman came over to New Plymouth in the + FORTUNE, in 1621, and by dint of his sermon on the "Sin and Danger + of Self-Love," and his persuasion, induced them (they being also + advised thereto by Robinson) to sign them. All business up to this + time had been done between the Adventurers and the Pilgrims, + apparently, without any agreement in writing. It was probably felt, + both by Robinson and the Plymouth leaders, that it was the least + reparation they could make Cushman for their cruel and unjust + treatment of him, realizing at length that, through all + vicissitudes, he had proven their just, sagacious, faithful, and + efficient friend. There does not appear to be any conclusive + evidence that any articles of agreement between the Adventurers and + colonists were signed before the MAY-FLOWER Sailed.] + +THURSDAY, Aug. 3/Aug. 13 + Lying at anchor at Southampton. After + Master Weston's departure, the Planters had + a meeting and resolved to sell some of such + stores as they could best spare, to clear + port charges, etc., and to write a general + letter to the Adventurers explaining the + case, which they did. Landed some three + score firkins of butter, sold as + determined. + +FRIDAY, Aug. 4/Aug. 14 + Lying at anchor at Southampton. Consort + nearly ready for sea. Heard that the + King's warrant had issued to Sir James + Coventry, under date of July 23, to prepare + a Patent for the Council for the Affairs of + New England to supersede the Plymouth + Virginia Company, Sir Ferdinando Gorges and + Sir Robert Rich the Earl of Warwick among + the Patentees. + +SATURDAY, Aug. 5/Aug. 15 + Weighed anchor, as did consort, and in + company dropped down Southampton Water. + Took departure from Cowes, Isle of Wight, + and laid course down the Solent to Channel. + Winds baffling. General course S.W. by S. + +SUNDAY, Aug. 6/Aug. 16 + Head winds. Beating out Channel. + SPEEDWELL In Company. Passed Bill of + Portland. + +MONDAY, Aug. 7/Aug. 17 + Wind contrary. Beating out Channel. + SPEEDWELL In company. + +TUESDAY, Aug. 8/Aug. 18 + Wind still contrary. Beating out Channel. + SPEEDWELL in company. + +WEDNESDAY, Aug. 9/Aug. 19 + Wind ahead. Beating down Channel. Consort + in company. + +THURSDAY, Aug. 10/20 + Wind fair. All sail set. SPEEDWELL in + company. Signalled by consort, which hove + to. Found to be leaking badly. On + consultation of Masters and chief of + passengers of both ships, it was concluded + that both should put into Dartmouth, being + nearest port. Laid course for Dartmouth + with wind ahead. + +THURSDAY, Aug. 11/21 + Wind ahead. Bearing up to Dartmouth. + +SATURDAY, Aug. 12/22 + Made port at Dartmouth. SPEEDWELL in + company, and came to anchor in harbor. + + [Bradford, op. cit. Deane's ed. p. 68, note. Russell (Pilgrim + Memorials, p. 15) says: "The ships put back into Dartmouth, August + 13/23." Goodwin (op. cit. p. 55) says: "The port was reached + about August 23: Captain John Smith strangely omits the return of + the ships to Dartmouth, and confuses dates, as he says "But the next + day after leaving Southampton the lesser ship sprung a leak that + forced their return to Plymouth," etc. Smith, New England's Trials, + 2d ed. 1622. Cushman's letter, written the 17th, says they had + then lain there "four days," which would mean, if four full days, + the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th.] + +SUNDAY, Aug. 13/23 + Lying at anchor with SPEEDWELL leaking + badly in Dartmouth harbor. No passengers, + except leaders, allowed ashore. + + [Cushman in his letter to Edward Southworth, written at Dartmouth, + August 17, says that Martin, the "governour" of the passengers in + the MAY-FLOWER, "will not suffer them the passengers to go, ashore + lest they should run away." This probably applied especially to + such as had become disaffected by the delays and disasters, the + apprenticed ("bound") servants, etc. Of course no responsible + colonist would be thus restrained for the reason alleged.] + +MONDAY, Aug. 14/24 + Lying at anchor, Dartmouth harbor. + SPEEDWELL at Quay taking out lading for + thorough overhauling. + +TUESDAY, Aug. 15/25 + Lying at anchor, Dartmouth harbor. + +WEDNESDAY, Aug. 16/26 + Lying at anchor, Dartmouth harbor. + SPEEDWELL being thoroughly overhauled for + leaks. Pronounced "as open and leaky as a + sieve." Much dissatisfaction between the + passengers, and discontent with the ship's + "governour" Master Martin, between whom + and Mr. Cushman, the "assistant," there is + constant disagreement. + + [Cushman portrays the contemptible character and manner of Martin + very sharply, and could not have wished to punish him worse for his + meannesses than he has, by thus holding him up to the scorn of the + world, for all time. He says, 'inter alia': "If I speak to him, he + flies in my face and saith no complaints shall be heard or received + but by himself, and saith: 'They are froward, and waspish, + discontented people, and I do ill to hear them.'"] + +THURSDAY, Aug. 17/27 + Lying at anchor, Dartmouth harbor. Consort + being searched and mended. Sailors offended + at Master Martin because of meddling. + + [Cushman's letter, Dartmouth, August 17. He says: "The sailors also + are so offended at his ignorant boldness in meddling and controling + in things he knows not what belongs to, as that some threaten to + mischief him . . . . But at best this cometh of it, that he + makes himself a scorn and laughing stock unto them."] + +FRIDAY, Aug. 18/28 + Lying at anchor, Dartmouth harbor. Consort + still repairing. Judged by workmen that + mended her sufficient for the voyage. + +SATURDAY, Aug. 19/29 + Lying at anchor, Dartmouth harbor. + SPEEDWELL relading. + +SUNDAY, Aug. 20/30 + Lying at anchor, Dartmouth harbor. + +MONDAY, Aug. 21/31 + Lying at anchor, Dartmouth harbor. Consort + relading. + +TUESDAY, Aug. 22/Sept. 1 + Lying at anchor, Dartmouth harbor. Both + ships ready for sea. + + [Bradford, Historie, Deane's ed. p. 68. He says: "Some leaks were + found and mended and now it was conceived by the workmen and all, + that she was sufficient, and they might proceed without either fear + or danger." Bradford shows (op. cit. p. 69, note that they must + have left Dartmouth "about the 21st" of August. Captain John Smith + gives that date, though somewhat confusedly. Arber (the Story of + the Pilgrim Fathers, p. 343 says: "They actually left on 23 August." + Goodwin (Pilgrim Republic, p. 55) says : "Ten days were spent in + discharging and re-stowing the SPEEDWELL and repairing her from stem + to stern," etc.)] + +WEDNESDAY, Aug. 23/Sept. 2 + Weighed anchor, as did consort. Laid + course W.S.W. Ships in company. Wind + fair. + +THURSDAY, Aug. 24/Sept. 3 + Comes in with wind fair. General course + W.S.W. Consort in company. + +FRIDAY, Aug. 25/Sept. 4 + Comes in with wind fair. Course W.S.W. + SPEEDWELL in company. + +SATURDAY, Aug. 26/Sept. 5 + Observations showed ship above 100 leagues + W.S.W. of Land's End. SPEEDWELL signalled + and hove to. Reported leaking dangerously. + On consultation between Masters and + carpenters of both ships, it was concluded + to put back into Plymouth--Bore up for + Plymouth. Consort in company. + +SUNDAY, Aug. 27/Sept. 6 + Ship on course for Plymouth. SPEEDWELL in + company. + +MONDAY, Aug. 28/Sept. 7 + Made Plymouth harbor, and came to anchor in + the Catwater, followed by consort. + +TUESDAY, Aug. 29/Sept. 8 + At anchor in roadstead. At conference of + officers of ship and consort and the chief + of the Planters, it was decided to send the + SPEEDWELL back to London with some 18 or 20 + of her passengers, transferring a dozen or + more, with part of her lading, to the MAY- + FLOWER. + +WEDNESDAY, Aug. 30/Sept. 9 + At anchor in Plymouth roadstead off the + Barbican. Transferring passengers and + lading from consort, lying near by. + Weather fine. + + [Goodwin notes (Pilgrim Republic, p. 57) that "it was fortunate for + the overloaded MAY-FLOWER that she had fine weather while lying at + anchor there, . . . for the port of Plymouth was then only a + shallow, open bay, with no protection. In southwesterly gales its + waters rose into enormous waves, with such depressions between that + ships while anchored sometimes struck the bottom of the harbor and + were dashed in pieces."] + +THURSDAY, Aug. 31/Sept. 10 + At anchor in Plymouth roadstead. + Transferring cargo from SPEEDWELL. + +FRIDAY, Sept. 1/Sept. 11 + At anchor in Plymouth roadstead. + Transferring passengers and freight to and + from consort. Master Cushman and family, + Master Blossom and son, William Ring, and + others with children, going back to London + in SPEEDWELL. All Of SPEEDWELL'S + passengers who are to make the voyage now + aboard. New "governour" of ship and + assistants chosen. Master Carver + "governour." + + [We have seen that Christopher Martin was made "governour" of the + passengers on the MAY-FLOWER for the voyage, and Cushman + "assistant." It is evident from Cushman's oft-quoted letter (see + ante) that Martin became obnoxious, before the ship reached + Dartmouth, to both passengers and crew. It is also evident that + when the emigrants were all gathered in the MAY-FLOWER there was a + new choice of officers (though no record is found of it), as Cushman + vacated his place and went back to London, and we find that, as + noted before, on November 11 the colonists "confirmed" John Carver + as their "governour," showing that he had been such hitherto. + Doubtless Martin was deposed at Southampton (perhaps put into + Cushman's vacant place, and Carver made "governour" in his stead.)] + +SATURDAY, Sept. 2/Sept. 12 + At anchor, Plymouth roadstead. Some of + principal passengers entertained ashore by + friends of their faith. SPEEDWELL sailed + for London. Quarters assigned, etc. + +SUNDAY, Sept. 3/Sept. 13 + At anchor in Plymouth roadstead. + +MONDAY, Sept. 4/Sept. 14 + At anchor in Plymouth roadstead. Some Of + company ashore. + +TUESDAY, Sept. 5/Sept. 15 + At anchor in Plymouth roadstead. Ready for + sea. + +WEDNESDAY, Sept. 6/Sept. 16 + Weighed anchor. Wind E.N.E., a fine gale. + Laid course W.S.W. for northern coasts of + Virginia. + +THURSDAY, Sept. 7/Sept. 17 + Comes in with wind E.N.E. Light gale + continues. Made all sail on ship. + +FRIDAY, Sept. 8/Sept. 18 + Comes in with wind E.N.E. Gale continues. + All sails full. + +SATURDAY, Sept. 9/Sept. 19 + Comes in with wind E.N E. Gale holds. + Ship well off the land. + +SUNDAY, Sept. 10/Sept. 20 + Comes in with wind E.N.E. Gale holds. + Distance lost, when ship bore up for + Plymouth, more than regained. + +MONDAY, Sept. 11/Sept. 21 + Same; and so without material change, the + daily record of wind, weather, and the + ship's general course--the repetition of + which would be both useless and wearisome-- + continued through the month and until the + vessel was near half the seas over. Fine + warm weather and the "harvest-moon." The + usual equinoctial weather deferred. + +SATURDAY, Sept. 23/Oct. 3 + One of the seamen, some time sick with a + grievous disease, died in a desperate manner. + The first death and burial at sea of the + voyage. + + [We can readily imagine this first burial at sea on the MAY FLOWER, + and its impressiveness. Doubtless the good Elder "committed the + body to the deep" with fitting ceremonial, for though the young man + was of the crew, and not of the Pilgrim company, his reverence for + death and the last rites of Christian burial would as surely impel + him to offer such services, as the rough, buccaneering Master (Jones + would surely be glad to evade them). + + Dr. Griffis (The Pilgrims in their Three Homes, p. 176) says "The + Puritans [does this mean Pilgrims ?] cared next to nothing about + ceremonies over a corpse, whether at wave or grave." This will + hardly bear examination, though Bradford's phraseology in this case + would seem to support it, as he speaks of the body as "thrown + overboard;" yet it is not to be supposed that it was treated quite + so indecorously as the words would imply. It was but a few years + after, certainly, that we find both Pilgrim and Puritan making much + ceremony at burials. We find considerable ceremony at Carver's + burial only a few months later. Choate, in his masterly oration at + New York, December 22, 1863, pictures Brewster's service at the open + grave of one of the Pilgrims in March, 1621.] + + A sharp change. Equinoctial weather, + followed by stormy westerly gales; + encountered cross winds and continued + fierce storms. Ship shrewdly shaken and + her upper works made very leaky. One of + the main beams in the midships was bowed + and cracked. Some fear that the ship could + not be able to perform the voyage. The + chief of the company perceiving the + mariners to fear the sufficiency of the + ship (as appeared by their mutterings) they + entered into serious consultation with the + Master and other officers of the ship, to + consider, in time, of the danger, and + rather to return than to cast themselves + into a desperate and inevitable peril. + + There was great distraction and difference + of opinion amongst the mariners themselves. + Fain would they do what would be done for + their wages' sake, being now near half the + seas over; on the other hand, they were + loath to hazard their lives too + desperately. In examining of all opinions, + the Master and others affirmed they knew + the ship to be strong and firm under water, + and for the buckling bending or bowing of + the main beam, there was a great iron scrue + the passengers brought out of Holland which + would raise the beam into its place. The + which being done, the carpenter and Master + affirmed that a post put under it, set firm + in the lower deck, and otherwise bound, + would make it sufficient. As for the decks + and upper works, they would caulk them as + well as they could; and though with the + working of the ship they would not long + keep staunch, yet there would otherwise be + no great danger if they did not overpress + her with sails. So they resolved to + proceed. + + In sundry of these stormes, the winds were + so fierce and the seas so high, as the ship + could not bear a knot of sail, but was + forced to hull drift under bare poles for + divers days together. A succession of + strong westerly gales. In one of the + heaviest storms, while lying at hull, [hove + to D.W.] a lusty young man, one of the + passengers, John Howland by name, coming + upon some occasion above the gratings + latticed covers to the hatches, was with + the seel [roll] of the ship thrown into the + sea, but caught hold of the topsail + halliards, which hung overboard and ran out + at length; yet he held his hold, though he + was sundry fathoms under water, till he was + hauled up by the same rope to the brim of + the water, and then with a boathook and + other means got into the ship again and his + life saved. He was something ill with it. + + The equinoctial disturbances over and the + strong October gales, the milder, warmer + weather of late October followed. + + Mistress Elizabeth Hopkins, wife of Master + Stephen Hopkins, of Billericay, in Essex, + was delivered of a son, who, on account of + the circumstances of his birth, was named + Oceanus, the first birth aboard the ship + during the voyage. + + A succession of fine days, with favoring + winds. + +MONDAY Nov. 6/16 + William Butten; a youth, servant to Doctor + Samuel Fuller, died. The first of the + passengers to die on this voyage. + +MONDAY Nov. 7/17 + The body of William Butten committed to the + deep. The first burial at sea of a + passenger, on this voyage. + +MONDAY Nov. 8/18 + Signs of land. + +MONDAY Nov. 9/19 + Closing in with the land at nightfall. + Sighted land at daybreak. The landfall + made out to be Cape Cod the bluffs [in what + is now the town of Truro, Mass.]