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diff --git a/41043-0.txt b/41043-0.txt index 6f7ff66..6b58c2c 100644 --- a/41043-0.txt +++ b/41043-0.txt @@ -1,35 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Old First Massachusetts Coast Artillery -in War and Peace, by Frederick Morse Cutler - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Old First Massachusetts Coast Artillery in War and Peace - -Author: Frederick Morse Cutler - -Release Date: October 13, 2012 [EBook #41043] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD FIRST MASS. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Old First Massachusetts Coast Artillery in War and Peace - -Author: Frederick Morse Cutler - -Release Date: October 13, 2012 [EBook #41043] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD FIRST MASS. COAST ARTILLERY *** - - - - -Produced by Rosanna Murphy and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - -Transcriber's Note: Italic text is denoted by _underscores_. - - - - - THE OLD FIRST - -[Illustration: OUR FIRST STATE CAMP, NEPONSET, 1849] - - - - - THE OLD FIRST - - Massachusetts Coast Artillery - IN - War and Peace - - - By - FREDERICK MORSE CUTLER, B.D. - First Lieutenant, Chaplain - - [Illustration] - - - THE PILGRIM PRESS - BOSTON CHICAGO - - - - - COPYRIGHT 1917 - BY FREDERICK MORSE CUTLER - - _First Edition, March 21, 1917_ - _Second Edition, April 30, 1917_ - - - THE PILGRIM PRESS - BOSTON - - - - -CONTENTS - - - CHAPTER PAGE - - I. The Coast Artillery 1 - - II. 1784-1840 12 - - III. 1840-1861 31 - - IV. Responding to the President's Call 46 - - V. The Fighting First 58 - - VI. 1866-1878 80 - - VII. The Old "Tiger" First 89 - - VIII. "The Cape" 112 - - IX. Since 1878 127 - - X. Finally 152 - - APPENDIX I. Genealogy of the Coast Artillery--The - Present Companies--Their Captains 157 - - APPENDIX II. Bibliography 174 - - INDEX 179 - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - - - Our First State Camp, Neponset, 1849 _Frontispiece_ - - OPPOSITE PAGE - - The Train-Band, 1832. Why It Was Abolished? 26 - - Artillery in 1917 34 - - Artillery in 1784 34 - - Maj. Poore Pays His Bet 40 - - The South Armory, Boston 70 - - Fort Monroe in 1861 70 - - The Fusiliers About 1845 90 - - The Gray Uniform--The City Guards at Baltimore, 1844 96 - - The Author 144 - - Col. E. Dwight Fullerton 144 - - Col. George F. Quinby 144 - - Modern Battery 154 - - The Chaplain in Action, 1916 154 - - - - -THE OLD FIRST - - - - -THE OLD FIRST - - - - -CHAPTER I - -THE COAST ARTILLERY - - -When Chaplain Minot J. Savage first listened to the "March of the -First," inspiration fired his soul; the music was repeating a message to -him. Was there something in the brazen voice of the horns, a magical -harmony of sound with sense; or was it merely the loyal Chaplain's -imagination? At any rate this is what he heard: - - "We're brothers of all noble men, - Who wear our country's blue, - We brothers find in any race, - Where men are brave and true. - But we've a pride in our own band, - And we are all agreed, - Whatever grand deeds others do, - The 'Old First' still shall lead. - So while our feet keep music time, - Our hearts are proudly beating - An echo to Man's forward hope - That never knows retreating." - -And now, whenever "Adjutant's call" sounds and the companies move into -line with the precision and rhythmic swing characteristic of -well-trained troops, they also hear the message which was written down -for them by the Chaplain many years ago, "The Old First still shall -lead." They hear and believe. - -Today it becomes the privilege of another Chaplain to set forth in this -little book the reasons why the Old First believes in itself. We shall -see how the present grows out of a long and noble past. Back in Civil -War times observers noted that the regiment was one to be proud of; -there was a large proportion of sensible, solid men who enlisted because -it seemed duty, whose patriotism was not silly or vulgar, but strong and -serious. Today likewise the Inspector General reports that the personnel -is unexcelled; only men of good character are enlisted; standards are -very high. And for the largest part the men are not in the service for -any personal profit to themselves--there is too little pay to make money -the attraction. They are soldiers at the sacrifice of their own leisure, -and often of their comfort. A modern National Guardsman is averse to -boasting or heroics--he is the most matter-of-fact citizen of all. But -surely the Chaplain will be pardoned for saying, what the Guardsman -would be most reluctant to claim, that in the old regiment patriotism is -not a matter of words, it is made up of deeds. - -Massachusetts looks in large degree to the command for the coast defence -of Boston. America's center of wealth and manufacturing, the -Commonwealth holds the key to the whole country. Within a radius of two -hundred miles from Boston is manufactured practically every kind of -supply and equipment; while New York, the world's center of wealth and -finance, is only slightly more than two hundred miles away. To possess -Massachusetts would afford hostile invaders the best possible base; the -Coast Artillery is an essential factor in the defence of Massachusetts. - -Coast artillery affords the most magnificent team-sport in the world. -Three officers and sixty-seven men work together in firing the -twelve-inch rifle, and each contributes something essential to the -success of the shot. Twelve inches is the bore of the rifled gun; -forty-two or more feet the length; $45,000 is the cost, and the carriage -represents an investment of $40,000 more. It is loaded with three -hundred twenty-five pounds of powder, and a projectile weighing more -than half a ton, costing upwards of $150, and sufficient in itself to -destroy a hostile warship. The target, the moving target, at which the -shot is fired, floats on the water at a distance of eight to sixteen -miles; and without the use of powerful glasses is all but invisible. -Range and direction (azimuth) are determined by a combination of most -delicate scientific observing instruments. Now the great gun swings -majestically into place. "Fire!" A concussion follows as if many -railroad trains were coupling--mighty, stunning. Then ensue seconds of -eager watching from the battery, but not many such; for the projectile -travels twice as fast as sound itself. Up spouts a column of sea water -beside the target. A _hit_. And this will be repeated once per minute -until the enemy is put out of action. - -Camping, shooting, gymnastics, hiking, fencing, horseback-riding, and -even boating and aviation all enter into the training of the Coast -Artilleryman. Opportunity is given to learn much of mechanical, -electrical and engineering science. - -On its lighter side military life includes balls, parades, dinners, -theater-parties, smokers, and the annual January athletic games. Once in -four years there is a trip to the inauguration at Washington; lesser -excursions occupy some of the intervening time. Most valuable of all are -the life-long friendships formed by men who stand side by side in the -service of the country. These endure and keep warm after all else is -forgotten. - -The better soldier a man learns to be, the better citizen he makes -himself. Such training in team-work is of priceless value; this service -has become a passport to business success, and today there is no better -recommendation for employment. Civil Service commissioners recognize the -enhanced usefulness of the trained soldier by according him preference -in government appointments. - -Six of the companies come from stations outside of Boston,--Brockton, -Cambridge, Chelsea, Fall River, New Bedford and Taunton being -represented. Even more truly than the Boston companies these -organizations offer advantages of the greatest value; each is the pride -of its own home city; each ranks amongst the leading social bodies in -its community; and the armories, all fine structures, are popular club -houses. - -Altho it may be hard to "live up" to the responsibilities of a noble -ancestry and one is ever open to the unkind suggestion that his best is -like the potatoes, "under ground," still it is not the fault of a man, -nor of an organization, if the record of the past contains worthy, and -even heroic, passages. Not only is the Coast Artillery the surviving -heir to most of Boston's finest militia traditions and honors, but by -the consolidation of 1878 it also inherits the proud record of the Third -Regiment, the militia force of Pilgrim-land and the Cape. Even a more -modest organization than this would be excused for feeling thrills when -it remembers "auld lang syne"; and the gentle reader will peruse these -pages in vain if he fails to see why. - -Some day the command will establish a military museum of its own, in -which to display its trophies and relics. Its battle-flags have mostly -passed out of its reach and are irrevocably in the possession of the -Commonwealth. When one visits the Hall of Flags and gazes reverently -upon the tattered silk banners of the 1st Infantry, five in number, the -3d Infantry, two of them, the 24th Infantry, two, the 42d Infantry and -the 43d and the 44th, two each, and in the Spanish War case the two -colors of the 1st Heavy Artillery, seventeen flags in all, one may -possibly remember that a Massachusetts Coast Artilleryman would be -whispering to himself, "Those are our battle-flags." And there are many -other colors in the cases, under which members of the command fought -during the Civil War--those of the 4th, 5th, 6th, 13th, 29th Infantry -Regiments, and the 4th Heavy Artillery. - -Indeed the sole battle-flag remaining from the Mexican War, that of the -1st Mass. Volunteer Infantry, may be claimed as a Coast Artillery -trophy, since it was given by those who had borne it into the custody of -the veterans who made up the National Guards, the 9th Co. of Coast -Artillery. The National Guards eventually surrendered this color to the -Commonwealth. No less a personage than Gen. Winfield Scott had been the -original donor of the flag. - -In some unexplained manner, three colors carried by the 1st Infantry -during the Civil War escaped the State collector, and are preserved with -religious care at the South Armory. They are the American flag presented -by former Boston men who had "gone west" and there organized the -National Guard of San Francisco, a blue infantry color presented in 1863 -by the City of Boston, and a white State flag retained to replace a lost -Commonwealth color presented by the people of Chelsea. As often as May -25 rolls around, veterans of the regiment bear these flags, together -with the present National colors of the command, to the hall where the -anniversary dinner is held; and under the sacred silken folds the -white-haired warriors renew the memories of Fredericksburg and -Chancellorsville, of Gettysburg and Spotsylvania, while they smack their -lips over something more savory than the hard-tack and muddy coffee of -bygone days. Last winter these same veterans reviewed the Corps in the -South Armory. As they came marching on the floor under their tattered -battle-flags amid deafening cheers from hundreds of onlookers, strong -men could hardly choke back their tears. - -Post 23, G. A. R., of Boston, and Post 35 of Chelsea possess some 1st -Regiment relics. - -Headquarters will contribute to the regimental museum the sleeve of Drum -Major James F. Clark's coat, with its wonderful collection of -service-stripes indicative of forty-one years' service. Sergeant Clark -died in office in 1910. There is also an old commission in a frame on -the Headquarters' wall, that of George S. Newell as Colonel of the 1st -Reg., 1st Bri., 1st Div., dated May 11, 1839, signed by John P. Bigelow, -Secretary of the Commonwealth; and the warrant of Daniel Horatio Belknap -as Quartermaster Sergeant of the 1st Reg., 3d Bri., 1st Div., issued -July 20, 1824, by Col. Louis Lerow. Between 1831 and 1834 the Roxbury -Artillery had been temporarily attached to the 1st Reg., 1st Bri., but -in Colonel Newell's day we had no connection at all with that -organization; the Fusiliers were a part of the 1st Reg., 3d Bri., in -1824, when Sergt. Belknap was in office. - -Partly because it is the oldest company, and partly because it has -always been made up of men who "do things," the 1st Company possesses by -far the finest collection of historical valuables of all the regiment. -Indeed fully one-half of the regimental museum is already collected, and -belongs to Capt. Joseph H. Hurney's organization. In their room one sees -Capt. J. J. Spooner's original commission signed in 1784 by Gov. John -Hancock, the first flag carried by the company--a flag with fourteen -stars, the complete parchment roll of members from the very beginning, a -drum which helped to keep up the company's courage at Blackburn's Ford -and Bull Run, specimen uniforms and arms showing the development of -military skill and taste during each period of the company's history, -and a small cannon captured by Washington from the British at Yorktown -in 1781, and at Williamsburg in 1862 taken from the Confederates by a -company of ours. - -Shooting, military and athletic trophies almost without number adorn the -walls of Headquarters and of each company room; but these can hardly be -included in a regimental museum. The 6th and 7th Companies hold Knox -trophies as proof of their preeminent excellence in artillery work, and -will doubtless resent any suggestion of contributing them to anyone -else; certainly other companies have been trying hard enough to get -this, and have not succeeded even for a single year. But the museum will -have the 2d Company's original drum, dated 1798, and with it the first -flag. Their most valuable possession is a Stuart oil portrait of their -"patron saint," George Washington. The same company also display a set -of ancient by-laws inherited from their predecessor, the Independent -Light Infantry, and perhaps also a set of their ancient breast-plates. -If more is demanded, members of the company will fill their lungs and -emit the old "tiger" yell or growl; and this is certain to prove -sufficient so far as the 2d Company is concerned. The 3d Company room -does not contain much of historical interest. Their proudest possession -is an entry on the records of the Governor's Council dated May 11, 1787, -wherein it appears that a petition presented by Thomas Adams and -fifty-three others was granted, and that a military company, the -Independent Boston Fusiliers, was formally established in the eyes of -the law. On the following Fourth of July the Fusiliers received their -charter from Gov. James Bowdoin, while formed on the slope of Bunker -Hill, and forthwith regaled themselves as guests at the hospitable table -of Gov. (to be) John Hancock. Maj. James W. H. Myrick, Commander of the -Fusilier Veteran Association, is custodian of the original 3d Company -records. - -We shall see that the Coast Artilleryman has reason for singing "The Old -First still shall lead"; but the historian faces a difficulty when he -essays to explain who the Coast Artillery are, anyway. Three different -regiments are consolidated in the present body--which was the original? -But see, what's here! The regimental museum will solve even this vexed -problem of genealogy. A resolve by the General Court of Massachusetts, -duly engrossed and framed, together with an order of the Council -approved by Gov. John L. Bates on April 6, 1903, not only certifies that -the First Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Militia responded to the -call of the President of the United States in April, 1861, for troops to -suppress the rebellion, but also, and more importantly as concerning our -present difficulty, that the First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery are the -"successors" of the regiment of 1861. Blessings upon the head of the man -whose influence secured this legislative action! The historian may tread -fearlessly in full assurance that the Coast Artillery is the First -Infantry of Civil War fame, and that other ancestry is, if not -collateral, at least not in the principal line. A complete genealogy of -the command will be found elsewhere in this book. - -One explanation is in order before proceeding. On April 25, 1842, the -companies were designated by letter; on Nov. 1, 1905, they ceased to be -designated by letter, and were numbered in order of charter-seniority. -Altho all company and regimental history between 1842 and 1905 was -recorded in terms of company letters, since 1905 the letters have -rapidly passed into oblivion; and today have become almost entirely -forgotten. For the purpose of interpreting the past in terms -intelligible to the present, it seems best to translate letters into -numerals--to speak, in other words, of the 1st Company rather than -Company or Battery D. And now, the prelude being finished and the -audience all having visited the museum, let the performance go forward. - - - - -CHAPTER II - -1784-1840 - - -A group of men were assembled in the living room of a prosperous looking -Roxbury farmhouse on March 22, 1784. Altho they had met several times -previously during the winter, they showed by both word and bearing that -they were actually engaged in transacting their most important business -on the present occasion. General William Heath, owner of the house, -presided. As everyone in Roxbury well knew, the General had lately -returned from war, where he had enjoyed the privilege of close -companionship and friendship with no less a person than the commander, -Gen. George Washington, himself. Another of the company was a wealthy -young merchant of Roxbury, an ex-Cadet, John Jones Spooner, who stood in -the relationship of son-in-law to Gen. Heath. Amongst others were -Jonathan Warner and several more Revolutionary veterans; also two -prominent members of Roxbury society, Joseph Pierpont and John Swift. -Well might these men look important for they were engaged in presiding -over a birth--the birth of a National Guard company--today the oldest -National Guard company with continuous history in America. - -As soon as the company had been born, and was reported to be "doing -well," it was christened. "The Roxbury Train of Artillery" was inscribed -with due form and ceremony upon the first page of its record book. Who -was then sufficiently far-sighted to foresee that on June 30, 1916, the -same company would take the Federal oath as the "1st Company, Coast -Artillery Corps, National Guard of Massachusetts"? A company in those -days was commanded by a captain with the rank of Major; and this office -was promptly conferred upon John Jones Spooner. Jonathan Warner became -the "Captain-lieutenant," and Joseph Pierpont and John Swift were -elected the other two lieutenants, as at that time authorized. Warrants -were issued to four sergeants; four musicians were appointed, -twenty-four men were detailed as cannoneers, eight as pioneers, three as -drivers--and when two brass four-pounder cannon had been issued to them, -the Roxbury Artillery were ready for any kind of a fight or frolic. It -was not to be until Aug. 30, 1849, that Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn would -suggest the famous motto now borne by the Company, "In time of peace -prepare for war." No one can question however but that the sentiment of -the motto has always controlled 1st Company activities. - -Major Spooner subsequently resigned his command, was succeeded by Capt. -Warner; and himself became a minister of the gospel. - -Those were the days immediately following the Revolutionary war; and in -America during such seasons the commanding military official is sure to -be "general apathy." Owing partly to the absence of other organized -companies, and partly to the skill and enthusiasm of the Roxbury men, -the Artillery were in frequent demand. On October 15, 1784, they turned -out to fire a salute in honor of a distinguished visitor, Gen. -Lafayette. The Boston Train of Artillery, afterwards the 8th Company, -came into existence May 7, 1785; and these two organizations shared the -honor of escorting the Governor and members of the General Court on July -4, 1785, and again the year following. The fact is, these were the only -two active military companies in or around Boston at the time. On one of -these occasions Gen. Heath noted concerning his protégés that they -"made a good appearance and performed their exercises well." An army -travels upon its stomach, and a good soldier attends carefully to the -subsistence part of his work. The 1st Company displayed true soldierly -instincts by including, from the very beginning, commissary exercises -amongst their other activities,--in other words, at the conclusion of -the parade "they dined together." Music was furnished for these military -displays by the only band then in Boston, one consisting of Hessians who -remained behind from Burgoyne's army, under the leadership of Frederick -Granger. - -Let the narrative pause a minute while we paint in a background for the -picture. Do we understand who the militia are? Citizen-soldiers, -citizens who serve as soldiers when necessary, without relinquishing -their civil occupations, part-time fighting men--such have always been -the chief reliance of free peoples when it becomes necessary to defend -their territory or to enforce their sovereign will. In British dominions -this military force received the name of "train-band" about 1600, and -began to be called "militia" in 1660. Moreover their service was both -compulsory and universal--at least it was so in theory. Each citizen was -required by law to provide himself with a "good musket or firelock, a -sufficient bayonet, and belt, two spare flints, and a knapsack." Thus -armed and equipped, he was expected to present himself four times a year -for a day's training. - -It is customary to heap ridicule upon the militia. Cowper described -"John Gilpin" as a "train-band captain," and taught us to laugh at him. -Yankee Doodle, with its "men and boys as thick as hasty puddin'," is a -parody on the American militia. In truth appearances were against them -in the olden times. Their history began away back in the days when -military costume consisted of an iron hat and a steel vest. When, about -1700, armor passed out of use, the militiamen, to prove that they were -true conservatives, refused to substitute any other uniform clothing. -Consequently they did not look soldierly. But the Yankee Doodle militia -under Johnson at Lake George administered a stinging defeat to the -French regulars. We have been abundantly taught of late how American -military history fairly bristles with evidence that the militia system -is faulty. So be it. Now it is time to point out another lesson from the -same history, namely, that when American militia have fought under -favorable conditions, with some shelter, and with an auspicious -beginning to the action, they have often manifested a valor that makes -the world marvel, a valor unequalled except in the annals of legendary -warfare. - -This militia existed, in 1784, thruout Massachusetts (and Maine) as nine -divisions of approximately five thousand men each. The first division -was stationed in Boston. And, alas! all divisions were temporarily -inactive. - -The oldest volunteer militia company in England, as well as its -"ancient" daughter in America, have as part of their title the word -"Honorable." Militia rendered such military service as the law demanded. -Volunteer militia went beyond this, and in addition uniformed themselves -at their own expense, drilled frequently, and held themselves in -readiness for parades and ceremonies, and, in sterner vein, for -disturbance of the peace and for war. As the basis of every volunteer -army our country raised was found the organized, volunteer militia. No -wonder that esteem and distinction have attached to this service. Since -1908 the force has borne the title, "National Guard," a name going back -to the citizen soldiery who defended Paris in 1789 and who were -commanded by Lafayette, a name brought to this country in 1824 by -Lafayette himself and then first adopted by the N. Y. 7th Reg., and in -1862 taken by all the organized militia of that state, in 1903 extended -thruout the United States, and in 1916 officially substituted for all -other titles in Massachusetts. - -Why was it necessary for the Roxbury men to organize their company? -Could not the U. S. regular army afford America sufficient protection in -1784? Regular army! So far as Congress could control the matter, there -was no regular army in 1784. A determined effort had been made the year -previous to wipe the force entirely out of existence, to muster out -every Continental remaining over from the Revolutionary war. Thru some -oversight one single company, that formerly commanded by Alexander -Hamilton and now "Battery F of the 3d Field Artillery," had escaped. -Perhaps because they were standing guard over valuable stores at West -Point and elsewhere, perhaps because the mustering-out officer ran short -of blank forms--for some unexplained reason one company survived. This -single company constituted the entire U. S. army in 1784. This one -company is the only military organization in America having continuous -existence, which antedates the Massachusetts Coast Artillery. Moreover -the situation was only slightly better later. In 1787 there were only -1,200 regulars, in 1798, 2,100, and at the opening of the Civil War, -with a national area almost equal to the present, less than 10,000. Were -not Gen. Heath and the Roxbury men justified in taking steps to -strengthen the forces of government? - -If we may now resume the narrative, we note that the Dorchester -Artillery, the 4th Company, was organized in 1786. Material was -preparing out of which the future regiment might be built. - -1786 and 1787 were years of threatening and storm in Massachusetts. In -consequence of the war, people found themselves burdened with debts and -taxes. They complained that the Governor's salary was too high, the -senate aristocratic, the lawyers extortionate, and that the courts were -instruments of oppression, especially in the collection of debts. By way -of remedy they demanded the removal of the General Court from Boston, -the relief of debtors, and the issue of a large amount of paper money. -Daniel Shays, an ex-captain of the Continental army, placed himself at -the head of a movement to secure these ends by force, and his effort has -come down thru history as "Shays' rebellion." - -In December, 1786, he appeared at Springfield with one thousand -insurgents, resolved to break up the session of the supreme court. After -forcing the adjournment of the session, the insurgents directed an -attack against the arsenal in Springfield. Meanwhile the State -government had sent Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, at the head of four thousand -militia, amongst whom were included our artillery companies, to suppress -the disorder; and on Jan. 25, 1787,--six days after leaving Boston,--the -troops arrived in season to beat off the insurgent attack. Shays and his -followers were pursued as far as Petersham, where on Feb. 9 all armed -resistance was crushed out and the insurgents captured or dispersed. -Since there was such abundant ground for this discontent, it is pleasing -to know that the "rebels" were all pardoned, and Shays himself finally -awarded a pension for his Revolutionary services. Improved economic -conditions due to the new Federal constitution soon removed all danger -of such disorder in the future. Please note, however, that winter -campaigning in western Massachusetts is by no means an attractive -holiday experience, and that the members of the command who engaged in -this, the first, active service, manifested the same plucky devotion to -duty as has characterized them ever since. - -When in 1788 the new United States constitution was ratified, Boston -felt moved to celebrate the event. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, who commanded -the train-band division in the city, investigated and found that he had -eight uniformed companies amongst his militia organizations. So the -eight were directed to parade. The Dorchester Artillery were not -present; but the Roxbury and Boston companies had prominent places in -the procession. There were three other companies present, infantry -companies, which would have interested anyone gifted with prophetic -foresight. For just ninety years from that time, the three infantry -companies were destined to unite with the two artillery in forming the -1st Regiment of today. Meanwhile, unconscious of the future, they are -all parading in honor of the new Federal government; watch them. Grave, -dignified men they are. And no wonder; for they are the social and -political leaders of Boston-town. No one could hope for election to -office in those days unless he had "done his bit" in the militia. They -wore the Continental uniform, with cocked hats, blue coats having ample -skirts, and white knickerbockers. In their movements they were majestic, -slow, deliberate; seventy-five steps per minute were considered amply -sufficient. It was not until 1891 that their hustling offspring -completed the process of raising the military cadence to one hundred -twenty per minute, with a pace thirty inches long. For weapons they -carried smooth-bore flint-locks, which the dictionary tells us, were -known as snaphaunces or "fusils," whence we have the term, "fusiliers." -The musket was furnished by the State, and was the only part of the -equipment so provided. Never mind if they were not very deadly,--they at -least looked formidable. Our artillery companies drew their cannon from -the "gun-house" on the common; contrast this rough shed with the South -Armory of today! After the martial exhibition was concluded, our -forefathers betook themselves to the "Green Dragon," or the "Bunch of -Grapes," or the "Exchange Coffee House" where coffee was by no means the -limit, or some other popular tavern, for the military exercises which -constituted the climax of the entire day. - -A clear distinction existed between militia and volunteers in the foot -branch of the service, the volunteers being designated fusiliers or -grenadiers or light infantry or rifles or cadets, and the militia being -known as infantry. But the distinction was obscured in the "train of -artillery." So much of technical qualification was required of the -artilleryman and cavalryman that all companies of such troops had to -meet the higher military standards of volunteers and were so classified. -In such rosters as existed, it was customary to print the names of -company officers of artillery and cavalry, while such lists included -only field officers in foot commands. - -First mention of a battalion of artillery appears in the roster of the -1st division for 1790, when the four companies in Boston, Dorchester, -Middlesex and Roxbury are so designated. No field officer had yet been -commissioned. This is the beginning of the Coast Artillery, the -battalion and regimental organization having continued in unbroken -existence from 1789 to the present time. While under every militia law -ever adopted by Congress, not only the 1st Company but also the command -as a larger unit might claim "ancient privileges" on the ground of -continuous organization thruout these decades, it is just and right to -state that the pride of the "Old First" has always been not to claim any -privilege at all, except that of serving wherever and however it could -be of the most use. At this date no battalion organization existed -amongst the volunteer foot companies, each being an "independent" -divisionary corps of infantry. - -October, 1789, our companies were again in line, this time to receive -and escort the President of the United States, George Washington. In -October, 1793, a sadder duty summoned them forth. John Hancock, patriot, -signer of the declaration of independence, Governor of Massachusetts, -and President of the Continental Congress, had finished his long and -noble career and gone to his rest. Boston loved and honored its chief -citizen; the funeral parade, in which our companies participated, was an -expression of heart-felt grief. The companies were again called out on -July 4th, 1795, to help lay the corner-stone of the new State-house, the -famous "Bulfinch front." - -War clouds began to darken the political sky in 1794, war clouds -generated by the titanic struggle between the French and their enemies -thruout Europe. Controversies had been going on between us and both -parties to the great European conflict; now this particular danger -threatened from the French side. Altho most Americans had sympathized -with the French in their revolutionary struggle, had worn tri-colored -cockades and clamored for a French alliance, now French colors -disappeared from view, men wore black, and "Hail Columbia," with -"independence" for its "boast," became the popular song. As soon as -America found itself involved in the threatened storm, Congress began to -take measures for defence and turned its attention to the militia. It is -only in war-time that Congress can be induced to notice the -citizen-soldiers. A law was passed May 9, 1794, directing the states to -organize active regiments of militia and to prepare for eventualities. -No action seems to have resulted from this first legislation; and as the -foreign danger intensified, a second act was passed in 1797, aiming to -render the former law effective. Following the classical preferences of -the times, the U. S. army had been rechristened, in 1792, the "legion." -Each state must now organize a "legion" of its own. 80,000 was the -figure set for the total strength of this force; and it is significant -of Massachusetts' relative standing that the Commonwealth was directed -to furnish 11,885 of the total--more than any other state. - -Massachusetts, on June 6, 1794, directed commanders of train-band -divisions to draft men from their brigades who should hold themselves in -instant readiness for service, as the "minute-men" of 1775 had been -selected and organized. The great prestige of George Washington, for he -had consented to waive his seniority and to serve as Lieut.-General -under Pres. Adams, helped to render this revival of the minute-men -popular, and the fashionable designation of "legion" did not detract -from its popularity. - -On August 22, 1797, a supplementary order was issued, directing that a -special regiment of such "legionaries" should be formed from the militia -of each division. The number of divisions having increased to ten, this -called for ten regiments of active troops in Massachusetts and Maine. - -While the order ostensibly affected the entire Commonwealth, in point of -fact the only legionaries ever organized were in Boston. Brig.-Gen. John -Winslow, a soldier of energy and ability, in civil life a hardware -dealer, was commissioned to command the "legionary brigade" of Boston, -and during the ten years of his incumbency the legion was so vital a -factor in the city's military life that it became a fixture. Winslow's -legionary brigade was organized in 1799, just as the war scare subsided. -It consisted of legionary cavalry (one troop), a sub-legion of light -infantry made up of two independent companies (the Fusiliers and the -Boston Light Infantry), and a sub-legion of artillery made up of the -Boston and Columbian companies, now fully organized as a battalion under -Maj. Daniel Wild. The Roxbury and Dorchester companies did not join the -legion, and now completed a battalion organization under Maj. James -Robinson and were designated the "Battalion of Artillery, 1st Brigade, -1st Division." These two battalions, one within and the other without -the legion, represent a splitting up of the 1789 battalion. On June 4, -1844, these two battalions, numbered 1st (the legionary) and 2d (the old -1st Brigade battalion) were to consolidate in the 5th Regiment of -Artillery. - -The legionary brigade lasted as long as Gen. Winslow continued in -command. Its cavalry, light infantry and artillery sections continued to -thrive; and in 1802, under the energetic leadership of Lt. Col. Robert -Gardner, succeeded in 1804 by Thomas Badger, a regiment, consisting of -three sub-legions of infantry, each commanded by a major, came into -existence. In the artillery sub-legion, Maj. Wild was succeeded by Maj. -John Bray in 1803, and by Maj. O. Johonnot in 1805. Meanwhile the 1st -Brigade battalion of artillery was commanded by Maj. Robinson. In 1808 -Gen. Winslow retired; and in 1809 the legionary brigade was redesignated -"3d Brigade, 1st Division." Its three sub-legions of infantry became -three infantry regiments, and these, as we shall see, contained -companies destined later to form part of the Coast Artillery. The -sub-legion of artillery became known as the "Battalion of Artillery, 3d -Brigade," commanded by Maj. Johonnot, in 1812 by Maj. Nathan Parker, and -in 1813 by Maj. William Harris. Maj. James Robinson was succeeded as -commander of the 1st Brigade battalion by Maj. John Robinson in 1812, -and the latter in 1814 by Maj. Isaac Gale, formerly Captain of the -Roxbury Artillery. The 3d Brigade rendered one distinguished service to -the city of Boston--it brought out and maintained Asa Fillebrown as -leader of the brigade band. The 3d Brigade continued to be the most -prominent element in Boston's militia until the reorganization of 1840. - -No doubt the French war-scare and the formation of the legionary brigade -stimulated militia development in Massachusetts. The Columbian -Artillery, the 6th Company, was organized June 17, 1798; and the -Washington Artillery, the 7th Company, on May 29, 1810. Happily the war -clouds dissolved without doing serious damage to America. Meanwhile the -two battalions of artillery turned out to greet and receive President -John Adams on the occasion of his visit to Boston. - -Between the years of 1810 and 1819 and intermittently until 1855, -Massachusetts state rosters contain a curious entry, "The Soul of the -Soldiery." While one could scarcely guess the fact, this was a -predecessor of the modern "training school" for officers, and was -maintained by the non-commissioned officers of all companies connected -with the Legionary or 3d Brigade. No wonder that the Massachusetts -militia excelled the corresponding force in other states, with such a -spirit stirring the breasts of the enlisted men. - -By 1812 America did find itself involved in actual war. Statesmen had -been laboring, and laboring successfully, for nearly a score of years to -keep us at peace with France. Meanwhile circumstances conspired to stir -up hostilities with France's great enemy; and almost before men could -realize the possibility of such a thing, we were engaged in the second -war with England. - -This is no place to discuss the cause of the struggle; Boston's -artillery companies shared the sentiment of their section and regretted -the condition of affairs. The war was unpopular in New England. But the -members of the artillery companies, being soldiers, did "not reason why" -and did put themselves into an attitude of preparedness. - -Weeks ensued which men would be glad to forget. Regiments of regulars -were enlisted in Boston and transported to the Canadian frontier as part -of the successive invading forces. After the lapse of months word came -back of American defeat, of the incompetence displayed by untrained -American officers, of hundreds of British putting to flight thousands of -Americans. Boston itself lay open to hostile attack, with fortifications -mostly in ruins, and such as there were, ungarrisoned. Then came the -naval victories won by our gallant frigates, and Massachusetts breathed -more freely. The enthusiasm which was craving an opportunity for -expression found vent in ovations to victorious sailors. During the -first two years of hostilities no attack was made against the New -England coast, and we now know that England deliberately refrained -because of the friendly sentiments of the New England people. - -The year 1814 brought a great change in the situation. England had -downed Napoleon, and was at liberty to employ her mammoth resources in -dealing with enemies elsewhere. Massachusetts, because it was part of -America, and more particularly because its harbors served as a base of -operations for the American navy, was to feel the consequences of war. -Invasion commenced in Maine and threatened to roll southward down the -coast; immunity was at an end; and an attack was actually made on -Gloucester. Gov. Caleb Strong waited as long as he dared, expecting the -Federal Government to take the steps necessary for defending our coast. -When it finally became evident that Washington had its hands full -elsewhere and could do nothing for Boston, Gov. Strong acted. - -As the service was to be guard duty and the erecting of fortifications, -and was likely to continue thru an indefinite number of months, larger -units of the militia were not called out as such. No regiment went as a -whole. It seemed better to draft companies, platoons, and even squads. A -guard was maintained at Chelsea bridge to keep off raiding parties. -After Sept. 8, 1814, all militia organizations were held in readiness; -and between that date and November, when the British fleet finally -sailed away, every member of the five artillery companies gave some -weeks to active service. Fort Independence on Castle Island and Fort -Warren on Governor's Island, small works of brick and earth, constituted -Boston's principal defences; these were garrisoned, and put in repair. -How tremendously modern ordnance out-ranges that of a century ago! The -present Fort Warren, on Georges Island, erected in 1850, is today not -nearly far enough from the city it defends, not far enough out at sea; -neither is its armament as long-ranged as it should be. Yet contrasted -with the earlier Fort Warren, it is very remote from Boston, and is -armed with guns able to do execution at almost infinite distance. The -Commonwealth added to the defences of the harbor; land was purchased on -Jeffries Point, East Boston, and another fort erected to support -Independence and Warren. The legislature, out of compliment to the -Governor, named the new work Fort Strong. Here too one must be careful -not to confuse the old fort with that of the same name today on Long -Island. - -Historians agree in pronouncing the militia a failure in the second war -with England. It must be confessed that there is much ground for such a -verdict; in fact, the regular army was also, for the most part, a sad -failure in the same war. But in all fairness an exception should be -made of the Massachusetts militia which manned the coast defences of -Boston and kept the British fleet outside the harbors of the state. The -Roxbury Artillerymen and their comrades in sister companies were prompt -in responding, efficient in "digging" and other military labor, and -entirely vigilant in guard duty. Their service in 1814 goes far to -render the name of militia honorable. - -One moment of relaxation came during the war when the battalions paraded -in Boston as escort to President James Madison. - -The year 1815 marked a turning point in American military history, and -the artillery companies of Boston felt its influence. Danger from -foreign foes was at an end; the Indians were then so far to the westward -as no longer to be a serious menace. America felt free to enter upon a -career of peaceful conquest--and to get rich. It is fair to note that -England also began a similar stage at the same time; perhaps there was -some reflex influence exerted by the mother country. The first symptom -of the change was the decay of the train-band. Whereas militia service -had hitherto been regarded seriously, as the most important duty of -citizenship, now men laughed at it. We begin to find reference to the -"corn-stalk" militia. - -[Illustration: THE TRAIN-BAND, 1832. WHY IT WAS ABOLISHED] - -Decay was gnawing at the vitals of the train-band system. Ridiculous -cartoons may be seen in the museum of the A. & H. Art. Co. (Matthews' -"Militia Folk" and others) showing what a farce the institution had -become. Men attended muster in outrageously improper clothing, armed -with sticks, pitchforks, or nothing at all, and obviously treated this -aspect of their patriotic duty as a gigantic bit of buffoonery. -Quarterly training or muster-day became an occasion more noted for the -rum then consumed than for the drilling done. Early temperance societies -recognized this state of affairs by including in their abstinence -pledges an exception in favor of muster-day; it was not "intemperate" to -be drunk then. In our forefathers' opinion this gradual abandonment of -compulsory universal military service was regarded as a mark of social -progress. Will such be the ultimate verdict of history? - -Increased importance attached to the Roxbury Artillery and other -volunteer companies as the train-band became increasingly inactive. Let -us inspect them, bearing in mind that they are now the chief military -reliance of the Commonwealth. Discipline, judged by modern standards, -may not have been strict. Men came and went pretty much at will. But -they had some discipline, while their fellow-citizens did not know what -the word meant. No "basic course for officers" as yet existed, and it is -a fact that the higher officers were apt to be chosen more for political -than military reasons. As the rank increased, the military attainments -were apt to diminish; but amongst the company officers were found many -brave and skilful soldiers. Uniform fashions had been modified by the -recent war--now companies wore the shako on the head, at first of -leather and later of bearskin, the high buttoned swallow-tail coat, -white webbing cross-belts with brass breast-plates, and long trousers. -Each company had a distinctive uniform of its own, as different as -possible from all others; and this diversity persisted even down until -after the Civil War. It was a column of companies, and judging from -appearances, of extremely "separate" companies, that paraded to escort -and welcome Lafayette in April and again on August 30, 1824; and to lay -the corner-stone of Bunker Hill monument in 1825; and to inter President -John Adams in July, 1826; and for the funeral of Gov. William Eustis. An -enthusiastic reception was accorded by these companies to President -Andrew Jackson, June 24, 1833. These soldiers may not have been as -efficient as modern troops must be; but they made a splendid appearance -on parade; and beyond question were a powerful military asset when -judged by the standard of their own times. - -An attempt was made to increase efficiency by issuing books of drill -regulations available for all, instead of depending upon oral -instruction. In the earliest days drill was regulated by Prussian and -French systems of tactics. The first book of tactics ever prepared in -English for general popular issue was written and published in 1813 by -Gen. Isaac Maltby of the Massachusetts militia, for the use of -Massachusetts troops. The necessity for conciseness and speed was not -then recognized. For a battalion to pass from line to close column, the -drill regulations of 1911 indicate commands as follows: "Close on first -company, March, Second company, Squads right, column half right, March." -Under Maltby's system this was heard: "Battalions will form close column -of platoons on the right, in rear of the first platoon, Shoulder arms, -Battalion, Form close column of platoons in rear of the right, Right -face, March." Scott's famous tactics were adopted in 1834. - -Maj. Joseph E. Smith succeeded to the command of the 3d Brigade -battalion of artillery in 1817, Maj. Thomas J. Lobnell in 1823, Maj. -Samuel Lynes in 1826, Maj. Aaron Andrews in 1830, and Maj. Horace Bacon -of Cambridge in 1832. By June 29, 1834, the battalion had grown to four -companies, and was for a year elevated to the dignity of a regiment. -John L. White, the popular proprietor of the Union House (29 Union St.), -was made Colonel, and thus became the first man ever to hold that rank -in the Coast Artillery. Col. White's military career had been meteoric; -in 1831 he was elected Cornet (2d Lt.) of Light Dragoons in the 3d -Brigade; 1832 saw him Major of the 1st Infantry in the same brigade; in -1834 he became Colonel of that regiment; and ten weeks later, on the -date given above, he transferred and was commissioned Colonel of the new -artillery regiment. However the time was not yet ripe for regimental -dignity. When a few months later Col. White removed from Boston and -resigned his command, the organization was allowed to slip back and -again become a battalion. Maj. John Hoppen commanded in 1836. On April -24, 1840, the battalion was awarded the number "1st." In 1841 William B. -Perkins was elected Major, the last man to command it as a separate -organization. - -Meanwhile the 1st Brigade battalion was commanded by the following -Majors: 1818 Joseph Hastings of Roxbury, 1822 Robert Stetson of -Dorchester (an ex-Captain of the 1st Company), 1825 John Parks of -Dorchester, and 1829 Jonathan White, Jr., of Weymouth. In 1831 the -strength of the battalion was reduced from three to two companies, and -these were temporarily attached to an infantry regiment (the 1st of the -1st Brigade). On June 26, 1834, the battalion organization was restored, -a new company having been formed, with John Webber, an ex-Captain of the -1st Company as Major. Maj. John W. Loud of Weymouth was elected to -command in 1836, and Maj. Webber again in 1839. On April 24, 1840, the -battalion was numbered "2d." In 1841 Samuel F. Train of Roxbury was -elected Major, the last man to command the battalion as a separate -organization. Capt. John Webber was succeeded as commander of the 1st -Company by Andrew Chase, Jr., a man destined to become first Colonel of -the new regiment. That year the battalions paraded in celebration of the -completion of Boston's new railroad. - -All the companies were called out June 11, 1837, to maintain public -order at the time of the Broad Street riot. The outbreak arose from a -clash between a funeral procession and a fire-engine company. Which -ought to have the right of way? Unfortunately racial jealousy was -present to embitter the rivalry, so that blows were exchanged and a -general fire-alarm "rung in" and disorder became wide-spread. First -honors on this occasion belong to the newly organized National Lancers, -whose horses terrified the rioters; infantry and artillery companies -acted as reserve, and subsequently policed the district. - -This period of Corps history came to its conclusion when on March 24, -1840, the legislature voted a general reorganization of the militia, and -in particular disbanded the ancient train-band. In theory, the members -of the artillery battalions had been excused from the compulsory drill -done by every able-bodied man in their districts on the ground that they -were rendering more than the prescribed military service in their -volunteer organizations. In fact, the district companies and regiments -of the train-band had long since ceased to do any true drilling and were -little more than a mere name. Courage is required to abate a -long-standing abuse. New York continued to endure the train-band system -until 1862, well into the Civil War. Massachusetts faced the condition -with greater determination, and abolished the system in 1840. On March -24 the law was enacted, and on April 17 the necessary orders issued. -Thereafter the volunteer companies were the only military force existing -in the Commonwealth. - - - - -CHAPTER III - -1840-1861 - - -Gen. William Henry Harrison had been elected President in 1840 at the -conclusion of one of the most exciting political contests ever known in -America. A month after assuming office, in April, 1841, he suddenly -died. Public feeling which had been so stirred over the election, now -reacted; and men everywhere vied with one another in expressing -heart-felt sorrow. Amidst circumstances of deep gloom, intensified by -bad weather, the battalions, in the very midst of the confusion -attendant upon their reorganization, made a funeral parade notable for -its sadness. It was not until July, 1862, that the regiment again came -in touch with Harrison; then they were stationed at his birthplace, -Harrison's Landing on the James River, Virginia. And greatly did they -enjoy their days of rest after the torture of the Chickahominy swamp, -and the opportunity to use plenty of clean, fresh water for bathing; -possibly some of the older soldiers remembered the obsequies of April -22, 1841. - -June, 1843, was a red-letter period in Boston history. Bunker Hill -monument was at last completed after eighteen years building, and a vast -concourse of people assembled for its dedication. The New York 7th -Regiment, then known as the "National Guard Battalion," arrived on the -16th, and was received and entertained by the Fusiliers. Indeed troops -were present from four outside states--Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode -Island and New York. That same day the artillery battalions met -President John Tyler at Roxbury Crossing, and escorted him to the -Tremont House, the parade taking place amidst a drenching rain-storm. -The morning of the 17th was clear, cool, and delightful. At an early -hour, the military part of the procession, which consisted of four grand -divisions, was formed on Boston Common. As the procession moved toward -Bunker Hill, the enthusiasm which was produced by the admirable -appearance of the troops was only equalled by that which greeted the -distinguished Webster, the gifted orator of the day; while President -Tyler, in melancholy contrast, was received with ominous silence and -coolness. Arriving at Bunker Hill, the orator of the day and the guests -and officials passed into the already crowded square. While Webster was -speaking, the soldiers were necessarily far beyond the sound of his -voice, and were entertained by "a bountiful collation," which the -hospitable authorities of Boston had prepared. After the ceremonies, -oratorical and gustatory, the procession returned to Boston, and the -troops were reviewed by the President at the State House. At a dinner -the same evening in Faneuil Hall, President Tyler gave the following -toast:--"The Union,--a union of purpose, a union of feeling, the Union -established by our fathers." A few years later, he was an active enemy -of that Union, which he had complimented in the most solemn manner -within the sacred walls of the Cradle of Liberty. - -Boston's division of the force, thereafter to be known as the -Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, paraded in two brigades, with a total -strength of 2,500 men. Incidentally we might note that there were two -other such divisions in the state. Under the circumstances the 1st and -2d Battalions of Artillery added to their already creditable reputation -and presented a fine appearance. There were five companies in the two -battalions, each consisting of a captain, two lieutenants, four -sergeants, four corporals, six gunners, six bombardiers, one drummer, -one fifer, and sixty-four privates or "matrosses." Part of each company -was armed, equipped and drilled as infantry; but each company proudly -exhibited two bronze six-pounder cannon with limbers, and a single -caisson. The ordnance had increased in caliber since 1784, the change -being made in 1840. The state prescribed by law what manner of uniform -the artillery companies should wear. Inasmuch however as the members had -to purchase their own clothing without state assistance, and since they -were mostly interested in the glory of their own companies, they were -pardonable for regarding the regulation state uniform as merely a point -of departure from which fancy might soar in devising distinctive -costumes for the company units. Caps, short jackets, and frock coats, -soon to become popularized as a result of the Mexican War, were -beginning to be in vogue. - -The year 1844 marked a still more important step in the development of -the artillery battalions. Train-band companies of each district had -always been organized into regiments, and the regiment was conceded to -be the fundamental unit in importance. It was the tactical unit, that -is, the troops maneuvered as regiments when in the presence of an enemy. -It was also the administrative unit, in the sense that all records and -reports centered at regimental headquarters. In drill regulations, the -regiment was called a battalion; but no battalion could claim to be a -regiment unless it had approximately ten companies, and was commanded by -a colonel; one thousand was the membership standard. In other words the -regiment was the only complete battalion. When the train-band ceased to -be, the battalions of artillery began to aspire after regimental dignity -in the Volunteer Militia. The 1st Battalion had actually been a regiment -for a few months, ten years previously. Nor was it forgotten that the -two battalions were originally one, that the regimental consolidation to -be was really a reunion of those who, forty-six years before, had been a -single body. On June 4, 1844, their wish was gratified; and the 5th -Regiment of Artillery came into being. With the promotion on June 24 of -Andrew Chase, Jr., to the colonelcy the new organization was completed. - -Economy reigned in the Adjutant General's office of that day, and the -state did not feel that it could afford much expenditure for printing. -Our earliest rosters come from 1858, and we are unable to name many of -the distinguished men who made up the 5th Regiment at its inception. It -contained five companies: 1st, the Roxbury Artillery; 4th, the -Dorchester Artillery; 6th, the Columbian Artillery; 7th, the Washington -Artillery; and 8th, the Boston Artillery. Since all excepting the -Dorchester company were strong organizations with established -reputations, the regiment, from the very beginning, became the most -distinguished military body in the city and state. In recognition of -this fact Col. Chase was promoted to the brigadier-generalship Aug. 28, -1847. - -Military affairs were stimulated by the Mexican war in 1846. While no -militia organization went from Massachusetts, individuals from all -regiments enlisted in the 1st Massachusetts Volunteers, the single -regiment sent out by the state; and tales of American valor in the -southwest served to arouse all to do better work. Mexican veterans -afterward organized a company in our command; and became the recognized -custodians of the 1st Volunteers' Mexican battle-flag. - -[Illustration: ARTILLERY IN 1917] - -[Illustration: Copyright by Continental Ins. Co. - -ARTILLERY IN 1784] - -Regimental responsibility was too much for the Dorchester Artillery, and -it was disbanded in 1845. Only four companies remained in the 5th -Regiment. In fact there was too much disbanding for the good of the -militia. The state authorities seemed to think that it was cheaper to -disband a company which had fallen into "hard luck" than it was to cure -the difficulty by paying a little money for the restoration and support -of the sufferer. This was a false economy. Of the one hundred forty-two -companies which existed in 1840 in the new Volunteer Militia, -seventy-eight were disbanded within the first seven years, and one -hundred two passed out of existence within twenty-five years. With so -many surgical operations it is marvelous that any militia survived at -all. - -Altho few in number, the four companies of the 5th Regiment who paraded -as an escort to President Polk June 29, 1847, and who welcomed Daniel -Webster upon his return to Boston, gave evidence of increased -efficiency. The legislature was making more liberal appropriations--was -indeed spending each year (1844-1852) all of $6 per man on the militia; -even this moderate expenditure was far better than nothing. The state -authorities were very well satisfied with themselves and with their -handiwork, reporting to inquirers that the Massachusetts system "met -every need." A fairly liberal allowance of ammunition was made to each -artillery company--forty round shot, forty canister, and one hundred -pounds of powder every year. - -William B. Perkins became Colonel Sept. 10, 1847. Altho he did not enjoy -good physical health, and died in office November 16, 1849, his -administration was signalized by several important events. On March 10, -1848, occurred the funeral of Ex-President John Quincy Adams. The -regiment, or part of it, paraded on Oct. 25 of the same year in -celebration of the completion of the Cochituate water system. On Aug. 8 -and 9, 1849, the regiment participated in its first state camp, at -Neponset, continuing two and one-half days. A curious old print of this -encampment has come down to us showing how the 1st Brigade of the 1st -Division looked at the time. The 5th Artillery was present, four -companies strong, clad conspicuously in bearskin and other towering -shakos; the balance of the brigade consisted of the National Lancers in -their uhlan costumes, as at present, which had been adopted four years -before, and the 1st Light Infantry, wearing distinctive company -uniforms. The Lancers were at that time attached to the 1st Light -Infantry, and were the only cavalry command in the state. Was any -prophet present in Neponset on those August days gifted with ability to -read the future? Did anyone even guess that twenty-nine years later the -5th Artillery and the remnant of the 1st Light Infantry were to -consolidate in a new 1st Regiment? While a two and one-half day camp -must necessarily be chiefly occupied with pitching tents, escorting -visitors, engaging in those social festivities which are "absolutely -essential" on all military occasions, and then taking down the tents, -there is no doubt that the men acquired much real military knowledge in -between-times, and that the new custom registered a long step forward. - -Col. Asa Law commanded the regiment from Jan. 4 to July 10, 1850. - -July 26, 1850, witnessed another change in the colonelcy, Robert Cowdin -assuming command of the regiment. Col. Cowdin, in his peaceful moments, -was a Boston lumber-dealer; but members of the regiment will always -remember him as a soldier, except when they recall some more intimate -contact with the man whom they loved; then they speak of him as -"father." It makes a great deal of difference that he commanded them -during the year of fearful hardship and sanguinary strife on the -Virginia Peninsula; but even before that he had endeared himself to his -men, while he was merely a militia commander. He had been Captain of Co. -K, in the 1st Inf. during 1848 and 1849; and came into the artillery as -Major. It is hardly over-stating it, to say that Col. Cowdin is the man -who made the regiment great. - -What he assumed command over was actually four splendid artillery -companies, loosely yoked together in the 5th Regiment. The conception -was nine-tenths "company" and only one-tenth "regiment." Inter-company -rivalry had prevented the development of real regimental spirit. The new -colonel was determined to command a true regiment; and since he was a -man of masterly force and boundless enthusiasm, he speedily had his way. -Distinctive company costumes yielded place to a regimental uniform, and -thereafter the company was a subordinate unit. The obsequies of -Ex-President Taylor were the last occasion on which inter-company -diversity appeared; and that was in the very month of Col. Cowdin's -accession. In all his reforms he was ably seconded by Capt. Moses H. -Webber of Roxbury, commanding the 1st Company. In 1851 percussion -muskets displaced the flint-locks. The same year a new 4th Company, the -Cowdin Artillery, was organized, followed in 1852 by the 9th Company, -the Webster Artillery, and in 1853 by the 3d Company or Bay State -Artillery and the 5th Company or Shields Artillery. The regiment thus -had eight companies. That year Isaac S. Burrell became Captain of the -1st Company. - -Col. Cowdin's first camp was held at Medford, and drew warm compliments -from the Adjutant General. Neponset was occupied as a camp-ground for -the second time in 1851; Boston Common in 1852; and the regiment -participated in divisional camp at North Abington in 1853. In 1854 the -division was at Quincy. How conditions have changed with the increase -of Massachusetts population! Who would think of these places as suitable -camp-sites today, least of all, Boston Common? - -Col. Cowdin's regiment paraded as escort to President Fillmore Sept. 17, -1851; they helped welcome the Hungarian patriot, Louis Kossuth, April -27, 1852; and they participated in the funeral parade for Daniel Webster -in Marshfield, Nov. 30, 1852. It came to be a custom at this time for -Boston military critics and newspaper reporters to accord chief praise, -after a parade, to the 5th Regiment. - -Anthony Burns' name is associated with the next important event in the -regiment's history, the most unpleasant event with which it ever had -anything to do. No more painful duty can confront the militiaman than -the task of maintaining public order, for no American likes to have part -in coercing his fellow citizens. And on June 2, 1854, the regiment was -called upon to enforce the most unpopular statute ever enacted by -Congress, the "Fugitive Slave" law. Burns had escaped from his owner in -Virginia, and found employment with a Boston clothing-dealer. -Massachusetts was called upon to render him up under the terms of the -new statute, and the U. S. Marshal arrested him on May 25. Public -sympathy was strongly with the colored man, funeral draperies appeared -upon the fronts of private residences, many threatened mob violence, and -a great popular meeting was held in Faneuil Hall, May 27, addressed by -Wendell Phillips and other prominent anti-slavery men, to protest -against this humiliation to which Massachusetts was about to submit. The -speakers even counseled a rescue by force. Under the U. S. law, a man -"held to service" in another state, could be extradited and transported -to that state for trial. The trouble was, that in the case of a fugitive -slave, extradition involved the entire question--if Burns should be -carried back to Virginia, his chance of liberty would be gone; and -Boston believed in liberty. An attempt was made to take him from jail, -but this proved unsuccessful. - -Col. Cowdin's 5th Regiment, Col. Holbrook's 1st Regiment, the 3d -Battalion, the Cadets and the Lancers were ordered out to assist the -police in enforcing the law. Guards were posted along the streets -leading from the court-house to the "T Wharf," where a steamer lay in -readiness; and the Lancers, with a strong detachment of police, and U. -S. artillery, surrounded the prisoner. It was on June 2 that the U. S. -Commissioner rendered his decision; and the grim procession started at -once. Red pepper and acid were thrown at the troops, clubs and stones -were used, a Lancer's horse was stabbed; but the display of force proved -too strong for the rioters. - -Both Col. Cowdin and Col. Holbrook later proved the genuineness of their -devotion to freedom's cause by commanding regiments in the Civil War. -What they and their commands did on June 2, 1854, was entirely -distasteful to them; but the call came to them as soldiers. Like true -soldiers they performed their duty; and Burns went back to the south. -His fidelity to duty was eight years later to be instrumental in -preventing the confirmation of Col. Cowdin's appointment as Brigadier -General. - -Happily, with the modern increase in police efficiency occasions for -such service grow less and less frequent. Our professional police -officers are now capable of handling all but the most severe crises -without military assistance. - -Another state-wide reorganization of the militia was engineered by the -legislature on Feb. 26, 1855; and in some ways this was the most -unfortunate of them all. It was primarily caused by racial and sectarian -jealousy, a spirit which has no rightful place whatever in American -life. The principles of the "Know Nothing" party were regnant that -year. No less a man than Thomas Cass was forced to resign his military -commission--today his statue stands in honor in the Public Gardens. It -almost seemed that the dominant faction were determined to prove -themselves in the military and other diverse fields, as well as in the -field of partizan politics, to be "know nothings." The 5th Regiment, -Boston's best, was ordered disbanded; but the State House authorities -did not really mean this. They only reorganized the command, with the -intention that the resultant "2d Regiment of Infantry" should continue -its service record. The 6th Company, the old Columbian Artillery -commanded by Cass, together with the Webster Artillery and Shields -Artillery of the 5th, were actually disbanded. Worst of all, Col. Cowdin -found his commission vacated, apparently for political reasons. Capt. -Cass's company continued its existence as the "Columbian Association," -and in 1861 developed into the 9th Infantry. - -[Illustration: MAJ. POORE PAYS HIS BET - -Page 99] - -Moses H. Webber was commissioned Colonel of the new 2d Infantry on April -18, 1855, and continued in office until Dec. 19 of that year. It -consequently fell to his lot to adapt the regiment to its new -conditions. Since the regiment had been drilling more and more as -infantry and less and less as artillery, the change from one branch of -the service to the other was less abrupt than it appeared to be. And be -it noted that the regiment never lost interest in its native -artillery--until in 1897 it re-entered the artillery branch. Col. Webber -had four companies from the 5th, three of them old and strong ones. Two -companies were transferred from the 1st Regiment, the 6th and 9th, of -which both were already distinguished under their names, the "Union -Guards" and the "National Guards." The artillery companies signalized -their transition to infantry by changing their names, the Roxbury -Artillery becoming the Roxbury City Guard, the Washington Artillery the -Washington Light Guard, and the Boston Artillery the Boston Phalanx. The -regiment, so reorganized, was paraded by Col. Webber as escort to -President Franklin Pierce, when the latter visited Boston. - -As the Civil War approached, Massachusetts grew more liberal in -providing for her soldiers. In 1852 the expenditure per man was -increased to $6.50 a year, in 1857 to $9.00, and in 1858 the expenditure -was fixed at $7.50 and remained there until 1869. - -The New York 7th Regiment visited Boston and participated in the Bunker -Hill celebration of June 17, 1857. Their ease and precision of movement, -their evident regimental spirit, their large numbers, and their -serviceable yet dressy gray uniform, worn uninterruptedly since -1824,--all made a deep impression upon Boston military men. As the 7th -had stopped to suppress an incipient riot on its way to the boat in New -York the night before, its practical efficiency added force to the -impression. The Lancers and the 2d, who acted as special escort to the -visiting troops, came most strongly under this spell. An impulse was -given to the movement for improving the 2d. In 1859 the regiment adopted -a gray uniform closely patterned after the dress of the 7th, and -continued the new bill of dress until July, 1861. Again after the war -the same gray uniform was in use between 1869 and 1880. - -Col. William W. Bullock commanded the regiment from Jan. 11, 1856, until -April 14, 1858, when he was promoted to be Brigadier General. Camp was -held at Quincy in 1856; at Chelsea in 1857; and the latter occasion was -notable because Robert Cowdin then rejoined his old command, accepting -the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. - -In 1858 (May 11) Col. Cowdin was again in command; and continued in -office until the second year of the war, when on Sept. 26, 1862, he was -advanced to the rank of Brigadier General. In connection with the -regimental camp at North Bridgewater, 1858, the regiment received its -long-desired rifled muskets. - -So many companies had been transferred from the old 1st Regiment, that -it finally seemed best to disband that organization altogether. By -contrast with the 5th-2d, its regimental spirit had grown weaker and -weaker with each passing year until Boston's oldest regiment was nothing -but a loosely connected group of separate companies. So on March 1, -1859, four of its companies, the Washington Guards, the Independent -Boston Fusiliers, the Pulaski Guards and the Mechanic Rifles, were -transferred to Col. Cowdin's regiment, where they took place as the 2d, -3d, 4th and 5th Companies respectively. As separate companies these -already possessed proud records; and in their new regimental connection -the 3d and 4th immediately found a vigorous new life. The Mechanic -Rifles soon disbanded, and most of the members joined the Ancient and -Honorable Artillery Company. Later on, we shall follow the adventures of -the three remaining companies of the old 1st. - -Meanwhile Massachusetts was getting ready for the approaching war and -putting her military forces in condition for active service. Sept. 7 to -9, 1859, Col. Cowdin led his reinforced command to camp at Concord, -winning highest praise for the numbers and skill of his men. This was a -notable occasion in Massachusetts military history, and as it later -proved, in U. S. history. Had not the Bay State been more ready for war -than her sisters, there would have been no "minute-men of '61" available -to rush southward, and save the National capital. The Concord encampment -for the entire Volunteer Militia, three divisions with a total -membership of 7,500 men, was the pet project of Gov. Nathaniel Banks. -While other executives of the state had regarded their office of -commander-in-chief as a somewhat perfunctory affair, Gov. Banks took it -exceedingly seriously; and even went so far as to uniform himself in -clothing appropriate to his military office. Surely he "came to the -kingdom for such a time as this." While the pacifist governors of many -northern states were ridiculing the very idea of war, Gov. Banks put his -state in an attitude of preparedness--and was largely instrumental in -saving the Union. - -As the encampment continued only three days, it was mainly occupied with -making and breaking camp, and escorting distinguished official visitors. -But some little time was squeezed out for studying the new Hardee's -tactics, which were just supplanting Scott's. Great enthusiasm was -aroused by the presence of Gen. John E. Wool, the "hero of Buena Vista," -who reviewed the troops. But the great day of all came when Gov. Banks -and the members of the legislature reviewed the campers. A famous -lithograph of this scene exists; and does more than anything else to -make the regiment of those days seem real to us. Numbers were small, as -we reckon numbers today; but the finest spirit of determined patriotism -was manifest. - -A slight change in organization took place under Hardee's tactics; -instead of four lieutenants to a company, there were only two. -Consequently few new men were elected to fill vacancies until the -regiment had adjusted itself to the new régime. The officers of the -regiment at the great Concord encampment, besides Col. Cowdin, were: -Lieutenant Colonel, Isaac S. Burrell (postmaster of Roxbury, and later -City Marshal); Major, Isaac F. Shephard. The captains commanding -companies were: 1st, Thomas L. D. Perkins (proprietor of a smoke-house); -3d, Henry A. Snow (treasurer of a bleachery); 6th, Edward Pearl; 7th, -Walter S. Sampson (a mason and builder); 8th, Clark B. Baldwin (a -merchant); 9th, Arthur Dexter; and 10th, Joshua Jenkins. With the Civil -War less than two years off, it is well to look ahead and see how many -of these militiamen rendered service in the hour of their country's -need. Of the Colonel we have already spoken. The Lieutenant Colonel -commanded the 42d Regiment in 1862, and again in 1864, as we shall see. -The Major presently removed to Missouri for business reasons, where he -served with Nathaniel Lyon, and ultimately commanded the 51st U. S. -Colored Infantry, and was promoted to be Brigadier General. Four of the -seven captains went to war. Capts. Snow and Pearl served three months -each at the beginning of the regiment's three years of service, and then -received their discharges. Capt. Sampson took his company into the 6th -Regiment, and led them thru Baltimore on April 19, 1862, under deadly -fire from the rioters. Later he served as Captain in the 22d Infantry -during the Peninsular campaign, commanding that regiment at Gaines Mill. -Capt. Baldwin remained in Col. Cowdin's regiment when his company -transferred themselves to the new 4th Battalion of Rifles and