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D.W.] + + + + + +THE MAY-FLOWER AND HER LOG + +July 15, 1620--May 6, 1621 +Chiefly from Original Sources + +By AZEL AMES, M.D. +Member of Pilgrim Society, etc. + + + +BOOK 5. + +CHAPTER VII + +QUARTERS, COOKING, PROVISIONS + +Probably no more vexatious problem presented itself for the time being to +the "governors" of the two vessels and their "assistants," upon their +selection, than the assignment of quarters to the passengers allotted to +their respective ships. That these allotments were in a large measure +determined by the requirements of the women and children may be +considered certain. The difficulties attendant on due recognition of +social and official station (far more imperative in that day than this) +were in no small degree lessened by the voluntary assignment of +themselves, already mentioned, of some of the Leyden chief people to the +smaller ship; but in the interests of the general welfare and of harmony, +certain of the leaders, both of the Leyden and London contingents, were +of necessity provided for in the larger vessel. The allotments to the +respective ships made at Southampton, the designation of quarters in the +ships themselves, and the final readjustments upon the MAY-FLOWER at +Plymouth (England), when the remaining passengers of both ships had been +united, were all necessarily determined chiefly with regard to the needs +of the women, girls, and babes. Careful analysis of the list shows that +there were, requiring this especial consideration, nineteen women, ten +young girls, and one infant. Of the other children, none were so young +that they might not readily bunk with or near their fathers in any part +of the ship in which the latter might be located. + +We know enough of the absolute unselfishness and devotion of all the +Leyden leaders, whatever their birth or station,--so grandly proven in +those terrible days of general sickness and death at New Plymouth,--to be +certain that with them, under all circumstances, it was noblesse oblige, +and that no self-seeking would actuate them here. It should be +remembered that the MAY-FLOWER was primarily a passenger transport, her +passengers being her principal freight and occupying the most of the +ship, the heavier cargo being chiefly confined to the "hold." As in that +day the passenger traffic was, of course, wholly by sailing vessels, they +were built with cabin accommodations for it, as to numbers, etc., +proportionately much beyond those of the sailing craft of to-day. The +testimony of Captain John Smith, "the navigator," as to the passengers of +the MAY-FLOWER "lying wet in their cabins," and that of Bradford as to +Billington's "cabin between decks," already quoted, is conclusive as to +the fact that she had small cabins (the "staterooms" of to-day), intended +chiefly, no doubt, for women and children. The advice of Edward Winslow +to his friend George Morton, when the latter was about to come to New +England in the ANNE, "build your cabins as open as possible," +is suggestive of close cabins and their discomforts endured upon the +MAY-FLOWER. It also suggests that the chartering-party was expected in +those days to control, if not to do, the "fitting up" of the ship for her +voyage. In view of the usual "breadth of beam" of ships of her class and +tonnage, aft, and the fore and aft length of the poop, it is not +unreasonable to suppose that there were not less than four small cabins +on either side of the common (open) cabin or saloon (often depicted as +the signing-place of the Compact), under the high poop deck. Constructed +on the general plan of such rooms or cabins to-day (with four single +berths, in tiers of two on either hand), there would be--if the women and +girls were conveniently distributed among them--space for all except the +Billingtons, who we know had a cabin (as had also doubtless several of +the principal men) built between decks. This would also leave an after +cabin for the Master, who not infrequently made his quarters, and those +of his chief officer, in the "round house," when one existed, especially +in a crowded ship. + +Cabins and bunks "between decks" would provide for all of the males of +the company, while the seamen, both of the crew and (some of) those in +the employ of the Pilgrims--like Trevore and Ely--were no doubt housed in +the fore castle. Alderton and English seem to have been counted "of the +company." The few data we have permit us to confidently assume that some +such disposition of the passengers was (necessarily) made, and that but +for the leaky decks, the inseparable discomforts of the sea, and those of +over crowding, the wives of the Pilgrims (three of whom gave birth to +children aboard the ship), and their daughters, were fairly "berthed." + +Bradford is authority for the statement that with the "governor" of the +ship's company were chosen "two or three assistants . . . to order +[regulate] the people by the way [on the passage] and see to the +disposition of the provisions," etc. The last-named duty must have been a +most difficult and wearisome one. From what has been shown of the +poverty of the ship's cooking facilities (especially for so large a +company), one must infer that it would be hopeless to expect to cook food +in any quantity, except when all conditions favored, and then but slowly +and with much difficulty. From the fact that so many would require food +at practically the same hours of the day, it is clear that there must +have been distribution of food (principally uncooked) to groups or +families, who, with the aid of servants (when available), must each have +prepared their own meals, cooking as occasion and opportu nity indicated; +much after the manner of the steerage passengers in later days, but +before those of the great ocean liners. There appears to have been but +one cook for the officers and crew of the ship, and his hands were +doubtless full with their demands. It is certain that his service to the +passengers must have been very slight. That "the cook" is named as one +of the ship's crew who died in Plymouth harbor (New England) is all the +knowledge we have concerning him. + +The use of and dependence upon tea and coffee, now so universal, and at +sea so seemingly indispensable, was then unknown, beer supplying their +places, and this happily did not have to be prepared with fire. "Strong +waters"--Holland gin and to some extent "aqua vitae" (brandy)--were +relied upon for the (supposed) maintenance of warmth. Our Pilgrim +Fathers were by no means "total abstainers," and sadly bewailed being +deprived of their beer when the supply failed. They also made general +and habitual (moderate) use of wine and spirits, though they sharply +interdicted and promptly punished their abuse. + +In the absence of cooking facilities, it became necessary in that day to +rely chiefly upon such articles of food as did not require to be prepared +by heat, such as biscuit (hard bread), butter, cheese ("Holland cheese" +was a chief staple with the Pilgrims), "haberdyne" (or dried salt +codfish), smoked herring, smoked ("cured ") ham and bacon, "dried neat's +tongues," preserved and "potted" meats (a very limited list in that day), +fruits, etc. Mush, oatmeal, pease-puddings, pickled eggs, sausage meats, +salt beef and pork, bacon, "spiced beef," such few vegetables as they had +(chiefly cabbages, turnips, and onions,--there were no potatoes in that +day), etc., could be cooked in quantity, when the weather permitted, and +would then be eaten cold. + +Except as dried or preserved fruits, vegetables (notably onions), limes, +lemon juice, and the free use of vinegar feebly counteracted, their food +was distinctively stimulant of scorbutic and tuberculosis disease, which +constant exposure to cold and wet and the overcrowded state of the ship +could but increase and aggravate. Bradford narrates of one of the crew +of the MAY-FLOWER when in Plymouth harbor, as suggestive of the wretched +conditions prevalent in the ship, that one of his shipmates, under an +agreement to care for him, "got him a little spice and made him a mess of +beef, once or twice," and then deserted him. + +Josselyn, in his "Two Voyages to New England," gives as the result of the +experience and observations had in his voyages, but a few years later, +much that is interesting and of exceptional value as to the food and +equipment of passengers to, and colonists in, this part of America. It +has especial interest, perhaps, for the author and his readers, in the +fact that Josselyn's statements were not known until after the data given +in these pages had