. After a + conference between the Master of the ship + and the chief colonists, tacked about and + stood for the southward. Wind and weather + fair. Made our course S.S.W., continued + proposing to go to a river ten leagues + south of the Cape Hudson's River. After + had sailed that course about half the day + fell amongst dangerous shoals and foaming + breakers [the shoals off Monomoy] got out of + them before night and the wind being + contrary put round again for the Bay of + Cape Cod. Abandoned efforts to go further + south and so announced to passengers. + + [Bradford (Historie, Mass. ed. p. 93) says: "They resolved to bear + up again for the Cape." No one will question that Jones's assertion + of inability to proceed, and his announced determination to return + to Cape Cod harbor, fell upon many acquiescent ears, for, as Winslow + says: "Winter was come; the seas were dangerous; the season was + cold; the winds were high, and the region being well furnished for a + plantation, we entered upon discovery." Tossed for sixty-seven days + on the north Atlantic at that season of the year, their food and + firing well spent, cold, homesick, and ill, the bare thought of once + again setting foot on any land, wherever it might be, must have been + an allurement that lent Jones potential aid in his high-handed + course.] + +SATURDAY Nov. 11/21 + Comes in with light, fair wind. On course + for Cape Cod harbor, along the coast. Some + hints of disaffection among colonists, on + account of abandonment of location + + [Bradford (in Mourt's Relation) says: "This day before we come to + harbor Italics the author's, observing some not well affected to + unity and concord, but gave some appearance of faction, it was + thought good there should be an Association and Agreement that we + should combine together in one body; and to submit to such + Government and Governors as we should, by common consent, agree to + make and choose, and set our hands to this that follows word for + word." Then follows the Compact. Bradford is even more explicit in + his Historie (Mass. ed. p. 109), where he says: "I shall a little + returne backe and begin with a combination made by them before they + came ashore, being ye first foundation of their governments in this + place; occasioned partly by ye discontent & mutinous speeches that + some of the strangers amongst them [i.e. not any of the Leyden + contingent had let fall from them in ye ship--That when they came + ashore they would use their owne libertie: for none had power to + command them, the patents they had being for Virginia, and not for + New-England which belonged to another Government, with which ye + London [or First Virginia Company had nothing to doe, and partly + that such an acte by them done . . . might be as firm as any + patent, and in some respects more sure." Dr. Griffis is hardly + warranted in making Bradford to say, as he does (The Pilgrims in + their Three Homes, p. 182), that "there were a few people I + 'shuffled' in upon them the company who were probably unmitigated + scoundrels." Bradford speaks only of Billington and his family as + those "shuffled into their company," and while he was not improbably + one of the agitators (with Hopkins) who were the proximate causes of + the drawing up of the Compact, he was not, in this case, the + responsible leader. It is evident from the foregoing that the + "appearance of faction" did not show itself until the vessel's prow + was turned back toward Cape Cod Harbor, and it became apparent that + the effort to locate "near Hudson's River" was to be abandoned, and + a location found north of 41 degrees north latitude, which would + leave them without charter rights or authority of any kind. It is + undoubtedly history that Master Stephen Hopkins,--then "a lay- + reader" for Chaplain Buck,--on Sir Thomas Gates's expedition to + Virginia, had, when some of them were cast away on the Bermudas, + advocated just such sentiments--on the same basis--as were now + bruited upon the MAY-FLOWER, and it could hardly have been + coincidence only that the same were repeated here. That Hopkins + fomented the discord is well-nigh certain. It caused him, as + elsewhere noted, to receive sentence of death for insubordination, + at the hands of Sir Thomas Gates, in the first instance, from which + his pardon was with much difficulty procured by his friends. In the + present case, it led to the drafting and execution of the Pilgrim + Compact, a framework of civil self-government whose fame will never + die; though the author is in full accord with Dr. Young (Chronicles, + p. 120) in thinking that "a great deal more has been discovered in + this document than the signers contemplated,"--wonderfully + comprehensive as it is. Professor Herbert B. Adams, of Johns + Hopkins University, says in his admirable article in the Magazine of + American History, November, 1882 (pp--798 799): "The fundamental + idea of this famous document was that of a contract based upon the + common law of England,"--certainly a stable and ancient basis of + procedure. Their Dutch training (as Griffis points out) had also + led naturally to such ideas of government as the Pilgrims adopted. + It is to be feared that Griffis's inference (The Pilgrims in their + Three Homes, p. 184), that all who signed the Compact could write, + is unwarranted. It is more than probable that if the venerated + paper should ever be found, it would show that several of those + whose names are believed to have been affixed to it "made their + 'mark.'" There is good reason, also, to believe that neither + "sickness" (except unto death) nor "indifference" would have + prevented the ultimate obtaining of the signatures (by "mark," if + need be) of every one of the nine male servants who did not + subscribe, if they were considered eligible. Severe illness was, we + know, answerable for the absence of a few, some of whom died a few + days later. + + The fact seems rather to be, as noted, that age--not social status + was the determining factor as to all otherwise eligible. It is + evident too, that the fact was recognized by all parties (by none so + clearly as by Master Jones) that they were about to plant themselves + on territory not within the jurisdiction of their steadfast friends, + the London Virginia Company, but under control of those formerly of + the Second (Plymouth) Virginia Company, who (by the intelligence + they received while at Southampton) they knew would be erected into + the "Council for the Affairs of New England." Goodwin is in error + in saying (Pilgrim Republic, p. 62), "Neither did any other body + exercise authority there;" for the Second Virginia Company under Sir + Ferdinando Gorges, as noted, had been since 1606 in control of this + region, and only a week before the Pilgrims landed at Cape Cod (i.e. + on November 3) King James had signed the patent of the Council for + New England, giving them full authority over all territory north of + the forty-first parallel of north latitude, as successors to the + Second Virginia Company. If the intention to land south of the + forty-first parallel had been persisted in, there would, of course, + have been no occasion for the Compact, as the patent to John Pierce + (in their interest) from the London Virginia Company would have been + in force. The Compact became a necessity, therefore, only when they + turned northward to make settlement above 41 deg. north latitude. + Hence it is plain that as no opportunity for "faction"--and so no + occasion for any "Association and Agreement"--existed till the MAY- + FLOWER turned northward, late in the afternoon of Friday, November + to, the Compact was not drawn and presented for signature until the + morning of Saturday, November 11. Bradford's language, "This day, + before we came into harbour," leaves no room for doubt that it was + rather hurriedly drafted--and also signed--before noon of the 11th. + That they had time on this winter Saturday--hardly three weeks from + the shortest day in the year--to reach and encircle the harbor; + secure anchorage; get out boats; arm, equip, and land two companies + of men; make a considerable march into the land; cut firewood; and + get all aboard again before dark, indicates that they must have made + the harbor not far from noon. These facts serve also to correct + another error of traditional Pilgrim history, which has been + commonly current, and into which Davis falls (Ancient Landmarks of + Plymouth, p. 60), viz. that the Compact was signed "in the harbor + of Cape Cod." It is noticeable that the instrument itself simply + says, "Cape Cod," not "Cape Cod harbour," as later they were wont to + say. The leaders clearly did not mean to get to port till there was + a form of law and authority.] + + for settlement on territory under the + protection of the patent granted in their + interest to John Pierce, by the London + Virginia Company. + + [The patent granted John Pierce, one of the Merchant Adventurers, + by the London Virginia Company in the interest of the Pilgrims, + was signed February 2/12, 1619, and of course could convey no rights + to, or upon, territory not conveyed to the Company by its charter + from the King issued in 1606, and the division of territory made + thereunder to the Second Virginia Company. By this division the + London Company was restricted northward by the 41st parallel, as + noted, while the Second Company could not claim the 38th as its + southern bound, as the charter stipulated that the nearest + settlements under the respective companies should not be within one + hundred miles of each other.] + + Meeting in main cabin of all adult male + passengers except their two hired seamen, + Trevore and Ely, and those too ill--to make + and sign a mutual 'Compact" + + [The Compact is too well known to require reprinting here (see + Appendix); but a single clause of it calls for comment in this + connection. In it the framers recite that, "Having undertaken to + plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia," etc. + From this phraseology it would appear that they here used the words + "northern parts of Virginia" understandingly, and with a new + relation and significance, from their connection with the words "the + first colony in," for such declaration could have no force or truth + except as to the region north of 41 deg. north latitude. They knew, + of course, of the colonies in Virginia under Gates, Wingfield, + Smith, Raleigh, and others (Hopkins having been with Gates), and + that, though there had been brief attempts at settlements in the + "northern plantations," there were none there then, and that hence + theirs would be in a sense "the first," especially if considered + with reference to the new Council for New England. The region of + the Hudson had heretofore been included in the term "northern parts + of Virginia," although in the southern Company's limit; but a new + meaning was now designedly given to the words as used in the + Compact, and New England was contemplated. ] + + to regulate their civil government. This + done, they confirmed Master Carver their + "governour" in the ship on the voyage, + their "governour" for the year. Bore up + for the Cape, and by short tacks made the + Cape [Paomet, now Provincetown] Harbor, + coming to an anchorage a furlong within the + point. The bay so circular that before + coming to anchor the ship boxed the compass + [i.e. went clear around all points of it]. + + Let go anchors three quarters of an English + mile off shore, because of shallow water, + sixty-seven days from Plymouth (Eng.), + eighty-one days from Dartmouth, ninety-nine + days from Southampton, and one hundred and + twenty from London. Got out the long-boat + and set ashore an armed party of fifteen or + sixteen in armor, and some to fetch wood, + having none left, landing them on the long + point or neck, toward the sea. + + [The strip of land now known as Long Point, Provincetown (Mass.) + harbor.] + Those going ashore were forced to wade a + bow-shot or two in going aland. The party + sent ashore returned at night having seen + no person or habitation, having laded the + boat with juniper wood. + +SUNDAY, Nov. 12/22 + At anchor in Cape Cod harbor. All hands + piped to service. Weather mild. + +MONDAY, Nov. 13/23 + At anchor in Cape Cod harbor, unshipped the + shallop and drew her on land to mend and + repair her. + + [Bradford (Historie, Mass. ed. p. 97) says: "Having brought a large + shallop with them out of England, stowed in quarters in ye ship they + now gott her out and sett their carpenters to worke to trime her up: + but being much brused and shatered in ye ship with foule weather, + they saw she sould be longe in mending." In 'Mourt's Relation' he + says: "Monday, the 13th of November, we unshipped our shallop and + drew her on land to mend and repair her, having been forced to cut + her down, in bestowing her betwixt the decks, and she was much + opened, with the peoples lying in her, which kept us long there: for + it was sixteen or seventeen days before the Carpenter had finished + her." Goodwin says she was "a sloop-rigged craft of twelve or + fifteen tons." There is an intimation of Bradford that she was + "about thirty feet long." It is evident from Bradford's account + (Historie, Mass. ed. p. 105) of her stormy entrance to Plymouth + harbor that the shallop had but one mast, as he says "But herewith + they broake their mast in 3 pieces and their saill fell overboard in + a very grown sea."] + + + Many went ashore to refresh themselves, and + the women to wash. + +TUESDAY, Nov. 14/24 + Lying at anchor. Carpenter at work on + shallop. Arms and accoutrements being got + ready for an exploring party inland. + +WEDNESDAY, Nov. 15/25 + Lying at anchor in harbor. Master and + boat's crew went ashore, followed in the + afternoon by an armed party of sixteen men + under command of Captain Myles Standish. + Masters William Bradford, Stephen Hopkins, + and Edward Tilley being joined to him for + council. The party to be gone from the + ship a day or two. Weather mild and ground + not frozen. + +THURSDAY, Nov. 16/26 + Lying at anchor in harbor. Exploring party + still absent from ship. Weather continues + open. + +FRIDAY, Nov. 17/27 + At anchor, Cape Cod harbor. Weather open. + Saw signal-fire on the other side of bay + this morning, built by exploring party as + arranged. The Master, Governor Carver, and + many of the company ashore in afternoon, + and met exploring party there on their + return to ship. Hearing their signal-guns + before they arrived at the shore, sent + long-boat to fetch them aboard. They + reported seeing Indians and following them + ten miles without coming up to them the + first afternoon out, and the next day found + store of corn buried, and a big ship's + kettle, which they brought to the ship with + much corn. Also saw deer and found + excellent water. + +SATURDAY, Nov. 18/28 + At anchor, Cape Cod harbor. Planters + helving tools, etc. Carpenter at work on + shallop, which takes more labor than at + first supposed. Weather still moderate. + Fetched wood and water. + +SUNDAY, Nov. 19/29 + At anchor, Gape Cod harbor. Second Sunday + in harbor. Services aboard ship. Seamen + ashore. Change in weather. Colder. + +MONDAY, Nov. 20/30 + At anchor, Cape Cod harbor. Carpenter and + others at work on shallop, getting out + stock for a new shallop, helving tools, + making articles needed, etc. + +TUESDAY, Nov. 21/Dec. 1 + At anchor in harbor. Much inconvenienced + in going ashore. Can only go and come at + high water except by wading, from which + many have taken coughs and colds. + +WEDNESDAY, Nov. 22/Dec. 2 + At anchor in harbor. Weather cold and + stormy, having changed suddenly. + +THURSDAY, Nov. 23/Dec. 3 + At anchor in harbor. Cold and stormy. + Work progressing on shallop. + +FRIDAY, Nov. 24/Dec. 4 + At anchor in harbor. Continues cold and + stormy. + +SATURDAY, Nov. 25/Dec. 5 + At anchor in harbor. Weather same. Work + on shallop pretty well finished and she can + be used, though more remains to be done. + Another exploration getting ready for + Monday. Master and