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D.W.] + + + + + +THE MAY-FLOWER AND HER LOG + +July 15, 1620--May 6, 1621 +Chiefly from Original Sources + +By AZEL AMES, M.D. +Member of Pilgrim Society, etc. + + + +BOOK 4. + + +CHAPTER VI + +THE MAY-FLOWER'S PASSENGERS + +The passenger list of the SPEEDWELL has given us the names of the Leyden +members of the company which, with the cooperation of the associated +Merchant Adventurers, was, in the summer of 1620, about to emigrate to +America. + +Though it is not possible, with present knowledge, positively to +determine every one of those who were passengers in the MAY-FLOWER from +London to Southampton, most of them can be named with certainty. + +Arranged for convenience, so far as possible, by families, they were:-- + +Master Robert Cushman, the London agent of the Leyden company, + Mrs. Mary (Clarke)-Singleton Cushman, 2d wife, + Thomas Cushman, son (by 1st wife). + +Master Christopher Martin, treasurer-agent of the colonists, + Mrs. Martin, wife, + Solomon Prower, "servant," + John Langemore, "servant." + +Master Richard Warren. + +Master William Mullens, + Mrs. Alice Mullens, wife, + Joseph Mullens, 2d son, + Priscilla Mullens, 2d daughter, + Robert Carter, "servant." + +Master Stephen Hopkins, + Mrs. Elizabeth (Fisher?) Hopkins, 2d wife, + Giles Hopkins, son (by former wife), + Constance Hopkins, daughter (by former wife), + Damaris Hopkins, daughter, + Edward Dotey, "servant," + Edward Leister, "servant." + +Gilbert Winslow. + +James Chilton, + Mrs. Susanna (2) Chilton, wife, + Mary Chilton, daughter. + +Richard Gardiner. + +John Billington, + Mrs. Eleanor (or Helen) Billington, wife, + John Billington (Jr.), son, + Francis Billington, son. + +William Latham, "servant-boy" to Deacon Carver. + +Jasper More, "bound-boy" to Deacon Carver. + +Ellen More, "little bound girl" to Master Edward Winslow. + +Richard More, "bound-boy" to Elder Brewster. +------- More, "bound-boy" to Elder Brewster. + + +There is a possibility that Thomas Rogers and his son, Joseph, who are +usually accredited to the Leyden company, were of the London contingent, +and sailed from there, though this is contra-indicated by certain +collateral data. + +It is possible, also, of course, that any one or more of the English +colonists (with a few exceptions--such as Cushman and family, Mullens and +family, the More children and others--known to have left London on the +MAY-FLOWER) might have joined her (as did Carver and Alden, perhaps +Martin and family) at Southampton, but the strong presumption is that +most of the English passengers joined the ship at London. + +It is just possible, too, that the seamen, Alderton (or Allerton), +English, Trevore, and Ely, were hired in London and were on board the +MAY-FLOWER when she left that port, though they might have been employed +and joined the ship at either Southampton, Dartmouth, or Plymouth. +It is strongly probable, however, that they were part, if not all, hired +in Holland, and came over to Southampton in the pinnace. + +Robert Cushman--the London agent (for more than three years) of the + Leyden congregation, and, in spite of the wickedly unjust criticism + of Robinson and others, incompetent to judge his acts, their brave, + sagacious, and faithful servant--properly heads the list. + + Bradford says: "Where they find the bigger ship come from London, + Mr. Jones, Master, with the rest of the company who had been waiting + there with Mr. Cushman seven days." Deacon Carver, probably from + being on shore, was not here named. In a note appended to the + memoir of Robert Cushman (prefatory to his Discourse delivered at + Plymouth, New England, on "The Sin and Danger of Self-Love") it is + stated in terms as follows: "The fact is, that Mr. Cushman procured + the larger vessel, the MAY-FLOWER, and its pilot, at London, and + left in that vessel." The statement--though published long after the + events of which it treats and by other than Mr. Cushman--we know to + be substantially correct, and the presumption is that the writer, + whoever he may have been, knew also. + + Sailing with his wife and son (it is not probable that he had any + other living child at the time), in full expectation that it was for + Virginia, he encountered so much of ungrateful and abusive + treatment, after the brethren met at Southampton,--especially at the + hands of the insufferable Martin, who, without merit and with a most + reprehensible record (as it proved), was chosen over him as + "governor" of the ship,--that he was doubtless glad to return from + Plymouth when the SPEEDWELL broke down. He and his family appear, + therefore, as "MAY-FLOWER passengers," only between London and + Plymouth during the vexatious attendance upon the scoundrelly Master + of the SPEEDWELL, in his "doublings" in the