been independently worked out from various sources, +and came therefore as a gratifying confirmation of the conclusions +already reached. + +Josselyn says as to food, as follows:--"The common proportion of +victuals for the sea to a mess (being 4 men) is as followeth:-- + +"2 pieces of Beef of 3 lb. 1/4 apiece. Pork seems to have been +inadvertently omitted. + +"Four pounds of Bread [ship-bread]. + +"One pint & 1/2 of Pease. + +"Four Gallons of Bear [Beer], with mustard and vinegar for 3 flesh days +in the week." + + +"For four fish days to each mess per day:-- + +"Two pieces of Codd or Haberdine, making 3 pieces of a fish, i.e. a +dried salt cod being divided into three pieces, 2 of those pieces were to +be a day's ration for 4 men. + +"Four pounds of Bread. + +"Three-quarters of a pound of cheese. + +"Bear as before." + +"Oatmeal per day for 50 men 1 Gallon [dry], and so proportionable for +more or fewer." + +"Thus you see the ship's provision is Beefe and Porke, Fish, Butter, +Cheese, Pease, Pottage, Water-Gruel, Bisket, and six shilling Bear." + + +"For private fresh provision you may carry with you (in case you or any +of yours should be sick at sea):-- + +"Conserves of Roses, Clove-Gilliflowers, Wormwood, Green-Ginger, Burnt- +Wine, English Spirits, Prunes to stew, Raisons of the Sun, Currence +[currants], Sugar, Nutmeg, Mace, Cinna mon, Pepper and Ginger, White +Bisket, Butter, or 'Captains biscuit,' made with wheat flour or Spanish +Rusk, Eggs, Rice, Juice of Lemons, well put up to cure or prevent the +Scurvy, Small Skillets, Pipkins, Porringers and small Frying Pans." + +Josselyn further gives us an estimate for:-- + +"Victuals for a whole year to be carried out of England for one man and so +for more after this rate." He annexed also their current prices:-- + +"Eight bushels of Meal [Rye meal probably intended] +Two bushels of Pease at 3/s +Two bushels of Oatmeal at 4s/6d +One Gallon of Aqua Vitae +One Gallon of Oyl +Two Gallons of Vinegar +[No estimate of Beef or Pork, or of vegetables, is included.] +A Hogshead of English Bear +A Hogshead of Irish Bear +A Hogshead of Vinegar +A bushel of Mustard seed +A Kental [Quintal] of fish, Cod or Haberdine, 112 lb." + + +Edward Window, in his letter to George Morton before mentioned, advising +him as to his voyage, says: "Bring juice of lemons and take it fasting. +It is of good use." + +It is indeed remarkable that, totally unused to any such conditions, wet, +cold, poorly fed, overcrowded, storm-tossed, bruised and beaten, anxious, +and with no homes to welcome them, exposed to new hardships and dangers +on landing, worn and exhausted, any of the MAY-FLOWER'S company survived. +It certainly cannot be accounted strange that infectious diseases, once +started among them, should have run through their ranks like fire, taking +both old and young. Nor is it strange that--though more inured to +hardship and the conditions of sea life--with the extreme and unusual +exposure of boat service on the New England coast in mid winter, often +wading in the icy water and living aboard ship in a highly infected +atmosphere, the seamen should have succumbed to disease in almost equal +ratio with the colonists. The author is prepared, after careful +consideration, to accept and professionally indorse, with few exceptions, +the conclusions as to the probable character of the decimating diseases +of the passengers and crew of the MAY-FLOWER, so ably and interestingly +presented by Dr. Edward E. Cornwall in the "New England Magazine" for +February, 1897--From the fact that Edward Thompson, Jasper More, and +Master James Chilton died within a month of the arrival at Cape Cod (and +while the ship lay in that harbor), and following the axiom of vital +statistics that "for each death two are constantly sick," there must have +been some little (though not to say general) sickness on the MAY-FLOWER +when she arrived at Cape Cod. It would, in view of the hardship of the +voyage, have been very remarkable if this had not been the case. It +would have been still more remarkable if the ill-conditioned, thin- +blooded, town-bred "servants" and apprentices had not suffered first and +most. It is significant that eight out of nine of the male "servants" +should have died in the first four months. It was impossible that scurvy +should not have been prevalent with both passengers and crew. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + +THE MAY-FLOWER'S LADING + +Beside her human freight of one hundred and thirty or more passengers and +crew, the lading of the MAY-FLOWER when she sailed from Plymouth +(England), September 6/16, 1620, was considerable and various. If +clearing at a custom-house of to-day her manifest would excite no little +interest and surprise. Taking no account of the ship's stores and +supplies (necessarily large, like her crew, when bound upon such a +voyage, when every possible need till her return to her home port must be +provided for before sailing), the colonists' goods and chattels were +many, their provisions bulky, their ordnance, arms, and stores (in the +hold) heavy, and their trading-stock fairly ample. Much of the cargo +originally stowed in the SPEEDWELL, a part, as we know, of her company, +and a few of her crew were transferred to the MAY-FLOWER at Plymouth, and +there can be no doubt that the ship was both crowded and overladen. + +It is altogether probable that the crowded condition of her spar and main +decks caused the supply of live-stock taken--whether for consumption upon +the voyage or for the planters' needs on shore--to be very limited as to +both number and variety. It has been matter of surprise to many that no +cattle (not even milch-cows) were taken, but if--as is not unlikely--it +was at first proposed to take a cow or two (when both ships were to go +and larger space was available), this intent was undoubtedly abandoned at +Plymouth, England, when it became evident that there would be dearth of +room even for passengers, none whatever for cattle or their fodder (a +large and prohibitive quantity of the latter being required for so long a +voyage), and that the lateness of the season and its probable hardships +would endanger the lives of the animals if taken. So far as appears the +only domestic live-stock aboard the MAY-FLOWER consisted of goats, swine, +poultry, and dogs. It is quite possible that some few sheep, rabbits, and +poultry for immediate consumption (these requiring but little forage) may +have been shipped, this being customary then as now. It is also probable +that some household pets--cats and caged singing-birds, the latter always +numerous in both England and Holland--were carried on board by their +owners, though no direct evidence of the fact is found. There is ample +proof that goats, swine, poultry, and dogs were landed with the colonists +at New Plymouth, and it is equally certain that they had at first neither +cattle, horses, nor sheep. Of course the she-goats were their sole +reliance for milk for some time, whether afloat or ashore, and goat's +flesh and pork their only possibilities in the way of fresh meat for many +months, save poultry (and game after landing), though we may be sure, in +view of the breeding value of their goats, poultry, and swine, few were +consumed for food. The "fresh meat" mentioned as placed before +Massasoit' on his first visit was probably venison, though possibly kid's +meat, pork, or poultry. Of swine and poultry they must have had a pretty +fair supply, judging from their rapid increase, though their goats must +have been few. They were wholly without beasts of draft or burden (though +it seems strange that a few Spanish donkeys or English "jacks" had not +been taken along, as being easily kept, hardy, and strong, and quite +equal to light ploughing, hauling, carrying, etc.), and their lack was +sorely felt. The space they and their forage demanded it was doubtless +considered impracticable to spare. The only dogs that appear in evidence +are a large mastiff bitch (the only dog of that breed probably seen on +these shores since Pring's "bigge dogges" so frightened the Indians' in +this region seventeen years before) + + [Captain Martin Pring had at Plymouth, in 1603, two great "mastive + dogges" named "Fool" and "Gallant," the former being trained to carry + a half-pike in his mouth. "The Indians were more afraid of these + dogs than of twenty men." American Magazine of History; Goodwin, + Pilgrim Republic, p. 3.] + +and a small spaniel, both the property of passengers, though there may +have been others not mentioned. Speaking of the venison found in a tree +by one of the exploring