crew anxious to unlade + and return for England. Fetched wood and + water. + +SUNDAY, Nov. 26/Dec. 6 + At anchor, Cape Cod harbor. Third Sunday + here. Master notified Planters that they + must find permanent location and that he + must and would keep sufficient supplies for + ship's company and their return. + + [Bradford, Historie, Mass. ed. p. 96. The doubt as to how the + ship's and the colonists' provisions were divided and held is again + suggested here. It is difficult, however, to understand how the + Master "must and would" retain provisions with his small force + against the larger, if it came to an issue of strength between Jones + and Standish.] + +MONDAY, Nov. 27/Dec. 7 + At anchor, Cape Cod harbor. Rough weather + and cross winds. The Planters determined + to send out a strong exploring party, and + invited the Master of the ship to join them + and go as leader, which he agreed continued + to, and offered nine of the crew and the + long-boat, which were accepted. Of the + colonists there were four-and-twenty, + making the party in all four-and-thirty. + Wind so strong that setting out from the + ship the shallop and long-boat were obliged + to row to the nearest shore and the men to + wade above the knees to land. The wind + proved so strong that the shallop was + obliged to harbor where she landed. Mate + in charge of ship. Blowed and snowed all + day and at night, and froze withal. + Mistress White delivered of a son which is + called "Peregrine." The second child born + on the voyage, the first in this harbor. + +TUESDAY, Nov. 28/Dec. 8 + At anchor, Cape Cod harbor. Cold. Master + Jones and exploring party absent on shore + with long-boat and colonists' shallop. The + latter, which beached near ship yesterday + in a strong wind and harbored there last + night, got under way this morning and + sailed up the harbor, following the course + taken by the long-boat yesterday, the wind + favoring. Six inches of snow fell + yesterday and last night. Crew at work + clearing snow from ship. + +WEDNESDAY, Nov. 29/Dec. 9 + At anchor, Cape Cod harbor. Cold. Foul + weather threatening. Master Jones with + sixteen men in the long-boat and shallop + came aboard towards night (eighteen men + remaining ashore), bringing also about ten + bushels of Indian corn which had been found + buried. The Master reports a long march, + the exploration of two creeks, great + numbers of wild fowl, the finding of much + corn and beans,' etc. + + [This seems to be the first mention of beans (in early Pilgrim + literature) as indigenous (presumably) to New England. They have + held an important place in her dietary ever since.] + +THURSDAY, Nov. 30/Dec. 10 + At anchor in harbor. Sent shallop to head + of harbor with mattocks and spades, as + desired by those ashore, the seamen taking + their muskets also. The shallop came + alongside at nightfall with the rest of the + explorers--the tide being out--bringing a + lot of Indian things, baskets, pottery, + wicker-ware, etc., discovered in two graves + and sundry Indian houses they found after + the Master left them. They report ground + frozen a foot deep. + +FRIDAY, Dec. 1/11 + At anchor, Cape Cod harbor. Carpenter + finishing work on shallop. Colonists + discussing locations visited, as places for + settlement. + +SATURDAY, Dec. 2/12 + At anchor in harbor. Much discussion among + colonists as to settlement, the Master + insisting on a speedy determination. + Whales playing about the ship in + considerable numbers. One lying within + half a musket-shot of the ship, two of the + Planters shot at her, but the musket of the + one who gave fire first blew in pieces both + stock and barrel, yet no one was hurt. + Fetched wood and water. + +SUNDAY, Dec. 3/13 + At anchor in Cape Cod harbor. The fourth + Sunday here. Scarce any of those aboard + free from vehement coughs, some very ill. + Weather very variable. + +MONDAY, Dec. 4/14 + At anchor in Cape Cod harbor. Carpenter + completing repairs on shallop. Much + discussion of plans for settlement. The + Master urging that the Planters should + explore with their shallop at some + distance, declining in such season to stir + from the present anchorage till a safe + harbor is discovered by them where they + would be and he might go without danger. + This day died Edward Thompson, a servant of + Master William White, the first to die + aboard the ship since she anchored in the + harbor. Burying-party sent ashore after + services to bury him. + +TUESDAY, Dec. 5/15 + At anchor in harbor. Francis Billington, a + young son of one of the passengers, put the + ship and all in great jeopardy, by shooting + off a fowling-piece in his father's cabin + between decks where there was a small + barrel of powder open, and many people + about the fire close by. None hurt. + Weather cold and foul. + +WEDNESDAY, Dec. 6/16 + At anchor in harbor. Very cold, bad + weather. This day died Jasper More, a lad + bound to Governor Carver. The second death + in the harbor. The third exploring party + got away from the ship in the afternoon in + the shallop, intent on finding a harbor + recommended by the second mate, Robert + Coppin, who had visited it. Captain + Standish in command, with whom were + Governor Carver, Masters Bradford, Winslow, + John Tilley and Edward Tilley, Warren and + Hopkins, John Howland, Edward Dotey, and + two of the colonists' seamen, Alderton and + English, and of the ship's company, the + mates Clarke and Coppin, the master-gunner + and three sailors, eighteen in all. The + shallop was a long time getting clear of + the point, having to row, but at last got + up her sails and out of the harbor. Sent + burying-party ashore with body of little + More boy, after services aboard. + +THURSDAY, Dec. 7/17 + At anchor in Cape Cod harbor. This day + Mistress Dorothy Bradford, wife of Master + Bradford, who is away with the exploring + party to the westward, fell over board and + was drowned. + +FRIDAY, Dec. 8/18 + At anchor in harbor. A strong south-east + gale with heavy rain, turning to snow and + growing cold toward night, as it cleared. + This day Master James Chilton died aboard + the ship. The third passenger, and first + head of a family; to die in this harbor. + +SATURDAY, Dec. 9/19 + At anchor in harbor. Burying-party sent + ashore after services aboard, to bury + Chilton. Fetched wood and water. + + + [The death of Chilton was the first of the head of a family, and it + may readily be imagined that the burial was an especially affecting + scene, especially as following so closely upon the tragic death of + Mrs. Bradford (for whom no funeral or burial arrangements are + mentioned?? D.W.)] + +SUNDAY, Dec. 10/20 + At anchor in Cape Cod harbor. The fifth + Sunday in this harbor. The exploring party + still absent. Four deaths one by drowning; + very severe weather; the ship's narrow + escape from being blown up; and the absence + of so many of the principal men, have made + it a hard, gloomy week. + +MONDAY, Dec. 11/21 + At anchor in harbor. Clear weather. + +TUESDAY, Dec. 12/22 + At anchor in harbor. Exploration party + still absent. + +WEDNESDAY, Dec. 13/23 + At anchor in harbor. Exploration party + returned to ship, where much sad + intelligence met them (especially Master + Bradford), as to his wife's drowning. The + exploring party report finding a + considerable Indian burying-place; several + Indian houses; a fierce attack on them by + Indians on Friday morning, but without + harm; a severe gale on the same afternoon, + in which their rudder-hinges broke, their + mast was split in three pieces, their sail + fell over board in a heavy sea, and they + were like to have been cast away in making + a harbor which Master Coppin thought he + knew, but was deceived about. They landed + on an island at the mouth of the harbor, + which they named for Master Clarke, the + first mate, and spent Saturday and Sunday + there, and on Monday examined the harbor + they found, and are agreed that it is the + place for settlement. Much satisfaction + with the report among the colonists. + +THURSDAY, Dec. 14/24 + At anchor, Cape Cod harbor. The colonists + have determined to make settlement at the + harbor they visited, and which is + apparently, by Captain John Smith's chart + of 1616, no other than the place he calls + "Plimoth" thereon. Fetched wood and water. + +FRIDAY, Dec. 15/25 + Weighed anchor to go to the place the + exploring party discovered. Course west, + after leaving harbor. Shallop in company. + Coming within two leagues, the wind coming + northwest, could not fetch the harbor, and + was faine to put round again towards Cape + Cod. Made old anchorage at night. The + thirty-fifth night have lain at anchor + here. Shallop returned with ship. + +SATURDAY, Dec. 16/26 + Comes in with fair wind for Plymouth. + Weighed anchor and put to sea again and made + harbor safely. Shallop in company. Within + half an hour of anchoring the wind changed, + so if letted [hindered] but a little had + gone back to Cape Cod. A fine harbor. + Let go anchors just within a long spur of + beach a mile or more from shore. The end of + the outward voyage; one hundred and two days + from Plymouth (England to Plymouth New + England). One hundred and fifty-five days + from London. + + + + + THE SHIPS JOURNAL WHILE SHE LAY IN + PLYMOUTH HARBOR + +SUNDAY, Dec. 17/27 + At anchor in Plymouth harbor. Services on + ship. This harbor is a bay greater than + Cape Cod, compassed with goodly land. It is + in fashion like a sickle or fish-hook. + +MONDAY, Dec. 18/28 + At anchor, Plymouth harbor: The Master of + the ship, with three or four of the sailors + and several of the Planters, went aland and + marched along the coast several miles. + Made careful examination of locality. Found + many brooks of fine water, abundant wood, + etc. The party came aboard at night weary + with marching. + +TUESDAY, Dec. 19/29 + At anchor, Plymouth harbor. A party from + the ship went ashore to discover, some + going by land and some keeping to the + shallop. A creek was found leading up + within the land and followed up three + English miles, a very pleasant river at + full sea. It was given the name of "Jones + River" in compliment to the Master of the + ship. A bark of thirty tons may go up at + high tide, but the shallop could scarcely + pass at low water. All came aboard at + night with resolution to fix, to-morrow, + which of the several places examined they + would settle upon. + +WEDNESDAY, Dec. 20/30 + At anchor, Plymouth harbor, many ill. Dec. + After service the colonists decided to go + ashore this morning and determine upon one + of two places which were thought most + fitting for their habitation. So a + considerable party went ashore and left + twenty of their number there to make a + rendezvous, the rest coming on board at + night. They reported that they had chosen + by the most voices the site first looked at + by the largest brook, near where they + landed on the 11th on a large rock + [Plymouth Rock]. + + [The "Rock" seems to have become the established landing place of + the Pilgrims, from the time of the first visit of the third + exploring party on December 11/21. The absurdity of the claims of + the partisans of Mary Chilton, in the foolish contention which + existed for many years as to whether she or John Alden was the first + person to set foot upon the "Rock," is shown by the fact that, of + course, no women were with the third exploring party which first + landed there, while it is also certain that Alden was not of that + exploring party. That Mary Chilton may have been the first woman to + land at Cape Cod harbor is entirely possible, as it is that she or + John Alden may have been the first person to land on the "Rock" + after the ship arrived in Plymouth harbor. It was a vexatious + travesty upon history (though perpetuated by parties who ought to + have been correct) that the Association for building the Pilgrim + Monument at Plymouth should issue a pamphlet giving a picture of the + "Landing of the Pilgrims, December 21, 1620," in which women are + pictured, and in which the shallop is shown with a large fore-and- + aft mainsail, while on the same page is another picture entitled, + "The Shallop of the MAY-FLOWER," having a large yard and square- + sail, and a "Cuddy" (which last the MAY-FLOWER'S shallop we know did + not have). The printed description of the picture, however, says: + "The cut is copied from a picture by Van der Veldt, a Dutch painter + of the seventeenth century, representing a shallop," etc. It is + matter of regret to find that a book like Colonel T. W. Higginson's + 'Book of American Explorers', intended for a text-book, and bearing + the imprint of a house like Longmans, Green & Co. should actually + print a "cut" showing Mary Chilton landing from a boat full of men + (in which she is the only woman) upon a rock, presumably Plymouth + Rock.] + +THURSDAY, Dec. 21/31 + At anchor, Plymouth harbor. Wet and + stormy, so the Planters could not go ashore + as planned, having blown hard and rained + extremely all night. Very uncomfortable + for the party on shore. So tempestuous + that the shallop could not go to land as + soon as was meet, for they had no victuals + on land. About eleven o'clock the shallop + went off with much ado with provision, but + could not return, it blew so strong. Such + foul weather forced to ride with three + anchors ahead. This day Richard + Britteridge, one of the colonists, died + aboard the ship, the first to die in this + harbor. + +FRIDAY, Dec. 22/Jan. 1 + At anchor, Plymouth harbor. The storm + continues, so that no one could go ashore, + or those on land come aboard. This morning + goodwife Allerton was delivered of a son, + but dead-born. The third child born on + board the ship since leaving England,--the + first in this harbor. + +SATURDAY, Dec. 23/Jan. 2 + At anchor in Plymouth harbor. Sent body of + Britteridge ashore for burial, the storm + having prevented going before, and also a + large party of colonists to fell timber, + etc. Left a large number on shore at the + rendezvous. Fetched wood and water. + +SUNDAY, Dec. 24/Jan. 3 + At anchor, Plymouth harbor. Second Sunday + here. This day died Solomon Prower, one of + the family of Master Martin, the treasurer + of the colonists, being the sixth death + this month, and the second in this harbor. + A burying-party went ashore with Prower's + body, after services aboard. + +MONDAY, Dec. 25/Jan. 4 + At anchor in Plymouth harbor. Christmas + Day, but not observed by these colonists, + they being opposed to all saints' days, + etc. The men on shore Sunday reported that + they "heard a cry of some savages," as they + thought, that day. A large party went + ashore this morning to fell timber and + begin building. They began to erect the + first house about twenty feet square for + their common use, to receive them and their + goods. Another alarm as of Indians this + day. All but twenty of the Planters came + aboard at night, leaving the rest to keep + court of guard. The colonists began to + drink water, but at night the Master caused + them to have some beer. + +TUESDAY, Dec. 26/Jan. 5 + At anchor in Plymouth harbor. A violent + storm of wind and rain. The weather so + foul this morning that none could go + ashore. + +WEDNESDAY, Dec. 27/Jan. 6 + At anchor in harbor. Sent working party + ashore. All but the guard came aboard at + night. + +THURSDAY, Dec. 28/Jan. 7 + At anchor. All able went ashore this + morning to work on a platform for ordnance + on the hill back of the settlement, + commanding the harbor. The Planters this + day laid out their town-site and allotted + ground to the several families. Many of + the colonists ill from exposure. All but + the guard came off to the ship at night. + +FRIDAY, Dec. 29/Jan. 8 + At anchor in harbor. No working-party went + aland. The Planters fitting tools, etc., + for their work. The weather wet and cold. + +SATURDAY, Dec. 30/Jan. 9 + At anchor in