English Channel. His + Dartmouth letter to Edward Southworth, one of the most valuable + contributions to the early literature of the Pilgrims extant, + clearly demonstrates that he was suffering severely from dyspepsia + and deeply wounded feelings. The course of events was his complete + vindication, and impartial history to-day pronounces him second to + none in his service to the Pilgrims and their undertaking. His + first wife is shown by Leyden records to have been Sarah Reder, and + his second marriage to have occurred May 19/June 3, 1617, [sic] + about the time he first went to England in behalf of the Leyden + congregation. + +Mrs. Mary (Clarke)-Singleton Cushman appears only as a passenger of the + MAY-FLOWER on her channel voyage, as she returned with her husband + and son from Plymouth, England, in the SPEEDWELL. + +Thomas Cushman, it is quite clear, must have been a son by a former wife, + as he would have been but a babe, if the son of the latest wife, + when he went to New England with his father, in the FORTUNE, to + remain. Goodwin and others give his age as fourteen at this time, + and his age at death is their warrant. Robert Cushman died in 1625, + but a "Mary, wife [widow?] of Robert Cushman, and their son, + Thomas," seem to have been remembered in the will of Ellen Bigge, + widow, of Cranbrooke, England, proved February 12, 1638 + (Archdeaconry, Canterbury, vol. lxx. leaf 482). The will intimates + that the "Thomas" named was "under age" when the bequest was made. + If this is unmistakably so (though there is room for doubt), then + this was not the Thomas of the Pilgrims. Otherwise the evidence is + convincing. + +Master Christopher Martin, who was made, Bradford informs us, the + treasurer-agent of the Planter Company, Presumably about the time of + the original conclusions between the Adventurers and the Planters, + seems to have been appointed such, as Bradford states, not because + he was needed, but to give the English contingent of the Planter + body representation in the management, and to allay thereby any + suspicion or jealousy. He was, if we are to judge by the evidence + in hand concerning his contention and that of his family with the + Archdeacon, the strong testimony that Cushman bears against him in + his Dartmouth letter of August 17, and the fact that there seems to + have been early dissatisfaction with him as "governor" on the ship, + a very self-sufficient, somewhat arrogant, and decidedly contentious + individual. His selection as treasurer seems to have been very + unfortunate, as Bradford indicates that his accounts were in + unsatisfactory shape, and that he had no means of his own, while his + rather surprising selection for the office of "governor" of the + larger ship, after the unpleasant experience with him as treasurer- + agent, is difficult to account for, except that he was evidently an + active opponent of Cushman, and the latter was just then in disfavor + with the colonists. He was evidently a man in the prime of life, an + "Independent" who had the courage of his convictions if little + discretion, and much of that energy and self-reliance which, + properly restrained, are excellent elements for a colonist. Very + little beside the fact that he came from Essex is known of him, and + nothing of his wife. He has further mention hereafter. + +Solomon Prower is clearly shown by the complaint made against him by the + Archdeacon of Chelmsford, the March before he sailed on the MAY- + FLOWER, to have been quite a youth, a firm "Separatist," and + something more than an ordinary "servant." He seems to have been + summoned before the Archdeacon at the same time with young Martin (a + son of Christopher), and this fact suggests some nearer relation + than that of "servant." He is sometimes spoken of as Martin's + "son," by what warrant does not appear, but the fact suggests that + he may have been a step-son. Bradford, in recording his death, + says: "Dec. 24, this day dies Solomon Martin." This could, of + course, have been none other than Solomon Prower. Dr. Young, in his + "Chronicles," speaking of Martin, says, "he brought his wife and two + children." If this means Martin's children, it is evidently an + error. It may refer to age only. His case is puzzling, for + Bradford makes him both "servant" and "son." If of sufficient age + and account to be cited before the Archdeacon for discipline, it + seems strange that he should not have signed the "Compact." Even if + a "servant" this would seem to have been no bar, as Dotey and + Leister were certainly such, yet signers. The indications are that + he was but a well-grown lad, and that his youth, or severe illness, + and not his station, accounts for the absence of his signature. If + a young foster-son or kinsman of Martin, as seems most likely, then + Martin's signature was sufficient, as in the cases of fathers for + their sons; if really a "ser vant" then too young (like Latham and + Hooke) to be called upon, as were Dotey and Leister. + +John Langemore; there is nothing (save the errors of Dr. Young) to + indicate that he was other than a "servant." + +Richard Warren was probably from Kent or Essex. Surprisingly little is + known of his antecedents, former occupation, etc. + +William Mullens and his family were, as shown, from Dorking in Surrey, + and their home was therefore close to London, whence they sailed, + beyond doubt, in the MAY-FLOWER. The discovery at Somerset House, + London, by Mr. Henry F. Waters, of Salem, Massachusetts; of what is + evidently the nuncupative will of William Mullens, proves an + important one in many particulars, only one of which need be + referred to in this connection, but all of which will receive due + consideration. It conclusively shows Mr. Mullens not to have been + of the Leyden congregation, as has sometimes been claimed, but that + he was a well-to-do tradesman of Dorking in Surrey, adjacent to + London. It renders it certain, too, that he had been some time + resident there, and had both a married daughter and a son (William), + doubtless living there, which effectually overthrows the "imaginary + history" of Baird, and of that pretty story, "Standish of Standish," + whereby the Mullens (or Molines) family are given French (Huguenot) + antecedents and the daughter is endowed with numerous airs, graces, + and accomplishments, professedly French. + + Dr. Griffis, in his delightful little narrative, "The Pilgrims in + their Three Homes, England, Holland, America," cites the name + "Mullins" as a Dutch distortion of Molines or Molineaux. Without + questioning that such it might be,--for the Dutch scribes were + gifted in remarkable distortions of simple names, even of their own + people,--they evidently had no hand in thus maltreating the patronym + of William Mullens (or Mullins) of the Pilgrims, for not only is + evidence entirely wanting to show that he was ever a Leyden citizen, + though made such by the fertile fiction of Mrs. Austin, but Governor + Carver, who knew him well, wrote it in his will "Mullens," while two + English probate functionaries of his own home-counties wrote it + respectively "Mullens" and "Mullins." + + Dr. Grifs speaks of "the Mullens family" as evidently [sic] of + Huguenot or Walloon birth or descent, but in doing so probably knew + no other authority than Mrs. Austin's little novel, or (possibly) + Dr. Baird's misstatements. + + A writer in the "New England Historic-Genealogical Register," vol. + xlvii, p. 90, states, that "Mrs. Jane G. Austin found her authority + for saying that Priscilla Mullens was of a Huguenot family, in Dr. + Baird's 'History of Huguenot Emigration to America,' vol. i. + p. 158," etc., referring to Rev. Charles W. Baird, D. D., New York. + The reference given is a notable specimen of very bad historical + work. Of Dr. Baird, one has a right to expect better things, and + the positiveness of his reckless assertion might well mislead those + not wholly familiar with the facts involved, as it evidently has + more than one. He states, without qualification or reservation, + that "among the passengers in the SPEEDWELL were several of the + French who had decided to cast in their lot with these English + brethren. William Molines and his daughter Priscilla, afterwards + the wife of John Alden and Philip Delanoy, born in Leyden of French + parents, were of the number." One stands confounded by such a + combination of unwarranted errors. Not only is it not true that + there "were several of the French among the passengers in the + SPEEDWELL," but there is no evidence whatever that there was even + one. Those specifically named as there, certainly were not, and + there is not the remotest proof or reason to believe, that William + Mullens (or Molines) and his daughter Priscilla (to say nothing of + the wife and son who accompanied him to America, whom Baird forgets) + ever even saw Leyden or Delfshaven. Their home had been at Dorking + in Surrey, just across the river from London, whence the MAY-FLOWER + sailed for New England, and nothing could be more absurd than to + assume that they were passengers on the SPEEDWELL from Delfshaven to + Southampton. + + So far from Philip Delanoy (De La Noye or Delano) being a passenger + on the SPEEDWELL, he was not even one of the Pilgrim company, did + not go to New England till the following year (in the FORTUNE), and + of course had no relation to the SPEEDWELL. Neither does Edward + Winslow--the only authority for the parentage of "Delanoy"--state + that "he was born in Leyden," as Baird alleges, but only that "he + was born of French parents . . . and came to us from Leyden