parties, Winslow says: "We thought it fitter for +the dogs than for us," perhaps suggesting by his word "the" their own +dogs aboard ship and provision for them. There is an intimation as to +the ownership of these two dogs in the facts that on certainly two +occasions John Goodman was accompanied by the little spaniel (once when +alone), from which it may perhaps be inferred that he was the dog's +master; while the big mastiffs presence when only Peter Browne and +Goodman were together suggests that Browne was her owner. The goats, +swine, rabbits, and poultry were doubtless penned on the spar-deck +forward, while possibly some poultry, and any sheep brought for food, may +have been temporarily housed--as was a practice with early voyagers--in +the (unused) ship's boats, though these appear to have been so few in +number and so much in demand that it is doubtful if they were here +available as pens. The heavy cargo and most of the lighter was of course +stowed in the hold, as the main deck (or "'tween decks") was mostly +occupied as quarters for the male passengers, old and young, though the +colonists' shallop, a sloop-rigged boat some thirty feet in length, had +been "cut down" and stowed "between the decks" for the voyage. A glimpse +of the weary life at sea on that long and dreary passage is given in +Bradford's remark that "she was much opened with the people's lying in +her during the voyage:' This shallop with her equipment, a possible spare +skiff or two, the chests, "boxes," and other personal belongings of the +passengers, some few cases of goods, some furniture, etc., constituted +the only freight for which there could have been room "between decks," +most of the space (aft) being occupied by cabins and bunks. + +The provisions in use, both by passengers and crew, were probably kept in +the lazarette or "runs," in the stern of the ship, which would be +unusually capacious in vessels of this model; some--the bulkiest--in the +hold under the forward hatch, as the custom was, and to some extent still +is. The food supply of the Pilgrims, constituting part of the MAY- +FLOWER'S Cargo, included, as appears from authentic sources:-- + +Breadstuff's, including,-- + Biscuits or ship-bread (in barrels). + Oatmeal (in barrels or hogsheads). + Rye meal (in hogsheads). +Butter (in firkins). +Cheese, "Hollands" and English (in boxes). +Eggs, pickled (in tubs). +Fish, "haberdyne" [or salt dried cod] (in boxes). +Smoked herring (in boxes). +Meats, including,-- + Beef, salt, or "corned" (in barrels). + Dry-salted (in barrels). + Smoked (in sacks). + Dried neats'-tongues (in boxes). + Pork, bacon, smoked (in sacks or boxes). + Salt [" corned "] (in barrels). + Hams and shoulders, smoked (in canvas sacks or hogsheads). +Salt (in bags and barrels). +Vegetables, including,-- + Beans (in bags and barrels). + Cabbages (in sacks and barrels). + Onions (in sacks). + Turnips (in sacks). + Parsnips (in sacks). + Pease (in barrels), and +Vinegar (in hogsheads), while,-- +Beer (in casks), brandy, "aqua vitae" (in pipes), and gin ["Hollands," + "strong waters," or "schnapps"] (in pipes) were no small or + unimportant part, from any point of view, of the provision supply. + +Winslow, in his letter to George Morton advising him as to his +preparations for the voyage over, says: "Be careful to have a very good +bread-room to keep your biscuit in." This was to keep them from +dampness. Winthrop gives us the memorandum of his order for the ship- +bread for his voyage in 1630. He says: "Agreed with Keene of Southwark, +baker, for 20,000 of Biscuit, 15,000 of brown, and 5,000 of white." +Captain Beecher minutes: "10 M. of bread for the ship ARBELLA." +Beecher's memorandum of "oatmeal" is "30 bushels." Winslow mentions +"oatmeal," and Winthrop notes among the provisions bought by Captain +William Pierce, "4 hhds. of oatmeal." Rye meal was usually meant by the +term "meal," and Window in his letter to George Morton advises him: "Let +your meal be so hard-trod in your casks that you shall need an adz or +hatchet to work it out with;" and also to "be careful to come by [be able +to get at] some of your meal to spend [use] by the way." Notwithstanding +that Bradford' speaks of their "selling away" some "60 firkins of +butter," to clear port charges at Southampton, and the leaders, in their +letter to the Adventurers from that port (August 3), speak of themselves, +when leaving Southampton in August, 1620, as "scarce having any butter," +there seems to have been some left to give as a present to Quadrequina, +Massasoit's brother, the last of March following, which would indicate +its good "keeping" qualities. Wood, in his "New England's Prospect" +(ch. 2), says: "Their butter and cheese were corrupted." Bradford +mentions that their lunch on the exploration expedition of November 15, +on Cape Cod, included "Hollands cheese," which receives also other +mention. There is a single mention, in the literature of the day, of +eggs preserved in salt, for use on shipboard. "Haberdyne" (or dried salt +cod) seems to have been a favorite and staple article of diet aboard +ship. Captain Beecher minutes "600 haberdyne for the ship ARBELLA." +Wood says: "Their fish was rotten." Smoked "red-herring" were familiar +food to all the MAY-FLOWER company. No house or ship of England or +Holland in that day but made great dependence upon them. Bacon was, of +course, a main staple at sea. In its half-cooked state as it came from +the smoke-house it was much relished with their biscuit by seamen and +others wishing strong food, and when fried it became a desirable article +of food to all except the sick. Mention is made of it by several of the +early Pilgrim writers. Carlyle, as quoted, speaks of it as a diet-staple +on the MAY-FLOWER. Salt ("corned") beef has always been a main article +of food with seamen everywhere. Wood' states that the "beef" of the +Pilgrims was "tainted." In some way it was made the basis of a reputedly +palatable preparation called "spiced beef," mentioned as prepared by one +of the sailors for a shipmate dying on the MAY-FLOWER in Plymouth harbor. +It must have been a very different article from that we now find so +acceptable under that name in England. Winthrop' gives the price of his +beef at "19 shillings per cwt." Winslow advises his friend Morton, in +the letter so often quoted, not to have his beef "dry-salted," saying, +"none can do it better than the sailors," which is a suggestion not +readily understood. "Smoked" beef was practically the same as that known +as "jerked," "smoked," or "dried" beef in America. A "dried neat's- +tongue" is named as a contribution of the Pilgrims to the dinner for +Captain Jones and his men on February 21, 1621, when they had helped to +draw up and mount the cannon upon the platform on the hill at Plymouth. +Winthrop paid "14d. a piece" for his "neats' tongues." The pork of the +Pilgrims is also said by Wood' to have been "tainted." Winthrop states +that his pork cost "20 pence the stone" (14 lbs.). + +Hams seem to have been then, as now, a highly-prized article of diet. +Goodwin mentions that the salt used by the Pilgrims was (evaporated) +"sea-salt" and very "impure." Winthrop mentions among his supplies, +"White, Spanish, and Bay salt." + +The beans of the Pilgrims were probably of the variety then known as +"Spanish beans." The cabbages were apparently boiled with meat, as +nowadays, and also used considerably for "sour-krout" and for pickling, +with which the Leyden people had doubtless become familiar during their +residence among the Dutch. As anti-scorbutics they were of much value. +The same was true of onions, whether pickled, salted, raw, or boiled. +Turnips and parsnips find frequent mention in the early literature of the +first settlers, and were among their stock vegetables. Pease were +evidently staple articles of food with the Plymouth people, and are +frequently named. They probably were chiefly used for porridge and +puddings, and were used in large quantities, both afloat and ashore. + +Vinegar in hogsheads was named on the food-list of every ship of the +Pilgrim era. It was one of their best antiscorbutics, and was of course +a prime factor in their use of "sour krout," pickling, etc. The fruits, +natural, dried, and preserved, were probably, in that day, in rather +small supply. Apples, limes, lemons, prunes, olives, rice, etc., were +among the luxuries of a voyage, while dried or preserved fruits and small +fruits were not yet in common use. Winslow, in the letter cited, urges +that "your casks for beer . . . be iron bound, at least for the first +[end] tyre" [hoop]. Cushman states that they