harbor. Very stormy and cold. + No working-party sent aland. The Planters + fitting tools, etc. Great smokes of fires + visible from the ship, six or seven miles + away, probably made by Indians. + +SUNDAY, Dec. 31/Jan. 10 + At anchor in harbor. The third Sunday in + this harbor. Sailors given leave to go + ashore. Many colonists ill. + +MONDAY, Jan. 1/Jan. 11 + At anchor in Plymouth harbor. This day + Degory Priest, one of the colonists, died + aboard the ship. A large party went ashore + early to work. Much time lost between ship + and shore, the ship drawing so much water + as obliged to anchor a mile and a half off. + The working-party came aboard at nightfall. + Fetched wood and water. + +TUESDAY, Jan. 2/Jan. 12 + At anchor in harbor. Sent burying-party + ashore with Priest's body. Weather good. + Working-party aland and returned to ship at + night. + +WEDNESDAY, Jan. 3/Jan. 13 + At anchor in harbor. Working-party aland, + returned at night. They report seeing + great fires of the Indians. Smoke seen + from the ship. Have seen no savages since + arrival. + +THURSDAY, Jan. 4/Jan. 14 + At anchor in Plymouth harbor. Captain + Standish, with four or five men, went to + look for savages, and though they found + some of their old houses "wigwams" could + not meet with any of them. + +FRIDAY, Jan. 5/Jan. 15 + At anchor in Plymouth harbor. Working- + party went aland early. One of the sailors + found a live herring upon the shore, which + the Master had to his supper. As yet have + caught but one cod. + +SATURDAY, Jan. 6/Jan. 16 + At anchor in harbor. In judgment of + Masters Brewster, Bradford, and others, + Master Martin, the colonists' treasurer, + was so hopelessly ill that Governor Carver, + who had taken up his quarters on land, was + sent for to come aboard to speak with him + about his accounts. Fetched wood and water. + +SUNDAY, Jan. 7/Jan. 17 + At anchor in harbor. Fourth Sunday here. + Governor Carver came aboard to talk with + Master Martin, who was sinking fast. + +MONDAY, Jan. 8/Jan. 18 + At anchor in Plymouth harbor. A very fan + fair day. The working-party went aland + early. The Master sent, the shallop for + fish. They had a great tempest at sea and + were in some danger. They returned to the + ship at night, with three great seals they + had shot, and an excellent great cod. + Master Martin died this day. He had been a + "governour" of the passengers on the ship, + and an "assistant," and was an Adventurer. + One of the Master-mates took a musket, and + went with young Francis Billington to find + the great inland sea the latter had seen + from the top of a tree, and found a great + water, in two great lakes [Billington Sea,] + also Indian houses. + +TUESDAY, Jan. 9/Jan. 19 + At anchor in harbor. Fair day. Sent + burying-party ashore after services aboard, + with the body of Master Martin, and he was + buried with some ceremony on the hill near + the landing-place. The settlers drew lots + for their meersteads and garden-plots. The + common-house nearly finished, wanting only + covering. + +WEDNESDAY, Jan. 10/Jan. 20 + At anchor in harbor. Party went aland from + ship. Frosty. + +THURSDAY, Jan. 11/Jan. 21 + At anchor in harbor. A fair day. Party + ashore from ship and coming off at night, + reported Master William Bradford very ill: + Many ill aboard. + +FRIDAY, Jan. 12/Jan. 22 + At anchor in harbor. Began to rain at noon + and stopped all work. Those coming aboard + ship at night reported John Goodman and + Peter Browne, two of the colonists, + missing, and fears entertained that they + may have been taken by Indians. Froze and + snowed at night. The first snow for a + month. An extremely cold night. + +SATURDAY, Jan. 13/Jan. 23 + At anchor in harbor. The Governor sent out + an armed party of ten or twelve to look for + the missing men, but they returned without + seeing or hearing anything at all of them. + Those on shipboard much grieved, as deeming + them lost. Fetched wood and water. + +SUNDAY, Jan. 14/Jan. 24 + At anchor in harbor. About six o'clock in + the morning, the wind being very great, the + watch on deck spied the great new + rendezvous on shore on fire and feared it + fired by Indians, but the tide being out, + men could not get ashore for three quarters + of an hour, when they went armed. At the + landing they heard that the lost men were + returned, some frost-bitten, and that the + thatch of the common-house only was burnt + by a spark, but no other harm done the + roof. The most loss was Governor Carver's + and Master Bradford's, both of whom lay + sick in bed, and narrowly missed being + blown up with powder. The meeting was to + have been kept ashore to-day, the greater + number of the people now being there, but + the fire, etc., prevented. Some of those + sick in the common-house were fain to + return aboard for shelter. Fifth Sunday in + this harbor. + +MONDAY, Jan. 15/Jan. 25 + At anchor in Plymouth harbor. Rained much + all day. They on shipboard could not go + ashore nor they on shore do any labor, but + were all wet. + +TUESDAY, Jan. 16/Jan. 26 + At anchorage. A fine, sunshining day like + April. Party went aland betimes. Many ill + both on ship and on shore. + +WEDNESDAY, Jan. 17/Jan. 27 + At anchorage. Another fine, sunshining + day. Working-party went aland early. Set + on shore some of the Planters' goods. + + [Mourt's Relation, Dexter's ed. p. 77. Bradford states (op. cit. + Mass. ed. p. 110) that they were hindered in getting goods ashore + by "want of boats," as well as sickness. Mention is made only of + the "long-boat" and shallop. It is possible there were no others, + except the Master's skiff] + +THURSDAY, Jan. 18/Jan. 28 + At anchorage. Another fine, bright day. + Some of the common goods [i.e. belonging + to all] set on shore. + +FRIDAY, Jan. 19/Jan. 29 + At anchorage. A shed was begun on shore to + receive the goods from the ship. Rained at + noon but cleared toward night. + + [Cleared toward evening (though wet at noon), and John Goodman went + out to try his frozen feet, as is recorded, and had his encounter + with wolves.] + +SATURDAY, Jan. 20/Jan. 30 + At anchorage. Shed made ready for goods + from ship. Fetched wood and water. + +SUNDAY, Jan. 21/Jan. 31 + At anchor in Plymouth harbor. Sixth Sunday + in this harbor. Many ill. The Planters + kept their meeting on land to-day for the + first time, in the common-house. + +MONDAY, Jan. 22/Feb. 1 + At anchorage. Fair day. Hogsheads of meal + sent on shore from ship and put in + storehouse. + +TUESDAY, Jan. 23/Feb. 2 + At anchorage. The general sickness + increases, both on shipboard and on land. + +WEDNESDAY, Jan. 24/Feb. 3 + At anchor in harbor. Fair weather. Party + on shore from ship and returned at night. + +THURSDAY, Jan. 25/Feb. 4 + At anchorage. Weather good. Party set + ashore and came aboard at night. + +FRIDAY, Jan. 26/Feb. 5 + At anchorage. Weather good. Party set + ashore. The sickness increases. + +SATURDAY, Jan. 27/Feb. 6 + At anchorage. Weather fair. Good working + weather all the week, but many sick. + Fetched wood and water. + +SUNDAY, Jan. 28/Feb. 7 + At anchorage, Plymouth harbor. Seventh + Sunday in this harbor. Meeting kept on + shore. Those of Planters on board who were + able, and some of the ship's company, went + ashore, and came off after service. + +MONDAY, Jan. 29/Feb. 8 + At anchor, Plymouth harbor. Morning cold, + with frost and sleet, but after reason ably + fair. Both long-boat and shallop carrying + Planters' goods on shore. Those returning + reported that Mistress Rose Standish, wife + of Captain Standish, died to-day. + + +TUESDAY, Jan. 30/Feb. 9 + At anchorage. Cold, frosty weather, so no + working-party went on shore from ship. The + Master and others of the ship's company saw + two savages that had been on the island + near the ship [Clarke's Island]. They were + gone so far back again before they were + discovered that could not speak with them. + The first natives actually seen since the + encounter on the Cape. + +WEDNESDAY, Jan. 31/Feb. 10 + At anchor in harbor. Still cold and + frosty, with sleet. No party went on + shore. Eight of the colonists have died + this month on the ship and on shore. + +THURSDAY, Feb. 1/Feb. 11 + At anchor in harbor. Weather better, and + some of those on board the ship went on + shore to work, but many ill. + +FRIDAY, Feb. 2/Feb. 12 + At anchorage. The same. + +SATURDAY, Feb. 3/13 + At anchorage. Weather threatening. Fetched + wood and water. + +SUNDAY, Feb. 4/14 + At anchor, Plymouth harbor. The eighth + Sunday in this harbor, and now inexpedient + to think of getting away, till both Planters + and crew in better condition as to health. + + [Bradford, Historie, p. 92; Young, Chronicler, p. 198. Bradford + says (op. cit. Mass. ed, pp. 120, 121): "The reason on their parts + why she stayed so long was ye necessitie and danger that lay upon + them, for it was well toward ye ende of December before she could + land anything here, or they able to receive anything ashore. After + wards, ye 14 of January the house which they had made for a general + randevoze by casulty fell afire, and some were faine to retire + aboard for shelter. Then the sickness begane to fall sore amongst + them, and ye weather so bad as they could not make much sooner + dispatch. Againe, the Governor & chiefe of them seeing so many dye, + and fall down sick dayly, thought it no wisdom to send away the + ship, their condition considered, and the danger they stood in from + ye Indians, till they could procure some shelter; and therefore + thought it better to draw some more charge upon themselves & friends + ["demurrage?"] than hazard all. The Mr. and sea-men likewise; + though before they hasted ye passengers a shore to be goone [gone], + now many of their men being dead, and of ye ablest of them [as is + before noted, and of ye rest many lay sick & weake, ye Mr, durst not + put to sea till he saw his men begine to recover, and ye hart of + winter over."]] + + A very rainy day with the heaviest gusts of + wind yet experienced. The ship in some + danger of oversetting, being light and + unballasted. + +MONDAY, Feb. 5/15 + At anchor in harbor. Clearing weather. + +TUESDAY, Feb. 6/16 + At anchor in harbor. Cold and clear. + +WEDNESDAY, Feb. 7/17 + At anchor in harbor. Much colder. + +THURSDAY, Feb. 8/18 + At anchorage. Hard, cold weather. + +FRIDAY, Feb. 9/19 + At anchorage. Cold weather continues. + Little work possible. The little house for + the sick people on shore took fire this + afternoon, by a spark that kindled in the + roof. No great harm done. The Master + going ashore, killed five geese, which he + distributed among the sick people. He also + found a good deer the savages had killed, + having also cut off his horns. A wolf was + eating him. Cannot conceive how he came + there. + +SATURDAY, Feb. 10/20 + At anchor in harbor. Getting goods on + shore, but sickness makes both Planters and + crew shorthanded. Fetched wood and water. + +SUNDAY, Feb. 11/21 + At anchor in Plymouth harbor. Ninth Sunday + in this harbor. + +MONDAY, Feb. 12/22 + At anchorage. Getting goods on shore. + +TUESDAY, Feb. 13/23 + At anchorage. Rainy. + +WEDNESDAY, Feb. 14/24 + At anchorage. More sickness on ship and on + shore than at any time, and more deaths. + Rainy, clearing. + + [The sickness and mortality had rapidly increased and was now at its + height] + +THURSDAY, Feb. 15/25 + At anchorage. Northerly wind and frost. + +FRIDAY, Feb. 16/26 + At anchorage. Northerly wind continues, + which continues the frost. Those from + shore reported that one of the Planters, + being out fowling and hidden in the reeds, + about a mile and a half from the + settlement, saw twelve Indians marching + toward the plantation and heard many more. + He hurried home with all speed and gave the + alarm, so all the people in the woods at + work returned and armed themselves, but saw + nothing of the Indians. Captain Standish's + and Francis Cooke's tools also stolen by + Indians in woods. A great fire toward + night seen from the ship, about where the + Indians were discovered. + +SATURDAY, Feb. 17/27 + At anchorage. All the colonists on the + ship able to go on shore went this morning + to attend the meeting for the establishment + of military orders among them. They chose + Captain Standish their captain, and gave + him authority of command in affairs. Two + savages appeared on the hill, a quarter of + a mile from the plantation, while the + Planters were consulting, and made signs + for Planters to come to them. All armed + and stood ready, and sent two towards them, + Captain Standish and Master Hopkins, but + the natives would not tarry. It was + determined to plant the great ordnance in + convenient places at once. Fetched wood + and water. + +SUNDAY, Feb. 18/28 + At anchor in Plymouth harbor. The Feb. + tenth Sunday in this harbor. Many sick, + both on board the ship and on shore. + +MONDAY, Feb. 19/Mar. 1 + At anchorage. Got one of the great guns on + shore with the help of some of the + Planters. + +TUESDAY, Feb. 20/Mar. 2 + At anchorage. Getting cannon ashore and + mounted. + +WEDNESDAY, Feb. 21/Mar. 3 + At anchorage. The Master, with many of the + sailors, went on shore, taking one of the + great pieces called a minion, and with the + Planters drew it up the hill, with another + piece that lay on the shore, and mounted + them and a saller and two bases--five guns-- + on the platform made for them. A hard + day's work. The Master took on shore with + him a very fat goose he had shot, to which + the Planters added a fat crane, a mallard, + and a dried neat's tongue (ox tongue), and + Planters and crew feasted together. When + the Master went on shore, he sent off the + Governor to take the directions of Master + Mullens as to his property, as he was lying + near to death,--as also Master White. + Master Mullens dictated his will to the + Governor, which he noted down, and Giles + Heale, the chirurgeon, and Christopher + Joanes, of the crew, witnessed, they being + left aboard to care for the sick, keep the + ship, etc. Master Mullens and Master White + both died this day. Two others also died. + Got the men aboard about nightfall. + +THURSDAY, Feb. 22/Mar. 4 + At anchorage. Large burial-party went + ashore with bodies of Masters Mullens and + White, and joined with those on shore made + the chief burial thus far had. The service + on shore, the most of the people being + there, Master Mullens being one of the + chief subscribing Adventurers, as well as + one of the chief men of the Planters, as + was Master White. Their deaths much + deplored. + +FRIDAY, Feb. 23/Mar. 5 + At anchorage. Party from the ship went on + shore to help finish work on the ordnance. + +SATURDAY, Feb. 24/Mar. 6 + At anchorage. Same. Fetched wood and + water. + +SUNDAY, Feb. 25/Mar. 7 + At anchorage in Plymouth harbor. Eleventh + Sunday in this harbor. Mistress Mary + Allerton, wife of Master Isaac Allerton, + one of the chief men of the colonists, died + on board this day, not having mended well + since the birth of her child, dead-born + about two months agone. + +MONDAY, Feb. 26/Mar. 8 + At anchor in harbor. Burying-party went + ashore to bury Mistress Allerton, services + being held there. + +TUESDAY, Feb. 27/Mar. 9 + At anchorage. The sickness and deaths of + the colonists on shore have steadily + increased, and have extended to the ship, + which has lost several of its petty + officers, including the master gunner, + three quarter-masters, and cook, and a + third of the crew, many from scurvy. + + [There can be no doubt that both planters and ship's crew suffered + severely from scurvy. The conditions all favored it, the sailors + were familiar with it, and would not be likely to be mistaken in + their recognition of it, and Dr. Fuller, their competent physician, + would not be likely to err in his diagnosis of it. Tuberculosis was + its very natural associate.] + +WEDNESDAY, Feb. 28/Mar. 10 + At anchorage. The last day of the month. + The fifty-third day