ultimately -to the 13th Regiment; and became commander of a new 4th Company, and -from 1862 to 1864 was Lieutenant Colonel of the regiment. Baldwin was a -most profane man, and during the ensuing campaign stragglers could -identify their regiment from a distance by the sound of his swearing. -When Baldwin was made prisoner at the Wilderness, his captors marvelled -at his vocabulary; and came up to his tent in successive reliefs to -listen. Once a youthful fifer who had been caught by the then Lieutenant -Colonel straggling, was punished by having a log loaded on his shoulder -as he marched. This lad has put on record, that regulations provided for -"a field officer at the head of a regiment and a mule at the rear"; and -that Col. Baldwin was deemed well-qualified for either end of the -column. But the testimony is confessedly biassed. - -Boston Common was the site of the 1860 camp, the last camp before the -war. Military interest was then at fever heat, and the very air seemed -electric with the coming struggle. In the midst of the warlike -preparation occurred a peaceful ceremony which gained in interest from -its very contrast with its surroundings; the youthful Prince of Wales, -afterward Edward VII of Great Britain, visited Boston and was accorded -military honors. A member of the regiment has recorded of him that he -was "a really handsome youth with a pleasant blue eye, plump cheeks, and -skin of great fairness." - -On January 24, 1861, the 2d Regiment was redesignated, receiving the -number, "1st," which had been taken away from the old 1st in 1859. Since -six companies of the old 1st (as well as Col. Cowdin himself) had -previously been added to what now became the "Civil War" 1st, there was -an obvious fitness in allowing the number to be transferred also. -Moreover the future held in store that all remaining of the old 1st -personnel should, in 1878, be consolidated with their quondam comrades -in a new 1st Regiment. - - - - -CHAPTER IV - -RESPONDING TO THE PRESIDENT'S CALL - - -April, 1861, ended the suspense. Sumpter was fired upon April 12. -Lincoln's first call for troops was issued April 15, supplemented by a -personal appeal from Senator Henry Wilson--"Send on 1,500 men at once." -The militia mobilized with marvelous rapidity on April 16, and started -south under command of Gen. Benjamin F. Butler the following day, for -three months' service. - -Those were days of tense feeling. A shipmaster who displayed a southern -flag was in danger of losing both his life and his vessel; and ended by -issuing profuse apologies. Business firms made lavish gifts toward the -equipment of the regiments; indeed everyone seemed ready to give -whatever he had. All one needed to do was to appear in uniform in order -to be accounted a hero--much to the discomfort of many genuinely modest -men. - -And thruout these opening days the 1st Regiment was subjected to the -very hardest test, in that nothing whatever happened to them. They could -not take comfort in the knowledge that the 3d Regiment, one of the very -earliest to go, would by and by become consolidated with them, and so -share the honors which they were earning. All that the members of the -1st could do was to hope, and growl, and wonder why the Governor should -select them for home-guard purposes while he allowed others to go to -war. - -Then something actually did happen, which only served to aggravate. -Captain Sampson discovered a vacancy in the 6th Regiment, and with Col. -Cowdin's approval promptly secured the transfer of his 7th Company, the -Washington Light Guard, one of the three strong artillery companies -which had come down from the very beginning of regimental history; so -that the 6th had a Co. K of which to be proud, and the 1st Regiment had -nothing. Co. K of the 6th, as was to be expected, covered itself with -glory during the street-fight in Baltimore on April 19. Capt. David K. -Wardwell, whose company had suffered disbandment a few months before, -profited by his consequent independence and organized a new company, -with Col. Cowdin presiding at the election of officers; and then took -the new organization off with the 5th Regiment as Co. F. "Wardwell's -Tigers" shared in the laurels won by their regiment at Annapolis and -Washington, and three months later at Bull Run found themselves fighting -in the same army with the old 1st Regiment. Meanwhile their success in -getting into active service did not make it any easier for the 1st -Regiment to endure the masterly inactivity of those April days. - -Finally on April 27, the 1st Regiment was ordered to prepare itself--as -if it had not been prepared "right up to the handle" for two weeks past. -But, alas, instructions came from the War Department that no more -three-months men were desired, and after fifteen days' service by the -regiment, the order was, on May 7, revoked. Forty-two years later the -legislature passed a resolve according official recognition to the 1st -Regiment as having volunteered with the other "minute men;" but this was -no comfort whatever to the eager young soldiers of 1861, who were told -to lay down their weapons and go home. Col. Cowdin and his men were in -high favor at the Boston City Hall; but owing to their services at the -Burns riot, and for other political reasons, they were frowned on by -Gov. Andrew and the Senators. - -On second thought Col. Cowdin decided that he and his men were going to -get into active service in spite of all difficulties. It had just become -known that the Government desired three-year regiments, and this opened -a door of possibility. The 1st would go to war for three years. To be -sure this was a plunge in the dark. Suppose the war should not last -three years--would the troops be kept in service anyway? Moreover, there -had never been any three-year volunteers in the United States, during -any previous war; and it requires courage to set a precedent. But Col. -Cowdin and his men made the necessary readjustments demanded by the -prospect of prolonged absence from home, and volunteered as a three-year -regiment. Owing to their promptness, they were able to win an honor -greater even than came to the "minute-men;" for they became the very -first long-term volunteer regiment to enter U. S. service anywhere in -the country, the first not only of the Civil War but of any war. Their -adventures, and the battles they fought, are "another story"; and will -be told in a later chapter. - -One of the three old original artillery companies having been lost to -the 6th, another was destined to go with--no, the correct expression is, -to "become"--the 13th Regiment. Late in 1860 the 8th Company, the -"Boston Artillery," became interested in organizing a "crack" battalion -or regiment for Boston. They were already members of the best regiment -in the Commonwealth, but they were not satisfied with that. Capt. -Baldwin did not share in this new ambition and declined to have anything -to do with it. In civil life he was a merchant and wholly practical in -his tastes; as a soldier he was a plain, blunt man, "full of strange -oaths," "who loved his friends." The new departure did not appeal to -him. So Capt. Baldwin transferred to the 4th Company, the Pulaski -Guards, and remained with his old regiment; while the Boston Artillery -chose Gen. Samuel H. Leonard, recently of Worcester, as their captain. -Under Capt. Leonard the Boston Artillery absorbed what survived of the -disbanded Columbian Greys or City Guards of the old 1st, and proceeded -to expand into the 4th Battalion of Rifles. It was on Dec. 15, 1860, -that the new battalion was formed. Before the enthusiastic officers and -men had time to do much toward developing their ideal of a "crack" -regiment, they found themselves upon the threshold of the great war. On -May 25, 1861, they volunteered to garrison Ft. Independence for one -month; and almost before the month had expired, the 4th Battalion of -Rifles had expanded once more and become the 13th Regiment, and on July -16 they were mustered in for three years' service. Col. Cowdin's men -felt that they could well afford to lose their grand old 8th Company, -when their loss resulted in the addition of an entire regiment to the -Union army. The 13th served as part of the first corps in the army of -Virginia, and later the army of the Potomac. Their regimental monument -stands on the field of their hardest fight, that of the first day at -Gettysburg, where they lost their gallant corps commander, Gen. John F. -Reynolds. And on the second day of that battle, toward evening, they -were sent to reinforce Sickles on the left, in whose corps was the 1st -Massachusetts. Once more the Boston Artillery and the Roxbury Artillery -were serving side by side. - -On May 18, 1861, just one week before the 1st was mustered into Federal -service, it lost another company. Capt. Joseph H. Barnes had organized a -new 7th Company to fill the place made vacant by Capt. Sampson's -withdrawal. But the example of his predecessor proved contagious; so -that presently the new company followed the old one. Capt. Barnes' -command joined the 4th Mass. Infantry at Fort Monroe, and so found -active work immediately. When, however, the 4th presently came home, its -new Co. K was left behind, and became incorporated in the 29th Regiment, -with which it served three years. In 1862 the 29th was with the army of -the Potomac, in 1863 in Mississippi and Tennessee, and again with the -army of the Potomac in 1864. Capt. Gardner Walker's North End True Blues -eventually went with Col. Cowdin as the 7th Company. - -Lieutenant Colonel Isaac S. Burrell was not able to accompany his -regiment in the three-years' service. Remaining in Boston with a few -other members who were similarly situated, he maintained a skeleton -organization of the old militia regiment. And because the new number, -1st, was borne by Col. Cowdin, Col. Burrell had to hunt another -designation for his command. The fourteen officers and two hundred -sixteen men, in seven companies, who were engaged in this home-guard -duty were by no means satisfied with their position. Their hearts were -in Maryland and Virginia with their former comrades. - -In the spring of 1862 Banks was driven from the Shenandoah valley and -the north began to fear for the safety of Washington. On May 26, in -response to requests from the Secretary of War, Massachusetts and other -northern states mobilized their militia, recruiting the regiments up as -nearly as possible to full strength. This alarm subsided presently. But -Pope's defeat at second Bull Run, August 30, left the capital in genuine -peril, and caused a hasty call for 300,000 more troops, to serve nine -months. Grave disaster had overtaken the Union arms, and there was -immediate need for reinforcements. Col. Burrell was in militia camp at -Medford with his regiment when the call came; and at once volunteered. -Indeed this was just the chance for which they had been waiting--active -duty but for a period not so extended as three years. - -Recruits were needed in order to bring the regiment up to war strength. -By some singular perversity, as soon as recruiting began, a situation -developed which threatened to destroy the regiment entirely. Col. -Burrell and Lt. Col. Thomas L. D. Perkins were both graduates of the 1st -Company, Perkins having succeeded Burrell as captain. A bitter jealousy -had grown up in Perkins' mind which made him incapable of rendering -loyal support to his chief. Maj. George W. Beach shared Lt. Col. -Perkins' feeling and co-operated in his insubordination. Needless to -say, Col. Burrell gave no real ground whatever for this feeling. - -After the deadlock had continued for more than a month, during which the -regiment made little progress in filling its ranks, Col. Burrell secured -Gov. Andrew's permission to take strenuous measures. Another command, -the 54th of Worcester county, was similarly in need of men. The men -already belonging to the 42d (as Burrell's command became known, -possibly with some reference to the proud record made by the 42d or -Black Watch Highlanders in the British army) were consolidated into the -1st and 3d Companies; new 7th and 10th Companies were formed in Boston -and Dorchester; 2d and 9th Companies were drawn from the 54th, while -Boston, Medway and Weymouth provided units for the four vacancies. Capt. -George Sherive commanded the 1st Company, Capt. George P. Davis the 2d -(or Ware Company), Capt. Alfred N. Proctor (a photographer, and one of -the indistinguishable "Proctor twins") the 3d, Capt. Charles A. Pratt -the 4th, Capt. David W. Bailey the 5th, Capt. Ira B. Cook the 6th (from -Medway), Capt. Orville W. Leonard (who had been a private in the 6th -Regiment during the ninety-days service) the 7th, Capt. Hiram S. Coburn -the 8th (from Weymouth), Capt. John D. Coggswell the 9th (of Leicester), -and Capt. Cyrus Savage the 10th or Dorchester Company. All the newer -elements proved to be congenial, the Worcester county men being -especially good soldiers, with the exception however of the 5th Company. -This unit was gathered in too much of a hurry, contained a "tough" -element, and was a constant cause of discord. No one could then foresee -that the regimental number, 54th, released by the consolidation of -companies in the 42d, would presently be immortalized by Col. Robert -Gould Shaw's heroic black men. - -In accordance with law, the company officers proceeded to elect -regimental officers, and bestowed the chief honor upon Col. Burrell. -Perkins and Beach tried hard to prevent this, but in vain; the electors -were seeking the best soldier, and cared nothing whatever for old -jealousies. They proceeded to select Joseph Stedman as Lt. Col. and -Frederick G. Stiles of Worcester as Major, thus retiring the disgruntled -former incumbents of those offices. A magnificent stand of colors was -presented to the command; and on Oct. 14, the 42d was finally mustered -in. - -Nothing out of the ordinary marked the railroad journey to New York. But -progress thereafter, which was by boat, proved to be highly -uncomfortable. The transports were small, and not too seaworthy. And -worse yet for "landlubbers," the sea was rough. It is said that the man -establishing his claim to possessing the strongest stomach was the man -whose digestive organ would throw the farthest. As however all things -have an end, the sufferers finally arrived at the mouth of the -Mississippi, and once more became habitants of _terra firma_. - -From the streets of Boston and the hills of Worcester county to the -canebrakes and swamps of Mississippi and Louisiana is a violent -transition, which nothing less tough than the human system could endure. -Yet the 42d Regiment survived its journey to the department of the Gulf -and may almost be said to have flourished in its new environment. Of -course the heat was often prostrating, while malaria took its toll of -human life. The companies were separated, and were assigned to provost -and engineering duty at different stations. Hard-tack and salt beef and -pork are not luxurious fare, muddy coffee (which means usually coffee -made with muddy water) is far from being a dainty beverage, digging is a -most unromantic occupation, and even staying awake nights to watch while -others sleep does not arouse the finer emotions as much in fact as when -set forth by poets. Yet these are the staple elements of a soldier's -life; and these the 42d enjoyed in abundant profusion. Sensational -details were lacking in this experience; but the service is not the less -a thing of which to be proud. - -Col. Burrell with three of his Boston companies, the 1st, 3d, and 10th, -were detached to garrison the port of Galveston, Texas, and to -co-operate with the Navy there. Of all the 42d Regiment, these companies -alone chanced to find themselves "in the limelight." The Galveston wharf -was to be kept available for Naval use; and in turn the Navy was to -shelter the garrison under the protection of its guns. Witnesses -disagree as to just how well the latter work was performed. On Jan. 1, -1863, the Confederates attacked in overwhelming numbers at a moment -when, for some reason, the warships had been withdrawn. Col. Burrell and -his men defended themselves heroically and took heavy toll from the -attackers. But with five thousand Confederates against three hundred -Union soldiers, the result was inevitable. After the Confederates had -brought thirty-one pieces of artillery into action, Col. Burrell and his -men surrendered themselves prisoners of war. Highly respected because -of their stubborn bravery, the men were soon exchanged; and upon -returning to the Union lines were accorded an ovation. The officers were -retained in captivity longer; and Col. Burrell finally secured release -just in season to assume command of his old regiment during its next -tour of duty, that of the one hundred days. Other companies of the 42d -were in action at Port Hudson, Lafourche Crossing, and Brashear City. - -Disaster attended the return journey of the 42d. Going by boat thru Long -Island Sound, one of the transports, the "Commodore," struck a rock off -Point Judith, and threatened to founder. The troops had to be taken off -in small boats at much discomfort and no little peril, and finished -their journey in another craft. On August 20, 1863, the men were finally -mustered out, their nine months having extended itself into almost a -full year. - -Now, returning, the 42d kept its place in the line of the militia. -Meanwhile unattached companies began to exist, which in certain cases -aimed to act as reserve or "depot" companies for units of the 1st-42d. -This was notably true of the 2d, 3d, 5th, and 6th Companies. The 1st -Regiment was treading its bloody path of glory and approaching the time -when it would return to Massachusetts and home. It disbanded upon its -muster-out of the U. S. service, May 28, 1864; and many of its members -were glad to join these reserve companies and so keep up the cherished -associations. - -Again the need became urgent for more troops. Gen. Grant, the new Lieut. -Gen. and Commander-in-chief, had assembled all available men for the -reinforcement of his mobile army in April, 1864, withdrawing so many of -the defenders of Washington as to leave the national capital exposed to -attack. In July such a raid was actually made under the vigorous -leadership of Gen. Jubal A. Early; and came uncomfortably near to -succeeding. So a call was issued for short-term volunteers who should -garrison fortified posts, and release the long-term men for active -service. All the "hurrah" spirit had gone out of the war by 1864--indeed -men were too weary to feel enthusiasm of any kind. There is therefore -something all the finer in the grim way in which the 42d and the -unattached companies responded to this call. - -Remarkable as it may seem, eight of the companies which served during -the nine months' tour had retained their organization sufficiently to -respond a second time. As one of those missing in 1864 was the "tough" -5th Company (N. B., of Boston, not Chelsea) the task of recruiting the -needed units was not altogether an unwelcome one. Samuel A. Waterman -commanded the 1st Company, Benjamin R. Wales the 2d, Alanson H. Ward -(later a captain in the 61st Inf.) the 3d, Augustus Ford (who had been -1st Sergeant and 1st Lt. during the previous year) the 4th, George M. -Stewart the new 5th Company, Benjamin C. Tinkham (sergeant during the -nine-months' service) the 6th, Isaac B. White (1st Lt. the year -previous) the 7th, Warren French the new 8th, Samuel S. Eddy (a 2d Lt. -in the 51st during its nine months in North Carolina) the 9th, and James -T. Stevens (1st Lt. in the 4th Reg. during its three months in 1861) the -10th. The same field officers were in command. The happiest rivalry -existed between the Boston companies and those from Worcester county, in -their attempt each to bring the largest numbers and finest personnel -forward in response to the new call. The old regimental colors were -again borne at the head of the revived regiment. Entering Federal -service on July 20, the regiment was assigned to the defences of -Washington, and stationed at Alexandria, Virginia. Here they formed -part of the "outer picket" of the capital, and in addition furnished -train-guards to protect railroad transportation from Washington to the -Shenandoah Valley, the men detailed to service on the freight-cars being -the only members of the 42d coming under Confederate fire during the -present tour of duty. Col. Burrell came back from his southern prison -just in season to rejoin his command at Alexandria. While the regiment -had enlisted for one hundred days, its service continued thirteen days -over time, and the men were mustered out Nov. 11. - -There seemed to be unlimited reserves of vitality in the 1st and 3d -Companies--indeed one is reminded of the way bees swarm from a hive as -one notes how these wonderful organizations made contribution after -contribution to the army and yet remained as vigorous as ever. All honor -to the old Roxbury Artillery and the Fusiliers. The Roxbury Artillery -had a full company in the three-year regiment, in the 42d on its first -tour, and again on its second service. The Fusiliers did even more. -Besides these three "bits," they sent the 7th Unattached Company, on May -4, 1864, for ninety days' duty on Gallop's Island, Boston, under command -of Capt. Albert E. Proctor, who in civil life was well known as a -popular Boston clothier, and was the other indistinguishable "twin." -Again on Aug. 18 of that year they made up Co. K of the 4th Mass. Heavy -Artillery for ten months' service in Washington, D. C., under the same -Capt. Proctor. Meanwhile they maintained their "depot" company in a -state of efficiency. Certainly they justified the sentiment of their -ancient motto, _Aut vincere aut mori_, with all emphasis on the -"victory" and never a thought of "death." - -New companies which were presently to be added to the 1st Regiment also -did duty at this time. The "1st Unattached Company," which garrisoned -Fort Independence, Boston, for ninety days from April 29, 1864, -afterward became the 4th Company in the regiment. And the "4th -Unattached Company" which garrisoned the fort later to be known as -"Rodman," in New Bedford harbor for ninety days from May 3, later became -the 5th Company in the regiment. Likewise the "9th Unattached Company," -which was to become the 6th Company in the regiment two years later, on -May 10, 1864, began a ninety days' tour of garrison duty on Gallop's -Island, Boston Harbor. - -How the units of the regiment kept coming back to the artillery branch -thruout the war! The regiment had originally been artillery; and the -virus seemed to be in the regimental blood. The old cannon were not -returned to the state until 1861. The three-year command served as -artillery for three weeks of 1861 in Washington, and for two weeks of -1863 in New York. Co. K of the "4th Heavies" actually reintroduced the -"artillery" title into the regiment. The four unattached companies in -1864 all served as artillery. Col. Cowdin's old command was certainly -destined to handle heavier ordnance than the infantry knew anything -about. No wonder they welcomed the restoration of artillery instruction -in 1882. - -Well may the 1st-42d Regiment feel interest in Edward Simmons' splendid -mural painting in the State House, the "Return of the Colors." For on -the day of that ceremony, Dec. 22, 1865, color-bearers of both regiments -were present; and both are given place in the picture. The war was over. -These symbols of patriotism for which brave men had sacrificed life were -returning to the custody of the Commonwealth who gave them. Was ever -Forefathers' day more sacred than that? The "land of the Pilgrim's -pride" had now become the "land where" and for which "our fathers -died." - - - - -CHAPTER V - -THE FIGHTING FIRST - - -W. F. Fox, in his "Regimental Losses," published in 1889, includes a -chapter entitled "The three hundred fighting regiments," and his list -has subsequently become accepted as a semi-official roll-of-honor. Of -the more than two thousand regiments on the Union side during the Civil -War he found three hundred which lost over one hundred thirty each, -killed or died of wounds. While the number of casualties might not -always indicate fighting ability, or even fighting experience, still in -the long run the blood-marked trail of killed and wounded does surely -lead to where the battle was most severe. - -Amongst the three hundred fighting regiments stands the 1st Mass. Vol. -Inf., three-year troops, another name for the Coast Artillery. Of our -various companies who went out during the three wars in which we have -participated, all losses by killed or died of wounds were confined to -those in the Civil War. No such casualties occurred in 1814 or in 1898. -The 3d Reg. lost 2, the one company in the 4th 1, the one company in the -13th 10, the single company in the 4th and 29th 5, the company in the -5th 4, the 42d 4, the 43d 3, or a total of 29. Of the regiments -officered by us, the 24th lost 92, and the 44th 10; but it is not fair -to reckon these as our casualties. In contrast with the total of 29, the -1st Mass. Vol. Inf. lost 144, besides 643 discharged for disease or -wounds. There can be no question but that our companies constituting the -1st Mass. Inf., the three-year regiment, deserve the appellation, "the -Fighting First." - -As soon as the regiment found that their services would not be accepted -for three months, they set to work preparing for a three-year -enlistment. Lt. Col. Burrell and others who could not go for the long -term organized themselves into a reserve or "depot" regiment. New -companies which had been added in April with a view to entering the -three months' service brought the total up to ten; and these all gladly -entered into the three-year enlistment. The Chadwick Light Infantry, -named for Hon. Joseph H. Chadwick of Roxbury, a liberal contributor -toward the company expenses, became 2d Company in the regiment. The -Pulaski Guards, newcomers in the regiment, shifted from 9th to 4th -place. Members of the Chelsea Light Infantry, a 7th Regiment command -which had just been disbanded because of the disobedience of its -captain, resented the false position in which they were placed; and -hastened in a body, on April 19, to the State House where, with Gov. -Andrew himself presiding, they reorganized and forthwith received a -charter as the "Chelsea Volunteers." This accomplished, the new unit at -once became the 5th Company in the 1st Regiment. While there had been -two 7th Companies within a month, both had gone off with other -regiments; and the vacant number was now filled by the North End True -Blues. The True Blues consisted of caulkers, gravers and riggers from -the ship-yards. They had begun their history many years previously as a -fire-engine company, and in 1832 had taken up military training. But it -was not until April, 1861, that they regularly connected themselves with -the militia. A newly organized Brookline company took the 8th place, -made vacant by the transfer of the Boston Artillery. The National -Guards, newcomers in the regiment but with a history running back to the -Mexican war, assumed the 9th number. And the Schouler Guards, named -after the popular Adjutant General of Massachusetts, became the 10th -Company. - -Col. Cowdin remained in command, and speedily demonstrated that he was -as capable a leader in actual warfare as he had been during the years of -peace. One notable and somewhat unusual trait was discovered by his -associates--he never, under any circumstances, would permit a drop of -alcoholic liquor to pass his lips. George D. Wells, judge of the Boston -municipal court, went as Lieutenant Colonel, and soon gained the -reputation of excelling even his chief as a tactician. He afterward -became colonel of the 34th Mass. Inf., and was killed at Cedar Creek in -1864. Charles P. Chandler of the new 8th Company was chosen Major; and -was destined to die in battle a year later, at Glendale in the White Oak -Swamp. The company commanders were: 1st, Ebenezer W. Stone, Jr.; 2d, -Abiel G. Chamberlain, afterwards a colonel of colored troops; 3d, Henry -A. Snow, commander of the company as far back as 1849; 4th, Clark B. -Baldwin, afterwards Lt. Col.; 5th, Sumner Carruth, later Colonel of the -35th Mass. Inf.; 6th, Edward Pearl; 7th, Gardner Walker, who was to -succeed Chandler as Major; 8th, Edward A. Wild, later a Major of the 32d -Mass. Inf.; 9th, Alfred W. Adams; and 10th, Charles E. Rand. The 10th -was the only company destined to lose its commander in action, Capt. -Rand being killed at Chancellorsville, and by a singular fatality, his -successor, Capt. Moses H. Warren at Spotsylvania. - -In consequence of the regiment's prompt decision, they were able to be -mustered in as volunteers on May 25, 1861,--the first three-year -organization in the entire United States. - -The regiment journeyed by rail from Boston and reached Washington on -June 15, the first long-term organization to arrive. Passing thru -Baltimore they were very cautious, having in mind the experience of -their comrades less than two months before. But the city was then -actually under complete Federal control. - -Blackburn's Ford, the preliminary skirmish of Bull Run, on July 18, -1861, first brought the regiment under fire. Lieut. Albert S. Austin -lost his revolver at this time;--judge of his pleasant surprise when, in -1896, receiving a package from a Confederate veteran, he opened it and -discovered the long-missing weapon. This revolver may now be seen in the -collection of the A. & H. Art. Co. Part of an army all of whose members -were inexperienced, it is greatly to their credit that they were chosen -as rear-guard of the retreating Federals after the main battle of Bull -Run, July 21. Perhaps it was because of the reputation gained here that -the 1st came to be frequently detailed to the responsible rear-guard -position. They served in this capacity during the change of base on the -Peninsula, and during the subsequent retreat from that district. They -covered the retreat of the army after Fredericksburg. But it is safe to -say that they were never more valuable as rear-guard than when at Bull -Run they steadily held their place behind the torrent of panic-stricken -fugitives and prevented the victors from pressing the pursuit. This -transpired during their first battle, when they had been less than three -months in the service. - -Their gray militia uniforms in which the regiment went to war cost them -dearly at Blackburn's Ford and Bull Run. Facing troops similarly -attired, Lieut. W. H. B. Smith of the 3d Company called out that he and -his men were from Massachusetts, thinking that he was talking to other -northern soldiers. But his words were greeted with a volley by which the -lieutenant lost his life. Later in the action a similar explanation by -Capt. Carruth of the 5th Company barely prevented a Michigan regiment -from firing on the First. Immediately after the battle new blue uniforms -were issued. - -[Illustration] - -Three weeks of garrison duty at Fort Albany, Washington, D. C., ensued, -when the regiment was drilled in the use of heavy artillery. August 13, -they were transferred to Bladensburg on the other side of Washington, -where they first came under the command, as part of the brigade, of Gen. -Hooker. Serving with him in succession as brigade, division, corps and -army commander, they always felt especially devoted to their chief. It -is no accident that Capt. Isaac P. Gragg of ours wrote in 1900 a book -affectionately tracing the careers and homes of Hooker's ancestors. The -same veteran and his comrades bore a leading part in securing the Hooker -statue on the State House grounds, dedicated in 1903. In March, 1862, -the regiment received their "white diamond" badges, of which they were -always so proud, the Army of the Potomac then being organized into four -corps, and they forming part of the second division (Hooker's) of the -third corps. - -They were engaged in provost or garrison duty in Maryland during the -winter of '61-'62, and were stationed during most of the time at Budd's -Ferry. - -From Yorktown to Spotsylvania, during two entire years, the regiment -bore the white flag of Massachusetts and had an honorable part in all -the battles of the Army of the Potomac, with the exception of South -Mountain and Antietam, which occurred while they were recuperating at -Washington. They were heavily engaged at Williamsburg, May 5, 1862, -where Hooker won the soubriquet, "Fighting Joe," of which he was never -proud. Here also Col. Cowdin earned the brigadier-generalship, which was -tentatively awarded him Sept. 26, and of which he was eventually -deprived for political reasons. Col. Cowdin had the misfortune to be -antagonized by the Republican Governor of Massachusetts, and by the U. -S. Senators from the Commonwealth; the Senate refused to confirm his -appointment. The sword carried by Col. Cowdin at Williamsburg is today -in the Faneuil Hall armory of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery -Company. The regiment lost heavily at Fair Oakes, June 25, and Glendale, -June 30, when Major Charles P. Chandler was killed. Again suffering -severely at second Bull Run, Aug. 29, and Chantilly, Sept. 1, their -effective numbers were reduced to less than six hundred. It is a pointed -testimony to the high cost of military unpreparedness that many of the -brave men were incapacitated, not by wounds, but by preventable disease. -While Gen. George B. McClellan's ability has been a subject of prolonged -controversy, the general never lacked for loyal and devoted support from -the members of the First. - -Yorktown is historic ground. Going by water from Budd's Ferry, the -regiment landed upon the same shore which Washington's Continentals had -trodden eighty years earlier. Their progress thru the fields of yellow -broom was over ground rendered memorable by the Revolutionary heroes. -Near the present beautiful National cemetery and in sight of the present -charming Yorktown battle-monument stood a Confederate intrenchment which -occasioned annoyance to McClellan's army. It had withstood two assaults, -and was in the way of the army's advance. Lt. Col. Wells offered to take -the work; and his offer was accepted. Col. Wells had read American -history and knew how "Mad Anthony" Wayne achieved immortality; the -appeal now would be to cold steel. About 2 A. M. the 5th, 8th and 10th -companies were quietly awakened, the 5th to make the attack, and the -others to serve as supports. The men formed their line amid the silence -of the woods; and, at earliest dawn, heard their commander whisper, -"This is McClellan's first order. The honor of Massachusetts is in your -keeping. Charge!" Across four hundred yards of miry, uneven ground they -advanced in the face of Confederate rifle fire. Arriving at the redoubt, -with a shout for old Massachusetts, they fired a single volley; and -completed their task with the bayonet. Just ten minutes after Col. -Wells' command, the intrenchment was in Union hands. An old lithograph -of this action is to be seen in the museum of the Cadet Armory, Boston. - -Four members of the 5th Company were here killed. April 26 was the date -of the assault; four days later the remains were sent north, and in due -time were received with a magnificent demonstration of honor in Chelsea. -One of the dead, Private Allen A. Kingsbury of Medfield, was specially -honored by the publication of a memorial biography. - -The battle of Williamsburg was almost a private affair with Hooker's -division. Williamsburg, the "cradle of the republic" and birthplace of -the American revolution, had once been a proud capital. It is today, and -always has been, noted for the warm-hearted hospitality of its citizens. -It was there that Washington earned his degree as civil engineer, and -there he wooed and won his bride. There Patrick Henry thundered forth -the brave words, "If that be treason, make the most of it." And there -today the two sons of President John Tyler reside, one serving as county -judge and the other as president of "William and Mary College." But so -early as 1862 the glory had departed, and the shabbiness which -accompanies slavery was dominant. There on May 5, 1862, amid the beeches -and sycamore trees about Fort Magruder Gen. Joseph E. Johnston halted -his retreat and engaged in a rear-guard action. His intrenchments were -shallow; but the pursuing Federal troops were few--only a single -division. Hence the fighting was severe. When finally the 1st Regiment -marched thru the town and up "Duke of Gloucester" St. in pursuit of the -broken Confederate column, they felt that they had fully earned their -laurels. - -While most of the Union army went up the York river by boat, the 1st -Regiment made the journey on land. Altho the country was naturally -fertile and the climate of the best, a general seediness and "run down" -condition prevailed, so that it was like a desert to the weary, hungry -marchers. Finally the Williamsburg road brought the troops to Seven -Pines--the spot from whose tree-tops could be seen the spires of -Richmond, six miles away. Doubtless everyone has passed thru some -experience so terrible that it comes back in his moments of nightmare. -Seven Pines and Savage's Station fill that rôle for veterans of the old -1st. Today a portion of the battle-field is a National cemetery, a -veritable God's acre, sacred to the memory of the dead, melodious with -the voice of cat-bird and mocking-bird and the graceful killdeer. There -the magnolia grows to perfection and the luscious fig matures in the -summer sunshine. But this district, usually so dry and substantial, is -at the edge of the Chickahominy or White Oak Swamp. From May 31 to June -25, 1862, unusually severe rains swelled the Chickahominy and inundated -the surrounding country. Fortunately there are islands in the swamp, -places of partial refuge, to which our men resorted. McClellan's plan -called for a junction with the army of Irvin McDowell about June 1, and -for a grand assault by the combined forces upon the Confederate -Johnston. For reasons which seemed adequate to the authorities in -Washington, notwithstanding the serious results for McClellan and his -army, McDowell was forbidden to march south and keep his appointment. -While McClellan waited, and while the floods refused to abate, the Army -of the Potomac was in a bad way. R. E. Lee, Johnston's successor, -attacked nearly every day. Mosquitoes bit, and the result thereof was -malaria. Finally the ground was dug over and fought over so constantly -that there was time neither to care for the wounded nor bury the dead; -and a condition of horror ensued which surpasses all power of -description. Men actually had to sleep side by side with their dead -comrades,--comrades who had been dead for days. It is very easy to -understand why the Peninsular campaign developed into a retreat; a month -of such fighting was all that flesh and blood could endure. Not even the -issue of a whiskey ration, which commenced at this time, could -sufficiently blunt the soldiers' senses--altho it did accomplish vast -moral damage. So when McClellan became convinced that he would not have -McDowell's co-operation, he turned back; he could do nothing else. - -It was easier in the north to organize new regiments with their numerous -openings for the appointment of officers, and with the enlisted men -starting military life on an equality rather than with some as veterans -and others as "rookies." Nevertheless this system resulted in depleting -the older and more experienced regiments, and cost the government -millions of dollars in unnecessary expense. Massachusetts, by contrast -with other states, did recruit up her three-year regiments, and -endeavored to keep their ranks filled, even tho the later accessions had -to be given the privilege of taking discharges with their regiments at -the end of less than three years. Sept. 5, 1862, a large number of -recruits arrived, who had been enlisted by officers of the 1st in -Massachusetts, and who brought the companies once more up to one hundred -each. About the same time there was an exchange of prisoners, and the -men who returned from their unwilling residence in southern cities had -many interesting experiences to relate. - -After the Peninsular campaign, as regiments became reduced in size to -not more than five hundred men, the government decided to economize by -dismissing the regimental bands, and substituting brigade bands. The -First bade regretful farewell to their musicians; this method of saving -money the men regarded as a mistake. - -Much of the hard fighting done by the 1st Regiment took place within a -very limited area. Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, the Wilderness and -Spotsylvania all lie within a few square miles, and all can be visited -by automobile within half a day. Moreover a visitor cannot fail to be -impressed with the fact that these battle-fields seem to have been -selected so as to destroy the least possible amount of private property. -Outside of the actual city of Fredericksburg, the country is little -better than pine-barren, and contains few houses and not even much -cultivated land. Since we now know pines to be health-giving, and -well-drained sandy soil to be freest from disease germs, we can see how -this choice of battle-fields by the Army of the Potomac doubtless saved -lives as well as property. The climate too is free from extremes. But -the men of 1863 and 1864 did not appreciate these things; all that they -had time to notice were the dust and drought and heat and hunger and -hard fighting. - -At Fredericksburg Gen. A. E. Burnside tried to march directly south -toward Richmond, crossing the Rappahannock on pontoon bridges. It was a -winter battle--the date was Dec. 13, 1862--with great discomfort and a -fair chance that wounded men would freeze to death. Fifer Bardeen tells -that one captain, Walker, trembled as he entered the battle--and Capt. -Walker was the bravest of the brave. Lee had every advantage of -position; the resulting disaster was inevitable. - -About two months after Col. Cowdin's promotion, as the regiment were -covering the retreat of the army from Fredericksburg, they were -introduced to their new colonel. Napoleon B. McLoughlin, in spite of his -French-Irish name, was a Vermont Yankee. He had entered the regular army -from the New York 7th, and at the time of his appointment to the -Colonelcy was a captain in the 6th U. S. Cavalry. He was respected and -well liked; but he always suffered from the fact that the men felt him -somewhat of an interloper. Capt. Baldwin of the 4th Company had become -Lt. Col. and by all rules of seniority should have been made Colonel. -However Col. McLoughlin held the esteem of his men, and made an -honorable record. His regular army strictness was beneficial to his new -command. On Feb. 9, 1863, two months after the arrival of the new -colonel, the regiment was subjected to an extremely rigid inspection; -and was pronounced one of the eleven best disciplined and most efficient -regiments of the one hundred fifty constituting the Army of the Potomac. - -Chancellorsville, May 2 and 3, 1863, was the next great battle. Gen. J. -Hooker crossed the Rappahannock several miles above Fredericksburg and -tried to turn Lee's left flank. Hooker unexpectedly came into collision -with Stonewall Jackson's troops and instead of hurting Lee, almost -suffered the humiliation of seeing his own right flank crumpled up. At -the most critical moment of the Chancellorsville fight, Hooker was -wounded and the army left without a head. When O. O. Howard's 11th corps -broke and ran ("started for Germany"), it was only the 1st Regiment and -other troops under Dan. Sickles who saved the Union army from -destruction. Their promptness in entering the breach in the lines, and -their stubborn courage in remaining there hour after hour, were all that -checked the on-rushing Confederates. At Chancellorsville the regiment -was for the first time serving under both of its best-loved commanders, -Gens. Hooker and Sickles. - -On the night following Howard's break, according to common belief -amongst the men, it fell to their fate to be the slayers of Gen. -"Stonewall" Jackson, one of the severest blows to the Confederate cause -during the entire war. The 6th and 10th Companies were on outpost when a -party of Confederate horsemen rode down the Plank Road toward their -lines. As a result of the volley then fired, Gen Jackson fell, the -identification being made complete by Sergt. Charles F. Ferguson of the -10th Company, who was a prisoner-of-war for a few minutes, and happened -to be close to the mounted officers when the fire was received. Ferguson -made his escape in the ensuing confusion. This event was merely an -accident of warfare, and entirely unpremeditated. While others claim to -have been the agents of Jackson's removal, and altho the Southerners say -that their own men fired the fatal shots, still there is no good reason -for rejecting the contention of the 1st Regiment,--in fact the evidence -seems conclusive that our claim is valid. - -The plain shaft which marks the spot where Jackson fell is a painful -reminder to men of the 1st. Returning a year later, at the opening of -the battle of the Wilderness, May 5 and 6, 1864, they were stationed -upon the very ground over which they had fought in '63. And when, during -a lull in the fighting, they inspected their surroundings, they found -human bones and fragments of clothing sufficient to identify some of -their own regimental dead. The bodies of those slain at Chancellorsville -had never been buried. No wonder that men shuddered as they saw the -"buzzards" soaring over head. - -Deep was the discouragement preceding Gettysburg. The failure at -Chancellorsville had been due to no fault of the men and left them -questioning whether they could ever meet Lee on favorable terms. They -were not fond of Meade. Their march thru Maryland and into Pennsylvania -was the most trying of the entire war. On June 25, 1863, after following -the muddy tow-path of the C. & O. Canal all day, only two footmen were -able to keep with the mounted officers until night-fall. Stragglers kept -coming in during the entire night. Then, at Gettysburg, on the July days -of 1863, July 1, 2, and 3, the tide finally turned, and the rebellion -began to ebb away. - -[Illustration: THE SOUTH ARMORY, BOSTON - -Page 133] - -[Illustration: FORT MONROE IN 1861 - -Page 118] - -Historians differ concerning the relative importance of the second -and third days at Gettysburg. Gen. Sheridan in 1880, and Gen. Longstreet -in 1902, and Capt. J. Long in his "Sixteenth Decisive Battle of the -World," published in 1906, took the ground that the battle was won on -the second day, by Sickles and the third corps. Gen. Sickles had been -posted on low ground to the north of "Little Round Top." Becoming -convinced that Longstreet was about to attack and crumple up the Union -left flank, just as Jackson had crushed the Union right at -Chancellorsville, he determined to prevent such a disaster by moving his -corps forward to the higher ground, running north from the Peach Orchard -along the Emmetsburg road. The 1st Mass. Inf., at the "Peter Rogers -house," held the most advanced position of the entire army. As a -consequence Longstreet had no more than started when he unexpectedly -came upon Sickles' men, where he found plenty to keep him busy and was -unable to crush anyone. At the day's close the Union regiments were -compelled to fall back to Round Top. But meanwhile, by Longstreet's own -admission, the Confederate plans had failed entirely and Lee had been -defeated. The gallant charge of the Virginians on the third day was only -a desperate final attempt by a beaten army, before commencing its -retreat. Near the Peter Rogers house, in 1886, was erected the -regimental monument of the First, a granite "white diamond," bearing the -words, "On July 2, 1863, from 11 A. M. to 6.30 P. M., the First -Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, Lieut.-Col. Clark B. Baldwin -commanding, occupied this spot in support of its skirmish line 800 ft. -in advance. The Regiment subsequently took position in the brigade line -and was engaged until the close of the action. Casualties: Killed, 18; -Died of wounds, 9; Wounded, 80; Prisoners, 15; Total, 122." But for -Sickles' advanced stand with the third corps on July 2, there would not -have been a third day at Gettysburg. A model of the regimental monument -may be seen at the museum of the Loyal Legion in the Cadet Armory, -Boston. - -Corporal Nathaniel M. Allen of the 6th Company was later awarded the -Congressional medal of honor for here bringing off the regimental colors -at the greatest personal risk, after the color sergeant had fallen. Col. -Baldwin and Adjutant Mudge were wounded. It was on this same day that -Lieut. James Doherty of the 10th Company steadied his men in the face of -a hot rifle fire, by calmly exercising them in the manual of arms. -Doherty was a character. A most gallant officer, he had risen from the -ranks and never lost his fellow feeling for the enlisted men. An -ex-sailor, he had the sailor's vices. Once, in 1863, while passing thru -Baltimore, he became drunk, and tried to kill an officer of another -regiment. Had not Col. Baldwin seized a musket and clubbed Doherty over -the head, murder would have been done. In New York he was placed under -charges for telling his commanding general that he "lied." But the -charges were never pressed; perhaps the accusation was true. At -Chancellorsville he was wounded in the finger by a bullet which managed -to wind itself about the bone. Doherty roundly cursed the enemy for -using defective lead. The brave lieutenant finally died in battle. A -well-loved member of the regiment, Corp. Albert A. Farnham of the 4th -Company, was taken prisoner at Gettysburg, and died in Richmond the 15th -of the following November, his death being due to dysentery caused by -insufficient and unsuitable food. His soldier's hymn-book is in the -museum of the A. & H. Art. Co. - -July 30 to Oct. 7, the regiment was one of four on provost duty in New -York City, guarding against further draft-riots, and preventing -conscripts from deserting. Here they resumed heavy artillery drill; and -incidentally became rested after the Gettysburg campaign. - -A new commander directed the army in the Wilderness, Lieutenant General -U. S. Grant. The difference of men showed itself in the different -result. Altho the 1st, now under Gen. W. S. Hancock, and the other Union -regiments were handled as roughly in 1864 as they had been in 1863, when -they left the field of battle, it was to march southward past Lee's -flank rather than northward toward security. Scrub oak and pine have -obliterated practically all traces of the great fight. But men can never -forget that the Wilderness proved that the tide had turned, and marked a -long step toward the downfall of the Confederacy. - -Spotsylvania was a continuation of the Wilderness with the fighting -increased, if possible, in ferocity. On May 12, the culminating day at -the "bloody angle," the 1st Regiment was heavily engaged for the last -time in its career. During the morning it acted as provost guard -immediately behind the firing line, with orders to permit no one to pass -to the rear excepting wounded men. In the afternoon it was advanced into -the very thickest of the conflict and assigned the task of covering part -of the Confederate line with a curtain of fire. Here both armies -intrenched, and charged each other's earthworks. The fighting was amid -tangled underbrush wherein one could see only a few feet ahead; at such -short range the bullet gave way to the bayonet and even to the clubbed -rifle. When the combat continued after darkness had fallen, the fighting -increased in intensity. Someone had to yield--Lee retreated. The apples -which today grow at the bloody angle should be redder and the corn -should bear more red ears, for they grow on sacred soil once crimson -with the life-blood of heroes. - -As they approached the completion of their enlistment the 1st Regiment -were stationed with the reserves. Here, on May 19, they took part in -their last engagement, at Anderson's Plantation, on the road to -Fredericksburg--and home. R. S. Ewell's corps of Confederates came -around Grant's right flank and attempted to cut communications with the -north and to capture the wagon-trains. A brigade of heavy artillery -regiments fresh from the defenses of Washington were acting as -convoy--one of them being the 1st Mass. Heavy Artillery from Salem. Here -the Salem men have erected their regimental monument. The heavy -artillery had seen but little fighting; but they now stood up like -veterans and drove back an entire corps. Unfortunately the Confederates -were taking some of the wagons with them as they drew back; and it -remained for the 1st Inf. and their companions in the brigade, some -1,200 in all, to rush to the rescue and recover the lost train. While -both 1st Mass. regiments--the Art. and the Inf.--were equally brave, the -1st Inf. had learned by long experience to make use of "cover," to -shelter themselves behind trees, stones and earthworks. It was largely -this skill that enabled them to stop the panic and save the Union army -at Chancellorsville. Now, on this less important field, it saved Grant's -wagons from capture. - -Then came the welcome order to return to Boston and be mustered out. - -A great reception awaited the regiment in Boston. Gen. Cowdin was grand -marshal of the parade, and all Boston came to extend the hand of -welcome. Gen. Cowdin had been honored that year by election as Captain -of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, and of course was -loyally supported by this command in all the exercises connected with -the reception. Another ex-Colonel of the regiment, Gen. Walter E. -Lombard in 1916, was similarly to be honored by America's oldest -military organization. A grim pathos obtruded itself upon the spirit of -the festivities; for of the 1,651 men who had gone to war, only 494 were -present on May 25, 1864, to be mustered out. The command had been in -twenty general actions; and nine of its seventy-one officers had been -killed. It marched 1,263 miles, travelled by rail 1,325 miles, and on -transports 724. The regiment gave three general officers to the army, -and ninety-one other officers to sister regiments. - -A number of noted clergymen have at times held the office of chaplain of -the command. Applying the standards which control the selection of names -for the volume, "Who's Who," amongst the distinguished chaplains would -certainly have to be mentioned Otis A. Skinner, the noted journalist and -preacher, 1850-'55; Thomas B. Thayer, the writer, 1858-'61; Jacob M. -Manning, the lecturer, 1862-'63; Lewis B. Bates, father of ex-Gov. -Bates, 1868-'72; Alonzo H. Quint, the ecclesiastical statesman, -1872-'76; William H. H. ("Adirondack") Murray, devotee of horses and -woodcraft, 1873-'76; Minot J. Savage, author and poet, 1883-'96; and -Edward A. Horton, the orator, Chaplain of the Mass. State Senate, -1896-1900. Preeminent among them stands the name of the war chaplain, -Warren H. Cudworth, 1861-'72, '76-'82. Chaplain Cudworth possesses the -added distinction that he was the historian of the "Fighting First." - -Warren H. Cudworth had graduated from Harvard in 1850; and represented -the finest type of American culture. If size of hat indicates mental -caliber, his chapeau, sacredly preserved at the Soldiers' Home, Chelsea, -proves him to have been an intellectual giant. For it is number seven -and one-half. Since 1852 he had been pastor of the Unitarian "Church of -Our Father" in East Boston. A bachelor, and of independent means -financially, he was able to prove his patriotism before receiving -appointment as chaplain by announcing to his church that, if he should -not secure the appointment, he would give his salary as minister to -maintain work among the soldiers. The church had raised a fund for the -erection of a new house of worship; this the pastor urged them not to -spend as intended, but to devote the money to the welfare of the Union -soldiers. When appointed, he gave himself unreservedly to the duties of -the office; and absented himself from his regiment only once, for a -single week of Aug., '61, during the entire three years. - -While not a "fighting chaplain" as some were, he was in every sense a -brave soldier and true gentleman. Believing that the better American one -is, the better American soldier he is, Cudworth both preached and -exemplified this part of his creed. - -His Massachusetts pride revealed itself in his comments upon the -inferior standards of living and comfort as one progressed southward. - -His scholarly interest in history and science kept showing thruout all -his writings. Bladensburg is noted as the field of the disastrous -militia defeat in 1814; there is no glossing over the uncomfortable -facts. Bladensburg is also the duelling-ground where Commodore Barron -killed Decatur in 1820. A scientific observer, he comments upon the -excellence of the spring water. At Yorktown the regiment was encamped on -historic ground, where Washington's tents had stood, and Cornwallis -surrendered, in 1781. But he somehow fails to note there the oldest -custom-house in America. One is reminded of high-school days to hear him -commenting upon McClellan's bridges over the Chickahominy--that they -were exact reproductions of Cæsar's famous span across the Rhine. -Cudworth comments appreciatively upon the notable past of the Fairfax -family, so influential in moulding the career of George Washington; of -the Chancellors; and even records facts about Prince Frederick, father -of George III, after whom Fredericksburg was named. Fossils and other -geological remains unearthed by regimental well-diggers on the Peninsula -interest him. - -But his chief interest was in men and their welfare. The degradation -which he saw occasioned by slavery brought sorrow to his heart. The -untidy appearance of Williamsburg and other Virginia towns--a -consequence of slavery--impressed him, as it does the visitor today. -None rejoiced more than he over the issuance of the emancipation -proclamation on Jan. 1, 1863, and he felt that such a clear -pronouncement for justice and righteousness was more potent than many -victories. At Williamsburg he commented on the generous hospitality of -the southerners; he was also amused by quaint epitaphs in the old Bruton -parish cemetery. At the close of the Peninsular campaign he manifested -his social interest by commenting that the army was then existing in -accordance with ideal industrial conditions--eight hours daily for work, -eight for rest, and eight for recreation. When a whiskey ration was -instituted in 1862, he deplored the resultant moral evils. - -Such a chaplain would do everything possible for the welfare of the men. -During the first leisure season in the regiment's existence, that in -1861 at Budd's Ferry, he organized a chess club which conducted exciting -tournaments; a literary institute or debating society named after Mayor -Frank B. Fay of Chelsea; and a large temperance society bearing the name -of their total-abstinence Colonel, Cowdin, which enrolled nearly two -hundred soldiers on its pledge, and had fully one-third of the regiment -"on the water wagon." The chaplain's tent was indeed the social center -of the camp. Most important of all was his religious organization. The -Y. M. C. A. had not then been introduced; so the chaplain devised an -association, which he termed "The Church of the First Regiment." Their -admirable covenant, by which they existed, "You now solemnly covenant, -in the presence of God and these your fellow-soldiers, that you will -endeavor, by the help of grace, to walk in all the ordinances of the -gospel blameless, adorning your Christian profession by a holy life and -a godly conversation," has received much unsolicited praise; and has -afforded an inspiring model for other military chaplains. - -Chaplain Cudworth was idolized by the men. They affectionately called -him "Holy Jo"; and he accepted the title as a mark of affection, -stipulating however that they must never pervert it into "unholy Jo." -Fifer Bardeen of the 1st Company tells how, in a New York barber-shop, -he thrilled the crowd by a narrative of his own supposed heroism in -battle, all suggested by a boyhood scar on his head. After he had told -enough "whoppers" to set himself up as a hero, he glanced into the -mirror and was thunderstruck to see "Holy Jo" occupying the next chair -but one. The chaplain knew Bardeen well, and also knew just how true the -yarn was not. But under the circumstances he showed his real self by -utterly failing to recognize or embarrass the youthful hero. No wonder -that Bardeen later wrote concerning the chaplain, "He was a good man, a -patriot and a Christian, ready to pray with you at the proper time but -never obtruding his piety, and always ready to help you in any way. -There was no other officer in the regiment who approached him for -genuine manhood of the highest type." - -Chaplain Cudworth's passing was in keeping with the rest of his life. -His death was that of a Christian soldier. It happened on Thanksgiving -day, 1883, while the Chaplain was participating in a union observance -of the day held in a neighbor church, the "Maverick Congregational" of -East Boston. As he was standing beside the pulpit in the very act of -offering public prayer, suddenly he was heard to exclaim in pain, "I -cannot go on." Before others could reach him, he fell to the floor, -dead. - - - - -CHAPTER VI - -1866-1878 - - -It was inevitable that a reaction should follow the prolonged military -exertion of the Civil War. The north had strained its resources almost -to the breaking point, and people were tired of the very thought of a -soldier. Volunteer regiments, upon their muster-out, disbanded outright; -while militia organizations languished, and ofttimes died. "General -apathy" was again in command of the situation. - -Disbandment was the ultimate fate of the three-year regiment which had -gone out under Col. Cowdin. Fortunately many veterans of the companies -retained interest in military affairs, and appreciated the importance of -maintaining the militia, so that they connected themselves with -organizations designed to perpetuate the old regiment. Finally, on May -18, 1866, orders issued for the reorganization of the command. - -As Col. Burrell's 42d Regiment had retained a place in the militia -establishment thru the sheer pertinacity of its officers, and as it was -recognized to be a continuation of the old militia 1st Regiment, Col. -Burrell was continued in command of the new 1st. The 1st Company was the -corresponding company of the 42d. An unattached company, the 81st, -consisting largely of 1st Regiment veterans and commanded by Lieutenant -George H. Johnston, Adjutant of the 1st, took 2d place in the -reorganized regiment. The Fusiliers' reserve or "depot" company (the -25th Unattached) continued as 3d Company, under command of Capt. Alfred -N. Proctor, who had led the 3d Company of the 42d. Chelsea continued to -supply the 5th Company, having organized the "Rifles" (4th Unattached), -soon renamed "Veterans," as a "depot" company for the original 5th -Company (the "Volunteers"); Capt. John Q. Adams commanded. Veterans of -the original 6th Company (now the 9th Unattached) under their war -commander, Capt. George H. Smith, continued to represent the old number. -The 10th Company of the 42d, under command of their war 1st Lieutenant, -Edward Merrill, Jr., remained as 10th Company of the reorganized -regiment. Thus six companies of Col. Burrell's new command were -perpetuations of the old regiment of which he and Col. Cowdin had been -field officers. The new 4th Company had seen ninety days' service under -its designation of 1st Unattached, and was commanded by Capt. Moses E. -Bigelow. Three companies, the 7th, 8th and 9th, had no war records, and -merely came in as the 45th, 66th (the W. Roxbury Rifles) and 67th -Unattached. The latter two, however, were commanded by veteran officers, -G. M. Fillebrown, formerly a 1st Lieut. in the Mass. Cavalry, and John -D. Ryan, a 2d Lieut. in the 61st Mass. Inf., respectively. Capt. -Fillebrown's company is the 8th Co. today. With six of the ten companies -coming directly from the old regiment, it is no wonder that the new -organization was granted the right to call itself the 1st Mass. -Infantry. - -Col. Burrell remained at the head of the regiment only sufficiently long -to see it established on a firm foundation; on July 26, 1866, he was -promoted to be Brigadier General. On August 29, 1866, Capt. George H. -Johnston of the 2d Company became Colonel. The original record book of -this period is in the custody of Maj. J. W. H. Myrick of the Fusilier -Veterans. - -Col. Johnston's first camp was held at Sharon in 1866, and had an -attendance of 533. With so large a proportion of the membership war -veterans, the event seemed very much like a military reunion. Officers -and men were already thoroly trained; all enjoyed the experience of -again wearing the blue uniform. Similar encampments were held in 1867, -1868, 1869 and 1872--all in Hull. In 1870 the entire state militia, -under command of Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, encamped at Concord, and -revived the memories of 1859. But how greatly had the situation changed -during those eleven short intervening years! Then the war was a dread -prospect; now it was a glorious retrospect. In 1871 a regimental -encampment was held at Quincy. - -On June 22, 1867, Col. Johnston and his regiment paraded as escort to -President Andrew Johnson. A similar compliment was paid to President U. -S. Grant, June 16, 1869. The regiment also paraded in honor of Gen. -Philip H. Sheridan, when he visited Boston. - -A new company, the Claflin Guards of Newton, was organized in 1870, and -in 1872 became the 7th Company. - -As a result of the Civil War the kepi and felt hat had been introduced -into the bill-of-dress, and the five-button blouse had become the -popular coat; the felt hat was a revival of a pattern common in old -Colonial days. In 1869 the regiment profited by a new feeling on the -part of the legislature that a good militia was worth the expenditure of -a little money; for at that time the state began to make an allowance -toward the purchase of uniforms. $20.00 was paid for each man--not -enough to buy a uniform, but far better than nothing. Since their -experience at Bull Run in 1861, the regiment had worn blue; now, -however, they returned to the gray uniforms of 1859. Breech-loading -rifles were issued in 1872. - -The year 1872 brought the most prolonged tour of duty for the -maintenance of public order, if we except Shays' rebellion, that the -regiment ever had. Boston was then a city of frame buildings, standing -close together, and separated by very narrow streets. On Nov. 11, fire -broke out, and speedily grew uncontrollable by reason of high winds. -When after three days of horror, the devouring flames were finally -stayed in their work of destruction, old Boston lay in ashes. - -Thieves, thugs and criminals of every sort are prompt to congregate in -seasons of public calamity. When society is threatened by such a danger -as conflagration, its ordinary police precautions break down; and people -are helpless to protect their property or even their lives. All the -militia in Boston were immediately called out to help rescue endangered -lives, and to protect the panic-stricken fugitives. Where everyone is -suspicious of everyone else, a man in uniform is the only one able to -render any aid. Victims of the fire would not allow a stranger in -civilian clothes so much as to assist them to places of safety, for fear -of violence and robbery. The troops were kept on duty during thirteen -days, the latter part of the period being devoted to guarding the ruins -and aiding in the task of rehabilitation. One picturesque feature of the -regiment's service was the escorting across the city of treasure valued -at $14,000,000. No other call to duty is so truly a test of military -readiness as that in connection with a fire, coming as it does always -without the slightest previous warning. And no other duty, performed as -the 1st Regiment performed it in 1872, does so much to win friends for -the organization, and for the National Guard of which it forms a part. -At no other time does the National Guardsman appear so nearly in his -true rôle, as "a soldier of peace." - -During the term of the next commander, Col. Henry W. Wilson, Dec. 12, -1872--April 28, 1876, the regiment felt the effects of a new movement -for military efficiency. Col. Wilson was himself a Civil War veteran, an -ex-Captain in the 6th Regiment. But he believed the time ripe for -innovations and improvements. The Civil War officers were growing too -old for active service; and no one was in training to take their place. -England, with a military system not essentially different from ours, had -introduced strict principles of instruction for her volunteers some ten -years previously, and now commenced to reap beneficial results. - -Consequently the 1st Regiment welcomed the new state muster-field, first -opened for use in 1873. Framingham at once became a synonym for -increased efficiency; that very year the tour of camp duty was -lengthened from three to four days, and from time to time thereafter -successful effort was made to secure further extension. Massachusetts -had the proud honor of leading all other states in providing a regular -state camp-ground. - -Perhaps because so many "old fellows" were bidding farewell to active -military life, perhaps for other reasons, this was an age of -sentimentalism in the regimental history. On Dec. 17, 1873, the 1st -Company adopted a badge or medal for use with full-dress uniforms and -also on civilian clothes; and other companies were so favorably -impressed by the innovation as to imitate it. Col. Mathews later -designed the regimental emblem which stands on the cover of this book, -and which is based on the "white diamond" of the old "third corps." - -Capt. William A. Smith of the 1st Company was an enthusiast about -rifle-shooting; and kept agitating the matter with a view to inducing -Massachusetts to take it up. Already England had her ranges for -volunteers, and in New York the Creedmoor range was in active operation. -Capt. Smith presented many excellent reasons why small arms practice -should be made part of the militia requirements. In Colonial days every -farmer was a good shot--he had to be, in order to keep down "varmints" -and to keep off Indians. But when the state became fully settled the -reason for popular skill in shooting ceased, and the shooting itself was -discontinued. Thruout the Civil War, marksmanship was a neglected factor -in the training of both northern and southern armies. By 1875 the need -had become so crying that Capt. Smith and others succeeded in convincing -the Massachusetts authorities. As soon as genuine rifle competitions -were authorized, the members of the regiment, and especially of the 1st -Company, stirred themselves to render the matches exciting; as a -consequence, up to the time the regiment became interested in artillery, -it was noted in the state for success in small arms competitions. From -the 1st Company alone went out two such shots as Col. Horace T. Rockwell -and Major Charles W. Hinman, both of whom had places on rifle teams -which went to England and represented America in international matches -held in 1880, 1883 and 1888. After 1878 the 4th and 12th Companies also -won fame with the rifle. - -The annual routine of a militia regiment--weekly drills, two or more -field-days, shooting, one or two weeks' camp, etc.