had ample supplies of beer +offered them both in Kent and Amsterdam. The planters' supply seems to +have failed, however, soon after the company landed, and they were +obliged to rely upon the whim of the Captain of the MAY-FLOWER for their +needs, the ship's supply being apparently separate from that of the +planters, and lasting longer. Winthrop's supply seems to have been large +("42 tons"--probably tuns intended). It was evidently a stipulation of +the charter-party that the ship should, in part at least, provision her +crew for the voyage,--certainly furnish their beer. This is rendered +certain by Bradford's difficulty (as stated by himself) with Captain +Jones, previously referred to, showing that the ship had her own supply +of beer, separate from that of the colonists, and that it was intended +for the seamen as well as the officers. + +Bradford mentions "aqua vitae" as a constituent of their lunch on the +exploring party of November 15. "Strong waters" (or Holland gin) are +mentioned as a part of the entertainment given Massasoit on his first +visit, and they find frequent mention otherwise. Wine finds no mention. +Bradford states in terms: "Neither ever had they any supply of foode from +them [the Adventurers] but what they first brought with them;" and again, +"They never had any supply of vitales more afterwards (but what the Lord +gave them otherwise), for all ye company [the Adventurers] sent at any +time was allways too short for those people yt came with it." + +The clothing supplies of the Pilgrims included hats, caps, shirts, neck- +cloths, jerkins, doublets, waistcoats, breeches (stuff and leather), +"hosen," stockings, shoes, boots, belts (girdles), cloth, piece-goods +(dress-stuff's), "haberdasherie," etc., etc., all of which, with minor +items for men's and women's use, find mention in their early narratives, +accounts, and correspondence. By the will of Mr. Mullens it appears that +he had twenty-one dozen of shoes and thirteen pairs of boots on board, +doubtless intended as medium of exchange or barter. By the terms of the. +contract with the colonists, the Merchant Adventurers were to supply all +their actual necessities of Clothing food, clothing, etc., for the full +term of seven years, during which the labors of the "planters" were to be +for the joint account. Whether under this agreement they were bound to +fully "outfit" the colonists before they embarked (and did so), as was +done by Higginson's company coming to Salem in 1628-29 at considerable +cost per capita, and as was done for those of the Leyden people who came +over in 1629 with Pierce in the MAY-FLOWER and the TALBOT to Salem, and +again in 1630 with the same Master (Pierce) in the LION by the Plymouth +successors to the Adventurers (without recompense), does not clearly +appear. No mention is found of any "outfitting" of the MAY-FLOWER +passengers except the London apprentices. There is no doubt that a +considerable supply of all the above-named articles was necessarily sent +by the Adventurers on the MAY-FLOWER, both for the Pilgrims' needs on the +voyage and in the new colony, as also for trading purposes. There seems +to have been at all times a supreme anxiety, on the part of both Pilgrim +and Puritan settlers, to get English clothes upon their red brethren of +the forest, whether as a means of exchange for peltry, or for decency's +sake, is not quite clear. There was apparently a greater disparity in +character, intelligence, and station between the leaders of Higginson's +and Winthrop's companies and their followers than between the chief men +of the Pilgrims and their associates. With the former were titles and +considerable representation of wealth and position. With the passengers +of the MAY-FLOWER a far greater equality in rank, means, intelligence, +capacity, and character was noticeable. This was due in part, doubtless, +to the religious beliefs and training of the Leyden contingent, and had +prompt illustration in their Compact, in which all stood at once on an +equal footing. There was but little of the "paternal" nature in the form +of their government (though something at times in their punishments), and +there was much personal dignity and independence of the indi vidual. +An equipment having so much of the character of a uniform--not to say +"livery "--as that furnished by Higginson's company to its people +suggests the "hedger and ditcher" type of colonists (of whom there were +very few among the Plymouth settlers), rather than the scholar, +publisher, tradesman, physician, hatter, smith, carpenter, "lay reader," +and soldier of the Pilgrims, and would certainly have been obnoxious to +their finer sense of personal dignity and proportion. Doubtless an +equivalent provision existed--though in less "all-of-a-pattern " +character--in the bales and boxes of the MAY-FLOWER'S cargo for every +need suggested by the list of the Higginson "outfit," which is given +herewith, both as matter of interest and as affording an excellent idea +of the accepted style and needs in dress of a New England settler (at +least of the men) of 1620-30. One cannot fail to wonder at the +noticeably infrequent mention of provision in apparel, etc., for the +women and children. The inventory of the "Apparell for 100 men" furnished +by Higginson's company in 1628-29 gives us, among others, the following +items of clothing for each emigrant:-- +4 "peares of shoes." +4 "peares of stockings." +1 "peare Norwich gaiters." +4 "shirts." +2 "suits dublet and hose of leather lyn'd with oyld skyn leather, ye hose + & dublett with hooks & eyes." +1 "sute of Norden dussens or hampshire kersies lynd the hose with skins, +dublets with lynen of gilford or gedlyman kerseys." +4 bands. +2 handkerchiefs. +1 "wastecoat of greene cotton bound about with red tape." +1 leather girdle. +1 "Monmouth cap." +1 "black hatt lyned in the brows with lether." +5 "Red knitt capps milf'd about 5d apiece." +2 "peares of gloves." +1 "Mandiliion lynd with cotton" [mantle or greatcoat]. +1 "peare of breeches and waistcoat." +1 "leather sute of Dublett & breeches of oyled leather." +1 "peare of leather breeches and drawers to weare with both there other +sutes." + +In 1628 Josselyn put the average cost of clothing to emigrants to New +England at L4 each. In 1629 good shoes cost the "Bay" colonists 2s/7d +per pair. In his "Two Voyages to New England "previously referred to, +Josselyn gives an estimate (made about 1628) of the "outfit" in clothing +needed by a New England settler of his time. He names as "Apparel for +one man--and after this rate for more:--" + One Hatt + One Monmouth Cap + Three falling bands + Three Shirts + One Wastcoat + One Suite of Frize (Frieze) + One Suite of Cloth + One Suite of Canvas + Three Pairs of Irish Stockings + Four Pairs of Shoes + One Pair of Canvas Sheets + Seven ells of coarse canvas, to make a bed at sea for two men, + to be filled with straw + One Coarse Rug at Sea + +The Furniture of the Pilgrims has naturally been matter of much interest +to their descendants and others for many years. While it is doubtful if +a single article now in existence can be positively identified and +truthfully certified as having made the memorable voyage in the MAY- +FLOWER (nearly everything having, of course, gone to decay with the wear +and tear of more than two hundred and fifty years), this honorable origin +is still assigned to many heirlooms, to some probably correctly. Dr. +Oliver Wendell Holmes in his delightful lines, "On Lending a Punch Bowl," +humorously claims for his convivial silver vessel a place with the +Pilgrims:-- + + "Along with all the furniture, to fill their new abodes, + To judge by what is still on hand, at least a hundred loads." + +To a very few time-worn and venerated relics--such as Brewster's chair +and one or more books, Myles Standish's Plymouth sword, the Peregrine +White cradle, Winslow's pewter, and one or two of Bradford's books--a +strong probability attaches that they were in veritate, as traditionally +avowed, part of the MAY-FLOWER'S freight, but of even these the fact +cannot be proven beyond the possibility of a doubt. + +From its pattern and workmanship, which are of a period antedating the +"departure from Delfshaven," and the ancient tradition which is traceable +to Brewster's time, it appears altogether probable that what is known as +"Elder Brewster's chair" came with him on the ship. There is even +greater probability as to one of his books bearing his autograph. + +The sword of Myles Standish, in possession of the Pilgrim Society, may +claim, with equal probability, MAY-FLOWER relation, from its evident +antiquity