the ship has lain in + this harbor, and from the present rate of + sickness and death aboard, no present + capacity or prospect of getting away, those + better being yet weak. The Planters have + lost seventeen this month, their largest + mortality. + +THURSDAY, Mar. 1/11 + At anchorage. Blustering but milder + weather. + +FRIDAY, Mar. 2/12 + + At anchorage. Same. + +SATURDAY, Mar. 3/13 + At anchorage. Wind south. Morning misty + [foggy]. Towards noon warm and fine + weather. At one o'clock it thundered. The + first heard. It rained sadly from two + o'clock till midnight. Fetched wood and + water. + +SUNDAY, Mar. 4/14 + At anchor in Plymouth harbor. The twelfth + Sunday in this harbor. Cooler. Clear + weather. + +MONDAY, Mar. 5/15 + At anchorage. Rough weather. + +TUESDAY, Mar. 6/16 + At anchorage. Same. + +WEDNESDAY, Mar. 7/17 + At anchor in harbor. Wind full east, cold + but fair. The Governor went this day with + a party of five, to the great ponds, + discovered by one of the ship's mates and + Francis Billington. Some planting done in + the settlement. + +THURSDAY, Mar. 8/18 + At anchor in harbor. Rough easterly + weather. + +FRIDAY, Mar. 9/19 + At anchorage. Same. Many sick aboard. + +SATURDAY, Mar. 10/20 + At anchorage. Same. Fetched wood and + water. + +SUNDAY, Mar. 11/21 + At anchorage, Plymouth harbor. The + thirteenth Sunday the ship has lain in this + harbor. Many of crew yet ill, including + boatswain. + +MONDAY, Mar. 12/22 + At anchorage. Easterly weather. + +TUESDAY, Mar. 13/23 + At anchorage. The sickness and mortality + on ship and on shore continue. + +WEDNESDAY, Mar. 14/24 + At anchorage. Same. + +THURSDAY, Mar. 15/25 + At anchorage. Same. + +FRIDAY, Mar. 16/26 + At anchorage. A fair, warm day, towards + noon. The Master and others went ashore to + the general meeting. The plantation was + startled this morning by a visit from an + Indian who spoke some English and bade + "Welcome." He is from Monhiggon, an island + to the eastward some days' sail, near where + Sir Ferdinando Gorges had a settlement. He + was friendly, and having had much + intercourse with Englishmen who came to + fish in those parts, very comfortable with + them. He saw the ship in the harbor from a + distance and supposed her to be a fishing + vessel. He told the Governor that the + plantation was formerly called "Patuxet" + [or Apaum], and that all its inhabitants + had been carried off by a plague about four + years ago. All the afternoon was spent in + communication with him. The Governor + purposed sending him aboard the ship at + night, and he was well content to go and + went aboard the shallop to come to the + ship, but the wind was high and water scant + [low], so that the shallop could not go to + the ship. The Governor sent him to Master + Hopkins's house and set a watch over him. + +SATURDAY, Mar. 17/27 + At anchor in harbor. The Master and others + came off to the ship. Samoset the Indian + went away back to the Massasoits whence he + came. A reasonably fair day. Fetched wood + and water. + +SUNDAY, Mar. 18/28 + At anchor in Plymouth harbor. The + fourteenth Sunday the ship has lain at this + anchorage. A fair day. The sickness + stayed a little. Many went on shore to the + meeting in the common-house. Samoset the + savage came again, and brought five others + with him. + + [This Sunday visit was doubtless very much to the dislike of the + good brethren, or at least of the leaders, but policy dictated every + possible forbearance. Their consciences drew the line at trade, + however, and they got rid of their untimely visitors as soon as + possible without giving offense. Massasoit's men seem to have + shown, by leaving their peltry with them, a confidence in their new + white neighbors that is remarkable in view of the brevity of their + friendship.] + + They left their bows and arrows a quarter + of a mile from the town, as instructed. + The Planters gave them entertainment, but + would not truck with them. + + ["Truck--to trade." All early and modern lexicographers give the + word, which, though now obsolete, was in common use in parts of New + England fifty years ago.] + + They sang and danced after their manner, + and made semblance of amity and friendship. + They drank tobacco and carried pounded corn + to eat. Their faces were painted. They + brought a few skins which they left with + the Planters, and returned the tools which + Captain Standish and Francis Cooke left in + the woods. The Planters dismissed them + with a few trifles as soon as they could, + it being Sunday, and they promised soon to + return and trade. Samoset would not go + with them, feigning sick, and stayed. + Those on shore from the ship came off to + her at night. + +MONDAY, Mar. 19/29 + At anchorage. A fair day. The Planters + digging and sowing seeds. + +TUESDAY, Mar. 20/30 + At anchorage. A fine day. Digging and + planting of gardens on shore. Those sick + of the crew mending. + +WEDNESDAY, Mar. 21/31 + At anchorage. A fine warm day. Beginning + to put ship in trim for return voyage. + Bringing ballast, etc. Some, includ ing + the Masters-mates, went on shore, who on + return reported that the Planters sent the + Indian Samoset away. A general meeting of + the Planters was held at the common-house, + to conclude laws and orders, and to confirm + the military orders formerly proposed, and + twice broken off by the savages coming, as + happened again. After the meeting had held + an hour or so, two or three savages + appeared on the hill over against the town, + and made semblance of daring the Planters. + Captain Standish and another, with their + muskets, went over to them, with the two + Masters-mates of the ship, who were ashore, + also armed with muskets. The savages made + show of defiance, but as our men drew near + they ran away. This day the carpenter, who + has long been ill of scurvy, fitted the + shallop to carry all the goods and + furniture aboard the ship, on shore. + +THURSDAY, Mar. 22/Apr. 1 + At anchorage. A very fair, warm day. + At work on ship getting ready for sea, + bringing ballast aboard, etc. Another + general meeting of the Planters which all + able attended. They had scarce been an + hour together when Samoset the Indian came + again with one Squanto, the only native of + Patuxet (where the Planters now inhabit) + surviving, who was one of the twenty captives + carried away from this place by Captain Hunt, + to England. He could speak a little English. + They brought three other Indians with them. + They signified that their great Sagamore, + Masasoyt, was hard by, with Quadequina his + brother, and all their men. They could not + well express what they would in English, + but after an hour the king came to the top + of the hill, over against the plantation, + with his train of about sixty men. Squanto + went to him and brought a message that one + should be sent to parley with him, and Master + Edward Winslow went, to know hisnmind, and + signify the wish of the Governor to have + trading and peace with him, the Governor + sending presents to the king and his brother, + with something to eat and drink. + + [Edward Winslow gives us here another proof of that rare self- + sacrifice, that entire devotion to his work, and that splendid + intrepidity which so signally characterized his whole career. At + this most critical moment, the fate of the little colony trembling + in the balance, when there was evident fear of treachery and + surprise on the part of both the English and the savages; though the + wife of his youth lay at the point of death (which came but two days + later), and his heart was heavy with grief; forgetting all but the + welfare of his little band of brethren, he goes forward alone, his + life in his hand, to meet the great sachem surrounded by his whole + tribe, as the calm, adroit diplomatist, upon whom all must depend; + and as the fearless hostage, to put himself in pawn for the savage + chief.] + + The king, leaving Master Winslow with + brother, came over the brook, with some + twenty of his men, leaving their bows and + arrows behind them, and giving some six or + seven of their men as hostages for Master + Winslow. Captain Standish, with Master + Williamson, the ship's-merchant, as + interpreter, + + [It would seem from the frequent mention of the presence of some of + the ship's company, Master Jones, the "Masters-mates," and now the + "ship's-merchant," that the ship was daily well represented in the + little settlement on shore. The presence of Master Williamson on + this occasion is perhaps readily accounted for. Every other meeting + with the Indians had been unexpected, the present one was + anticipated, and somewhat eagerly, for upon its successful issue + almost everything depended. By this time Standish had probably + become aware that Tisquantum's command of English was very limited, + and he desired all the aid the ship's interpreter could give. By + some means, the sachem and the colonists succeeded in establishing + on this day a very good and lasting understanding.] + + and a guard of half a dozen musketeers, met + the king at the brook, + + [The guard was probably made thus small to leave the body of the + colonists as strong a reserve force as possible to meet any surprise + attack on the part of the Indians. Colonel Higginson, in his Book + of American Explorers, gives a cut of this meeting of Massasoit and + his pineses with Standish and his guard of honor, but it is + defective in that the guard seems to have advanced to the hill + ("Strawberry," or later "Watson's") to meet the sachem, instead of + only to "the brook;" and more especially in that there are but two + officers with the "six musketeers," where there ought to be three, + viz. Standish, in command, Edward Window, as the envoy and hostage + (in full armor), and "Mr. Williamson," the ship's-merchant or + purser, as interpreter, perhaps acting as lieutenant of the guard. + It is always matter of regret when books, especially text-books, + written by authors of some repute, and published by reputable + houses, fail, for want of only a little care in the study of the + available history of events they pictorially represent, to make + their pictures and the known facts correspond.] + + and they saluted each other, and the guard + conducted the Sagamore to one of the new + houses then building, where were placed a + green rug and three or four cushions. Then + came the Governor with drum and trumpet, + and a guard of musketeers, and they drank + to each other in some strong waters, and + the Governor gave the king and his + followers meat, and they made a treaty in + King James's name, and drank tobacco + together. His face was painted a sad red, + and his head and face were oiled, which + made him look greasy. All his followers + were more or less painted. So after all + was done, the Governor conducted him to the + brook, and his brother came, and was also + feasted, and then conveyed him to the + brook, and Master Winslow returned. + Samoset and Squanto stayed in the town and + the Indians stayed all night in the woods + half a mile away. The last of the + colonists on board the ship went ashore to + remain to-day. + +FRIDAY, Mar. 23/Apr. 2 + At anchor. A fair day. Some of the ship's + company went on shore. Some of the Indians + came again, and Captain Standish and Master + Allerton went to see the king, and were + welcomed by him. This morning the Indians + stayed till ten or eleven of the clock, and + the Governor, sending for the king's + kettle, filled it with pease, and they went + their way? Making ready for sea, getting + ballast, wood, and water from the shore, + etc. The Planters held a meeting and + concluded both of military orders and some + laws, and chose as Governor, for the coming + year, Master John Carver, who was + "governor" on the ship. + +SATURDAY, Mar. 24/April 3 + At anchorage. The ship's company busy with + preparations for the return voyage, + bringing ballast, wood, and water from the + shore, etc., the ship having no lading for + the return. This day died, on shore, + Mistress Elizabeth Winslow, wife of Master + Winslow. Many still sick. More on the + ship than on shore. + +SUNDAY, Mar. 25/April 4 + At anchor in Plymouth harbor. The + fifteenth Sunday in this port. Many of the + crew dead and some still sick, but the + sickness and mortality lessening. + +MONDAY, Mar. 26/April 5 + At anchor. Bringing ballast from shore and + getting ship in trim. + +TUESDAY, Mar. 27/April 6 + At anchorage. Getting ballast, overhauling + rigging, getting wood, water, etc., from + shore. + +WEDNESDAY, Mar. 28/April 7 + At anchorage. Same. + +THURSDAY, Mar. 29/April 8 + At anchorage. The Master offered to take + back any of the colonists who wished to + return to England, but none desired to go. + Getting in stores and ballast. + +FRIDAY, Mar. 30/April 9 + At anchorage. Hastening all preparations + for sailing. Getting ballast, etc. Water + butts filled. + +SATURDAY, Mar. 31/April 10 + At anchorage. Setting up rigging, bending + light sails, etc. Getting ballast and wood + from the beach and island. The colonists + have lost thirteen by death the past month, + making in all half of their number. + +SUNDAY, April 1/11 + At anchor in Plymouth harbor. The + sixteenth Sunday the ship has lain at + anchor here, and to be the last, being + nearly ready to sail. Most of the crew + ashore on liberty. In the sixteen weeks the + ship has lain here, half of her crew (but + none of her officers) have died, and a few + are still weak. Among the petty officers + who have died have been the master gunner, + boatswain, and three quartermasters, beside + the cook, and more than a third of the + sailors. A bad voyage for the owner, + Adventurers, ship, and crew. + +MONDAY, April 2/12 + Still at anchor, but making last + preparations for voyage. Ship's officers + made farewells on shore. Governor Carver + copied out, and Giles Heale and Chris. + Jones witnessed, Master Mullens's will, to + go to England. + +TUESDAY, April 3/13 + Still at anchorage, but (near) ready to + sail with a fair wind. Master Williamson, + the ship's-merchant [purser], appointed by + Master Mullens an overseer of his will, + takes copy of same to England for probate, + with many letters, keepsakes, etc., etc., + to Adventurers and friends. Very little + lading, chiefly skins and roots. Make + adieus to Governor Carver and company. + +WEDNESDAY, April 4/14 + Still at anchor in Plymouth harbor. Sails + loosened and all ready for departure except + Governor's letters. Last visits of shore + people to ship. Sail with morning tide, if + wind serves. One hundred and ten days in + this harbor. + +THURSDAY, April 5/15 + Got anchors, and with fair wind got + underway at full tide. Many to bid adieu. + Set colors and gave Planters a parting + salute with the ensign and ordnance. + Cleared the harbor without hindrance, and + laid general course E.S.E. for England + with a fine wind. Took departure from Cape + Cod early in the day, shook off the land + and got ship to rights before night. All + sails set and the ship logging her best. + + + +And so the MAY-FLOWER began her speedy, uneventful, homeward run, +of but thirty-one days, arriving in England May 6, 1621, having been +absent, on her "round voyage," from her sailing port, two hundred and +ninety-six days. + + + + THE END OF THE VOYAGE + AND OF THIS + JOURNAL + + + +AUTHOR'S NOTE. Of the "Log" Of the MAY-FLOWER, the author is able to +repeat the assurance given as to the brief Journal of the SPEEDWELL, and +is able to say, in the happy phrase of Griffis, "I have tried to state +only recorded facts, or to give expression to well grounded inferences." + + + + + + APPENDIX + + +In view of the natural wish of many of "restricted facilities," to consult +for themselves the full text of certain of the principal letters and +documents which have imparted much of the most definite and valuable +information concerning the Pilgrim