--keeps the members -busy along useful lines. But it does not afford a historian much to -tell, save as he indicates the steps of progress from year to year. -Parades, on the other hand, possess some romantic and popular interest; -and it is hard to convince laymen that they have almost no military -value. A regiment is largely judged by its appearance on parade. In Col. -Wilson's time there chanced to be included the fateful year, 1875, when -eastern Massachusetts celebrated the centennials of Concord and Bunker -Hill. With President Grant present from Washington on April 19, there -were "great doings." On June 17 the "crack"-est military organizations -from other states visited Boston to lend "tone" to the procession,--the -7th N. Y., the 5th Md., the 1st R. I., the 1st and 2d Pa. That day Gen. -W. T. Sherman was reviewing officer. Sherman's war experience had -trained him to judge troops. He was forced to admit that Boston's parade -was a fine military display; and he had to add that the 1st Mass. was -not behind the best. On Nov. 29, 1875, by a singular coincidence, Col. -Wilson was called upon to parade his regiment as part of the funeral -escort for his great namesake, the late Vice-President Henry Wilson, who -was interred at Natick. - -At first the regiment suffered from the new innovations. Its older -members, trained in the hard school of actual war service were capable -soldiers and required little instruction; and the younger men who needed -more training were only a minority in point of numbers. As soon as it -became evident that more time was going to be demanded for encampments -and for small-arms practice, many older soldiers applied for their -discharges. As the ranks grew shorter and thinner, the state authorities -began to talk of disbanding companies, just as they had always been -accustomed to do. Finally the break came. Col. Wilson resigned on April -28, 1876, leaving Lt. Col. Alfred N. Proctor in command; and on the -following July 6, the regiment was reduced to the dimensions of a -battalion and was redesignated the "1st Battalion of Infantry." Lt. Col. -Nathaniel Wales, who was placed in command, was a Civil War veteran with -a brilliant record. He had enlisted as a private soldier, had served in -the 24th Regiment, the 32d, and finally in the 35th, and came out of the -war-service a Colonel. It is highly unusual to pass thru so many grades -within less than four short years. Furthermore, Col. Wales was said to -have been the youngest man holding the rank of Colonel at the time he -attained it. His love for the 1st Regiment was such that he was willing -to endure a reduction of rank for the sake of re-establishing the old -command upon a secure basis. - -A company of the 3d Regiment, the Cunningham Rifles from Brockton, were -transferred to the 1st Battalion at the time of the reorganization and -became the 10th Company. This reorganization was by no means limited to -the 1st Regiment--it was state-wide in its incidence. The 1st Battalion -emerged from it as a six-company organization. - -One or more companies of the 1st made the trip to the Philadelphia -Centennial in 1876, and to the Valley Forge Centenary the year -following. On Sept. 17, 1877, the battalion participated in the parade -and ceremonies connected with the dedication of the Soldiers' and -Sailors' monument on Boston Common. The companies presented a fine -appearance in the eyes of the public; and following the celebration -dined together much to their own gratification. New members enlisted, -new interest began to be manifest, and there was a feeling that the -present reduced condition would be only temporary. Col. Wales of course -exerted all of his influence to have the regiment restored. - -Finally the legislature responded and passed an act creating a 1st -Regiment by a process of consolidation. There were four companies left -of the 3d Regiment, then forming the 3d Battalion. And four companies -represented what had originally been the old 1st Infantry of ante-bellum -days, now organized as the 4th Battalion. So the legislature transferred -the Fusiliers and the Claflin Guards to the 5th, the Chelsea Rifles to -the 8th, and consolidated the 1st Battalion, the 3d Battalion and the -4th Battalion, as the "1st Regiment," Col. Nathaniel Wales commanding. -The date of this important legislation was Dec. 3, 1878. By a stroke of -genius the law-makers had created a twelve-company regiment, organized -in three battalions each under command of a Major; and had devised a new -plan of organization which was destined to work so well that, twenty -years later, Congress would adopt it for use all over the United States. -As the companies from the 3d Regiment were located in Plymouth and -Bristol counties, they introduced a new geographical element into the -1st. Thereafter "The Cape" was to stand side by side with Boston, and -right nobly were the Cape companies to uphold the regimental -traditions. - - - - -CHAPTER VII - -THE OLD "TIGER" FIRST - - -It now becomes necessary to go back and trace out the origins of the -organizations which were consolidated with the 1st Regiment in 1878. Let -us first give attention to the companies which bore the title of 4th -Battalion. We shall discover a battalion or regimental history -stretching back to 1834, and company records commencing as early as -1787. - -Three "independent companies" of infantry were listed in the roster of -1788 as connected with the 1st Division, Suffolk. One of these -disappeared from the records the following year, and another in 1792. -The lone survivor yet survives--in fact is the 3d Company, M. C. A., -otherwise known as the Independent Boston Fusiliers. - -On May 11, 1787, the Governor's Council voted to approve an application -signed by Thomas Adams and fifty-three others, and to charter a company. -Gov. James Bowdoin presided at the Council meeting and himself -introduced the petition. On the following July 4, he stood with the -members of the new company on the slope of Bunker Hill and, at that -shrine of American liberty, presented them their official charter. They -next proceeded to the home of John Hancock, soon to be Governor, and at -his liberal table, as his guests, enjoyed an inaugural dinner. The -Fusiliers have excelled in many military lines thruout their long and -honorable history--by no means least of their attainments is the -masterly skill with which they have maintained the custom of dining -together. Their motto, _Aut vincere aut mori_, seemed high-sounding in -the early years. "Conquer or die" presented harsh alternatives. But the -time was to come seventy-five years later when the nation needed just -such stern, self-sacrificing devotion; and then the Fusiliers indeed -lived up to their motto. The Fusiliers wore red coats, in commemoration -of certain gallant foemen with whom America had recently been engaged. -As the Cadets were then clad in white and another company in blue, a -striking patriotic ensemble was produced by the grouping of uniforms -whenever the independent companies paraded. William Turner was elected -the first Fusilier Captain; the names of his successors are recorded -elsewhere in this book. No wonder that the Fusiliers, actives or -veterans, have always been noted for maintaining the most successful and -distinguished military ball in all Boston, the military-social event of -the year; for their first Captain was, by profession, a dancing-master. -Capt. Turner was succeeded by Capt. Joseph Laughton, who when not on -militia duty, was occupied as a clerk in the Treasurer's office. - -[Illustration: THE FUSILIERS ABOUT 1845] - -After 1798 the Fusiliers were never without vigorous and congenial -companionship. Enthusiasm was then in full flood; George Washington had -shown his patriotism by consenting to accept a subordinate position, -that of Lieutenant General of the army under President John Adams; and -men were enrolling themselves in the new legionary brigade. America was -aflame with indignation over French injustice. On September 4, 1798, the -Boston Light Infantry was organized after four months of preliminary -meetings--the body which today reports to the Adjutant as the 2d -Company, M. C. A. Their motto, "Death or an honorable life," is a -ringing echo of Charles C. Pinckney's immortal words, "Millions for -defence; not one cent for tribute." At the first banquet of the company, -Oct. 18, 1798, when the charter was received, the principal toast -was--"The United States of America; as they have drawn the sword of -justice with reason, may they never sheathe it with disgrace." Would -that this sentiment might always prevail with the authorities in -Washington! Amongst the members present at this banquet were sons or -near relatives of such patriots as Paul Revere, James Otis and Joseph -Warren. Truly the sons were rallying about the standard of the fathers. -Drills were first held in the old State House, and after 1802 in Faneuil -Hall. - -There were lovers of Shakespeare in the Boston Light Infantry. At a -dinner in 1815 one of them gave point to his speech by quoting the words -of Henry V, hero of Agincourt: - - "In peace, there's nothing so becomes a man, - As modest stillness, and humility: - But when the blast of war blows in our ears, - Then imitate the action of the tiger." - -All of the speech was forgotten except the final words of the quotation, -"The tiger!" Company orators kept repeating the expression. Ere long the -Boston Light Infantry found itself provided with a nickname--and it is -best known thruout its long history as "The Tigers." - -In 1800 the Fusiliers under Capt. John Brazer and the Tigers, Capt. -Daniel Sargent (a merchant in civil life), were the two light infantry -companies constituting the sub-legion of light infantry--both being -entirely independent. Indeed the sub-legion of light infantry had no -field officer until Feb. 14, 1806, when Capt. Daniel Messinger of the -Winslow Blues was elected Major. The Blues were organized in 1799 and -first appeared on the sub-legion roster in 1802. The Washington Light -Infantry were organized in 1803. - -When in 1810 the legionary brigade was transformed into the 3d Brigade, -1st Division, Maj. Messinger's sub-legion of light infantry was broken -up and the companies were distributed amongst the infantry regiments of -the brigade. The Fusiliers and the Washington Lt. Inf. were incorporated -with the 1st Reg., the Tigers with the 2d, and the Winslow Blues with -the 3d. These infantry regiments, former "legionaries," were neither -train-band militia nor independent uniformed volunteers. Their status -was somewhere between the two; it was hoped that the light infantry -companies might serve as leaven for the infantry, and bring all up to -the volunteer standard. The arrangement continued until 1834. By that -time it was clear that only the independent companies, the "light" -infantry, retained any vitality; and they were separated from the -infantry regiments, and organized into a separate "Regiment of Light -Infantry, 3d Brigade." - -Non-commissioned officers of the light infantry companies manifested -active interest in the training school, "The Soul of the Soldiery," from -1811 until 1819 and later. - -Another company was born amid the war excitement of 1812, the New -England Guards. Even from the days of their first Captain, Samuel Swett, -it was felt that a distinguished destiny awaited the organization. -During their entire half century of existence, they made constant effort -to maintain their personnel at the highest standard; and the effort was -crowned with success. An extant lithograph, in the museum of the A. & H. -Art. Co., shows the Guards in the year 1836 parading with four platoons -of twelve files each--numbers indicative of the company's popularity. -They were added to the 2d Regiment, and thereafter were associated with -the Tigers. - -During the war with England the light infantry companies rendered -service at the harbor forts similar to that of the artillery. By -request of the commandant of the Charlestown Navy Yard, the New England -Guards were stationed at the Chelsea bridge for eleven days from June -13, 1814, in order to prevent an expected raid by a hostile landing -party. The entire membership of the Fusiliers was on duty from Sept. 12 -until Oct. 10, under Capt. Gerry Fairbanks (a hatter in civil life); and -detachments continued doing garrison duty several weeks longer. The -Tigers helped to build Ft. Strong on Jeffries Point, East Boston; -similar activity characterized the other companies. Massachusetts' crest -is a sword borne by the arm of a civilian: Massachusetts citizens in -1814 bore the sword effectively and well. - -The light infantry companies participated in the same parades and public -festal occasions as did the artillery companies. These events are -elsewhere described in sufficient detail. In the sterner task of -maintaining public order the New England Guards were on duty twice--July -7, 1824, and Feb. 11, 1825,--in connection with conflagrations. In both -instances personal property had been saved from the fire and temporarily -deposited in a place of safety; and the troops mounted guard against -pillagers. The Tigers subscribed the first $100 toward the cost of -Bunker Hill monument. - -From the disbandment of Maj. Messinger's battalion in 1810 until the -organization of the regiment of light infantry in 1834, the companies of -light infantry were associated only in the larger unit of the 3d -Brigade. While the Coast Artillery includes all the surviving units of -that Brigade, and altho the 3d Brigade was the most solid and efficient -part of the old militia, still it does not seem wise to treat Brigade -history in particular detail. Suffice it to say that four strong -companies of light infantry continued active in the infantry regiments -of the brigade--the Fusiliers in the 1st Regiment, the Tigers and the -New England Guards in the 2d, and the Winslow Blues in the 3d. Lists of -company commanders are recorded elsewhere. A new branch of the service -came into existence, the "Rifles," and were accorded precedence over -others--were given the right of the line in parades. In appearance they -differed from other troops, as they wore jaunty green uniforms, and -carried short flint-lock rifles without bayonets. These riflemen aimed -to reproduce the famous corps under Daniel Morgan and others in the -Revolutionary war, the frontiersmen and rangers clad in buckskin -hunting-shirts who were so terrifying to America's enemies. It has -always seemed strange to the writer that the frontiersman's costume, the -only distinctively American garb ever devised, should not continue in -use. Not even these new riflemen, however, succeeded in remaining true -to type. While they were fond of picturing themselves in the -hunting-shirt, the uniforms which they actually wore followed German -models. One valuable contribution the new rifles did make to militia -life, they were pioneers in setting up target practice as part of the -soldier's training. - -Light infantry and rifles were distinguished from other infantry by the -fact that they were trained in the skirmish drill, and were alone -qualified to perform outpost duty. In line, they formed on the flanks of -other companies. From time to time additional commands aspired to become -light infantry, and some realized their aspirations. By 1834 there were -eight companies altogether in the infantry regiments who felt -dissatisfied with their regimental connection, and resented the waning -interest which regimental neighbors displayed in things military. Their -plan was to separate from the infantry, and revive the old battalion of -light infantry, whose members should all be volunteers and uniformed, -the battalion which had been broken up in 1810--in short, to organize a -Light Infantry Regiment in the 3d Brigade. From the 1st Regiment came -the Fusiliers, the Washington Lt. Infantry and the Mechanic Rifles; from -the 2d the Tigers and the New England Guards; and from the 3d the -Winslow Blues, the City Guards (organized Sept. 21, 1821), and the Rifle -Rangers (organized 1820). In 1835 a new company was added, the Lafayette -Gds. - -The new regiment was organized in Aug., 1834, with eight companies, and -Col. Amasa G. Smith of the 2d Regiment was elected to command. A -succession of field officers, which had begun in 1806 with Major -Messinger and had been interrupted from 1810 until 1834, was thereafter -to be continuous. Col. Smith's commission was dated July 29, 1834; he -continued in command until Feb. 23, 1838. - -Judged by the standards of the day, Col. Smith's regiment was a very -fine one, indeed was a "crack" command. No less an authority than -President Andrew Jackson is reported to have testified, "I have never -seen its equal." Most of the companies wore blue swallow-tail coats and -white duck trousers--the latter quite regardless of weather; gradually -blue nether garments were added for use on stormy days. The two rifle -companies wore green, the Rangers having frock coats and uhlan hats; -while extant engravings of the City Guards in 1844, the year of their -famous march to Baltimore, show them clad in gray suits of a pattern -precisely the same as those worn by the New York 7th. The City Guards -were the first corps to wear gray in Boston; and the Fusiliers were -equally distinguished by reason of their scarlet coats. While there was -lack of regimental uniformity, there must have been a striking ensemble -when the companies formed battalion line. - -To the Fusiliers, in June, 1835, fell the honor of introducing an -important tradition into the regiment. For at that time, after a year's -preparation, they undertook an excursion to Washington, as a compliment -to President Andrew Jackson, who was soon to give place to Martin Van -Buren. The start was made after partaking of a collation at Gov. John -Davis' house; progress was made by march, stage, steamboat and rail; -they camped on Capitol Hill; and dined with Gen. Jackson at the White -House. This was not exactly a trip to "the inauguration," but it proved -to be the commencement of a custom which today takes the command to -Washington once every four years. - -In 1837 a company came into existence which was destined to prove the -temporary undoing of the Light Infantry Regiment, and was also to -subject Boston's spirit of fairness and right to its most searching -test. The "Montgomery Guards," they were called. Altho named after the -same heroic Richard Montgomery who was to give title to another and more -famous company of Montgomery Guards fifteen years later, they must not -be confused with the latter body. The critical point was that the -members were all of Irish birth; and Boston, for the first time in sixty -years, found a company of foreign soldiery in her midst. At least that -was the view of the matter taken by old-timers. The race prejudice which -later issued in the Know Nothing movement, at once flamed up. On the -other hand, these guardsmen had all declared their intention of becoming -American citizens, and were entitled to bear arms. The guards were -attached to Col. Smith's regiment. On Sept. 12, 1837, the date of the -fall field-day and the first assembly of the regiment since the -organization of the Montgomerys, the other nine companies took post on -the regimental line,--the Montgomerys arriving last of all. No sooner -had the latter swung into position than the enlisted men of the City -Guards, breaking away from their officers, marched off the Common. -The enlisted men of the Fusiliers, the Blues, the Mechanics, the -Washingtons and the Lafayettes followed this example of insubordination -and broke ranks. It was sheer mutiny--mutiny with which many of the -public sympathized, but mutiny nevertheless. - -[Illustration: THE GRAY UNIFORM--THE CITY GUARDS AT BALTIMORE, 1844] - -Courts martial resulted, followed by prolonged public discussion. -Presently it became evident that the Boston sense of fairness and right -was strong enough even to meet this test; and on Feb. 23, 1838, the -offending companies were punished by disbandment. Col. Smith went out of -office at this time. The Montgomery Guards were themselves disbanded -April 6, 1838. As a consequence the Regiment was reduced to a battalion -and placed under the command of Maj. Charles C. Paine. The Tigers, the -New England Guards, and the Rifle Rangers alone survived the -disbandment. - -June 1, 1839, found the organization a regiment once more, made up of -the following companies: Tigers, New England Guards, Pulaski Guards, who -now transferred from the 3d Reg., 3d Bri. (and who seem to have been -temporarily called Mechanic Greys in 1849), Columbian Greys, Hancock -Light Infantry, Rifle Rangers, Highland Guards and Suffolk Light Guard. -As the disbandment had been intended for punitive purposes merely, -encouragement was held out for the companies to reorganize. The device -of reorganizing and "continuing the record" was not then thought of. Had -it been, it would doubtless have been ordered; four companies took -advantage of the opportunity. The Columbian Greys were merely the old -City Guards under a new name; in 1844 they appeared on the records as -the City Greys, and by 1851 were known once more as City Guards. -Similarly the Hancock Light Infantry continued the Fusiliers, the -ancient corps being saved by the loyalty of two former captains. Noah -Lincoln, Jr., a prominent Boston shipwright, was in command of the -company when disbanded in 1838. On a May date in 1839 the Hancock Light -Infantry elected the same Capt. Lincoln to be their commander; but he -did not deem it best to accept. On May 17, 1839, the company proceeded -to elect Louis Dennis, a former Captain of Fusiliers who had risen to -field rank; and Maj. Dennis proved his loyalty to the old corps by -accepting a commission as Captain. Maj. Dennis was a builder in civil -life, and felt that the present emergency called for constructive work -along military lines; Capt. Lincoln thereupon agreed to become 1st -Lieutenant of the company. After four or five years we cease to find -reference to the Hancock Light Infantry--the records again deal with the -Fusiliers. The Mechanic Rifles similarly reorganized in 1843, and the -Washington Light Infantry a few years subsequently. Col. Charles R. -Lowell, formerly Captain of the Rifle Rangers, commanded the reorganized -regiment from June 1, 1839, until March 20, 1840. - -On April 24, 1840, in connection with the general state-wide -reorganization of the militia and the discontinuance of the train-band, -the Light Infantry Regiment, 3d Brigade, received a number--it became -the 1st Lt. Inf., 1st Brigade. The following colonels commanded: George -W. Phillips, Aug. 27, 1840--May 18, 1841; Charles A. Macomber (formerly -captain of the disbanded City Guards), June 15, 1841--Aug. 24, 1841; -George T. Bigelow, formerly captain of the New England Guards, Sept. 11, -1841--Jan. 23, 1844; William H. Spooner, April 15, 1844--Jan. 19, 1847, -the same Col. Spooner who had commanded the train-band regiment, the 1st -of the 1st Brigade, to which the Roxbury Artillery was temporarily -attached in 1832; Benjamin F. Edmands, March 15, 1847--July 11, 1848 -(then elected Brig. Gen.); Col. Samuel Andrews, a former captain of the -Tigers, July 28, 1848--May 13, 1850, when he became Brig. Gen. - -When the New York 7th visited Boston in June, 1843, they were guests of -the Fusiliers (yet called Hancock Light Infantry). After church services -on Sunday, June 18, the visitors were shown around to the chief points -of interest. How fashions do change! The principal shrine to which -pilgrimage was made was--Mt. Auburn Cemetery. - -Veterans of the Mexican War organized a company in the 1st Regiment on -June 18, 1849, to which they gave the title, National Guards; and were -the recognized representatives of the 1st Mass. Mexican War Regiment. -Ben Perley Poore, a prominent newspaper correspondent, was elected -Captain. As it became difficult to secure a sufficient number of Mexican -veterans in Boston, admission was granted to all militia veterans, after -a few years. Capt. Poore presently removed from Boston for business -reasons, and made his residence in Newburyport. There he became famous -as Major of an independent battalion of infantry; and altho absent from -his Boston comrades, continued to retain a warm place in their hearts. -In Nov., 1856, he had made an election bet with Col. J. J. Burbank, -proprietor of the Tremont House, Boston, to the effect that Millard -Fillmore would get the Massachusetts electoral vote for President; and -lost. So on Saturday, Nov. 8, he paid the forfeit--by wheeling a barrel -of apples, on a wheelbarrow, all the way, thirty-six miles, from -Newburyport to Boston. Maj. Poore's popularity caused a wide-spread -interest to develop in this feat; especially in Boston were the streets -thronged with friendly spectators. When the Fusiliers learned of the -plan, they determined to have a part in it; so the doughty Major, -himself in citizen's dress, was met in Charlestown by a company of -thirty-four red-coated soldiers, and solemnly escorted across the -bridge into Boston. Then, as a slight recompense for all the fun which -had been provided, when the procession arrived at the Tremont House, the -apples were sold at $1.00 apiece, for the benefit of the man who had -transported them. Maj. Poore's portrait, as well as two pictures of the -event, are today in the A. & H. Art. Company museum. - -When on April 25, 1842, the companies received distinguishing letters, -the Tigers became Co. A, the New England Guards B, the Pulaski Guards C, -the Highland Guards D, the City Guards E, the Fusiliers F, the Suffolk -Lt. Gds. G, the Washington Phalanx H, the Rifle Rangers I, and a company -of rifles K. - -Charles L. Holbrook became Colonel on Aug. 31, 1850, and continued in -command until Aug. 15, 1854; William Schouler, destined to be the great -Civil War Adjutant General of Massachusetts, was Lieutenant Colonel. To -Col. Holbrook fell the painful duty of marshalling his regiment against -the mob on June 2, 1854, at the time of the Burns riot. In that year the -organization consisted of eight companies. To him also fell the more -congenial privilege, in Oct., 1862, of leading his command, the same -regiment but then known as the 43d Mass. Vols., during its campaign in -North Carolina. Col. Holbrook was, in civil life, a bookkeeper, first in -the Suffolk National Bank, and subsequently in the Custom House; as a -soldier he jumped from the Adjutant's office to the Colonelcy. - -Owing to the formation of new companies it became desirable to organize -an additional battalion of infantry in 1853, to which the number 3d was -given. This included Capt. Poore's National Guards as Co. A, the Union -Guards of East Boston, organized in 1852, as Co. B, and the Sarsfield -Guards as Co. C, all under command of Maj. Robert I. Burbank. - -Col. Thomas E. Chickering commanded the 1st Regiment from Oct. 25, 1854, -until Jan. 29, 1856; and during his administration the name of the -organization was changed from Light Infantry to "Infantry." Col. -Chickering commanded the 41st Mass. Inf., which became the 3d Cavalry, -1862-1865, and served in the department of the Gulf, transferring to -Gen. P. H. Sheridan in Virginia during 1864. In 1855 the 3d Battalion of -Infantry disbanded, the National and Union Guards going into the 2d -Regiment as 9th and 6th Cos. respectively, while the Sarsfield Guards -passed out of existence. The transfer of two strong companies to the 2d -was a sign that the latter regiment was increasing while the 1st -decreased. Six years later the 2d was to receive the much-desired number -which had thitherto belonged to the "1st." Maj. Joseph Bradley had -become commander of the 3d Battalion at the time of its disbanding. - -Col. Robert I. Burbank, formerly of the 3d Battalion, was the last -commander of the old 1st Regiment, serving from March 25, 1856, until -March 2, 1859. The regiment had several strong companies and might have -been the leading military body in Boston; but it suffered from an excess -of company loyalty and an utter absence of regimental spirit. Moreover -there was a tendency to elect men of political prominence to the chief -command, with slight regard for their military talents. Colonels were -changed too frequently. The 2d Regiment under Cols. Bullock and Cowdin -presented a striking contrast to the 1st in these particulars. The -military authorities, since they recognized the inevitable tendency of -the times, disbanded the 1st Regiment, and transferred four of the seven -companies to the 2d, on March 1, 1859. The companies to enter the 2d -Regiment were: C, the Pulaski Guards; D, the Washington Light Guard; F, -the Fusiliers; and H, the Mechanic Rifles; these became the 4th, 2d, 3d, -and 5th Companies in Col. Cowdin's regiment. The three companies -remaining of the old 1st--the Tigers, the New England Guards, and the -City Guards--were reorganized as the 2d Battalion of Infantry, under -command of Maj. Charles O. Rogers, former captain of the Tigers. The -latter command were highly prosperous at this time; in 1858 we find them -giving the first grand ball ever held in the Music Hall, and a year -later enlarging the scope of their social activities by moving the -function into the Boston Theater, the first such event ever held in that -celebrated amusement center. - -Sentiment assumed striking forms in the military life of Boston during -the years preceding the Civil War. Two visiting military bodies, the New -York 7th in 1857 and the Ellsworth Zouaves from Chicago in July, 1860, -presented such examples of military efficiency that a desire grew -up--was encouraged by the Adjutant General--for the formation of a -"crack" regiment in Boston. At the same time, the designation, "4th -Battalion," came to be coveted and sought after. The reason for the -latter sentiment is obscure; there never had been a 4th Battalion in -Boston, never any of prominence in Massachusetts. But the old sub-legion -of Lt. Infantry in the 3d Brigade, standing as it did beside three -infantry sub-legions, and brilliantly outclassing them, had been a "4th -battalion" of which all Boston was proud. From 1859 on, many -organizations were attempting to secure the designation, "4th -Battalion." - -The 2d Battalion, organized March 1, 1859, under Maj. Rogers, included -three strong companies, and might have been the nucleus of the desired -"crack" organization; however the units did not cohere, and the -battalion speedily flew to pieces. Maj. Harrison Ritchie of the New -England Gds. became commander July 21, 1860. - -Gen. Samuel H. Leonard had removed from Worcester to Boston for business -reasons, and had thereby lost his brigade in the former county. Becoming -associated with Boston military men who were ambitious for a new and -highly efficient regiment, he placed himself at the head of the -movement. Ex-Gen. Leonard presently succeeded Capt. Clark B. Baldwin in -command of the Boston Artillery, and proceeded to transfer that company -from Col. Cowdin's 2d Regiment to a new battalion. The City Guards had -disbanded Dec. 26, 1859, and most of the members went into the Ancient -and Honorable Artillery Company; now former members of the City Guards -were reenlisted and consolidated with the Boston Artillery. Indeed these -City Guardsmen were the instigators of the movement. Capt. Augustine -Harlow (a printer in civil life), formerly in command of the National -Guards, the 9th Company of the 2d Reg., joined in the movement and -organized a new company. On Dec. 15, 1860, Capt. Leonard's as Co. A, -Capt. Harlow's as Co. D, and two new companies designated B and C were -associated as the 4th Battalion. At length the much desired numeral was -in use,--and by men of large military ability and soaring ambition. -Since "rifles" took precedence over other branches, the new battalion -became "Rifles"; and wore gray Zouave or chasseur uniforms. We have seen -elsewhere how this movement became deflected by the call for volunteers, -and ultimately issued in the splendid 13th Mass. Inf. If the 4th -Battalion of Rifles did not become a "crack" regiment--it achieved a -nobler destiny. - -On March 11, 1861, the New England Guards became independent of Maj. -Ritchie's 2d Battalion; and expanded their organization into a -two-company battalion, for which they claimed the coveted numeral, -becoming the 4th Battalion of Infantry; Capt. Thomas G. Stevenson of the -New Englanders became Major, and was in fact the leader of the movement. -The ensuing month brought war and put an end to the militia dreams. On -April 25 Maj. Stevenson's battalion entered upon a one-month tour of -volunteer garrison duty at Ft. Independence, the men serving without -pay. It was at this time that they achieved the distinction of "bringing -out" the most famous band-leader of the generation, Patrick S. Gilmore. -Gilmore's music and the fine marching of the New England Guards -battalion immediately brought Maj. Stevenson's command a high degree of -popularity. - -More three-year regiments were needed in the autumn of 1861, and members -of the New England Guards battalion decided to enlist. Upon further -thought it seemed wiser to use their proved skill in military matters in -a higher capacity--they would organize a new regiment of recruits, and -themselves go as officers. With the approval of the War Department, -accordingly, the 24th Mass. Reg. came into existence, having Thomas G. -Stevenson as Colonel and Gilmore as band-leader. No prophet then foresaw -the future; but a bronze bas-relief in the State House (erected in 1905) -today reminds us of the record of heroic service in North Carolina, -South Carolina and Florida; the transfer to Virginia May 1, 1864, and -participation with the Army of the James in the operations around -Petersburg and Richmond. Their commander, now Gen. Stevenson, was killed -in battle at Spotsylvania. Gilmore continued with his regiment as long -as the Government permitted regimental bands--during the entire first -year of the service. - -Members of the New England Guards who were unable, for business or -family reasons, to go for three years, were quick to respond, in the -autumn of 1862, to the call for nine-months men. Part of the 4th -Battalion had organized and officered the 24th Regiment (there was -already a 4th Reg.)--clinging to the coveted numeral others now raised -the 44th Reg. and followed their comrades--to the coast of North -Carolina. So very few New England Guardsmen were left at home in Boston -that the battalion passed out of existence--died of patriotism. - -Maj. Ralph W. Newton, former captain of the Tigers, succeeded Maj. -Ritchie in command of the 2d Battalion on Apr. 17, 1861, and continued -in office until May 22, 1862. Nothing remained of the old 1st Reg., or -of the 2d Bat., except the Tiger company. In order to retain the -battalion organization, the Tigers sub-divided into three companies. -From this point on it will be literally correct to designate the -battalion organization, the sole surviving remnant of the old 1st, as -the Tigers. - -On April 29, twelve days after assuming command, Maj. Newton moved his -Tiger battalion to Fort Warren, and remained there a full month -rendering unpaid volunteer service. Owing to the extreme shortage of -trained soldiers, the Government was glad to have the services of the -battalion at Boston's most important fort. Old Andrew Fletcher has -claimed that the song-writer of a nation is more influential even than -the law-maker. So far as this is true, the 2d Company, the Tigers, have -exerted a huge national influence. For while at Warren, it fell to the -lot of their glee-club to originate one of America's greatest war-songs, -one which until "Marching thru Georgia" was composed, stood supreme, the -song, "John Brown's Body." Both words and tune trace back to the 2d -Company. The tune is an adaptation of a southern revival hymn familiar -before the war; but is so complete a revision as to be practically an -original composition. The words were written as a joke on Private John -Brown of the Tigers, who always seemed a shining mark for the wit of his -comrades, and whose name of course suggested the hero of Osawatomie and -Harper's Ferry. Fletcher Webster's regiment, the 12th, was in process of -recruiting at Fort Warren that month. This song, at first intended -humorously, was taken up in serious earnest by Webster's men, was sung a -little later by them as they marched to Bull Run; and within a year -hundreds of thousands in blue were firing their enthusiasm for battle -with the great refrain, "His soul is marching on." - -Ex-Col. Charles L. Holbrook proved his loyalty to his old command by -accepting the lower office of Major on June 23, 1862. This -responsibility he did not lay down until Oct. 13, 1862, when he led the -43d Reg. to war. - -To the Tigers, as to others of Boston's best citizens, the call for -nine-months men came as a personal summons to service. Maj. Holbrook's -2d Battalion at once began enlisting recruits, until it had expanded to -a complete ten-company regiment. Practically all the officers were -chosen from the Tiger battalion; and the new regiment, the 43d, was -known as the "Tiger Regiment." The ancient title, "Boston Light -Infantry," had remained attached to Co. A of the 2d Battalion;--now the -"Lt. Inf." Co. transferred itself bodily to the new regiment, and became -Co. A of the 43d. Company commanders were: A, Henry J. Hallgreen; B, -Edward G. Quincy; C, William B. Fowle, Jr.; D, Thomas G. Whytal (Capt. -Whytal later became a Lt. Col. of U. S. Vols.); E, Henry Doane (of -Orleans); F, Charles W. Soule; G, Everett Lane (of Abington, who was -elected Major Oct. 20, 1862); H, George B. Hanover (of Chelsea); I, -George O. Tyler (of Cambridge); K, J. Emery Round. Maj. Holbrook, as we -have already seen, became colonel. John C. Whiton, who later was -Colonel of the 58th Mass., was Lt. Col., and Everett Lane, Major. Co. D -was from Dedham, E from Orleans, G from Abington, H from Chelsea and I -from Cambridge. The other companies were recruited at large--that is, -from Boston. The regiment was mustered in Sept. 20, 1862. - -Co. H of the 43d had an origin prophetic of the regimental consolidation -which was to give us the present Coast Artillery. Springing as it did -from the membership, and commanded as it was by the 1st Lieutenant of -the Chelsea Rifles, and they in turn being the "depot" or reserve -company of the Chelsea Volunteers (the 5th Co. in the three-year 1st -Regiment), Co. H was in direct relationship with both of these commands. -After the war, veterans of all three companies joined forces, -transformed the Rifles into the "Chelsea Veterans," and thus created our -present 5th Company, M. C. A. For three years it was actually made up -exclusively of veterans. - -Tiger veterans and friends joined in giving the 43d a notable -"send-off." Once more the motto was "Death or an honorable life." The -historic banquet of Oct. 18, 1798, was repeated on Nov. 5, 1862, and the -famous toast was again drunk, "The United States of America; as they -have drawn the sword of justice with reason, may they never sheathe it -with disgrace." Hon. R. C. Winthrop, standing on Boston Common, -presented the regiment a handsome stand of colors, a gift from the -Boston Light Infantry. - -A few weeks later the 43d found themselves under Gen. John T. Foster in -North Carolina, far indeed from Boston and their friends, but side by -side with the 3d and 44th Regs., which also enter into our history. The -old Tiger spirit had accompanied them. In Dec, 1862, came their great -march thru the swamps and sand barrens, when they were face to face -with the enemy during eleven continuous days. They were able to claim as -their list of battles, Kinston, Whitehall and Goldsboro. - -The loss of the North Carolina coast was a great blow to the -Confederacy, opening as it did the way for Sherman's march northward. -Foster's army was really an outpost of the greater force threatening -Richmond. - -In July, 1863, their service was completed and they were homeward bound -once more. Travelling by boat to Baltimore, stopping for a visit at Fort -Monroe, thence by train to New York, and having a square meal en route -at Philadelphia, by boat to New Haven and train to Boston, they were -given a hearty welcome home at old Boylston Hall, the Tiger armory, on -July 21. The Boston Light Infantry at once became the 24th Unattached -Company, M. V. M. - -A few months of quiescence succeeded the Tigers' nine months of duty in -the 43d. Not until Aug., 1864, is there record of further activity. The -war was drawing to a close, the nine-months regiments had been mustered -out and the three-year commands were returning. Once more the ambition -to have a "crack" regiment was stirring in Boston. Veteran and exempt -members of the Tigers had formed the "Boston Lt. Inf. Assn.," Nov. 1, -1862, during the absence of the active company. On this August date in -1864 the Light Infantry reorganized themselves as the "7th Infantry." -Maj. Charles O. Rogers, first commander of the 2d Battalion, was offered -the colonelcy but declined; Daniel G. Handy was then elected, and -received his commission on Nov. 6, 1865. (Col. Handy had been Maj. of -the 12th Mass. in 1861 and 1862--indeed had been with the recruits in -Ft. Warren when "John Brown's Body" originated.) A vigorous attempt was -made to form new companies and maintain the 7th at regimental standard. - -The 7th Mass. Inf., a Taunton command, had made a noble name for itself -during three years of hard service; and had been mustered out just -before the Tiger 7th came into existence. The traditions connected with -the number were certain to prove stimulating. But the choice of a number -had further significance; it was a deliberate attempt to reproduce the -New York 7th. Gilmore became band-leader, and it was hoped that his -famous musicians would lend brilliancy to the new regiment. It was in -his capacity as leader of the 7th Regiment band that Gilmore arranged -and conducted his first "Peace Jubilee Festival" in 1869, with ten -thousand singers and eight hundred instrumentalists in a "coliseum" -seating fifty thousand, and not exceeded in size even by Billy Sunday's -tabernacle of 1916. Music by wholesale, this, and very different from -the original classical "Peace Jubilee" in King's Chapel, Feb. 22, 1815, -from which Gilmore obtained the suggestion. New England liked it; and -derived benefit from the popularization of good music. And the 7th -received no little advertising. - -Nine new companies came into existence within two years, mostly by the -process of subdividing older commands, while the Tigers continued their -organization as Co. A. Charles F. Harrington, former Captain of the -Tigers, became colonel in 1869. Distinguished soldiers were willing to -serve as company commanders in the 7th. B had for a Captain, Walter -Scott Sampson, who had led the 7th Co. of Col. Cowdin's regiment, the -Washington Light Guard, into the 6th, and had commanded it (Co. K of the -6th) during its famous march thru Baltimore. Capt. Sampson had meanwhile -been in command of a company in the 22d Mass. He was, in civil life, a -successful Boston builder. E was commanded by no less a personage than -Henry J. Hallgreen, war Captain of A or the Tiger Company in the 43d. A -had for its Captain, David W. Wardrop, war Colonel of the 3d Reg. The -entire regiment was quartered in a single armory, at Pine and Washington -Sts. Co. B had developed by fission from Co. A in 1864 and was first -called the Handy Guard or 32d Unattached Co. In 1869 so many veterans of -the old Washington Light Guard joined Co. B that the Handy Guard became -known as the Washington Light Guard. In 1873 the company transferred its -headquarters from Boston to Cambridge, and, as part of the process, the -name was again changed, becoming the Massachusetts Guards. Claim has -been made that Co. B perpetuates the old original Washington Light -Guard, and it also claims to be the Tigers, as truly as the 2d -Company;--it exists today as the 6th Company, Mass. C. A. Gen. W. E. -Lombard holds its older record books. The 7th Company, Mass. C. A., the -Pierce Light Guard, came into existence as Co. E of the 7th; Henry L. -Pierce after whom it was named donated $1,000 to the company treasury. - -Young men, however, are more successful than veterans in maintaining the -interest of an active regiment; and apathy concerning military matters -characterized the public thinking during the years immediately following -the war. By 1870 the 7th had only four live companies remaining; on July -20 of that year the regiment was reduced to a battalion. The Tigers now -recovered their old regimental number--they became the "1st" Battalion, -and Maj. Douglass Frazer commanded. The 1st Battalion was on duty in -1872 at the great Boston fire, and protected the most important section -of all, the financial district along State Street. - -Austin C. Wellington, formerly 1st Lieutenant in the 38th Mass., became -captain of the Tiger Co. A in 1870, and with his advent began the era of -prosperity and efficiency for which the Tigers had long been wishing. In -1873 Wellington became Major of the battalion, and on March 25, 1874, -came a change in designation, bringing, after failure to get back their -war number, 2d, the long-coveted numeral, "4th." As an indication of how -this ambition had persisted from ante-bellum days, we find the -organization, in 1875, unofficially describing itself as the 4th -Battalion "of Rifles." In 1872 the "Maverick Rifles" had been organized -as Co. D of this battalion; today they are the 11th Co., Mass. C. A. - -It was the privilege of the Tigers, in 1875, to receive and entertain -the Old Guard of New York City and the Washington Lt. Infantry of -Charleston, South Carolina, the latter being the first southern military -body to visit the north after the war. The following year the Tigers and -Old Guard returned this courtesy, visiting Charleston and assisting in -the celebration of the centennial of the battle of Fort Moultrie on June -28. - -It was at once appreciated that Boston had a "crack" battalion and Maj. -Wellington's command was in great demand for parades and reviews. Its -drill became a standard for other infantry bodies, while its striking -quasi-Zouave uniform made such an impression upon the authorities that -the costume was, in 1884, adopted as the State uniform. Such was the 4th -Battalion which, on Dec. 3, 1878, by a process of consolidation, became -part of the 1st Regiment. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII - -"THE CAPE" - - -During the train-band days, the troops of Plymouth and Bristol counties, -with the Cape and Islands, constituted the 5th Division, while Boston -militia made up the 1st. When the volunteer militia was set apart as the -principal defence of the state, both sections found themselves in the -same division. Now the Cape was the 2d Brigade while Boston was the 1st. -By the consolidation of 1878 the two were finally brought together into -the same regiment, so that the Coast Artillery not only perpetuates the -old Legionary Brigade, but also the old 2d Brigade, M. V. M., and the -older 5th Division. - -There were four regiments of infantry in the 1st Brigade, 5th Division, -of the train-band. The Halifax Light Infantry, organized in 1792, -attached to the 1st of these, was the first company in the entire -district to rise from the condition of militia to that of volunteers; -and presently became the senior member of the Light Infantry Regiment. -During its long career from 1792 until 1876, the Halifax Light Infantry -was always one of the foremost military bodies in Plymouth County, and -indeed in the entire state. Capt. Asa Thompson, who commanded in 1814, -and who led his men into the 1st Division territory for the purpose of -assisting to build and garrison Boston forts, was a giant (a "Saul" in -the Scriptural language of the day), six feet, seven inches in stature. -The towering head-dress of the times brought his height up to eight -feet. As he led his men across South Boston bridge on the way to the -forts and duty, every one stopped to look and admire,--and wonder -whether the bridge could stand up beneath the load. Alas! Captain -Thompson presently fell into disgrace, and was dismissed by -court-martial. - -Oct. 21, 1818, patriotic citizens of Plymouth met and organized a light -infantry company, to which they gave the name, Standish Guards, in -compliment to the great "Captain of Plymouth." Coomer Weston was elected -Captain, James H. Holmes, Lieutenant, and William Randall, Ensign. Under -the drill regulations of the period, the captain marched at the head of -the column, the lieutenant at the rear, and the ensign in the center, -carrying the flag. The most notable early parade of the Guards occurred -on Dec. 22, 1820, when they escorted the Pilgrim Society, and Daniel -Webster as orator of the day, in commemoration of the bi-centenary of -the Fathers' landing. To be sure, the date is now known to be one day -too late; but no error of detail could prevent the occasion from being -one long worth remembering. - -As regards personnel, the Cape companies did not differ from those in -Boston; prosperous merchants and tradesmen and mechanics made up the -bulk of their membership; moreover a certain percentage of farmers were -enrolled. There was less opportunity for social interchange and less of -the stimulus arising from competition, owing to the relative smallness -of the cities and towns. But in general the constituent organizations of -the 3d Regiment passed thru the same experiences as did their sister -companies to the northward. It will therefore not be necessary to repeat -the details of events as outlined in previous chapters; we need only -speak of those matters which were distinctive of the Cape. - -By 1834 the train-band was in a very bad way indeed, and was rapidly -approaching the moment of its extinction. Ambitious companies were -transferring to the light infantry, in order to distinguish themselves -from their older and inefficient companions. Marshfield and Scituate had -rifle companies and Scituate and Pembroke light infantry companies in -connection with the 2d train-band Regiment; Abington had rifles, -grenadiers and light infantry, and West Bridgewater light infantry in -the 3d Regiment; and Middleboro had grenadiers in the 4th Regiment. In -September of that year an order was issued separating the volunteer -companies from the train-band regiments, and establishing them as a -"Regiment of Light Infantry, 1st Brigade, 5th Division." The nine -companies mentioned, with the Halifax Lt. Inf. and the Standish Guards, -constituted this new regiment. The organization is interesting because -it ultimately became the 3d Regiment, and finally was consolidated in -the Coast Artillery. The Samoset Rifles or Guards were organized in 1835 -and were presently added to the regiment. - -On April 24, 1840, the command became the 3d Regiment of Light Infantry, -2d Brigade, 1st Division. When on April 25, 1842, the companies received -distinguishing letters, the following units existed with vitality -sufficient to survive the transition: A, Halifax Light Infantry; B, -Plymouth, Standish Guards; C, Hanson Rifles (a new company); D, Abington -Light Infantry; E, Middleboro Grenadiers; F, Wareham Grenadiers (a new -company); and G, Abington Rifles. At that date the New Bedford and Fall -River companies were in the 2d Battalion of Light Infantry, as was also -the company of Taunton Rifles. Taunton subsequently fell within the -district of the 4th Regiment, a command which was by its location mainly -an overflow from the 3d, and which a quarter century later merged in the -3d. - -Col. Gideon W. Young of Scituate, who had commanded the 2d Regiment in -the train-band brigade, was chosen first commander of the Light -Infantry regiment. Col. John Cushing, Jr., of Abington, succeeded Col. -Young and served from May 20, 1837, until May 13, 1839. Col. Nahum -Reynolds of North Bridgewater came next, receiving his commission Aug. -31, 1839. Col. Henry Dunham of Abington followed on March 25, 1841, -being first to receive commission as Colonel of the "3d" Regiment. -Presently Col. Dunham was chosen Brigadier General. During the -administration of Col. Albert Whitmarsh of Abington, Aug. 1, 1842, to -May 1, 1844, new companies were organized in Middleboro and Abington, -while the Wareham Grenadiers disappeared from the records. The original -New Bedford City Guards were organized in 1842, with Capt. George A. -Bourne in command; and in 1846 they became Co. K of the 3d Regiment. -During their first year, the Guards paid a visit to the Rifle Rangers of -Boston. The occasion inspired someone to compose the "Whaleman's -Quickstep." While we are not today interested in this as music, still it -finds place in all our bibliographies because, on the front cover, it -bears a picture of the two companies mustered on Boston Common. The -Rifle Rangers stand in line as the New Bedford Guards march past, -straight in the direction of the large refreshment tent which bounds the -vista. New Bedford's company paraded in four platoons of eight files--a -fact indicative of a large membership. The City Guards were disbanded in -1849. - -Eliab Ward of Middleboro was Colonel from July 10, 1844, until April 10, -1850, an unusually long term. Elnathan Wilbur of Middleboro was Colonel -from May 4, 1850, till Jan. 28, 1853; Col. Stephen Thomas of Middleboro -succeeded Col. Wilbur and remained in office from March 12, 1853, until -Apr. 8, 1858. While companies were disbanded in Plymouth county, the -loss was made good by the formation of new units in Bristol county. On -June 29, 1850, the Assonet Light Infantry of Freetown came into -existence--a company destined to go to war eleven years later with only -twenty-one enlisted men, equipped with ancient bullets which had been -moulded for use in suppressing Shays' rebellion. Yet one of their -members was to have the distinction of bringing in, at Fort Monroe, the -first three escaped slaves or "contrabands." July 22, 1852, was the -birthday of the new City Guards of New Bedford, commanded by the same -Capt. Bourne who led the former company. This organization is today the -4th Company, Mass. C. A. On Feb. 26, 1855, the regiment was redesignated -the "3d Regiment of Infantry." - -David W. Wardrop of New Bedford, June 26, 1858, John H. Jennings of New -Bedford, May 10, 1862, until Aug. 25, 1862, and Silas P. Richmond of -Freetown, Oct. 7, 1862, were the war Colonels of the 3d. Col. Wardrop -was a Philadelphian by birth, but in young manhood removed to New -Bedford. For a time he was a cadet at West Point. During a temporary -residence in Boston he had been a member of the Fusiliers. In his home -city he served in the City Guards, and was connected with the whaling -industries of the port. Following the three-months' service with the 3d, -he became Colonel of the 99th New York Volunteers; and after the war he -was inspector of customs at Boston. Col. Richmond had been a charter -member of the Assonet Lt. Inf., and subsequently its Captain. Giving up -his farm in 1857, he spent a year with John Brown in Kansas repelling -"border ruffians." During the three-months' tour of duty, as we shall -see, he was captain on the brigade staff; under Col. Jennings he was -Lieutenant Colonel. At the conclusion of his nine-months' service, he -became Colonel of the 58th Mass. and Assistant Provost Marshal General -of the Department of the South. After the war he returned to Freetown, -and continued active in business and political spheres. - -Col. Wardrop's regiment received orders to mobilize at Boston on the -evening of Monday, Apr. 15, 1861. As the headquarters of the 3d were -more remote from Boston than those of any other regiment called out, a -severe handicap rested upon the command. Its members were mostly busy -farmers or mechanics. Furthermore a cold, spring northeaster was raging -and roads were almost impassable because of mud. Yet the energy of the -colonel and his staff officers and the loyalty of the men overcame these -difficulties, and enabled the regiment to report in Boston on the -16th--as early as any of those residing nearer. Credit must be given to -Pres. Horace Scott of the Fairhaven Railroad for free use of a special -train on the night of April 15, by which alone the prompt circulation of -the order became possible; but the real praise belongs to the officers -and men of the companies, whose patriotism produced the magnificent -response. The six companies of the regiment, together with a Cambridge -company which was attached, embarked on the steamer, "S. R. Spalding," -April 17, and lay in the harbor that night awaiting supplies. When on -the following morning final drafts of men had arrived, bringing the -total up to more than five hundred, the steamer sailed under sealed -orders; and found, when nine miles out, that her destination was Fort -Monroe. As communication with Washington was temporarily interrupted, -these orders emanated from Gov. Andrew and are a mark of his patriotic -sagacity; Gen. John E. Wool, in command of Fort Monroe, had sent a -messenger by water requesting help. The officers of the regiment were, -besides Col. Wardrop; Lieutenant Colonel Charles Raymond, a former -captain of the Standish Guards; Major John H. Jennings of New Bedford; -Captains, Co. A, Joseph S. Harlow, who, like his predecessor of 1814, -was well over six feet in height; B, Charles C. Doten of Plymouth -(afterwards Captain of Co. G, in the 38th Mass., and today Secretary of -the Pilgrim Society); C, the Cambridge company, Capt. James P. -Richardson; G, John W. Marble of Assonet; H, Lucien L. Perkins of -Plympton; K, William S. McFarlin of South Carver (subsequently Captain -of Co. C, 18th Mass. Vol. Inf.); and L, Timothy Ingraham of New Bedford. -Four new companies were later added to the regiment; and after the -expiration of the three-months' service, these became the nucleus of the -29th Regiment. Companies from the 4th Regiment also joined the 29th. As -the 4th Regiment was included in the expedition to Fort Monroe, going by -boat from New York, and thus both units of the 2d Brigade, 1st Division, -M. V. M., were involved, Gen. Ebenezer W. Peirce, of Freetown, went as -brigade commander; and on his staff was Capt. Silas P. Richmond. The 3d -Regiment had worn gray uniforms since 1845, and after the war were to -continue the color until 1874. So we may picture them as clad in that -dressy yet serviceable garb. - -Fort Monroe, often called "Fortress" Monroe to indicate that it consists -of a fort within a fort, is known as the "Gibraltar of America." -Certainly it is a tribute to the political power of the dominant "House -of Virginia" in the early days of our Republic, that the largest and -strongest fortification of all should be erected for the defence of -Norfolk and the James river. Incidentally it affords some protection to -Washington and Baltimore; but that was not a controlling consideration -in 1819, when construction began, nor in 1830, when the work was -completed. Monroe is a five-bastioned fort of masonry work, and -accordingly might be roughly described as a huge pentagon. The walls -surrounding it extend for the almost incredible distance of two miles, -while the enclosed area is eighty acres in extent. Two picturesque -features are the clumps of live oaks growing on the parade, which are -not found anywhere farther north, and the sea-water moat in which -tide-gates hold the water at a constant depth of six feet. - -Such a fort is impregnable when adequately garrisoned--Monroe requires -at least fifteen hundred men to render her secure. A Secretary of War -with southern sympathies had stripped the fort of soldiers, until little -more than a caretakers' party remained. This tiny regular garrison was -compelled to keep all its members under arms continually in order to man -the guard-posts. Part of the moat had become an oyster-bed and was so -filled up as to be fordable. - -Sailing from Boston on the 18th, the men of the 3d experienced rough -weather rounding Cape Cod. The last meal the soldiers had eaten before -leaving Boston harbor did them no permanent good. Just as in a rambling -conversation, so with landsmen on the ocean--one thing brings up -another. On the historic 19th of April, while the 6th was fighting its -way thru Baltimore and the N. Y. 7th was receiving an ovation along -Broadway, the 3d and 4th were enjoying (?) life on the ocean wave. All -things, however, have an end; and the 20th found both transports off -Monroe, at the entrance of the Chesapeake bay. At first they were -uncertain whether the fort remained in loyal hands or not; but the -morning gun fired as a salute, and "old glory" ascending the staff, soon -reassured them. No troops were ever more heartily welcomed than were the -Massachusetts militiamen by the regulars of the garrison. First the 4th -and then the 3d marched thru the sally-port, and bivouacked beneath the -live oaks; America's most important fort was manned by loyal troops. - -After barely time to snatch a luncheon and reassure themselves that such -a thing as solid ground existed, the 3d was ordered under arms. -Commodore Paulding had just arrived from Washington in the S. S. -"Pawnee," with orders to secure soldiers, and proceed to Norfolk for the -purpose of destroying the Gosport Navy Yard. Norfolk lay far within the -newly established Confederate lines. Across Hampton Roads, up the -Elizabeth river, past Sewell's Point where the exposition of 1907 was to -stand and where in 1861 the Confederates were erecting an earthwork, -past Fort Norfolk, which was then held by Confederates, the "Pawnee" -proceeded in cool disregard of threatened shot and shell. It was nine P. -M. when the Navy Yard was reached, and here another peril became -imminent. The tiny crew and garrison of the Yard were at their guns, not -knowing whether the "Pawnee" were an attacking Confederate or a Union -reinforcement. Presently, however, identity was cleared up, and the -principal business of the night was allowed to proceed. - -A Secretary of the Navy, a southern sympathizer, had accumulated ships -and material at Gosport worth not less than $10,000,000, for the express -purpose of allowing them to fall into Confederate hands. It was the duty -of Commodore Paulding and Col. Wardrop to prevent such a disastrous -consummation. Both officers felt that the Yard could be held against -hostile attack; but their orders were explicit--to destroy and abandon. -History has decided that the destruction might have been avoided. As, -however, the leaders of the expedition had no choice, they endeavored to -make the destruction complete. The "Merrimac" was set afire and sunk. -Everything that would not burn was thrown overboard. At 3 A. M. Sunday, -the men of the 3d, tired and smoke-begrimed, reembarked on the "Pawnee"; -and towing the "Cumberland," with the Navy Yard garrison on board, -started down the Elizabeth river, leaving a raging hell of flames behind -them. While the regiment had not been permitted to remain and hold -Gosport as they desired, they had been the first northern troops to -engage actively in military operations within hostile territory. - -By the middle of May the four additional companies had arrived and -joined the regiment. Gen. B. F. Butler, having completed his task of -pacifying Baltimore, came to Monroe as Major General in command of the -"Department of Virginia and North Carolina." On May 24, Private Charles -R. Haskins of Co. G (Assonet) had the honor of bringing in the first -escaped negro slaves who reached the Union lines, Haskins being on guard -at the time in Hampton. By one of the happy flights of practical genius -for which he was distinguished, Gen. Butler decided that he could not -return the run-aways because they were "contraband of war." The north -had been waiting in anxious suspense to know what would happen when -southern slave-owners should demand the return of their property. Very -much depended upon the decision of the question. Men certainly would -refuse to enlist in the Union armies if they were thereby to become -slave-drivers. Butler's decision caused a sigh of relief thruout the -loyal states. It must not be forgotten that this first long step toward -ultimate emancipation was taken in connection with the activity of the -3d Regiment. - -One can scarcely overestimate the importance of these early days at -Monroe. The fort has always been the coast artillery headquarters of the -United States. During the Civil War it was far more than this--it was -the gateway of Virginia. Its possession enabled McClellan and Grant to -operate against Richmond. Without it neither the Peninsular campaign nor -the siege of Petersburg could have taken place. Nearby Hampton, fanned -by the sea-breezes, became the sanitorium of the northern armies. -Burnside's expedition, which made possible Sherman's march, depended -upon Monroe as a base. When on July 16, five days after the 4th Regiment -had departed, the men of the 3d embarked on the S. S. "Cambridge" to -sail for Boston, they felt with reason that they had rendered priceless -service to their country. - -One company of the 4th Regiment, Co. G, which served three months at -Fort Monroe, and subsequently for nine months of 1862-63 at New Orleans, -Baton Rouge and Port Hudson, became, in 1866, Co. G of the 3d; and in -1878 was consolidated in the 1st. Co. G had been organized at Taunton as -the "Light Guard" in 1855. - -In the fall of 1862 a call came for nine-months troops. The companies of -the 3d had maintained their organization, and altho constantly depleted -to supply recruits for other regiments, were relatively well prepared -for service. They now determined that the 3d should reenter the U. S. -service. In order to distribute town quotas more justly, the Assonet -Light Infantry was united with the Halifax Light Infantry as Co. A, -under Capt. John W. Marble of Assonet; (Capt. Marble was subsequently to -command the 22d Unattached Company during the one-hundred-days of 1864;) -the Samoset Guards of Plympton and the Bay State Light Infantry of -Carver were consolidated with the Standish Guards as Co. B, under Capt. -Thomas B. Griffith of Carver. The New Bedford City Guards became Co. E, -under Capt. John A. Hawes. New companies were organized: C and D in Fall -River under Capts. Elihu Grant and Andrew D. Wright (Capt. Grant later -became a minister); F and G in New Bedford under Capts. George H. -Hurlburt and William S. Cobb; H in Rehoboth under Capt. Otis A. Baker, -who had a notable war record. (As private in the 1st R. I., he had been -wounded at Bull Run. Later he had served as 1st Sergeant and 2d -Lieutenant in the 44th R. I.; subsequently he was to be Captain of the -18th Unattached Company,) I in Fairhaven under Capt. Barnabas Ewer, Jr., -who as Major of the 58th Mass. was killed at Cold Harbor in 1864; K in -Bridgewater under Capt. Samuel Bates. Co. D of Fall River continued its -existence after the war, and was active until 1876. The regiment was -commanded by Col. Richmond; the Lieutenant Colonel was James Barton of -New Bedford, who had been 1st Lieutenant during the three-months' -service; the Major was John Morrissey of Plymouth, who had been -"legislated out" of the captaincy of the Standish Guards by the recent -consolidation. Maj. Morrissey became, after the war, Sergeant-at-Arms in -the Boston State House. - -The 3d were mustered into U. S. service for nine months on Sept. 23, -1862. As their numbers were too great for a single transport, two -vessels received the regiment, the "Merrimac" and the "Mississippi." Off -Cape Cod the men experienced inconvenience similar to that of 1861; and -many communed with the great deep. Thereafter the voyage was thru calm -water, not even Cape Hatteras proving sufficient to stir up trouble. -Landing was made at Beaufort, North Carolina, whence trains conveyed the -regiment to Newbern. That town was originally settled by Swiss -colonists; as, however, it bore small trace of Helvetian thriftiness and -neatness in 1862, our men found nothing to admire. But the district was -of much military importance as a source of supplies and channel of -communication for Richmond and Lee's army. The 3d, under Gen. Foster, -was side by side with the 43d and 44th Regiments, both of which have -place in Coast Artillery history. They participated in the "great march" -thru Kinston, Whitehall and Goldsboro. June 11, 1863, the regiment -embarked for home; and was mustered out June 26. - -Veterans of the 4th Regiment residing in Taunton organized the Taunton -City Guard on Nov. 4, 1865, thus giving that city a competitor to its -older Light Guard. The company entered the 3d Regiment in 1866, and -today exists as the 9th Company, Mass. C. A. For a few months there was -an exciting rivalry between the two Taunton companies, as each claimed -to be the rightful owner of certain military property in the city,--camp -equipage and a fund of $800 coming down from war days. The property -would be first concealed by one company and then captured by the other. -The courts were appealed to; but finally the matter was compromised; -they divided the money, and the companies became joint owners of the -tentage and other equipment. - -Orders were issued by the State authorities on Aug. 20, 1866, combining -the 4th and 3d Regiments in a new 3d Regiment, and on Aug. 31, Col. -Mason W. Burt of Taunton was elected commander. Col. Burt had been -Captain and Major in the 22d Mass. Volunteers from 1861 to 1864. The new -regiment consisted of companies in Halifax (A), Fall River (B), Scituate -(C), New Bedford (E), Taunton (F) and (G), and Quincy (H). The Halifax -Light Infantry, the New Bedford City Guards, B of Fall River, and, a -little later, the revived D of Fall River under Capt. Sierra L. Braley, -with a new Scituate company, represented the 3d Regiment; while the -Taunton Light Guard and Hancock Light Guards of Quincy came from the 4th -Regiment. The new Taunton company entered the 3d at this time; but the -Standish Guards remained aloof, as the 87th Unattached Company, until -1868. At the latter date the Plymouth company came in as Co. M. Thomas -J. Borden became Colonel June 23, 1868, and Bradford D. Davol followed -on March 9, 1871, both being residents of Fall River. When on Aug. 2, -1876, the regiment was reduced to a battalion, the "3d Battalion of -Infantry," its only surviving companies were the New Bedford City Guards -(E), the Taunton City Guards (F), the Taunton Light Guard (G), and the -Standish Guards (now H). All others had been disbanded. Maj. Daniel A. -Butler, former Captain of the Standish Guards, commanded the 3d -Battalion. Meanwhile the Cunningham Rifles of North Bridgewater or -Brockton had been organized in 1869, and named after the Adjutant -General, James A. Cunningham. Originally Co. I of the 3d, this command -was transferred to the 1st Battalion of Infantry, Lt. Col. Wales, in -1876; and so pioneered the way for the remainder of the "Cape" companies -to follow two years later. This company exists today as the 10th -Company, Mass. C. A. - -One cause contributing to the disappearance of the 3d Regiment was the -fact that it was called upon to perform two tours of duty for the -maintenance of public order in Fall River, first on Aug. 5, 1870, -continuing three days, and again Sept. 27, 1875, continuing seven days. -Such service in connection with industrial disturbance is exceedingly -painful to the feelings of the men. Coming as it did when class -sensitiveness was acute, and when the old Civil War veterans were ready -to retire permanently from active military service, it did much to break -up the command. Happily such a situation can hardly recur today. - -The 3d Regiment participated in musters with the 1st Brigade from 1866 -to 1871, the final one being held at Lovell's Plain, North Weymouth. In -1872 there was a regimental encampment at their old Civil War -mobilization ground, "Camp Joe Hooker," Lakeville. - -On Dec. 3, 1878, Major Butler's four-company battalion was consolidated -with the 1st and 4th Battalions as part of the 1st Regiment. - - - - -CHAPTER IX - -SINCE 1878 - - -Col. Wales' regiment, when he received his commission on Dec. 30, 1878, -consisted of the following twelve companies: - - 1, The Roxbury Artillery or City Guard. - 2, The Boston Light Infantry. - 3, The Taunton Light Guard. - 4, The New Bedford City Guards. - 5, The Standish Guards of Plymouth. - 6, The Massachusetts Guards of Cambridge. - 7, The Pierce Light Guard of Boston. - 8, The West Roxbury Rifles. - 9, The Taunton City Guard. - 10, The Cunningham Rifles of Brockton. - 11, The Maverick Rifles of East Boston. - 12, The Fall River Rifles. - -The Fusiliers and the Chelsea Rifle-Veterans were temporarily detached -from the regiment, and the Claflin Guards were gone, never to return so -far as we now know. - -The 1st and 8th Companies were directly from the 1st Regiment. The 2d, -6th, 7th and 11th Companies came from the 4th Battalion; the 3d Company -came originally from the 4th Regiment and immediately from the 3d; the -4th, 5th and 9th Companies were from the 3d Regiment; the 10th was -originally from the 3d and immediately from the 1st. A new 12th Company -was organized on Dec. 12, 1878, with Capt. Sierra L. Braley in command. -The new company speedily forged to the head in efficiency and has always -been one of the three or four leaders in the entire regiment. - -Boston celebrated the 250th anniversary of its settlement on Sept. 17, -1880, and along with other features included a magnificent military -display. Everyone conceded that, while other bodies presented a fine -appearance, the feature of the parade was the twelve-company 1st -Regiment. That day, for the last time, the companies wore their original -uniforms--old 1st Regiment, gray with towering bearskin shakos; 4th -Battalion, a semi-Zouave costume with low shakos, double breasted blue -coats, light blue bloused knickerbockers, and high leather leggins; and -the 3d Regiment, low shakos, short blue coats, single-breasted but with -three rows of buttons, and blue trousers. The regiment was received -enthusiastically by the people of Boston and the day was one long to be -remembered. - -But changes were projected in the interests of efficiency, and first of -all, in that very year, 1880, it was decided to adopt the 4th Battalion -uniform for the entire twelve companies. So satisfactory did this prove -that the Commonwealth utilized the same costume as a state uniform, and -issued it to all the organizations of Massachusetts in 1884. Imitation -is the sincerest form of flattery; but it can scarcely be said that the -1st relished sharing their distinctive uniform with all the -militia,--they felt that they had paid dearly for this flattery. - -Thereafter the regiment was to be subjected to a continuous and -intensifying process of military improvement, at the hands first of the -state authorities, and presently of the "Department of Militia Affairs" -or "Militia Bureau" in the War Department. While it was inevitable that -there should be a deal of experimentation whose results were not always -satisfactory, it remains true that constant progress was made thruout -the ensuing years. National Guardsmen, since they are human, are prone -to complain; certainly they greeted almost every innovation with a -chorus of "kicks." But as soon as a change had demonstrated its -usefulness, it was heartily welcomed. More and more time was demanded of -the men; and on the other hand part of this increased service was -rewarded with increased pay by the State or Nation. The four days of -camp duty required in 1873 had stretched to fifteen days in 1916, the -twelve armory drills of early days to forty-eight. State and Federal pay -were not an adequate recompense for the labor performed; the service was -still one of unselfish patriotism. But the money invested by the -authorities in camp and "rendezvous drill" pay did unquestionably -testify to the higher esteem in which, with the passing years, the Guard -came to stand. One noticeable consequence of the increasing military -strictness was the gradual lowering of average age amongst the -companies. Older men cannot be away from their business or families for -so many hours and days, under ordinary circumstances. American armies -have always been made up of very young men; and under the stress of -increased requirements, the National Guard came to be similarly -constituted. - -One company participated in the exercises connected with the funeral of -Pres. James A. Garfield at Cleveland in 1881. - -Nathaniel Wales was elected Brigadier General on Feb. 21, 1882, and on -Feb. 24, Austin C. Wellington became Colonel. The Tiger battalion, -during the eight years of Wellington's command, had become the most -prominent military institution in Boston; now the entire 1st Regiment -was to profit by the skill of the same man, a skill truly amounting to -genius. Peculiar qualities are demanded of one who is to succeed in -highest degree as a National Guardsman. He must be a well-trained -soldier and a hard worker as a matter of course. He must command -respect for his personal character and must be able to impart knowledge -to others. He must enforce rigid discipline, and must do it without -resorting to regular army methods of punishment. On top of all, there -has to be sufficient personal magnetism in his make-up to attract men, -and enthusiasm enough to overflow and fire others. This description of a -model Guardsman is nothing more or less than a description of Austin C. -Wellington. No wonder that during his six years of command, the regiment -was to register a new high-water mark of success. - -Now the old companies began to come back. When in 1883 the Standish -Guards suffered disbandment, their place was promptly taken by the -company which had originally held it, the Chelsea Rifles. The Taunton -Light Guard ceased to exist in 1884, and at first, the vacant 3d number -was filled by the formation of a new company in Natick. Four years later -the Natick organization transferred and became Co. L of the 9th, and -then the Fusiliers returned to their proper place as 3d Company. - -1882 was notable for the Daniel Webster centennial. Pres. Chester A. -Arthur honored Boston with a visit on this occasion, and on Oct. 11, the -1st Regiment served as Presidential escort during the celebration at -Marshfield. The habit of visiting distant cities now grew on the -regiment, so that on August 8, 1885, they were found in New York -participating in the tremendous funeral procession in honor of their -old-time commander-in-chief, U. S. Grant. Their fame grew. - -All Roxbury joined in celebrating the centennial of its favorite corps, -the City Guard, in 1884. March 22 of that year will long be remembered -for its parade, and other demonstrations of affectionate enthusiasm. In -1886 the 12th Company visited Providence, R. I., as guests of the Light -Infantry; and assisted their hosts to celebrate in fitting manner the -two hundred fiftieth anniversary of Rhode Island's settlement. 