and the facts that, as a soldier, his trusty blade doubtless +stayed with him, and that it is directly traceable in his descendants' +hands, back to his time; but an equally positive claim is made for +similar honors for another sword said to have also belonged to the +Captain, now in the keeping of the Massachusetts Historical Society. + +The Peregrine White cradle "is strongly indorsed as of the MAY-FLOWER, +from the facts that it is, indubitably, of a very early Dutch pattern and +manufacture; that Mrs. White was anticipating the early need of a cradle +when leaving Holland; and that the descent of this one as an heirloom in +her (second) family is so fairly traced." + +The pewter and the silver flask of Winslow not only bear very early +"Hallmarks," but also the arms of his family, which it is not likely he +would have had engraved on what he may have bought after notably becoming +the defender of the simplicity and democracy of the "Pilgrim Republic." +Long traceable use in his family strengthens belief in the supposition +that these articles came with the Pilgrims, and were then very probably +heirlooms. One of Governor Bradford's books (Pastor John Robinson's +"Justification of Separation"), published in 1610, and containing the +Governor's autograph, bears almost 'prima facie' evidence of having come +with him in the MAY-FLOWER, but of course might, like the above-named +relics, have come in some later ship. + +In this connection it is of interest to note what freight the MAY-FLOWER +carried for the intellectual needs of the Pilgrims. Of Bibles, as the +"book of books," we may be sure--even without the evidence of the +inventories of the early dead--there was no lack, and there is reason to +believe that they existed in several tongues, viz. in English, Dutch, and +possibly French (the Walloon contribution from the Huguenots), while +there is little doubt that, alike as publishers and as "students of the +Word," Brewster, Bradford, and Winslow, at least, were possessed of, and +more or less familiar with, both the Latin and Greek Testaments. It is +altogether probable, however, that Governor Bradford's well attested +study of "the oracles of God in the original" Hebrew, and his possession +of the essential Hebrew Bible, grammar, and lexicon, were of a later day. +Some few copies of the earliest hymnals ("psalme-bookes")--then very +limited in number--there is evidence that the Holland voyagers had with +them in the singing of their parting hymns at Leyden and Delfshaven, as +mentioned by Winslow and in the earlier inventories: These metrical +versions of the Psalms constituted at the time, practically, the only +hymnology permitted in the worship of the "Separatists," though the grand +hymn of Luther, "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott," doubtless familiar to +them, must have commended itself as especially comforting and apposite. + +Of the doctrinal tracts of their beloved Pastor, John Robinson, there is +every probability, as well as some proof, that there was good supply, as +well as those of Ainsworth and Clyfton and of the works of William Ames, +the renowned Franeker Professor, the controversial opponent but sincere +friend of Robinson: the founder of evangelical "systematic theology," +[method--Methodist? D.W.] whom death alone prevented from becoming the +President of Harvard College. We may be equally sure that the few cases +of books in the freight of the Pilgrim ship included copies of the +publications of the "hidden and hunted press" of Brewster and Brewer, and +some at least of the issues of their fellows in tribulation at Amsterdam +and in Scotland and England. Some few heavy tomes and early classics in +English, Dutch, Latin, and Greek were also presumably among the goodly +number of books brought in the MAY FLOWER by Brewster, Bradford, Winslow, +Fuller, Hopkins, Allerton, Standish, and others, though it is probable +that the larger part of the very considerable library of four hundred +volumes, left at his death by Brewster (including sixty-two in Latin), +and of the respectable libraries of Fuller, Standish, and others, named +in their respective inventories, either were brought over in the later +ships, or were the products of the earliest printers of New England. One +is surprised and amused that the library of the good Dr. Fuller should +contain so relatively small a proportion of medical works (although the +number in print prior to his death in 1633 was not great), while rich in +religious works pertinent to his functions as deacon. It is equally +interesting to note that the inventory of the soldier Standish should +name only one book on military science, "Bariffe's Artillery," though it +includes abundant evidence to controvert, beyond reasonable doubt, the +suggestion which has been made, that he was of the Romanist faith. Just +which of the books left by the worthies named, and others whose +inventories we possess, came with them in the Pilgrim ship, cannot be +certainly determined, though, as before noted, some still in existence +bear intrinsic testimony that they were of the number. There is evidence +that Allerton made gift of a book to Giles Heale of the MAY-FLOWER +(perhaps the ship's surgeon), while the ship lay at Plymouth, and Francis +Cooke's inventory includes "1 great Bible and 4 olde bookes," which as +they were "olde," and he was clearly not a book-buyer, very probably came +with him in the ship. In fact, hardly an adult of the Leyden colonists, +the inventory of whose estate at death we possess, but left one or more +books which may have been his companions on the voyage. + +Some of the early forms of British and Dutch calendars, "annuals," and +agricultural "hand-books," it is certain were brought over by several +families, and were doubtless much consulted and well-thumbed "guides, +counsellors, and friends" in the households of their possessors. The +great preponderance of reading matter brought by the little colony was, +however, unquestionably of the religious controversial order, which had +been so much a part of their lives, and its sum total was considerable. +There are intimations, in the inventories of the Fathers, of a few works +of historical cast, but of these not many had yet been printed. +"Caesar's Commentaries," a "History of the World," and a "History of +Turkey" on Standish's shelves, with the two Dictionaries and "Peter +Martyr on Rome" on Dr. Fuller's, were as likely to have come in the first +ship, and to have afforded as much satisfaction to the hungry readers of +the little community as any of the books we find named in the lists of +their little stock. It is pathetic to note, in these days of utmost +prodigality in juvenile literature, that for the Pilgrim children, aside +from the "Bible stories," some of the wonderful and mirth-provoking +metrical renderings of the "Psalme booke," and the "horne booke," or +primer (the alphabet and certain elementary contributions in verse or +prose, placed between thin covers of transparent horn for protection), +there was almost absolutely nothing in the meagre book-freight of the +Pilgrim ark. "Milk for Babes," whether as physical or mental pabulum, +was in poor supply aboard the MAY-FLOWER. + +The most that can be claimed with confidence, for particular objects of +alleged MAY-FLOWER relation, is that there is logical and moral certainty +that there was a supply of just such things on board, because they were +indispensable, and because every known circumstance and condition +indicates their presence in the hands to which they are assigned, while +tradition and collateral evidence confirm the inference and sometimes go +very far to establish their alleged identity, and their presence with +their respective owners upon the ship. A few other articles besides those +enumerated in possession of the Pilgrim Society, and of other societies +and individuals, present almost equally strong claims with those named, +to be counted as "of MAY-FLOWER belonging," but in no case is the +connection entirely beyond question. Where so competent, interested, and +conscientious students of Pilgrim history as Hon. William T. Davis, of +Plymouth, and the late Dr. Thomas B. Drew, so long the curator of the +Pilgrim Society, cannot find warrant for a positive claim in behalf of +any article as having come, beyond a doubt, "in the MAY FLOWER," others +may well hesitate to insist upon that which, however probable and +desirable, is not susceptible of conclusive proof. + +That certain articles of household furniture, whether now existent or +not, were included in the ship's cargo, is attested by the inventories