movement, it has been thought well to +include certain of them here verbatim, that they may be of ready +availability to the reader. The list comprises copies of-- + +I. The Agreement of the Merchant Adventurers and Planters; + +II. The Letter of the Leyden Leaders to John Carver and Robert Cushman +(at London), May 31/June 10, 1620; + +III. The Letter of Robert Cushman to John Carver (then at Southampton), +Saturday, June 10/20, 1620; + +IV. The Letter of Robert Cushman to the Leyden Leaders, June 10/20, +1620; + +V. The Letter of Robert Cushman to the Leyden Leaders, Sunday, June +11/21, 1620; + +VI. The Letter of Rev. John Robinson to John Carver at London, June +14/24, 1620; + +VII. The Letter of the Planters to the Merchant Adventurers from +Southamp ton, August 3, 1620; + +VIII. The Letter of Robert Cushman (from Dartmouth) to Edward +Southworth, Thursday, August 17,1620; + +IX. The MAY-FLOWER Compact; + +X. The Nuncupative Will of Master William Mullens; and + +XI. The Letter of "One of the Chiefe of ye Companie" (The Merchant +Adventurers), dated at London, April 9, 1623-- + +Many other early original documents frequently referred to in this volume +are of no less interest than those here given, but most of them have +either had such publication as to be more generally known or accessible, +or involve space and cost disproportionate to their value in this +connection. + + + I + THE AGREEMENT OF THE MERCHANT ADVENTURERS AND PLANTERS + +Anno: 1620, July 1. + +1. The adventurers & planters doe agree, that every person that goeth +being aged 16. years & upward, be rated at 10li., and ten pounds to be +accounted a single share. + +2. That he goeth in person, and furnisheth him selfe out with 10li. +either in money or other provisions, be accounted as haveing 20li. in +stock, and in ye devission shall receive a double share. + +3. The persons transported & ye adventurers shall continue their joynt +stock & partnership togeather, ye space of 7 years, (excepte some +unexpected impedimente doe cause ye whole company to agree otherwise,) +during which time, all profits & benifits that are gott by trade, +traffick, trucking, working, fishing, or any other means of any person or +persons, remaine still in ye comone stock untill ye division. + +4. That at their coming ther, they chose out such a number of fitt +persons, as may furnish their ships and boats for fishing upon ye sea; +imploying the rest of their severall faculties upon ye land; as building +houses, tilling, and planting ye ground, & makeing shuch comodities as +shall be most usefull for ye collonie. + +5. That at ye end of ye 7 years, ye capitall & profits, viz. the +houses, lands, goods and chatels, be equally devided betwixte ye +adventurers, and planters; wch done, every man shall be free from other +of them of any debt or detrimente concerning this adventure. + +6. Whosoever cometh to ye colonie hereafter, or putteth any into ye +stock, shall at the ende of ye 7. years be alowed proportionably to ye +time of his so doing. + +7. He that shall carie his wife & children, or servants, shall be alowed +for everie person now aged 16. years & upward, a single share in ye +devision, or if he provid them necessaries, a duble share, or if they be +between 10. year old and 16., then 2. of them to be reconed for a person, +both in trasportation and devision. + +8. That such children as now goe, & are under ye age of ten years, have +noe other shar in ye devision, but 50. acers of unmanured land. + +9. That such persons as die before ye 7. years be expired, their +executors to have their parte or sharr at ye devision, proportionably to +ye time of their life in ye collonie. + +10. That all such persons as are of this collonie, are to have their +meate, drink, apparell, and all provissions out of ye comon stock & goods +of ye said collonie. + + +Governor Bradford adds:-- + +"The chief and principal differences betwene these & the former +[original] conditions, stood in those 2. points; that ye houses, & lands +improved, espetialy gardens & home lotts should remaine undevided wholy +to ye planters at ye 7. years end. 2ly, yt they should have had 2. days +in a weeke for their owne private imploymente, for ye more comforte of +themselves and their families, espetialy such as had families." + +[Apparently, as has been noted, neither these articles of agreement, nor +their predecessors which received the approval of the Leyden leaders, +were ever signed by the contracting parties, until Robert Cushman brought +the later draft over in the FORTUNE, in 1621, and the planter body +(advised thereto by Pastor Robinson, who had previously bitterly opposed) +signed them. Much might be truly said on either side of this +controversy--indeed was said at the time; but if the Pilgrims were to +abandon their contention, whatever its merits, in a year's time, as they +did, it would seemingly have been much better not to have begun it, for +it undoubtedly cost them dear.] + + + + + II + LETTER OF THE LEYDEN LEADERS TO JOHN CARVER AND + ROBERT CUSHMAN, AT LONDON + +May 31/June 10, 1620. + +To their loving freinds John Carver and Robart Cushman, these, &c. + +Good bretheren, after salutations, &c. We received diverse letters at ye +coming of Mr. [Thomas] Nash & our pilott, which is a great incouragmente +unto us, and for whom we hop after times will minister occasion of +praising God; and indeed had you not sente him, many would have been +ready to fainte and goe backe. Partly in respecte of ye new conditions +which have bene taken up by you, which all men are against, and partly in +regard of our owne inabillitie to doe any one of those many waightie +bussineses you referr to us here. For ye former wherof, wheras Robart +Cushman desirs reasons for our dislike, promising therupon to alter ye +same, or els saing we should thinke he hath no brains, we desire him to +exercise them therin, refering him to our pastors former reasons, and +them to ye censure of ye godly wise. But our desires are that you will +not entangle your selvs and us in any such unreasonable courses as those +are, viz. yt the marchants should have ye halfe of mens houses and lands +at ye dividente; and that persons should be deprived of ye 2. days in a +weeke agreed upon, yea every momente of time for their owne perticuler; +by reason wherof we cannot conceive why any should carie servants for +their own help and comfort; for that we can require no more of them than +all men one of another. This we have only by relation from Mr. Nash, & +not from any writing of your owne, & therfore hope you have not proceeded +farr in so great a thing without us. But requiring you not to exseed the +bounds of your comission, which was to proceed upon ye things or +conditions agred upon and expressed in writing (at your going over it), +we leave it, not without marveling, that your selfe, as you write, +knowing how smale a thing troubleth our consultations, and how few, +as you fear, understands the busnes aright, should trouble us with such +matters as these are, &c. Salute Mr. Weston from us, in whom we hope we +are not deceived; we pray you make known our estate unto him, and if you +thinke good shew him our letters, at least tell him (yt under God) we +much relie upon him & put our confidence in him; and, as your selves well +know, that if he had not been an adventurer with us, we had not taken it +in hand; presuming that if he had not seene means to accomplish it, he +would not have begune it; so we hope in our extremitie he will so farr +help us as our expectation be no way made frustrate concerning him. +Since therfor, good brethren, we have plainly opened ye state of things +with us in this matter, you will, &c. Thus beseeching ye Allmightie, who +is allsufficiente to raise us out of this depth of difficulties, to +assiste us herin; raising such means by his providence and fatherly care +for us, his pore children & servants, as we may with comforte behould ye +hand of our God for good towards us in this our bussines, which we +undertake in his name & fear, we take leave & remaine + Your perplexed, yet hopful + bretheren, +June 10, New Stille +Ano: 1620. SAMUEL FULLER, EDWARD WINSLOW, + WILLIAM BRADFORD, ISAAC ALLERTON. + + + + + III + THE LETTER OF ROBERT CUSHMAN (AT LONDON), TO + JOHN CARVER (AT SOUTHAMPTON) + +Saturday, June 10/20, 1620. + +To his loving freind Mr. John Carver, these, &c. + +Loving freind, I have received from you some letters, full of affection & +complaints, & what it is you would have of me I know not; for your +crieing out, Negligence, negligence, negligence, I marvell why so +negligente a man was used in ye bussines: Yet know you yt all that I have +power to doe hear, shall not be one hower behind, I warent you. You have +reference to Mr. Weston to help us with money, more then his adventure; +wher he protesteth but for his promise, he would not have done any thing. +He saith we take a heady course, and is offended yt our provissions are +made so farr of; as also that he was not made aquainted with our +quantitie of things; and saith yt in now being in 3. places, so farr +remote, (i.e. Leyden, London, and Southampton) we will, with going up & +downe, and wrangling & expostulating, pass over ye sourer before we will +goe. And to speake ye trueth, they is fallen already amongst us a flatt +schisme; and we are redier to goe to dispute, then to sett forwarde a +vaiage. I have received from Leyden since you wente (to Southampton) 3. +or 4. letters directed to you, though they only conscerne me. I will not +trouble you with them. I always feared ye event of ye Amsterdamers +(members of Rev. Henry Ainsworth's church there) striking in with us. +I trow you must excomunicate me, or els you must goe without their +companie, or we shall wante no quareling; but let them pass. + +We have reckoned, it should seeme, without our host; and, count upon a +150. persons, ther cannot be founde above 1200li. & odd moneys of all ye +venturs you can reckone, besids some cloath, stockings, & shoes, which +are not counted; so we shall come shorte at least 3. or 400li. I would +have had some thing shortened at first of beare (beer) & other +provissions in hope of other adventurs, & now we could have, both in +Amsterd & Kente, beere inough to serve our turne, but now we cannot +accept it without prejudice. You fear we have begune to build & and +shall not be able to make an end; indeed, our courses were never +established by counsell, we may therfore justly fear their standing. +Yea, then was a schisme amongst us 3. at ye first. You wrote to Mr. +Martin, to prevente ye making of ye provissions in Kente, which he did, +and sett downe his resolution how much he would have of every thing, +without respecte to any counsell or exception. Surely he yt is in a +societie & yet regards not counsell, may better be a king then a +consorte. To be short, if then be not some other dispossition setled +unto then yet is, we yt should be partners of humilitie and peace, shall +be examples of jangling & insulting. Yet your money which you ther +[Southampton] must have, we will get provided for you instantly. 500li. +you say will serve; for ye rest which hear & in Holand is to be used, we +may goe scratch for it. For Mr. Crabe, of whom you write, he hath +promised to goe with us, yet I tell you I shall not be without feare till +I see him shipped, for he [i.e. his going] is much opposed, yet I hope +he will not faile. Thinke ye best of all, and bear with patience what is +wanting, and ye Lord guid us all. + Your loving freind, + ROBART CUSHMAN. +London June 10. +Ano: 1620. + + + + + IV + THE LETTER OF ROBERT CUSHMAN TO THE LEYDEN LEADERS + +(Probably written at London, Saturday, June 10/20, 1620.) + +Brethern, I understand by letters & passagess yt have come to me, that +ther are great discontents, & dislike of my proceedings amongst you. +Sorie I am to hear it, yet contente to beare it, as not doubting but yt +partly by writing, and more principally by word when we shall come +togeather, I shall satisfie any reasonable man. I have been perswaded by +some, espetialy this bearer, to come and clear things unto you; but as +things now stand I cannot be absente one day, excepte I should hazard all +ye viage. Neither conceive I any great good would come of it. Take +then, brethern, this as a step to give you contente. First, for your +dislike of ye alteration of one clause in ye conditions, if you conceive +it right, ther can be no blame lye on me at all. For ye articles first +brought over by John Carver were never seene of any of ye adventurers +hear, excepte Mr. Weston, neither did any of them like them because of +that clause; nor Mr. Weston him selfe, after he had well considered it. +But as at ye first ther was 500li. withdrawne by Sr. Georg Farrer and his +brother upon that dislike, so all ye rest would have withdrawne (Mr. +Weston excepted) if we had not altered yt clause. Now whilst we at +Leyden conclude upon points, as we did, we reckoned without our host, +which was not my faulte. Besids, I shewed you by a letter ye equitie of +yt condition, & our inconveniences, which might be sett against all Mr. +Rob: [Robinson's] inconveniences, that without ye alteration of yt +clause, we could neither have means to gett thither, nor supplie wherby +to subsiste when we were ther. Yet notwithstanding all those reasons, +which were not mine, but other mens wiser than my selfe, without answer +to any one of them, here cometh over many quirimonies, and complaints +against me, of lording it over my brethern, and making conditions fitter +for theeves & bondslaves then honest men, and that of my owne head I did +what I list. And at last a paper of reasons, framed against yt clause in +ye conditions, which as yey were delivered me open, so my answer is open +to you all. And first, as they are no other but inconveniences, such as +a man might frame 20. as great on ye other side, and yet prove nor +disprove nothing by them, so they misse & mistake both ye very ground of +ye article and nature of ye project. + +For, first, it is said, that if ther had been no divission of houses & +lands, it had been better for ye poore. True, and yt showeth ye +inequalitie of ye condition; we should more respect him yt ventureth both +his money and his person, then him yt ventureth but his person only. + +2. Consider whereaboute we are, not giveing almes, but furnishing a +store house; no one shall be porer then another for 7. years, and if any +be rich, none can be pore. At ye least, we must not in such bussines +crie, Pore, pore, mercie, mercie. Charitie hath it[s] life in wraks, not +in venturs; you are by this most in a hopefull pitie of makeing, +therefore complaine not before you have need. + +3. This will hinder ye building of good and faire houses, contrarie to +ye advise of pollitiks. A. So we would have it; our purpose is to build +for ye presente such houses as, if need be, we may with litle greefe set +a fire, and rune away by the lighte; our riches shall not be in pompe, +but in strength; if God send us riches, we will imploye them to provid +more men, ships, munition, &c. You may see it amongst the best +pollitiks, that a comonwele is readier to ebe then to flow, when once +fine houses and gay cloaths come up. + +4. The Govet may prevente excess in building. A. But if it be on all +men beforehand resolved on, to build mean houses, ye Govet laboure is +spared. + +5. All men are not of one condition. A. If by condition you mean +wealth, you are mistaken; if you mean by condition, qualities, then I say +he that is not contente his neighbour shall have as good a house, fare, +means, &c. as him selfe, is not of a good qualitie. 