1887 -brought the Fusilier centennial; and was likewise properly observed. - -In 1887 the United States celebrated the centenary of the signing of its -constitution, choosing Philadelphia, where the document had been -drafted, as the place for the demonstration. Massachusetts decided to -send Gov. Oliver Ames and to provide, as his military escort, the most -proficient regiment in the State. It was not necessary to lose any time -searching for the regiment--orders were promptly issued to Col. -Wellington, that he prepare his command for the Philadelphia trip, the -Commonwealth to pay expenses. Sept. 15 found the regiment on its way to -Philadelphia, Sept. 16 saw them marching as one of the most brilliant -units of the great parade under command of Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, -while Sept. 17 was signalized by their return to Boston. D. W. Reeves -was band-leader that year--no unworthy successor to Fillebrown and -Gilmore--and he contributed, as his share in the event, a new march, -"The March of the First." Chaplain Minot J. Savage, who added to his -gift of eloquence the rarer talent of poetry, wrote words for Reeves' -music, - - "We're brothers of all noble men, - Who wear our country's blue; - We brothers find in any race, - Where men are brave and true. - But we've a pride in our own band, - And we are all agreed, - Whatever grand deeds others do, - The 'Old First' still shall lead." - -The fame of the regiment became nation-wide as a consequence of the -Philadelphia trip. - -Col. Wellington's most notable innovation was the introduction of -artillery instruction, or the re-introduction, as it was for those -companies originally in the old First. The change was made for the -purpose of rendering drills more interesting. It is easier to maintain -the interest of artillerymen--they have their guns as a rallying-point. -Moreover the artillery virus was in the 1st Regiment blood and was bound -eventually to manifest its presence. - -That year of Col. Wellington's accession, 1882, the legislature -appropriated $5,000 for the construction of "Battery Dalton" at -Framingham. Named in honor of the Adjutant General, Samuel Dalton, it -was truly a marvelous work of coast defence. Its mortars had a range of -five hundred yards. After firing the projectile, the cannoneers walked -over and solemnly dug the same up from its self-made grave, and fired it -over again. Artillery practice was economically conducted in those -pioneer days. Sept. 13, 1883, the regiment was permitted to hold one -day's practice at Fort Warren, a great concession by the War Department, -and a long step in artillery progress. Sept. 4, 1885, one month after -the Grant funeral, the privilege of artillery practice was repeated. - -A riot in Cambridge brought the 6th Company into active service for two -days on Feb. 21 and 22, 1887. - -Col. Wellington's death occurred while he still filled the office of -regimental commander, on Sept. 18, 1888. The funeral is said to have -been the saddest tour of duty ever performed by the regiment, an -expression of heart-felt grief. They were then looking forward to -occupying the new South Armory; and everyone contributed the entire pay -received for the day toward the expenses of a memorial room in the -building. This money equipped and furnished the gymnasium in the tower, -the room now devoted to the war-game. - -Thomas R. Mathews, Colonel from Dec. 10, 1888, until July 19, 1897, had -served in the 2d Company during the Civil War, and had subsequently been -Captain of the 1st Co. (in 1880). On Oct. 8, 1888, just before Col. -Mathews' election, the regiment took part in a general mobilization of -militia in Boston. On Thanksgiving day, Nov. 28, 1889, the Boston -companies were assembled at the armories in readiness for service in -maintaining public order at a great fire then raging. Fortunately they -did not have to leave their stations. - -Prior to 1890 the Companies had been quartered in various halls and -rinks of Boston and the suburbs, Faneuil Hall being the most coveted -location, unavailable, however, most of the time, and Boylston Hall, -Boylston and Washington Streets, ranking next. - -1890 was the date of the South Armory dedication. Massachusetts had -entered, after long years of discussion, upon her policy of providing -adequate accommodations for her volunteer militia. New York had led the -way ten years earlier; and the Massachusetts authorities were especially -indebted to the N. Y. 7th for providing an armory after which others -could pattern. It is a far cry from the 7th's building to that on -Irvington St., but there is a similarity of type. It must be borne in -mind that the South Armory was relatively one of the best in the country -when the 1st Regiment occupied it in 1890. Nor had the railroad -developed into such a nuisance at that time. The South Armory was the -first State armory in Massachusetts; and led the way for the entire -series, by means of which our troops are quartered as well as any in the -land; its dedication was an important event in military history. Fall -River followed, and dedicated her State armory in 1895, Cambridge and -New Bedford in 1903, Brockton in 1906, Chelsea in 1907, and Taunton in -1917. Chelsea and Brockton subsequently lost their buildings by fire; -the structures were rebuilt respectively in 1909 and 1912. - -Col. Mathews' command served as personal escort to Gov. William E. -Russell, Feb. 29, 1892, at the ceremony of presenting Massachusetts' -first long-service medals. Amongst others, twenty-eight officers and men -of the 1st received medals. - -An artillery tour was held at Fort Warren, Aug. 7 to 13, 1892, when the -men had practice on the eight-inch muzzle-loading converted rifles and -the fifteen-inch muzzle-loading smooth-bores. Modern coast artillery had -not yet "arrived"; but the regiment was making progress. In 1893 they -encamped at Framingham and manned "Battery Dalton" once more. In 1895 -they had their last experience with these twelve-inch mortars--and the -sand-bank five hundred yards away; 1894, 1896 and 1897 saw them at Fort -Warren each summer. In 1896 the regulars did not take them seriously and -could not "waste time" instructing the militiamen; in 1897, with Lieut. -Erasmus M. Weaver temporarily detailed as instructor, the regiment made -progress. Thereafter, until 1911, regular officers from the forts added -to their other service the duty of visiting the South Armory and -coaching the militia regiment. - -All twelve companies were ordered to be in readiness on March 10, 1893, -for service in connection with the disastrous "Lincoln St. fire," but -were not marched out of the armories. - -The state expended $2,500 in 1894 providing a model battery at the South -Armory. While crude compared with the huge gun and mortar installed in -1913, to which the name "Battery Lombard" is sometimes given, this -earlier artillery installation marked a long advance in drills and -instruction. - -On Oct. 9, 1894, the regiment again participated in a general -mobilization of the militia at Boston. The monument to Robert Gould -Shaw, on the Common, was formally dedicated May 31, 1897, and the -regiment paraded in honor of the event. One feature of the day recalled -certain historic processions of thirty years previously--the New York -7th, in which Col. Shaw had once served, came on to have a share in this -demonstration of affection. - -On June 1, 1897, by act of the legislature, the regiment received a new -name--it became the 1st Regiment of Heavy Artillery. In point of fact it -had begun to separate from the 1st Brigade back in Col. Wellington's -time, and had become increasingly committed to the artillery branch; -this act of legislation officially recognized a transition which had -already taken place. Now the facings on the uniforms could be changed -from the blue of infantry to the brighter and more distinctive scarlet. -Massachusetts was the first state to have heavy artillery in its -militia--the old regiment was again "first." Companies were rechristened -"batteries" in connection with the change of service. - -Col. Mathews became Brigadier General on July 19, 1897, and Charles -Pfaff succeeded as Colonel on July 28. Col. Pfaff's military training -had been in the Cadets, and as Captain of the 8th Company, Coast -Artillery; and he had served four years as Major. To him was to fall the -honor of commanding the regiment during its Spanish War service. - -There was nothing unexpected about the war with Spain. From the day the -"Maine" was destroyed until April 25, when war was declared, more than -two months elapsed. Members of the command were in constant readiness -during this entire period for the summons which they knew must come; -and it was well understood that instant mobilization would ensue upon -receipt of orders. - -But if we had reason to be in readiness, we also had good cause to -anticipate danger and hardship. The United States was notorious for lack -of preparedness, both by land and sea. On the other hand the might of -the Spanish fleet and the fame of the "Spanish infantry" had been so -magnified that much popular trepidation existed. Boston anticipated -instant attack; merchants and bankers deposited their treasure with -inland banks; while real estate owners were insistent that the national -government should afford them protection. Col. Pfaff and his men were to -volunteer in the belief that they would meet with instant and active -fighting. Beyond question the general public drew a deep sigh of relief -as the blue-clad column, on that fateful 26th of April, to the music of -the "March of the First," swung steadily down Huntington Ave. The -out-of-town commands had left their home stations early and received -Godspeed from newsboys and milkmen only. In Boston, however, the display -of enthusiasm left nothing to be desired; and demonstrated not only the -city's dependence upon its heavy artillerymen but also its real -affection for the red-legged organization. They were paid from April 25. - -Besides Col. Pfaff, the regimental officers were: Lt. Col., Charles B. -Woodman; Majors, Perlie A. Dyar, George F. Quinby, James A. Frye; -Captains, 1st Co., Joseph H. Frothingham; 2d Co., Frederic S. Howes; 3d -Co., Albert B. Chick; 4th Co., Joseph L. Gibbs; 5th Co., Walter L. -Pratt; 6th Co., Walter E. Lombard; 7th Co., Charles P. Nutter; 8th Co., -John Bordman, Jr.; 9th Co., Norris O. Danforth; 10th Co., Charles -Williamson; 11th Co., Frederick M. Whiting; 12th Co., Sierra L. Braley. -Capt. Braley had been private and corporal in the 3d Reg. during its -nine-months service in 1862. He had been 2d Lieutenant in Battery I, 2d -Mass. Heavy Art., and in Bat. L, 14th U. S. Colored Art., during 1864 -and 1865. From 1866 until 1878 he continuously held commissions in the -3d Reg. and, after 1878, in the 1st, his latest command being the 12th -Company. Capt. Braley was the only officer of the regiment to serve in -both the Civil and Spanish Wars. - -On April 26 the regiment began active duty at Fort Warren, the orders -reading that they would encamp there for eight days. Five more days were -added to this; and then the command was taken into the U. S. service -"for the war." Since the thirteen days of state duty is added to the -total in computing their record, they were the first regiment of the -entire nation to begin war service. The Old First still led. - -When they left the armory for Fort Warren, there were only six men -absent from the command--four sick and two out of the country. -Opportunity was later given for men with families to withdraw, if they -desired; and all were subjected to a rigid physical examination. -Ultimately three per cent. were rejected for disability and eight per -cent. excused for family reasons. These vacancies were immediately -filled from the throngs of would-be recruits who volunteered. It was a -disappointment to the regiment that the War Department never permitted -them to increase their numbers to the full war strength; their Spanish -War roster bore 751 names. - -They started out in the rain on April 26, and it seemed as if it would -rain until they returned; during their first six weeks, they were blest -with sunshine only three days. By and by, when they had ceased to care, -the weather changed and they had sunny days. At Warren they were -quartered in wooden buildings, originally election booths in the city; -prisoners from Deer Island were imported to assist in erecting these; -and some humorist promptly designated them the "3d Corps of Cadets." -While in the state service, the regiment was fed by a caterer, after the -fashion then prevalent at Framingham. When they became U. S. soldiers, -they messed themselves. All thru this war, ammunition was very scarce -indeed. The least a self-respecting military post can do is to fire -morning and evening guns; this was possible in 1898 only by cutting -cartridges in two and using half-charges. Most of the ordnance was of -Civil War vintage, or very slightly more modern. - -Spain had been vastly over-rated, and there was very little fight in -her. The regiment passed a busy and profitable month at Fort Warren from -April 26 to May 30, being mustered into the United States service on May -7. During these weeks the companies or "batteries" attained a high -degree of proficiency in both infantry and artillery drill. Shortly -after midnight on May 13 the Engineers' steamer, the "Tourist," came -down the harbor from the Navy Yard to announce that the Spanish fleet -had actually been sighted off Nantucket. But men watched in vain for the -enemy vessels to appear. - -On Memorial day, thru the exigency of service conditions, the companies -were moved and distributed along the coast at posts ranging from -Portsmouth to New Bedford. Maj. Frye and the Cape companies remained at -Warren. Lt. Col. Woodman with the 3d and 11th Companies garrisoned the -fort at Clark's Point, New Bedford, a work which had been in existence -since 1857 but which awaited July 23, 1898, and these companies as -godfathers, before it was christened Fort Rodman. The Colonel, -Headquarters, and the remaining six companies proceeded by boat to -various points along the North Shore, at some of which militia field -artillery batteries had previously been on guard, the Colonel himself -being stationed at Salem in command of the entire Essex County district. -This transfer of troops was accomplished without peril or even -discomfort. The 1st and 7th Companies under Maj. Dyar became the -garrison at Salem; Maj. Quinby and the 2d Company were at Gloucester; -the 6th Company was on Plum Island near Newburyport, and subsequently at -Portsmouth; the 5th Company at Marblehead; and the 8th at Nahant as -guard of the mining-casemate. Lieuts. E. Dwight Fullerton of the 8th -Company and P. Frank Packard of the 2d were specially detailed to duty -with the regulars at Fort Columbus, Governor's Island, New York, and -remained there several months. Lieut. Fullerton was called upon to -untangle the snarl into which the War Department had gotten with regard -to records of sick soldiers in the New York hospitals. - -It fell to the lot of certain "batteries" to reconstruct and man ancient -earthworks whose history ran back many years. At Salem, Fort Pickering -was put in commission; at Gloucester, the old Stage Fort where Myles -Standish once came near having a battle; near Portsmouth, Forts -Constitution and McClary; and at Marblehead, Fort Sewall. This is very -romantic to relate. No doubt the renovated works with their armament of -obsolete field pieces could have afforded some protection against -Spanish raiders. But those who were called upon to occupy works built -for seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth century warfare, and -modernize them so as to render them useful under twentieth century -conditions, agree in testifying that the romance is all in the narrative -and not any in the fact. The 6th Company had at first been stationed in -an earthwork on the Plum Island beach which had been constructed by the -field battery, whom they relieved; as Plum Island, in June, is notable -chiefly for flies and fleas, this company was glad enough when the -transfer to Portsmouth brought the men again on solid ground. Fort -Constitution had a long history--it used to be known as Fort William and -Mary, and from its ancient magazine came the powder used by the patriots -at Bunker Hill; but in 1898 it was a comparatively modern work, and -mounted a battery of eight-inch rifles. - -This Spanish War service is something of which the regiment are justly -proud. On April 26, Col. Pfaff led 99 per cent. of the full militia -strength of his command into the harbor forts, itself a conclusive -demonstration that the National Guard is a dependable force. Foremost -were they in the entire United States to assume their post of duty. -First of all volunteers were they to be mustered in; the genius of "The -Old First" was in control. Thruout the entire two-hundred-three days of -duty they maintained the very highest standards of efficiency and -discipline. It noway lessened the credit belonging to these volunteer -soldiers that the Spaniards were so wise as to keep at a safe distance -from the Massachusetts coast; the warmest kind of a welcome was awaiting -them, had they come. When on Nov. 14, the command were mustered out of -Federal service and returned to the militia, they had added a most -creditable chapter to the long annals of their organization. - -In 1899 a tour of duty was performed at Fort Rodman; and so satisfactory -did it prove that the post was chosen for the annual coast defence -exercises, with one exception, until 1906. In 1902 some companies were -stationed at Fort Greble and other Rhode Island posts. The only serious -objections to Rodman were the haze and fog, which hang low over -Buzzard's Bay. As a consequence of the Spanish War, the flannel shirt -and the khaki suit became part of the regimental uniform. Oct. 14, 1899, -the regiment participated in the ovation to Admiral George Dewey, and -at the same time turned their Spanish War flags and colors over to the -custody of the State. Col. Pfaff retired as Brigadier General Apr. 20, -1900. His loyal and generous interest in the old regiment has been shown -in making possible the publication of this history. - -Col. James A. Frye, who commanded the regiment from May 4, 1900, until -Jan. 4, 1906, had served as Major during the Spanish War. Upon -relinquishing command of the regiment, he became Adj. Gen. of the State. -Col. Frye was the one selected to record the services of the command -during the Spanish War; and his history will always stand as a worthy -monument to his memory. - -In 1903 the regiment participated in joint coast defence and naval -maneuvers at Portland harbor, of which the chief feature was the long -hours. The men were on duty all day and all night, so that sleeping -almost became a forgotten art. On June 25, 1903, the Coast Artillery -shared in the exercises of dedication around the magnificent statue of -their old commander, Gen. Joseph Hooker. Members of the regiment had -been foremost in securing the appropriation for the statue; and heartily -did they rejoice to see the beautiful bronze by D. C. French which -finally crowned their labor. - -1903 witnessed the most important national militia legislation since the -original militia act of 1792. By the "Dick law," with amendments added -in 1908, the militia really became a national force, with clearly -defined liability of service; and the name, National Guard, was -officially conferred upon it. Nevertheless Massachusetts continued to -call her citizen soldiers Volunteer Militia. 1904 brought the adoption -of magazine-rifles. - -On Nov. 1, 1905, the regiment was redesignated as the "Corps of Coast -Artillery," a title which has been used by anticipation at various times -in this book. Behind the change lay the fact that the War Department had -been testing militia heavy or coast artillery; and the latter, in the -estimation of the Washington authorities, were not found wanting. A -regiment is a closely united body, and is supposed to operate as a unit. -A corps, on the contrary, is a group of smaller units associated for -administrative purposes, but acting more or less independently in -warfare. Tactically a corps is not a unit; each of its members is. -Inasmuch as few forts require so much as a full regiment of coast -artillery to garrison them, it was deemed best to organize the artillery -in smaller units, in companies, better suited to the needs of the -average fort. Companies are combined in fort commands of two or more -each. Moreover, by 1905, a clear distinction had arisen between coast -artillery and heavy artillery; and it was necessary for organizations to -decide which branch of the service they would choose. Heavy artillery -follows a mobile army, and is used to batter down fortifications. Coast -artillery mans the guns and submarine mines of our coast fortifications, -and is not a mobile force. A moment's consideration will convince anyone -that the Massachusetts men chose the more exciting branch, when they -became coast artillery. The heavy artillery fire from great distances, -while themselves entirely out of range of any answering shots, and fire -at fixed targets. The coast artillery fire at ships, moving targets -possessing the ability to return our shots, who will certainly and -quickly "get us" unless we "get them" first. An increase of interest in -the scientific side of artillery work immediately followed, and -stimulated every officer and enlisted man to do his best. Companies were -no longer termed "batteries," but were given numbers, the designations -indicating seniority of charter. The band continued to wear the old -regimental number "1" on their uniforms. - -To the twelve companies of the Corps were, in 1907, assigned regular -stations in the fortifications of Boston harbor, to which it would be -their duty to repair at once in case of threatened hostilities. As they -exercised each summer on the very guns which they would man in actual -service, they grew familiar with their work to a degree never before -possible. After experimenting at seven different posts, in 1913 the 1st, -2d, 3d, and 6th Companies became part of the garrison of Fort Strong on -Long Island (named in honor of Gen. Wm. K. Strong); the 5th, 7th, 8th -and 11th Companies were assigned to Fort Andrews; and the 4th, 9th, 10th -and 12th Companies to Fort Warren. - -Col. Charles P. Nutter commanded the Corps from Jan. 23, 1906, until -March 10, 1910; he had been Captain of the 7th Company during the -Spanish War. In August, 1907, the companies participated in a general -mobilization of militia at Boston in connection with the "old home week" -celebration. The War Department now determined to make a slight change -in the name of the organization, perhaps in the interest of alphabetic -symmetry. Whatever the cause may have been, on Nov. 15, 1907, the words -were transposed and the "Corps of Coast Artillery" became the "Coast -Artillery Corps." - -It had been so long since the Boston companies were called out to -maintain public order at a great fire, that such a contingency was not -regarded seriously. Suddenly, on April 12, 1908, as men were returning -from Palm Sunday services, they received word that Chelsea was in the -clutch of a mammoth conflagration. Vast clouds of smoke could be seen -arising on the north-eastern horizon; Boston's neighbor was indeed -stricken. - -The 5th Company promptly responded to the call for help; but it was -evident that assistance must come from outside; local forces were -entirely inadequate to meet the emergency. At 5 P. M. the other -companies were assembled at their armories; and at 8.30, after eating a -hearty supper, they started for their posts of duty. The work was of the -usual sort, rescuing property and saving lives, guarding the property -from vandals and thieves, and assisting the young, the weak and the aged -to places of safety. Only men in uniform command confidence at such a -season of disorder; only disciplined men, working together, can -accomplish results. Right nobly did the Corps meet its responsibilities -during its three days in Chelsea, and many a firm friend did it win for -the organization. The 5th Company continued on duty five days longer. - -Upon the local company fell an especially cruel test. First, their new -State armory came in the path of the flames and was swept to -ruins--while the troops, on duty in the streets, were aware that their -own civilian clothing in the lockers was going up in smoke. Worse yet, -the fire spread until it involved the homes of many militiamen. The -soldiers could hardly keep their thoughts on their work, while their own -loved ones were in danger, and their own household effects in need of -removal to places of safety; their minds wandered homeward--but the men -themselves quietly kept their posts. There never has been any question -about the discipline of the Corps in seasons of emergency; the 5th -Company proved true to the ancient traditions. - -[Illustration: THE AUTHOR] - -[Illustration: COL. GEORGE F. QUINBY - -Page 151] - -[Illustration: COL. E. DWIGHT FULLERTON - -Page 147] - -Companies of the Corps had been visiting Washington at inauguration time -ever since 1835; and almost the entire command went in honor of T. -Roosevelt in 1905; finally, in 1909, the Corps went as a regiment and -participated in the inaugural parade of President William H. Taft. -Participants in such a parade invite comparison between themselves -and troops from many other states--military critics, such as Maj. Gen. -J. Franklin Bell and Brig. Gen. E. M. Weaver, were unanimous in -asserting that the Mass. Coast Artillery Corps and the West Point Cadets -bore off the palm for fine military appearance, not even the N. Y. 7th -doing as well. - -By 1909 the Corps had settled in its custom of holding coast defence -exercises at the harbor forts; consequently, it was with disappointment -and even resentment that they found themselves ordered to serve as -infantry in the so-called Cape maneuvers in August of that year. A -difference of opinion had arisen between the Adjutant General of -Massachusetts and the Corps officers concerning money matters; and this -tour of duty was laid on the latter as a penalty. Soldiers must obey -orders; however irksome and unwelcome the service, no one in the "blue -army" could truthfully say that the "red-legged infantry" fell below -their comrades in efficiency. - -Col. Walter E. Lombard was in command from March 17, 1910, until Feb. -21, 1915. At the latter date he became a Major General on the retired -list. Col. Lombard had been Captain of the 6th Company during the -Spanish War. - -In June, 1911, the War Department detailed a regular army officer to the -Corps as Inspector-instructor, Capt. Russell P. Reeder being the first -to perform that duty; at once the standards of instruction were -improved, and the artillery work profited greatly from the presence of -such a skilled teacher. Sergeant-instructors, four in number, were -presently added as assistants to the commissioned officer who performed -the chief duties. An immediate result of the Inspector-instructor's work -was the wonderful shooting done by the 4th, 12th and other companies -during the 1911 tour of duty. After that date all officers were -required to qualify in the technical part of their work by passing -regular War Department examinations. The fourth officer to fill this -detail, Capt. William H. Wilson, commenced service in Jan., 1915, and -soon succeeded in systematizing the work of drill and instruction to a -point far beyond anything previously attempted; so that his term of duty -brought about a great increase of Corps efficiency. Capt. Wilson was -especially qualified for this service in that he had himself been a -National Guardsman, and had entered the U. S. army from a New York -regiment. Capt. Wilson not only emphasized the artillery work; he also -laid stress upon matters thitherto slighted,--company administration, -higher infantry, and gunners' instruction. - -Again in March, 1913, the entire Corps made its customary pilgrimage to -Washington for the purpose of participating in the Presidential -inauguration, this time paying the honor to Woodrow Wilson. As in 1909, -so now, they were most enthusiastically praised for their fine military -appearance and splendid marching. On May 30, 1913, the Gate City Guard -of Atlanta, Ga., visited Boston as guests of the Tigers. 1913 was the -fifteenth anniversary of the regiment's service in the Spanish war; and -on Sept. 20, Col. Lombard tendered a review on the Common to the -veterans. On that occasion active officers marched with the veterans, in -the positions which they had filled fifteen years previously. Lt. Col. -Woodman was in command of the veterans, and Col. Lombard marched as -Captain of the 6th Company; while Maj. Shedd led the actives. After the -parade, there was a collation, followed by motion pictures, in the -Armory. - -So well had the 5th Company acquitted themselves at the Chelsea fire -that they were one of the commands called out to maintain order at Salem -when, on June 25, 1914, that ancient city was threatened with -destruction; the emergency was similar to that of 1908. To the Chelsea -men fell the duty of organizing a huge camp of refugees at Forest River -park; and they remained in service seven days. - -Joseph Hooker was born Nov. 13, 1814, and exactly one hundred years -later, his loyal admirers, among whom were numbered the officers of the -Coast Artillery Corps, paraded, and participated in a great meeting at -Tremont Temple in honor of his memory. Capt. Isaac P. Gragg, former -Captain of the 1st Company, was always the prime mover in organizing -celebrations in memory of Hooker, and he justly felt that the event of -1914 was the culmination of his life-work. Alas! Capt. Gragg did not -long survive the centennial of his beloved commander. - -Edward Dwight Fullerton was elected Colonel Feb. 9, 1915, and continued -in command until retired as Brigadier General, January 16, 1917; he had -served as 1st Lieutenant of the 8th Company during the Spanish War. - -The "House of Governors" was in session at Boston in Aug., 1915, and -Gov. David I. Walsh ordered a mobilization of the militia on Aug. 26, as -a compliment to the State's guests. As the authorized strength of the -companies had recently been raised, the Boston papers commented upon the -appearance of the Corps, in fifteen platoons of twenty files, as -"wonderful," not only for numbers, but for steady marching. - -President Wilson called the militia out for service on the Mexican -border June 18, 1916. Massachusetts shared with New Jersey the honor of -placing her full quota of organizations at the post of danger in the -shortest time; and since the Massachusetts quota was far larger than -that of New Jersey, her record was the more creditable. On the ninth day -after the troops were summoned to arms, they started for Texas. Of -course the Coast Artillery could not be included in this great national -mobilization, as they might not safely be spared from their stations at -the forts. But on June 26, the day the mobile troops started south, the -officers and non-commissioned officers of the Corps were assembled at -the Framingham mobilization camp ("Camp Whitney") for the purpose of -drilling the hundreds of recruits there gathered. The officers and -non-commissioned officers of the 6th Inf. also took part in this work of -instruction. No recruits for Mass. regiments ever constituted a finer -personnel than those eager to have a share in the Mexican service. -Coming from all over the state, they were uniformly willing, sober, and -quick to learn, in order that they might reach the front as soon as -possible. The Corps became responsible for the "2d Provisional -Regiment," consisting of about one thousand men, destined for the 8th -and 9th Inf. Regiments, and also for the cavalry, machine-guns, supply -companies, field artillery, and even for the regimental bands. -Wonderfully rapid progress was made, so that in two weeks, the recruits -were equipped, and drilled, and ready to go forward. The Corps' recent -training in company administration stood them in good stead and made -possible such rapid work. Certain officers of the Corps were drafted -into the U. S. service, in order to accompany the recruits on the -southward journey. - -With grave disorder on the Mexican border, and with the greatest war of -the world's history approaching its crisis abroad, conditions were once -more favorable for Congressional action in behalf of the militia. Since -threatenings of danger were loud and insistent, the legislators were -induced to take an additional forward step in rendering America's -citizen-soldiers efficient. The National Defence Act, as the new law was -termed, completed the process of federalization by placing the militia -fully under War Department control, and also provided a modest rate of -remuneration for armory drills, thus making it an object for men to -maintain regular attendance. Massachusetts had done what she could to -encourage the passage of the law, by herself adopting, during the -prolonged debate on the National Defence Act, a State law offering to -hand over her militia to the Federal government. Indeed by her provision -for remunerating men for attendance at rendezvous drills, the -Commonwealth had taken her place beside Ohio five years previously as a -pioneer in paying her militia. The legislation became effective on June -3, 1916, and went fully into operation on the first of the ensuing -month. - -Right in the midst of their tour, on June 30, the officers and men were -asked to take the new Federal oath, under provisions of this act. To the -officers the oath was administered at Framingham, while the enlisted men -were assembled in their armories that night, for the purpose of swearing -in. Almost without exception, and then always with valid excuse, the -members of the Corps assumed this additional obligation and became -Federal soldiers. Headquarters, band, enlisted specialists, and twelve -companies--the entire Corps--were, on June 30, recognized by the War -Department as federalized National Guardsmen and were entered upon the -U. S. payrolls. Of all the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, the Coast -Artillery Corps were the only organization to comply fully with the new -requirements and be recognized as a unit. - -Companies of the Corps volunteered their services in connection with -exhibitions for the benefit of the Mass. Volunteer Aid Association, -which was raising funds to relieve distress amongst the families of -National Guardsmen then at the border. An unusually fine military -display was given at the ball-grounds in connection with a benefit -ball-game between the Red Sox and the St. Louis teams on July 17. - -Many Corps officers were detailed for recruiting duty during the summer -and autumn of 1916, in an effort to raise the numbers of the regiments -at the border to full war-strength. Consequently the coast defence -exercises at the forts in August, 1916, were seriously handicapped. Many -men were forced to perform double duty. In spite of this limitation, -splendid artillery scores were made by the 2d, the 6th and other -Companies, the 6th Company earning the coveted Knox trophy. - -Successive steps followed rapidly during the summer and autumn of 1916 -to render effective the process of federalization. By order of Gov. -Samuel W. McCall on July 17, the title "Massachusetts Volunteer Militia" -was discontinued, and the force redesignated "National Guard, -Massachusetts." In October the War Department authorized the companies -to increase their strength from seventy-eight to one hundred twelve -officers and men; new regulations established standards of drill and -instruction with which organizations must comply in order to qualify for -pay; a National Guard reserve was created by transfer of men who had -completed their three years of active service; promotion requirements -were established for officers; and an assistant Inspector-instructor was -detailed to the Corps, Capt. Hugh S. Brown taking his place beside Capt. -Wilson. While the new National Guard regulations raised the standard and -"tightened the reins," it is a tribute to the high grade of efficiency -already attained by the Corps that Federal control caused no -revolutionary changes of method in the organization. As part of the -federalizing process, on Dec. 9, 1916, the Militia Bureau of the War -Department redesignated the command, and abolished the word Corps from -its title. Thereafter it was the "Massachusetts Coast Artillery, -National Guard." On January 16, 1917, the organization received back its -old and well-loved designation, and became the 1st Coast Defense -Command, Massachusetts Coast Artillery, N. G.; once more Massachusetts -could speak about her senior regiment as "The Old First." - -George F. Quinby, a former Lieutenant of the 7th Company and Captain of -the 2d Company, and Major during the Spanish War, became Colonel, -January 20, 1917. The events of Col. Quinby's administration,--our break -with Germany on February 3, the "armed neutrality," the 5th Company's -good fortune in being first of all the command to engage in active -service when, for twenty-four hours they guarded the electric -power-system of Chelsea against hostile interference, the declaration of -war on Good Friday, April 6, and the Old First's service in the war, the -revival and establishment of compulsory universal military service--must -form the subject-matter of another chapter to be written at some later -day. - - - - -CHAPTER X - -FINALLY - - -If it is a long time from 1784 to 1917, it is also a long way from the -independent companies of artillery and light infantry of the earlier -time to the present Coast Artillery; the militia of one hundred thirty -years ago could not recognize itself in the National Guard of today. -When in 1792 Congress passed the first militia law, it commenced a -process of federalization which was to progress by successive stages -until its completion in the National Defence Act of 1916; with -federalization came efficiency. - -In the beginning, volunteer companies which owned uniforms separated -themselves from the train-band of their day, and assumed duties and -responsibilities outside of what the State demanded from every citizen. -The train-band drilled not more than four times a year, and mainly on -the fourth Wednesday of May--the volunteers at least thrice or fourfold -that amount. In order the more easily to distinguish themselves from the -train-band, the volunteers became artillery or light infantry or -grenadiers or rifles or cavalry; and each class sought proficiency in -some special kind of drill. - -Boston's companies of artillery were associated in a small battalion -several years before the light infantry companies were willing to -relinquish their independence; and so our regimental history begins in -the artillery branch. Presently, in the days of the "legionary brigade," -regimental spirit began to manifest itself among the light infantry -companies, resulting in the Sub-legion of light infantry. The artillery -battalion became most famous as the "Fighting First" of Civil War times, -and is today primarily represented by the 1st Company. From the light -infantry Sub-legion there ultimately developed the old "Tiger" 1st -Regiment, of which the 2d Company is today the senior representative. -Presently a drift set in from the infantry command to the artillery -regiment, one company transferring after another, until even the -regimental number itself passed from the former to the latter; this -process is illustrated by the career of the 3d Company. Eventually -Plymouth and Bristol counties made their valuable contribution to the -regimental composition--the remnants of the 3d and 4th Regiments--as -represented today by the 4th Company. The consolidation of 1878 welded -all these elements into a single, compact, unified body, the Coast -Artillery of today. While the old regiment have come under complete -Federal control, and hold place in the first line of the U. S. Army, -they have not in the least abated their life-long loyalty to the State -which gave them birth. - -"The National Guard is not only the reserve for the regular army; it is -also the reserve for the police, the fire department, and life-saving -service. Its members are genuine soldiers of peace." (Curtis Guild.) -Twelve different times have units of the regiment been called out by the -Commonwealth to maintain public order. On many other occasions the -companies were warned to be in readiness; indeed the headquarters of the -command is the most sensitive barometer for registering the approach of -social disorder. Twelve times the companies actually marched forth. -Curtis Guild's remark about the militia was intended to apply especially -to military service in connection with great and disastrous -conflagrations; five times have the regiment performed such duty. - -But after all, it is war-time which tests the soldier. If he fails to -respond in his country's hour of need, his other virtues are of small -value. Measured by this test, regimental patriotism has shown itself to -be trustworthy. In the days just prior to the attack upon Fort Sumpter, -there were in existence seventeen companies which were destined sometime -to become associated in the present Coast Artillery. In the seventeen -companies were twelve hundred members. By some process of magic, of -patriotic magic, when the alarm of war sounded, the twelve hundred -militiamen multiplied themselves into no less than seven thousand five -hundred volunteers. The "Old First" never failed in seasons of public -need; they were always a fighting regiment. - -"Vigilantia," the regimental motto, is another name for watchfulness, -for preparedness. As if the choice of a motto were prophetic, or at -least significant of the regimental character, the Coast Artillery have -always managed to be so fully prepared that they were able to get into -active service amongst the very leaders. No troops were more prompt in -reaching the post of danger than the "minute men of '61"; and amongst -them were our companies in the 3d and 4th and 5th and 6th Regiments. A -few weeks later the 1st Mass. was the first long-term regiment to be -mustered in thruout the entire United States, the first not only in the -Civil War, but in any war. Again in 1898, when National Guard regiments -everywhere were actively competing for priority in volunteering, the -"1st Heavies" managed to reach their station at Fort Warren, and then to -be mustered in as a regiment, before any of their rivals in -Massachusetts or elsewhere. Three times, at least, was "Vigilantia" -translated into action. - -[Illustration: MODERN BATTERY] - -[Illustration: THE CHAPLAIN IN ACTION] - -Veterans of the old regiment have organized themselves to perpetuate -cherished traditions of the past. Each of the Civil War commands is -represented by a veteran association--the 1st, the "Minute Men," the -13th, the 24th, the 42d in eastern and western sections, the 43d and -others. As old age comes on with passing time, it is inevitable that -associations of war veterans must become less numerous and less active -each year. The Coast Artillery take a real interest in the Hooker -Association and the Stevenson Memorial Association. Amongst the -companies, live veteran organizations are maintained by graduates of the -Roxbury City Guard, the Boston Light Infantry (the Tiger Veteran -Association, incorporated March 28, 1882), the Fusiliers, and the Pierce -Lt. Guard. Indeed the Fusiliers have been a prolific source of veteran -associations. The first, the Fusilier Veteran Association, was organized -by leading members of the company, including five ex-Captains, in April, -1878, at the time when the company was about to pass from the 1st to the -5th Reg., and is today in full vigor and prosperity, retaining the old -red-coat uniform. When this association had opened its membership to -others than actual veterans, on Aug. 2, 1900, certain graduates formed a -new organization of 3d Company veterans, the Independent Boston Fusilier -Veterans. Their numbers were small, and on July 2, 1906, in order to -provide a supply of new material, they invited veterans of other 1st -Reg. companies to join, and thus became transformed into the "1st Reg. -M. V. M. Veterans." The latter body now has one hundred forty members. -Joe Hooker Post, No. 23, G. A. R., of Boston, and Theodore Winthrop -Post, No. 35, of Chelsea, were made up largely of 1st Regiment veterans; -and were always in friendly and helpful relations with the active -command. With our wealth of noble heritage from the past, comprising as -we do all that remains of the old "Legionary Brigade" and its successor, -the 3d Brigade of the 1st Division, once Boston's pride, and including -all the 3d and 4th Regiment organizations having continuous history, it -is desirable that the Coast Artillery should have an active association -of veterans which may combine the forces now scattered amongst the -company associations; the provision in the National Defence act for a -"reserve battalion" seems to open a door of possibility. - -Such a history as this can have no conclusion, it can only halt for the -moment; while the pages were in press, the regiment was summoned by the -Nation to perform military duty. The fruit of a noble past is a useful -present. The soul of the "Old Regiment," like John Brown's of which they -taught America to sing, is "marching on." - - "Whatever grand deeds others do, - The 'Old First' still shall lead." - - - - -APPENDIX I - -GENEALOGY OF THE COAST ARTILLERY - -_The present companies and their predecessors_ - - -THE THREE-YEAR CIVIL WAR FIRST REGIMENT - -1789, Batl. of Art., 1st Div. Suffolk. 1794, Art. Batl., 1st Bri., 1st -Div. (_a_) Aug. 22, 1797, Sub-legion of Art. and (_b_) three companies -became Batl. of Art., 1st Bri., 1st Div. (_a_) Mch. 12, 1810, Sub-legion -became Batl. Art., 3d Bri., 1st Div. June 26, '34, Reg. Art., 3d Bri., -1st Div. '36 Batl. Art., 3d Bri., 1st Div. Apr. 24, '40, 1st Batl. Art., -1st Bri., 1st Div. (_b_) 1831 companies of Batl. Art., 1st Bri., 1st -Div., attached to 1st Reg. Inf., 1st Bri., 1st Div. June 26, 1834, again -Batl. Art., 1st Bri., 1st Div. Apr. 24, '40, 2d Batl. Art., 1st Bri., -1st. Div. June 4, '44, Batls. united in 5th Reg. Art., 1st Bri., 1st -Div. Feb. 26, '55, 2d Reg. Inf. Jan. 24, '61, 1st Reg. Inf. 1862, 42d -Reg. Inf. May 18, '66, 1st Reg. Inf., 1st Bri. July 6, '76, 1st Batl. -Inf., 2d Bri. Dec. 3, '78, 1st Reg. Inf., 1st Bri. Jan. 1, '97, 1st Reg. -Heavy Art. Nov. 1, 1905, Corps of Coast Art. Nov. 15, '07, Coast Art. -Corps. July 17, '16, "M. V. M." changed to "N. G., Mass." Jan. 16, '17, -1st Coast Defense Command, Mass. Coast Artillery, National Guard. - -1st (D)--_Roxbury Art._ organized Mch. 22, 1784, redesignated City Gd. -Nov. 24, '57. 3 cos. in Civil War. Redesignated 1st Company, 1905. - -2d (K)--(1) Washington Lt. Gds. or Inf. transferred from G 1st Inf. '59, -disbanded '59. (2) Chadwick Lt. Inf. organized '61, disbanded '64. (3) -Ware Oct., '62, disbanded Nov. 11, '64. (4) 81st Unat. Co. '66, -disbanded '76. (5) Boston Light Infantry transferred from A 4th Batl. -Inf. '78, redesignated 2d Company, 1905. - -3d (G)--(1) Bay State Art., Cambridge, 1853, dis. 1854. (2) '55, dis. -'57. (3) Fusiliers from F 1st Inf. Mch. 1, '59; 7th Unat. Co.; Apr. 13, -'64, 25th Unat. Co. 5 cos. in Civil War. To D 5th Inf. Dec. 3, '78. (4) -Taunton Lt. Gds. from C 3d Inf. '78, dis. '84. (5) Natick '84, to L 9th -Inf. '88. (6) Fusiliers from D 5th Inf. Mch. 26, '88, to 3d Company, -1905. - -4th (E)--(1) Dorchester Art. 1786, dis. 1844. (2) Cowdin Art. 1851. (3) -'54 American Art. (4) '56 Lafayette Gd. (5) Pulaski Gds. from I 1859, -dis. 1864. (6) dis. Nov. 7, '62. (7) Oct. '62, dis. Nov. 11, '64. (8) -1st Unat. Co. 1864, to E '66, dis. '76. (9) New Bedford City Gds. from E -3d Inf. Dec. 3, '78, to 4th Company, 1905. - -5th (H)--(1) Shields Art., Dorchester 1853, dis. 1855. (2) Mechanic -Rifles from H 1st Inf., dis. '59. (3) Wardwell's Tigers '61, to F 5th -Inf. '61, dis. '61. (4) Chelsea Volunteers '61, Apr. 19, dis. '64. (5) -Oct., '62, dis. Aug., '63. (6) July 20, '64, dis. Nov. 11, '64. (7) -_Chelsea Rifles_, 4th Unat. Co., '63, to H May 18, '66, to L 8th Inf. -Dec. 3, '78, to H 8th Inf. Dec. 21, '78. (8) Standish Gds., Plymouth -from H 3d Inf., '78, dis. '83; (reorganized as D 5th Inf. '88). (9) -Chelsea Rifles from H 8th Inf. June 11, '83, to 5th Company, 1905. - -6th (B)--(1) Columbian Art. June 17, 1798, dis. 1855. (2) Union Gds., E. -Boston, transferred from H 1st Inf. & B 3d Batl. Inf. 1855, dis. 1864. -(3) dis. Nov. 7, '62. (4) Medway Oct. '62, dis. Nov. 11, '64. (5) 9th -Unat. '64 to B '66, dis. Feb. 7, '72. (6) from C Sept. 20, '72, dis. -'76. (7) Massachusetts Guards from B 4th Batl. Inf. '78, to 6th Company, -1905. - -7th (C)--(1) _Washington Art._ May 29, '10, Lt. Gds. 1855, to K 6th Inf. -1861, dis. '61. (2) to K 4th & 29th Inf., dis. '64. (3) North End True -Blues from L '61, dis. '64. (4) dis. Nov. 7, '62. (5) Oct. '62, dis. -Nov. 11, '64. (6) 45th Unat. E. Boston, '66, to B '72. (7) Claflin Gds. -from L Feb. 20, '72, to C 5th Inf. '78. (8) Pierce Lt. Guard from C 4th -Batl. Inf. '78, to 7th Company, 1905. - -8th (A)--(1) Boston Art. May 7, 1785, 1856 Boston Phalanx, Dec. 15, -1860, transferred to A 4th Batl. Rifles, and then A, 13th Inf. '61, -disbanded '64. (2) Brookline '61, dis. '64. (3) dis. Nov. 7, '62. (4) -Weymouth Oct., '62, dis. Aug., '63. (5) July 20, '64, dis. Nov. 11, '64. -(6) _W. Roxbury Rifles_, Jamaica Plain, 66th Unat. Co. June 21, '65, to -A May 18, '66, to 8th Company, 1905. - -9th (F)--(1) dis. 1843. (2) Webster Art. 1852, dis. 1855. (3) National -Gds. from L 1st Inf. 1855, dis. 1864. (4) dis. 1862, Nov. 7. (5) -Leicester Oct., '62, dis. Nov. 11, '64. (6) 67th Unat. Co. '66, dis. -'76. (7) Taunton City Guard from F of 3d Inf. '78, to 9th Company, 1905. - -10th (I)--(1) Pulaski Gds. from C 1st Inf. '59; to E '59. (2) Schouler -Gds. '61, dis. '64. (3) Oct. '62 Dorchester, dis. '76. (4) Cunningham -Rifles from I 3d Inf., '76, to 10th Company, 1905. - -11th (L)--(1) North End True Blues, a fire eng. co. prior to 1832, to L -'61, dis. '64. (2) Claflin Gds., Newton, '70, to C Feb. 20, '72. (3) -Maverick Rifles from D 4th Batl. Inf. '78, to 11th Company, 1905. - -12th (M)--_Fall River Rifles_ Dec. 17, 1878, to 12th Company, 1905. - - -THE "TIGER" FIRST REGIMENT - -Aug. 22, 1797, Sub-legion Lt. Inf. Legionary Brigade, 1st Div. Mch. 12, -1810, cos. distributed amongst 1st, 2d and 3d Regs. Inf., 3d Bri., 1st -Div. Aug., '34, Lt. Inf. Reg., 3d Bri., 1st Div. Feb. 23, '38, Lt. Inf. -Batl. id. June 1, '39, Reg. restored. Apr. 24, '40, Reg. numbered 1st -Lt. Inf., 1st Bri., 1st Div., M. V. M. Apr. 25, '42, cos. lettered. Feb. -26, '55, Lt. Inf. changed to Inf. Mch. 1, '59, 2d Batl. Inf., 1st Bri., -1st Div. Oct. 13, '62, 43d Inf. Mass. Vols. Nov. 1, '62, Bos. Lt. Inf. -Assn. to perpetuate co. July, '63, 43d dis. Aug., '64, 7th Inf., 1st -Bri., 1st Div. July 20, '70, 1st Batl. Inf., 1st Bri., 1st Div., M. V. -M. Mch. 25, '74, Batl. renumbered 4th. Dec. 3, '78, consolidated in 1st -Inf., 1st Bri., M. V. M. - -A--_Boston Lt. Inf._ (Formed May, 1798) Sept. 4, 1798, 1810-'34, in 2d -Inf., 3d Bri. To K 1st Inf., Dec. 3, 1878. July, '63--Aug., '64, the -24th Unat. Co. - -B--(1) New England Gds. 1812, 1812-'34 in 2d Inf., 3d Bri. To A & B 4th -Batl. Inf., Mch. 11, '61, then 24th & 44th Regs. Inf., dis. '65. (2) -Mch. 1, '61, dis. July, '63. (3) Handy Guard, renamed Washington Light -Guard in 1869, and in 1873 _Massachusetts Guards_, 32d Unat. Co., Oct. -26, '64, to B, Aug. 10, '65, to B 1st Inf. Dec. 3, '78. - -C--(1) Winslow Blues Oct., 1799, 1810-'34 in 3d Inf., 3d Bri., dis. Feb. -23, 1838. (2) Pulaski Gds., S. Boston, Sept. 13, '35, 3d Reg. Inf., 3d -Bri. To C May 7, '38. Called Mechanic Greys, '49. Mch. 1, '59, to I 2d -Inf. (3) Mch. 11, '61, dis. July, '63. (4) Milton, '64, dis. '70. (5) -Pierce Lt. Gd. from E, July 26, '70, to E '72. (6) Hyde Park, '72, dis. -'73. (7) Pierce Lt. Gd. from E, Mch. 25, '74, to C 1st Inf., Dec. 3, -'78. - -D--(1) Washington Lt. Inf., 1803. 1810-'34 in 1st Inf., 3d Bri., dis. -Feb. 23, '38. (2) Highland Gds., Jan. 8, '38, dis. Jan. 2, '44. (3) -Mechanic Rifles Dec. 5, '43, 3d Batl. Lt. Inf. Mch. 4, '44, B 1st Batl. -Rifles. To D Sept. 11, '45. '47 to "Rifles Annexed." (4) Boston Lt. Gd., -'47, dis. '57. (5) Washington Lt. Gd. or Inf. from G '57, to K 2d Inf. -Mch. 1, '59. (6) Dedham Oct. '62, dis. July, '63. (7) '64, dis. '70. (8) -from I '70, dis. '72. (9) _Maverick Rifles_, also called Boston City -Gd., Chelsea & E. Boston, July 19, '72, to L 1st Inf., Dec. 3, '78. - -E--(1) Boston City Gd. Sept. 21, 1821. 1821-'34 in 3d Inf., 3d Bri. Dis. -Feb. 23, '38. Reorgan. as Columbian Greys Aug. 12, '40, dis. Dec. 26, -'59. (2) Orleans Oct., '62, dis. July, '63. (3) _Pierce Lt. Gd._ 51st -Unat. Co. Mch. 25, '65, also called Fusilier Lt. Gd. To E. Aug. 10, '65. -To C July 26, '70. From C '72. To C Mch. 25, '74. - -F--_Fusiliers_ May 11, 1787. 1810-'34 in 1st Inf., 3d Bri. Dis. Feb. 23, -1838, reorgan. as Hancock Lt. Inf., May 17, '39, again Fusiliers. To G -2d Inf. Mch. 1, '59. (2) Oct., '62, dis. July, '63. (3) S. Boston, '64, -dis. '70. - -G--(1) Mechanic Rifles until '34 in 1st. Inf., 3d Bri., dis. Feb. 23, -'38. (2) Suffolk Lt. Gds. May 11, '39. (3) Washington Lt. Gd. or Inf. -(name changed '54) '46, to D '57. (4) Abington Oct., '62, dis. July, -'63. (5) Charlestown, '64, dis. '68. - -H--(1) Lafayette Gds., dis. Feb. 23, '38. (2) Washington Phalanx. (3) -Mt. Washington Gds., Apr. 14, '41, dis. June 30, '49. (4) Winthrop Gds. -'51, dis. Nov. 3, '52. (5) Union Gds. E. Boston, Aug. 21, '52, to B 3d -Batl. Inf., '53 & to B 2d Inf., '55. (6) Mechanic Rifles (or Inf.) May -24, '53, from "Rifles Annexed," '59 to H 2d Inf. (7) Chelsea Rifles -Oct., '62, dis. July, '63. (8) '64 dis. '68. - -I--(1) Rifle Rangers 1820, 1820-'34 in 3d Inf., 3d Bri. Mch. 4, '44 to A -1st Batl. Rifles. Sept. 11, '45 to --, dis. May 15, '52. (2) Norfolk -Gd., 1850. (3) Sarsfield Gds. to C 3d Batl. Inf., '53, dis. '55. (4) -Cambridge Oct., '62, dis. July, '63. (5) '64, to D '70. - -K--(1) Montgomery Gds. '37, dis. Apr. 6, '38. (2) Rifles Sept. 6, '42. -(3) Washington Lt. Inf., dis. '51. (4) Oct. '62, dis. July, '63. (5) -'64, dis. '70. - -L--(1) Warren Inf., to M '50. (2) Mass. Vols. '50, '51. (3) National -Gds. '49, to A 3d Batl. Inf. '53, to F 2d Inf. '55. - -M--Warren Inf. from L '50, dis. '52. - -Mechanic Rifles "Annexed"--from D '47, to H May 24, '53. - -National Lancers were attached from '39 to '52. From '45 to '49 they -were the only cavalry in Mass. To Tr. A 1st Squad. Cav. - - -THE THIRD REGIMENT - -Sept., 1834, Reg. Lt. Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div. Apr. 24, '40, 3d Reg. Lt. -Inf., 2d Bri., 1st Div. Apr. 25, '42, cos. lettered. Feb. 26, '55, 3d -Reg. Inf. Aug. 20, '66, new 3d Reg. Inf., 1st Bri., 1st Div. '76, 3d -Batl. Inf. Dec. 3, '78, 1st Inf. - -A--Halifax Lt. Inf., 1792, from 1st Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div., dis. '76. - -B--(1) Standish Gds. Plymouth, Oct. 21, '18, from 1st Inf. To 87th Unat. -Co., June 26, '63, to M '68. (2) S. Carver dis. '66. (3) from K '66, -dis. 76. - -C--(1) Marshfield Rifles from 2d Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div. (2) Hanson -Rifles '42, dis. '47. (3) Rochester dis. '55. (4) Cambridge, Jan., '61, -dis. July 22, '61. The first company raised in Mass. for the war. (5) -Fall River '62, dis. '63. (6) Scituate, dis. '70. (7) S. Abington, dis. -'76. - -D--(1) Abington Lt. Inf., from 3d Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div., dis. '54. -(2) Sandwich, May, '61. Dec. 13, '61, to D, 29th Mass. Vols. (3) Fall -River '62, dis. '76. - -E--(1) Middleboro Grenadiers, from 4th Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div., dis. -'51. (2) Middleboro, dis. '53. (3) Fall River, dis. '58. (4) Fall -River, dis. '60. (5) Plymouth, May 6, '61. Dec. 13, '61, to E, 29th -Mass. Vols. (6) New Bedford City Gds. from L '62, to E 1st Inf., Dec. 3, -'78. - -F--(1) Scituate Rifles from 2d Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div. (2) Wareham -Grenadiers '42. (3) Middleboro, dis. '58. (4) New Bedford '62, dis. '63. -(5) _Taunton City Gd._, 80th Unat. Co., Nov. 4, '65. To F Aug. 20, '66. -To F 1st Inf., Dec. 3, '78. - -G--(1) Abington Rifles, from 3d Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div., dis. '47. (2) -Assonet (Freetown) Lt. Inf. '50, merged in A '62. (3) New Bedford '62, -dis. '66. (4) Taunton Lt. Gd. '55 from G 4th Inf., to G '66, to G 1st -Inf., Dec. 3, '78. - -H--(1) Scituate Lt. Inf. from 2d Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div. (2) Samoset -Gds., Plympton, '35, merged in B '62. (3) Rehoboth '62, dis. '66. (4) -Hancock Lt. Gds., Quincy, '55. From H 4th Inf., to H '66, dis. '73. (5) -Standish Gds., from M '74, to H 1st Inf., Dec. 3, '78. - -I--(1) Pembroke Lt. Inf. from 2d Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div. (2) Rochester -'46. (3) E. Freetown '52. (4) New Bedford '56. (5) Lynn, Apr. 19, '61. -Dec. 13, '61, to I, 29th Mass. Vols. (6) Fairhaven '62, dis. '66. (7) E. -Stoughton, dis. '69. (8) _Cunningham Rifles_, N. Bridgewater or -Brockton, '69, to I 1st Inf. '76. - -K--(1) Abington Grenadiers, from 3d Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div. (2) -Weymouth, from C 3d Batl. Inf., to L '46. (3) Bay State Lt. Inf., Carver -'52, merged in B '62. (4) Bridgewater '62, dis. '64. (5) Fall River, to -B '66. (6) Abington, dis. '76. - -L--(1) W. Bridgewater Lt. Inf., from 3d Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div. (2) -Weymouth, from C 3d Batl. Inf., to L '46. (3) _New Bedford City Gds._, -July 22, '52, to E '62. (4) S. Carver, dis. '76. - -M--(1) Boston, May 14, '61. Dec. 13, '61, to B, 29th Mass. Vols. (2) -Standish Gds. Plymouth, from 87th Unat. Co. '68, to H '74. - - -CAPTAINS OF FIRST COMPANY - - John Jones Spooner, Mch. 22, 1784-'89 - Jonathan Warner, 1789 - Jesse Daggett, 1798-1805 - Humphrey Bignell, 1805-'09 - Joseph Seaver, 1809-'12 - Isaac Gale, 1812-'14 - William Cobb, 1814-'17 - Calvin Warren, 1817-'18 - Joseph Hastings, June to Aug., 1818 - Samuel Lawrence, Sept., 1818-'21 - Joseph May, 1821-'24 - Lewis Withington, 1824-'27 - Robert Stetson, 1827-'28 - Joseph B. Towle, 1828-'33 - John Webber, 1833-'34 - Andrew Chase, Jr., 1834-'39, '40-'43 - Benjamin H. Burrell, 1843-'45 - John L. Stanton, 1845-'46 - Samuel S. Chase, 1847-'48 - Benjamin H. Burrell, 1848, died - Moses H. Webber, 1850-'53 - Isaac S. Burrell, 1853-'57 - Thomas L. D. Perkins, 1857-'61 - John J. Dyer, 1861 - George W. Beach, 1862 - Ebenezer W. Stone, Jr., May 22, 1861--May 25, '64 (three-year reg.) - George Sherive, 1862-'63 (42d Reg., 9-mos.) - Samuel A. Waterman, 1864 (42d, 100-days) - Jediah P. Jordan, 1865-'68 - Charles G. Burgess, 1868-'69 - Isaac P. Gragg, 1869-'73 - Charles G. Davis, 1873-'74 - William A. Smith, 1875-'76 - Benjamin R. Wales, 1876-'77 - James R. Austin, 1877-'78 - Albert W. Hersey, 1878-'79 - Thomas R. Mathews, 1880-'81 - Horace T. Rockwell, 1881-'83 - Harry C. Gardner, 1883-'87 - Joseph H. Frothingham, May 27, 1887-1911 - Marshall S. Holbrook, Dec. 11, 1911--Mch. 3, 1917 - Joseph H. Hurney, Mch. 19, 1917 - - -CAPTAINS OF SECOND COMPANY - - Daniel Sargent, 1798-1804 - Charles Davis, 1804-'07 - Henry Sargent, 1807-'15 - Gedney King, 1815-'18 - Henry Codman, 1818-'20 - William Tucker, 1820-'21 - Peter Mackintosh, 1821-'23 - John T. Winthrop, 1823 - Parker H. Pierce, 1824-'27 - Nathaniel R. Sturgis, Jr., 1827-'30 - Edward Blake, 1830-'32 - Robert C. Winthrop, 1832-'34 - Ezra Weston, Jr., 1834-'37 - Elbridge G. Austin, 1837-'40 - William Dehon, 1840-'41 - Charles Parker, 1841-'43 - Samuel Andrews, 1843-'44 - John C. Park, 1844, Mch. 20--'46, Nov. 20 - Lt. Francis Boyd, 1846-'49 - Ossian D. Ashley, July 12, 1849-'53, being elected Capt. June 4, '51 - Charles O. Rogers, 1854-'59 - Ralph W. Newton, 1859-'60, '60-'61 - John C. Whiton, 1861-'62 - Henry J. Hallgreen, 1862-'64 - Horace O. Whittemore, 1864-'65 - Caleb E. Neibuhr, 1865-'67 - Charles F. Harrington, 1867-'68 - Eben W. Fiske, 1868-'69 - David W. Wardrop, 1869-'70 - Austin C. Wellington, 1870-'73 - Nicholas N. Noyes, 1873-'77 - George O. Noyes, 1877-'78 - Henry F. Knowles, 1878-'79 - William A. Thomas, 1879-'82 - George E. Lovett, 1882-'86 - Henry Parkinson, Jr., 1886-'89 - William H. Ames, July 1, 1889-'91 - George F. Quinby, Aug. 10, 1891--July, '97 - Frederick S. Howes, Oct. 25, 1897 - Conrad M. Gerlach, June, 1908--Mch. 30, '12 - Albert L. Kendall, May 6, 1912 - - -CAPTAINS OF THIRD COMPANY - - William Turner, May 25, 1788 - Joseph Laughton, July 3, 1790 - Thomas Adams, 1792 - Joseph Laughton, 1793 - John Brazer, Aug. 22, 1796 - Thomas Howe, Mch. 10, 1806 - Gerry Fairbanks, 1813 (in war with England) - Caleb Hartshorn, 1816 - Sam Aspinwall, 1819 - Joseph N. Howe, Jr., 1822 - Otis Turner, 1826 - David L. Child, 1828 - Louis Dennis, 1829 - Grenville T. Winthrop, 1834 - John Y. Champney, 1835 - Noah Lincoln, Jr., 1836-'38 - Louis Dennis, May 17, 1839-'41 - Noah Lincoln, Jr., 1841, Apr. 12--Dec. - John F. Pray, 1842-'45 - William Mitchel, 1846-'49 - Henry A. Snow, 1849-'50 - William Mitchel, 1851-'53 - Daniel Cooley, 1853-'55 - Henry A. Snow, 1855--Aug. 3, 1861 - Francis H. Ward, Aug. 26, 1861--Oct. 2, '62 - John McDonough, Mch. 1, 1863--May 25, '64 (Snow, Ward and McDonough - commanded in the three-year regiment) - Alfred N. Proctor, 1862-'66 (42d Reg. 9-mos. service) - Alanson H. Ward, 1864 (42d Reg. 100-days) - Albert E. Proctor, 1864--June, '65 (7th Unat. Co. & K 4th Heavies) - Thomas A. Cranston, 1866-'68 - John F. Pray, 1869-'70 - Henry A. Snow, 1870-'73 - George G. Nichols, 1873-'75 - Henry A. Snow, 1875-'84 - George T. Sears, 1884-'86 - Robert P. Bell, 1886-'90 - Albert B. Chick, Feb. 4, 1891--Nov. 28, '06 - Frank S. Wilson, 1907 - Calvin S. Tilden, 1910 - Harry J. Kane, Oct. 23, 1912 - - -CAPTAINS OF FOURTH COMPANY - - George A. Bourne, Aug. 31, 1852-'54 - Timothy Ingraham, 1855-'61 - Richard A. Pierce, Apr. 4--Aug. 20, 1862 - John A. Hawes, 1862-'63 - James L. Sharp, 1863-'64 - Isaac A. Jennings, 1864-'65 - Henry H. Porter, 1865-'66 - Daniel A. Butler, 1866-'68 - William E. Mason, 1868-'69 - Daniel A. Butler, 1869-'76 - William Sanders, 1876-'81 - John K. McAfee, 1881-'83 - William B. Topham, 1883-'86 - William Sanders, 1886-'89 - Richard H. Morgan, 1889-'91 - Arthur E. Perry, Mch. 23, 1891--June 2, '96 - Thomas S. Hathaway, June 11, 1897--Dec. 22, '97 - Joseph L. Gibbs, Jan. 24, 1898--May 31, '06 - John C. DeWolf, 1906 - Ernest L. Snell, 1906-'08 - William Stitt, 1908--Nov. 4, 1911 - Gilbert G. Southworth, Dec. 18, 1911 - John A. Stitt, Feb. 2, 1914 - - -CAPTAINS OF FIFTH COMPANY - - Alpheus J. Hillbourn, Sept. 15, 1863-'64 - John Q. Adams, 1864-'67 - John Perry, 1867-'69 - James P. Wade, 1869-'71 - Stephen W. Wheeler, 1871-'75 - Henry Wilson, Jr., 1875-'79 - George W. White, 1879-'80 - Charles J. Foye, 1881-'85 - Henry W. Atkins, July 22, '85--Apr. 10, '92 - Chester M. Flanders, 1892-'94 - John R. Smith, May 14, 1894- - Walter L. Pratt, Dec. 16, 1895 - William Renfew, 1907, Apr. 29--1915 - Fred R. Robinson, Apr. 24, 1916 - - -CAPTAINS OF SIXTH COMPANY - - William Harris, July 30, 1810 - Jonathan Thaxter, Oct. 9, '13--Apr. 24, '19 - Francis Tufts, May 4, 1819--Jan. 23, '21 - John A. Shaw, May 1, 1821--Feb. 2, '22 - Francis Jackson, Apr. 15, 1822--Apr. 9, '24 - Jedediah Tuttle, May 4, 1824--Mch. 31, '25 - Samuel Lynes, May 3, 1825- - Thomas White, Sept. 18, 1826--Feb. 1, '28 - Charles Hersey, May 6, 1828--Apr. 19, '30 - Thomas Goodwin, May 25, 1830--June 25, '32 - John Wilson, July 25, '32--Oct. 16, '33 - Jabez Pratt, Nov. 22, 1833--Dec. 10, '34 - Samuel D. Steele, Dec. 26, 1834--Sept. 9, '36 - Daniel Cragin, Sept. 21, 1836--Feb. 19, '40 - Ephraim B. Richards, Mch. 12, 1840--May 8, '44 - Isaiah R. Johnson, Aug. 1, 1844--Dec. 26, '44 - Danforth White, Jan. 31, 1845--Nov. 19, '46 - Caleb Page, Jan. 6, 1847--Jan. 4, '50 - Jerome B. Piper, Feb. 5, '50--Feb. 13, '51 - William W. Bullock, Mch. 25, 1851--Mch. 29, '54 - John B. Whorf, May 10, 1854- - Joseph N. Pennock, July 2, 1856- - Walter Scott Sampson, Mch. 12, 1859--July, 1861 - Daniel G. Handy, Nov. 1, 1864--Nov. 6, '65 - James H. Baldwin, 1865-'66 - Riley W. Kenyon, 1866-'68 - Walter Scott Sampson, 1868-'69 - George H. Drew, 1869-'74 - Harry J. Jaquith, May to Oct., 1874 - Levi Hawkes, 1874-'79 - William E. Lloyd, 1879-'81 - Albert F. Fessenden, 1881-'83 - William L. Fox, 1883-'84 - Harrison G. Wells, 1884-'85 - Frank W. Dallinger, 1885-'92 - Walter E. Lombard, Jan. 23, 1893--Jan. 23, 1906 - Marshall Underwood, 1906 - Benjamin B. Shedd, June 17, '07--Feb. 3, '11 - Herbert E. Lombard, 1911 - Alonzo F. Woodside, June 12, '11-- - Henry S. Cushing, Feb. 10, 1913 - - -CAPTAINS OF SEVENTH COMPANY - - Henry J. Hallgreen, Apr. 3, 1865-'69 - John W. W. Marjoram, 1869-'74 - Theodore L. Harlow, 1874-'75 - Horace B. Clapp, 1875-'77 - William Downie, 1877-'78 - Horace B. Clapp, 1878-'79 - Louis H. Parkhurst, Jan. 18, 1879--Sept., 1879 - Samuel R. Field, 1879-'82 - Charles L. Hovey, 1882-'84 - J. Marion Moulton, 1884-'87 - Perlie A. Dyar, 1887-'91 - A. Glendon Dyar, 1891-'92 - Henry W. Atkins, Apr. 11, 1892--Feb. 19, '95 - Charles P. Nutter, Mch. 11, 1895--July 14, '99 - Charles F. Nostrom, Oct. 16, 1899--Mch. 15, '06 - Arthur E. Hall, 1906 - George M. King, Dec. 12, 1910--Feb. 9, '15 - Arthur W. Burton, Feb. 17, 1915 - - -CAPTAINS OF EIGHTH COMPANY - - George O. Fillebrown, 1865-'67 - William H. Hutchinson, 1867-'68 - Nathaniel H. Kemp, 1868-'71 - George F. Woodman, 1871-'72 - Nathaniel H. Kemp, 1872-'75 - A. Spaulding Weld, 1876-'80 - William J. Cambridge, 1880-'81 - John B. McKay, 1881-'84 - William W. Kellett, 1884-'85 - Frank H. Briggs, 1885-'90 - Charles Pfaff, Feb. 12, 1890--May 18, '93 - John P. Nowell, June 21, 1893- - John Bordman, Jr., Jan. 27, 1896--July 22, 1899 - E. Dwight Fullerton, Oct. 18, 1899,--Nov. 17, '02 - James H. Smyth, Nov. 12, 1902--'09 - Olin D. Dickerman, May 26, 1909--'14 - Horace J. Baum, Jan. 13, 1915 - - -CAPTAINS OF NINTH COMPANY - - William J. Briggs, Nov. 21, 1865--Nov. 25, '67 - William Watts, Dec. 13, 1867--Dec. 5, '70 - David B. Lincoln, Jan. 2, 1871--Dec. 24, '72 - Alfred B. Hodges, Jan. 13, 1873--Dec. 30, '78 - Henry C. Spence, Jan. 20, 1879--Jan. 15, '80 - George F. Williams, 2d, Jan. 26--May 27, 1880 - Alden H. Blake, June 7, 1880--Apr. 6, '83 - William C. Perry, Mch. 3, 1884--Jan. 4, '86 - George A. King, Jan. 11, 1886--Apr. 15, '89 - Norris O. Danforth, Sept. 16, 1889--Jan. 23, '06 - Alonzo K. Crowell, Feb. 12, 1906--Jan. 13, '14 - Frank A. D. Bullard, Jan. 26, 1914 - - -CAPTAINS OF TENTH COMPANY - - Samuel B. Hinckley, Sept. 20, 1869-'77 - Bradford Morse, 1877-'81 - James N. Keith, 1881-'84 - Nathan E. Leach, 1884-'88 - Charles Williamson, Mch. 19, 1888--July 26, '99 - George E. Horton, Aug. 18, 1899 - - -CAPTAINS OF ELEVENTH COMPANY - - Charles G. Burgess, July 19, 1872-'73 - Henry A. Thomas, 1873-'74 - Henry Parkinson, Jr., 1875-'83 - George E. Harrington, 1883-'84 - Henry Carstensen, 1884-'88 - Edward G. Tutein, 1888-'91 - Fred M. Whiting, Apr. 15, 1891 - James H. Smyth, Apr. 9, 1913--'14 - William D. Cottam, Mch. 11, 1914 - - -CAPTAINS OF TWELFTH COMPANY - - Sierra L. Braley, Dec. 18, 1878--'99 - David Fuller, Feb. 14, 1899-1909 - Frederick W. Harrison, 1910-'11 - Harry A. Skinner, Apr. 23, 1912--May 26, '16 - Thomas J. Clifford, June 6, 1916 - - - - -APPENDIX II - -BIBLIOGRAPHY - - - History of the First Regiment, by Warren H. Cudworth. - Boston: Walker, Fuller & Co., 1866. - The 1st Regiment Infantry M. V. M., 1861, by L. Edward Jenkins. - Boston: By the Commonwealth, 1903. - Memorial Service, The Honored Dead of the First Regiment, 1911. - Gen. Cowdin and the 1st Mass. Reg. - Boston: J. E. Farwell & Co., 1864. - The Hero of Medfield, Allen A. Kingsbury (in action July, '61, - killed at Yorktown, Apr. 26, '62). - Boston: 1862. - Boston Evening Journal, 1861-'65. - The Bivouac (files). - The Third Mass. Reg. in the War of the Rebellion, by John G. - Gammons. - Providence: 1906. - Massachusetts Minute Men of '61, by Charles C. Doten and others. - Boston: Smith & McCance, 1910. - The Story of the 13th Mass. Vols., by Charles E. Davis, Jr. - Boston: Estes & Lauriat, 1894. - Letters from Two Brothers (Freeman, Warren H. & Eugene H.). - Cambridge: 1871. - Circular--Address of Gen. J. A. Beaver, Boston, Nov. 21, 1889. - Circular--Services of Gen. George L. Hartsuff, Dec. 4, 1889. - Circular--Regiment's Departure from Boston, Dec. 4, 1890. - Circular--Regiment's Services July 29, '61--Mch. 1, '62, Mch. 1, - 1892. - The Twenty-Fourth Regiment, by Alfred S. Roe. - Worcester: 24th Vet. Assn., 1907. - Gen. Thomas Greely Stevenson--Biographical Memoir. - History of the Forty-second Regiment, by Charles P. Bosson. - Boston: 1886. - Reminiscences of Military Service in the Forty-third Regiment, by - Edward H. Rogers. - Boston: Rand, Avery & Co., 1883. - Sermon Preached before the Officers of the 43d Regiment, Boston, - Oct. 5, 1862, by Jacob M. Manning. - Boston: 1862. - Record of the 44th Mass. - Boston: privately printed 1887. - Bay State 44th, by DeForest Safford. - Boston: 1863. - Letters from the 44th Reg. M. V. M., by Zenos T. Haines. - Boston: Herald office, 1863. - The First Regiment Massachusetts Heavy Artillery, U. S. V., in the - Spanish-American War of 1898, by James A. Frye. - Boston: The Colonial Co., 1899. - The First Heavies, by Charles F. W. Archer. - New England Home Magazine, April 24, 1898. - A Memorial of Rev. Warren H. Cudworth, by his sister. - Boston: D. Lothrop & Co., 1884. - A Little Fifer's War Diary, by C. W. Bardeen. - Syracuse, N. Y.: 1910. - My First and Last Fights, by Leverett D. Holden. - Malden, Mass.: Samuel Tilden, 1914. - Regiments and Armories of Massachusetts, by James A. Frye and - others. Two volumes. - Boston: W. W. Potter Co., 1899, 1901. - Memorial History of Boston, Vol. III, Chap. IV, by Francis W. - Palfrey. - Boston: James R. Osgood & Co., 1881. - From Headquarters, by James A. Frye. - Boston: The Colonial Co. - Fables of Field and Staff, by James A. Frye. - Boston: The Colonial Co. - - * * * * * - - 1st Company. - In Vol. 2 of Mass. Regiments and Armories. - The Town of Roxbury, by Francis S. Drake, page 109. - Boston Municipal, 1905. - By-Laws and Articles of Agreement of Co. D, 1st Regt. of Infantry, - Feb. 8, 1880. - Boston: Press of Rockwell & Churchill, 1880. - - 2d Company. - Boston Lt. Inf. Constitution, May, 1798, revised and ratified - Jan., 1803. - Constitution of the Boston Lt. Inf., Adopted 1831. - Boston: J. T. Buckingham, 1835. - Constitution and By-Laws of the Boston Lt. Inf., 1853. - Boston: Sleeper & Rogers, 1853. - Constitution and By-Laws of the Boston Lt. Inf., 1857. - Boston: Charles H. Crosby, 1857. - Historical Sketch and By-Laws of the 2d Co., C. A. C. - Boston: 1917. - - 3d Company. - Constitution of the Independent Boston Fusiliers. - Boston: 1829. - Constitution and By-Laws of the Independent Boston Fusiliers. - Boston: Charles H. Crosby, Printer, 1864. - Constitution and By-Laws of the Fusilier Veteran Association. - Boston: 1894. - Id. 1903. - Constitution, By-Laws and Roster, 1913. - A Historical Sketch Fusilier Veteran Association, 1914. - Constitution, By-Laws and Roster, 1916. - - 4th Company. - Pulaski Guards, Rules and Regulations, Co. E, 2d Reg. - Boston: Wright & Potter, 1862. - Correspondence in Relation to Albert A. Farnham, Co. E. - Boston: Alfred Mudge & Son, 1864. - The Whalemen's Quickstep, composed by L. S. Knaebel (dedicated to - old New Bedford City Guards). - Boston: Henry Prentiss, 1842. - - 5th Company. - The Battle of Blackburn's Ford and First Bull's Run, by James R. - Gerrish. - Boston: 1861. - Dedication of Armory, Plymouth, Dec. 21, 1906, by Wm. T. Davis. - Plymouth. - - 6th Company. - Constitution of Columbian Artillery. - Boston: 1827. - The Grand Parada (containing historical sketch of Battery B in the - Spanish-American War, by Walter E. Lombard). - Cambridge: 1901. - - 7th Company. - Mass. Militia, 1st Reg. Inf., Co. C, Claflin Guards, Newton. - - 9th Company. - Historical Review and Roster. - Taunton, Mass.: 1916. - Dedication State Armory, Taunton, Mass., Jan. 26, 1917. - - 12th Company. - Historical Review and Roster. - Fall River, Mass.: 1915. - - The "Tiger" First Regiment. - Constitution of New England Guards. - Boston: Stebbins, 1813. - Constitution of New England Guards. - Boston: Mudge, 1858. - Semi-Centennial Anniversary of New England Guards. - Boston: Marvin, 1863. - New England Guards, Bostonian Society Publications, Vol. 4, by - James B. Gardner. - 1907. - Constitution of the City Guards. - Boston: Dutton & Wentworth, 1829. - Constitution of the Columbian Greys (late City Guards). - Boston: Beals & Greene, 1842. - Pavilion Quickstep, composed by Archer H. Townley (for Lt. R. M. - LeFavor, Boston City Greys). - Boston: 1844. - - - - -INDEX - - - Adams, John, 21, 23. - - Adams, John Q., 27, 35. - - Adams, Thomas, 9, 89. - - Albany, Fort, 62. - - Alexandria, 55. - - Allen, Nathaniel M., 72. - - Ancient & Honorable Artillery Company, 15, 26, 42, 61, 63, 72, 74, - 92, 100. - - Anderson's Plantation, 74. - - Andrews, Fort, 143. - - Armory, 6, 7, 8, 18, 91, 133. - - Arthur, Chester A., 130. - - Artillery, 4, 13, 18, 19, 32, 35, 40, 57, 62, 73, 132, 134, 135, - 141. - - - Baldwin, Clark B., 44, 48, 60, 68, 71, 72. - - Band, 14, 23, 67, 104, 109, 131. - - Bardeen, Charles W., 68, 78. - - Battle-flags, 6, 7, 8, 52, 55, 57, 107, 141. - - Blackburn's Ford, 9, 61. - - Bladensburg, 62, 76. - - Bowdoin, James, 10, 89. - - Budd's Ferry, 63, 64, 77. - - Bull Run, 9, 47, 50, 61, 82, 106. - - Burrell, Isaac S., 37, 43, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 59, 80, 81. - - Butler, Benjamin F., 46, 82, 121. - - - Cadets, First Corps, 64, 72, 90, 135. - - Camp, first, 35. - - Cass, Thomas, 40. - - Chancellorsville, 7, 60, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 77. - - Chantilly, 63. - - Chaplain, 3, 4, 75, 76, 77, 78, 131. - - Church of First Regiment, 78. - - Clark, James F., 8. - - Colonel, first, 28, 29, 34, 95, 114. - - Company letters, 10. - - Compulsory service, 14, 27, 72, 151. - - Constitution, Fort, 139, 140. - - Cowdin, Robert, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 57, 60, - 63, 68, 74, 77, 80, 101, 109. - - Cudworth, Warren H., 75, 76, 77, 78, 79. - - - Disbandment of 1838, 97. - - Distances, 75. - - Doherty, James, 72. - - Drill regulations, 18, 28, 43, 44, 94. - - - Eighth Company, 13, 18, 34, 41, 48, 52, 55, 59, 60, 64, 81, 127, - 135, 136, 139, 143, 147. - - Eleventh Company, 111, 127, 136, 143. - - Emancipation, 77, 116, 121. - - - Fair Oaks, 63, 66. - - Fifth Company, 37, 40, 42, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 81, - 87, 95, 97, 98, 102, 107, 114, 117, 122, 125, 127, 130, 136, - 139, 143, 144, 146. - - Fillmore, Millard, 38, 99. - - Fires, 83, 93, 110, 133, 134, 143, 146, 153. - - First Company, 8, 12, 13, 18, 19, 22, 26, 34, 37, 49, 51, 55, 56, - 60, 80, 84, 98, 127, 136, 139, 143, 153, 155. - - Fourth Company, 16, 22, 34, 37, 42, 49, 51, 55, 57, 59, 60, 72, 81, - 85, 102, 115, 116, 122, 127, 136, 143, 145, 153. - - Fredericksburg, 7, 61, 67, 68, 69, 77. - - - Galveston, 53. - - Garfield, James A., 129. - - Gettysburg, 7, 49, 70, 71, 72. - - Gilmore, Patrick S., 104, 109, 131. - - Glendale, 60, 63. - - Goldsboro, 108, 124. - - Gragg, Isaac P., 62, 147. - - Grant, U. S., 73, 74, 82, 85, 130, 132. - - Greble, Fort, 140. - - - Hancock, John, 8, 10, 20, 89. - - Harrison, William H., 31. - - Holbrook, Charles L., 39, 100, 105. - - Hooker, Joseph, 62, 69, 141, 147. - - - Inauguration, 5, 144, 146. - - Independence, Fort, 25, 49, 104. - - Inspector Instructor, 134, 145. - - - Jackson, Andrew, 27, 95. - - Jackson, Thomas J. ("Stonewall"), 69. - - John Brown's Body, 105, 108, 156. - - Johnson, Andrew, 82, 96. - - - Kinston, 108, 124. - - - Lafayette, General, 13, 15, 27. - - Legion, 21, 91, 92, 102. - - Lincoln, Abraham, 46. - - Lincoln, Benjamin, 17, 18. - - Lombard, Walter E., 74, 110, 136, 145. - - Losses, 58, 71, 75. - - - McClary, Fort, 139. - - McClellan, George B., 64, 66, 76. - - McKinley, Fort, 141. - - McLoughlin, Napoleon B., 68. - - Madison, James, 26. - - March of the First, 3, 131, 136, 156. - - Monroe, Fort, 108, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122. - - Motto, 13, 56, 89, 90, 107, 154. - - - Ninth Company, 37, 40, 51, 55, 59, 60, 81, 100, 101, 103, 124, 125, - 127, 136, 143. - - Norfolk, 120. - - - Peninsula, 31, 36, 44, 60, 61, 63, 67, 76, 122. - - Pfaff, Charles, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141. - - Pickering, Fort, 139. - - Polk, James K., 35. - - Poore, Ben Perley, 99, 100. - - Privileges, 19. - - - Richmond, Silas P., 116, 118, 123. - - Rifle practice, 84, 94. - - Riot, 30, 38, 39, 41, 82, 93, 100, 110, 125, 132, 143, 146, 153, - 156. - - Rodman, Fort, 57, 138, 140. - - Roosevelt, Theodore, 144. - - - Sampson, Walter S., 44, 109. - - Savage's Station, 66. - - Scott, Winfield, 7. - - Second Company, 9, 21, 42, 51, 54, 55, 59, 60, 80, 90, 94, 95, 97, - 100, 102, 105, 106, 108, 127, 133, 136, 139, 143, 151, 153, - 155. - - Seven Pines, 63, 65. - - Seventh Company, 9, 23, 34, 41, 47, 49, 50, 55, 59, 60, 81, 82, 87, - 110, 127, 136, 139, 143, 155. - - Sewall, Fort, 139. - - Shays, Daniel, 17. - - Sheridan, Philip H., 82, 131. - - Sherman, William T., 86. - - Sickles, Daniel E., 69, 71. - - Sixth Company, 22, 34, 40, 44, 51, 54, 55, 60, 81, 101, 109, 110, - 127, 132, 136, 139, 143, 145, 150. - - Soul of the Soldiery, 23, 92. - - Spooner, John Jones, 8, 12. - - Spotsylvania, 7, 60, 63, 67, 73, 104. - - Stage Fort, 139. - - Stevenson, Thomas G., 104. - - Strong, Fort, 25, 93, 143. - - - Taft, William H., 144. - - Taylor, Zachary, 37. - - Tenth Company, 52, 55, 60, 64, 72, 81, 87, 125, 127, 136, 143. - - Third Company, 9, 21, 37, 42, 51, 53, 54, 55, 60, 80, 87, 89, 90, - 93, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 116, 122, 124, 127, 130, 136, 143, - 153, 155. - - Thompson, Asa, 112. - - Train-band, 14, 21, 26, 30, 92, 98, 112, 113. - - Twelfth Company, 85, 127, 136, 143, 145. - - Tyler, John, 32, 65. - - - Uniform, 18, 27, 33, 36, 37, 61, 82, 90, 95, 111, 118, 128, 135, - 140, 143. - - - Veterans, 154. - - - Wardrop, David W., 110, 116, 117. - - Warren, Fort, 25, 105, 108, 132, 134, 137, 138, 143, 154. - - Washington, George, 9, 20, 21, 64, 65, 77, 90. - - Wayne, Anthony, 64. - - Webster, Daniel, 32, 35, 38, 113, 130. - - Webster, Col. Fletcher, 106. - - Wellington, Austin C., 110, 129, 132. - - Whitehall, 108, 124. - - Wilderness, 67, 70, 73. - - Williamsburg, 9, 63, 65, 77. - - Wilson, Henry, 46, 86. - - Wilson, Woodrow, 146. - - Wool, Gen. John E., 43, 117. - - - Yorktown, 9, 63, 64, 76. - - - * * * * * - - -Transcriber's Note: - -Punctuation has been standardised. - -The following changes were made to the original text: - - Page 24: mammouth changed to mammoth - (her mammoth resources in dealing) - Page 35: added missing 'the' - (disbanding for the good of) - Page 110: miltary changed to military - (concerning military matters) - Page 154: deleted repeated word 'the' - (was the first long-term) - Page 164: Ebenzer changed to Ebenezer - (Ebenezer W. Stone, Jr.,) - Page 180: Zachery changed to Zachary - (Taylor, Zachary, 37.) - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Old First Massachusetts Coast -Artillery in War and Peace, by Frederick Morse Cutler - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD FIRST MASS. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Old First Massachusetts Coast Artillery in War and Peace - -Author: Frederick Morse Cutler - -Release Date: October 13, 2012 [EBook #41043] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD FIRST MASS. COAST ARTILLERY *** - - - - -Produced by Rosanna Murphy and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41043 ***</div> <div class="tnote"> <p class="center"><b>Transcriber’s Notes:</b></p> @@ -7107,383 +7068,6 @@ Taylor, <span class="correction">Zachary</span>, 37. </ul> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Old First Massachusetts Coast -Artillery in War and Peace, by Frederick Morse Cutler - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD FIRST MASS. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Old First Massachusetts Coast Artillery in War and Peace - -Author: Frederick Morse Cutler - -Release Date: October 13, 2012 [EBook #41043] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD FIRST MASS. COAST ARTILLERY *** - - - - -Produced by Rosanna Murphy and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - -Transcriber's Note: Italic text is denoted by _underscores_. - - - - - THE OLD FIRST - -[Illustration: OUR FIRST STATE CAMP, NEPONSET, 1849] - - - - - THE OLD FIRST - - Massachusetts Coast Artillery - IN - War and Peace - - - By - FREDERICK MORSE CUTLER, B.D. - First Lieutenant, Chaplain - - [Illustration] - - - THE PILGRIM PRESS - BOSTON CHICAGO - - - - - COPYRIGHT 1917 - BY FREDERICK MORSE CUTLER - - _First Edition, March 21, 1917_ - _Second Edition, April 30, 1917_ - - - THE PILGRIM PRESS - BOSTON - - - - -CONTENTS - - - CHAPTER PAGE - - I. The Coast Artillery 1 - - II. 1784-1840 12 - - III. 1840-1861 31 - - IV. Responding to the President's Call 46 - - V. The Fighting First 58 - - VI. 1866-1878 80 - - VII. The Old "Tiger" First 89 - - VIII. "The Cape" 112 - - IX. Since 1878 127 - - X. Finally 152 - - APPENDIX I. Genealogy of the Coast Artillery--The - Present Companies--Their Captains 157 - - APPENDIX II. Bibliography 174 - - INDEX 179 - - - - -LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS - - - Our First State Camp, Neponset, 1849 _Frontispiece_ - - OPPOSITE PAGE - - The Train-Band, 1832. Why It Was Abolished? 26 - - Artillery in 1917 34 - - Artillery in 1784 34 - - Maj. Poore Pays His Bet 40 - - The South Armory, Boston 70 - - Fort Monroe in 1861 70 - - The Fusiliers About 1845 90 - - The Gray Uniform--The City Guards at Baltimore, 1844 96 - - The Author 144 - - Col. E. Dwight Fullerton 144 - - Col. George F. Quinby 144 - - Modern Battery 154 - - The Chaplain in Action, 1916 154 - - - - -THE OLD FIRST - - - - -THE OLD FIRST - - - - -CHAPTER I - -THE COAST ARTILLERY - - -When Chaplain Minot J. Savage first listened to the "March of the -First," inspiration fired his soul; the music was repeating a message to -him. Was there something in the brazen voice of the horns, a magical -harmony of sound with sense; or was it merely the loyal Chaplain's -imagination? At any rate this is what he heard: - - "We're brothers of all noble men, - Who wear our country's blue, - We brothers find in any race, - Where men are brave and true. - But we've a pride in our own band, - And we are all agreed, - Whatever grand deeds others do, - The 'Old First' still shall lead. - So while our feet keep music time, - Our hearts are proudly beating - An echo to Man's forward hope - That never knows retreating." - -And now, whenever "Adjutant's call" sounds and the companies move into -line with the precision and rhythmic swing characteristic of -well-trained troops, they also hear the message which was written down -for them by the Chaplain many years ago, "The Old First still shall -lead." They hear and believe. - -Today it becomes the privilege of another Chaplain to set forth in this -little book the reasons why the Old First believes in itself. We shall -see how the present grows out of a long and noble past. Back in Civil -War times observers noted that the regiment was one to be proud of; -there was a large proportion of sensible, solid men who enlisted because -it seemed duty, whose patriotism was not silly or vulgar, but strong and -serious. Today likewise the Inspector General reports that the personnel -is unexcelled; only men of good character are enlisted; standards are -very high. And for the largest part the men are not in the service for -any personal profit to themselves--there is too little pay to make money -the attraction. They are soldiers at the sacrifice of their own leisure, -and often of their comfort. A modern National Guardsman is averse to -boasting or heroics--he is the most matter-of-fact citizen of all. But -surely the Chaplain will be pardoned for saying, what the Guardsman -would be most reluctant to claim, that in the old regiment patriotism is -not a matter of words, it is made up of deeds. - -Massachusetts looks in large degree to the command for the coast defence -of Boston. America's center of wealth and manufacturing, the -Commonwealth holds the key to the whole country. Within a radius of two -hundred miles from Boston is manufactured practically every kind of -supply and equipment; while New York, the world's center of wealth and -finance, is only slightly more than two hundred miles away. To possess -Massachusetts would afford hostile invaders the best possible base; the -Coast Artillery is an essential factor in the defence of Massachusetts. - -Coast artillery affords the most magnificent team-sport in the world. -Three officers and sixty-seven men work together in firing the -twelve-inch rifle, and each contributes something essential to the -success of the shot. Twelve inches is the bore of the rifled gun; -forty-two or more feet the length; $45,000 is the cost, and the carriage -represents an investment of $40,000 more. It is loaded with three -hundred twenty-five pounds of powder, and a projectile weighing more -than half a ton, costing upwards of $150, and sufficient in itself to -destroy a hostile warship. The target, the moving target, at which the -shot is fired, floats on the water at a distance of eight to sixteen -miles; and without the use of powerful glasses is all but invisible. -Range and direction (azimuth) are determined by a combination of most -delicate scientific observing instruments. Now the great gun swings -majestically into place. "Fire!" A concussion follows as if many -railroad trains were coupling--mighty, stunning. Then ensue seconds of -eager watching from the battery, but not many such; for the projectile -travels twice as fast as sound itself. Up spouts a column of sea water -beside the target. A _hit_. And this will be repeated once per minute -until the enemy is put out of action. - -Camping, shooting, gymnastics, hiking, fencing, horseback-riding, and -even boating and aviation all enter into the training of the Coast -Artilleryman. Opportunity is given to learn much of mechanical, -electrical and engineering science. - -On its lighter side military life includes balls, parades, dinners, -theater-parties, smokers, and the annual January athletic games. Once in -four years there is a trip to the inauguration at Washington; lesser -excursions occupy some of the intervening time. Most valuable of all are -the life-long friendships formed by men who stand side by side in the -service of the country. These endure and keep warm after all else is -forgotten. - -The better soldier a man learns to be, the better citizen he makes -himself. Such training in team-work is of priceless value; this service -has become a passport to business success, and today there is no better -recommendation for employment. Civil Service commissioners recognize the -enhanced usefulness of the trained soldier by according him preference -in government appointments. - -Six of the companies come from stations outside of Boston,--Brockton, -Cambridge, Chelsea, Fall River, New Bedford and Taunton being -represented. Even more truly than the Boston companies these -organizations offer advantages of the greatest value; each is the pride -of its own home city; each ranks amongst the leading social bodies in -its community; and the armories, all fine structures, are popular club -houses. - -Altho it may be hard to "live up" to the responsibilities of a noble -ancestry and one is ever open to the unkind suggestion that his best is -like the potatoes, "under ground," still it is not the fault of a man, -nor of an organization, if the record of the past contains worthy, and -even heroic, passages. Not only is the Coast Artillery the surviving -heir to most of Boston's finest militia traditions and honors, but by -the consolidation of 1878 it also inherits the proud record of the Third -Regiment, the militia force of Pilgrim-land and the Cape. Even a more -modest organization than this would be excused for feeling thrills when -it remembers "auld lang syne"; and the gentle reader will peruse these -pages in vain if he fails to see why. - -Some day the command will establish a military museum of its own, in -which to display its trophies and relics. Its battle-flags have mostly -passed out of its reach and are irrevocably in the possession of the -Commonwealth. When one visits the Hall of Flags and gazes reverently -upon the tattered silk banners of the 1st Infantry, five in number, the -3d Infantry, two of them, the 24th Infantry, two, the 42d Infantry and -the 43d and the 44th, two each, and in the Spanish War case the two -colors of the 1st Heavy Artillery, seventeen flags in all, one may -possibly remember that a Massachusetts Coast Artilleryman would be -whispering to himself, "Those are our battle-flags." And there are many -other colors in the cases, under which members of the command fought -during the Civil War--those of the 4th, 5th, 6th, 13th, 29th Infantry -Regiments, and the 4th Heavy Artillery. - -Indeed the sole battle-flag remaining from the Mexican War, that of the -1st Mass. Volunteer Infantry, may be claimed as a Coast Artillery -trophy, since it was given by those who had borne it into the custody of -the veterans who made up the National Guards, the 9th Co. of Coast -Artillery. The National Guards eventually surrendered this color to the -Commonwealth. No less a personage than Gen. Winfield Scott had been the -original donor of the flag. - -In some unexplained manner, three colors carried by the 1st Infantry -during the Civil War escaped the State collector, and are preserved with -religious care at the South Armory. They are the American flag presented -by former Boston men who had "gone west" and there organized the -National Guard of San Francisco, a blue infantry color presented in 1863 -by the City of Boston, and a white State flag retained to replace a lost -Commonwealth color presented by the people of Chelsea. As often as May -25 rolls around, veterans of the regiment bear these flags, together -with the present National colors of the command, to the hall where the -anniversary dinner is held; and under the sacred silken folds the -white-haired warriors renew the memories of Fredericksburg and -Chancellorsville, of Gettysburg and Spotsylvania, while they smack their -lips over something more savory than the hard-tack and muddy coffee of -bygone days. Last winter these same veterans reviewed the Corps in the -South Armory. As they came marching on the floor under their tattered -battle-flags amid deafening cheers from hundreds of onlookers, strong -men could hardly choke back their tears. - -Post 23, G. A. R., of Boston, and Post 35 of Chelsea possess some 1st -Regiment relics. - -Headquarters will contribute to the regimental museum the sleeve of Drum -Major James F. Clark's coat, with its wonderful collection of -service-stripes indicative of forty-one years' service. Sergeant Clark -died in office in 1910. There is also an old commission in a frame on -the Headquarters' wall, that of George S. Newell as Colonel of the 1st -Reg., 1st Bri., 1st Div., dated May 11, 1839, signed by John P. Bigelow, -Secretary of the Commonwealth; and the warrant of Daniel Horatio Belknap -as Quartermaster Sergeant of the 1st Reg., 3d Bri., 1st Div., issued -July 20, 1824, by Col. Louis Lerow. Between 1831 and 1834 the Roxbury -Artillery had been temporarily attached to the 1st Reg., 1st Bri., but -in Colonel Newell's day we had no connection at all with that -organization; the Fusiliers were a part of the 1st Reg., 3d Bri., in -1824, when Sergt. Belknap was in office. - -Partly because it is the oldest company, and partly because it has -always been made up of men who "do things," the 1st Company possesses by -far the finest collection of historical valuables of all the regiment. -Indeed fully one-half of the regimental museum is already collected, and -belongs to Capt. Joseph H. Hurney's organization. In their room one sees -Capt. J. J. Spooner's original commission signed in 1784 by Gov. John -Hancock, the first flag carried by the company--a flag with fourteen -stars, the complete parchment roll of members from the very beginning, a -drum which helped to keep up the company's courage at Blackburn's Ford -and Bull Run, specimen uniforms and arms showing the development of -military skill and taste during each period of the company's history, -and a small cannon captured by Washington from the British at Yorktown -in 1781, and at Williamsburg in 1862 taken from the Confederates by a -company of ours. - -Shooting, military and athletic trophies almost without number adorn the -walls of Headquarters and of each company room; but these can hardly be -included in a regimental museum. The 6th and 7th Companies hold Knox -trophies as proof of their preeminent excellence in artillery work, and -will doubtless resent any suggestion of contributing them to anyone -else; certainly other companies have been trying hard enough to get -this, and have not succeeded even for a single year. But the museum will -have the 2d Company's original drum, dated 1798, and with it the first -flag. Their most valuable possession is a Stuart oil portrait of their -"patron saint," George Washington. The same company also display a set -of ancient by-laws inherited from their predecessor, the Independent -Light Infantry, and perhaps also a set of their ancient breast-plates. -If more is demanded, members of the company will fill their lungs and -emit the old "tiger" yell or growl; and this is certain to prove -sufficient so far as the 2d Company is concerned. The 3d Company room -does not contain much of historical interest. Their proudest possession -is an entry on the records of the Governor's Council dated May 11, 1787, -wherein it appears that a petition presented by Thomas Adams and -fifty-three others was granted, and that a military company, the -Independent Boston Fusiliers, was formally established in the eyes of -the law. On the following Fourth of July the Fusiliers received their -charter from Gov. James Bowdoin, while formed on the slope of Bunker -Hill, and forthwith regaled themselves as guests at the hospitable table -of Gov. (to be) John Hancock. Maj. James W. H. Myrick, Commander of the -Fusilier Veteran Association, is custodian of the original 3d Company -records. - -We shall see that the Coast Artilleryman has reason for singing "The Old -First still shall lead"; but the historian faces a difficulty when he -essays to explain who the Coast Artillery are, anyway. Three different -regiments are consolidated in the present body--which was the original? -But see, what's here! The regimental museum will solve even this vexed -problem of genealogy. A resolve by the General Court of Massachusetts, -duly engrossed and framed, together with an order of the Council -approved by Gov. John L. Bates on April 6, 1903, not only certifies that -the First Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer Militia responded to the -call of the President of the United States in April, 1861, for troops to -suppress the rebellion, but also, and more importantly as concerning our -present difficulty, that the First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery are the -"successors" of the regiment of 1861. Blessings upon the head of the man -whose influence secured this legislative action! The historian may tread -fearlessly in full assurance that the Coast Artillery is the First -Infantry of Civil War fame, and that other ancestry is, if not -collateral, at least not in the principal line. A complete genealogy of -the command will be found elsewhere in this book. - -One explanation is in order before proceeding. On April 25, 1842, the -companies were designated by letter; on Nov. 1, 1905, they ceased to be -designated by letter, and were numbered in order of charter-seniority. -Altho all company and regimental history between 1842 and 1905 was -recorded in terms of company letters, since 1905 the letters have -rapidly passed into oblivion; and today have become almost entirely -forgotten. For the purpose of interpreting the past in terms -intelligible to the present, it seems best to translate letters into -numerals--to speak, in other words, of the 1st Company rather than -Company or Battery D. And now, the prelude being finished and the -audience all having visited the museum, let the performance go forward. - - - - -CHAPTER II - -1784-1840 - - -A group of men were assembled in the living room of a prosperous looking -Roxbury farmhouse on March 22, 1784. Altho they had met several times -previously during the winter, they showed by both word and bearing that -they were actually engaged in transacting their most important business -on the present occasion. General William Heath, owner of the house, -presided. As everyone in Roxbury well knew, the General had lately -returned from war, where he had enjoyed the privilege of close -companionship and friendship with no less a person than the commander, -Gen. George Washington, himself. Another of the company was a wealthy -young merchant of Roxbury, an ex-Cadet, John Jones Spooner, who stood in -the relationship of son-in-law to Gen. Heath. Amongst others were -Jonathan Warner and several more Revolutionary veterans; also two -prominent members of Roxbury society, Joseph Pierpont and John Swift. -Well might these men look important for they were engaged in presiding -over a birth--the birth of a National Guard company--today the oldest -National Guard company with continuous history in America. - -As soon as the company had been born, and was reported to be "doing -well," it was christened. "The Roxbury Train of Artillery" was inscribed -with due form and ceremony upon the first page of its record book. Who -was then sufficiently far-sighted to foresee that on June 30, 1916, the -same company would take the Federal oath as the "1st Company, Coast -Artillery Corps, National Guard of Massachusetts"? A company in those -days was commanded by a captain with the rank of Major; and this office -was promptly conferred upon John Jones Spooner. Jonathan Warner became -the "Captain-lieutenant," and Joseph Pierpont and John Swift were -elected the other two lieutenants, as at that time authorized. Warrants -were issued to four sergeants; four musicians were appointed, -twenty-four men were detailed as cannoneers, eight as pioneers, three as -drivers--and when two brass four-pounder cannon had been issued to them, -the Roxbury Artillery were ready for any kind of a fight or frolic. It -was not to be until Aug. 30, 1849, that Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn would -suggest the famous motto now borne by the Company, "In time of peace -prepare for war." No one can question however but that the sentiment of -the motto has always controlled 1st Company activities. - -Major Spooner subsequently resigned his command, was succeeded by Capt. -Warner; and himself became a minister of the gospel. - -Those were the days immediately following the Revolutionary war; and in -America during such seasons the commanding military official is sure to -be "general apathy." Owing partly to the absence of other organized -companies, and partly to the skill and enthusiasm of the Roxbury men, -the Artillery were in frequent demand. On October 15, 1784, they turned -out to fire a salute in honor of a distinguished visitor, Gen. -Lafayette. The Boston Train of Artillery, afterwards the 8th Company, -came into existence May 7, 1785; and these two organizations shared the -honor of escorting the Governor and members of the General Court on July -4, 1785, and again the year following. The fact is, these were the only -two active military companies in or around Boston at the time. On one of -these occasions Gen. Heath noted concerning his proteges that they -"made a good appearance and performed their exercises well." An army -travels upon its stomach, and a good soldier attends carefully to the -subsistence part of his work. The 1st Company displayed true soldierly -instincts by including, from the very beginning, commissary exercises -amongst their other activities,--in other words, at the conclusion of -the parade "they dined together." Music was furnished for these military -displays by the only band then in Boston, one consisting of Hessians who -remained behind from Burgoyne's army, under the leadership of Frederick -Granger. - -Let the narrative pause a minute while we paint in a background for the -picture. Do we understand who the militia are? Citizen-soldiers, -citizens who serve as soldiers when necessary, without relinquishing -their civil occupations, part-time fighting men--such have always been -the chief reliance of free peoples when it becomes necessary to defend -their territory or to enforce their sovereign will. In British dominions -this military force received the name of "train-band" about 1600, and -began to be called "militia" in 1660. Moreover their service was both -compulsory and universal--at least it was so in theory. Each citizen was -required by law to provide himself with a "good musket or firelock, a -sufficient bayonet, and belt, two spare flints, and a knapsack." Thus -armed and equipped, he was expected to present himself four times a year -for a day's training. - -It is customary to heap ridicule upon the militia. Cowper described -"John Gilpin" as a "train-band captain," and taught us to laugh at him. -Yankee Doodle, with its "men and boys as thick as hasty puddin'," is a -parody on the American militia. In truth appearances were against them -in the olden times. Their history began away back in the days when -military costume consisted of an iron hat and a steel vest. When, about -1700, armor passed out of use, the militiamen, to prove that they were -true conservatives, refused to substitute any other uniform clothing. -Consequently they did not look soldierly. But the Yankee Doodle militia -under Johnson at Lake George administered a stinging defeat to the -French regulars. We have been abundantly taught of late how American -military history fairly bristles with evidence that the militia system -is faulty. So be it. Now it is time to point out another lesson from the -same history, namely, that when American militia have fought under -favorable conditions, with some shelter, and with an auspicious -beginning to the action, they have often manifested a valor that makes -the world marvel, a valor unequalled except in the annals of legendary -warfare. - -This militia existed, in 1784, thruout Massachusetts (and Maine) as nine -divisions of approximately five thousand men each. The first division -was stationed in Boston. And, alas! all divisions were temporarily -inactive. - -The oldest volunteer militia company in England, as well as its -"ancient" daughter in America, have as part of their title the word -"Honorable." Militia rendered such military service as the law demanded. -Volunteer militia went beyond this, and in addition uniformed themselves -at their own expense, drilled frequently, and held themselves in -readiness for parades and ceremonies, and, in sterner vein, for -disturbance of the peace and for war. As the basis of every volunteer -army our country raised was found the organized, volunteer militia. No -wonder that esteem and distinction have attached to this service. Since -1908 the force has borne the title, "National Guard," a name going back -to the citizen soldiery who defended Paris in 1789 and who were -commanded by Lafayette, a name brought to this country in 1824 by -Lafayette himself and then first adopted by the N. Y. 7th Reg., and in -1862 taken by all the organized militia of that state, in 1903 extended -thruout the United States, and in 1916 officially substituted for all -other titles in Massachusetts. - -Why was it necessary for the Roxbury men to organize their company? -Could not the U. S. regular army afford America sufficient protection in -1784? Regular army! So far as Congress could control the matter, there -was no regular army in 1784. A determined effort had been made the year -previous to wipe the force entirely out of existence, to muster out -every Continental remaining over from the Revolutionary war. Thru some -oversight one single company, that formerly commanded by Alexander -Hamilton and now "Battery F of the 3d Field Artillery," had escaped. -Perhaps because they were standing guard over valuable stores at West -Point and elsewhere, perhaps because the mustering-out officer ran short -of blank forms--for some unexplained reason one company survived. This -single company constituted the entire U. S. army in 1784. This one -company is the only military organization in America having continuous -existence, which antedates the Massachusetts Coast Artillery. Moreover -the situation was only slightly better later. In 1787 there were only -1,200 regulars, in 1798, 2,100, and at the opening of the Civil War, -with a national area almost equal to the present, less than 10,000. Were -not Gen. Heath and the Roxbury men justified in taking steps to -strengthen the forces of government? - -If we may now resume the narrative, we note that the Dorchester -Artillery, the 4th Company, was organized in 1786. Material was -preparing out of which the future regiment might be built. - -1786 and 1787 were years of threatening and storm in Massachusetts. In -consequence of the war, people found themselves burdened with debts and -taxes. They complained that the Governor's salary was too high, the -senate aristocratic, the lawyers extortionate, and that the courts were -instruments of oppression, especially in the collection of debts. By way -of remedy they demanded the removal of the General Court from Boston, -the relief of debtors, and the issue of a large amount of paper money. -Daniel Shays, an ex-captain of the Continental army, placed himself at -the head of a movement to secure these ends by force, and his effort has -come down thru history as "Shays' rebellion." - -In December, 1786, he appeared at Springfield with one thousand -insurgents, resolved to break up the session of the supreme court. After -forcing the adjournment of the session, the insurgents directed an -attack against the arsenal in Springfield. Meanwhile the State -government had sent Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, at the head of four thousand -militia, amongst whom were included our artillery companies, to suppress -the disorder; and on Jan. 25, 1787,--six days after leaving Boston,--the -troops arrived in season to beat off the insurgent attack. Shays and his -followers were pursued as far as Petersham, where on Feb. 9 all armed -resistance was crushed out and the insurgents captured or dispersed. -Since there was such abundant ground for this discontent, it is pleasing -to know that the "rebels" were all pardoned, and Shays himself finally -awarded a pension for his Revolutionary services. Improved economic -conditions due to the new Federal constitution soon removed all danger -of such disorder in the future. Please note, however, that winter -campaigning in western Massachusetts is by no means an attractive -holiday experience, and that the members of the command who engaged in -this, the first, active service, manifested the same plucky devotion to -duty as has characterized them ever since. - -When in 1788 the new United States constitution was ratified, Boston -felt moved to celebrate the event. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, who commanded -the train-band division in the city, investigated and found that he had -eight uniformed companies amongst his militia organizations. So the -eight were directed to parade. The Dorchester Artillery were not -present; but the Roxbury and Boston companies had prominent places in -the procession. There were three other companies present, infantry -companies, which would have interested anyone gifted with prophetic -foresight. For just ninety years from that time, the three infantry -companies were destined to unite with the two artillery in forming the -1st Regiment of today. Meanwhile, unconscious of the future, they are -all parading in honor of the new Federal government; watch them. Grave, -dignified men they are. And no wonder; for they are the social and -political leaders of Boston-town. No one could hope for election to -office in those days unless he had "done his bit" in the militia. They -wore the Continental uniform, with cocked hats, blue coats having ample -skirts, and white knickerbockers. In their movements they were majestic, -slow, deliberate; seventy-five steps per minute were considered amply -sufficient. It was not until 1891 that their hustling offspring -completed the process of raising the military cadence to one hundred -twenty per minute, with a pace thirty inches long. For weapons they -carried smooth-bore flint-locks, which the dictionary tells us, were -known as snaphaunces or "fusils," whence we have the term, "fusiliers." -The musket was furnished by the State, and was the only part of the -equipment so provided. Never mind if they were not very deadly,--they at -least looked formidable. Our artillery companies drew their cannon from -the "gun-house" on the common; contrast this rough shed with the South -Armory of today! After the martial exhibition was concluded, our -forefathers betook themselves to the "Green Dragon," or the "Bunch of -Grapes," or the "Exchange Coffee House" where coffee was by no means the -limit, or some other popular tavern, for the military exercises which -constituted the climax of the entire day. - -A clear distinction existed between militia and volunteers in the foot -branch of the service, the volunteers being designated fusiliers or -grenadiers or light infantry or rifles or cadets, and the militia being -known as infantry. But the distinction was obscured in the "train of -artillery." So much of technical qualification was required of the -artilleryman and cavalryman that all companies of such troops had to -meet the higher military standards of volunteers and were so classified. -In such rosters as existed, it was customary to print the names of -company officers of artillery and cavalry, while such lists included -only field officers in foot commands. - -First mention of a battalion of artillery appears in the roster of the -1st division for 1790, when the four companies in Boston, Dorchester, -Middlesex and Roxbury are so designated. No field officer had yet been -commissioned. This is the beginning of the Coast Artillery, the -battalion and regimental organization having continued in unbroken -existence from 1789 to the present time. While under every militia law -ever adopted by Congress, not only the 1st Company but also the command -as a larger unit might claim "ancient privileges" on the ground of -continuous organization thruout these decades, it is just and right to -state that the pride of the "Old First" has always been not to claim any -privilege at all, except that of serving wherever and however it could -be of the most use. At this date no battalion organization existed -amongst the volunteer foot companies, each being an "independent" -divisionary corps of infantry. - -October, 1789, our companies were again in line, this time to receive -and escort the President of the United States, George Washington. In -October, 1793, a sadder duty summoned them forth. John Hancock, patriot, -signer of the declaration of independence, Governor of Massachusetts, -and President of the Continental Congress, had finished his long and -noble career and gone to his rest. Boston loved and honored its chief -citizen; the funeral parade, in which our companies participated, was an -expression of heart-felt grief. The companies were again called out on -July 4th, 1795, to help lay the corner-stone of the new State-house, the -famous "Bulfinch front." - -War clouds began to darken the political sky in 1794, war clouds -generated by the titanic struggle between the French and their enemies -thruout Europe. Controversies had been going on between us and both -parties to the great European conflict; now this particular danger -threatened from the French side. Altho most Americans had sympathized -with the French in their revolutionary struggle, had worn tri-colored -cockades and clamored for a French alliance, now French colors -disappeared from view, men wore black, and "Hail Columbia," with -"independence" for its "boast," became the popular song. As soon as -America found itself involved in the threatened storm, Congress began to -take measures for defence and turned its attention to the militia. It is -only in war-time that Congress can be induced to notice the -citizen-soldiers. A law was passed May 9, 1794, directing the states to -organize active regiments of militia and to prepare for eventualities. -No action seems to have resulted from this first legislation; and as the -foreign danger intensified, a second act was passed in 1797, aiming to -render the former law effective. Following the classical preferences of -the times, the U. S. army had been rechristened, in 1792, the "legion." -Each state must now organize a "legion" of its own. 80,000 was the -figure set for the total strength of this force; and it is significant -of Massachusetts' relative standing that the Commonwealth was directed -to furnish 11,885 of the total--more than any other state. - -Massachusetts, on June 6, 1794, directed commanders of train-band -divisions to draft men from their brigades who should hold themselves in -instant readiness for service, as the "minute-men" of 1775 had been -selected and organized. The great prestige of George Washington, for he -had consented to waive his seniority and to serve as Lieut.-General -under Pres. Adams, helped to render this revival of the minute-men -popular, and the fashionable designation of "legion" did not detract -from its popularity. - -On August 22, 1797, a supplementary order was issued, directing that a -special regiment of such "legionaries" should be formed from the militia -of each division. The number of divisions having increased to ten, this -called for ten regiments of active troops in Massachusetts and Maine. - -While the order ostensibly affected the entire Commonwealth, in point of -fact the only legionaries ever organized were in Boston. Brig.-Gen. John -Winslow, a soldier of energy and ability, in civil life a hardware -dealer, was commissioned to command the "legionary brigade" of Boston, -and during the ten years of his incumbency the legion was so vital a -factor in the city's military life that it became a fixture. Winslow's -legionary brigade was organized in 1799, just as the war scare subsided. -It consisted of legionary cavalry (one troop), a sub-legion of light -infantry made up of two independent companies (the Fusiliers and the -Boston Light Infantry), and a sub-legion of artillery made up of the -Boston and Columbian companies, now fully organized as a battalion under -Maj. Daniel Wild. The Roxbury and Dorchester companies did not join the -legion, and now completed a battalion organization under Maj. James -Robinson and were designated the "Battalion of Artillery, 1st Brigade, -1st Division." These two battalions, one within and the other without -the legion, represent a splitting up of the 1789 battalion. On June 4, -1844, these two battalions, numbered 1st (the legionary) and 2d (the old -1st Brigade battalion) were to consolidate in the 5th Regiment of -Artillery. - -The legionary brigade lasted as long as Gen. Winslow continued in -command. Its cavalry, light infantry and artillery sections continued to -thrive; and in 1802, under the energetic leadership of Lt. Col. Robert -Gardner, succeeded in 1804 by Thomas Badger, a regiment, consisting of -three sub-legions of infantry, each commanded by a major, came into -existence. In the artillery sub-legion, Maj. Wild was succeeded by Maj. -John Bray in 1803, and by Maj. O. Johonnot in 1805. Meanwhile the 1st -Brigade battalion of artillery was commanded by Maj. Robinson. In 1808 -Gen. Winslow retired; and in 1809 the legionary brigade was redesignated -"3d Brigade, 1st Division." Its three sub-legions of infantry became -three infantry regiments, and these, as we shall see, contained -companies destined later to form part of the Coast Artillery. The -sub-legion of artillery became known as the "Battalion of Artillery, 3d -Brigade," commanded by Maj. Johonnot, in 1812 by Maj. Nathan Parker, and -in 1813 by Maj. William Harris. Maj. James Robinson was succeeded as -commander of the 1st Brigade battalion by Maj. John Robinson in 1812, -and the latter in 1814 by Maj. Isaac Gale, formerly Captain of the -Roxbury Artillery. The 3d Brigade rendered one distinguished service to -the city of Boston--it brought out and maintained Asa Fillebrown as -leader of the brigade band. The 3d Brigade continued to be the most -prominent element in Boston's militia until the reorganization of 1840. - -No doubt the French war-scare and the formation of the legionary brigade -stimulated militia development in Massachusetts. The Columbian -Artillery, the 6th Company, was organized June 17, 1798; and the -Washington Artillery, the 7th Company, on May 29, 1810. Happily the war -clouds dissolved without doing serious damage to America. Meanwhile the -two battalions of artillery turned out to greet and receive President -John Adams on the occasion of his visit to Boston. - -Between the years of 1810 and 1819 and intermittently until 1855, -Massachusetts state rosters contain a curious entry, "The Soul of the -Soldiery." While one could scarcely guess the fact, this was a -predecessor of the modern "training school" for officers, and was -maintained by the non-commissioned officers of all companies connected -with the Legionary or 3d Brigade. No wonder that the Massachusetts -militia excelled the corresponding force in other states, with such a -spirit stirring the breasts of the enlisted men. - -By 1812 America did find itself involved in actual war. Statesmen had -been laboring, and laboring successfully, for nearly a score of years to -keep us at peace with France. Meanwhile circumstances conspired to stir -up hostilities with France's great enemy; and almost before men could -realize the possibility of such a thing, we were engaged in the second -war with England. - -This is no place to discuss the cause of the struggle; Boston's -artillery companies shared the sentiment of their section and regretted -the condition of affairs. The war was unpopular in New England. But the -members of the artillery companies, being soldiers, did "not reason why" -and did put themselves into an attitude of preparedness. - -Weeks ensued which men would be glad to forget. Regiments of regulars -were enlisted in Boston and transported to the Canadian frontier as part -of the successive invading forces. After the lapse of months word came -back of American defeat, of the incompetence displayed by untrained -American officers, of hundreds of British putting to flight thousands of -Americans. Boston itself lay open to hostile attack, with fortifications -mostly in ruins, and such as there were, ungarrisoned. Then came the -naval victories won by our gallant frigates, and Massachusetts breathed -more freely. The enthusiasm which was craving an opportunity for -expression found vent in ovations to victorious sailors. During the -first two years of hostilities no attack was made against the New -England coast, and we now know that England deliberately refrained -because of the friendly sentiments of the New England people. - -The year 1814 brought a great change in the situation. England had -downed Napoleon, and was at liberty to employ her mammoth resources in -dealing with enemies elsewhere. Massachusetts, because it was part of -America, and more particularly because its harbors served as a base of -operations for the American navy, was to feel the consequences of war. -Invasion commenced in Maine and threatened to roll southward down the -coast; immunity was at an end; and an attack was actually made on -Gloucester. Gov. Caleb Strong waited as long as he dared, expecting the -Federal Government to take the steps necessary for defending our coast. -When it finally became evident that Washington had its hands full -elsewhere and could do nothing for Boston, Gov. Strong acted. - -As the service was to be guard duty and the erecting of fortifications, -and was likely to continue thru an indefinite number of months, larger -units of the militia were not called out as such. No regiment went as a -whole. It seemed better to draft companies, platoons, and even squads. A -guard was maintained at Chelsea bridge to keep off raiding parties. -After Sept. 8, 1814, all militia organizations were held in readiness; -and between that date and November, when the British fleet finally -sailed away, every member of the five artillery companies gave some -weeks to active service. Fort Independence on Castle Island and Fort -Warren on Governor's Island, small works of brick and earth, constituted -Boston's principal defences; these were garrisoned, and put in repair. -How tremendously modern ordnance out-ranges that of a century ago! The -present Fort Warren, on Georges Island, erected in 1850, is today not -nearly far enough from the city it defends, not far enough out at sea; -neither is its armament as long-ranged as it should be. Yet contrasted -with the earlier Fort Warren, it is very remote from Boston, and is -armed with guns able to do execution at almost infinite distance. The -Commonwealth added to the defences of the harbor; land was purchased on -Jeffries Point, East Boston, and another fort erected to support -Independence and Warren. The legislature, out of compliment to the -Governor, named the new work Fort Strong. Here too one must be careful -not to confuse the old fort with that of the same name today on Long -Island. - -Historians agree in pronouncing the militia a failure in the second war -with England. It must be confessed that there is much ground for such a -verdict; in fact, the regular army was also, for the most part, a sad -failure in the same war. But in all fairness an exception should be -made of the Massachusetts militia which manned the coast defences of -Boston and kept the British fleet outside the harbors of the state. The -Roxbury Artillerymen and their comrades in sister companies were prompt -in responding, efficient in "digging" and other military labor, and -entirely vigilant in guard duty. Their service in 1814 goes far to -render the name of militia honorable. - -One moment of relaxation came during the war when the battalions paraded -in Boston as escort to President James Madison. - -The year 1815 marked a turning point in American military history, and -the artillery companies of Boston felt its influence. Danger from -foreign foes was at an end; the Indians were then so far to the westward -as no longer to be a serious menace. America felt free to enter upon a -career of peaceful conquest--and to get rich. It is fair to note that -England also began a similar stage at the same time; perhaps there was -some reflex influence exerted by the mother country. The first symptom -of the change was the decay of the train-band. Whereas militia service -had hitherto been regarded seriously, as the most important duty of -citizenship, now men laughed at it. We begin to find reference to the -"corn-stalk" militia. - -[Illustration: THE TRAIN-BAND, 1832. WHY IT WAS ABOLISHED] - -Decay was gnawing at the vitals of the train-band system. Ridiculous -cartoons may be seen in the museum of the A. & H. Art. Co. (Matthews' -"Militia Folk" and others) showing what a farce the institution had -become. Men attended muster in outrageously improper clothing, armed -with sticks, pitchforks, or nothing at all, and obviously treated this -aspect of their patriotic duty as a gigantic bit of buffoonery. -Quarterly training or muster-day became an occasion more noted for the -rum then consumed than for the drilling done. Early temperance societies -recognized this state of affairs by including in their abstinence -pledges an exception in favor of muster-day; it was not "intemperate" to -be drunk then. In our forefathers' opinion this gradual abandonment of -compulsory universal military service was regarded as a mark of social -progress. Will such be the ultimate verdict of history? - -Increased importance attached to the Roxbury Artillery and other -volunteer companies as the train-band became increasingly inactive. Let -us inspect them, bearing in mind that they are now the chief military -reliance of the Commonwealth. Discipline, judged by modern standards, -may not have been strict. Men came and went pretty much at will. But -they had some discipline, while their fellow-citizens did not know what -the word meant. No "basic course for officers" as yet existed, and it is -a fact that the higher officers were apt to be chosen more for political -than military reasons. As the rank increased, the military attainments -were apt to diminish; but amongst the company officers were found many -brave and skilful soldiers. Uniform fashions had been modified by the -recent war--now companies wore the shako on the head, at first of -leather and later of bearskin, the high buttoned swallow-tail coat, -white webbing cross-belts with brass breast-plates, and long trousers. -Each company had a distinctive uniform of its own, as different as -possible from all others; and this diversity persisted even down until -after the Civil War. It was a column of companies, and judging from -appearances, of extremely "separate" companies, that paraded to escort -and welcome Lafayette in April and again on August 30, 1824; and to lay -the corner-stone of Bunker Hill monument in 1825; and to inter President -John Adams in July, 1826; and for the funeral of Gov. William Eustis. An -enthusiastic reception was accorded by these companies to President -Andrew Jackson, June 24, 1833. These soldiers may not have been as -efficient as modern troops must be; but they made a splendid appearance -on parade; and beyond question were a powerful military asset when -judged by the standard of their own times. - -An attempt was made to increase efficiency by issuing books of drill -regulations available for all, instead of depending upon oral -instruction. In the earliest days drill was regulated by Prussian and -French systems of tactics. The first book of tactics ever prepared in -English for general popular issue was written and published in 1813 by -Gen. Isaac Maltby of the Massachusetts militia, for the use of -Massachusetts troops. The necessity for conciseness and speed was not -then recognized. For a battalion to pass from line to close column, the -drill regulations of 1911 indicate commands as follows: "Close on first -company, March, Second company, Squads right, column half right, March." -Under Maltby's system this was heard: "Battalions will form close column -of platoons on the right, in rear of the first platoon, Shoulder arms, -Battalion, Form close column of platoons in rear of the right, Right -face, March." Scott's famous tactics were adopted in 1834. - -Maj. Joseph E. Smith succeeded to the command of the 3d Brigade -battalion of artillery in 1817, Maj. Thomas J. Lobnell in 1823, Maj. -Samuel Lynes in 1826, Maj. Aaron Andrews in 1830, and Maj. Horace Bacon -of Cambridge in 1832. By June 29, 1834, the battalion had grown to four -companies, and was for a year elevated to the dignity of a regiment. -John L. White, the popular proprietor of the Union House (29 Union St.), -was made Colonel, and thus became the first man ever to hold that rank -in the Coast Artillery. Col. White's military career had been meteoric; -in 1831 he was elected Cornet (2d Lt.) of Light Dragoons in the 3d -Brigade; 1832 saw him Major of the 1st Infantry in the same brigade; in -1834 he became Colonel of that regiment; and ten weeks later, on the -date given above, he transferred and was commissioned Colonel of the new -artillery regiment. However the time was not yet ripe for regimental -dignity. When a few months later Col. White removed from Boston and -resigned his command, the organization was allowed to slip back and -again become a battalion. Maj. John Hoppen commanded in 1836. On April -24, 1840, the battalion was awarded the number "1st." In 1841 William B. -Perkins was elected Major, the last man to command it as a separate -organization. - -Meanwhile the 1st Brigade battalion was commanded by the following -Majors: 1818 Joseph Hastings of Roxbury, 1822 Robert Stetson of -Dorchester (an ex-Captain of the 1st Company), 1825 John Parks of -Dorchester, and 1829 Jonathan White, Jr., of Weymouth. In 1831 the -strength of the battalion was reduced from three to two companies, and -these were temporarily attached to an infantry regiment (the 1st of the -1st Brigade). On June 26, 1834, the battalion organization was restored, -a new company having been formed, with John Webber, an ex-Captain of the -1st Company as Major. Maj. John W. Loud of Weymouth was elected to -command in 1836, and Maj. Webber again in 1839. On April 24, 1840, the -battalion was numbered "2d." In 1841 Samuel F. Train of Roxbury was -elected Major, the last man to command the battalion as a separate -organization. Capt. John Webber was succeeded as commander of the 1st -Company by Andrew Chase, Jr., a man destined to become first Colonel of -the new regiment. That year the battalions paraded in celebration of the -completion of Boston's new railroad. - -All the companies were called out June 11, 1837, to maintain public -order at the time of the Broad Street riot. The outbreak arose from a -clash between a funeral procession and a fire-engine company. Which -ought to have the right of way? Unfortunately racial jealousy was -present to embitter the rivalry, so that blows were exchanged and a -general fire-alarm "rung in" and disorder became wide-spread. First -honors on this occasion belong to the newly organized National Lancers, -whose horses terrified the rioters; infantry and artillery companies -acted as reserve, and subsequently policed the district. - -This period of Corps history came to its conclusion when on March 24, -1840, the legislature voted a general reorganization of the militia, and -in particular disbanded the ancient train-band. In theory, the members -of the artillery battalions had been excused from the compulsory drill -done by every able-bodied man in their districts on the ground that they -were rendering more than the prescribed military service in their -volunteer organizations. In fact, the district companies and regiments -of the train-band had long since ceased to do any true drilling and were -little more than a mere name. Courage is required to abate a -long-standing abuse. New York continued to endure the train-band system -until 1862, well into the Civil War. Massachusetts faced the condition -with greater determination, and abolished the system in 1840. On March -24 the law was enacted, and on April 17 the necessary orders issued. -Thereafter the volunteer companies were the only military force existing -in the Commonwealth. - - - - -CHAPTER III - -1840-1861 - - -Gen. William Henry Harrison had been elected President in 1840 at the -conclusion of one of the most exciting political contests ever known in -America. A month after assuming office, in April, 1841, he suddenly -died. Public feeling which had been so stirred over the election, now -reacted; and men everywhere vied with one another in expressing -heart-felt sorrow. Amidst circumstances of deep gloom, intensified by -bad weather, the battalions, in the very midst of the confusion -attendant upon their reorganization, made a funeral parade notable for -its sadness. It was not until July, 1862, that the regiment again came -in touch with Harrison; then they were stationed at his birthplace, -Harrison's Landing on the James River, Virginia. And greatly did they -enjoy their days of rest after the torture of the Chickahominy swamp, -and the opportunity to use plenty of clean, fresh water for bathing; -possibly some of the older soldiers remembered the obsequies of April -22, 1841. - -June, 1843, was a red-letter period in Boston history. Bunker Hill -monument was at last completed after eighteen years building, and a vast -concourse of people assembled for its dedication. The New York 7th -Regiment, then known as the "National Guard Battalion," arrived on the -16th, and was received and entertained by the Fusiliers. Indeed troops -were present from four outside states--Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode -Island and New York. That same day the artillery battalions met -President John Tyler at Roxbury Crossing, and escorted him to the -Tremont House, the parade taking place amidst a drenching rain-storm. -The morning of the 17th was clear, cool, and delightful. At an early -hour, the military part of the procession, which consisted of four grand -divisions, was formed on Boston Common. As the procession moved toward -Bunker Hill, the enthusiasm which was produced by the admirable -appearance of the troops was only equalled by that which greeted the -distinguished Webster, the gifted orator of the day; while President -Tyler, in melancholy contrast, was received with ominous silence and -coolness. Arriving at Bunker Hill, the orator of the day and the guests -and officials passed into the already crowded square. While Webster was -speaking, the soldiers were necessarily far beyond the sound of his -voice, and were entertained by "a bountiful collation," which the -hospitable authorities of Boston had prepared. After the ceremonies, -oratorical and gustatory, the procession returned to Boston, and the -troops were reviewed by the President at the State House. At a dinner -the same evening in Faneuil Hall, President Tyler gave the following -toast:--"The Union,--a union of purpose, a union of feeling, the Union -established by our fathers." A few years later, he was an active enemy -of that Union, which he had complimented in the most solemn manner -within the sacred walls of the Cradle of Liberty. - -Boston's division of the force, thereafter to be known as the -Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, paraded in two brigades, with a total -strength of 2,500 men. Incidentally we might note that there were two -other such divisions in the state. Under the circumstances the 1st and -2d Battalions of Artillery added to their already creditable reputation -and presented a fine appearance. There were five companies in the two -battalions, each consisting of a captain, two lieutenants, four -sergeants, four corporals, six gunners, six bombardiers, one drummer, -one fifer, and sixty-four privates or "matrosses." Part of each company -was armed, equipped and drilled as infantry; but each company proudly -exhibited two bronze six-pounder cannon with limbers, and a single -caisson. The ordnance had increased in caliber since 1784, the change -being made in 1840. The state prescribed by law what manner of uniform -the artillery companies should wear. Inasmuch however as the members had -to purchase their own clothing without state assistance, and since they -were mostly interested in the glory of their own companies, they were -pardonable for regarding the regulation state uniform as merely a point -of departure from which fancy might soar in devising distinctive -costumes for the company units. Caps, short jackets, and frock coats, -soon to become popularized as a result of the Mexican War, were -beginning to be in vogue. - -The year 1844 marked a still more important step in the development of -the artillery battalions. Train-band companies of each district had -always been organized into regiments, and the regiment was conceded to -be the fundamental unit in importance. It was the tactical unit, that -is, the troops maneuvered as regiments when in the presence of an enemy. -It was also the administrative unit, in the sense that all records and -reports centered at regimental headquarters. In drill regulations, the -regiment was called a battalion; but no battalion could claim to be a -regiment unless it had approximately ten companies, and was commanded by -a colonel; one thousand was the membership standard. In other words the -regiment was the only complete battalion. When the train-band ceased to -be, the battalions of artillery began to aspire after regimental dignity -in the Volunteer Militia. The 1st Battalion had actually been a regiment -for a few months, ten years previously. Nor was it forgotten that the -two battalions were originally one, that the regimental consolidation to -be was really a reunion of those who, forty-six years before, had been a -single body. On June 4, 1844, their wish was gratified; and the 5th -Regiment of Artillery came into being. With the promotion on June 24 of -Andrew Chase, Jr., to the colonelcy the new organization was completed. - -Economy reigned in the Adjutant General's office of that day, and the -state did not feel that it could afford much expenditure for printing. -Our earliest rosters come from 1858, and we are unable to name many of -the distinguished men who made up the 5th Regiment at its inception. It -contained five companies: 1st, the Roxbury Artillery; 4th, the -Dorchester Artillery; 6th, the Columbian Artillery; 7th, the Washington -Artillery; and 8th, the Boston Artillery. Since all excepting the -Dorchester company were strong organizations with established -reputations, the regiment, from the very beginning, became the most -distinguished military body in the city and state. In recognition of -this fact Col. Chase was promoted to the brigadier-generalship Aug. 28, -1847. - -Military affairs were stimulated by the Mexican war in 1846. While no -militia organization went from Massachusetts, individuals from all -regiments enlisted in the 1st Massachusetts Volunteers, the single -regiment sent out by the state; and tales of American valor in the -southwest served to arouse all to do better work. Mexican veterans -afterward organized a company in our command; and became the recognized -custodians of the 1st Volunteers' Mexican battle-flag. - -[Illustration: ARTILLERY IN 1917] - -[Illustration: Copyright by Continental Ins. Co. - -ARTILLERY IN 1784] - -Regimental responsibility was too much for the Dorchester Artillery, and -it was disbanded in 1845. Only four companies remained in the 5th -Regiment. In fact there was too much disbanding for the good of the -militia. The state authorities seemed to think that it was cheaper to -disband a company which had fallen into "hard luck" than it was to cure -the difficulty by paying a little money for the restoration and support -of the sufferer. This was a false economy. Of the one hundred forty-two -companies which existed in 1840 in the new Volunteer Militia, -seventy-eight were disbanded within the first seven years, and one -hundred two passed out of existence within twenty-five years. With so -many surgical operations it is marvelous that any militia survived at -all. - -Altho few in number, the four companies of the 5th Regiment who paraded -as an escort to President Polk June 29, 1847, and who welcomed Daniel -Webster upon his return to Boston, gave evidence of increased -efficiency. The legislature was making more liberal appropriations--was -indeed spending each year (1844-1852) all of $6 per man on the militia; -even this moderate expenditure was far better than nothing. The state -authorities were very well satisfied with themselves and with their -handiwork, reporting to inquirers that the Massachusetts system "met -every need." A fairly liberal allowance of ammunition was made to each -artillery company--forty round shot, forty canister, and one hundred -pounds of powder every year. - -William B. Perkins became Colonel Sept. 10, 1847. Altho he did not enjoy -good physical health, and died in office November 16, 1849, his -administration was signalized by several important events. On March 10, -1848, occurred the funeral of Ex-President John Quincy Adams. The -regiment, or part of it, paraded on Oct. 25 of the same year in -celebration of the completion of the Cochituate water system. On Aug. 8 -and 9, 1849, the regiment participated in its first state camp, at -Neponset, continuing two and one-half days. A curious old print of this -encampment has come down to us showing how the 1st Brigade of the 1st -Division looked at the time. The 5th Artillery was present, four -companies strong, clad conspicuously in bearskin and other towering -shakos; the balance of the brigade consisted of the National Lancers in -their uhlan costumes, as at present, which had been adopted four years -before, and the 1st Light Infantry, wearing distinctive company -uniforms. The Lancers were at that time attached to the 1st Light -Infantry, and were the only cavalry command in the state. Was any -prophet present in Neponset on those August days gifted with ability to -read the future? Did anyone even guess that twenty-nine years later the -5th Artillery and the remnant of the 1st Light Infantry were to -consolidate in a new 1st Regiment? While a two and one-half day camp -must necessarily be chiefly occupied with pitching tents, escorting -visitors, engaging in those social festivities which are "absolutely -essential" on all military occasions, and then taking down the tents, -there is no doubt that the men acquired much real military knowledge in -between-times, and that the new custom registered a long step forward. - -Col. Asa Law commanded the regiment from Jan. 4 to July 10, 1850. - -July 26, 1850, witnessed another change in the colonelcy, Robert Cowdin -assuming command of the regiment. Col. Cowdin, in his peaceful moments, -was a Boston lumber-dealer; but members of the regiment will always -remember him as a soldier, except when they recall some more intimate -contact with the man whom they loved; then they speak of him as -"father." It makes a great deal of difference that he commanded them -during the year of fearful hardship and sanguinary strife on the -Virginia Peninsula; but even before that he had endeared himself to his -men, while he was merely a militia commander. He had been Captain of Co. -K, in the 1st Inf. during 1848 and 1849; and came into the artillery as -Major. It is hardly over-stating it, to say that Col. Cowdin is the man -who made the regiment great. - -What he assumed command over was actually four splendid artillery -companies, loosely yoked together in the 5th Regiment. The conception -was nine-tenths "company" and only one-tenth "regiment." Inter-company -rivalry had prevented the development of real regimental spirit. The new -colonel was determined to command a true regiment; and since he was a -man of masterly force and boundless enthusiasm, he speedily had his way. -Distinctive company costumes yielded place to a regimental uniform, and -thereafter the company was a subordinate unit. The obsequies of -Ex-President Taylor were the last occasion on which inter-company -diversity appeared; and that was in the very month of Col. Cowdin's -accession. In all his reforms he was ably seconded by Capt. Moses H. -Webber of Roxbury, commanding the 1st Company. In 1851 percussion -muskets displaced the flint-locks. The same year a new 4th Company, the -Cowdin Artillery, was organized, followed in 1852 by the 9th Company, -the Webster Artillery, and in 1853 by the 3d Company or Bay State -Artillery and the 5th Company or Shields Artillery. The regiment thus -had eight companies. That year Isaac S. Burrell became Captain of the -1st Company. - -Col. Cowdin's first camp was held at Medford, and drew warm compliments -from the Adjutant General. Neponset was occupied as a camp-ground for -the second time in 1851; Boston Common in 1852; and the regiment -participated in divisional camp at North Abington in 1853. In 1854 the -division was at Quincy. How conditions have changed with the increase -of Massachusetts population! Who would think of these places as suitable -camp-sites today, least of all, Boston Common? - -Col. Cowdin's regiment paraded as escort to President Fillmore Sept. 17, -1851; they helped welcome the Hungarian patriot, Louis Kossuth, April -27, 1852; and they participated in the funeral parade for Daniel Webster -in Marshfield, Nov. 30, 1852. It came to be a custom at this time for -Boston military critics and newspaper reporters to accord chief praise, -after a parade, to the 5th Regiment. - -Anthony Burns' name is associated with the next important event in the -regiment's history, the most unpleasant event with which it ever had -anything to do. No more painful duty can confront the militiaman than -the task of maintaining public order, for no American likes to have part -in coercing his fellow citizens. And on June 2, 1854, the regiment was -called upon to enforce the most unpopular statute ever enacted by -Congress, the "Fugitive Slave" law. Burns had escaped from his owner in -Virginia, and found employment with a Boston clothing-dealer. -Massachusetts was called upon to render him up under the terms of the -new statute, and the U. S. Marshal arrested him on May 25. Public -sympathy was strongly with the colored man, funeral draperies appeared -upon the fronts of private residences, many threatened mob violence, and -a great popular meeting was held in Faneuil Hall, May 27, addressed by -Wendell Phillips and other prominent anti-slavery men, to protest -against this humiliation to which Massachusetts was about to submit. The -speakers even counseled a rescue by force. Under the U. S. law, a man -"held to service" in another state, could be extradited and transported -to that state for trial. The trouble was, that in the case of a fugitive -slave, extradition involved the entire question--if Burns should be -carried back to Virginia, his chance of liberty would be gone; and -Boston believed in liberty. An attempt was made to take him from jail, -but this proved unsuccessful. - -Col. Cowdin's 5th Regiment, Col. Holbrook's 1st Regiment, the 3d -Battalion, the Cadets and the Lancers were ordered out to assist the -police in enforcing the law. Guards were posted along the streets -leading from the court-house to the "T Wharf," where a steamer lay in -readiness; and the Lancers, with a strong detachment of police, and U. -S. artillery, surrounded the prisoner. It was on June 2 that the U. S. -Commissioner rendered his decision; and the grim procession started at -once. Red pepper and acid were thrown at the troops, clubs and stones -were used, a Lancer's horse was stabbed; but the display of force proved -too strong for the rioters. - -Both Col. Cowdin and Col. Holbrook later proved the genuineness of their -devotion to freedom's cause by commanding regiments in the Civil War. -What they and their commands did on June 2, 1854, was entirely -distasteful to them; but the call came to them as soldiers. Like true -soldiers they performed their duty; and Burns went back to the south. -His fidelity to duty was eight years later to be instrumental in -preventing the confirmation of Col. Cowdin's appointment as Brigadier -General. - -Happily, with the modern increase in police efficiency occasions for -such service grow less and less frequent. Our professional police -officers are now capable of handling all but the most severe crises -without military assistance. - -Another state-wide reorganization of the militia was engineered by the -legislature on Feb. 26, 1855; and in some ways this was the most -unfortunate of them all. It was primarily caused by racial and sectarian -jealousy, a spirit which has no rightful place whatever in American -life. The principles of the "Know Nothing" party were regnant that -year. No less a man than Thomas Cass was forced to resign his military -commission--today his statue stands in honor in the Public Gardens. It -almost seemed that the dominant faction were determined to prove -themselves in the military and other diverse fields, as well as in the -field of partizan politics, to be "know nothings." The 5th Regiment, -Boston's best, was ordered disbanded; but the State House authorities -did not really mean this. They only reorganized the command, with the -intention that the resultant "2d Regiment of Infantry" should continue -its service record. The 6th Company, the old Columbian Artillery -commanded by Cass, together with the Webster Artillery and Shields -Artillery of the 5th, were actually disbanded. Worst of all, Col. Cowdin -found his commission vacated, apparently for political reasons. Capt. -Cass's company continued its existence as the "Columbian Association," -and in 1861 developed into the 9th Infantry. - -[Illustration: MAJ. POORE PAYS HIS BET - -Page 99] - -Moses H. Webber was commissioned Colonel of the new 2d Infantry on April -18, 1855, and continued in office until Dec. 19 of that year. It -consequently fell to his lot to adapt the regiment to its new -conditions. Since the regiment had been drilling more and more as -infantry and less and less as artillery, the change from one branch of -the service to the other was less abrupt than it appeared to be. And be -it noted that the regiment never lost interest in its native -artillery--until in 1897 it re-entered the artillery branch. Col. Webber -had four companies from the 5th, three of them old and strong ones. Two -companies were transferred from the 1st Regiment, the 6th and 9th, of -which both were already distinguished under their names, the "Union -Guards" and the "National Guards." The artillery companies signalized -their transition to infantry by changing their names, the Roxbury -Artillery becoming the Roxbury City Guard, the Washington Artillery the -Washington Light Guard, and the Boston Artillery the Boston Phalanx. The -regiment, so reorganized, was paraded by Col. Webber as escort to -President Franklin Pierce, when the latter visited Boston. - -As the Civil War approached, Massachusetts grew more liberal in -providing for her soldiers. In 1852 the expenditure per man was -increased to $6.50 a year, in 1857 to $9.00, and in 1858 the expenditure -was fixed at $7.50 and remained there until 1869. - -The New York 7th Regiment visited Boston and participated in the Bunker -Hill celebration of June 17, 1857. Their ease and precision of movement, -their evident regimental spirit, their large numbers, and their -serviceable yet dressy gray uniform, worn uninterruptedly since -1824,--all made a deep impression upon Boston military men. As the 7th -had stopped to suppress an incipient riot on its way to the boat in New -York the night before, its practical efficiency added force to the -impression. The Lancers and the 2d, who acted as special escort to the -visiting troops, came most strongly under this spell. An impulse was -given to the movement for improving the 2d. In 1859 the regiment adopted -a gray uniform closely patterned after the dress of the 7th, and -continued the new bill of dress until July, 1861. Again after the war -the same gray uniform was in use between 1869 and 1880. - -Col. William W. Bullock commanded the regiment from Jan. 11, 1856, until -April 14, 1858, when he was promoted to be Brigadier General. Camp was -held at Quincy in 1856; at Chelsea in 1857; and the latter occasion was -notable because Robert Cowdin then rejoined his old command, accepting -the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. - -In 1858 (May 11) Col. Cowdin was again in command; and continued in -office until the second year of the war, when on Sept. 26, 1862, he was -advanced to the rank of Brigadier General. In connection with the -regimental camp at North Bridgewater, 1858, the regiment received its -long-desired rifled muskets. - -So many companies had been transferred from the old 1st Regiment, that -it finally seemed best to disband that organization altogether. By -contrast with the 5th-2d, its regimental spirit had grown weaker and -weaker with each passing year until Boston's oldest regiment was nothing -but a loosely connected group of separate companies. So on March 1, -1859, four of its companies, the Washington Guards, the Independent -Boston Fusiliers, the Pulaski Guards and the Mechanic Rifles, were -transferred to Col. Cowdin's regiment, where they took place as the 2d, -3d, 4th and 5th Companies respectively. As separate companies these -already possessed proud records; and in their new regimental connection -the 3d and 4th immediately found a vigorous new life. The Mechanic -Rifles soon disbanded, and most of the members joined the Ancient and -Honorable Artillery Company. Later on, we shall follow the adventures of -the three remaining companies of the old 1st. - -Meanwhile Massachusetts was getting ready for the approaching war and -putting her military forces in condition for active service. Sept. 7 to -9, 1859, Col. Cowdin led his reinforced command to camp at Concord, -winning highest praise for the numbers and skill of his men. This was a -notable occasion in Massachusetts military history, and as it later -proved, in U. S. history. Had not the Bay State been more ready for war -than her sisters, there would have been no "minute-men of '61" available -to rush southward, and save the National capital. The Concord encampment -for the entire Volunteer Militia, three divisions with a total -membership of 7,500 men, was the pet project of Gov. Nathaniel Banks. -While other executives of the state had regarded their office of -commander-in-chief as a somewhat perfunctory affair, Gov. Banks took it -exceedingly seriously; and even went so far as to uniform himself in -clothing appropriate to his military office. Surely he "came to the -kingdom for such a time as this." While the pacifist governors of many -northern states were ridiculing the very idea of war, Gov. Banks put his -state in an attitude of preparedness--and was largely instrumental in -saving the Union. - -As the encampment continued only three days, it was mainly occupied with -making and breaking camp, and escorting distinguished official visitors. -But some little time was squeezed out for studying the new Hardee's -tactics, which were just supplanting Scott's. Great enthusiasm was -aroused by the presence of Gen. John E. Wool, the "hero of Buena Vista," -who reviewed the troops. But the great day of all came when Gov. Banks -and the members of the legislature reviewed the campers. A famous -lithograph of this scene exists; and does more than anything else to -make the regiment of those days seem real to us. Numbers were small, as -we reckon numbers today; but the finest spirit of determined patriotism -was manifest. - -A slight change in organization took place under Hardee's tactics; -instead of four lieutenants to a company, there were only two. -Consequently few new men were elected to fill vacancies until the -regiment had adjusted itself to the new regime. The officers of the -regiment at the great Concord encampment, besides Col. Cowdin, were: -Lieutenant Colonel, Isaac S. Burrell (postmaster of Roxbury, and later -City Marshal); Major, Isaac F. Shephard. The captains commanding -companies were: 1st, Thomas L. D. Perkins (proprietor of a smoke-house); -3d, Henry A. Snow (treasurer of a bleachery); 6th, Edward Pearl; 7th, -Walter S. Sampson (a mason and builder); 8th, Clark B. Baldwin (a -merchant); 9th, Arthur Dexter; and 10th, Joshua Jenkins. With the Civil -War less than two years off, it is well to look ahead and see how many -of these militiamen rendered service in the hour of their country's -need. Of the Colonel we have already spoken. The Lieutenant Colonel -commanded the 42d Regiment in 1862, and again in 1864, as we shall see. -The Major presently removed to Missouri for business reasons, where he -served with Nathaniel Lyon, and ultimately commanded the 51st U. S. -Colored Infantry, and was promoted to be Brigadier General. Four of the -seven captains went to war. Capts. Snow and Pearl served three months -each at the beginning of the regiment's three years of service, and then -received their discharges. Capt. Sampson took his company into the 6th -Regiment, and led them thru Baltimore on April 19, 1862, under deadly -fire from the rioters. Later he served as Captain in the 22d Infantry -during the Peninsular campaign, commanding that regiment at Gaines Mill. -Capt. Baldwin remained in