of +the small estates of those first deceased, and, by mention or +implication, in the narratives of Bradford, Winslow, Morton, and other +contemporaries, as were also many utensils and articles of domestic use. +There were also beyond question many not so mentioned, which may be +safely named as having very certainly been comprised in the ship's +lading, either because in themselves indispensable to the colonists, or +because from the evidence in hand we know them to have been inseparable +from the character, social status, daily habits, home life, or +ascertained deeds of the Pilgrims. When it is remembered that +furnishings, however simple, were speedily required for no less than +nineteen "cottages" and their households, the sum total called for was not +inconsiderable. + + [Bradford, in Mourt's Relation (p. 68), shows that the colonists + were divided up into "nineteen families," that "so we might build + fewer houses." Winslow, writing to George Morton, December 11/21, + 1621, says: "We have built seven dwelling-houses and four for the + use of the plantation." Bradford (Historie, Mass. ed. p. 110) + calls the houses "small cottages."] + +Among the furniture for these "cottages" brought on the Pilgrim ship may +be enumerated: chairs, table-chairs, stools and forms (benches), tables +of several sizes and shapes (mostly small), table-boards and "cloathes," +trestles, beds; bedding and bed-clothing, cradles, "buffets," cupboards +and "cabinets," chests and chests of drawers, boxes of several kinds and +"trunks," andirons, "iron dogs," "cob-irons," fire-tongs and "slices" +(shovels), cushions, rugs, and "blanckets," spinning wheels, hand-looms, +etc., etc. Among household utensils were "spits," "bake-kettles," pots +and kettles (iron, brass, and copper), frying-pans, "mortars" and pestles +(iron, brass, and "belle-mettle"), sconces, lamps (oil "bettys"), +candlesticks, snuffers, buckets, tubs, "runlets," pails and baskets, +"steel yards," measures, hour-glasses and sun-dials, pewter-ware +(platters, plates, mugs, porringers, etc.), wooden trenchers, trays, +"noggins," "bottles," cups, and "lossets." Earthen ware, "fatten" ware +(mugs, "jugs," and "crocks "), leather ware (bottles, "noggins," and +cups), table-ware (salt "sellars," spoons, knives, etc), etc. All of the +foregoing, with numerous lesser articles, have received mention in the +early literature of the Pilgrim exodus, and were undeniably part of the +MAY-FLOWER'S lading. + +The MAY-FLOWER origin claimed for the "Governor Carver chair" and the +"Elder Brewster chair" rests wholly upon tradition, and upon the +venerable pattern and aspect of the chairs themselves. The "Winslow +chair," in possession of the Pilgrim Society at Plymouth (Mass.), though +bearing evidence of having been "made in Cheapside, London, in 1614," is +not positively known to have been brought on the MAY-FLOWER. Thacher's +"History of Plymouth" (p. 144.) states that "a sitting-chair, said to +have been screwed to the floor of the MAY-FLOWER'S cabin for the +convenience of a lady, is known to have been in the possession of +Penelope Winslow (who married James Warren), and is now in possession of +Hannah White." There are certain venerable chairs alleged, with some +show of probability, to have been the property of Captain Standish, now +owned in Bridgewater, but there is no record attached to them, and they +are not surely assignable to either ship or owner. That some few tables +--mostly small--were brought in the MAY-FLOWER, there is some evidence, +but the indications are that what were known as "table-boards"--long and +narrow boards covered with what were called "board-cloths"--very largely +took the place of tables. The walnut-top table, said to have once been +Governor Winslow's and now in possession of the Pilgrim Society, is not +known to have come over with him, and probably did not. It was very +likely bought for the use of the Council when he was governor. The +"table-boards" mentioned were laid on "trestles" (cross-legged and folding +supports of proper height), which had the great merit that they could be +placed in any convenient spot and as easily folded up, and with the board +put away, leaving the space which a table would have permanently occupied +free for other use. + +Bradford mentions that when the fire of Sunday, January 14., 1621, +occurred in the "common house," the "house was as full of beds as they +could lie one by another." There is a doubt, however, whether this +indicates bedsteads or (probably) "pallets" only. Beds, bedding of all +sorts, pillow-"beers," pillow-cases and even "mattrises," are of most +frequent mention in the earliest wills and inventories. (See Appendix.) +"Buffets," "cupboards," and "cabinets," all find mention in the earliest +writers and inventories, and one or two specimens, for which a MAY-FLOWER +history is claimed, are in possession of the Pilgrim Society and others. +The "White" cabinet, of putative MAY-FLOWER connection, owned by the +Pilgrim Society, is a fine example of its class, and both its "ear marks" +and its known history support the probable truth of the claim made for +it. Of "chests" and "chests-of-drawers" there were doubtless goodly +numbers in the ship, but with the exception of a few chests (or the +fragments of them), for which a MAY-FLOWER passage is vaunted, little is +known of them. The chest claimed to be that of Elder Brewster, owned by +the Connecticut Historical Society, was not improb ably his, but that it +had any MAY-FLOWER relation is not shown. A fragment of a chest claimed +to have been "brought by Edward Winslow in the MAY-FLOWER" is owned by +the Pilgrim Society, and bears considerable evidence of the probable +validity of such claim, but proof positive is lacking. Boxes of several +kinds and sizes were part of the Pilgrims' chattels on their ship, some +of them taking the place of the travellers' "trunks" of to-day, though +"trunks" were then known by that name and find early mention in Pilgrim +inventories, and there were no doubt some upon the Pilgrim ship. A few +claiming such distinction are exhibited, but without attested records of +their origin. + +"Andirons, fire-dogs, and cob-irons" (the latter to rest roasting spits +upon) were enumerated among the effects of those early deceased among the +Pilgrims, rendering it well-certain that they must have been part of +their belongings on the MAY-FLOWER. Fire-tongs and "slices" [shovels] +are also frequently mentioned in early Pilgrim inventories, placing them +in the same category with the "andirons and fire-dogs." + +In "Mourt's Relation," in the accounts given of the state reception of +Massasoit, "a green rug and three or four cushions" are shown to have +performed their parts in the official ceremonies, and were, of course, +necessarily brought in the MAY-FLOWER. + +Spinning-wheels and hand-looms were such absolute necessities, and were +so familiar and omnipresent features of the lives and labors of the +Pilgrim housewives and their Dutch neighbors of Leyden, that we should be +certain that they came with the Pilgrims, even if they did not find +mention in the earliest Pilgrim inventories. Many ancient ones are +exhibited in the "Old Colony," but it is not known that it is claimed for +any of them that they came in the first ship. It is probable that some of +the "cheese fatts" and churns so often named in early inventories came in +the ship, though at first there was, in the absence of milch kine, no +such use for them as there had been in both England and Holland, and soon +was in New England. + +Among cooking utensils the roasting "spit" was, in one form or another, +among the earliest devices for cooking flesh, and as such was an +essential of every household. Those brought by the Plymouth settlers +were probably, as indicated by the oldest specimens that remain to us, of +a pretty primitive type. The ancient "bake-kettle" (sometimes called +"pan"), made to bury in the ashes and thus to heat above and below, has +never been superseded where resort must be had to the open fire for +cooking, and (practically unchanged) is in use to-day at many a sheep- +herder's and cowboy's camp fire of the Far West. We may be sure that it +was in every MAY-FLOWER family, and occasional ancient specimens are yet +to be found in "Old Colony" garrets. Pots and kettles of all sorts find +more frequent mention in the early inventories than anything else, except +muskets and swords, and were probably more numerous upon the ship than +any other cooking utensil. A few claimed to be from the Pilgrim ship are +exhibited, chief of which is a large iron pot, said