to + New Plymouth,"--an essential variance in several important + particulars. Scores and perhaps hundreds of people have been led to + believe Priscilla Mullens a French Protestant of the Leyden + congregation, and themselves--as her descendants--"of Huguenot + stock," because of these absolutely groundless assertions of Dr. + Baird. They lent themselves readily to Mrs. Austin's fertile + imagination and facile pen, and as "welcome lies" acquired a hold on + the public mind, from which even the demonstrated truth will never + wholly dislodge them. The comment of the intelligent writer in the + "Historic-Genealogical Register" referred to is proof of this. So + fast-rooted had these assertions become in her thought as the truth, + that, confronted with the evidence that Master Mullens and his + family were from Dorking in England, it does not occur to her to + doubt the correctness of the impression which the recklessness of + Baird had created,--that they were of Leyden,--and she hence + amusingly suggests that "they must have moved from Leyden to + Dorking." These careless utterances of one who is especially bound + by his position, both as a writer and as a teacher of morals, to be + jealous for the truth, might be partly condoned as attributable to + mistake or haste, except for the facts that they seem to have been + the fountain-head of an ever-widening stream of serious error, and + that they are preceded on the very page that bears them by others as + to the Pilgrim exodus equally unhappy. It seems proper to suggest + that it is high time that all lovers of reliable history should + stand firmly together against the flood of loose statement which is + deluging the public; brand the false wherever found; and call for + proof from of all new and important historical propositions put + forth. + +Stephen Hopkins may possibly have had more than one wife before + Elizabeth, who accompanied him to New England and was mother of the + sea-born son Oceanus. Hopkins's will indicates his affection for + this latest wife, in unusual degree for wills of that day. With + singular carelessness, both of the writer and his proof-reader, Hon. + William T. Davis states that Damaris Hopkins was born "after the + arrival" in New England. The contrary is, of course, a well + established fact. Mr. Davis was probably led into this error by + following Bradford's "summary" as affecting the Hopkins family. He + states therein that Hopkins "had one son, who became a seaman and + died at Barbadoes probably Caleb, and four daugh ters born here." + To make up these "four" daughters "born here" Davis found it + necessary to include Damaris, unmindful that Bradford names her in + his list of MAY-FLOWER passengers. It is evident, either that + Bradford made a mistake in the number, or that there was some + daughter who died in infancy. It is evident that Dotey and Leister, + the "servants" of Hopkins, were of English origin and accompanied + their master from London. + +Gilbert Winslow was a brother of Edward Winslow, a young man, said to + have been a carpenter, who returned to England after "divers years" + in New England. There is a possibility that he was at Leyden and + was a passenger on the SPEEDWELL. It has been suggested that he + spent the greater part of the time he was in New England, outside of + the Pilgrim Colony. He took no part in its affairs. + +James Chilton and his family are but little known to Pilgrim writers, + except the daughter Mary, who came into notice principally through + her marriage with John Winslow, another brother of Governor Edward, + who came over later. Their name has assumed a singular prominence + in popular regard, altogether disproportionate to either their + personal characteristics, station, or the importance of their early + descendants. Some unaccountable glamour of romance, without any + substantial foundation, is probably responsible for it. They left a + married daughter behind them in England, which is the only hint we + have as to their home just prior to the embarkation. There has been + a disposition, not well grounded, to regard them as of Leyden. + +Richard Gardiner, Goodwin unequivocally places with the English colonists + (but on what authority does not fully appear), and he has been + claimed, but without any better warrant, for the Leyden list. + +John Billington and his family were unmistakably of the English + colonists. Mrs. Billington's name has been variously given, + e.g. Helen, Ellen, and Eleanor, and the same writer has used them + interchangeably. One writer has made the inexcusable error of + stating that "the younger son, Francis, was born after the arrival + at New Plymouth," but his own affidavit shows him to have been born + in 1606. + +William Latham, a "servant-boy" of Deacon Carver, has always been of + doubtful relation, some circumstances indicating that he was of + Leyden and hence was a SPEEDWELL passenger, but others--and these + the more significant--rendering it probable that he was an English + boy, who was obtained in London (like the More children) and + apprenticed to Carver, in which case he probably came in the MAY- + FLOWER from London, though he may have awaited her coming with his + master at Southampton, in which case he probably originally embarked + there, with him, on the SPEEDWELL, and was transferred with him, at + Plymouth, to the MAY-FLOWER. There is, of course, also still the + possibility that he came with Carver's family from Leyden. Governor + Carver's early death necessarily changed his status somewhat, and + Plymouth early records do not give much beyond suggestion as to what + the change was; but all indications confirm the opinion that he was + a poor boy--very likely of London or vicinity--taken by Carver as + his "servant." + +The More children, Jasper, Richard, their brother (whose given name has + never transpired), and Ellen, their sister, invite more than passing + mention. The belief has always been current and confident among + students of Pilgrim history that these More children, four in + number, "put" or "indentured" to three of the Leyden leaders, were + probably orphaned children of some family of the Leyden + congregation, and were so "bound" to give them a chance in the new + colony, in return for such services as they could render to those + they accompanied. If thus of the Leyden contingent they would, + of course, be enumerated as passengers in the SPEEDWELL from + Delfshaven, but if of the English contingent they should probably be + borne on the list of passengers sailing from London in the MAY- + FLOWER, certainly should be reckoned as part of the English + contingent on the MAY-FLOWER at Southampton. An affidavit of + Richard More, perhaps the eldest of these children, indentured to + Elder Brewster, dated in 1684., found in "Proceedings of the + Provincial Court, Maryland Archives, vol. xiv. ('New England + Historic-Genealogical Register,' vol 1. p. 203 )," affirms the + deponent to be then "seaventy years or thereabouts" of age, which + would have made him some six years of age, "or thereabouts," in + 1620. He deposes "that being in London at the house of Mr. Thomas + Weston, Iron monger, in the year 1620, he was from there transported + to New Plymouth in New England," etc. This clearly identifies + Richard More of the MAY FLOWER, and renders it well-nigh certain + that he and his brothers and sister, "bound out" like himself to + Pilgrim leaders, were of the English company, were probably never in + Leyden or on the SPEEDWELL, and were very surely passengers on the + MAY-FLOWER from London, in charge of Mr. Cushman or others. The + fact that the lad was in London, and went from thence direct to New + England, is good evidence that he was not of the Leyden party. The + fair presump tion is that his brothers and sister were, like + himself, of English birth, and humble--perhaps deceased--parents, + taken because of their orphaned condition. It is highly improbable + that they would be taken from London to Southampton by land, at the + large expense of land travel in those days, when the MAY-FLOWER was + to sail from London. That they would accompany their respective + masters to their respectively assigned ships at Southampton is + altogether likely. The phraseology of his affidavit suggests the + probability that Richard More, his brothers, and sister were brought + to Mr. Weston's house, to be by him sent aboard the MAY-FLOWER, + about to sail. The affidavit is almost conclusive evidence as to + the fact that the More children were all of the English colonists' + party, though apprenticed to Leyden families, and belonged to the + London passenger list of the Pilgrim ship. The researches of Dr. + Neill among the MS. "minutes" and "transactions" of the (London) + Virginia Company show germanely that, on November 17, 1619, "the + treasurer, council, and company" of this Virginia Company addressed + Sir William Cockaine, Knight, Lord Mayor of the city of London, and + the right worthys the aldermen, his brethren, and the worthys the + common council of the city," and returning thanks for the benefits + conferred, in furnishing out one hundred children this last year + for "the plantation in Virginia" (from what Neill calls the + "homeless boys and girls of London"), states, that, "forasmuch as we + have now resolved to send this next spring [1620] very large + supplies," etc., "we pray your Lordship and the rest . . . to + renew the like favors, and furnish us again with one hundred more + for the next spring. Our desire is that we may have them of twelve + years old and upward, with allowance of L3 