Col. Cowdin's regiment when his company -transferred themselves to the new 4th Battalion of Rifles and ultimately -to the 13th Regiment; and became commander of a new 4th Company, and -from 1862 to 1864 was Lieutenant Colonel of the regiment. Baldwin was a -most profane man, and during the ensuing campaign stragglers could -identify their regiment from a distance by the sound of his swearing. -When Baldwin was made prisoner at the Wilderness, his captors marvelled -at his vocabulary; and came up to his tent in successive reliefs to -listen. Once a youthful fifer who had been caught by the then Lieutenant -Colonel straggling, was punished by having a log loaded on his shoulder -as he marched. This lad has put on record, that regulations provided for -"a field officer at the head of a regiment and a mule at the rear"; and -that Col. Baldwin was deemed well-qualified for either end of the -column. But the testimony is confessedly biassed. - -Boston Common was the site of the 1860 camp, the last camp before the -war. Military interest was then at fever heat, and the very air seemed -electric with the coming struggle. In the midst of the warlike -preparation occurred a peaceful ceremony which gained in interest from -its very contrast with its surroundings; the youthful Prince of Wales, -afterward Edward VII of Great Britain, visited Boston and was accorded -military honors. A member of the regiment has recorded of him that he -was "a really handsome youth with a pleasant blue eye, plump cheeks, and -skin of great fairness." - -On January 24, 1861, the 2d Regiment was redesignated, receiving the -number, "1st," which had been taken away from the old 1st in 1859. Since -six companies of the old 1st (as well as Col. Cowdin himself) had -previously been added to what now became the "Civil War" 1st, there was -an obvious fitness in allowing the number to be transferred also. -Moreover the future held in store that all remaining of the old 1st -personnel should, in 1878, be consolidated with their quondam comrades -in a new 1st Regiment. - - - - -CHAPTER IV - -RESPONDING TO THE PRESIDENT'S CALL - - -April, 1861, ended the suspense. Sumpter was fired upon April 12. -Lincoln's first call for troops was issued April 15, supplemented by a -personal appeal from Senator Henry Wilson--"Send on 1,500 men at once." -The militia mobilized with marvelous rapidity on April 16, and started -south under command of Gen. Benjamin F. Butler the following day, for -three months' service. - -Those were days of tense feeling. A shipmaster who displayed a southern -flag was in danger of losing both his life and his vessel; and ended by -issuing profuse apologies. Business firms made lavish gifts toward the -equipment of the regiments; indeed everyone seemed ready to give -whatever he had. All one needed to do was to appear in uniform in order -to be accounted a hero--much to the discomfort of many genuinely modest -men. - -And thruout these opening days the 1st Regiment was subjected to the -very hardest test, in that nothing whatever happened to them. They could -not take comfort in the knowledge that the 3d Regiment, one of the very -earliest to go, would by and by become consolidated with them, and so -share the honors which they were earning. All that the members of the -1st could do was to hope, and growl, and wonder why the Governor should -select them for home-guard purposes while he allowed others to go to -war. - -Then something actually did happen, which only served to aggravate. -Captain Sampson discovered a vacancy in the 6th Regiment, and with Col. -Cowdin's approval promptly secured the transfer of his 7th Company, the -Washington Light Guard, one of the three strong artillery companies -which had come down from the very beginning of regimental history; so -that the 6th had a Co. K of which to be proud, and the 1st Regiment had -nothing. Co. K of the 6th, as was to be expected, covered itself with -glory during the street-fight in Baltimore on April 19. Capt. David K. -Wardwell, whose company had suffered disbandment a few months before, -profited by his consequent independence and organized a new company, -with Col. Cowdin presiding at the election of officers; and then took -the new organization off with the 5th Regiment as Co. F. "Wardwell's -Tigers" shared in the laurels won by their regiment at Annapolis and -Washington, and three months later at Bull Run found themselves fighting -in the same army with the old 1st Regiment. Meanwhile their success in -getting into active service did not make it any easier for the 1st -Regiment to endure the masterly inactivity of those April days. - -Finally on April 27, the 1st Regiment was ordered to prepare itself--as -if it had not been prepared "right up to the handle" for two weeks past. -But, alas, instructions came from the War Department that no more -three-months men were desired, and after fifteen days' service by the -regiment, the order was, on May 7, revoked. Forty-two years later the -legislature passed a resolve according official recognition to the 1st -Regiment as having volunteered with the other "minute men;" but this was -no comfort whatever to the eager young soldiers of 1861, who were told -to lay down their weapons and go home. Col. Cowdin and his men were in -high favor at the Boston City Hall; but owing to their services at the -Burns riot, and for other political reasons, they were frowned on by -Gov. Andrew and the Senators. - -On second thought Col. Cowdin decided that he and his men were going to -get into active service in spite of all difficulties. It had just become -known that the Government desired three-year regiments, and this opened -a door of possibility. The 1st would go to war for three years. To be -sure this was a plunge in the dark. Suppose the war should not last -three years--would the troops be kept in service anyway? Moreover, there -had never been any three-year volunteers in the United States, during -any previous war; and it requires courage to set a precedent. But Col. -Cowdin and his men made the necessary readjustments demanded by the -prospect of prolonged absence from home, and volunteered as a three-year -regiment. Owing to their promptness, they were able to win an honor -greater even than came to the "minute-men;" for they became the very -first long-term volunteer regiment to enter U. S. service anywhere in -the country, the first not only of the Civil War but of any war. Their -adventures, and the battles they fought, are "another story"; and will -be told in a later chapter. - -One of the three old original artillery companies having been lost to -the 6th, another was destined to go with--no, the correct expression is, -to "become"--the 13th Regiment. Late in 1860 the 8th Company, the -"Boston Artillery," became interested in organizing a "crack" battalion -or regiment for Boston. They were already members of the best regiment -in the Commonwealth, but they were not satisfied with that. Capt. -Baldwin did not share in this new ambition and declined to have anything -to do with it. In civil life he was a merchant and wholly practical in -his tastes; as a soldier he was a plain, blunt man, "full of strange -oaths," "who loved his friends." The new departure did not appeal to -him. So Capt. Baldwin transferred to the 4th Company, the Pulaski -Guards, and remained with his old regiment; while the Boston Artillery -chose Gen. Samuel H. Leonard, recently of Worcester, as their captain. -Under Capt. Leonard the Boston Artillery absorbed what survived of the -disbanded Columbian Greys or City Guards of the old 1st, and proceeded -to expand into the 4th Battalion of Rifles. It was on Dec. 15, 1860, -that the new battalion was formed. Before the enthusiastic officers and -men had time to do much toward developing their ideal of a "crack" -regiment, they found themselves upon the threshold of the great war. On -May 25, 1861, they volunteered to garrison Ft. Independence for one -month; and almost before the month had expired, the 4th Battalion of -Rifles had expanded once more and become the 13th Regiment, and on July -16 they were mustered in for three years' service. Col. Cowdin's men -felt that they could well afford to lose their grand old 8th Company, -when their loss resulted in the addition of an entire regiment to the -Union army. The 13th served as part of the first corps in the army of -Virginia, and later the army of the Potomac. Their regimental monument -stands on the field of their hardest fight, that of the first day at -Gettysburg, where they lost their gallant corps commander, Gen. John F. -Reynolds. And on the second day of that battle, toward evening, they -were sent to reinforce Sickles on the left, in whose corps was the 1st -Massachusetts. Once more the Boston Artillery and the Roxbury Artillery -were serving side by side. - -On May 18, 1861, just one week before the 1st was mustered into Federal -service, it lost another company. Capt. Joseph H. Barnes had organized a -new 7th Company to fill the place made vacant by Capt. Sampson's -withdrawal. But the example of his predecessor proved contagious; so -that presently the new company followed the old one. Capt. Barnes' -command joined the 4th Mass. Infantry at Fort Monroe, and so found -active work immediately. When, however, the 4th presently came home, its -new Co. K was left behind, and became incorporated in the 29th Regiment, -with which it served three years. In 1862 the 29th was with the army of -the Potomac, in 1863 in Mississippi and Tennessee, and again with the -army of the Potomac in 1864. Capt. Gardner Walker's North End True Blues -eventually went with Col. Cowdin as the 7th Company. - -Lieutenant Colonel Isaac S. Burrell was not able to accompany his -regiment in the three-years' service. Remaining in Boston with a few -other members who were similarly situated, he maintained a skeleton -organization of the old militia regiment. And because the new number, -1st, was borne by Col. Cowdin, Col. Burrell had to hunt another -designation for his command. The fourteen officers and two hundred -sixteen men, in seven companies, who were engaged in this home-guard -duty were by no means satisfied with their position. Their hearts were -in Maryland and Virginia with their former comrades. - -In the spring of 1862 Banks was driven from the Shenandoah valley and -the north began to fear for the safety of Washington. On May 26, in -response to requests from the Secretary of War, Massachusetts and other -northern states mobilized their militia, recruiting the regiments up as -nearly as possible to full strength. This alarm subsided presently. But -Pope's defeat at second Bull Run, August 30, left the capital in genuine -peril, and caused a hasty call for 300,000 more troops, to serve nine -months. Grave disaster had overtaken the Union arms, and there was -immediate need for reinforcements. Col. Burrell was in militia camp at -Medford with his regiment when the call came; and at once volunteered. -Indeed this was just the chance for which they had been waiting--active -duty but for a period not so extended as three years. - -Recruits were needed in order to bring the regiment up to war strength. -By some singular perversity, as soon as recruiting began, a situation -developed which threatened to destroy the regiment entirely. Col. -Burrell and Lt. Col. Thomas L. D. Perkins were both graduates of the 1st -Company, Perkins having succeeded Burrell as captain. A bitter jealousy -had grown up in Perkins' mind which made him incapable of rendering -loyal support to his chief. Maj. George W. Beach shared Lt. Col. -Perkins' feeling and co-operated in his insubordination. Needless to -say, Col. Burrell gave no real ground whatever for this feeling. - -After the deadlock had continued for more than a month, during which the -regiment made little progress in filling its ranks, Col. Burrell secured -Gov. Andrew's permission to take strenuous measures. Another command, -the 54th of Worcester county, was similarly in need of men. The men -already belonging to the 42d (as Burrell's command became known, -possibly with some reference to the proud record made by the 42d or -Black Watch Highlanders in the British army) were consolidated into the -1st and 3d Companies; new 7th and 10th Companies were formed in Boston -and Dorchester; 2d and 9th Companies were drawn from the 54th, while -Boston, Medway and Weymouth provided units for the four vacancies. Capt. -George Sherive commanded the 1st Company, Capt. George P. Davis the 2d -(or Ware Company), Capt. Alfred N. Proctor (a photographer, and one of -the indistinguishable "Proctor twins") the 3d, Capt. Charles A. Pratt -the 4th, Capt. David W. Bailey the 5th, Capt. Ira B. Cook the 6th (from -Medway), Capt. Orville W. Leonard (who had been a private in the 6th -Regiment during the ninety-days service) the 7th, Capt. Hiram S. Coburn -the 8th (from Weymouth), Capt. John D. Coggswell the 9th (of Leicester), -and Capt. Cyrus Savage the 10th or Dorchester Company. All the newer -elements proved to be congenial, the Worcester county men being -especially good soldiers, with the exception however of the 5th Company. -This unit was gathered in too much of a hurry, contained a "tough" -element, and was a constant cause of discord. No one could then foresee -that the regimental number, 54th, released by the consolidation of -companies in the 42d, would presently be immortalized by Col. Robert -Gould Shaw's heroic black men. - -In accordance with law, the company officers proceeded to elect -regimental officers, and bestowed the chief honor upon Col. Burrell. -Perkins and Beach tried hard to prevent this, but in vain; the electors -were seeking the best soldier, and cared nothing whatever for old -jealousies. They proceeded to select Joseph Stedman as Lt. Col. and -Frederick G. Stiles of Worcester as Major, thus retiring the disgruntled -former incumbents of those offices. A magnificent stand of colors was -presented to the command; and on Oct. 14, the 42d was finally mustered -in. - -Nothing out of the ordinary marked the railroad journey to New York. But -progress thereafter, which was by boat, proved to be highly -uncomfortable. The transports were small, and not too seaworthy. And -worse yet for "landlubbers," the sea was rough. It is said that the man -establishing his claim to possessing the strongest stomach was the man -whose digestive organ would throw the farthest. As however all things -have an end, the sufferers finally arrived at the mouth of the -Mississippi, and once more became habitants of _terra firma_. - -From the streets of Boston and the hills of Worcester county to the -canebrakes and swamps of Mississippi and Louisiana is a violent -transition, which nothing less tough than the human system could endure. -Yet the 42d Regiment survived its journey to the department of the Gulf -and may almost be said to have flourished in its new environment. Of -course the heat was often prostrating, while malaria took its toll of -human life. The companies were separated, and were assigned to provost -and engineering duty at different stations. Hard-tack and salt beef and -pork are not luxurious fare, muddy coffee (which means usually coffee -made with muddy water) is far from being a dainty beverage, digging is a -most unromantic occupation, and even staying awake nights to watch while -others sleep does not arouse the finer emotions as much in fact as when -set forth by poets. Yet these are the staple elements of a soldier's -life; and these the 42d enjoyed in abundant profusion. Sensational -details were lacking in this experience; but the service is not the less -a thing of which to be proud. - -Col. Burrell with three of his Boston companies, the 1st, 3d, and 10th, -were detached to garrison the port of Galveston, Texas, and to -co-operate with the Navy there. Of all the 42d Regiment, these companies -alone chanced to find themselves "in the limelight." The Galveston wharf -was to be kept available for Naval use; and in turn the Navy was to -shelter the garrison under the protection of its guns. Witnesses -disagree as to just how well the latter work was performed. On Jan. 1, -1863, the Confederates attacked in overwhelming numbers at a moment -when, for some reason, the warships had been withdrawn. Col. Burrell and -his men defended themselves heroically and took heavy toll from the -attackers. But with five thousand Confederates against three hundred -Union soldiers, the result was inevitable. After the Confederates had -brought thirty-one pieces of artillery into action, Col. Burrell and his -men surrendered themselves prisoners of war. Highly respected because -of their stubborn bravery, the men were soon exchanged; and upon -returning to the Union lines were accorded an ovation. The officers were -retained in captivity longer; and Col. Burrell finally secured release -just in season to assume command of his old regiment during its next -tour of duty, that of the one hundred days. Other companies of the 42d -were in action at Port Hudson, Lafourche Crossing, and Brashear City. - -Disaster attended the return journey of the 42d. Going by boat thru Long -Island Sound, one of the transports, the "Commodore," struck a rock off -Point Judith, and threatened to founder. The troops had to be taken off -in small boats at much discomfort and no little peril, and finished -their journey in another craft. On August 20, 1863, the men were finally -mustered out, their nine months having extended itself into almost a -full year. - -Now, returning, the 42d kept its place in the line of the militia. -Meanwhile unattached companies began to exist, which in certain cases -aimed to act as reserve or "depot" companies for units of the 1st-42d. -This was notably true of the 2d, 3d, 5th, and 6th Companies. The 1st -Regiment was treading its bloody path of glory and approaching the time -when it would return to Massachusetts and home. It disbanded upon its -muster-out of the U. S. service, May 28, 1864; and many of its members -were glad to join these reserve companies and so keep up the cherished -associations. - -Again the need became urgent for more troops. Gen. Grant, the new Lieut. -Gen. and Commander-in-chief, had assembled all available men for the -reinforcement of his mobile army in April, 1864, withdrawing so many of -the defenders of Washington as to leave the national capital exposed to -attack. In July such a raid was actually made under the vigorous -leadership of Gen. Jubal A. Early; and came uncomfortably near to -succeeding. So a call was issued for short-term volunteers who should -garrison fortified posts, and release the long-term men for active -service. All the "hurrah" spirit had gone out of the war by 1864--indeed -men were too weary to feel enthusiasm of any kind. There is therefore -something all the finer in the grim way in which the 42d and the -unattached companies responded to this call. - -Remarkable as it may seem, eight of the companies which served during -the nine months' tour had retained their organization sufficiently to -respond a second time. As one of those missing in 1864 was the "tough" -5th Company (N. B., of Boston, not Chelsea) the task of recruiting the -needed units was not altogether an unwelcome one. Samuel A. Waterman -commanded the 1st Company, Benjamin R. Wales the 2d, Alanson H. Ward -(later a captain in the 61st Inf.) the 3d, Augustus Ford (who had been -1st Sergeant and 1st Lt. during the previous year) the 4th, George M. -Stewart the new 5th Company, Benjamin C. Tinkham (sergeant during the -nine-months' service) the 6th, Isaac B. White (1st Lt. the year -previous) the 7th, Warren French the new 8th, Samuel S. Eddy (a 2d Lt. -in the 51st during its nine months in North Carolina) the 9th, and James -T. Stevens (1st Lt. in the 4th Reg. during its three months in 1861) the -10th. The same field officers were in command. The happiest rivalry -existed between the Boston companies and those from Worcester county, in -their attempt each to bring the largest numbers and finest personnel -forward in response to the new call. The old regimental colors were -again borne at the head of the revived regiment. Entering Federal -service on July 20, the regiment was assigned to the defences of -Washington, and stationed at Alexandria, Virginia. Here they formed -part of the "outer picket" of the capital, and in addition furnished -train-guards to protect railroad transportation from Washington to the -Shenandoah Valley, the men detailed to service on the freight-cars being -the only members of the 42d coming under Confederate fire during the -present tour of duty. Col. Burrell came back from his southern prison -just in season to rejoin his command at Alexandria. While the regiment -had enlisted for one hundred days, its service continued thirteen days -over time, and the men were mustered out Nov. 11. - -There seemed to be unlimited reserves of vitality in the 1st and 3d -Companies--indeed one is reminded of the way bees swarm from a hive as -one notes how these wonderful organizations made contribution after -contribution to the army and yet remained as vigorous as ever. All honor -to the old Roxbury Artillery and the Fusiliers. The Roxbury Artillery -had a full company in the three-year regiment, in the 42d on its first -tour, and again on its second service. The Fusiliers did even more. -Besides these three "bits," they sent the 7th Unattached Company, on May -4, 1864, for ninety days' duty on Gallop's Island, Boston, under command -of Capt. Albert E. Proctor, who in civil life was well known as a -popular Boston clothier, and was the other indistinguishable "twin." -Again on Aug. 18 of that year they made up Co. K of the 4th Mass. Heavy -Artillery for ten months' service in Washington, D. C., under the same -Capt. Proctor. Meanwhile they maintained their "depot" company in a -state of efficiency. Certainly they justified the sentiment of their -ancient motto, _Aut vincere aut mori_, with all emphasis on the -"victory" and never a thought of "death." - -New companies which were presently to be added to the 1st Regiment also -did duty at this time. The "1st Unattached Company," which garrisoned -Fort Independence, Boston, for ninety days from April 29, 1864, -afterward became the 4th Company in the regiment. And the "4th -Unattached Company" which garrisoned the fort later to be known as -"Rodman," in New Bedford harbor for ninety days from May 3, later became -the 5th Company in the regiment. Likewise the "9th Unattached Company," -which was to become the 6th Company in the regiment two years later, on -May 10, 1864, began a ninety days' tour of garrison duty on Gallop's -Island, Boston Harbor. - -How the units of the regiment kept coming back to the artillery branch -thruout the war! The regiment had originally been artillery; and the -virus seemed to be in the regimental blood. The old cannon were not -returned to the state until 1861. The three-year command served as -artillery for three weeks of 1861 in Washington, and for two weeks of -1863 in New York. Co. K of the "4th Heavies" actually reintroduced the -"artillery" title into the regiment. The four unattached companies in -1864 all served as artillery. Col. Cowdin's old command was certainly -destined to handle heavier ordnance than the infantry knew anything -about. No wonder they welcomed the restoration of artillery instruction -in 1882. - -Well may the 1st-42d Regiment feel interest in Edward Simmons' splendid -mural painting in the State House, the "Return of the Colors." For on -the day of that ceremony, Dec. 22, 1865, color-bearers of both regiments -were present; and both are given place in the picture. The war was over. -These symbols of patriotism for which brave men had sacrificed life were -returning to the custody of the Commonwealth who gave them. Was ever -Forefathers' day more sacred than that? The "land of the Pilgrim's -pride" had now become the "land where" and for which "our fathers -died." - - - - -CHAPTER V - -THE FIGHTING FIRST - - -W. F. Fox, in his "Regimental Losses," published in 1889, includes a -chapter entitled "The three hundred fighting regiments," and his list -has subsequently become accepted as a semi-official roll-of-honor. Of -the more than two thousand regiments on the Union side during the Civil -War he found three hundred which lost over one hundred thirty each, -killed or died of wounds. While the number of casualties might not -always indicate fighting ability, or even fighting experience, still in -the long run the blood-marked trail of killed and wounded does surely -lead to where the battle was most severe. - -Amongst the three hundred fighting regiments stands the 1st Mass. Vol. -Inf., three-year troops, another name for the Coast Artillery. Of our -various companies who went out during the three wars in which we have -participated, all losses by killed or died of wounds were confined to -those in the Civil War. No such casualties occurred in 1814 or in 1898. -The 3d Reg. lost 2, the one company in the 4th 1, the one company in the -13th 10, the single company in the 4th and 29th 5, the company in the -5th 4, the 42d 4, the 43d 3, or a total of 29. Of the regiments -officered by us, the 24th lost 92, and the 44th 10; but it is not fair -to reckon these as our casualties. In contrast with the total of 29, the -1st Mass. Vol. Inf. lost 144, besides 643 discharged for disease or -wounds. There can be no question but that our companies constituting the -1st Mass. Inf., the three-year regiment, deserve the appellation, "the -Fighting First." - -As soon as the regiment found that their services would not be accepted -for three months, they set to work preparing for a three-year -enlistment. Lt. Col. Burrell and others who could not go for the long -term organized themselves into a reserve or "depot" regiment. New -companies which had been added in April with a view to entering the -three months' service brought the total up to ten; and these all gladly -entered into the three-year enlistment. The Chadwick Light Infantry, -named for Hon. Joseph H. Chadwick of Roxbury, a liberal contributor -toward the company expenses, became 2d Company in the regiment. The -Pulaski Guards, newcomers in the regiment, shifted from 9th to 4th -place. Members of the Chelsea Light Infantry, a 7th Regiment command -which had just been disbanded because of the disobedience of its -captain, resented the false position in which they were placed; and -hastened in a body, on April 19, to the State House where, with Gov. -Andrew himself presiding, they reorganized and forthwith received a -charter as the "Chelsea Volunteers." This accomplished, the new unit at -once became the 5th Company in the 1st Regiment. While there had been -two 7th Companies within a month, both had gone off with other -regiments; and the vacant number was now filled by the North End True -Blues. The True Blues consisted of caulkers, gravers and riggers from -the ship-yards. They had begun their history many years previously as a -fire-engine company, and in 1832 had taken up military training. But it -was not until April, 1861, that they regularly connected themselves with -the militia. A newly organized Brookline company took the 8th place, -made vacant by the transfer of the Boston Artillery. The National -Guards, newcomers in the regiment but with a history running back to the -Mexican war, assumed the 9th number. And the Schouler Guards, named -after the popular Adjutant General of Massachusetts, became the 10th -Company. - -Col. Cowdin remained in command, and speedily demonstrated that he was -as capable a leader in actual warfare as he had been during the years of -peace. One notable and somewhat unusual trait was discovered by his -associates--he never, under any circumstances, would permit a drop of -alcoholic liquor to pass his lips. George D. Wells, judge of the Boston -municipal court, went as Lieutenant Colonel, and soon gained the -reputation of excelling even his chief as a tactician. He afterward -became colonel of the 34th Mass. Inf., and was killed at Cedar Creek in -1864. Charles P. Chandler of the new 8th Company was chosen Major; and -was destined to die in battle a year later, at Glendale in the White Oak -Swamp. The company commanders were: 1st, Ebenezer W. Stone, Jr.; 2d, -Abiel G. Chamberlain, afterwards a colonel of colored troops; 3d, Henry -A. Snow, commander of the company as far back as 1849; 4th, Clark B. -Baldwin, afterwards Lt. Col.; 5th, Sumner Carruth, later Colonel of the -35th Mass. Inf.; 6th, Edward Pearl; 7th, Gardner Walker, who was to -succeed Chandler as Major; 8th, Edward A. Wild, later a Major of the 32d -Mass. Inf.; 9th, Alfred W. Adams; and 10th, Charles E. Rand. The 10th -was the only company destined to lose its commander in action, Capt. -Rand being killed at Chancellorsville, and by a singular fatality, his -successor, Capt. Moses H. Warren at Spotsylvania. - -In consequence of the regiment's prompt decision, they were able to be -mustered in as volunteers on May 25, 1861,--the first three-year -organization in the entire United States. - -The regiment journeyed by rail from Boston and reached Washington on -June 15, the first long-term organization to arrive. Passing thru -Baltimore they were very cautious, having in mind the experience of -their comrades less than two months before. But the city was then -actually under complete Federal control. - -Blackburn's Ford, the preliminary skirmish of Bull Run, on July 18, -1861, first brought the regiment under fire. Lieut. Albert S. Austin -lost his revolver at this time;--judge of his pleasant surprise when, in -1896, receiving a package from a Confederate veteran, he opened it and -discovered the long-missing weapon. This revolver may now be seen in the -collection of the A. & H. Art. Co. Part of an army all of whose members -were inexperienced, it is greatly to their credit that they were chosen -as rear-guard of the retreating Federals after the main battle of Bull -Run, July 21. Perhaps it was because of the reputation gained here that -the 1st came to be frequently detailed to the responsible rear-guard -position. They served in this capacity during the change of base on the -Peninsula, and during the subsequent retreat from that district. They -covered the retreat of the army after Fredericksburg. But it is safe to -say that they were never more valuable as rear-guard than when at Bull -Run they steadily held their place behind the torrent of panic-stricken -fugitives and prevented the victors from pressing the pursuit. This -transpired during their first battle, when they had been less than three -months in the service. - -Their gray militia uniforms in which the regiment went to war cost them -dearly at Blackburn's Ford and Bull Run. Facing troops similarly -attired, Lieut. W. H. B. Smith of the 3d Company called out that he and -his men were from Massachusetts, thinking that he was talking to other -northern soldiers. But his words were greeted with a volley by which the -lieutenant lost his life. Later in the action a similar explanation by -Capt. Carruth of the 5th Company barely prevented a Michigan regiment -from firing on the First. Immediately after the battle new blue uniforms -were issued. - -[Illustration] - -Three weeks of garrison duty at Fort Albany, Washington, D. C., ensued, -when the regiment was drilled in the use of heavy artillery. August 13, -they were transferred to Bladensburg on the other side of Washington, -where they first came under the command, as part of the brigade, of Gen. -Hooker. Serving with him in succession as brigade, division, corps and -army commander, they always felt especially devoted to their chief. It -is no accident that Capt. Isaac P. Gragg of ours wrote in 1900 a book -affectionately tracing the careers and homes of Hooker's ancestors. The -same veteran and his comrades bore a leading part in securing the Hooker -statue on the State House grounds, dedicated in 1903. In March, 1862, -the regiment received their "white diamond" badges, of which they were -always so proud, the Army of the Potomac then being organized into four -corps, and they forming part of the second division (Hooker's) of the -third corps. - -They were engaged in provost or garrison duty in Maryland during the -winter of '61-'62, and were stationed during most of the time at Budd's -Ferry. - -From Yorktown to Spotsylvania, during two entire years, the regiment -bore the white flag of Massachusetts and had an honorable part in all -the battles of the Army of the Potomac, with the exception of South -Mountain and Antietam, which occurred while they were recuperating at -Washington. They were heavily engaged at Williamsburg, May 5, 1862, -where Hooker won the soubriquet, "Fighting Joe," of which he was never -proud. Here also Col. Cowdin earned the brigadier-generalship, which was -tentatively awarded him Sept. 26, and of which he was eventually -deprived for political reasons. Col. Cowdin had the misfortune to be -antagonized by the Republican Governor of Massachusetts, and by the U. -S. Senators from the Commonwealth; the Senate refused to confirm his -appointment. The sword carried by Col. Cowdin at Williamsburg is today -in the Faneuil Hall armory of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery -Company. The regiment lost heavily at Fair Oakes, June 25, and Glendale, -June 30, when Major Charles P. Chandler was killed. Again suffering -severely at second Bull Run, Aug. 29, and Chantilly, Sept. 1, their -effective numbers were reduced to less than six hundred. It is a pointed -testimony to the high cost of military unpreparedness that many of the -brave men were incapacitated, not by wounds, but by preventable disease. -While Gen. George B. McClellan's ability has been a subject of prolonged -controversy, the general never lacked for loyal and devoted support from -the members of the First. - -Yorktown is historic ground. Going by water from Budd's Ferry, the -regiment landed upon the same shore which Washington's Continentals had -trodden eighty years earlier. Their progress thru the fields of yellow -broom was over ground rendered memorable by the Revolutionary heroes. -Near the present beautiful National cemetery and in sight of the present -charming Yorktown battle-monument stood a Confederate intrenchment which -occasioned annoyance to McClellan's army. It had withstood two assaults, -and was in the way of the army's advance. Lt. Col. Wells offered to take -the work; and his offer was accepted. Col. Wells had read American -history and knew how "Mad Anthony" Wayne achieved immortality; the -appeal now would be to cold steel. About 2 A. M. the 5th, 8th and 10th -companies were quietly awakened, the 5th to make the attack, and the -others to serve as supports. The men formed their line amid the silence -of the woods; and, at earliest dawn, heard their commander whisper, -"This is McClellan's first order. The honor of Massachusetts is in your -keeping. Charge!" Across four hundred yards of miry, uneven ground they -advanced in the face of Confederate rifle fire. Arriving at the redoubt, -with a shout for old Massachusetts, they fired a single volley; and -completed their task with the bayonet. Just ten minutes after Col. -Wells' command, the intrenchment was in Union hands. An old lithograph -of this action is to be seen in the museum of the Cadet Armory, Boston. - -Four members of the 5th Company were here killed. April 26 was the date -of the assault; four days later the remains were sent north, and in due -time were received with a magnificent demonstration of honor in Chelsea. -One of the dead, Private Allen A. Kingsbury of Medfield, was specially -honored by the publication of a memorial biography. - -The battle of Williamsburg was almost a private affair with Hooker's -division. Williamsburg, the "cradle of the republic" and birthplace of -the American revolution, had once been a proud capital. It is today, and -always has been, noted for the warm-hearted hospitality of its citizens. -It was there that Washington earned his degree as civil engineer, and -there he wooed and won his bride. There Patrick Henry thundered forth -the brave words, "If that be treason, make the most of it." And there -today the two sons of President John Tyler reside, one serving as county -judge and the other as president of "William and Mary College." But so -early as 1862 the glory had departed, and the shabbiness which -accompanies slavery was dominant. There on May 5, 1862, amid the beeches -and sycamore trees about Fort Magruder Gen. Joseph E. Johnston halted -his retreat and engaged in a rear-guard action. His intrenchments were -shallow; but the pursuing Federal troops were few--only a single -division. Hence the fighting was severe. When finally the 1st Regiment -marched thru the town and up "Duke of Gloucester" St. in pursuit of the -broken Confederate column, they felt that they had fully earned their -laurels. - -While most of the Union army went up the York river by boat, the 1st -Regiment made the journey on land. Altho the country was naturally -fertile and the climate of the best, a general seediness and "run down" -condition prevailed, so that it was like a desert to the weary, hungry -marchers. Finally the Williamsburg road brought the troops to Seven -Pines--the spot from whose tree-tops could be seen the spires of -Richmond, six miles away. Doubtless everyone has passed thru some -experience so terrible that it comes back in his moments of nightmare. -Seven Pines and Savage's Station fill that role for veterans of the old -1st. Today a portion of the battle-field is a National cemetery, a -veritable God's acre, sacred to the memory of the dead, melodious with -the voice of cat-bird and mocking-bird and the graceful killdeer. There -the magnolia grows to perfection and the luscious fig matures in the -summer sunshine. But this district, usually so dry and substantial, is -at the edge of the Chickahominy or White Oak Swamp. From May 31 to June -25, 1862, unusually severe rains swelled the Chickahominy and inundated -the surrounding country. Fortunately there are islands in the swamp, -places of partial refuge, to which our men resorted. McClellan's plan -called for a junction with the army of Irvin McDowell about June 1, and -for a grand assault by the combined forces upon the Confederate -Johnston. For reasons which seemed adequate to the authorities in -Washington, notwithstanding the serious results for McClellan and his -army, McDowell was forbidden to march south and keep his appointment. -While McClellan waited, and while the floods refused to abate, the Army -of the Potomac was in a bad way. R. E. Lee, Johnston's successor, -attacked nearly every day. Mosquitoes bit, and the result thereof was -malaria. Finally the ground was dug over and fought over so constantly -that there was time neither to care for the wounded nor bury the dead; -and a condition of horror ensued which surpasses all power of -description. Men actually had to sleep side by side with their dead -comrades,--comrades who had been dead for days. It is very easy to -understand why the Peninsular campaign developed into a retreat; a month -of such fighting was all that flesh and blood could endure. Not even the -issue of a whiskey ration, which commenced at this time, could -sufficiently blunt the soldiers' senses--altho it did accomplish vast -moral damage. So when McClellan became convinced that he would not have -McDowell's co-operation, he turned back; he could do nothing else. - -It was easier in the north to organize new regiments with their numerous -openings for the appointment of officers, and with the enlisted men -starting military life on an equality rather than with some as veterans -and others as "rookies." Nevertheless this system resulted in depleting -the older and more experienced regiments, and cost the government -millions of dollars in unnecessary expense. Massachusetts, by contrast -with other states, did recruit up her three-year regiments, and -endeavored to keep their ranks filled, even tho the later accessions had -to be given the privilege of taking discharges with their regiments at -the end of less than three years. Sept. 5, 1862, a large number of -recruits arrived, who had been enlisted by officers of the 1st in -Massachusetts, and who brought the companies once more up to one hundred -each. About the same time there was an exchange of prisoners, and the -men who returned from their unwilling residence in southern cities had -many interesting experiences to relate. - -After the Peninsular campaign, as regiments became reduced in size to -not more than five hundred men, the government decided to economize by -dismissing the regimental bands, and substituting brigade bands. The -First bade regretful farewell to their musicians; this method of saving -money the men regarded as a mistake. - -Much of the hard fighting done by the 1st Regiment took place within a -very limited area. Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, the Wilderness and -Spotsylvania all lie within a few square miles, and all can be visited -by automobile within half a day. Moreover a visitor cannot fail to be -impressed with the fact that these battle-fields seem to have been -selected so as to destroy the least possible amount of private property. -Outside of the actual city of Fredericksburg, the country is little -better than pine-barren, and contains few houses and not even much -cultivated land. Since we now know pines to be health-giving, and -well-drained sandy soil to be freest from disease germs, we can see how -this choice of battle-fields by the Army of the Potomac doubtless saved -lives as well as property. The climate too is free from extremes. But -the men of 1863 and 1864 did not appreciate these things; all that they -had time to notice were the dust and drought and heat and hunger and -hard fighting. - -At Fredericksburg Gen. A. E. Burnside tried to march directly south -toward Richmond, crossing the Rappahannock on pontoon bridges. It was a -winter battle--the date was Dec. 13, 1862--with great discomfort and a -fair chance that wounded men would freeze to death. Fifer Bardeen tells -that one captain, Walker, trembled as he entered the battle--and Capt. -Walker was the bravest of the brave. Lee had every advantage of -position; the resulting disaster was inevitable. - -About two months after Col. Cowdin's promotion, as the regiment were -covering the retreat of the army from Fredericksburg, they were -introduced to their new colonel. Napoleon B. McLoughlin, in spite of his -French-Irish name, was a Vermont Yankee. He had entered the regular army -from the New York 7th, and at the time of his appointment to the -Colonelcy was a captain in the 6th U. S. Cavalry. He was respected and -well liked; but he always suffered from the fact that the men felt him -somewhat of an interloper. Capt. Baldwin of the 4th Company had become -Lt. Col. and by all rules of seniority should have been made Colonel. -However Col. McLoughlin held the esteem of his men, and made an -honorable record. His regular army strictness was beneficial to his new -command. On Feb. 9, 1863, two months after the arrival of the new -colonel, the regiment was subjected to an extremely rigid inspection; -and was pronounced one of the eleven best disciplined and most efficient -regiments of the one hundred fifty constituting the Army of the Potomac. - -Chancellorsville, May 2 and 3, 1863, was the next great battle. Gen. J. -Hooker crossed the Rappahannock several miles above Fredericksburg and -tried to turn Lee's left flank. Hooker unexpectedly came into collision -with Stonewall Jackson's troops and instead of hurting Lee, almost -suffered the humiliation of seeing his own right flank crumpled up. At -the most critical moment of the Chancellorsville fight, Hooker was -wounded and the army left without a head. When O. O. Howard's 11th corps -broke and ran ("started for Germany"), it was only the 1st Regiment and -other troops under Dan. Sickles who saved the Union army from -destruction. Their promptness in entering the breach in the lines, and -their stubborn courage in remaining there hour after hour, were all that -checked the on-rushing Confederates. At Chancellorsville the regiment -was for the first time serving under both of its best-loved commanders, -Gens. Hooker and Sickles. - -On the night following Howard's break, according to common belief -amongst the men, it fell to their fate to be the slayers of Gen. -"Stonewall" Jackson, one of the severest blows to the Confederate cause -during the entire war. The 6th and 10th Companies were on outpost when a -party of Confederate horsemen rode down the Plank Road toward their -lines. As a result of the volley then fired, Gen Jackson fell, the -identification being made complete by Sergt. Charles F. Ferguson of the -10th Company, who was a prisoner-of-war for a few minutes, and happened -to be close to the mounted officers when the fire was received. Ferguson -made his escape in the ensuing confusion. This event was merely an -accident of warfare, and entirely unpremeditated. While others claim to -have been the agents of Jackson's removal, and altho the Southerners say -that their own men fired the fatal shots, still there is no good reason -for rejecting the contention of the 1st Regiment,--in fact the evidence -seems conclusive that our claim is valid. - -The plain shaft which marks the spot where Jackson fell is a painful -reminder to men of the 1st. Returning a year later, at the opening of -the battle of the Wilderness, May 5 and 6, 1864, they were stationed -upon the very ground over which they had fought in '63. And when, during -a lull in the fighting, they inspected their surroundings, they found -human bones and fragments of clothing sufficient to identify some of -their own regimental dead. The bodies of those slain at Chancellorsville -had never been buried. No wonder that men shuddered as they saw the -"buzzards" soaring over head. - -Deep was the discouragement preceding Gettysburg. The failure at -Chancellorsville had been due to no fault of the men and left them -questioning whether they could ever meet Lee on favorable terms. They -were not fond of Meade. Their march thru Maryland and into Pennsylvania -was the most trying of the entire war. On June 25, 1863, after following -the muddy tow-path of the C. & O. Canal all day, only two footmen were -able to keep with the mounted officers until night-fall. Stragglers kept -coming in during the entire night. Then, at Gettysburg, on the July days -of 1863, July 1, 2, and 3, the tide finally turned, and the rebellion -began to ebb away. - -[Illustration: THE SOUTH ARMORY, BOSTON - -Page 133] - -[Illustration: FORT MONROE IN 1861 - -Page 118] - -Historians differ concerning the relative importance of the second -and third days at Gettysburg. Gen. Sheridan in 1880, and Gen. Longstreet -in 1902, and Capt. J. Long in his "Sixteenth Decisive Battle of the -World," published in 1906, took the ground that the battle was won on -the second day, by Sickles and the third corps. Gen. Sickles had been -posted on low ground to the north of "Little Round Top." Becoming -convinced that Longstreet was about to attack and crumple up the Union -left flank, just as Jackson had crushed the Union right at -Chancellorsville, he determined to prevent such a disaster by moving his -corps forward to the higher ground, running north from the Peach Orchard -along the Emmetsburg road. The 1st Mass. Inf., at the "Peter Rogers -house," held the most advanced position of the entire army. As a -consequence Longstreet had no more than started when he unexpectedly -came upon Sickles' men, where he found plenty to keep him busy and was -unable to crush anyone. At the day's close the Union regiments were -compelled to fall back to Round Top. But meanwhile, by Longstreet's own -admission, the Confederate plans had failed entirely and Lee had been -defeated. The gallant charge of the Virginians on the third day was only -a desperate final attempt by a beaten army, before commencing its -retreat. Near the Peter Rogers house, in 1886, was erected the -regimental monument of the First, a granite "white diamond," bearing the -words, "On July 2, 1863, from 11 A. M. to 6.30 P. M., the First -Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, Lieut.-Col. Clark B. Baldwin -commanding, occupied this spot in support of its skirmish line 800 ft. -in advance. The Regiment subsequently took position in the brigade line -and was engaged until the close of the action. Casualties: Killed, 18; -Died of wounds, 9; Wounded, 80; Prisoners, 15; Total, 122." But for -Sickles' advanced stand with the third corps on July 2, there would not -have been a third day at Gettysburg. A model of the regimental monument -may be seen at the museum of the Loyal Legion in the Cadet Armory, -Boston. - -Corporal Nathaniel M. Allen of the 6th Company was later awarded the -Congressional medal of honor for here bringing off the regimental colors -at the greatest personal risk, after the color sergeant had fallen. Col. -Baldwin and Adjutant Mudge were wounded. It was on this same day that -Lieut. James Doherty of the 10th Company steadied his men in the face of -a hot rifle fire, by calmly exercising them in the manual of arms. -Doherty was a character. A most gallant officer, he had risen from the -ranks and never lost his fellow feeling for the enlisted men. An -ex-sailor, he had the sailor's vices. Once, in 1863, while passing thru -Baltimore, he became drunk, and tried to kill an officer of another -regiment. Had not Col. Baldwin seized a musket and clubbed Doherty over -the head, murder would have been done. In New York he was placed under -charges for telling his commanding general that he "lied." But the -charges were never pressed; perhaps the accusation was true. At -Chancellorsville he was wounded in the finger by a bullet which managed -to wind itself about the bone. Doherty roundly cursed the enemy for -using defective lead. The brave lieutenant finally died in battle. A -well-loved member of the regiment, Corp. Albert A. Farnham of the 4th -Company, was taken prisoner at Gettysburg, and died in Richmond the 15th -of the following November, his death being due to dysentery caused by -insufficient and unsuitable food. His soldier's hymn-book is in the -museum of the A. & H. Art. Co. - -July 30 to Oct. 7, the regiment was one of four on provost duty in New -York City, guarding against further draft-riots, and preventing -conscripts from deserting. Here they resumed heavy artillery drill; and -incidentally became rested after the Gettysburg campaign. - -A new commander directed the army in the Wilderness, Lieutenant General -U. S. Grant. The difference of men showed itself in the different -result. Altho the 1st, now under Gen. W. S. Hancock, and the other Union -regiments were handled as roughly in 1864 as they had been in 1863, when -they left the field of battle, it was to march southward past Lee's -flank rather than northward toward security. Scrub oak and pine have -obliterated practically all traces of the great fight. But men can never -forget that the Wilderness proved that the tide had turned, and marked a -long step toward the downfall of the Confederacy. - -Spotsylvania was a continuation of the Wilderness with the fighting -increased, if possible, in ferocity. On May 12, the culminating day at -the "bloody angle," the 1st Regiment was heavily engaged for the last -time in its career. During the morning it acted as provost guard -immediately behind the firing line, with orders to permit no one to pass -to the rear excepting wounded men. In the afternoon it was advanced into -the very thickest of the conflict and assigned the task of covering part -of the Confederate line with a curtain of fire. Here both armies -intrenched, and charged each other's earthworks. The fighting was amid -tangled underbrush wherein one could see only a few feet ahead; at such -short range the bullet gave way to the bayonet and even to the clubbed -rifle. When the combat continued after darkness had fallen, the fighting -increased in intensity. Someone had to yield--Lee retreated. The apples -which today grow at the bloody angle should be redder and the corn -should bear more red ears, for they grow on sacred soil once crimson -with the life-blood of heroes. - -As they approached the completion of their enlistment the 1st Regiment -were stationed with the reserves. Here, on May 19, they took part in -their last engagement, at Anderson's Plantation, on the road to -Fredericksburg--and home. R. S. Ewell's corps of Confederates came -around Grant's right flank and attempted to cut communications with the -north and to capture the wagon-trains. A brigade of heavy artillery -regiments fresh from the defenses of Washington were acting as -convoy--one of them being the 1st Mass. Heavy Artillery from Salem. Here -the Salem men have erected their regimental monument. The heavy -artillery had seen but little fighting; but they now stood up like -veterans and drove back an entire corps. Unfortunately the Confederates -were taking some of the wagons with them as they drew back; and it -remained for the 1st Inf. and their companions in the brigade, some -1,200 in all, to rush to the rescue and recover the lost train. While -both 1st Mass. regiments--the Art. and the Inf.--were equally brave, the -1st Inf. had learned by long experience to make use of "cover," to -shelter themselves behind trees, stones and earthworks. It was largely -this skill that enabled them to stop the panic and save the Union army -at Chancellorsville. Now, on this less important field, it saved Grant's -wagons from capture. - -Then came the welcome order to return to Boston and be mustered out. - -A great reception awaited the regiment in Boston. Gen. Cowdin was grand -marshal of the parade, and all Boston came to extend the hand of -welcome. Gen. Cowdin had been honored that year by election as Captain -of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, and of course was -loyally supported by this command in all the exercises connected with -the reception. Another ex-Colonel of the regiment, Gen. Walter E. -Lombard in 1916, was similarly to be honored by America's oldest -military organization. A grim pathos obtruded itself upon the spirit of -the festivities; for of the 1,651 men who had gone to war, only 494 were -present on May 25, 1864, to be mustered out. The command had been in -twenty general actions; and nine of its seventy-one officers had been -killed. It marched 1,263 miles, travelled by rail 1,325 miles, and on -transports 724. The regiment gave three general officers to the army, -and ninety-one other officers to sister regiments. - -A number of noted clergymen have at times held the office of chaplain of -the command. Applying the standards which control the selection of names -for the volume, "Who's Who," amongst the distinguished chaplains would -certainly have to be mentioned Otis A. Skinner, the noted journalist and -preacher, 1850-'55; Thomas B. Thayer, the writer, 1858-'61; Jacob M. -Manning, the lecturer, 1862-'63; Lewis B. Bates, father of ex-Gov. -Bates, 1868-'72; Alonzo H. Quint, the ecclesiastical statesman, -1872-'76; William H. H. ("Adirondack") Murray, devotee of horses and -woodcraft, 1873-'76; Minot J. Savage, author and poet, 1883-'96; and -Edward A. Horton, the orator, Chaplain of the Mass. State Senate, -1896-1900. Preeminent among them stands the name of the war chaplain, -Warren H. Cudworth, 1861-'72, '76-'82. Chaplain Cudworth possesses the -added distinction that he was the historian of the "Fighting First." - -Warren H. Cudworth had graduated from Harvard in 1850; and represented -the finest type of American culture. If size of hat indicates mental -caliber, his chapeau, sacredly preserved at the Soldiers' Home, Chelsea, -proves him to have been an intellectual giant. For it is number seven -and one-half. Since 1852 he had been pastor of the Unitarian "Church of -Our Father" in East Boston. A bachelor, and of independent means -financially, he was able to prove his patriotism before receiving -appointment as chaplain by announcing to his church that, if he should -not secure the appointment, he would give his salary as minister to -maintain work among the soldiers. The church had raised a fund for the -erection of a new house of worship; this the pastor urged them not to -spend as intended, but to devote the money to the welfare of the Union -soldiers. When appointed, he gave himself unreservedly to the duties of -the office; and absented himself from his regiment only once, for a -single week of Aug., '61, during the entire three years. - -While not a "fighting chaplain" as some were, he was in every sense a -brave soldier and true gentleman. Believing that the better American one -is, the better American soldier he is, Cudworth both preached and -exemplified this part of his creed. - -His Massachusetts pride revealed itself in his comments upon the -inferior standards of living and comfort as one progressed southward. - -His scholarly interest in history and science kept showing thruout all -his writings. Bladensburg is noted as the field of the disastrous -militia defeat in 1814; there is no glossing over the uncomfortable -facts. Bladensburg is also the duelling-ground where Commodore Barron -killed Decatur in 1820. A scientific observer, he comments upon the -excellence of the spring water. At Yorktown the regiment was encamped on -historic ground, where Washington's tents had stood, and Cornwallis -surrendered, in 1781. But he somehow fails to note there the oldest -custom-house in America. One is reminded of high-school days to hear him -commenting upon McClellan's bridges over the Chickahominy--that they -were exact reproductions of Caesar's famous span across the Rhine. -Cudworth comments appreciatively upon the notable past of the Fairfax -family, so influential in moulding the career of George Washington; of -the Chancellors; and even records facts about Prince Frederick, father -of George III, after whom Fredericksburg was named. Fossils and other -geological remains unearthed by regimental well-diggers on the Peninsula -interest him. - -But his chief interest was in men and their welfare. The degradation -which he saw occasioned by slavery brought sorrow to his heart. The -untidy appearance of Williamsburg and other Virginia towns--a -consequence of slavery--impressed him, as it does the visitor today. -None rejoiced more than he over the issuance of the emancipation -proclamation on Jan. 1, 1863, and he felt that such a clear -pronouncement for justice and righteousness was more potent than many -victories. At Williamsburg he commented on the generous hospitality of -the southerners; he was also amused by quaint epitaphs in the old Bruton -parish cemetery. At the close of the Peninsular campaign he manifested -his social interest by commenting that the army was then existing in -accordance with ideal industrial conditions--eight hours daily for work, -eight for rest, and eight for recreation. When a whiskey ration was -instituted in 1862, he deplored the resultant moral evils. - -Such a chaplain would do everything possible for the welfare of the men. -During the first leisure season in the regiment's existence, that in -1861 at Budd's Ferry, he organized a chess club which conducted exciting -tournaments; a literary institute or debating society named after Mayor -Frank B. Fay of Chelsea; and a large temperance society bearing the name -of their total-abstinence Colonel, Cowdin, which enrolled nearly two -hundred soldiers on its pledge, and had fully one-third of the regiment -"on the water wagon." The chaplain's tent was indeed the social center -of the camp. Most important of all was his religious organization. The -Y. M. C. A. had not then been introduced; so the chaplain devised an -association, which he termed "The Church of the First Regiment." Their -admirable covenant, by which they existed, "You now solemnly covenant, -in the presence of God and these your fellow-soldiers, that you will -endeavor, by the help of grace, to walk in all the ordinances of the -gospel blameless, adorning your Christian profession by a holy life and -a godly conversation," has received much unsolicited praise; and has -afforded an inspiring model for other military chaplains. - -Chaplain Cudworth was idolized by the men. They affectionately called -him "Holy Jo"; and he accepted the title as a mark of affection, -stipulating however that they must never pervert it into "unholy Jo." -Fifer Bardeen of the 1st Company tells how, in a New York barber-shop, -he thrilled the crowd by a narrative of his own supposed heroism in -battle, all suggested by a boyhood scar on his head. After he had told -enough "whoppers" to set himself up as a hero, he glanced into the -mirror and was thunderstruck to see "Holy Jo" occupying the next chair -but one. The chaplain knew Bardeen well, and also knew just how true the -yarn was not. But under the circumstances he showed his real self by -utterly failing to recognize or embarrass the youthful hero. No wonder -that Bardeen later wrote concerning the chaplain, "He was a good man, a -patriot and a Christian, ready to pray with you at the proper time but -never obtruding his piety, and always ready to help you in any way. -There was no other officer in the regiment who approached him for -genuine manhood of the highest type." - -Chaplain Cudworth's passing was in keeping with the rest of his life. -His death was that of a Christian soldier. It happened on Thanksgiving -day, 1883, while the Chaplain was participating in a union observance -of the day held in a neighbor church, the "Maverick Congregational" of -East Boston. As he was standing beside the pulpit in the very act of -offering public prayer, suddenly he was heard to exclaim in pain, "I -cannot go on." Before others could reach him, he fell to the floor, -dead. - - - - -CHAPTER VI - -1866-1878 - - -It was inevitable that a reaction should follow the prolonged military -exertion of the Civil War. The north had strained its resources almost -to the breaking point, and people were tired of the very thought of a -soldier. Volunteer regiments, upon their muster-out, disbanded outright; -while militia organizations languished, and ofttimes died. "General -apathy" was again in command of the situation. - -Disbandment was the ultimate fate of the three-year regiment which had -gone out under Col. Cowdin. Fortunately many veterans of the companies -retained interest in military affairs, and appreciated the importance of -maintaining the militia, so that they connected themselves with -organizations designed to perpetuate the old regiment. Finally, on May -18, 1866, orders issued for the reorganization of the command. - -As Col. Burrell's 42d Regiment had retained a place in the militia -establishment thru the sheer pertinacity of its officers, and as it was -recognized to be a continuation of the old militia 1st Regiment, Col. -Burrell was continued in command of the new 1st. The 1st Company was the -corresponding company of the 42d. An unattached company, the 81st, -consisting largely of 1st Regiment veterans and commanded by Lieutenant -George H. Johnston, Adjutant of the 1st, took 2d place in the -reorganized regiment. The Fusiliers' reserve or "depot" company (the -25th Unattached) continued as 3d Company, under command of Capt. Alfred -N. Proctor, who had led the 3d Company of the 42d. Chelsea continued to -supply the 5th Company, having organized the "Rifles" (4th Unattached), -soon renamed "Veterans," as a "depot" company for the original 5th -Company (the "Volunteers"); Capt. John Q. Adams commanded. Veterans of -the original 6th Company (now the 9th Unattached) under their war -commander, Capt. George H. Smith, continued to represent the old number. -The 10th Company of the 42d, under command of their war 1st Lieutenant, -Edward Merrill, Jr., remained as 10th Company of the reorganized -regiment. Thus six companies of Col. Burrell's new command were -perpetuations of the old regiment of which he and Col. Cowdin had been -field officers. The new 4th Company had seen ninety days' service under -its designation of 1st Unattached, and was commanded by Capt. Moses E. -Bigelow. Three companies, the 7th, 8th and 9th, had no war records, and -merely came in as the 45th, 66th (the W. Roxbury Rifles) and 67th -Unattached. The latter two, however, were commanded by veteran officers, -G. M. Fillebrown, formerly a 1st Lieut. in the Mass. Cavalry, and John -D. Ryan, a 2d Lieut. in the 61st Mass. Inf., respectively. Capt. -Fillebrown's company is the 8th Co. today. With six of the ten companies -coming directly from the old regiment, it is no wonder that the new -organization was granted the right to call itself the 1st Mass. -Infantry. - -Col. Burrell remained at the head of the regiment only sufficiently long -to see it established on a firm foundation; on July 26, 1866, he was -promoted to be Brigadier General. On August 29, 1866, Capt. George H. -Johnston of the 2d Company became Colonel. The original record book of -this period is in the custody of Maj. J. W. H. Myrick of the Fusilier -Veterans. - -Col. Johnston's first camp was held at Sharon in 1866, and had an -attendance of 533. With so large a proportion of the membership war -veterans, the event seemed very much like a military reunion. Officers -and men were already thoroly trained; all enjoyed the experience of -again wearing the blue uniform. Similar encampments were held in 1867, -1868, 1869 and 1872--all in Hull. In 1870 the entire state militia, -under command of Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, encamped at Concord, and -revived the memories of 1859. But how greatly had the situation changed -during those eleven short intervening years! Then the war was a dread -prospect; now it was a glorious retrospect. In 1871 a regimental -encampment was held at Quincy. - -On June 22, 1867, Col. Johnston and his regiment paraded as escort to -President Andrew Johnson. A similar compliment was paid to President U. -S. Grant, June 16, 1869. The regiment also paraded in honor of Gen. -Philip H. Sheridan, when he visited Boston. - -A new company, the Claflin Guards of Newton, was organized in 1870, and -in 1872 became the 7th Company. - -As a result of the Civil War the kepi and felt hat had been introduced -into the bill-of-dress, and the five-button blouse had become the -popular coat; the felt hat was a revival of a pattern common in old -Colonial days. In 1869 the regiment profited by a new feeling on the -part of the legislature that a good militia was worth the expenditure of -a little money; for at that time the state began to make an allowance -toward the purchase of uniforms. $20.00 was paid for each man--not -enough to buy a uniform, but far better than nothing. Since their -experience at Bull Run in 1861, the regiment had worn blue; now, -however, they returned to the gray uniforms of 1859. Breech-loading -rifles were issued in 1872. - -The year 1872 brought the most prolonged tour of duty for the -maintenance of public order, if we except Shays' rebellion, that the -regiment ever had. Boston was then a city of frame buildings, standing -close together, and separated by very narrow streets. On Nov. 11, fire -broke out, and speedily grew uncontrollable by reason of high winds. -When after three days of horror, the devouring flames were finally -stayed in their work of destruction, old Boston lay in ashes. - -Thieves, thugs and criminals of every sort are prompt to congregate in -seasons of public calamity. When society is threatened by such a danger -as conflagration, its ordinary police precautions break down; and people -are helpless to protect their property or even their lives. All the -militia in Boston were immediately called out to help rescue endangered -lives, and to protect the panic-stricken fugitives. Where everyone is -suspicious of everyone else, a man in uniform is the only one able to -render any aid. Victims of the fire would not allow a stranger in -civilian clothes so much as to assist them to places of safety, for fear -of violence and robbery. The troops were kept on duty during thirteen -days, the latter part of the period being devoted to guarding the ruins -and aiding in the task of rehabilitation. One picturesque feature of the -regiment's service was the escorting across the city of treasure valued -at $14,000,000. No other call to duty is so truly a test of military -readiness as that in connection with a fire, coming as it does always -without the slightest previous warning. And no other duty, performed as -the 1st Regiment performed it in 1872, does so much to win friends for -the organization, and for the National Guard of which it forms a part. -At no other time does the National Guardsman appear so nearly in his -true role, as "a soldier of peace." - -During the term of the next commander, Col. Henry W. Wilson, Dec. 12, -1872--April 28, 1876, the regiment felt the effects of a new movement -for military efficiency. Col. Wilson was himself a Civil War veteran, an -ex-Captain in the 6th Regiment. But he believed the time ripe for -innovations and improvements. The Civil War officers were growing too -old for active service; and no one was in training to take their place. -England, with a military system not essentially different from ours, had -introduced strict principles of instruction for her volunteers some ten -years previously, and now commenced to reap beneficial results. - -Consequently the 1st Regiment welcomed the new state muster-field, first -opened for use in 1873. Framingham at once became a synonym for -increased efficiency; that very year the tour of camp duty was -lengthened from three to four days, and from time to time thereafter -successful effort was made to secure further extension. Massachusetts -had the proud honor of leading all other states in providing a regular -state camp-ground. - -Perhaps because so many "old fellows" were bidding farewell to active -military life, perhaps for other reasons, this was an age of -sentimentalism in the regimental history. On Dec. 17, 1873, the 1st -Company adopted a badge or medal for use with full-dress uniforms and -also on civilian clothes; and other companies were so favorably -impressed by the innovation as to imitate it. Col. Mathews later -designed the regimental emblem which stands on the cover of this book, -and which is based on the "white diamond" of the old "third corps." - -Capt. William A. Smith of the 1st Company was an enthusiast about -rifle-shooting; and kept agitating the matter with a view to inducing -Massachusetts to take it up. Already England had her ranges for -volunteers, and in New York the Creedmoor range was in active operation. -Capt. Smith presented many excellent reasons why small arms practice -should be made part of the militia requirements. In Colonial days every -farmer was a good shot--he had to be, in order to keep down "varmints" -and to keep off Indians. But when the state became fully settled the -reason for popular skill in shooting ceased, and the shooting itself was -discontinued. Thruout the Civil War, marksmanship was a neglected factor -in the training of both northern and southern armies. By 1875 the need -had become so crying that Capt. Smith and others succeeded in convincing -the Massachusetts authorities. As soon as genuine rifle competitions -were authorized, the members of the regiment, and especially of the 1st -Company, stirred themselves to render the matches exciting; as a -consequence, up to the time the regiment became interested in artillery, -it was noted in the state for success in small arms competitions. From -the 1st Company alone went out two such shots as Col. Horace T. Rockwell -and Major Charles W. Hinman, both of whom had places on rifle teams -which went to England and represented America in international matches -held in 1880, 1883 and 1888. After 1878 the 4th and 12th Companies also -won fame with the rifle. - -The annual routine of a militia regiment--weekly drills, two or more -field-days, shooting, one or two weeks' camp, etc.