to have been "brought +by Myles Standish in the MAY-FLOWER," now owned by the Pilgrim Society. + +Hardly an early Pilgrim inventory but includes "a mortar and pestle," +sometimes of iron, sometimes of "brass" or "belle-mettle" (bell metal). +They were of course, in the absence of mills, and for some purposes for +which small hand mills were not adapted, prime necessities, and every +house hold had one. A very fine one of brass (with an iron pestle), nine +and a half inches across its bell-shaped top,--exhibited by the Pilgrim +Society, and said to have been "brought in the MAY-FLOWER by Edward +Winslow,"--seems to the author as likely to have been so as almost any +article for which that distinction is claimed. + +The lighting facilities of the Pilgrims were fewer and cruder than those +for cooking. They possessed the lamp of the ancient Romans, Greeks, and +Hebrews, with but few improvements,--a more or less fanciful vessel for +oil, with a protuberant nose for a wick, and a loose-twisted cotton wick. +Hand-lamps of this general form and of various devices, called "betty- +lamps," were commonly used, with candlesticks of various metals,--iron, +brass, silver, and copper,--though but few of any other ware. For wall- +lighting two or more candle sockets were brought together in "sconces," +which were more or less elaborate in design and finish. One of the early +writers (Higginson) mentions the abundance of oil (from fish) available +for lamps, but all tallow and suet used by the early colonists was, for +some years (till cattle became plentiful), necessarily imported. Some of +the "candle-snuffers" of the "first comers" doubtless still remain. We +may be sure every family had its candles, "betty-lamps," candlesticks, +and "snuffers." "Lanthorns" were of the primitive, perforated tin +variety--only "serving to make darkness visible" now found in a few old +attics in Pilgrim towns, and on the "bull-carts" of the peons of Porto +Rico, by night. Fire, for any purpose, was chiefly procured by the use +of flint, steel, and tinder, of which many very early specimens exist. +Buckets, tubs, and pails were, beyond question, numerous aboard the ship, +and were among the most essential and highly valued of Pilgrim utensils. +Most, if not all of them, we may confidently assert, were brought into +requisition on that Monday "wash-day" at Cape Cod, the first week-day +after their arrival, when the women went ashore to do their long- +neglected laundrying, in the comparatively fresh water of the beach pond +at Cape Cod harbor. They are frequently named in the earliest +inventories. Bradford also mentions the filling of a "runlet" with water +at the Cape. The "steel-yards" and "measures" were the only determiners +of weight and quantity--as the hour-glass and sun dial were of time-- +possessed at first (so far as appears) by the passengers of the Pilgrim +ship, though it is barely possible that a Dutch clock or two may have +been among the possessions of the wealthiest. Clocks and watches were +not yet in common use (though the former were known in England from 1540), +and except that in "Mourt's Relation" and Bradford's "Historie" mention +is made of the time of day as such "o'clock" (indicating some degree of +familiarity with clocks), no mention is made of their possession at the +first. Certain of the leaders were apparently acquainted at Leyden with +the astronomer Galileo, co-resident with them there, and through this +acquaintance some of the wealthier and more scholarly may have come to +know, and even to own, one of the earliest Dutch clocks made with the +pendulum invented by Galileo, though hardly probable as early as 1620. +Pocket watches were yet practically unknown. + +Except for a few pieces of silver owned by the wealthiest of their +number, pewter was the most elegant and expensive of the Pilgrims' table- +ware. A pewter platter said to have been "brought over in the MAY- +FLOWER" is now owned by the Pilgrim Society, which also exhibits smaller +pewter formerly Edward Winslow's, and bearing his "arms," for which, as +previously noted, a like claim is made. Platters, dishes, "potts," +ladles, bottles, "flaggons," "skelletts," cups, porringers, "basons," +spoons, candlesticks, and salt "sellars," were among the many pewter +utensils unmistakably brought on the good ship. + +The wooden-ware of the colonists, brought with them, was +considerable and various. The Dutch were long famous for its +fabrication. There was but very little china, glass, or pottery of any +kind in common use in western Europe in 1620; some kinds were not yet +made, and pewter, wood, and leather largely filled their places. Wooden +trenchers (taking the place of plates), trays, "noggins" (jug or pitcher- +like cups), cups, and "lossets" (flat dishes like the bread-plates of to +day), were of course part of every housewife's providings. Some few of +Pilgrim origin possibly still exist. As neither coffee, tea, nor china +had come into use, the cups and saucers which another century brought in +--to delight their owners in that day and the ceramic hunter in this-- +were not among the "breakables" of the "good-wife" of the MAY-FLOWER. +The "table-plenishings" had not much variety, but in the aggregate the +(first) "nineteen families" must have required quite a quantity of +spoons, knives, salt "sellars," etc. Forks there were none, and of the +accessories of to-day (except napkins), very few. Meat was held by the +napkin while being cut with the knife. Josselyn' gives a list of +"Implements for a family of six persons" going to New England. + +Kitchen utensils:-- + "1 Iron Pot. + 1 Great Copper Kettle. + 1 Small Kettle. + 1 Lesser Kettle. + 1 Large Frying pan. + 1 Brass Mortar. + 1 Spit. + 1 Gridiron. + 2 Skillets. + Platters, dishes, and spoons of wood. + A pair of Bellows. + A Skoope, etc." + +Among the implements of husbandry, etc., and mechanics' tools we find +evidence of hoes, spades, shovels, scythes, "sikles," mattocks, bill- +hooks, garden-rakes, hay-forks ("pitch-forks"), besides seed-grain and +garden seeds. Axes, saws, hammers, "adzs," augers, chisels, gouges, +squares, hatchets, an "iron jack-scrue," "holdfasts" (vises), +blacksmiths' tools, coopers' tools, iron and steel in bar, anvils, +chains, etc., "staples and locks," rope, lime (for mortar), nails, etc., +are also known to have been in the ship. Francis Eaton, the carpenter, +seems to have had a very respectable "kit," and Fletcher, the smith, was +evidently fairly "outfitted." + +The implements of husbandry were of the lighter (?) sort; no ploughs, +harrows, carts, harness, stone-drags, or other farming tools requiring +the strength of beasts for their use, were included. In nothing could +they have experienced so sharp a contrast as in the absence of horses, +cattle, and sheep in their husbandry, and especially of milch kine. +Bradford and Window both mention hoes, spades, mattocks, and sickles, +while shovels, scythes, bill-hooks (brush-scythes, the terrible weapons +of the English peasantry in their great "Mon mouth" and earlier +uprisings), pitchforks, etc., find very early mention in inventories and +colonial records. Josselyn, in his "Two Voyages to New England," gives, +in 1628, the following very pertinent list of "Tools for a Family of six +persons, and so after this rate for more,--intending for New England." +This may be taken as fairly approximating the possessions of the average +MAY-FLOWER planter, though probably somewhat exceeding individual +supplies. Eight years of the Pilgrims' experience had taught those who +came after them very much that was of service. + +5 Broad Howes [hoes]. +6 Chisels. +5 Narrow Howes [hoes]. +3 Gimblets. +5 Felling Axes. +2 hatchets. +2 steel hand saws. +2 frones (?) to cleave pail! (Probably knives for cleaving pail stock.) +2 hand saws. +2 hand-bills. +1 whip saw, set and files with box. +Nails of all sorts. +2 Pick-axes. +A file and rest. +3 Locks and 3 paire fetters. +2 Hammers. +2 Currie Combs. +3 Shovels. +Brands for beasts. +2 Spades. +A hand vice. +2 Augers. +A pitchfork, etc. +2 Broad Axes. + +Unhappily we know little from contemporaneous authority as to what grain +and other seeds the Pilgrims brought with them for planting. We may be +sure, however, that rye, barley, oats, wheat, pease, and beans were the +bulkiest of this part of their freight, though Bradford mentions the +planting of "garden seeds" their first spring. + +While we know from the earliest Pilgrim chronicles that their mechanics' +implements embraced axes, saws, hammers, "adzs," augers, hatchets, an +"iron jack-scrue," "staples and locks," etc., we know there must