2ly. Such retired +persons, as have an eie only to them selves, are fitter to come wher +catching is, then closing; and are fitter to live alone, then in any +societie, either civil or religious. + +6. It will be of litle value, scarce worth 5li. A. True, it may not be +worth halfe 5li. If then so smale a thing will content them, (the +Adventurers) why strive we thus aboute it, and give them occasion to +suspecte us to be worldly & covetous? I will not say what I have heard +since these complaints came first over [from Leyden]. + +7. Our freinds with us yt adventure mind not their owne profite, as did +ye old adventurers. A. Then they are better than we, who for a little +matter of profite are readie to draw back, and it is more apparente, +brethern looke too it, that make profit your maine end; repente of this, +els goe not least you be like Jonas to Tarshis. Though some of +them mind not their profite, yet others doe mind it; and why not as well +as we? venturs are made by all sorts of men, and we must labour to give +them all contente, if we can. + +8. It will break ye course of comunitie, as may be showed by many +reasons. A. That is but said, and I say againe, it will best foster +comunion, as may be showed by many reasons. + +9. Great profite is like to be made by trucking, fishing, &c. A. As it +is better for them, so for us; for halfe is ours, besids our living still +upon it, and if such profite in yt way come, our labour shall be ye less +on ye land, and our houses & lands will be of less value. + +10. Our hazard is greater than theirs. A. True, but doe they put us +upon it? doe they urge or egg us? hath not ye motion & resolution been +always in our selves? doe they any more then in seeing us resolute if we +had means, help us to means upon equall termes & conditions! If we will +not goe, they are content to keep their moneys. + +Thus I have pointed at a way to loose those knots, which I hope you will +consider seriously, and let me have no more stirr about them. + +Now furder, I hear a noise of slavish conditions by me made; but surly +this is all I have altered, and reasons I have sent you. If you mean it +of ye 2. days in a week for perticuler, as some insinuate, you are +deceived; you may have 3. days in a week for me if you will. And when I +have spoken to ye adventurers of times of working, they have said they +hope we are men of discretion & conscience, and so fitt to be trusted our +selves with that. But indeed ye ground of our proceedings at Leyden was +mistaken, and so here is nothing but tottering every day, &c. + +As for them of Amsterdam, [i.e. the members of Rev. Henry Ainsworth's +church there] I had thought they would as soon gone to Rome as with us; +for our libertie is to them as ratts bane, and their riggour as bad to us +as ye Spanish Inquisition. If any practise of mine discourage them, let +them yet draw back; I will undertake they shall have their money againe +presently paid hear. Or if the Company think me to be ye Jonas, let them +cast me of before we goe; I shall be content to stay with good will, +having but ye cloaths on my back; only let us have quietnes, and no more +of these clamors; full little did I expect these things which are now +come to pass, &c. + Yours, + R. CUSHMAN. + + + + + V + THE LETTER OF ROBERT CUSHMAN TO THE LEYDEN LEADERS, LONDON + + (Sunday, June 11/21, 1620.) + +Salutations, &c. I received your letter [of May 31/June 10] yesterday, +by John Turner, with another ye same day from Amsterdam by Mr. W. +savouring of ye place whenc it came. And indeed the many discouragements +I find her,[London] togeather with ye demurrs and retirings ther,[Leyden] +had made me to say, I would give up my accounts to John Carver, & at his +comeing aquainte him fully with all courses, and so leave it quite, with +only ye pore cloaths on my back. But gathering up my selfe by further +consideration, I resolved yet to make one triall more, and to acquainte +Mr. Weston with ye fainted state of our bussines; and though he hath been +much discontented at some thing amongst us of late, which hath made him +often say, that save for his promise, he would not meadle at all with ye +bussines any more, yet considering how farr we were plunged into maters, +& how it stood both on our credits & undoing, at ye last he gathered up +him selfe a litle more, & coming to me 2. hours after, he tould me he +would not yet leave it. And so advising togeather we resolved to hire a +ship, and have tooke liking of one till Monday, about 60. laste, for a +greater we cannot gett, excepte it be tow great; but a fine ship it is. +And seeing our neer freinds ther are so streite lased, we hope to assure +her without troubling them any further; and if ye ship fale too small, it +fitteth well yt such as stumble at strawes already, may rest them ther a +while, least worse blocks come in ye way ere 7. years be ended. If you +had beaten this bussines so throuly a month agoe, and write to us as now +you doe, we could thus have done much more conveniently. But it is as it +is; I hope our freinds they, if they be quitted of ye ship hire, will be +indusced to venture ye more. All yt I now require is yt salt and netts +may ther be boughte, and for all ye rest we will here provid it; yet if +that will not be, let them but stand for it a month or tow, and we will +take order to pay it all. Let Mr. Reinholds tarie ther, and bring ye +ship to Southampton. We have hired another pilote here, one Mr. Clarke, +who went last year to Virginia with a ship of kine. + +You shall here distinctly by John Turner, who I thinke shall come hence +on tewsday night. I had thought to have come with him, to have answered +to my complaints; but I shal lerne to pass litle for their censurs; and +if I had more minde to goe & dispute & expostulate with them, then I have +care of this waightie bussines, I were like them who live by clamours & +jangling. But neither my mind nor my body is at libertie to doe much, +for I am fettered with bussines, and had rather study to be quiet, then +to make answer to their exceptions. If men be set on it, let them beat +ye eair; I hope such as are my sinceire freinds will not thinke but I can +give some reason of my actions. But of your mistaking aboute ye mater, + & other things tending to this bussines, I shall nexte informe you +more distinctly. Mean space entreate our freinds not to be too bussie in +answering matters, before they know them. If I doe such things as I +canot give reasons for, it is like you have sett a foole aboute your +bussines, and so turne ye reproofe to your selves, & send an other, and +let me come againe to my Combes. But setting aside my naturall +infirmities, I refuse not to have my cause judged, both of God, & all +indifferent men; and when we come togeather I shall give accounte of my +actions hear. The Lord, who judgeth justly without respect of persons, +see into ye equitie of my cause, and give us quiet, peacable, and patient +minds, in all these turmoils, and sanctifie unto us all crosses +whatsoever. And so I take my leave of you all, in all love & affection. + I hope we shall gett all hear ready in 14. days. + Your pore brother, + ROBART CUSHMAN. +[London] +June 11. 1620 [O.S.]. + + + + + VI + A LETTER OF MR. JOHN ROBINSON TO JOHN CARVER, + JUNE 14. (N.S.), 1620 + + [Professor Arber ("The Story of the Pilgrim Fathers," p. 317) has + apparently failed to notice that in the original MS. of Bradford, + this letter is dated "June 14, 1620, N. Stile," which would make it + June 4., O.S., while Arber dates it "14/24 June," which is + manifestly incorrect. A typographical error in Arber (p. 317) + directs the letter to "Leyden" instead of to London. ] + + + June 14. 1620. N. Stile. + +My dear freind & brother, whom with yours I alwaise remember in my best +affection, and whose wellfare I shall never cease to comend to God by my +best & most earnest praires. You doe throwly understand by our generall +letters ye estate of things hear, which indeed is very pitifull; +espetialy by wante of shiping, and not seeing means lickly, much less +certaine, of having it provided; though withall ther be great want of +money & means to doe needfull things. Mr. [Edward] Pickering, you know +before this, will not defray a peny hear; though Robert Cushman presumed +of I know not how many 100li. from him, & I know not whom. Yet it seems +strange yt we should be put to him to receive both his & his partners +[William Greene's] adventer, and yet Mr. Weston write unto him, yt in +regard of it, he hath drawne upon him a 100li. more. But they is in this +some misterie, as indeed it seems ther is in ye whole course. Besids, +wheras diverse are to pay in some parts of their moneys yet behinde, they +refuse to doe it, till they see shiping provided, or a course taken for +it. Neither doe I thinke is ther a man hear would pay anything, if he +had againe his money in his purse. You know right well we depended on +Mr. Weston alone, and upon such means as he would procure for this +commone bussines; and when we had in hand an other course with ye +Dutchmen, broke it of at his motion, and upon ye conditions by him +shortly after propounded. He did this in his love I know, but things +appeare not answerable from him hitherto. That he should have first have +put in his moneys, is thought by many to have been but fitt, but yt I can +well excuse, he being a marchante and haveing use of it to his benefite; +whereas others, if it had been in their hands, would have consumed it. +But yt he should not but have had either shipping ready before this time, +or at least certaine means, and course, and ye same knowne to us for it, +or have taken other order otherwise, cannot in my conscience be excused. +I have heard yt wen he hath been moved in the bussines, he hath put it of +from him selfe, and referred it to ye others; and would come to Georg +Morton [in London] & enquire news of him aboute things, as if he had +scarce been some accessarie unto it. Wlether he hath failed of some helps +from others which he expected, and so be not well able to goe through +with things, or whether he hath feared least you should be ready too +soone & so encrease ye charge of shiping above yt is meete, or whether he +hath thought by withhoulding to put us upon straits, thinking yt therby +Mr. Brewer and Mr. Pickering would be drawne by importunitie to doe more, +or what other misterie is in it, we know not; but sure we are yt things +are not answerable to such an occasion. Mr. Weston maks himselfe mery +with our endeavors aboute buying a ship, [the SPEEDWELL], but we have +done nothing in this but with good reason, as I am perswaded, nor yet +that I know in any thing els, save in those tow: ye one, that we imployed +Robart Cushman, who is known (though a good man & of spetiall abilities +in his kind, yet) most unfitt to deale for other by reason of his +singularitie, and too great indifferancie for any conditions, and for (to +speak truly) that we have had nothing from him but termes & presumptions. +The other, yt we have so much relyed, by implicite faith as it were, upon +generalities, without seeing ye perticuler course & means for so waghtie +an affaire set down unto us. For shiping, Mr. Weston, it should seeme, +is set upon hireing, which yet I wish he may presently effecte; but I see +litle hope of help from hence if so it be. Of Mr. [Thomas] Brewer, you +know what to expecte. I doe not thinke Mr. Pickering will ingage, +excepte in ye course of buying [ships?] in former letters specified. +Aboute ye conditions, you have our reason for our judgments of what is +agreed. And let this spetially be borne in minde, yt the greatest pane +of ye Collonie is like to be imployed constantly, not upon dressing they +perticuler land & building houses, but upon fishing, trading, &c. So as +ye land & house will be but a trifell for advantage to ye adventurers, +and yet the devission of it a great discouragmente to ye planters, who +would with singuler care make it comfortable with borowed houres from +their sleep. The same consideration of comone imploymente constantly by +the most is a good reason not to have ye 2, daies in a week denyed ye few +planters for private use, which yet is subordinate to comone good. +Consider also how much unfite that you & your liks must serve a new +prentishipe of 7. years, and not a daies freedome from taske. Send me +word what persons are to goe, who of usefull faculties, & how many, & +perticulerly of every thing. I know you wante not a minde. I am sorie +you have not been at London all this while, but ye provissions could not +want you. Time will suffer me to write no more; fare, you & yours well +allways in ye Lord, in whom I rest. + Yours to use, + JOHN' ROBINSON. + + + + + VII + THE LETTER OF THE PLANTERS TO THE + MERCHANT ADVENTURERS (FROM SOUTHAMPTON) + + Aug. 3. Ano. 1620. + +Beloved freinds, sory we are that ther should be occasion of writing at +all unto you, partly because we ever expected to see ye most of you hear, +but espetially because ther should any difference at all be conceived +betweene us. But seing it faleth out that we cannot conferr togeather, +we thinke it meete (though brefly) to show you ye just cause & reason of +our differing from those articles last made by Robert Cushman, without +our comission or knowledg. + +And though he might propound good ends to himselfe, yet it no way +justifies his doing it. Our maine diference is in ye 5.& 9. article, +concerning ye deviding or holding of house and lands; the injoying +whereof some of your selves well know, was one spetiall motive, amongst +many other, to provoke us to goe. This was thought so reasonable, yt +when ye greatest of you in adventure (whom we have much cause to +respecte), when he propounded conditions to us freely of his owne +accorde, he set this downe for one; a coppy wherof we have sent unto you, +with some additions then added by us; which being liked on both sids, and +a day set for ye paimente of moneys, those in Holland paid in theirs. +After yt, Robert Cushman, Mr. [John] Pierce, & Mr. [Christopher] Martine, +brought them into a better forme, & write them in a booke now extante; +and upon Robarts [Cushmans] shewing them and delivering Mr. [William] +Mullins a coppy thereof under his hand (which we have), he payed in his +money. And we of Holland had never seen other before our coming to +Hamton, but only as one got for him selfe a private coppy of them; upon +sight wherof we manyfested uter dislike, but had put of our estats & were +ready to come, and therfore was too late to rejecte ye vioage. Judge +therefore we beseech you indifferently of things, and if a faulte have +bene comited, lay it where it is, & not upon us, who have more cause to +stand for ye one, then you have for ye other. We never gave Robart +Cushman comission to make any one article for us, but only sent him to +receive moneys upon articles before agreed on, and to further ye +provissions till John Carver came, and to assiste him in it. Yet since +you conceive your selves wronged as well as we, we thought meete to add a +branch to ye end of our 9. article, as will allmost heale that wound of +it selfe, which you conceive to be in it. But that it may appeare to all +men yt we are not lovers of our selves only, but desire also ye good & +inriching of our freinds who have adventured your moneys with our +persons, we have added our last article to ye rest, promising you againe +by leters in ye behalfe of the whole company, that if large profits +should not arise within ye 7. years, yt we will continue togeather longer +with you, if ye Lord give a blessing.--[Bradford adds in a note, "It is +well for them yt this was not accepted."]--This we hope is sufficente to +satisfie any in this case, espetialy freinds, since we are asured yt if +the whole charge was devided into 4. parts, 3. of them will not stand +upon it, nether doe regarde it, &c. We are in shuch a streate at +presente, as we are forced to sell away 60li. worth of our provissions to +cleare ye Haven [Southampton & withall put our selves upon great +extremities, scarce haveing any butter, no oyle, not a sole to mend a +shoe, nor every man a sword to his side, wanting many muskets, much +armoure, etc. And yet we are willing to expose our selves to shuch +eminente dangers as are like to insue, & trust to ye good providence of +God, rather then his name & truth should be evill spoken of for us. Thus +saluting all of you in love, and beseeching ye Lord to give a blesing to +our endeavore, and keepe all our harts in ye bonds of peace & love, we +take leave & rest, + Yours, &c + +Aug. 3. 