--keeps the members -busy along useful lines. But it does not afford a historian much to -tell, save as he indicates the steps of progress from year to year. -Parades, on the other hand, possess some romantic and popular interest; -and it is hard to convince laymen that they have almost no military -value. A regiment is largely judged by its appearance on parade. In Col. -Wilson's time there chanced to be included the fateful year, 1875, when -eastern Massachusetts celebrated the centennials of Concord and Bunker -Hill. With President Grant present from Washington on April 19, there -were "great doings." On June 17 the "crack"-est military organizations -from other states visited Boston to lend "tone" to the procession,--the -7th N. Y., the 5th Md., the 1st R. I., the 1st and 2d Pa. That day Gen. -W. T. Sherman was reviewing officer. Sherman's war experience had -trained him to judge troops. He was forced to admit that Boston's parade -was a fine military display; and he had to add that the 1st Mass. was -not behind the best. On Nov. 29, 1875, by a singular coincidence, Col. -Wilson was called upon to parade his regiment as part of the funeral -escort for his great namesake, the late Vice-President Henry Wilson, who -was interred at Natick. - -At first the regiment suffered from the new innovations. Its older -members, trained in the hard school of actual war service were capable -soldiers and required little instruction; and the younger men who needed -more training were only a minority in point of numbers. As soon as it -became evident that more time was going to be demanded for encampments -and for small-arms practice, many older soldiers applied for their -discharges. As the ranks grew shorter and thinner, the state authorities -began to talk of disbanding companies, just as they had always been -accustomed to do. Finally the break came. Col. Wilson resigned on April -28, 1876, leaving Lt. Col. Alfred N. Proctor in command; and on the -following July 6, the regiment was reduced to the dimensions of a -battalion and was redesignated the "1st Battalion of Infantry." Lt. Col. -Nathaniel Wales, who was placed in command, was a Civil War veteran with -a brilliant record. He had enlisted as a private soldier, had served in -the 24th Regiment, the 32d, and finally in the 35th, and came out of the -war-service a Colonel. It is highly unusual to pass thru so many grades -within less than four short years. Furthermore, Col. Wales was said to -have been the youngest man holding the rank of Colonel at the time he -attained it. His love for the 1st Regiment was such that he was willing -to endure a reduction of rank for the sake of re-establishing the old -command upon a secure basis. - -A company of the 3d Regiment, the Cunningham Rifles from Brockton, were -transferred to the 1st Battalion at the time of the reorganization and -became the 10th Company. This reorganization was by no means limited to -the 1st Regiment--it was state-wide in its incidence. The 1st Battalion -emerged from it as a six-company organization. - -One or more companies of the 1st made the trip to the Philadelphia -Centennial in 1876, and to the Valley Forge Centenary the year -following. On Sept. 17, 1877, the battalion participated in the parade -and ceremonies connected with the dedication of the Soldiers' and -Sailors' monument on Boston Common. The companies presented a fine -appearance in the eyes of the public; and following the celebration -dined together much to their own gratification. New members enlisted, -new interest began to be manifest, and there was a feeling that the -present reduced condition would be only temporary. Col. Wales of course -exerted all of his influence to have the regiment restored. - -Finally the legislature responded and passed an act creating a 1st -Regiment by a process of consolidation. There were four companies left -of the 3d Regiment, then forming the 3d Battalion. And four companies -represented what had originally been the old 1st Infantry of ante-bellum -days, now organized as the 4th Battalion. So the legislature transferred -the Fusiliers and the Claflin Guards to the 5th, the Chelsea Rifles to -the 8th, and consolidated the 1st Battalion, the 3d Battalion and the -4th Battalion, as the "1st Regiment," Col. Nathaniel Wales commanding. -The date of this important legislation was Dec. 3, 1878. By a stroke of -genius the law-makers had created a twelve-company regiment, organized -in three battalions each under command of a Major; and had devised a new -plan of organization which was destined to work so well that, twenty -years later, Congress would adopt it for use all over the United States. -As the companies from the 3d Regiment were located in Plymouth and -Bristol counties, they introduced a new geographical element into the -1st. Thereafter "The Cape" was to stand side by side with Boston, and -right nobly were the Cape companies to uphold the regimental -traditions. - - - - -CHAPTER VII - -THE OLD "TIGER" FIRST - - -It now becomes necessary to go back and trace out the origins of the -organizations which were consolidated with the 1st Regiment in 1878. Let -us first give attention to the companies which bore the title of 4th -Battalion. We shall discover a battalion or regimental history -stretching back to 1834, and company records commencing as early as -1787. - -Three "independent companies" of infantry were listed in the roster of -1788 as connected with the 1st Division, Suffolk. One of these -disappeared from the records the following year, and another in 1792. -The lone survivor yet survives--in fact is the 3d Company, M. C. A., -otherwise known as the Independent Boston Fusiliers. - -On May 11, 1787, the Governor's Council voted to approve an application -signed by Thomas Adams and fifty-three others, and to charter a company. -Gov. James Bowdoin presided at the Council meeting and himself -introduced the petition. On the following July 4, he stood with the -members of the new company on the slope of Bunker Hill and, at that -shrine of American liberty, presented them their official charter. They -next proceeded to the home of John Hancock, soon to be Governor, and at -his liberal table, as his guests, enjoyed an inaugural dinner. The -Fusiliers have excelled in many military lines thruout their long and -honorable history--by no means least of their attainments is the -masterly skill with which they have maintained the custom of dining -together. Their motto, _Aut vincere aut mori_, seemed high-sounding in -the early years. "Conquer or die" presented harsh alternatives. But the -time was to come seventy-five years later when the nation needed just -such stern, self-sacrificing devotion; and then the Fusiliers indeed -lived up to their motto. The Fusiliers wore red coats, in commemoration -of certain gallant foemen with whom America had recently been engaged. -As the Cadets were then clad in white and another company in blue, a -striking patriotic ensemble was produced by the grouping of uniforms -whenever the independent companies paraded. William Turner was elected -the first Fusilier Captain; the names of his successors are recorded -elsewhere in this book. No wonder that the Fusiliers, actives or -veterans, have always been noted for maintaining the most successful and -distinguished military ball in all Boston, the military-social event of -the year; for their first Captain was, by profession, a dancing-master. -Capt. Turner was succeeded by Capt. Joseph Laughton, who when not on -militia duty, was occupied as a clerk in the Treasurer's office. - -[Illustration: THE FUSILIERS ABOUT 1845] - -After 1798 the Fusiliers were never without vigorous and congenial -companionship. Enthusiasm was then in full flood; George Washington had -shown his patriotism by consenting to accept a subordinate position, -that of Lieutenant General of the army under President John Adams; and -men were enrolling themselves in the new legionary brigade. America was -aflame with indignation over French injustice. On September 4, 1798, the -Boston Light Infantry was organized after four months of preliminary -meetings--the body which today reports to the Adjutant as the 2d -Company, M. C. A. Their motto, "Death or an honorable life," is a -ringing echo of Charles C. Pinckney's immortal words, "Millions for -defence; not one cent for tribute." At the first banquet of the company, -Oct. 18, 1798, when the charter was received, the principal toast -was--"The United States of America; as they have drawn the sword of -justice with reason, may they never sheathe it with disgrace." Would -that this sentiment might always prevail with the authorities in -Washington! Amongst the members present at this banquet were sons or -near relatives of such patriots as Paul Revere, James Otis and Joseph -Warren. Truly the sons were rallying about the standard of the fathers. -Drills were first held in the old State House, and after 1802 in Faneuil -Hall. - -There were lovers of Shakespeare in the Boston Light Infantry. At a -dinner in 1815 one of them gave point to his speech by quoting the words -of Henry V, hero of Agincourt: - - "In peace, there's nothing so becomes a man, - As modest stillness, and humility: - But when the blast of war blows in our ears, - Then imitate the action of the tiger." - -All of the speech was forgotten except the final words of the quotation, -"The tiger!" Company orators kept repeating the expression. Ere long the -Boston Light Infantry found itself provided with a nickname--and it is -best known thruout its long history as "The Tigers." - -In 1800 the Fusiliers under Capt. John Brazer and the Tigers, Capt. -Daniel Sargent (a merchant in civil life), were the two light infantry -companies constituting the sub-legion of light infantry--both being -entirely independent. Indeed the sub-legion of light infantry had no -field officer until Feb. 14, 1806, when Capt. Daniel Messinger of the -Winslow Blues was elected Major. The Blues were organized in 1799 and -first appeared on the sub-legion roster in 1802. The Washington Light -Infantry were organized in 1803. - -When in 1810 the legionary brigade was transformed into the 3d Brigade, -1st Division, Maj. Messinger's sub-legion of light infantry was broken -up and the companies were distributed amongst the infantry regiments of -the brigade. The Fusiliers and the Washington Lt. Inf. were incorporated -with the 1st Reg., the Tigers with the 2d, and the Winslow Blues with -the 3d. These infantry regiments, former "legionaries," were neither -train-band militia nor independent uniformed volunteers. Their status -was somewhere between the two; it was hoped that the light infantry -companies might serve as leaven for the infantry, and bring all up to -the volunteer standard. The arrangement continued until 1834. By that -time it was clear that only the independent companies, the "light" -infantry, retained any vitality; and they were separated from the -infantry regiments, and organized into a separate "Regiment of Light -Infantry, 3d Brigade." - -Non-commissioned officers of the light infantry companies manifested -active interest in the training school, "The Soul of the Soldiery," from -1811 until 1819 and later. - -Another company was born amid the war excitement of 1812, the New -England Guards. Even from the days of their first Captain, Samuel Swett, -it was felt that a distinguished destiny awaited the organization. -During their entire half century of existence, they made constant effort -to maintain their personnel at the highest standard; and the effort was -crowned with success. An extant lithograph, in the museum of the A. & H. -Art. Co., shows the Guards in the year 1836 parading with four platoons -of twelve files each--numbers indicative of the company's popularity. -They were added to the 2d Regiment, and thereafter were associated with -the Tigers. - -During the war with England the light infantry companies rendered -service at the harbor forts similar to that of the artillery. By -request of the commandant of the Charlestown Navy Yard, the New England -Guards were stationed at the Chelsea bridge for eleven days from June -13, 1814, in order to prevent an expected raid by a hostile landing -party. The entire membership of the Fusiliers was on duty from Sept. 12 -until Oct. 10, under Capt. Gerry Fairbanks (a hatter in civil life); and -detachments continued doing garrison duty several weeks longer. The -Tigers helped to build Ft. Strong on Jeffries Point, East Boston; -similar activity characterized the other companies. Massachusetts' crest -is a sword borne by the arm of a civilian: Massachusetts citizens in -1814 bore the sword effectively and well. - -The light infantry companies participated in the same parades and public -festal occasions as did the artillery companies. These events are -elsewhere described in sufficient detail. In the sterner task of -maintaining public order the New England Guards were on duty twice--July -7, 1824, and Feb. 11, 1825,--in connection with conflagrations. In both -instances personal property had been saved from the fire and temporarily -deposited in a place of safety; and the troops mounted guard against -pillagers. The Tigers subscribed the first $100 toward the cost of -Bunker Hill monument. - -From the disbandment of Maj. Messinger's battalion in 1810 until the -organization of the regiment of light infantry in 1834, the companies of -light infantry were associated only in the larger unit of the 3d -Brigade. While the Coast Artillery includes all the surviving units of -that Brigade, and altho the 3d Brigade was the most solid and efficient -part of the old militia, still it does not seem wise to treat Brigade -history in particular detail. Suffice it to say that four strong -companies of light infantry continued active in the infantry regiments -of the brigade--the Fusiliers in the 1st Regiment, the Tigers and the -New England Guards in the 2d, and the Winslow Blues in the 3d. Lists of -company commanders are recorded elsewhere. A new branch of the service -came into existence, the "Rifles," and were accorded precedence over -others--were given the right of the line in parades. In appearance they -differed from other troops, as they wore jaunty green uniforms, and -carried short flint-lock rifles without bayonets. These riflemen aimed -to reproduce the famous corps under Daniel Morgan and others in the -Revolutionary war, the frontiersmen and rangers clad in buckskin -hunting-shirts who were so terrifying to America's enemies. It has -always seemed strange to the writer that the frontiersman's costume, the -only distinctively American garb ever devised, should not continue in -use. Not even these new riflemen, however, succeeded in remaining true -to type. While they were fond of picturing themselves in the -hunting-shirt, the uniforms which they actually wore followed German -models. One valuable contribution the new rifles did make to militia -life, they were pioneers in setting up target practice as part of the -soldier's training. - -Light infantry and rifles were distinguished from other infantry by the -fact that they were trained in the skirmish drill, and were alone -qualified to perform outpost duty. In line, they formed on the flanks of -other companies. From time to time additional commands aspired to become -light infantry, and some realized their aspirations. By 1834 there were -eight companies altogether in the infantry regiments who felt -dissatisfied with their regimental connection, and resented the waning -interest which regimental neighbors displayed in things military. Their -plan was to separate from the infantry, and revive the old battalion of -light infantry, whose members should all be volunteers and uniformed, -the battalion which had been broken up in 1810--in short, to organize a -Light Infantry Regiment in the 3d Brigade. From the 1st Regiment came -the Fusiliers, the Washington Lt. Infantry and the Mechanic Rifles; from -the 2d the Tigers and the New England Guards; and from the 3d the -Winslow Blues, the City Guards (organized Sept. 21, 1821), and the Rifle -Rangers (organized 1820). In 1835 a new company was added, the Lafayette -Gds. - -The new regiment was organized in Aug., 1834, with eight companies, and -Col. Amasa G. Smith of the 2d Regiment was elected to command. A -succession of field officers, which had begun in 1806 with Major -Messinger and had been interrupted from 1810 until 1834, was thereafter -to be continuous. Col. Smith's commission was dated July 29, 1834; he -continued in command until Feb. 23, 1838. - -Judged by the standards of the day, Col. Smith's regiment was a very -fine one, indeed was a "crack" command. No less an authority than -President Andrew Jackson is reported to have testified, "I have never -seen its equal." Most of the companies wore blue swallow-tail coats and -white duck trousers--the latter quite regardless of weather; gradually -blue nether garments were added for use on stormy days. The two rifle -companies wore green, the Rangers having frock coats and uhlan hats; -while extant engravings of the City Guards in 1844, the year of their -famous march to Baltimore, show them clad in gray suits of a pattern -precisely the same as those worn by the New York 7th. The City Guards -were the first corps to wear gray in Boston; and the Fusiliers were -equally distinguished by reason of their scarlet coats. While there was -lack of regimental uniformity, there must have been a striking ensemble -when the companies formed battalion line. - -To the Fusiliers, in June, 1835, fell the honor of introducing an -important tradition into the regiment. For at that time, after a year's -preparation, they undertook an excursion to Washington, as a compliment -to President Andrew Jackson, who was soon to give place to Martin Van -Buren. The start was made after partaking of a collation at Gov. John -Davis' house; progress was made by march, stage, steamboat and rail; -they camped on Capitol Hill; and dined with Gen. Jackson at the White -House. This was not exactly a trip to "the inauguration," but it proved -to be the commencement of a custom which today takes the command to -Washington once every four years. - -In 1837 a company came into existence which was destined to prove the -temporary undoing of the Light Infantry Regiment, and was also to -subject Boston's spirit of fairness and right to its most searching -test. The "Montgomery Guards," they were called. Altho named after the -same heroic Richard Montgomery who was to give title to another and more -famous company of Montgomery Guards fifteen years later, they must not -be confused with the latter body. The critical point was that the -members were all of Irish birth; and Boston, for the first time in sixty -years, found a company of foreign soldiery in her midst. At least that -was the view of the matter taken by old-timers. The race prejudice which -later issued in the Know Nothing movement, at once flamed up. On the -other hand, these guardsmen had all declared their intention of becoming -American citizens, and were entitled to bear arms. The guards were -attached to Col. Smith's regiment. On Sept. 12, 1837, the date of the -fall field-day and the first assembly of the regiment since the -organization of the Montgomerys, the other nine companies took post on -the regimental line,--the Montgomerys arriving last of all. No sooner -had the latter swung into position than the enlisted men of the City -Guards, breaking away from their officers, marched off the Common. -The enlisted men of the Fusiliers, the Blues, the Mechanics, the -Washingtons and the Lafayettes followed this example of insubordination -and broke ranks. It was sheer mutiny--mutiny with which many of the -public sympathized, but mutiny nevertheless. - -[Illustration: THE GRAY UNIFORM--THE CITY GUARDS AT BALTIMORE, 1844] - -Courts martial resulted, followed by prolonged public discussion. -Presently it became evident that the Boston sense of fairness and right -was strong enough even to meet this test; and on Feb. 23, 1838, the -offending companies were punished by disbandment. Col. Smith went out of -office at this time. The Montgomery Guards were themselves disbanded -April 6, 1838. As a consequence the Regiment was reduced to a battalion -and placed under the command of Maj. Charles C. Paine. The Tigers, the -New England Guards, and the Rifle Rangers alone survived the -disbandment. - -June 1, 1839, found the organization a regiment once more, made up of -the following companies: Tigers, New England Guards, Pulaski Guards, who -now transferred from the 3d Reg., 3d Bri. (and who seem to have been -temporarily called Mechanic Greys in 1849), Columbian Greys, Hancock -Light Infantry, Rifle Rangers, Highland Guards and Suffolk Light Guard. -As the disbandment had been intended for punitive purposes merely, -encouragement was held out for the companies to reorganize. The device -of reorganizing and "continuing the record" was not then thought of. Had -it been, it would doubtless have been ordered; four companies took -advantage of the opportunity. The Columbian Greys were merely the old -City Guards under a new name; in 1844 they appeared on the records as -the City Greys, and by 1851 were known once more as City Guards. -Similarly the Hancock Light Infantry continued the Fusiliers, the -ancient corps being saved by the loyalty of two former captains. Noah -Lincoln, Jr., a prominent Boston shipwright, was in command of the -company when disbanded in 1838. On a May date in 1839 the Hancock Light -Infantry elected the same Capt. Lincoln to be their commander; but he -did not deem it best to accept. On May 17, 1839, the company proceeded -to elect Louis Dennis, a former Captain of Fusiliers who had risen to -field rank; and Maj. Dennis proved his loyalty to the old corps by -accepting a commission as Captain. Maj. Dennis was a builder in civil -life, and felt that the present emergency called for constructive work -along military lines; Capt. Lincoln thereupon agreed to become 1st -Lieutenant of the company. After four or five years we cease to find -reference to the Hancock Light Infantry--the records again deal with the -Fusiliers. The Mechanic Rifles similarly reorganized in 1843, and the -Washington Light Infantry a few years subsequently. Col. Charles R. -Lowell, formerly Captain of the Rifle Rangers, commanded the reorganized -regiment from June 1, 1839, until March 20, 1840. - -On April 24, 1840, in connection with the general state-wide -reorganization of the militia and the discontinuance of the train-band, -the Light Infantry Regiment, 3d Brigade, received a number--it became -the 1st Lt. Inf., 1st Brigade. The following colonels commanded: George -W. Phillips, Aug. 27, 1840--May 18, 1841; Charles A. Macomber (formerly -captain of the disbanded City Guards), June 15, 1841--Aug. 24, 1841; -George T. Bigelow, formerly captain of the New England Guards, Sept. 11, -1841--Jan. 23, 1844; William H. Spooner, April 15, 1844--Jan. 19, 1847, -the same Col. Spooner who had commanded the train-band regiment, the 1st -of the 1st Brigade, to which the Roxbury Artillery was temporarily -attached in 1832; Benjamin F. Edmands, March 15, 1847--July 11, 1848 -(then elected Brig. Gen.); Col. Samuel Andrews, a former captain of the -Tigers, July 28, 1848--May 13, 1850, when he became Brig. Gen. - -When the New York 7th visited Boston in June, 1843, they were guests of -the Fusiliers (yet called Hancock Light Infantry). After church services -on Sunday, June 18, the visitors were shown around to the chief points -of interest. How fashions do change! The principal shrine to which -pilgrimage was made was--Mt. Auburn Cemetery. - -Veterans of the Mexican War organized a company in the 1st Regiment on -June 18, 1849, to which they gave the title, National Guards; and were -the recognized representatives of the 1st Mass. Mexican War Regiment. -Ben Perley Poore, a prominent newspaper correspondent, was elected -Captain. As it became difficult to secure a sufficient number of Mexican -veterans in Boston, admission was granted to all militia veterans, after -a few years. Capt. Poore presently removed from Boston for business -reasons, and made his residence in Newburyport. There he became famous -as Major of an independent battalion of infantry; and altho absent from -his Boston comrades, continued to retain a warm place in their hearts. -In Nov., 1856, he had made an election bet with Col. J. J. Burbank, -proprietor of the Tremont House, Boston, to the effect that Millard -Fillmore would get the Massachusetts electoral vote for President; and -lost. So on Saturday, Nov. 8, he paid the forfeit--by wheeling a barrel -of apples, on a wheelbarrow, all the way, thirty-six miles, from -Newburyport to Boston. Maj. Poore's popularity caused a wide-spread -interest to develop in this feat; especially in Boston were the streets -thronged with friendly spectators. When the Fusiliers learned of the -plan, they determined to have a part in it; so the doughty Major, -himself in citizen's dress, was met in Charlestown by a company of -thirty-four red-coated soldiers, and solemnly escorted across the -bridge into Boston. Then, as a slight recompense for all the fun which -had been provided, when the procession arrived at the Tremont House, the -apples were sold at $1.00 apiece, for the benefit of the man who had -transported them. Maj. Poore's portrait, as well as two pictures of the -event, are today in the A. & H. Art. Company museum. - -When on April 25, 1842, the companies received distinguishing letters, -the Tigers became Co. A, the New England Guards B, the Pulaski Guards C, -the Highland Guards D, the City Guards E, the Fusiliers F, the Suffolk -Lt. Gds. G, the Washington Phalanx H, the Rifle Rangers I, and a company -of rifles K. - -Charles L. Holbrook became Colonel on Aug. 31, 1850, and continued in -command until Aug. 15, 1854; William Schouler, destined to be the great -Civil War Adjutant General of Massachusetts, was Lieutenant Colonel. To -Col. Holbrook fell the painful duty of marshalling his regiment against -the mob on June 2, 1854, at the time of the Burns riot. In that year the -organization consisted of eight companies. To him also fell the more -congenial privilege, in Oct., 1862, of leading his command, the same -regiment but then known as the 43d Mass. Vols., during its campaign in -North Carolina. Col. Holbrook was, in civil life, a bookkeeper, first in -the Suffolk National Bank, and subsequently in the Custom House; as a -soldier he jumped from the Adjutant's office to the Colonelcy. - -Owing to the formation of new companies it became desirable to organize -an additional battalion of infantry in 1853, to which the number 3d was -given. This included Capt. Poore's National Guards as Co. A, the Union -Guards of East Boston, organized in 1852, as Co. B, and the Sarsfield -Guards as Co. C, all under command of Maj. Robert I. Burbank. - -Col. Thomas E. Chickering commanded the 1st Regiment from Oct. 25, 1854, -until Jan. 29, 1856; and during his administration the name of the -organization was changed from Light Infantry to "Infantry." Col. -Chickering commanded the 41st Mass. Inf., which became the 3d Cavalry, -1862-1865, and served in the department of the Gulf, transferring to -Gen. P. H. Sheridan in Virginia during 1864. In 1855 the 3d Battalion of -Infantry disbanded, the National and Union Guards going into the 2d -Regiment as 9th and 6th Cos. respectively, while the Sarsfield Guards -passed out of existence. The transfer of two strong companies to the 2d -was a sign that the latter regiment was increasing while the 1st -decreased. Six years later the 2d was to receive the much-desired number -which had thitherto belonged to the "1st." Maj. Joseph Bradley had -become commander of the 3d Battalion at the time of its disbanding. - -Col. Robert I. Burbank, formerly of the 3d Battalion, was the last -commander of the old 1st Regiment, serving from March 25, 1856, until -March 2, 1859. The regiment had several strong companies and might have -been the leading military body in Boston; but it suffered from an excess -of company loyalty and an utter absence of regimental spirit. Moreover -there was a tendency to elect men of political prominence to the chief -command, with slight regard for their military talents. Colonels were -changed too frequently. The 2d Regiment under Cols. Bullock and Cowdin -presented a striking contrast to the 1st in these particulars. The -military authorities, since they recognized the inevitable tendency of -the times, disbanded the 1st Regiment, and transferred four of the seven -companies to the 2d, on March 1, 1859. The companies to enter the 2d -Regiment were: C, the Pulaski Guards; D, the Washington Light Guard; F, -the Fusiliers; and H, the Mechanic Rifles; these became the 4th, 2d, 3d, -and 5th Companies in Col. Cowdin's regiment. The three companies -remaining of the old 1st--the Tigers, the New England Guards, and the -City Guards--were reorganized as the 2d Battalion of Infantry, under -command of Maj. Charles O. Rogers, former captain of the Tigers. The -latter command were highly prosperous at this time; in 1858 we find them -giving the first grand ball ever held in the Music Hall, and a year -later enlarging the scope of their social activities by moving the -function into the Boston Theater, the first such event ever held in that -celebrated amusement center. - -Sentiment assumed striking forms in the military life of Boston during -the years preceding the Civil War. Two visiting military bodies, the New -York 7th in 1857 and the Ellsworth Zouaves from Chicago in July, 1860, -presented such examples of military efficiency that a desire grew -up--was encouraged by the Adjutant General--for the formation of a -"crack" regiment in Boston. At the same time, the designation, "4th -Battalion," came to be coveted and sought after. The reason for the -latter sentiment is obscure; there never had been a 4th Battalion in -Boston, never any of prominence in Massachusetts. But the old sub-legion -of Lt. Infantry in the 3d Brigade, standing as it did beside three -infantry sub-legions, and brilliantly outclassing them, had been a "4th -battalion" of which all Boston was proud. From 1859 on, many -organizations were attempting to secure the designation, "4th -Battalion." - -The 2d Battalion, organized March 1, 1859, under Maj. Rogers, included -three strong companies, and might have been the nucleus of the desired -"crack" organization; however the units did not cohere, and the -battalion speedily flew to pieces. Maj. Harrison Ritchie of the New -England Gds. became commander July 21, 1860. - -Gen. Samuel H. Leonard had removed from Worcester to Boston for business -reasons, and had thereby lost his brigade in the former county. Becoming -associated with Boston military men who were ambitious for a new and -highly efficient regiment, he placed himself at the head of the -movement. Ex-Gen. Leonard presently succeeded Capt. Clark B. Baldwin in -command of the Boston Artillery, and proceeded to transfer that company -from Col. Cowdin's 2d Regiment to a new battalion. The City Guards had -disbanded Dec. 26, 1859, and most of the members went into the Ancient -and Honorable Artillery Company; now former members of the City Guards -were reenlisted and consolidated with the Boston Artillery. Indeed these -City Guardsmen were the instigators of the movement. Capt. Augustine -Harlow (a printer in civil life), formerly in command of the National -Guards, the 9th Company of the 2d Reg., joined in the movement and -organized a new company. On Dec. 15, 1860, Capt. Leonard's as Co. A, -Capt. Harlow's as Co. D, and two new companies designated B and C were -associated as the 4th Battalion. At length the much desired numeral was -in use,--and by men of large military ability and soaring ambition. -Since "rifles" took precedence over other branches, the new battalion -became "Rifles"; and wore gray Zouave or chasseur uniforms. We have seen -elsewhere how this movement became deflected by the call for volunteers, -and ultimately issued in the splendid 13th Mass. Inf. If the 4th -Battalion of Rifles did not become a "crack" regiment--it achieved a -nobler destiny. - -On March 11, 1861, the New England Guards became independent of Maj. -Ritchie's 2d Battalion; and expanded their organization into a -two-company battalion, for which they claimed the coveted numeral, -becoming the 4th Battalion of Infantry; Capt. Thomas G. Stevenson of the -New Englanders became Major, and was in fact the leader of the movement. -The ensuing month brought war and put an end to the militia dreams. On -April 25 Maj. Stevenson's battalion entered upon a one-month tour of -volunteer garrison duty at Ft. Independence, the men serving without -pay. It was at this time that they achieved the distinction of "bringing -out" the most famous band-leader of the generation, Patrick S. Gilmore. -Gilmore's music and the fine marching of the New England Guards -battalion immediately brought Maj. Stevenson's command a high degree of -popularity. - -More three-year regiments were needed in the autumn of 1861, and members -of the New England Guards battalion decided to enlist. Upon further -thought it seemed wiser to use their proved skill in military matters in -a higher capacity--they would organize a new regiment of recruits, and -themselves go as officers. With the approval of the War Department, -accordingly, the 24th Mass. Reg. came into existence, having Thomas G. -Stevenson as Colonel and Gilmore as band-leader. No prophet then foresaw -the future; but a bronze bas-relief in the State House (erected in 1905) -today reminds us of the record of heroic service in North Carolina, -South Carolina and Florida; the transfer to Virginia May 1, 1864, and -participation with the Army of the James in the operations around -Petersburg and Richmond. Their commander, now Gen. Stevenson, was killed -in battle at Spotsylvania. Gilmore continued with his regiment as long -as the Government permitted regimental bands--during the entire first -year of the service. - -Members of the New England Guards who were unable, for business or -family reasons, to go for three years, were quick to respond, in the -autumn of 1862, to the call for nine-months men. Part of the 4th -Battalion had organized and officered the 24th Regiment (there was -already a 4th Reg.)--clinging to the coveted numeral others now raised -the 44th Reg. and followed their comrades--to the coast of North -Carolina. So very few New England Guardsmen were left at home in Boston -that the battalion passed out of existence--died of patriotism. - -Maj. Ralph W. Newton, former captain of the Tigers, succeeded Maj. -Ritchie in command of the 2d Battalion on Apr. 17, 1861, and continued -in office until May 22, 1862. Nothing remained of the old 1st Reg., or -of the 2d Bat., except the Tiger company. In order to retain the -battalion organization, the Tigers sub-divided into three companies. -From this point on it will be literally correct to designate the -battalion organization, the sole surviving remnant of the old 1st, as -the Tigers. - -On April 29, twelve days after assuming command, Maj. Newton moved his -Tiger battalion to Fort Warren, and remained there a full month -rendering unpaid volunteer service. Owing to the extreme shortage of -trained soldiers, the Government was glad to have the services of the -battalion at Boston's most important fort. Old Andrew Fletcher has -claimed that the song-writer of a nation is more influential even than -the law-maker. So far as this is true, the 2d Company, the Tigers, have -exerted a huge national influence. For while at Warren, it fell to the -lot of their glee-club to originate one of America's greatest war-songs, -one which until "Marching thru Georgia" was composed, stood supreme, the -song, "John Brown's Body." Both words and tune trace back to the 2d -Company. The tune is an adaptation of a southern revival hymn familiar -before the war; but is so complete a revision as to be practically an -original composition. The words were written as a joke on Private John -Brown of the Tigers, who always seemed a shining mark for the wit of his -comrades, and whose name of course suggested the hero of Osawatomie and -Harper's Ferry. Fletcher Webster's regiment, the 12th, was in process of -recruiting at Fort Warren that month. This song, at first intended -humorously, was taken up in serious earnest by Webster's men, was sung a -little later by them as they marched to Bull Run; and within a year -hundreds of thousands in blue were firing their enthusiasm for battle -with the great refrain, "His soul is marching on." - -Ex-Col. Charles L. Holbrook proved his loyalty to his old command by -accepting the lower office of Major on June 23, 1862. This -responsibility he did not lay down until Oct. 13, 1862, when he led the -43d Reg. to war. - -To the Tigers, as to others of Boston's best citizens, the call for -nine-months men came as a personal summons to service. Maj. Holbrook's -2d Battalion at once began enlisting recruits, until it had expanded to -a complete ten-company regiment. Practically all the officers were -chosen from the Tiger battalion; and the new regiment, the 43d, was -known as the "Tiger Regiment." The ancient title, "Boston Light -Infantry," had remained attached to Co. A of the 2d Battalion;--now the -"Lt. Inf." Co. transferred itself bodily to the new regiment, and became -Co. A of the 43d. Company commanders were: A, Henry J. Hallgreen; B, -Edward G. Quincy; C, William B. Fowle, Jr.; D, Thomas G. Whytal (Capt. -Whytal later became a Lt. Col. of U. S. Vols.); E, Henry Doane (of -Orleans); F, Charles W. Soule; G, Everett Lane (of Abington, who was -elected Major Oct. 20, 1862); H, George B. Hanover (of Chelsea); I, -George O. Tyler (of Cambridge); K, J. Emery Round. Maj. Holbrook, as we -have already seen, became colonel. John C. Whiton, who later was -Colonel of the 58th Mass., was Lt. Col., and Everett Lane, Major. Co. D -was from Dedham, E from Orleans, G from Abington, H from Chelsea and I -from Cambridge. The other companies were recruited at large--that is, -from Boston. The regiment was mustered in Sept. 20, 1862. - -Co. H of the 43d had an origin prophetic of the regimental consolidation -which was to give us the present Coast Artillery. Springing as it did -from the membership, and commanded as it was by the 1st Lieutenant of -the Chelsea Rifles, and they in turn being the "depot" or reserve -company of the Chelsea Volunteers (the 5th Co. in the three-year 1st -Regiment), Co. H was in direct relationship with both of these commands. -After the war, veterans of all three companies joined forces, -transformed the Rifles into the "Chelsea Veterans," and thus created our -present 5th Company, M. C. A. For three years it was actually made up -exclusively of veterans. - -Tiger veterans and friends joined in giving the 43d a notable -"send-off." Once more the motto was "Death or an honorable life." The -historic banquet of Oct. 18, 1798, was repeated on Nov. 5, 1862, and the -famous toast was again drunk, "The United States of America; as they -have drawn the sword of justice with reason, may they never sheathe it -with disgrace." Hon. R. C. Winthrop, standing on Boston Common, -presented the regiment a handsome stand of colors, a gift from the -Boston Light Infantry. - -A few weeks later the 43d found themselves under Gen. John T. Foster in -North Carolina, far indeed from Boston and their friends, but side by -side with the 3d and 44th Regs., which also enter into our history. The -old Tiger spirit had accompanied them. In Dec, 1862, came their great -march thru the swamps and sand barrens, when they were face to face -with the enemy during eleven continuous days. They were able to claim as -their list of battles, Kinston, Whitehall and Goldsboro. - -The loss of the North Carolina coast was a great blow to the -Confederacy, opening as it did the way for Sherman's march northward. -Foster's army was really an outpost of the greater force threatening -Richmond. - -In July, 1863, their service was completed and they were homeward bound -once more. Travelling by boat to Baltimore, stopping for a visit at Fort -Monroe, thence by train to New York, and having a square meal en route -at Philadelphia, by boat to New Haven and train to Boston, they were -given a hearty welcome home at old Boylston Hall, the Tiger armory, on -July 21. The Boston Light Infantry at once became the 24th Unattached -Company, M. V. M. - -A few months of quiescence succeeded the Tigers' nine months of duty in -the 43d. Not until Aug., 1864, is there record of further activity. The -war was drawing to a close, the nine-months regiments had been mustered -out and the three-year commands were returning. Once more the ambition -to have a "crack" regiment was stirring in Boston. Veteran and exempt -members of the Tigers had formed the "Boston Lt. Inf. Assn.," Nov. 1, -1862, during the absence of the active company. On this August date in -1864 the Light Infantry reorganized themselves as the "7th Infantry." -Maj. Charles O. Rogers, first commander of the 2d Battalion, was offered -the colonelcy but declined; Daniel G. Handy was then elected, and -received his commission on Nov. 6, 1865. (Col. Handy had been Maj. of -the 12th Mass. in 1861 and 1862--indeed had been with the recruits in -Ft. Warren when "John Brown's Body" originated.) A vigorous attempt was -made to form new companies and maintain the 7th at regimental standard. - -The 7th Mass. Inf., a Taunton command, had made a noble name for itself -during three years of hard service; and had been mustered out just -before the Tiger 7th came into existence. The traditions connected with -the number were certain to prove stimulating. But the choice of a number -had further significance; it was a deliberate attempt to reproduce the -New York 7th. Gilmore became band-leader, and it was hoped that his -famous musicians would lend brilliancy to the new regiment. It was in -his capacity as leader of the 7th Regiment band that Gilmore arranged -and conducted his first "Peace Jubilee Festival" in 1869, with ten -thousand singers and eight hundred instrumentalists in a "coliseum" -seating fifty thousand, and not exceeded in size even by Billy Sunday's -tabernacle of 1916. Music by wholesale, this, and very different from -the original classical "Peace Jubilee" in King's Chapel, Feb. 22, 1815, -from which Gilmore obtained the suggestion. New England liked it; and -derived benefit from the popularization of good music. And the 7th -received no little advertising. - -Nine new companies came into existence within two years, mostly by the -process of subdividing older commands, while the Tigers continued their -organization as Co. A. Charles F. Harrington, former Captain of the -Tigers, became colonel in 1869. Distinguished soldiers were willing to -serve as company commanders in the 7th. B had for a Captain, Walter -Scott Sampson, who had led the 7th Co. of Col. Cowdin's regiment, the -Washington Light Guard, into the 6th, and had commanded it (Co. K of the -6th) during its famous march thru Baltimore. Capt. Sampson had meanwhile -been in command of a company in the 22d Mass. He was, in civil life, a -successful Boston builder. E was commanded by no less a personage than -Henry J. Hallgreen, war Captain of A or the Tiger Company in the 43d. A -had for its Captain, David W. Wardrop, war Colonel of the 3d Reg. The -entire regiment was quartered in a single armory, at Pine and Washington -Sts. Co. B had developed by fission from Co. A in 1864 and was first -called the Handy Guard or 32d Unattached Co. In 1869 so many veterans of -the old Washington Light Guard joined Co. B that the Handy Guard became -known as the Washington Light Guard. In 1873 the company transferred its -headquarters from Boston to Cambridge, and, as part of the process, the -name was again changed, becoming the Massachusetts Guards. Claim has -been made that Co. B perpetuates the old original Washington Light -Guard, and it also claims to be the Tigers, as truly as the 2d -Company;--it exists today as the 6th Company, Mass. C. A. Gen. W. E. -Lombard holds its older record books. The 7th Company, Mass. C. A., the -Pierce Light Guard, came into existence as Co. E of the 7th; Henry L. -Pierce after whom it was named donated $1,000 to the company treasury. - -Young men, however, are more successful than veterans in maintaining the -interest of an active regiment; and apathy concerning military matters -characterized the public thinking during the years immediately following -the war. By 1870 the 7th had only four live companies remaining; on July -20 of that year the regiment was reduced to a battalion. The Tigers now -recovered their old regimental number--they became the "1st" Battalion, -and Maj. Douglass Frazer commanded. The 1st Battalion was on duty in -1872 at the great Boston fire, and protected the most important section -of all, the financial district along State Street. - -Austin C. Wellington, formerly 1st Lieutenant in the 38th Mass., became -captain of the Tiger Co. A in 1870, and with his advent began the era of -prosperity and efficiency for which the Tigers had long been wishing. In -1873 Wellington became Major of the battalion, and on March 25, 1874, -came a change in designation, bringing, after failure to get back their -war number, 2d, the long-coveted numeral, "4th." As an indication of how -this ambition had persisted from ante-bellum days, we find the -organization, in 1875, unofficially describing itself as the 4th -Battalion "of Rifles." In 1872 the "Maverick Rifles" had been organized -as Co. D of this battalion; today they are the 11th Co., Mass. C. A. - -It was the privilege of the Tigers, in 1875, to receive and entertain -the Old Guard of New York City and the Washington Lt. Infantry of -Charleston, South Carolina, the latter being the first southern military -body to visit the north after the war. The following year the Tigers and -Old Guard returned this courtesy, visiting Charleston and assisting in -the celebration of the centennial of the battle of Fort Moultrie on June -28. - -It was at once appreciated that Boston had a "crack" battalion and Maj. -Wellington's command was in great demand for parades and reviews. Its -drill became a standard for other infantry bodies, while its striking -quasi-Zouave uniform made such an impression upon the authorities that -the costume was, in 1884, adopted as the State uniform. Such was the 4th -Battalion which, on Dec. 3, 1878, by a process of consolidation, became -part of the 1st Regiment. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII - -"THE CAPE" - - -During the train-band days, the troops of Plymouth and Bristol counties, -with the Cape and Islands, constituted the 5th Division, while Boston -militia made up the 1st. When the volunteer militia was set apart as the -principal defence of the state, both sections found themselves in the -same division. Now the Cape was the 2d Brigade while Boston was the 1st. -By the consolidation of 1878 the two were finally brought together into -the same regiment, so that the Coast Artillery not only perpetuates the -old Legionary Brigade, but also the old 2d Brigade, M. V. M., and the -older 5th Division. - -There were four regiments of infantry in the 1st Brigade, 5th Division, -of the train-band. The Halifax Light Infantry, organized in 1792, -attached to the 1st of these, was the first company in the entire -district to rise from the condition of militia to that of volunteers; -and presently became the senior member of the Light Infantry Regiment. -During its long career from 1792 until 1876, the Halifax Light Infantry -was always one of the foremost military bodies in Plymouth County, and -indeed in the entire state. Capt. Asa Thompson, who commanded in 1814, -and who led his men into the 1st Division territory for the purpose of -assisting to build and garrison Boston forts, was a giant (a "Saul" in -the Scriptural language of the day), six feet, seven inches in stature. -The towering head-dress of the times brought his height up to eight -feet. As he led his men across South Boston bridge on the way to the -forts and duty, every one stopped to look and admire,--and wonder -whether the bridge could stand up beneath the load. Alas! Captain -Thompson presently fell into disgrace, and was dismissed by -court-martial. - -Oct. 21, 1818, patriotic citizens of Plymouth met and organized a light -infantry company, to which they gave the name, Standish Guards, in -compliment to the great "Captain of Plymouth." Coomer Weston was elected -Captain, James H. Holmes, Lieutenant, and William Randall, Ensign. Under -the drill regulations of the period, the captain marched at the head of -the column, the lieutenant at the rear, and the ensign in the center, -carrying the flag. The most notable early parade of the Guards occurred -on Dec. 22, 1820, when they escorted the Pilgrim Society, and Daniel -Webster as orator of the day, in commemoration of the bi-centenary of -the Fathers' landing. To be sure, the date is now known to be one day -too late; but no error of detail could prevent the occasion from being -one long worth remembering. - -As regards personnel, the Cape companies did not differ from those in -Boston; prosperous merchants and tradesmen and mechanics made up the -bulk of their membership; moreover a certain percentage of farmers were -enrolled. There was less opportunity for social interchange and less of -the stimulus arising from competition, owing to the relative smallness -of the cities and towns. But in general the constituent organizations of -the 3d Regiment passed thru the same experiences as did their sister -companies to the northward. It will therefore not be necessary to repeat -the details of events as outlined in previous chapters; we need only -speak of those matters which were distinctive of the Cape. - -By 1834 the train-band was in a very bad way indeed, and was rapidly -approaching the moment of its extinction. Ambitious companies were -transferring to the light infantry, in order to distinguish themselves -from their older and inefficient companions. Marshfield and Scituate had -rifle companies and Scituate and Pembroke light infantry companies in -connection with the 2d train-band Regiment; Abington had rifles, -grenadiers and light infantry, and West Bridgewater light infantry in -the 3d Regiment; and Middleboro had grenadiers in the 4th Regiment. In -September of that year an order was issued separating the volunteer -companies from the train-band regiments, and establishing them as a -"Regiment of Light Infantry, 1st Brigade, 5th Division." The nine -companies mentioned, with the Halifax Lt. Inf. and the Standish Guards, -constituted this new regiment. The organization is interesting because -it ultimately became the 3d Regiment, and finally was consolidated in -the Coast Artillery. The Samoset Rifles or Guards were organized in 1835 -and were presently added to the regiment. - -On April 24, 1840, the command became the 3d Regiment of Light Infantry, -2d Brigade, 1st Division. When on April 25, 1842, the companies received -distinguishing letters, the following units existed with vitality -sufficient to survive the transition: A, Halifax Light Infantry; B, -Plymouth, Standish Guards; C, Hanson Rifles (a new company); D, Abington -Light Infantry; E, Middleboro Grenadiers; F, Wareham Grenadiers (a new -company); and G, Abington Rifles. At that date the New Bedford and Fall -River companies were in the 2d Battalion of Light Infantry, as was also -the company of Taunton Rifles. Taunton subsequently fell within the -district of the 4th Regiment, a command which was by its location mainly -an overflow from the 3d, and which a quarter century later merged in the -3d. - -Col. Gideon W. Young of Scituate, who had commanded the 2d Regiment in -the train-band brigade, was chosen first commander of the Light -Infantry regiment. Col. John Cushing, Jr., of Abington, succeeded Col. -Young and served from May 20, 1837, until May 13, 1839. Col. Nahum -Reynolds of North Bridgewater came next, receiving his commission Aug. -31, 1839. Col. Henry Dunham of Abington followed on March 25, 1841, -being first to receive commission as Colonel of the "3d" Regiment. -Presently Col. Dunham was chosen Brigadier General. During the -administration of Col. Albert Whitmarsh of Abington, Aug. 1, 1842, to -May 1, 1844, new companies were organized in Middleboro and Abington, -while the Wareham Grenadiers disappeared from the records. The original -New Bedford City Guards were organized in 1842, with Capt. George A. -Bourne in command; and in 1846 they became Co. K of the 3d Regiment. -During their first year, the Guards paid a visit to the Rifle Rangers of -Boston. The occasion inspired someone to compose the "Whaleman's -Quickstep." While we are not today interested in this as music, still it -finds place in all our bibliographies because, on the front cover, it -bears a picture of the two companies mustered on Boston Common. The -Rifle Rangers stand in line as the New Bedford Guards march past, -straight in the direction of the large refreshment tent which bounds the -vista. New Bedford's company paraded in four platoons of eight files--a -fact indicative of a large membership. The City Guards were disbanded in -1849. - -Eliab Ward of Middleboro was Colonel from July 10, 1844, until April 10, -1850, an unusually long term. Elnathan Wilbur of Middleboro was Colonel -from May 4, 1850, till Jan. 28, 1853; Col. Stephen Thomas of Middleboro -succeeded Col. Wilbur and remained in office from March 12, 1853, until -Apr. 8, 1858. While companies were disbanded in Plymouth county, the -loss was made good by the formation of new units in Bristol county. On -June 29, 1850, the Assonet Light Infantry of Freetown came into -existence--a company destined to go to war eleven years later with only -twenty-one enlisted men, equipped with ancient bullets which had been -moulded for use in suppressing Shays' rebellion. Yet one of their -members was to have the distinction of bringing in, at Fort Monroe, the -first three escaped slaves or "contrabands." July 22, 1852, was the -birthday of the new City Guards of New Bedford, commanded by the same -Capt. Bourne who led the former company. This organization is today the -4th Company, Mass. C. A. On Feb. 26, 1855, the regiment was redesignated -the "3d Regiment of Infantry." - -David W. Wardrop of New Bedford, June 26, 1858, John H. Jennings of New -Bedford, May 10, 1862, until Aug. 25, 1862, and Silas P. Richmond of -Freetown, Oct. 7, 1862, were the war Colonels of the 3d. Col. Wardrop -was a Philadelphian by birth, but in young manhood removed to New -Bedford. For a time he was a cadet at West Point. During a temporary -residence in Boston he had been a member of the Fusiliers. In his home -city he served in the City Guards, and was connected with the whaling -industries of the port. Following the three-months' service with the 3d, -he became Colonel of the 99th New York Volunteers; and after the war he -was inspector of customs at Boston. Col. Richmond had been a charter -member of the Assonet Lt. Inf., and subsequently its Captain. Giving up -his farm in 1857, he spent a year with John Brown in Kansas repelling -"border ruffians." During the three-months' tour of duty, as we shall -see, he was captain on the brigade staff; under Col. Jennings he was -Lieutenant Colonel. At the conclusion of his nine-months' service, he -became Colonel of the 58th Mass. and Assistant Provost Marshal General -of the Department of the South. After the war he returned to Freetown, -and continued active in business and political spheres. - -Col. Wardrop's regiment received orders to mobilize at Boston on the -evening of Monday, Apr. 15, 1861. As the headquarters of the 3d were -more remote from Boston than those of any other regiment called out, a -severe handicap rested upon the command. Its members were mostly busy -farmers or mechanics. Furthermore a cold, spring northeaster was raging -and roads were almost impassable because of mud. Yet the energy of the -colonel and his staff officers and the loyalty of the men overcame these -difficulties, and enabled the regiment to report in Boston on the -16th--as early as any of those residing nearer. Credit must be given to -Pres. Horace Scott of the Fairhaven Railroad for free use of a special -train on the night of April 15, by which alone the prompt circulation of -the order became possible; but the real praise belongs to the officers -and men of the companies, whose patriotism produced the magnificent -response. The six companies of the regiment, together with a Cambridge -company which was attached, embarked on the steamer, "S. R. Spalding," -April 17, and lay in the harbor that night awaiting supplies. When on -the following morning final drafts of men had arrived, bringing the -total up to more than five hundred, the steamer sailed under sealed -orders; and found, when nine miles out, that her destination was Fort -Monroe. As communication with Washington was temporarily interrupted, -these orders emanated from Gov. Andrew and are a mark of his patriotic -sagacity; Gen. John E. Wool, in command of Fort Monroe, had sent a -messenger by water requesting help. The officers of the regiment were, -besides Col. Wardrop; Lieutenant Colonel Charles Raymond, a former -captain of the Standish Guards; Major John H. Jennings of New Bedford; -Captains, Co. A, Joseph S. Harlow, who, like his predecessor of 1814, -was well over six feet in height; B, Charles C. Doten of Plymouth -(afterwards Captain of Co. G, in the 38th Mass., and today Secretary of -the Pilgrim Society); C, the Cambridge company, Capt. James P. -Richardson; G, John W. Marble of Assonet; H, Lucien L. Perkins of -Plympton; K, William S. McFarlin of South Carver (subsequently Captain -of Co. C, 18th Mass. Vol. Inf.); and L, Timothy Ingraham of New Bedford. -Four new companies were later added to the regiment; and after the -expiration of the three-months' service, these became the nucleus of the -29th Regiment. Companies from the 4th Regiment also joined the 29th. As -the 4th Regiment was included in the expedition to Fort Monroe, going by -boat from New York, and thus both units of the 2d Brigade, 1st Division, -M. V. M., were involved, Gen. Ebenezer W. Peirce, of Freetown, went as -brigade commander; and on his staff was Capt. Silas P. Richmond. The 3d -Regiment had worn gray uniforms since 1845, and after the war were to -continue the color until 1874. So we may picture them as clad in that -dressy yet serviceable garb. - -Fort Monroe, often called "Fortress" Monroe to indicate that it consists -of a fort within a fort, is known as the "Gibraltar of America." -Certainly it is a tribute to the political power of the dominant "House -of Virginia" in the early days of our Republic, that the largest and -strongest fortification of all should be erected for the defence of -Norfolk and the James river. Incidentally it affords some protection to -Washington and Baltimore; but that was not a controlling consideration -in 1819, when construction began, nor in 1830, when the work was -completed. Monroe is a five-bastioned fort of masonry work, and -accordingly might be roughly described as a huge pentagon. The walls -surrounding it extend for the almost incredible distance of two miles, -while the enclosed area is eighty acres in extent. Two picturesque -features are the clumps of live oaks growing on the parade, which are -not found anywhere farther north, and the sea-water moat in which -tide-gates hold the water at a constant depth of six feet. - -Such a fort is impregnable when adequately garrisoned--Monroe requires -at least fifteen hundred men to render her secure. A Secretary of War -with southern sympathies had stripped the fort of soldiers, until little -more than a caretakers' party remained. This tiny regular garrison was -compelled to keep all its members under arms continually in order to man -the guard-posts. Part of the moat had become an oyster-bed and was so -filled up as to be fordable. - -Sailing from Boston on the 18th, the men of the 3d experienced rough -weather rounding Cape Cod. The last meal the soldiers had eaten before -leaving Boston harbor did them no permanent good. Just as in a rambling -conversation, so with landsmen on the ocean--one thing brings up -another. On the historic 19th of April, while the 6th was fighting its -way thru Baltimore and the N. Y. 7th was receiving an ovation along -Broadway, the 3d and 4th were enjoying (?) life on the ocean wave. All -things, however, have an end; and the 20th found both transports off -Monroe, at the entrance of the Chesapeake bay. At first they were -uncertain whether the fort remained in loyal hands or not; but the -morning gun fired as a salute, and "old glory" ascending the staff, soon -reassured them. No troops were ever more heartily welcomed than were the -Massachusetts militiamen by the regulars of the garrison. First the 4th -and then the 3d marched thru the sally-port, and bivouacked beneath the -live oaks; America's most important fort was manned by loyal troops. - -After barely time to snatch a luncheon and reassure themselves that such -a thing as solid ground existed, the 3d was ordered under arms. -Commodore Paulding had just arrived from Washington in the S. S. -"Pawnee," with orders to secure soldiers, and proceed to Norfolk for the -purpose of destroying the Gosport Navy Yard. Norfolk lay far within the -newly established Confederate lines. Across Hampton Roads, up the -Elizabeth river, past Sewell's Point where the exposition of 1907 was to -stand and where in 1861 the Confederates were erecting an earthwork, -past Fort Norfolk, which was then held by Confederates, the "Pawnee" -proceeded in cool disregard of threatened shot and shell. It was nine P. -M. when the Navy Yard was reached, and here another peril became -imminent. The tiny crew and garrison of the Yard were at their guns, not -knowing whether the "Pawnee" were an attacking Confederate or a Union -reinforcement. Presently, however, identity was cleared up, and the -principal business of the night was allowed to proceed. - -A Secretary of the Navy, a southern sympathizer, had accumulated ships -and material at Gosport worth not less than $10,000,000, for the express -purpose of allowing them to fall into Confederate hands. It was the duty -of Commodore Paulding and Col. Wardrop to prevent such a disastrous -consummation. Both officers felt that the Yard could be held against -hostile attack; but their orders were explicit--to destroy and abandon. -History has decided that the destruction might have been avoided. As, -however, the leaders of the expedition had no choice, they endeavored to -make the destruction complete. The "Merrimac" was set afire and sunk. -Everything that would not burn was thrown overboard. At 3 A. M. Sunday, -the men of the 3d, tired and smoke-begrimed, reembarked on the "Pawnee"; -and towing the "Cumberland," with the Navy Yard garrison on board, -started down the Elizabeth river, leaving a raging hell of flames behind -them. While the regiment had not been permitted to remain and hold -Gosport as they desired, they had been the first northern troops to -engage actively in military operations within hostile territory. - -By the middle of May the four additional companies had arrived and -joined the regiment. Gen. B. F. Butler, having completed his task of -pacifying Baltimore, came to Monroe as Major General in command of the -"Department of Virginia and North Carolina." On May 24, Private Charles -R. Haskins of Co. G (Assonet) had the honor of bringing in the first -escaped negro slaves who reached the Union lines, Haskins being on guard -at the time in Hampton. By one of the happy flights of practical genius -for which he was distinguished, Gen. Butler decided that he could not -return the run-aways because they were "contraband of war." The north -had been waiting in anxious suspense to know what would happen when -southern slave-owners should demand the return of their property. Very -much depended upon the decision of the question. Men certainly would -refuse to enlist in the Union armies if they were thereby to become -slave-drivers. Butler's decision caused a sigh of relief thruout the -loyal states. It must not be forgotten that this first long step toward -ultimate emancipation was taken in connection with the activity of the -3d Regiment. - -One can scarcely overestimate the importance of these early days at -Monroe. The fort has always been the coast artillery headquarters of the -United States. During the Civil War it was far more than this--it was -the gateway of Virginia. Its possession enabled McClellan and Grant to -operate against Richmond. Without it neither the Peninsular campaign nor -the siege of Petersburg could have taken place. Nearby Hampton, fanned -by the sea-breezes, became the sanitorium of the northern armies. -Burnside's expedition, which made possible Sherman's march, depended -upon Monroe as a base. When on July 16, five days after the 4th Regiment -had departed, the men of the 3d embarked on the S. S. "Cambridge" to -sail for Boston, they felt with reason that they had rendered priceless -service to their country. - -One company of the 4th Regiment, Co. G, which served three months at -Fort Monroe, and subsequently for nine months of 1862-63 at New Orleans, -Baton Rouge and Port Hudson, became, in 1866, Co. G of the 3d; and in -1878 was consolidated in the 1st. Co. G had been organized at Taunton as -the "Light Guard" in 1855. - -In the fall of 1862 a call came for nine-months troops. The companies of -the 3d had maintained their organization, and altho constantly depleted -to supply recruits for other regiments, were relatively well prepared -for service. They now determined that the 3d should reenter the U. S. -service. In order to distribute town quotas more justly, the Assonet -Light Infantry was united with the Halifax Light Infantry as Co. A, -under Capt. John W. Marble of Assonet; (Capt. Marble was subsequently to -command the 22d Unattached Company during the one-hundred-days of 1864;) -the Samoset Guards of Plympton and the Bay State Light Infantry of -Carver were consolidated with the Standish Guards as Co. B, under Capt. -Thomas B. Griffith of Carver. The New Bedford City Guards became Co. E, -under Capt. John A. Hawes. New companies were organized: C and D in Fall -River under Capts. Elihu Grant and Andrew D. Wright (Capt. Grant later -became a minister); F and G in New Bedford under Capts. George H. -Hurlburt and William S. Cobb; H in Rehoboth under Capt. Otis A. Baker, -who had a notable war record. (As private in the 1st R. I., he had been -wounded at Bull Run. Later he had served as 1st Sergeant and 2d -Lieutenant in the 44th R. I.; subsequently he was to be Captain of the -18th Unattached Company,) I in Fairhaven under Capt. Barnabas Ewer, Jr., -who as Major of the 58th Mass. was killed at Cold Harbor in 1864; K in -Bridgewater under Capt. Samuel Bates. Co. D of Fall River continued its -existence after the war, and was active until 1876. The regiment was -commanded by Col. Richmond; the Lieutenant Colonel was James Barton of -New Bedford, who had been 1st Lieutenant during the three-months' -service; the Major was John Morrissey of Plymouth, who had been -"legislated out" of the captaincy of the Standish Guards by the recent -consolidation. Maj. Morrissey became, after the war, Sergeant-at-Arms in -the Boston State House. - -The 3d were mustered into U. S. service for nine months on Sept. 23, -1862. As their numbers were too great for a single transport, two -vessels received the regiment, the "Merrimac" and the "Mississippi." Off -Cape Cod the men experienced inconvenience similar to that of 1861; and -many communed with the great deep. Thereafter the voyage was thru calm -water, not even Cape Hatteras proving sufficient to stir up trouble. -Landing was made at Beaufort, North Carolina, whence trains conveyed the -regiment to Newbern. That town was originally settled by Swiss -colonists; as, however, it bore small trace of Helvetian thriftiness and -neatness in 1862, our men found nothing to admire. But the district was -of much military importance as a source of supplies and channel of -communication for Richmond and Lee's army. The 3d, under Gen. Foster, -was side by side with the 43d and 44th Regiments, both of which have -place in Coast Artillery history. They participated in the "great march" -thru Kinston, Whitehall and Goldsboro. June 11, 1863, the regiment -embarked for home; and was mustered out June 26. - -Veterans of the 4th Regiment residing in Taunton organized the Taunton -City Guard on Nov. 4, 1865, thus giving that city a competitor to its -older Light Guard. The company entered the 3d Regiment in 1866, and -today exists as the 9th Company, Mass. C. A. For a few months there was -an exciting rivalry between the two Taunton companies, as each claimed -to be the rightful owner of certain military property in the city,--camp -equipage and a fund of $800 coming down from war days. The property -would be first concealed by one company and then captured by the other. -The courts were appealed to; but finally the matter was compromised; -they divided the money, and the companies became joint owners of the -tentage and other equipment. - -Orders were issued by the State authorities on Aug. 20, 1866, combining -the 4th and 3d Regiments in a new 3d Regiment, and on Aug. 31, Col. -Mason W. Burt of Taunton was elected commander. Col. Burt had been -Captain and Major in the 22d Mass. Volunteers from 1861 to 1864. The new -regiment consisted of companies in Halifax (A), Fall River (B), Scituate -(C), New Bedford (E), Taunton (F) and (G), and Quincy (H). The Halifax -Light Infantry, the New Bedford City Guards, B of Fall River, and, a -little later, the revived D of Fall River under Capt. Sierra L. Braley, -with a new Scituate company, represented the 3d Regiment; while the -Taunton Light Guard and Hancock Light Guards of Quincy came from the 4th -Regiment. The new Taunton company entered the 3d at this time; but the -Standish Guards remained aloof, as the 87th Unattached Company, until -1868. At the latter date the Plymouth company came in as Co. M. Thomas -J. Borden became Colonel June 23, 1868, and Bradford D. Davol followed -on March 9, 1871, both being residents of Fall River. When on Aug. 2, -1876, the regiment was reduced to a battalion, the "3d Battalion of -Infantry," its only surviving companies were the New Bedford City Guards -(E), the Taunton City Guards (F), the Taunton Light Guard (G), and the -Standish Guards (now H). All others had been disbanded. Maj. Daniel A. -Butler, former Captain of the Standish Guards, commanded the 3d -Battalion. Meanwhile the Cunningham Rifles of North Bridgewater or -Brockton had been organized in 1869, and named after the Adjutant -General, James A. Cunningham. Originally Co. I of the 3d, this command -was transferred to the 1st Battalion of Infantry, Lt. Col. Wales, in -1876; and so pioneered the way for the remainder of the "Cape" companies -to follow two years later. This company exists today as the 10th -Company, Mass. C. A. - -One cause contributing to the disappearance of the 3d Regiment was the -fact that it was called upon to perform two tours of duty for the -maintenance of public order in Fall River, first on Aug. 5, 1870, -continuing three days, and again Sept. 27, 1875, continuing seven days. -Such service in connection with industrial disturbance is exceedingly -painful to the feelings of the men. Coming as it did when class -sensitiveness was acute, and when the old Civil War veterans were ready -to retire permanently from active military service, it did much to break -up the command. Happily such a situation can hardly recur today. - -The 3d Regiment participated in musters with the 1st Brigade from 1866 -to 1871, the final one being held at Lovell's Plain, North Weymouth. In -1872 there was a regimental encampment at their old Civil War -mobilization ground, "Camp Joe Hooker," Lakeville. - -On Dec. 3, 1878, Major Butler's four-company battalion was consolidated -with the 1st and 4th Battalions as part of the 1st Regiment. - - - - -CHAPTER IX - -SINCE 1878 - - -Col. Wales' regiment, when he received his commission on Dec. 30, 1878, -consisted of the following twelve companies: - - 1, The Roxbury Artillery or City Guard. - 2, The Boston Light Infantry. - 3, The Taunton Light Guard. - 4, The New Bedford City Guards. - 5, The Standish Guards of Plymouth. - 6, The Massachusetts Guards of Cambridge. - 7, The Pierce Light Guard of Boston. - 8, The West Roxbury Rifles. - 9, The Taunton City Guard. - 10, The Cunningham Rifles of Brockton. - 11, The Maverick Rifles of East Boston. - 12, The Fall River Rifles. - -The Fusiliers and the Chelsea Rifle-Veterans were temporarily detached -from the regiment, and the Claflin Guards were gone, never to return so -far as we now know. - -The 1st and 8th Companies were directly from the 1st Regiment. The 2d, -6th, 7th and 11th Companies came from the 4th Battalion; the 3d Company -came originally from the 4th Regiment and immediately from the 3d; the -4th, 5th and 9th Companies were from the 3d Regiment; the 10th was -originally from the 3d and immediately from the 1st. A new 12th Company -was organized on Dec. 12, 1878, with Capt. Sierra L. Braley in command. -The new company speedily forged to the head in efficiency and has always -been one of the three or four leaders in the entire regiment. - -Boston celebrated the 250th anniversary of its settlement on Sept. 17, -1880, and along with other features included a magnificent military -display. Everyone conceded that, while other bodies presented a fine -appearance, the feature of the parade was the twelve-company 1st -Regiment. That day, for the last time, the companies wore their original -uniforms--old 1st Regiment, gray with towering bearskin shakos; 4th -Battalion, a semi-Zouave costume with low shakos, double breasted blue -coats, light blue bloused knickerbockers, and high leather leggins; and -the 3d Regiment, low shakos, short blue coats, single-breasted but with -three rows of buttons, and blue trousers. The regiment was received -enthusiastically by the people of Boston and the day was one long to be -remembered. - -But changes were projected in the interests of efficiency, and first of -all, in that very year, 1880, it was decided to adopt the 4th Battalion -uniform for the entire twelve companies. So satisfactory did this prove -that the Commonwealth utilized the same costume as a state uniform, and -issued it to all the organizations of Massachusetts in 1884. Imitation -is the sincerest form of flattery; but it can scarcely be said that the -1st relished sharing their distinctive uniform with all the -militia,--they felt that they had paid dearly for this flattery. - -Thereafter the regiment was to be subjected to a continuous and -intensifying process of military improvement, at the hands first of the -state authorities, and presently of the "Department of Militia Affairs" -or "Militia Bureau" in the War Department. While it was inevitable that -there should be a deal of experimentation whose results were not always -satisfactory, it remains true that constant progress was made thruout -the ensuing years. National Guardsmen, since they are human, are prone -to complain; certainly they greeted almost every innovation with a -chorus of "kicks." But as soon as a change had demonstrated its -usefulness, it was heartily welcomed. More and more time was demanded of -the men; and on the other hand part of this increased service was -rewarded with increased pay by the State or Nation. The four days of -camp duty required in 1873 had stretched to fifteen days in 1916, the -twelve armory drills of early days to forty-eight. State and Federal pay -were not an adequate recompense for the labor performed; the service was -still one of unselfish patriotism. But the money invested by the -authorities in camp and "rendezvous drill" pay did unquestionably -testify to the higher esteem in which, with the passing years, the Guard -came to stand. One noticeable consequence of the increasing military -strictness was the gradual lowering of average age amongst the -companies. Older men cannot be away from their business or families for -so many hours and days, under ordinary circumstances. American armies -have always been made up of very young men; and under the stress of -increased requirements, the National Guard came to be similarly -constituted. - -One company participated in the exercises connected with the funeral of -Pres. James A. Garfield at Cleveland in 1881. - -Nathaniel Wales was elected Brigadier General on Feb. 21, 1882, and on -Feb. 24, Austin C. Wellington became Colonel. The Tiger battalion, -during the eight years of Wellington's command, had become the most -prominent military institution in Boston; now the entire 1st Regiment -was to profit by the skill of the same man, a skill truly amounting to -genius. Peculiar qualities are demanded of one who is to succeed in -highest degree as a National Guardsman. He must be a well-trained -soldier and a hard worker as a matter of course. He must command -respect for his personal character and must be able to impart knowledge -to others. He must enforce rigid discipline, and must do it without -resorting to regular army methods of punishment. On top of all, there -has to be sufficient personal magnetism in his make-up to attract men, -and enthusiasm enough to overflow and fire others. This description of a -model Guardsman is nothing more or less than a description of Austin C. -Wellington. No wonder that during his six years of command, the regiment -was to register a new high-water mark of success. - -Now the old companies began to come back. When in 1883 the Standish -Guards suffered disbandment, their place was promptly taken by the -company which had originally held it, the Chelsea Rifles. The Taunton -Light Guard ceased to exist in 1884, and at first, the vacant 3d number -was filled by the formation of a new company in Natick. Four years later -the Natick organization transferred and became Co. L of the 9th, and -then the Fusiliers returned to their proper place as 3d Company. - -1882 was notable for the Daniel Webster centennial. Pres. Chester A. -Arthur honored Boston with a visit on this occasion, and on Oct. 11, the -1st Regiment served as Presidential escort during the celebration at -Marshfield. The habit of visiting distant cities now grew on the -regiment, so that on August 8, 1885, they were found in New York -participating in the tremendous funeral procession in honor of their -old-time commander-in-chief, U. S. Grant. Their fame grew. - -All Roxbury joined in celebrating the centennial of its favorite corps, -the City Guard, in 1884. March 22 of that year will long be remembered -for its parade, and other demonstrations of affectionate enthusiasm. In -1886 the 12th Company visited Providence, R. I., as guests of the Light -Infantry; and assisted their hosts to celebrate in fitting manner the -two hundred fiftieth anniversary of Rhode Island's settlement. 