have +been many other tools not mentioned by them, brought over with the +settlers. The "great iron-scrue," as Bradford calls it in his original +MS., played, as all know, a most important part on the voyage, in forcing +the "cracked and bowed" deck-beam of the ship into place. Governor +Bradford tells us that "it was brought on board by one of the Leyden +passengers," and one may hazard the guess that it was by either Moses +Fletcher, the smith, or Francis Eaton, the "carpenter." "Staples" and +"locks" found their place and mention, as well as the "chains," +"manacles," and "leg-irons" named in the list of accoutrements for +offence or defence, when it became necessary to chain up the Indian spy +of the Neponsets (as narrated by Winslow in his "Good Newes from New +England") and other evil-doers. The planters seem to have made stiff +"mortar," which premises the use of lime and indicates a supply. + +Among the fishing and fowling implements of the MAY FLOWER colonists are +recorded, nets, "seynes," twine, fish hooks, muskets (for large game), +"fowling pieces," powder, "goose-shot," "hail-shot," etc. + +Such early mention is found of the nets, "seynes," etc., of their fishing +equipment, as to leave no room for doubt that store of them was brought +in the ship. They seem to have been unfortunate in the size of their +fish-hooks, which are spoken of as "too large" even for cod. They must, +as Goodwin remarks, "have been very large." Window also says, "We wanted +fit and strong seines and other netting." + +They seem to have relied upon their muskets to some extent for wild fowl +(as witness Winslow's long and successful shot at a duck, on his visit to +Massasoit), as they undoubtedly did for deer, etc. They were apparently +fairly well supplied with them, of either the "matchlock" or "snaphance" +(flintlock) pattern, though the planters complained to the Merchant +Adventurers (in their letter of August 3, from Southampton), that they +were "wanting many muskets," etc. That they had some "fowling-pieces" is +shown by the fact that young Billington seems (according to Bradford) to +have "shot one off in his father's cabin" aboard ship in Cape Cod harbor, +and there are several other coeval mentions of them. + +The arms and accoutrements (besides ordnance) of the MAY-FLOWER Pilgrims, +known on the authority of Bradford and Winslow to have been brought by +them, included muskets ("matchlocks"), "snaphances" (flintlocks), armor +("corslets," "cuirasses," "helmets," "bandoliers," etc.), swords, +"curtlaxes" (cutlasses), "daggers," powder, "mould-shot," "match" (slow- +match for guns), "flints," belts, "knapsacks," "drum," "trumpet," +"manacles," "leg-irons," etc., etc. "Pistols" (brass) appear in early +inventories, but their absence in the early hand-to-hand encounter at +Wessagussett indicates that none were then available, or that they were +not trusted. It is evident from the statement of Bradford that every one +of the sixteen men who went out (under command of Standish) on the "first +exploration" at Cape Cod had his "musket, sword,, and corslet;" that they +relied much on their armor, and hence, doubtless, took all possible with +them on the ship. They probably did not long retain its use. In the +letter written to the Adventurers from Southampton, the leaders complain +of "wanting many muskets, much armour, &c." + +Josselyn gives' the equipment he considers necessary for each man going +to New England to settle:-- + +"Armor compleat:-- + One long piece [musket] five feet or five and a half long. + One Sword. + One bandoleer. + One belt. + Twenty pounds of powder. + Sixty pounds of shot or lead, pistol and Goose-shot." + +"Another list gives an idea of 'complete armor.'" + Corselet + Breast [plate or piece]. + Back [ditto]. + Culet (?). + Gorget [throat-piece]. + Tussis [thigh-pieces]. + Head-piece "[morion skull-cap]." + +Bradford states that they used their "curtlaxes" (cutlasses) to dig the +frozen ground to get at the Indians' corn, "having forgotten to bring +spade or mattock." "Daggers" are mentioned as used in their celebrated +duel by Dotey and Leister, servants of Stephen Hopkins. Bradford +narrates that on one of their exploring tours on the Cape the length of +guard duty performed at night by each "relief" was determined by the +inches of slow-match burned ("every one standing when his turn came +while five or six inches of match was burning"), clearly indicating that +they had no watches with them. The "drum" and "trumpet" are both +mentioned in "Mourt's Relation" in the account given of Massasoit's +reception, the latter as eliciting the especial attention of his men, and +their efforts at blowing it. + +The Ordnance (cannon) brought in the ship consisted (probably) of ten +guns, certainly of six. Of these, two (2) were "sakers,"--guns ten feet +long of 3 to 4 inches bore, weighing from fifteen to eighteen hundred +pounds each; two (2) were "minions" (or "falcons"),--guns of 3 1/2 inch +bore, weighing twelve hundred pounds (1200 lbs.) each; and two (2) were +"bases,"--small guns of 1 1/4 inch bore, weighing some three hundred +pounds (300 1bs.) each. These were mounted on "the Hill" fort or +platform. It is probable that besides these were the four smallest +cannon, called "patereros" (or "murderers"), which, at the time of De +Rasiere's visit to Plymouth in 1627, were mounted on a platform (in front +of the Governor's house), at the intersection of the two streets of the +town, and commanded its several approaches. It is not likely that they +were sent for after 1621, because the Adventurers were never in mood to +send if asked, while Bradford, in speaking of the first alarm by the +Indians, says, "This caused us to plant our great ordnance in places most +convenient," leaving a possible inference that they had smaller ordnance +in reserve. With this ordnance was of course a proper supply of +ammunition adapted to its use. The "sakers" are said to have carried a +four-pound ball, the "minions" a three-pound ball, and the "bases" a ball +of a pound weight. There is not entire agreement between authorities, in +regard to the size, weight, and calibre of these different classes of +early ordnance, or the weight of metal thrown by them, but the above are +approximate data, gathered from careful comparison of the figures given +by several. There is no doubt that with this heavy ordnance and +ammunition they stowed among their ballast and dunnage (as was the case +in Higginson's ships), their "spare chains and anchors, chalk, bricks, +sea-coal (for blacksmithing), iron, steel, lead, copper, red-lead, salt," +etc.; all of which they also necessarily had, and from their bulk, +character, and weight, would stow as low in the ship as might be. + +That a considerable "stock of trading goods" was included in the MAY- +FLOWER'S lading is mentioned by at least one writer, and that this was a +fact is confirmed by the records of the colonists' dealings with the +Indians, and the enumeration of not a few of the goods which could have +had, for the most part, no other use or value. They consisted largely of +knives, bracelets (bead and metal), rings, scissors, copper-chains, +beads, "blue and red trading cloth," cheap (glass) jewels ("for the +ears," etc.), small mirrors, clothing (e. g. "red-cotton horseman's +coats--laced," jerkins, blankets, etc.), shoes, "strong waters," pipes, +tobacco, tools and hard ware (hatchets, nails, hoes, fish-hooks, etc.), +rugs, twine, nets, etc., etc. A fragment of one of the heavy hoes of the +ancient pattern --"found on the site of the Pilgrim trading house at +Manomet "--is owned by the Pilgrim Society, and speaks volumes of the +labor performed by the Pilgrims, before they had ploughs and draught- +cattle, in the raising of their wonderful crops of corn. Such was the +MAY-FLOWER'S burden, animate and inanimate, when--the last passenger and +the last piece of freight transferred from the SPEEDWELL--her anchor +"hove short," she swung with the tide in Plymouth roadstead, ready to +depart at last for "the Virginia plantations." + + + + +ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS: + +Anxiety to get English clothes upon their red brethren +Forks there were none +Lanterns--only "serving to make darkness visible" +Meat was held by the napkin while being cut with the knife + + + + +End of this Project Gutenberg Etext of The Mayflower and Her Log, v5 +by Azel Ames + diff --git a/4105.zip b/4105.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7da5cbc --- /dev/null +++ b/4105.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. 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