1620. + + ["It was subscribed with many names of ye cheefest of ye company." + --Bradford, "Historie," Mass. ed. p. 77.] + + + + + VIII + THE LETTER OF ROBERT CUSHMAN (FROM SOUTHAMPTON) + TO EDWARD SOUTHWORTH + +To his loving friend Ed[ward] S[outhworth] at Henige House, in ye Duks +Place [London], these, &c. + + Dartmouth [Thursday] Aug. 17, [Anno 1620.] + +Loving friend, my most kind remembrance to you & your wife, with loving +E. M. &c. whom in this world I never looke to see againe. For besids ye +eminente dangers of this viage, which are no less then deadly, an +infirmitie of body Hath seased me, which will not in all licelyhoode +leave me till death. What to call it I know not, but it it is a bundle +of lead, as it were, crushing my harte more & more these 14. days, as +that allthough I doe ye acctions of a liveing man, yet I am but as dead; +but ye will of God be done. Our pinass [the SPEEDWELL] will not cease +leaking, els I thinke we had been halfe way at Virginia, our viage hither +hath been as full of crosses, as our, selves have been of crokednes. We +put in hear to trime her, & I thinke, as others also, if we had stayed at +sea but 3. or 4. howers more, shee would have sunke right downe. And +though she was twice trimed at Hamton, yet now shee is open and lekie as +a seine; and ther was a borde, a man might have puld of with his fingers, +2 foote longe, wher ye water came in as at a mole hole. We lay at Hamton +7. days, in fair weather, waiting for her, and now we lye hear waiting +for her in as faire a wind as can blowe, and so have done these 4. days, +and are like to lye 4. more, and by yt time ye wind will happily turne as +it did at Hamton. Our victualls will be halfe eaten up, I thinke, before +we goe from the coaste of England, and if our viage last longe, we shall +not have a months victialls when we come in ye countrie. Near 700li. +hath bene bestowed at Hamton upon what I know not. Mr. Martin saith he +neither can nor will give any accounte of it, and if he be called upon +for accounts he crieth out of unthankfulness for his paines & care, that +we are susspitious of him, and flings away, and will end nothing. Also +he so insulteh over our poore people with shuch scorne and contempte, as +if they were not good enough to wipe his shoes. It would break your hart +to see his dealing, and ye mourning of our people. They complaine to me, +& alass! I can doe nothing for them; if I speake to him, he flies in my +face, as mutinous, and saith no complaints shall be heard or received but +by him selfe, and saith they are forwarde, & waspish, discontented +people, & I doe ill to hear them. Ther are others yt would lose all they +have put in, or make satisfaction for what they have had, that they might +departe; but he will not hear them, nor suffer them to goe ashore, least +they should rune away. The sailors also are so offended at his ignorante +bouldnes, in medling & controuling in things he knows not what belongs +too, as yt some threaten to misscheefe him, others say they will leave ye +shipe & goe their way. But at ye best this cometh of it, yt he maks him +selfe a scorne & laughing stock unto them. As for Mr. Weston, excepte +grace doe greatly swaye with him, he will hate us ten times more then +ever he loved us, for not confirming ye conditions. But now, since some +pinches have taken them, they begine to reveile ye trueth, and say Mr. +Robinson was in ye falte who charged them never to consente to those +conditions, nor chuse me into office, but indeede apointed them to chose +them they did chose. But he and they will rue too late, they may now +see, & all be ashamed when it is too late, that they were so ignorante, +yea, & so inordinate in their courses. I am sure as they were resolved +not to seale those conditions, I was not so resolute at Hamton to have +left ye whole bussines, excepte they would seale them, and better ye +vioage to have bene broken of then, then to have brought such miserie to +our selves, dishonour to God, & detrimente to our loving freinds, as now +it is like to doe. 4. or 5. of ye cheefe of them which came from Leyden, +came resolved never to goe on those conditions. And Mr. Martine, he said +he never received no money on those conditions, he was not beholden to ye +marchants, for a pine [pennie], they were bloudsuckers, & I know not +what. Simple man, he indeed never made any conditions wth the marchants, +nor ever spake with them. + +But did all that money flie to Hamton, or was it his owne? Who will goe +lay out money so rashly & lavishly as he did, and never know how he comes +by it, or on what conditions? I tould him of ye alteration longe +agoe, & he was contente; but now he dominires, & said I had betrayed them +into ye hands of slaves; he is not beholden to them, he can set out 2 +ships him selfe to a viage. When, good man? He hath but 50li. in, & if +he should give up his accounts he would not have a penie left him,-- +["This was found true afterwards. W(illiam] B"[radford]]--as I +am persuaded, &c. Freind, if ever we make a plantation, God works a +mirakle; especially considering how scante we shall be of victualls, and +most of all ununited amongst our selves, & devoyd of good tutors and +regimente. Violence will break all. Wher is ye meek & humble spirite of +Moyses? & of Nehemiah who reedified ye wals of Jerusalem, and ye state of +Israell? Is not ye sound of Rehoboams braggs daly hear amongst us? Have +not ye philosophers and all wise men observed yt, even in setled comone +welths, violente governours bring either them selves, or people, or +boath, to ruine; how much more in ye raising of comone wealths, when ye +mortar is yet scarce tempered yt should bind ye wales [walls]. If I +should write to you of all things which promiscuously forerune our ruine, +I should over charge my weake head and greeve your tender hart; only +this, I pray you prepare for evill tidings of us every day. But pray for +us instantly, it may be ye Lord will be yet entreated one way or other to +make for us. I see not in reason how we shall escape even ye gasping of +hunger starved persons; but God can doe much, & his will be done. It is +better for me to dye, then now for me to bear it, which I doe daly, & +expect it howerly; haveing received ye sentance of death, both within me +& with out me. Poore William Ring & my selfe doe strive who shall be +meate first for ye fishes; but we looke for a glorious resurrection, +knowing Christ Jesus after ye flesh no more, but looking unto ye joye yt +is before us, we will endure all these things and accounte them light in +comparison of ye joye we hope for. Remember me in all love to our +freinds as if I named them, whose praiers I desire earnestly, & wish +againe to see, but not till I can with more comforte looke them in ye +face. The Lord give us that true comforte which none can take from us. +I had a desire to make a breefe relation of our estate to some freind. +I doubte not but your wisdome will teach you seasonably to utter things +as here after you shall be called to it. That which I have writen is +treue, & many things more which I have for borne. I write it as upon my +life, and last confession in England. What is of use to be spoken of +presently, you may speake of it, and what is fitt to conceile, conceall. +Pass by my weake maner, for my head is weake, and my body feeble, ye Lord +make me strong in him, and keepe both you & yours. + Your loving freind, + ROBART CUSHMAN. + +Dartmouth, Aug. 17, 1620. + + + + + IX + THE MAY-FLOWER COMPACT + +In ye name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwriten, the loyall +subjects of our dread soveraigne Lord, King James, by ye grace of God, of +Great Britaine, Franc, & Ireland king, defender of ye faith, &c., haveing +under taken, for ye glorie of God, and advancemente of ye Christian +faith, and honour of our king & countrie, a voyage to plant ye first +colonie in ye Northerne parts of Virginia, doe by these presents solemnly +& mutualy in ye presence of God, and one of another, covenant & combine +our selves together into a civill body politick, for our better ordering +& preservation & furtherance of ye ends aforesaid: and by vertue hearof +to enacte, constitute, and frame such just & equall lawes, ordinances, +actes, constitutions, & offices, from time to time, as shall be thought +most meete & convenient for ye generall good of ye Colonie, unto which we +promise all due submission and obedience. In witnes wherof we have here +under subscribed our names at Cape-Codd ye 11. of November, in ye year of +ye raigne of our soveraigne lord, King James, of England, France, & +Ireland ye eighteenth, and of Scotland ye fiftie fourth. Ano. Dom. 1620 + + + + + X + A COPY OF THE NUNCUPATIVE WILL OF MASTER WILLIAM MULLENS + + [Undoubtedly taken by Governor Carver on board the MAY-FLOWER.] + + [Although the dictation must, apparently, have been taken on the day + of Master Mullens's death, February 21/March 3, 1620, Governor + Carver evidently did not write out his notes, and have them + witnessed, till April 2, 1621, some weeks later.] + + "April, 1621. + +In the name of God, Amen: I comfit my Soule to God that gave it and my +bodie to the earth from whence it came. Alsoe I give my goodes as +followeth: That fforty poundes wch is in the hand of good-man Woodes I +give my wife tenn poundes, my sonne Joseph tenn poundes, my daughter +Priscilla tenn poundes, and my eldest sonne tenn poundes. Alsoe I give to +my eldest sonne all my debtes, bonds, bills (onelye yt forty poundes +excepted in the handes of goodman Wood) given as aforesaid wth all the +stock in his owne handes. To my eldest daughter I give ten shillinges to +be paied out of my sonnes stock Furthermore that goodes I have in +Virginia as followeth To my wife Alice halfe my goodes. 2. to Joseph and +Priscilla the other halfe equallie to be devided betweene them. Alsoe I +have xxi dozen of shoes, and thirteene paire of bootes wch I give into +the Companies handes for forty poundes at seaven years end if they like +them at that rate. If it be thought to deare as my Overseers shall +thinck good. And if they like them at that rate at the devident I shall +have nyne shares whereof I give as followeth twoe to my wife, twoe to my +sonne William, twoe to my sonne Joseph, towe to my daughter Priscilla, +and one to the Companie. Allsoe if my sonne William will come to +Virginia I give him my share of land furdermore I give to my two +Overseers Mr. John Carver and Mr. Williamson, twentye shillinges apeece +to see this my will performed desiringe them that he would have an eye +over my wife and children to be as fathers and freindes to them, Allsoe +to have a speciall eye to my man Robert wch hathe not so approved +himselfe as I would he should have done." + +This is a Coppye of Mr. Mullens his Will of all particulars he hathe +given. In witnes whereof I have sette my hande John Carver, Giles Heale, +Christopher Joanes." + + + + + XI + THE LETTER OF "ONE OF THE CHIEFE OF YE COMPANIE" + [THE MERCHANT ADVENTURERS] + DATED AT LONDON, APRIL 9, 1623 + +Loving friend, when I write my last leter, I hope to have received one +from you well-nigh by this time. But when I write in Des: I little +thought to have seen Mr. John Pierce till he had brought some good +tidings from you. But it pleased God, he brought us ye wofull tidings of +his returne when he was half-way over, by extraime tempest, werin ye +goodnes & mercie of God appeared in sparing their lives, being 109. +souls. The loss is so great to Mr. Pierce &c., and ye companie put upon +so great charge, as veryly, &c. Now with great trouble & loss, we have +got Mr. John Pierce to assigne over ye grand patente to ye companie, +which he had taken in his owne name, and made quite voyd our former +grante. I am sorie to writ how many hear thinke yt the hand of God was +justly against him, both ye first and 2. time of his returne; in regard +he, whom you and we so confidently trusted, but only to use his name for +ye com pany, should aspire to be lord over us all, and so make you & us +tenants at his will and pleasure, our assurance or patente being quite +voyd & disanuled by his means. I desire to judg charitably of him. But +his unwillingness to part with his royall lordship, and ye high rate he +set it at, which was 500li. which cost him but 50li., maks many speake +and judg hardly of him. The company are out for goods in his ship, with +charge aboute ye passengers, 640li., &c. + +We have agreed with 2 merchants for a ship of 140 tunes, caled ye Anne, +which is to be ready ye last of this month, to bring 60 passengers & +60 tune of goods, &c--[Bradford, Historie, Mass. ed. p. 167.] + + + +ADDENDA + +Governor Winslow, in his "Hypocrisie Unmasked" (pp. 89,90), indicates +that the representatives of the Leyden congregation (Cushman and Carver) +sought the First (or London) Virginia Company as early as 1613. It is +beyond doubt that preliminary steps toward securing the favor, both of +the King and others, were taken as early as 1617, and that the Wincob +Patent was granted in their interest, June 9/19, 1619. But the Leyden +people were but little advanced by the issue of this Patent. They became +discouraged, and began early in 1620 (perhaps earlier) negotiations with +the Dutch, which were in progress when, at the instance of Sir Ferdinando +Gorges, Thomas Weston undertook (February 2/12, April 1/11, 1620) to +secure the Leyden party, avowedly for the London Virginia Company, but +really for its rival, the Second Virginia Company, soon to be merged in +the "Council of Affairs for New England." It was then, and under these +influences, that the Leyden leaders "broke off," as Bradford puts it, +their negotiations with the Dutch authorities, who, however, apparently +about the same time, determined to reject their propositions. While the +renewal of the Leyden leaders' negotiations, through Weston, were, "on +their face" (and so far as the Pilgrims were concerned), with the First +Virginia Company, with whom, through Sir Edwin Sandys and other friends, +their original efforts were made, they were, as stated, subverted by +Gorges's plans and Weston's cooperation, in the interest of the Second +Virginia Company. The Merchant Adventurers were represented, in the +direct negotiations for the Patent only, by John Pierce, who, at that +time, was apparently dealing honestly, and was not, so far as appears, +in Gorges's confidence, though later he proved a traitor and a consummate +rascal, albeit he always acted, apparently, alone. The so-called "Pierce +Patent" (which displaced the Wincob) was rendered worthless by the +landing of the Pilgrims north of 41 deg. north latitude. The third +Patent (Pierce's second) was from the Council for New England to Pierce, +for the colonists, but was exchanged by him for a "deed-pole" to himself, +though at last surrendered to the colony under stress. + + + + +ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS: + +All business without any agreement in writing +Borowed houres from their sleep +Not to be too bussie in answering matters, before they know them +Redier to goe to dispute, then to sett forwarde +Sorie I am to hear it, yet contente to beare it +Thinke ye best of all, and bear with patience what is wanting + + + + +End of this Project Gutenberg Etext of The Mayflower and Her Log, v6 +by Azel Ames + diff --git a/4106.zip b/4106.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f77b840 --- /dev/null +++ b/4106.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. 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