1887 -brought the Fusilier centennial; and was likewise properly observed. - -In 1887 the United States celebrated the centenary of the signing of its -constitution, choosing Philadelphia, where the document had been -drafted, as the place for the demonstration. Massachusetts decided to -send Gov. Oliver Ames and to provide, as his military escort, the most -proficient regiment in the State. It was not necessary to lose any time -searching for the regiment--orders were promptly issued to Col. -Wellington, that he prepare his command for the Philadelphia trip, the -Commonwealth to pay expenses. Sept. 15 found the regiment on its way to -Philadelphia, Sept. 16 saw them marching as one of the most brilliant -units of the great parade under command of Gen. Philip H. Sheridan, -while Sept. 17 was signalized by their return to Boston. D. W. Reeves -was band-leader that year--no unworthy successor to Fillebrown and -Gilmore--and he contributed, as his share in the event, a new march, -"The March of the First." Chaplain Minot J. Savage, who added to his -gift of eloquence the rarer talent of poetry, wrote words for Reeves' -music, - - "We're brothers of all noble men, - Who wear our country's blue; - We brothers find in any race, - Where men are brave and true. - But we've a pride in our own band, - And we are all agreed, - Whatever grand deeds others do, - The 'Old First' still shall lead." - -The fame of the regiment became nation-wide as a consequence of the -Philadelphia trip. - -Col. Wellington's most notable innovation was the introduction of -artillery instruction, or the re-introduction, as it was for those -companies originally in the old First. The change was made for the -purpose of rendering drills more interesting. It is easier to maintain -the interest of artillerymen--they have their guns as a rallying-point. -Moreover the artillery virus was in the 1st Regiment blood and was bound -eventually to manifest its presence. - -That year of Col. Wellington's accession, 1882, the legislature -appropriated $5,000 for the construction of "Battery Dalton" at -Framingham. Named in honor of the Adjutant General, Samuel Dalton, it -was truly a marvelous work of coast defence. Its mortars had a range of -five hundred yards. After firing the projectile, the cannoneers walked -over and solemnly dug the same up from its self-made grave, and fired it -over again. Artillery practice was economically conducted in those -pioneer days. Sept. 13, 1883, the regiment was permitted to hold one -day's practice at Fort Warren, a great concession by the War Department, -and a long step in artillery progress. Sept. 4, 1885, one month after -the Grant funeral, the privilege of artillery practice was repeated. - -A riot in Cambridge brought the 6th Company into active service for two -days on Feb. 21 and 22, 1887. - -Col. Wellington's death occurred while he still filled the office of -regimental commander, on Sept. 18, 1888. The funeral is said to have -been the saddest tour of duty ever performed by the regiment, an -expression of heart-felt grief. They were then looking forward to -occupying the new South Armory; and everyone contributed the entire pay -received for the day toward the expenses of a memorial room in the -building. This money equipped and furnished the gymnasium in the tower, -the room now devoted to the war-game. - -Thomas R. Mathews, Colonel from Dec. 10, 1888, until July 19, 1897, had -served in the 2d Company during the Civil War, and had subsequently been -Captain of the 1st Co. (in 1880). On Oct. 8, 1888, just before Col. -Mathews' election, the regiment took part in a general mobilization of -militia in Boston. On Thanksgiving day, Nov. 28, 1889, the Boston -companies were assembled at the armories in readiness for service in -maintaining public order at a great fire then raging. Fortunately they -did not have to leave their stations. - -Prior to 1890 the Companies had been quartered in various halls and -rinks of Boston and the suburbs, Faneuil Hall being the most coveted -location, unavailable, however, most of the time, and Boylston Hall, -Boylston and Washington Streets, ranking next. - -1890 was the date of the South Armory dedication. Massachusetts had -entered, after long years of discussion, upon her policy of providing -adequate accommodations for her volunteer militia. New York had led the -way ten years earlier; and the Massachusetts authorities were especially -indebted to the N. Y. 7th for providing an armory after which others -could pattern. It is a far cry from the 7th's building to that on -Irvington St., but there is a similarity of type. It must be borne in -mind that the South Armory was relatively one of the best in the country -when the 1st Regiment occupied it in 1890. Nor had the railroad -developed into such a nuisance at that time. The South Armory was the -first State armory in Massachusetts; and led the way for the entire -series, by means of which our troops are quartered as well as any in the -land; its dedication was an important event in military history. Fall -River followed, and dedicated her State armory in 1895, Cambridge and -New Bedford in 1903, Brockton in 1906, Chelsea in 1907, and Taunton in -1917. Chelsea and Brockton subsequently lost their buildings by fire; -the structures were rebuilt respectively in 1909 and 1912. - -Col. Mathews' command served as personal escort to Gov. William E. -Russell, Feb. 29, 1892, at the ceremony of presenting Massachusetts' -first long-service medals. Amongst others, twenty-eight officers and men -of the 1st received medals. - -An artillery tour was held at Fort Warren, Aug. 7 to 13, 1892, when the -men had practice on the eight-inch muzzle-loading converted rifles and -the fifteen-inch muzzle-loading smooth-bores. Modern coast artillery had -not yet "arrived"; but the regiment was making progress. In 1893 they -encamped at Framingham and manned "Battery Dalton" once more. In 1895 -they had their last experience with these twelve-inch mortars--and the -sand-bank five hundred yards away; 1894, 1896 and 1897 saw them at Fort -Warren each summer. In 1896 the regulars did not take them seriously and -could not "waste time" instructing the militiamen; in 1897, with Lieut. -Erasmus M. Weaver temporarily detailed as instructor, the regiment made -progress. Thereafter, until 1911, regular officers from the forts added -to their other service the duty of visiting the South Armory and -coaching the militia regiment. - -All twelve companies were ordered to be in readiness on March 10, 1893, -for service in connection with the disastrous "Lincoln St. fire," but -were not marched out of the armories. - -The state expended $2,500 in 1894 providing a model battery at the South -Armory. While crude compared with the huge gun and mortar installed in -1913, to which the name "Battery Lombard" is sometimes given, this -earlier artillery installation marked a long advance in drills and -instruction. - -On Oct. 9, 1894, the regiment again participated in a general -mobilization of the militia at Boston. The monument to Robert Gould -Shaw, on the Common, was formally dedicated May 31, 1897, and the -regiment paraded in honor of the event. One feature of the day recalled -certain historic processions of thirty years previously--the New York -7th, in which Col. Shaw had once served, came on to have a share in this -demonstration of affection. - -On June 1, 1897, by act of the legislature, the regiment received a new -name--it became the 1st Regiment of Heavy Artillery. In point of fact it -had begun to separate from the 1st Brigade back in Col. Wellington's -time, and had become increasingly committed to the artillery branch; -this act of legislation officially recognized a transition which had -already taken place. Now the facings on the uniforms could be changed -from the blue of infantry to the brighter and more distinctive scarlet. -Massachusetts was the first state to have heavy artillery in its -militia--the old regiment was again "first." Companies were rechristened -"batteries" in connection with the change of service. - -Col. Mathews became Brigadier General on July 19, 1897, and Charles -Pfaff succeeded as Colonel on July 28. Col. Pfaff's military training -had been in the Cadets, and as Captain of the 8th Company, Coast -Artillery; and he had served four years as Major. To him was to fall the -honor of commanding the regiment during its Spanish War service. - -There was nothing unexpected about the war with Spain. From the day the -"Maine" was destroyed until April 25, when war was declared, more than -two months elapsed. Members of the command were in constant readiness -during this entire period for the summons which they knew must come; -and it was well understood that instant mobilization would ensue upon -receipt of orders. - -But if we had reason to be in readiness, we also had good cause to -anticipate danger and hardship. The United States was notorious for lack -of preparedness, both by land and sea. On the other hand the might of -the Spanish fleet and the fame of the "Spanish infantry" had been so -magnified that much popular trepidation existed. Boston anticipated -instant attack; merchants and bankers deposited their treasure with -inland banks; while real estate owners were insistent that the national -government should afford them protection. Col. Pfaff and his men were to -volunteer in the belief that they would meet with instant and active -fighting. Beyond question the general public drew a deep sigh of relief -as the blue-clad column, on that fateful 26th of April, to the music of -the "March of the First," swung steadily down Huntington Ave. The -out-of-town commands had left their home stations early and received -Godspeed from newsboys and milkmen only. In Boston, however, the display -of enthusiasm left nothing to be desired; and demonstrated not only the -city's dependence upon its heavy artillerymen but also its real -affection for the red-legged organization. They were paid from April 25. - -Besides Col. Pfaff, the regimental officers were: Lt. Col., Charles B. -Woodman; Majors, Perlie A. Dyar, George F. Quinby, James A. Frye; -Captains, 1st Co., Joseph H. Frothingham; 2d Co., Frederic S. Howes; 3d -Co., Albert B. Chick; 4th Co., Joseph L. Gibbs; 5th Co., Walter L. -Pratt; 6th Co., Walter E. Lombard; 7th Co., Charles P. Nutter; 8th Co., -John Bordman, Jr.; 9th Co., Norris O. Danforth; 10th Co., Charles -Williamson; 11th Co., Frederick M. Whiting; 12th Co., Sierra L. Braley. -Capt. Braley had been private and corporal in the 3d Reg. during its -nine-months service in 1862. He had been 2d Lieutenant in Battery I, 2d -Mass. Heavy Art., and in Bat. L, 14th U. S. Colored Art., during 1864 -and 1865. From 1866 until 1878 he continuously held commissions in the -3d Reg. and, after 1878, in the 1st, his latest command being the 12th -Company. Capt. Braley was the only officer of the regiment to serve in -both the Civil and Spanish Wars. - -On April 26 the regiment began active duty at Fort Warren, the orders -reading that they would encamp there for eight days. Five more days were -added to this; and then the command was taken into the U. S. service -"for the war." Since the thirteen days of state duty is added to the -total in computing their record, they were the first regiment of the -entire nation to begin war service. The Old First still led. - -When they left the armory for Fort Warren, there were only six men -absent from the command--four sick and two out of the country. -Opportunity was later given for men with families to withdraw, if they -desired; and all were subjected to a rigid physical examination. -Ultimately three per cent. were rejected for disability and eight per -cent. excused for family reasons. These vacancies were immediately -filled from the throngs of would-be recruits who volunteered. It was a -disappointment to the regiment that the War Department never permitted -them to increase their numbers to the full war strength; their Spanish -War roster bore 751 names. - -They started out in the rain on April 26, and it seemed as if it would -rain until they returned; during their first six weeks, they were blest -with sunshine only three days. By and by, when they had ceased to care, -the weather changed and they had sunny days. At Warren they were -quartered in wooden buildings, originally election booths in the city; -prisoners from Deer Island were imported to assist in erecting these; -and some humorist promptly designated them the "3d Corps of Cadets." -While in the state service, the regiment was fed by a caterer, after the -fashion then prevalent at Framingham. When they became U. S. soldiers, -they messed themselves. All thru this war, ammunition was very scarce -indeed. The least a self-respecting military post can do is to fire -morning and evening guns; this was possible in 1898 only by cutting -cartridges in two and using half-charges. Most of the ordnance was of -Civil War vintage, or very slightly more modern. - -Spain had been vastly over-rated, and there was very little fight in -her. The regiment passed a busy and profitable month at Fort Warren from -April 26 to May 30, being mustered into the United States service on May -7. During these weeks the companies or "batteries" attained a high -degree of proficiency in both infantry and artillery drill. Shortly -after midnight on May 13 the Engineers' steamer, the "Tourist," came -down the harbor from the Navy Yard to announce that the Spanish fleet -had actually been sighted off Nantucket. But men watched in vain for the -enemy vessels to appear. - -On Memorial day, thru the exigency of service conditions, the companies -were moved and distributed along the coast at posts ranging from -Portsmouth to New Bedford. Maj. Frye and the Cape companies remained at -Warren. Lt. Col. Woodman with the 3d and 11th Companies garrisoned the -fort at Clark's Point, New Bedford, a work which had been in existence -since 1857 but which awaited July 23, 1898, and these companies as -godfathers, before it was christened Fort Rodman. The Colonel, -Headquarters, and the remaining six companies proceeded by boat to -various points along the North Shore, at some of which militia field -artillery batteries had previously been on guard, the Colonel himself -being stationed at Salem in command of the entire Essex County district. -This transfer of troops was accomplished without peril or even -discomfort. The 1st and 7th Companies under Maj. Dyar became the -garrison at Salem; Maj. Quinby and the 2d Company were at Gloucester; -the 6th Company was on Plum Island near Newburyport, and subsequently at -Portsmouth; the 5th Company at Marblehead; and the 8th at Nahant as -guard of the mining-casemate. Lieuts. E. Dwight Fullerton of the 8th -Company and P. Frank Packard of the 2d were specially detailed to duty -with the regulars at Fort Columbus, Governor's Island, New York, and -remained there several months. Lieut. Fullerton was called upon to -untangle the snarl into which the War Department had gotten with regard -to records of sick soldiers in the New York hospitals. - -It fell to the lot of certain "batteries" to reconstruct and man ancient -earthworks whose history ran back many years. At Salem, Fort Pickering -was put in commission; at Gloucester, the old Stage Fort where Myles -Standish once came near having a battle; near Portsmouth, Forts -Constitution and McClary; and at Marblehead, Fort Sewall. This is very -romantic to relate. No doubt the renovated works with their armament of -obsolete field pieces could have afforded some protection against -Spanish raiders. But those who were called upon to occupy works built -for seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth century warfare, and -modernize them so as to render them useful under twentieth century -conditions, agree in testifying that the romance is all in the narrative -and not any in the fact. The 6th Company had at first been stationed in -an earthwork on the Plum Island beach which had been constructed by the -field battery, whom they relieved; as Plum Island, in June, is notable -chiefly for flies and fleas, this company was glad enough when the -transfer to Portsmouth brought the men again on solid ground. Fort -Constitution had a long history--it used to be known as Fort William and -Mary, and from its ancient magazine came the powder used by the patriots -at Bunker Hill; but in 1898 it was a comparatively modern work, and -mounted a battery of eight-inch rifles. - -This Spanish War service is something of which the regiment are justly -proud. On April 26, Col. Pfaff led 99 per cent. of the full militia -strength of his command into the harbor forts, itself a conclusive -demonstration that the National Guard is a dependable force. Foremost -were they in the entire United States to assume their post of duty. -First of all volunteers were they to be mustered in; the genius of "The -Old First" was in control. Thruout the entire two-hundred-three days of -duty they maintained the very highest standards of efficiency and -discipline. It noway lessened the credit belonging to these volunteer -soldiers that the Spaniards were so wise as to keep at a safe distance -from the Massachusetts coast; the warmest kind of a welcome was awaiting -them, had they come. When on Nov. 14, the command were mustered out of -Federal service and returned to the militia, they had added a most -creditable chapter to the long annals of their organization. - -In 1899 a tour of duty was performed at Fort Rodman; and so satisfactory -did it prove that the post was chosen for the annual coast defence -exercises, with one exception, until 1906. In 1902 some companies were -stationed at Fort Greble and other Rhode Island posts. The only serious -objections to Rodman were the haze and fog, which hang low over -Buzzard's Bay. As a consequence of the Spanish War, the flannel shirt -and the khaki suit became part of the regimental uniform. Oct. 14, 1899, -the regiment participated in the ovation to Admiral George Dewey, and -at the same time turned their Spanish War flags and colors over to the -custody of the State. Col. Pfaff retired as Brigadier General Apr. 20, -1900. His loyal and generous interest in the old regiment has been shown -in making possible the publication of this history. - -Col. James A. Frye, who commanded the regiment from May 4, 1900, until -Jan. 4, 1906, had served as Major during the Spanish War. Upon -relinquishing command of the regiment, he became Adj. Gen. of the State. -Col. Frye was the one selected to record the services of the command -during the Spanish War; and his history will always stand as a worthy -monument to his memory. - -In 1903 the regiment participated in joint coast defence and naval -maneuvers at Portland harbor, of which the chief feature was the long -hours. The men were on duty all day and all night, so that sleeping -almost became a forgotten art. On June 25, 1903, the Coast Artillery -shared in the exercises of dedication around the magnificent statue of -their old commander, Gen. Joseph Hooker. Members of the regiment had -been foremost in securing the appropriation for the statue; and heartily -did they rejoice to see the beautiful bronze by D. C. French which -finally crowned their labor. - -1903 witnessed the most important national militia legislation since the -original militia act of 1792. By the "Dick law," with amendments added -in 1908, the militia really became a national force, with clearly -defined liability of service; and the name, National Guard, was -officially conferred upon it. Nevertheless Massachusetts continued to -call her citizen soldiers Volunteer Militia. 1904 brought the adoption -of magazine-rifles. - -On Nov. 1, 1905, the regiment was redesignated as the "Corps of Coast -Artillery," a title which has been used by anticipation at various times -in this book. Behind the change lay the fact that the War Department had -been testing militia heavy or coast artillery; and the latter, in the -estimation of the Washington authorities, were not found wanting. A -regiment is a closely united body, and is supposed to operate as a unit. -A corps, on the contrary, is a group of smaller units associated for -administrative purposes, but acting more or less independently in -warfare. Tactically a corps is not a unit; each of its members is. -Inasmuch as few forts require so much as a full regiment of coast -artillery to garrison them, it was deemed best to organize the artillery -in smaller units, in companies, better suited to the needs of the -average fort. Companies are combined in fort commands of two or more -each. Moreover, by 1905, a clear distinction had arisen between coast -artillery and heavy artillery; and it was necessary for organizations to -decide which branch of the service they would choose. Heavy artillery -follows a mobile army, and is used to batter down fortifications. Coast -artillery mans the guns and submarine mines of our coast fortifications, -and is not a mobile force. A moment's consideration will convince anyone -that the Massachusetts men chose the more exciting branch, when they -became coast artillery. The heavy artillery fire from great distances, -while themselves entirely out of range of any answering shots, and fire -at fixed targets. The coast artillery fire at ships, moving targets -possessing the ability to return our shots, who will certainly and -quickly "get us" unless we "get them" first. An increase of interest in -the scientific side of artillery work immediately followed, and -stimulated every officer and enlisted man to do his best. Companies were -no longer termed "batteries," but were given numbers, the designations -indicating seniority of charter. The band continued to wear the old -regimental number "1" on their uniforms. - -To the twelve companies of the Corps were, in 1907, assigned regular -stations in the fortifications of Boston harbor, to which it would be -their duty to repair at once in case of threatened hostilities. As they -exercised each summer on the very guns which they would man in actual -service, they grew familiar with their work to a degree never before -possible. After experimenting at seven different posts, in 1913 the 1st, -2d, 3d, and 6th Companies became part of the garrison of Fort Strong on -Long Island (named in honor of Gen. Wm. K. Strong); the 5th, 7th, 8th -and 11th Companies were assigned to Fort Andrews; and the 4th, 9th, 10th -and 12th Companies to Fort Warren. - -Col. Charles P. Nutter commanded the Corps from Jan. 23, 1906, until -March 10, 1910; he had been Captain of the 7th Company during the -Spanish War. In August, 1907, the companies participated in a general -mobilization of militia at Boston in connection with the "old home week" -celebration. The War Department now determined to make a slight change -in the name of the organization, perhaps in the interest of alphabetic -symmetry. Whatever the cause may have been, on Nov. 15, 1907, the words -were transposed and the "Corps of Coast Artillery" became the "Coast -Artillery Corps." - -It had been so long since the Boston companies were called out to -maintain public order at a great fire, that such a contingency was not -regarded seriously. Suddenly, on April 12, 1908, as men were returning -from Palm Sunday services, they received word that Chelsea was in the -clutch of a mammoth conflagration. Vast clouds of smoke could be seen -arising on the north-eastern horizon; Boston's neighbor was indeed -stricken. - -The 5th Company promptly responded to the call for help; but it was -evident that assistance must come from outside; local forces were -entirely inadequate to meet the emergency. At 5 P. M. the other -companies were assembled at their armories; and at 8.30, after eating a -hearty supper, they started for their posts of duty. The work was of the -usual sort, rescuing property and saving lives, guarding the property -from vandals and thieves, and assisting the young, the weak and the aged -to places of safety. Only men in uniform command confidence at such a -season of disorder; only disciplined men, working together, can -accomplish results. Right nobly did the Corps meet its responsibilities -during its three days in Chelsea, and many a firm friend did it win for -the organization. The 5th Company continued on duty five days longer. - -Upon the local company fell an especially cruel test. First, their new -State armory came in the path of the flames and was swept to -ruins--while the troops, on duty in the streets, were aware that their -own civilian clothing in the lockers was going up in smoke. Worse yet, -the fire spread until it involved the homes of many militiamen. The -soldiers could hardly keep their thoughts on their work, while their own -loved ones were in danger, and their own household effects in need of -removal to places of safety; their minds wandered homeward--but the men -themselves quietly kept their posts. There never has been any question -about the discipline of the Corps in seasons of emergency; the 5th -Company proved true to the ancient traditions. - -[Illustration: THE AUTHOR] - -[Illustration: COL. GEORGE F. QUINBY - -Page 151] - -[Illustration: COL. E. DWIGHT FULLERTON - -Page 147] - -Companies of the Corps had been visiting Washington at inauguration time -ever since 1835; and almost the entire command went in honor of T. -Roosevelt in 1905; finally, in 1909, the Corps went as a regiment and -participated in the inaugural parade of President William H. Taft. -Participants in such a parade invite comparison between themselves -and troops from many other states--military critics, such as Maj. Gen. -J. Franklin Bell and Brig. Gen. E. M. Weaver, were unanimous in -asserting that the Mass. Coast Artillery Corps and the West Point Cadets -bore off the palm for fine military appearance, not even the N. Y. 7th -doing as well. - -By 1909 the Corps had settled in its custom of holding coast defence -exercises at the harbor forts; consequently, it was with disappointment -and even resentment that they found themselves ordered to serve as -infantry in the so-called Cape maneuvers in August of that year. A -difference of opinion had arisen between the Adjutant General of -Massachusetts and the Corps officers concerning money matters; and this -tour of duty was laid on the latter as a penalty. Soldiers must obey -orders; however irksome and unwelcome the service, no one in the "blue -army" could truthfully say that the "red-legged infantry" fell below -their comrades in efficiency. - -Col. Walter E. Lombard was in command from March 17, 1910, until Feb. -21, 1915. At the latter date he became a Major General on the retired -list. Col. Lombard had been Captain of the 6th Company during the -Spanish War. - -In June, 1911, the War Department detailed a regular army officer to the -Corps as Inspector-instructor, Capt. Russell P. Reeder being the first -to perform that duty; at once the standards of instruction were -improved, and the artillery work profited greatly from the presence of -such a skilled teacher. Sergeant-instructors, four in number, were -presently added as assistants to the commissioned officer who performed -the chief duties. An immediate result of the Inspector-instructor's work -was the wonderful shooting done by the 4th, 12th and other companies -during the 1911 tour of duty. After that date all officers were -required to qualify in the technical part of their work by passing -regular War Department examinations. The fourth officer to fill this -detail, Capt. William H. Wilson, commenced service in Jan., 1915, and -soon succeeded in systematizing the work of drill and instruction to a -point far beyond anything previously attempted; so that his term of duty -brought about a great increase of Corps efficiency. Capt. Wilson was -especially qualified for this service in that he had himself been a -National Guardsman, and had entered the U. S. army from a New York -regiment. Capt. Wilson not only emphasized the artillery work; he also -laid stress upon matters thitherto slighted,--company administration, -higher infantry, and gunners' instruction. - -Again in March, 1913, the entire Corps made its customary pilgrimage to -Washington for the purpose of participating in the Presidential -inauguration, this time paying the honor to Woodrow Wilson. As in 1909, -so now, they were most enthusiastically praised for their fine military -appearance and splendid marching. On May 30, 1913, the Gate City Guard -of Atlanta, Ga., visited Boston as guests of the Tigers. 1913 was the -fifteenth anniversary of the regiment's service in the Spanish war; and -on Sept. 20, Col. Lombard tendered a review on the Common to the -veterans. On that occasion active officers marched with the veterans, in -the positions which they had filled fifteen years previously. Lt. Col. -Woodman was in command of the veterans, and Col. Lombard marched as -Captain of the 6th Company; while Maj. Shedd led the actives. After the -parade, there was a collation, followed by motion pictures, in the -Armory. - -So well had the 5th Company acquitted themselves at the Chelsea fire -that they were one of the commands called out to maintain order at Salem -when, on June 25, 1914, that ancient city was threatened with -destruction; the emergency was similar to that of 1908. To the Chelsea -men fell the duty of organizing a huge camp of refugees at Forest River -park; and they remained in service seven days. - -Joseph Hooker was born Nov. 13, 1814, and exactly one hundred years -later, his loyal admirers, among whom were numbered the officers of the -Coast Artillery Corps, paraded, and participated in a great meeting at -Tremont Temple in honor of his memory. Capt. Isaac P. Gragg, former -Captain of the 1st Company, was always the prime mover in organizing -celebrations in memory of Hooker, and he justly felt that the event of -1914 was the culmination of his life-work. Alas! Capt. Gragg did not -long survive the centennial of his beloved commander. - -Edward Dwight Fullerton was elected Colonel Feb. 9, 1915, and continued -in command until retired as Brigadier General, January 16, 1917; he had -served as 1st Lieutenant of the 8th Company during the Spanish War. - -The "House of Governors" was in session at Boston in Aug., 1915, and -Gov. David I. Walsh ordered a mobilization of the militia on Aug. 26, as -a compliment to the State's guests. As the authorized strength of the -companies had recently been raised, the Boston papers commented upon the -appearance of the Corps, in fifteen platoons of twenty files, as -"wonderful," not only for numbers, but for steady marching. - -President Wilson called the militia out for service on the Mexican -border June 18, 1916. Massachusetts shared with New Jersey the honor of -placing her full quota of organizations at the post of danger in the -shortest time; and since the Massachusetts quota was far larger than -that of New Jersey, her record was the more creditable. On the ninth day -after the troops were summoned to arms, they started for Texas. Of -course the Coast Artillery could not be included in this great national -mobilization, as they might not safely be spared from their stations at -the forts. But on June 26, the day the mobile troops started south, the -officers and non-commissioned officers of the Corps were assembled at -the Framingham mobilization camp ("Camp Whitney") for the purpose of -drilling the hundreds of recruits there gathered. The officers and -non-commissioned officers of the 6th Inf. also took part in this work of -instruction. No recruits for Mass. regiments ever constituted a finer -personnel than those eager to have a share in the Mexican service. -Coming from all over the state, they were uniformly willing, sober, and -quick to learn, in order that they might reach the front as soon as -possible. The Corps became responsible for the "2d Provisional -Regiment," consisting of about one thousand men, destined for the 8th -and 9th Inf. Regiments, and also for the cavalry, machine-guns, supply -companies, field artillery, and even for the regimental bands. -Wonderfully rapid progress was made, so that in two weeks, the recruits -were equipped, and drilled, and ready to go forward. The Corps' recent -training in company administration stood them in good stead and made -possible such rapid work. Certain officers of the Corps were drafted -into the U. S. service, in order to accompany the recruits on the -southward journey. - -With grave disorder on the Mexican border, and with the greatest war of -the world's history approaching its crisis abroad, conditions were once -more favorable for Congressional action in behalf of the militia. Since -threatenings of danger were loud and insistent, the legislators were -induced to take an additional forward step in rendering America's -citizen-soldiers efficient. The National Defence Act, as the new law was -termed, completed the process of federalization by placing the militia -fully under War Department control, and also provided a modest rate of -remuneration for armory drills, thus making it an object for men to -maintain regular attendance. Massachusetts had done what she could to -encourage the passage of the law, by herself adopting, during the -prolonged debate on the National Defence Act, a State law offering to -hand over her militia to the Federal government. Indeed by her provision -for remunerating men for attendance at rendezvous drills, the -Commonwealth had taken her place beside Ohio five years previously as a -pioneer in paying her militia. The legislation became effective on June -3, 1916, and went fully into operation on the first of the ensuing -month. - -Right in the midst of their tour, on June 30, the officers and men were -asked to take the new Federal oath, under provisions of this act. To the -officers the oath was administered at Framingham, while the enlisted men -were assembled in their armories that night, for the purpose of swearing -in. Almost without exception, and then always with valid excuse, the -members of the Corps assumed this additional obligation and became -Federal soldiers. Headquarters, band, enlisted specialists, and twelve -companies--the entire Corps--were, on June 30, recognized by the War -Department as federalized National Guardsmen and were entered upon the -U. S. payrolls. Of all the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, the Coast -Artillery Corps were the only organization to comply fully with the new -requirements and be recognized as a unit. - -Companies of the Corps volunteered their services in connection with -exhibitions for the benefit of the Mass. Volunteer Aid Association, -which was raising funds to relieve distress amongst the families of -National Guardsmen then at the border. An unusually fine military -display was given at the ball-grounds in connection with a benefit -ball-game between the Red Sox and the St. Louis teams on July 17. - -Many Corps officers were detailed for recruiting duty during the summer -and autumn of 1916, in an effort to raise the numbers of the regiments -at the border to full war-strength. Consequently the coast defence -exercises at the forts in August, 1916, were seriously handicapped. Many -men were forced to perform double duty. In spite of this limitation, -splendid artillery scores were made by the 2d, the 6th and other -Companies, the 6th Company earning the coveted Knox trophy. - -Successive steps followed rapidly during the summer and autumn of 1916 -to render effective the process of federalization. By order of Gov. -Samuel W. McCall on July 17, the title "Massachusetts Volunteer Militia" -was discontinued, and the force redesignated "National Guard, -Massachusetts." In October the War Department authorized the companies -to increase their strength from seventy-eight to one hundred twelve -officers and men; new regulations established standards of drill and -instruction with which organizations must comply in order to qualify for -pay; a National Guard reserve was created by transfer of men who had -completed their three years of active service; promotion requirements -were established for officers; and an assistant Inspector-instructor was -detailed to the Corps, Capt. Hugh S. Brown taking his place beside Capt. -Wilson. While the new National Guard regulations raised the standard and -"tightened the reins," it is a tribute to the high grade of efficiency -already attained by the Corps that Federal control caused no -revolutionary changes of method in the organization. As part of the -federalizing process, on Dec. 9, 1916, the Militia Bureau of the War -Department redesignated the command, and abolished the word Corps from -its title. Thereafter it was the "Massachusetts Coast Artillery, -National Guard." On January 16, 1917, the organization received back its -old and well-loved designation, and became the 1st Coast Defense -Command, Massachusetts Coast Artillery, N. G.; once more Massachusetts -could speak about her senior regiment as "The Old First." - -George F. Quinby, a former Lieutenant of the 7th Company and Captain of -the 2d Company, and Major during the Spanish War, became Colonel, -January 20, 1917. The events of Col. Quinby's administration,--our break -with Germany on February 3, the "armed neutrality," the 5th Company's -good fortune in being first of all the command to engage in active -service when, for twenty-four hours they guarded the electric -power-system of Chelsea against hostile interference, the declaration of -war on Good Friday, April 6, and the Old First's service in the war, the -revival and establishment of compulsory universal military service--must -form the subject-matter of another chapter to be written at some later -day. - - - - -CHAPTER X - -FINALLY - - -If it is a long time from 1784 to 1917, it is also a long way from the -independent companies of artillery and light infantry of the earlier -time to the present Coast Artillery; the militia of one hundred thirty -years ago could not recognize itself in the National Guard of today. -When in 1792 Congress passed the first militia law, it commenced a -process of federalization which was to progress by successive stages -until its completion in the National Defence Act of 1916; with -federalization came efficiency. - -In the beginning, volunteer companies which owned uniforms separated -themselves from the train-band of their day, and assumed duties and -responsibilities outside of what the State demanded from every citizen. -The train-band drilled not more than four times a year, and mainly on -the fourth Wednesday of May--the volunteers at least thrice or fourfold -that amount. In order the more easily to distinguish themselves from the -train-band, the volunteers became artillery or light infantry or -grenadiers or rifles or cavalry; and each class sought proficiency in -some special kind of drill. - -Boston's companies of artillery were associated in a small battalion -several years before the light infantry companies were willing to -relinquish their independence; and so our regimental history begins in -the artillery branch. Presently, in the days of the "legionary brigade," -regimental spirit began to manifest itself among the light infantry -companies, resulting in the Sub-legion of light infantry. The artillery -battalion became most famous as the "Fighting First" of Civil War times, -and is today primarily represented by the 1st Company. From the light -infantry Sub-legion there ultimately developed the old "Tiger" 1st -Regiment, of which the 2d Company is today the senior representative. -Presently a drift set in from the infantry command to the artillery -regiment, one company transferring after another, until even the -regimental number itself passed from the former to the latter; this -process is illustrated by the career of the 3d Company. Eventually -Plymouth and Bristol counties made their valuable contribution to the -regimental composition--the remnants of the 3d and 4th Regiments--as -represented today by the 4th Company. The consolidation of 1878 welded -all these elements into a single, compact, unified body, the Coast -Artillery of today. While the old regiment have come under complete -Federal control, and hold place in the first line of the U. S. Army, -they have not in the least abated their life-long loyalty to the State -which gave them birth. - -"The National Guard is not only the reserve for the regular army; it is -also the reserve for the police, the fire department, and life-saving -service. Its members are genuine soldiers of peace." (Curtis Guild.) -Twelve different times have units of the regiment been called out by the -Commonwealth to maintain public order. On many other occasions the -companies were warned to be in readiness; indeed the headquarters of the -command is the most sensitive barometer for registering the approach of -social disorder. Twelve times the companies actually marched forth. -Curtis Guild's remark about the militia was intended to apply especially -to military service in connection with great and disastrous -conflagrations; five times have the regiment performed such duty. - -But after all, it is war-time which tests the soldier. If he fails to -respond in his country's hour of need, his other virtues are of small -value. Measured by this test, regimental patriotism has shown itself to -be trustworthy. In the days just prior to the attack upon Fort Sumpter, -there were in existence seventeen companies which were destined sometime -to become associated in the present Coast Artillery. In the seventeen -companies were twelve hundred members. By some process of magic, of -patriotic magic, when the alarm of war sounded, the twelve hundred -militiamen multiplied themselves into no less than seven thousand five -hundred volunteers. The "Old First" never failed in seasons of public -need; they were always a fighting regiment. - -"Vigilantia," the regimental motto, is another name for watchfulness, -for preparedness. As if the choice of a motto were prophetic, or at -least significant of the regimental character, the Coast Artillery have -always managed to be so fully prepared that they were able to get into -active service amongst the very leaders. No troops were more prompt in -reaching the post of danger than the "minute men of '61"; and amongst -them were our companies in the 3d and 4th and 5th and 6th Regiments. A -few weeks later the 1st Mass. was the first long-term regiment to be -mustered in thruout the entire United States, the first not only in the -Civil War, but in any war. Again in 1898, when National Guard regiments -everywhere were actively competing for priority in volunteering, the -"1st Heavies" managed to reach their station at Fort Warren, and then to -be mustered in as a regiment, before any of their rivals in -Massachusetts or elsewhere. Three times, at least, was "Vigilantia" -translated into action. - -[Illustration: MODERN BATTERY] - -[Illustration: THE CHAPLAIN IN ACTION] - -Veterans of the old regiment have organized themselves to perpetuate -cherished traditions of the past. Each of the Civil War commands is -represented by a veteran association--the 1st, the "Minute Men," the -13th, the 24th, the 42d in eastern and western sections, the 43d and -others. As old age comes on with passing time, it is inevitable that -associations of war veterans must become less numerous and less active -each year. The Coast Artillery take a real interest in the Hooker -Association and the Stevenson Memorial Association. Amongst the -companies, live veteran organizations are maintained by graduates of the -Roxbury City Guard, the Boston Light Infantry (the Tiger Veteran -Association, incorporated March 28, 1882), the Fusiliers, and the Pierce -Lt. Guard. Indeed the Fusiliers have been a prolific source of veteran -associations. The first, the Fusilier Veteran Association, was organized -by leading members of the company, including five ex-Captains, in April, -1878, at the time when the company was about to pass from the 1st to the -5th Reg., and is today in full vigor and prosperity, retaining the old -red-coat uniform. When this association had opened its membership to -others than actual veterans, on Aug. 2, 1900, certain graduates formed a -new organization of 3d Company veterans, the Independent Boston Fusilier -Veterans. Their numbers were small, and on July 2, 1906, in order to -provide a supply of new material, they invited veterans of other 1st -Reg. companies to join, and thus became transformed into the "1st Reg. -M. V. M. Veterans." The latter body now has one hundred forty members. -Joe Hooker Post, No. 23, G. A. R., of Boston, and Theodore Winthrop -Post, No. 35, of Chelsea, were made up largely of 1st Regiment veterans; -and were always in friendly and helpful relations with the active -command. With our wealth of noble heritage from the past, comprising as -we do all that remains of the old "Legionary Brigade" and its successor, -the 3d Brigade of the 1st Division, once Boston's pride, and including -all the 3d and 4th Regiment organizations having continuous history, it -is desirable that the Coast Artillery should have an active association -of veterans which may combine the forces now scattered amongst the -company associations; the provision in the National Defence act for a -"reserve battalion" seems to open a door of possibility. - -Such a history as this can have no conclusion, it can only halt for the -moment; while the pages were in press, the regiment was summoned by the -Nation to perform military duty. The fruit of a noble past is a useful -present. The soul of the "Old Regiment," like John Brown's of which they -taught America to sing, is "marching on." - - "Whatever grand deeds others do, - The 'Old First' still shall lead." - - - - -APPENDIX I - -GENEALOGY OF THE COAST ARTILLERY - -_The present companies and their predecessors_ - - -THE THREE-YEAR CIVIL WAR FIRST REGIMENT - -1789, Batl. of Art., 1st Div. Suffolk. 1794, Art. Batl., 1st Bri., 1st -Div. (_a_) Aug. 22, 1797, Sub-legion of Art. and (_b_) three companies -became Batl. of Art., 1st Bri., 1st Div. (_a_) Mch. 12, 1810, Sub-legion -became Batl. Art., 3d Bri., 1st Div. June 26, '34, Reg. Art., 3d Bri., -1st Div. '36 Batl. Art., 3d Bri., 1st Div. Apr. 24, '40, 1st Batl. Art., -1st Bri., 1st Div. (_b_) 1831 companies of Batl. Art., 1st Bri., 1st -Div., attached to 1st Reg. Inf., 1st Bri., 1st Div. June 26, 1834, again -Batl. Art., 1st Bri., 1st Div. Apr. 24, '40, 2d Batl. Art., 1st Bri., -1st. Div. June 4, '44, Batls. united in 5th Reg. Art., 1st Bri., 1st -Div. Feb. 26, '55, 2d Reg. Inf. Jan. 24, '61, 1st Reg. Inf. 1862, 42d -Reg. Inf. May 18, '66, 1st Reg. Inf., 1st Bri. July 6, '76, 1st Batl. -Inf., 2d Bri. Dec. 3, '78, 1st Reg. Inf., 1st Bri. Jan. 1, '97, 1st Reg. -Heavy Art. Nov. 1, 1905, Corps of Coast Art. Nov. 15, '07, Coast Art. -Corps. July 17, '16, "M. V. M." changed to "N. G., Mass." Jan. 16, '17, -1st Coast Defense Command, Mass. Coast Artillery, National Guard. - -1st (D)--_Roxbury Art._ organized Mch. 22, 1784, redesignated City Gd. -Nov. 24, '57. 3 cos. in Civil War. Redesignated 1st Company, 1905. - -2d (K)--(1) Washington Lt. Gds. or Inf. transferred from G 1st Inf. '59, -disbanded '59. (2) Chadwick Lt. Inf. organized '61, disbanded '64. (3) -Ware Oct., '62, disbanded Nov. 11, '64. (4) 81st Unat. Co. '66, -disbanded '76. (5) Boston Light Infantry transferred from A 4th Batl. -Inf. '78, redesignated 2d Company, 1905. - -3d (G)--(1) Bay State Art., Cambridge, 1853, dis. 1854. (2) '55, dis. -'57. (3) Fusiliers from F 1st Inf. Mch. 1, '59; 7th Unat. Co.; Apr. 13, -'64, 25th Unat. Co. 5 cos. in Civil War. To D 5th Inf. Dec. 3, '78. (4) -Taunton Lt. Gds. from C 3d Inf. '78, dis. '84. (5) Natick '84, to L 9th -Inf. '88. (6) Fusiliers from D 5th Inf. Mch. 26, '88, to 3d Company, -1905. - -4th (E)--(1) Dorchester Art. 1786, dis. 1844. (2) Cowdin Art. 1851. (3) -'54 American Art. (4) '56 Lafayette Gd. (5) Pulaski Gds. from I 1859, -dis. 1864. (6) dis. Nov. 7, '62. (7) Oct. '62, dis. Nov. 11, '64. (8) -1st Unat. Co. 1864, to E '66, dis. '76. (9) New Bedford City Gds. from E -3d Inf. Dec. 3, '78, to 4th Company, 1905. - -5th (H)--(1) Shields Art., Dorchester 1853, dis. 1855. (2) Mechanic -Rifles from H 1st Inf., dis. '59. (3) Wardwell's Tigers '61, to F 5th -Inf. '61, dis. '61. (4) Chelsea Volunteers '61, Apr. 19, dis. '64. (5) -Oct., '62, dis. Aug., '63. (6) July 20, '64, dis. Nov. 11, '64. (7) -_Chelsea Rifles_, 4th Unat. Co., '63, to H May 18, '66, to L 8th Inf. -Dec. 3, '78, to H 8th Inf. Dec. 21, '78. (8) Standish Gds., Plymouth -from H 3d Inf., '78, dis. '83; (reorganized as D 5th Inf. '88). (9) -Chelsea Rifles from H 8th Inf. June 11, '83, to 5th Company, 1905. - -6th (B)--(1) Columbian Art. June 17, 1798, dis. 1855. (2) Union Gds., E. -Boston, transferred from H 1st Inf. & B 3d Batl. Inf. 1855, dis. 1864. -(3) dis. Nov. 7, '62. (4) Medway Oct. '62, dis. Nov. 11, '64. (5) 9th -Unat. '64 to B '66, dis. Feb. 7, '72. (6) from C Sept. 20, '72, dis. -'76. (7) Massachusetts Guards from B 4th Batl. Inf. '78, to 6th Company, -1905. - -7th (C)--(1) _Washington Art._ May 29, '10, Lt. Gds. 1855, to K 6th Inf. -1861, dis. '61. (2) to K 4th & 29th Inf., dis. '64. (3) North End True -Blues from L '61, dis. '64. (4) dis. Nov. 7, '62. (5) Oct. '62, dis. -Nov. 11, '64. (6) 45th Unat. E. Boston, '66, to B '72. (7) Claflin Gds. -from L Feb. 20, '72, to C 5th Inf. '78. (8) Pierce Lt. Guard from C 4th -Batl. Inf. '78, to 7th Company, 1905. - -8th (A)--(1) Boston Art. May 7, 1785, 1856 Boston Phalanx, Dec. 15, -1860, transferred to A 4th Batl. Rifles, and then A, 13th Inf. '61, -disbanded '64. (2) Brookline '61, dis. '64. (3) dis. Nov. 7, '62. (4) -Weymouth Oct., '62, dis. Aug., '63. (5) July 20, '64, dis. Nov. 11, '64. -(6) _W. Roxbury Rifles_, Jamaica Plain, 66th Unat. Co. June 21, '65, to -A May 18, '66, to 8th Company, 1905. - -9th (F)--(1) dis. 1843. (2) Webster Art. 1852, dis. 1855. (3) National -Gds. from L 1st Inf. 1855, dis. 1864. (4) dis. 1862, Nov. 7. (5) -Leicester Oct., '62, dis. Nov. 11, '64. (6) 67th Unat. Co. '66, dis. -'76. (7) Taunton City Guard from F of 3d Inf. '78, to 9th Company, 1905. - -10th (I)--(1) Pulaski Gds. from C 1st Inf. '59; to E '59. (2) Schouler -Gds. '61, dis. '64. (3) Oct. '62 Dorchester, dis. '76. (4) Cunningham -Rifles from I 3d Inf., '76, to 10th Company, 1905. - -11th (L)--(1) North End True Blues, a fire eng. co. prior to 1832, to L -'61, dis. '64. (2) Claflin Gds., Newton, '70, to C Feb. 20, '72. (3) -Maverick Rifles from D 4th Batl. Inf. '78, to 11th Company, 1905. - -12th (M)--_Fall River Rifles_ Dec. 17, 1878, to 12th Company, 1905. - - -THE "TIGER" FIRST REGIMENT - -Aug. 22, 1797, Sub-legion Lt. Inf. Legionary Brigade, 1st Div. Mch. 12, -1810, cos. distributed amongst 1st, 2d and 3d Regs. Inf., 3d Bri., 1st -Div. Aug., '34, Lt. Inf. Reg., 3d Bri., 1st Div. Feb. 23, '38, Lt. Inf. -Batl. id. June 1, '39, Reg. restored. Apr. 24, '40, Reg. numbered 1st -Lt. Inf., 1st Bri., 1st Div., M. V. M. Apr. 25, '42, cos. lettered. Feb. -26, '55, Lt. Inf. changed to Inf. Mch. 1, '59, 2d Batl. Inf., 1st Bri., -1st Div. Oct. 13, '62, 43d Inf. Mass. Vols. Nov. 1, '62, Bos. Lt. Inf. -Assn. to perpetuate co. July, '63, 43d dis. Aug., '64, 7th Inf., 1st -Bri., 1st Div. July 20, '70, 1st Batl. Inf., 1st Bri., 1st Div., M. V. -M. Mch. 25, '74, Batl. renumbered 4th. Dec. 3, '78, consolidated in 1st -Inf., 1st Bri., M. V. M. - -A--_Boston Lt. Inf._ (Formed May, 1798) Sept. 4, 1798, 1810-'34, in 2d -Inf., 3d Bri. To K 1st Inf., Dec. 3, 1878. July, '63--Aug., '64, the -24th Unat. Co. - -B--(1) New England Gds. 1812, 1812-'34 in 2d Inf., 3d Bri. To A & B 4th -Batl. Inf., Mch. 11, '61, then 24th & 44th Regs. Inf., dis. '65. (2) -Mch. 1, '61, dis. July, '63. (3) Handy Guard, renamed Washington Light -Guard in 1869, and in 1873 _Massachusetts Guards_, 32d Unat. Co., Oct. -26, '64, to B, Aug. 10, '65, to B 1st Inf. Dec. 3, '78. - -C--(1) Winslow Blues Oct., 1799, 1810-'34 in 3d Inf., 3d Bri., dis. Feb. -23, 1838. (2) Pulaski Gds., S. Boston, Sept. 13, '35, 3d Reg. Inf., 3d -Bri. To C May 7, '38. Called Mechanic Greys, '49. Mch. 1, '59, to I 2d -Inf. (3) Mch. 11, '61, dis. July, '63. (4) Milton, '64, dis. '70. (5) -Pierce Lt. Gd. from E, July 26, '70, to E '72. (6) Hyde Park, '72, dis. -'73. (7) Pierce Lt. Gd. from E, Mch. 25, '74, to C 1st Inf., Dec. 3, -'78. - -D--(1) Washington Lt. Inf., 1803. 1810-'34 in 1st Inf., 3d Bri., dis. -Feb. 23, '38. (2) Highland Gds., Jan. 8, '38, dis. Jan. 2, '44. (3) -Mechanic Rifles Dec. 5, '43, 3d Batl. Lt. Inf. Mch. 4, '44, B 1st Batl. -Rifles. To D Sept. 11, '45. '47 to "Rifles Annexed." (4) Boston Lt. Gd., -'47, dis. '57. (5) Washington Lt. Gd. or Inf. from G '57, to K 2d Inf. -Mch. 1, '59. (6) Dedham Oct. '62, dis. July, '63. (7) '64, dis. '70. (8) -from I '70, dis. '72. (9) _Maverick Rifles_, also called Boston City -Gd., Chelsea & E. Boston, July 19, '72, to L 1st Inf., Dec. 3, '78. - -E--(1) Boston City Gd. Sept. 21, 1821. 1821-'34 in 3d Inf., 3d Bri. Dis. -Feb. 23, '38. Reorgan. as Columbian Greys Aug. 12, '40, dis. Dec. 26, -'59. (2) Orleans Oct., '62, dis. July, '63. (3) _Pierce Lt. Gd._ 51st -Unat. Co. Mch. 25, '65, also called Fusilier Lt. Gd. To E. Aug. 10, '65. -To C July 26, '70. From C '72. To C Mch. 25, '74. - -F--_Fusiliers_ May 11, 1787. 1810-'34 in 1st Inf., 3d Bri. Dis. Feb. 23, -1838, reorgan. as Hancock Lt. Inf., May 17, '39, again Fusiliers. To G -2d Inf. Mch. 1, '59. (2) Oct., '62, dis. July, '63. (3) S. Boston, '64, -dis. '70. - -G--(1) Mechanic Rifles until '34 in 1st. Inf., 3d Bri., dis. Feb. 23, -'38. (2) Suffolk Lt. Gds. May 11, '39. (3) Washington Lt. Gd. or Inf. -(name changed '54) '46, to D '57. (4) Abington Oct., '62, dis. July, -'63. (5) Charlestown, '64, dis. '68. - -H--(1) Lafayette Gds., dis. Feb. 23, '38. (2) Washington Phalanx. (3) -Mt. Washington Gds., Apr. 14, '41, dis. June 30, '49. (4) Winthrop Gds. -'51, dis. Nov. 3, '52. (5) Union Gds. E. Boston, Aug. 21, '52, to B 3d -Batl. Inf., '53 & to B 2d Inf., '55. (6) Mechanic Rifles (or Inf.) May -24, '53, from "Rifles Annexed," '59 to H 2d Inf. (7) Chelsea Rifles -Oct., '62, dis. July, '63. (8) '64 dis. '68. - -I--(1) Rifle Rangers 1820, 1820-'34 in 3d Inf., 3d Bri. Mch. 4, '44 to A -1st Batl. Rifles. Sept. 11, '45 to --, dis. May 15, '52. (2) Norfolk -Gd., 1850. (3) Sarsfield Gds. to C 3d Batl. Inf., '53, dis. '55. (4) -Cambridge Oct., '62, dis. July, '63. (5) '64, to D '70. - -K--(1) Montgomery Gds. '37, dis. Apr. 6, '38. (2) Rifles Sept. 6, '42. -(3) Washington Lt. Inf., dis. '51. (4) Oct. '62, dis. July, '63. (5) -'64, dis. '70. - -L--(1) Warren Inf., to M '50. (2) Mass. Vols. '50, '51. (3) National -Gds. '49, to A 3d Batl. Inf. '53, to F 2d Inf. '55. - -M--Warren Inf. from L '50, dis. '52. - -Mechanic Rifles "Annexed"--from D '47, to H May 24, '53. - -National Lancers were attached from '39 to '52. From '45 to '49 they -were the only cavalry in Mass. To Tr. A 1st Squad. Cav. - - -THE THIRD REGIMENT - -Sept., 1834, Reg. Lt. Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div. Apr. 24, '40, 3d Reg. Lt. -Inf., 2d Bri., 1st Div. Apr. 25, '42, cos. lettered. Feb. 26, '55, 3d -Reg. Inf. Aug. 20, '66, new 3d Reg. Inf., 1st Bri., 1st Div. '76, 3d -Batl. Inf. Dec. 3, '78, 1st Inf. - -A--Halifax Lt. Inf., 1792, from 1st Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div., dis. '76. - -B--(1) Standish Gds. Plymouth, Oct. 21, '18, from 1st Inf. To 87th Unat. -Co., June 26, '63, to M '68. (2) S. Carver dis. '66. (3) from K '66, -dis. 76. - -C--(1) Marshfield Rifles from 2d Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div. (2) Hanson -Rifles '42, dis. '47. (3) Rochester dis. '55. (4) Cambridge, Jan., '61, -dis. July 22, '61. The first company raised in Mass. for the war. (5) -Fall River '62, dis. '63. (6) Scituate, dis. '70. (7) S. Abington, dis. -'76. - -D--(1) Abington Lt. Inf., from 3d Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div., dis. '54. -(2) Sandwich, May, '61. Dec. 13, '61, to D, 29th Mass. Vols. (3) Fall -River '62, dis. '76. - -E--(1) Middleboro Grenadiers, from 4th Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div., dis. -'51. (2) Middleboro, dis. '53. (3) Fall River, dis. '58. (4) Fall -River, dis. '60. (5) Plymouth, May 6, '61. Dec. 13, '61, to E, 29th -Mass. Vols. (6) New Bedford City Gds. from L '62, to E 1st Inf., Dec. 3, -'78. - -F--(1) Scituate Rifles from 2d Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div. (2) Wareham -Grenadiers '42. (3) Middleboro, dis. '58. (4) New Bedford '62, dis. '63. -(5) _Taunton City Gd._, 80th Unat. Co., Nov. 4, '65. To F Aug. 20, '66. -To F 1st Inf., Dec. 3, '78. - -G--(1) Abington Rifles, from 3d Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div., dis. '47. (2) -Assonet (Freetown) Lt. Inf. '50, merged in A '62. (3) New Bedford '62, -dis. '66. (4) Taunton Lt. Gd. '55 from G 4th Inf., to G '66, to G 1st -Inf., Dec. 3, '78. - -H--(1) Scituate Lt. Inf. from 2d Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div. (2) Samoset -Gds., Plympton, '35, merged in B '62. (3) Rehoboth '62, dis. '66. (4) -Hancock Lt. Gds., Quincy, '55. From H 4th Inf., to H '66, dis. '73. (5) -Standish Gds., from M '74, to H 1st Inf., Dec. 3, '78. - -I--(1) Pembroke Lt. Inf. from 2d Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div. (2) Rochester -'46. (3) E. Freetown '52. (4) New Bedford '56. (5) Lynn, Apr. 19, '61. -Dec. 13, '61, to I, 29th Mass. Vols. (6) Fairhaven '62, dis. '66. (7) E. -Stoughton, dis. '69. (8) _Cunningham Rifles_, N. Bridgewater or -Brockton, '69, to I 1st Inf. '76. - -K--(1) Abington Grenadiers, from 3d Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div. (2) -Weymouth, from C 3d Batl. Inf., to L '46. (3) Bay State Lt. Inf., Carver -'52, merged in B '62. (4) Bridgewater '62, dis. '64. (5) Fall River, to -B '66. (6) Abington, dis. '76. - -L--(1) W. Bridgewater Lt. Inf., from 3d Inf., 1st Bri., 5th Div. (2) -Weymouth, from C 3d Batl. Inf., to L '46. (3) _New Bedford City Gds._, -July 22, '52, to E '62. (4) S. Carver, dis. '76. - -M--(1) Boston, May 14, '61. Dec. 13, '61, to B, 29th Mass. Vols. (2) -Standish Gds. Plymouth, from 87th Unat. Co. '68, to H '74. - - -CAPTAINS OF FIRST COMPANY - - John Jones Spooner, Mch. 22, 1784-'89 - Jonathan Warner, 1789 - Jesse Daggett, 1798-1805 - Humphrey Bignell, 1805-'09 - Joseph Seaver, 1809-'12 - Isaac Gale, 1812-'14 - William Cobb, 1814-'17 - Calvin Warren, 1817-'18 - Joseph Hastings, June to Aug., 1818 - Samuel Lawrence, Sept., 1818-'21 - Joseph May, 1821-'24 - Lewis Withington, 1824-'27 - Robert Stetson, 1827-'28 - Joseph B. Towle, 1828-'33 - John Webber, 1833-'34 - Andrew Chase, Jr., 1834-'39, '40-'43 - Benjamin H. Burrell, 1843-'45 - John L. Stanton, 1845-'46 - Samuel S. Chase, 1847-'48 - Benjamin H. Burrell, 1848, died - Moses H. Webber, 1850-'53 - Isaac S. Burrell, 1853-'57 - Thomas L. D. Perkins, 1857-'61 - John J. Dyer, 1861 - George W. Beach, 1862 - Ebenezer W. Stone, Jr., May 22, 1861--May 25, '64 (three-year reg.) - George Sherive, 1862-'63 (42d Reg., 9-mos.) - Samuel A. Waterman, 1864 (42d, 100-days) - Jediah P. Jordan, 1865-'68 - Charles G. Burgess, 1868-'69 - Isaac P. Gragg, 1869-'73 - Charles G. Davis, 1873-'74 - William A. Smith, 1875-'76 - Benjamin R. Wales, 1876-'77 - James R. Austin, 1877-'78 - Albert W. Hersey, 1878-'79 - Thomas R. Mathews, 1880-'81 - Horace T. Rockwell, 1881-'83 - Harry C. Gardner, 1883-'87 - Joseph H. Frothingham, May 27, 1887-1911 - Marshall S. Holbrook, Dec. 11, 1911--Mch. 3, 1917 - Joseph H. Hurney, Mch. 19, 1917 - - -CAPTAINS OF SECOND COMPANY - - Daniel Sargent, 1798-1804 - Charles Davis, 1804-'07 - Henry Sargent, 1807-'15 - Gedney King, 1815-'18 - Henry Codman, 1818-'20 - William Tucker, 1820-'21 - Peter Mackintosh, 1821-'23 - John T. Winthrop, 1823 - Parker H. Pierce, 1824-'27 - Nathaniel R. Sturgis, Jr., 1827-'30 - Edward Blake, 1830-'32 - Robert C. Winthrop, 1832-'34 - Ezra Weston, Jr., 1834-'37 - Elbridge G. Austin, 1837-'40 - William Dehon, 1840-'41 - Charles Parker, 1841-'43 - Samuel Andrews, 1843-'44 - John C. Park, 1844, Mch. 20--'46, Nov. 20 - Lt. Francis Boyd, 1846-'49 - Ossian D. Ashley, July 12, 1849-'53, being elected Capt. June 4, '51 - Charles O. Rogers, 1854-'59 - Ralph W. Newton, 1859-'60, '60-'61 - John C. Whiton, 1861-'62 - Henry J. Hallgreen, 1862-'64 - Horace O. Whittemore, 1864-'65 - Caleb E. Neibuhr, 1865-'67 - Charles F. Harrington, 1867-'68 - Eben W. Fiske, 1868-'69 - David W. Wardrop, 1869-'70 - Austin C. Wellington, 1870-'73 - Nicholas N. Noyes, 1873-'77 - George O. Noyes, 1877-'78 - Henry F. Knowles, 1878-'79 - William A. Thomas, 1879-'82 - George E. Lovett, 1882-'86 - Henry Parkinson, Jr., 1886-'89 - William H. Ames, July 1, 1889-'91 - George F. Quinby, Aug. 10, 1891--July, '97 - Frederick S. Howes, Oct. 25, 1897 - Conrad M. Gerlach, June, 1908--Mch. 30, '12 - Albert L. Kendall, May 6, 1912 - - -CAPTAINS OF THIRD COMPANY - - William Turner, May 25, 1788 - Joseph Laughton, July 3, 1790 - Thomas Adams, 1792 - Joseph Laughton, 1793 - John Brazer, Aug. 22, 1796 - Thomas Howe, Mch. 10, 1806 - Gerry Fairbanks, 1813 (in war with England) - Caleb Hartshorn, 1816 - Sam Aspinwall, 1819 - Joseph N. Howe, Jr., 1822 - Otis Turner, 1826 - David L. Child, 1828 - Louis Dennis, 1829 - Grenville T. Winthrop, 1834 - John Y. Champney, 1835 - Noah Lincoln, Jr., 1836-'38 - Louis Dennis, May 17, 1839-'41 - Noah Lincoln, Jr., 1841, Apr. 12--Dec. - John F. Pray, 1842-'45 - William Mitchel, 1846-'49 - Henry A. Snow, 1849-'50 - William Mitchel, 1851-'53 - Daniel Cooley, 1853-'55 - Henry A. Snow, 1855--Aug. 3, 1861 - Francis H. Ward, Aug. 26, 1861--Oct. 2, '62 - John McDonough, Mch. 1, 1863--May 25, '64 (Snow, Ward and McDonough - commanded in the three-year regiment) - Alfred N. Proctor, 1862-'66 (42d Reg. 9-mos. service) - Alanson H. Ward, 1864 (42d Reg. 100-days) - Albert E. Proctor, 1864--June, '65 (7th Unat. Co. & K 4th Heavies) - Thomas A. Cranston, 1866-'68 - John F. Pray, 1869-'70 - Henry A. Snow, 1870-'73 - George G. Nichols, 1873-'75 - Henry A. Snow, 1875-'84 - George T. Sears, 1884-'86 - Robert P. Bell, 1886-'90 - Albert B. Chick, Feb. 4, 1891--Nov. 28, '06 - Frank S. Wilson, 1907 - Calvin S. Tilden, 1910 - Harry J. Kane, Oct. 23, 1912 - - -CAPTAINS OF FOURTH COMPANY - - George A. Bourne, Aug. 31, 1852-'54 - Timothy Ingraham, 1855-'61 - Richard A. Pierce, Apr. 4--Aug. 20, 1862 - John A. Hawes, 1862-'63 - James L. Sharp, 1863-'64 - Isaac A. Jennings, 1864-'65 - Henry H. Porter, 1865-'66 - Daniel A. Butler, 1866-'68 - William E. Mason, 1868-'69 - Daniel A. Butler, 1869-'76 - William Sanders, 1876-'81 - John K. McAfee, 1881-'83 - William B. Topham, 1883-'86 - William Sanders, 1886-'89 - Richard H. Morgan, 1889-'91 - Arthur E. Perry, Mch. 23, 1891--June 2, '96 - Thomas S. Hathaway, June 11, 1897--Dec. 22, '97 - Joseph L. Gibbs, Jan. 24, 1898--May 31, '06 - John C. DeWolf, 1906 - Ernest L. Snell, 1906-'08 - William Stitt, 1908--Nov. 4, 1911 - Gilbert G. Southworth, Dec. 18, 1911 - John A. Stitt, Feb. 2, 1914 - - -CAPTAINS OF FIFTH COMPANY - - Alpheus J. Hillbourn, Sept. 15, 1863-'64 - John Q. Adams, 1864-'67 - John Perry, 1867-'69 - James P. Wade, 1869-'71 - Stephen W. Wheeler, 1871-'75 - Henry Wilson, Jr., 1875-'79 - George W. White, 1879-'80 - Charles J. Foye, 1881-'85 - Henry W. Atkins, July 22, '85--Apr. 10, '92 - Chester M. Flanders, 1892-'94 - John R. Smith, May 14, 1894- - Walter L. Pratt, Dec. 16, 1895 - William Renfew, 1907, Apr. 29--1915 - Fred R. Robinson, Apr. 24, 1916 - - -CAPTAINS OF SIXTH COMPANY - - William Harris, July 30, 1810 - Jonathan Thaxter, Oct. 9, '13--Apr. 24, '19 - Francis Tufts, May 4, 1819--Jan. 23, '21 - John A. Shaw, May 1, 1821--Feb. 2, '22 - Francis Jackson, Apr. 15, 1822--Apr. 9, '24 - Jedediah Tuttle, May 4, 1824--Mch. 31, '25 - Samuel Lynes, May 3, 1825- - Thomas White, Sept. 18, 1826--Feb. 1, '28 - Charles Hersey, May 6, 1828--Apr. 19, '30 - Thomas Goodwin, May 25, 1830--June 25, '32 - John Wilson, July 25, '32--Oct. 16, '33 - Jabez Pratt, Nov. 22, 1833--Dec. 10, '34 - Samuel D. Steele, Dec. 26, 1834--Sept. 9, '36 - Daniel Cragin, Sept. 21, 1836--Feb. 19, '40 - Ephraim B. Richards, Mch. 12, 1840--May 8, '44 - Isaiah R. Johnson, Aug. 1, 1844--Dec. 26, '44 - Danforth White, Jan. 31, 1845--Nov. 19, '46 - Caleb Page, Jan. 6, 1847--Jan. 4, '50 - Jerome B. Piper, Feb. 5, '50--Feb. 13, '51 - William W. Bullock, Mch. 25, 1851--Mch. 29, '54 - John B. Whorf, May 10, 1854- - Joseph N. Pennock, July 2, 1856- - Walter Scott Sampson, Mch. 12, 1859--July, 1861 - Daniel G. Handy, Nov. 1, 1864--Nov. 6, '65 - James H. Baldwin, 1865-'66 - Riley W. Kenyon, 1866-'68 - Walter Scott Sampson, 1868-'69 - George H. Drew, 1869-'74 - Harry J. Jaquith, May to Oct., 1874 - Levi Hawkes, 1874-'79 - William E. Lloyd, 1879-'81 - Albert F. Fessenden, 1881-'83 - William L. Fox, 1883-'84 - Harrison G. Wells, 1884-'85 - Frank W. Dallinger, 1885-'92 - Walter E. Lombard, Jan. 23, 1893--Jan. 23, 1906 - Marshall Underwood, 1906 - Benjamin B. Shedd, June 17, '07--Feb. 3, '11 - Herbert E. Lombard, 1911 - Alonzo F. Woodside, June 12, '11-- - Henry S. Cushing, Feb. 10, 1913 - - -CAPTAINS OF SEVENTH COMPANY - - Henry J. Hallgreen, Apr. 3, 1865-'69 - John W. W. Marjoram, 1869-'74 - Theodore L. Harlow, 1874-'75 - Horace B. Clapp, 1875-'77 - William Downie, 1877-'78 - Horace B. Clapp, 1878-'79 - Louis H. Parkhurst, Jan. 18, 1879--Sept., 1879 - Samuel R. Field, 1879-'82 - Charles L. Hovey, 1882-'84 - J. Marion Moulton, 1884-'87 - Perlie A. Dyar, 1887-'91 - A. Glendon Dyar, 1891-'92 - Henry W. Atkins, Apr. 11, 1892--Feb. 19, '95 - Charles P. Nutter, Mch. 11, 1895--July 14, '99 - Charles F. Nostrom, Oct. 16, 1899--Mch. 15, '06 - Arthur E. Hall, 1906 - George M. King, Dec. 12, 1910--Feb. 9, '15 - Arthur W. Burton, Feb. 17, 1915 - - -CAPTAINS OF EIGHTH COMPANY - - George O. Fillebrown, 1865-'67 - William H. Hutchinson, 1867-'68 - Nathaniel H. Kemp, 1868-'71 - George F. Woodman, 1871-'72 - Nathaniel H. Kemp, 1872-'75 - A. Spaulding Weld, 1876-'80 - William J. Cambridge, 1880-'81 - John B. McKay, 1881-'84 - William W. Kellett, 1884-'85 - Frank H. Briggs, 1885-'90 - Charles Pfaff, Feb. 12, 1890--May 18, '93 - John P. Nowell, June 21, 1893- - John Bordman, Jr., Jan. 27, 1896--July 22, 1899 - E. Dwight Fullerton, Oct. 18, 1899,--Nov. 17, '02 - James H. Smyth, Nov. 12, 1902--'09 - Olin D. Dickerman, May 26, 1909--'14 - Horace J. Baum, Jan. 13, 1915 - - -CAPTAINS OF NINTH COMPANY - - William J. Briggs, Nov. 21, 1865--Nov. 25, '67 - William Watts, Dec. 13, 1867--Dec. 5, '70 - David B. Lincoln, Jan. 2, 1871--Dec. 24, '72 - Alfred B. Hodges, Jan. 13, 1873--Dec. 30, '78 - Henry C. Spence, Jan. 20, 1879--Jan. 15, '80 - George F. Williams, 2d, Jan. 26--May 27, 1880 - Alden H. Blake, June 7, 1880--Apr. 6, '83 - William C. Perry, Mch. 3, 1884--Jan. 4, '86 - George A. King, Jan. 11, 1886--Apr. 15, '89 - Norris O. Danforth, Sept. 16, 1889--Jan. 23, '06 - Alonzo K. Crowell, Feb. 12, 1906--Jan. 13, '14 - Frank A. D. Bullard, Jan. 26, 1914 - - -CAPTAINS OF TENTH COMPANY - - Samuel B. Hinckley, Sept. 20, 1869-'77 - Bradford Morse, 1877-'81 - James N. Keith, 1881-'84 - Nathan E. Leach, 1884-'88 - Charles Williamson, Mch. 19, 1888--July 26, '99 - George E. Horton, Aug. 18, 1899 - - -CAPTAINS OF ELEVENTH COMPANY - - Charles G. Burgess, July 19, 1872-'73 - Henry A. Thomas, 1873-'74 - Henry Parkinson, Jr., 1875-'83 - George E. Harrington, 1883-'84 - Henry Carstensen, 1884-'88 - Edward G. Tutein, 1888-'91 - Fred M. Whiting, Apr. 15, 1891 - James H. Smyth, Apr. 9, 1913--'14 - William D. Cottam, Mch. 11, 1914 - - -CAPTAINS OF TWELFTH COMPANY - - Sierra L. Braley, Dec. 18, 1878--'99 - David Fuller, Feb. 14, 1899-1909 - Frederick W. Harrison, 1910-'11 - Harry A. Skinner, Apr. 23, 1912--May 26, '16 - Thomas J. Clifford, June 6, 1916 - - - - -APPENDIX II - -BIBLIOGRAPHY - - - History of the First Regiment, by Warren H. Cudworth. - Boston: Walker, Fuller & Co., 1866. - The 1st Regiment Infantry M. V. M., 1861, by L. Edward Jenkins. - Boston: By the Commonwealth, 1903. - Memorial Service, The Honored Dead of the First Regiment, 1911. - Gen. Cowdin and the 1st Mass. Reg. - Boston: J. E. Farwell & Co., 1864. - The Hero of Medfield, Allen A. Kingsbury (in action July, '61, - killed at Yorktown, Apr. 26, '62). - Boston: 1862. - Boston Evening Journal, 1861-'65. - The Bivouac (files). - The Third Mass. Reg. in the War of the Rebellion, by John G. - Gammons. - Providence: 1906. - Massachusetts Minute Men of '61, by Charles C. Doten and others. - Boston: Smith & McCance, 1910. - The Story of the 13th Mass. Vols., by Charles E. Davis, Jr. - Boston: Estes & Lauriat, 1894. - Letters from Two Brothers (Freeman, Warren H. & Eugene H.). - Cambridge: 1871. - Circular--Address of Gen. J. A. Beaver, Boston, Nov. 21, 1889. - Circular--Services of Gen. George L. Hartsuff, Dec. 4, 1889. - Circular--Regiment's Departure from Boston, Dec. 4, 1890. - Circular--Regiment's Services July 29, '61--Mch. 1, '62, Mch. 1, - 1892. - The Twenty-Fourth Regiment, by Alfred S. Roe. - Worcester: 24th Vet. Assn., 1907. - Gen. Thomas Greely Stevenson--Biographical Memoir. - History of the Forty-second Regiment, by Charles P. Bosson. - Boston: 1886. - Reminiscences of Military Service in the Forty-third Regiment, by - Edward H. Rogers. - Boston: Rand, Avery & Co., 1883. - Sermon Preached before the Officers of the 43d Regiment, Boston, - Oct. 5, 1862, by Jacob M. Manning. - Boston: 1862. - Record of the 44th Mass. - Boston: privately printed 1887. - Bay State 44th, by DeForest Safford. - Boston: 1863. - Letters from the 44th Reg. M. V. M., by Zenos T. Haines. - Boston: Herald office, 1863. - The First Regiment Massachusetts Heavy Artillery, U. S. V., in the - Spanish-American War of 1898, by James A. Frye. - Boston: The Colonial Co., 1899. - The First Heavies, by Charles F. W. Archer. - New England Home Magazine, April 24, 1898. - A Memorial of Rev. Warren H. Cudworth, by his sister. - Boston: D. Lothrop & Co., 1884. - A Little Fifer's War Diary, by C. W. Bardeen. - Syracuse, N. Y.: 1910. - My First and Last Fights, by Leverett D. Holden. - Malden, Mass.: Samuel Tilden, 1914. - Regiments and Armories of Massachusetts, by James A. Frye and - others. Two volumes. - Boston: W. W. Potter Co., 1899, 1901. - Memorial History of Boston, Vol. III, Chap. IV, by Francis W. - Palfrey. - Boston: James R. Osgood & Co., 1881. - From Headquarters, by James A. Frye. - Boston: The Colonial Co. - Fables of Field and Staff, by James A. Frye. - Boston: The Colonial Co. - - * * * * * - - 1st Company. - In Vol. 2 of Mass. Regiments and Armories. - The Town of Roxbury, by Francis S. Drake, page 109. - Boston Municipal, 1905. - By-Laws and Articles of Agreement of Co. D, 1st Regt. of Infantry, - Feb. 8, 1880. - Boston: Press of Rockwell & Churchill, 1880. - - 2d Company. - Boston Lt. Inf. Constitution, May, 1798, revised and ratified - Jan., 1803. - Constitution of the Boston Lt. Inf., Adopted 1831. - Boston: J. T. Buckingham, 1835. - Constitution and By-Laws of the Boston Lt. Inf., 1853. - Boston: Sleeper & Rogers, 1853. - Constitution and By-Laws of the Boston Lt. Inf., 1857. - Boston: Charles H. Crosby, 1857. - Historical Sketch and By-Laws of the 2d Co., C. A. C. - Boston: 1917. - - 3d Company. - Constitution of the Independent Boston Fusiliers. - Boston: 1829. - Constitution and By-Laws of the Independent Boston Fusiliers. - Boston: Charles H. Crosby, Printer, 1864. - Constitution and By-Laws of the Fusilier Veteran Association. - Boston: 1894. - Id. 1903. - Constitution, By-Laws and Roster, 1913. - A Historical Sketch Fusilier Veteran Association, 1914. - Constitution, By-Laws and Roster, 1916. - - 4th Company. - Pulaski Guards, Rules and Regulations, Co. E, 2d Reg. - Boston: Wright & Potter, 1862. - Correspondence in Relation to Albert A. Farnham, Co. E. - Boston: Alfred Mudge & Son, 1864. - The Whalemen's Quickstep, composed by L. S. Knaebel (dedicated to - old New Bedford City Guards). - Boston: Henry Prentiss, 1842. - - 5th Company. - The Battle of Blackburn's Ford and First Bull's Run, by James R. - Gerrish. - Boston: 1861. - Dedication of Armory, Plymouth, Dec. 21, 1906, by Wm. T. Davis. - Plymouth. - - 6th Company. - Constitution of Columbian Artillery. - Boston: 1827. - The Grand Parada (containing historical sketch of Battery B in the - Spanish-American War, by Walter E. Lombard). - Cambridge: 1901. - - 7th Company. - Mass. Militia, 1st Reg. Inf., Co. C, Claflin Guards, Newton. - - 9th Company. - Historical Review and Roster. - Taunton, Mass.: 1916. - Dedication State Armory, Taunton, Mass., Jan. 26, 1917. - - 12th Company. - Historical Review and Roster. - Fall River, Mass.: 1915. - - The "Tiger" First Regiment. - Constitution of New England Guards. - Boston: Stebbins, 1813. - Constitution of New England Guards. - Boston: Mudge, 1858. - Semi-Centennial Anniversary of New England Guards. - Boston: Marvin, 1863. - New England Guards, Bostonian Society Publications, Vol. 4, by - James B. Gardner. - 1907. - Constitution of the City Guards. - Boston: Dutton & Wentworth, 1829. - Constitution of the Columbian Greys (late City Guards). - Boston: Beals & Greene, 1842. - Pavilion Quickstep, composed by Archer H. Townley (for Lt. R. M. - LeFavor, Boston City Greys). - Boston: 1844. - - - - -INDEX - - - Adams, John, 21, 23. - - Adams, John Q., 27, 35. - - Adams, Thomas, 9, 89. - - Albany, Fort, 62. - - Alexandria, 55. - - Allen, Nathaniel M., 72. - - Ancient & Honorable Artillery Company, 15, 26, 42, 61, 63, 72, 74, - 92, 100. - - Anderson's Plantation, 74. - - Andrews, Fort, 143. - - Armory, 6, 7, 8, 18, 91, 133. - - Arthur, Chester A., 130. - - Artillery, 4, 13, 18, 19, 32, 35, 40, 57, 62, 73, 132, 134, 135, - 141. - - - Baldwin, Clark B., 44, 48, 60, 68, 71, 72. - - Band, 14, 23, 67, 104, 109, 131. - - Bardeen, Charles W., 68, 78. - - Battle-flags, 6, 7, 8, 52, 55, 57, 107, 141. - - Blackburn's Ford, 9, 61. - - Bladensburg, 62, 76. - - Bowdoin, James, 10, 89. - - Budd's Ferry, 63, 64, 77. - - Bull Run, 9, 47, 50, 61, 82, 106. - - Burrell, Isaac S., 37, 43, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 59, 80, 81. - - Butler, Benjamin F., 46, 82, 121. - - - Cadets, First Corps, 64, 72, 90, 135. - - Camp, first, 35. - - Cass, Thomas, 40. - - Chancellorsville, 7, 60, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 77. - - Chantilly, 63. - - Chaplain, 3, 4, 75, 76, 77, 78, 131. - - Church of First Regiment, 78. - - Clark, James F., 8. - - Colonel, first, 28, 29, 34, 95, 114. - - Company letters, 10. - - Compulsory service, 14, 27, 72, 151. - - Constitution, Fort, 139, 140. - - Cowdin, Robert, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 57, 60, - 63, 68, 74, 77, 80, 101, 109. - - Cudworth, Warren H., 75, 76, 77, 78, 79. - - - Disbandment of 1838, 97. - - Distances, 75. - - Doherty, James, 72. - - Drill regulations, 18, 28, 43, 44, 94. - - - Eighth Company, 13, 18, 34, 41, 48, 52, 55, 59, 60, 64, 81, 127, - 135, 136, 139, 143, 147. - - Eleventh Company, 111, 127, 136, 143. - - Emancipation, 77, 116, 121. - - - Fair Oaks, 63, 66. - - Fifth Company, 37, 40, 42, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 81, - 87, 95, 97, 98, 102, 107, 114, 117, 122, 125, 127, 130, 136, - 139, 143, 144, 146. - - Fillmore, Millard, 38, 99. - - Fires, 83, 93, 110, 133, 134, 143, 146, 153. - - First Company, 8, 12, 13, 18, 19, 22, 26, 34, 37, 49, 51, 55, 56, - 60, 80, 84, 98, 127, 136, 139, 143, 153, 155. - - Fourth Company, 16, 22, 34, 37, 42, 49, 51, 55, 57, 59, 60, 72, 81, - 85, 102, 115, 116, 122, 127, 136, 143, 145, 153. - - Fredericksburg, 7, 61, 67, 68, 69, 77. - - - Galveston, 53. - - Garfield, James A., 129. - - Gettysburg, 7, 49, 70, 71, 72. - - Gilmore, Patrick S., 104, 109, 131. - - Glendale, 60, 63. - - Goldsboro, 108, 124. - - Gragg, Isaac P., 62, 147. - - Grant, U. S., 73, 74, 82, 85, 130, 132. - - Greble, Fort, 140. - - - Hancock, John, 8, 10, 20, 89. - - Harrison, William H., 31. - - Holbrook, Charles L., 39, 100, 105. - - Hooker, Joseph, 62, 69, 141, 147. - - - Inauguration, 5, 144, 146. - - Independence, Fort, 25, 49, 104. - - Inspector Instructor, 134, 145. - - - Jackson, Andrew, 27, 95. - - Jackson, Thomas J. ("Stonewall"), 69. - - John Brown's Body, 105, 108, 156. - - Johnson, Andrew, 82, 96. - - - Kinston, 108, 124. - - - Lafayette, General, 13, 15, 27. - - Legion, 21, 91, 92, 102. - - Lincoln, Abraham, 46. - - Lincoln, Benjamin, 17, 18. - - Lombard, Walter E., 74, 110, 136, 145. - - Losses, 58, 71, 75. - - - McClary, Fort, 139. - - McClellan, George B., 64, 66, 76. - - McKinley, Fort, 141. - - McLoughlin, Napoleon B., 68. - - Madison, James, 26. - - March of the First, 3, 131, 136, 156. - - Monroe, Fort, 108, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122. - - Motto, 13, 56, 89, 90, 107, 154. - - - Ninth Company, 37, 40, 51, 55, 59, 60, 81, 100, 101, 103, 124, 125, - 127, 136, 143. - - Norfolk, 120. - - - Peninsula, 31, 36, 44, 60, 61, 63, 67, 76, 122. - - Pfaff, Charles, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141. - - Pickering, Fort, 139. - - Polk, James K., 35. - - Poore, Ben Perley, 99, 100. - - Privileges, 19. - - - Richmond, Silas P., 116, 118, 123. - - Rifle practice, 84, 94. - - Riot, 30, 38, 39, 41, 82, 93, 100, 110, 125, 132, 143, 146, 153, - 156. - - Rodman, Fort, 57, 138, 140. - - Roosevelt, Theodore, 144. - - - Sampson, Walter S., 44, 109. - - Savage's Station, 66. - - Scott, Winfield, 7. - - Second Company, 9, 21, 42, 51, 54, 55, 59, 60, 80, 90, 94, 95, 97, - 100, 102, 105, 106, 108, 127, 133, 136, 139, 143, 151, 153, - 155. - - Seven Pines, 63, 65. - - Seventh Company, 9, 23, 34, 41, 47, 49, 50, 55, 59, 60, 81, 82, 87, - 110, 127, 136, 139, 143, 155. - - Sewall, Fort, 139. - - Shays, Daniel, 17. - - Sheridan, Philip H., 82, 131. - - Sherman, William T., 86. - - Sickles, Daniel E., 69, 71. - - Sixth Company, 22, 34, 40, 44, 51, 54, 55, 60, 81, 101, 109, 110, - 127, 132, 136, 139, 143, 145, 150. - - Soul of the Soldiery, 23, 92. - - Spooner, John Jones, 8, 12. - - Spotsylvania, 7, 60, 63, 67, 73, 104. - - Stage Fort, 139. - - Stevenson, Thomas G., 104. - - Strong, Fort, 25, 93, 143. - - - Taft, William H., 144. - - Taylor, Zachary, 37. - - Tenth Company, 52, 55, 60, 64, 72, 81, 87, 125, 127, 136, 143. - - Third Company, 9, 21, 37, 42, 51, 53, 54, 55, 60, 80, 87, 89, 90, - 93, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 116, 122, 124, 127, 130, 136, 143, - 153, 155. - - Thompson, Asa, 112. - - Train-band, 14, 21, 26, 30, 92, 98, 112, 113. - - Twelfth Company, 85, 127, 136, 143, 145. - - Tyler, John, 32, 65. - - - Uniform, 18, 27, 33, 36, 37, 61, 82, 90, 95, 111, 118, 128, 135, - 140, 143. - - - Veterans, 154. - - - Wardrop, David W., 110, 116, 117. - - Warren, Fort, 25, 105, 108, 132, 134, 137, 138, 143, 154. - - Washington, George, 9, 20, 21, 64, 65, 77, 90. - - Wayne, Anthony, 64. - - Webster, Daniel, 32, 35, 38, 113, 130. - - Webster, Col. Fletcher, 106. - - Wellington, Austin C., 110, 129, 132. - - Whitehall, 108, 124. - - Wilderness, 67, 70, 73. - - Williamsburg, 9, 63, 65, 77. - - Wilson, Henry, 46, 86. - - Wilson, Woodrow, 146. - - Wool, Gen. John E., 43, 117. - - - Yorktown, 9, 63, 64, 76. - - - * * * * * - - -Transcriber's Note: - -Punctuation has been standardised. - -The following changes were made to the original text: - - Page 24: mammouth changed to mammoth - (her mammoth resources in dealing) - Page 35: added missing 'the' - (disbanding for the good of) - Page 110: miltary changed to military - (concerning military matters) - Page 154: deleted repeated word 'the' - (was the first long-term) - Page 164: Ebenzer changed to Ebenezer - (Ebenezer W. Stone, Jr.,) - Page 180: Zachery changed to Zachary - (Taylor, Zachary, 37.) - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Old First Massachusetts Coast -Artillery in War and Peace, by Frederick Morse Cutler - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD FIRST MASS. 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