apiece for their trans + portation, and 40s. apiece for their apparel, as was formerly + granted. They shall be apprenticed; the boys till they come to 21 + years of age, the girls till like age or till they be married," etc. + A letter of Sir Edwin Sandys (dated January 28, 1620) to Sir Robert + Naunton shows that "The city of London have appointed one hundred + children from the superfluous multitude to be transported to + Virginia, there to be bound apprentices upon very beneficial + conditions." In view of the facts that these More children--and + perhaps others--were "apprenticed" or "bound" to the Pilgrims + (Carver, Winslow, Brewster, etc.), and that there must have been + some one to make the indentures, it seems strongly probable that + these four children of one family,--as Bradford shows, --very likely + orphaned, were among those designated by the city of London for the + benefit of the (London) Virginia Company in the spring of 1620. + They seem to have been waifs caught up in the westward-setting + current, but only Richard survived the first winter. Bradford, + writing in 1650, states of Richard More that his brothers and sister + died, "but he is married [1636] and hath 4 or 5 children." William + T. Davis, in his "Ancient Landmarks of Plymouth" (p. 24), states, + and Arber copies him, that "he was afterwards called Mann; and died + at Scituate, New England, in 1656." The researches of Mr. George E. + Bowman, the able Secretary of the Massachusetts Society of MAY- + FLOWER Descendants, some time since disproved this error, but Mores + affidavit quoted conclusively determines the matter. + +The possible accessions to the company, at London or Southampton, of +Henry Sampson and Humility Cooper, cousins of Edward Tilley and wife, +would be added to the passengers of the pinnace rather than to the MAY- +FLOWER'S, if, as seems probable, their relatives were of the SPEEDWELL. +If Edward Tilley and his wife were assigned to the MAY FLOWER, room would +doubtless also be found for these cousins on the ship. John Alden, the +only positively known addition (except Carver) made to the list at +Southampton, was, from the nature of his engagement as "cooper," quite +likely assigned to the larger ship. There are no known hints as to the +assignments of passengers to the respective vessels at Southampton--then +supposed to be final--beyond the remarks of Bradford that "the chief +[principal ones] of them that came from Leyden went on this ship [the +SPEEDWELL] to give the Master content," and his further minute, that +"Master Martin was governour in the biger ship and Master Cushman +assistante." It is very certain that Deacon Carver, one of the four +agents of the colonists, who had "fitted out" the voyage in England, was +a passenger in the SPEEDWELL from Southampton,--as the above mentioned +remark of Bradford would suggest,--and was made "governour" of her +passengers, as he later was of the whole company, on the MAY-FLOWER. +It has sometimes been queried whether, in the interim between the arrival +of the SPEEDWELL at Southampton and the assignment of the colonists to +their respective ships (especially as both vessels were taking in and +transferring cargo), the passengers remained on board or were quartered +on shore. The same query has arisen, with even better reason, as to the +passengers of the SPEEDWELL during the stay at Dartmouth, when the +consort was being carefully overhauled to find her leaks, the suggestion +being made that in this case some of them might have found accommodation +on board the larger ship. The question may be fairly considered as +settled negatively, from the facts that the colonists, with few +exceptions, were unable to bear such extra expense themselves; the funds +of the Adventurers--if any were on hand, which appears doubtful--were not +available for the purpose; while the evidence of some of the early +writers renders it very certain that the Leyden party were not released +from residence on shipboard from the time they embarked on the SPEEDWELL +at Delfshaven till the final landing in the harbor of New Plimoth. Just +who of the Leyden chiefs caused themselves to be assigned to the smaller +vessel, to encourage its cowardly Master, cannot be definitely known. +It may be confidently assumed, however, that Dr. Samuel Fuller, the +physician of the colonists, was transferred to the MAY-FLOWER, upon which +were embarked three fourths of the entire company, including most of the +women and children, with some of whom, it was evident, his services would +be certainly in demand. There is little doubt that the good Elder +(William Brewster) was also transferred to the larger ship at +Southampton, while it would not be a very wild guess--in the light of +Bradford's statement--to place Carver, Winslow, Bradford, Standish, +Cooke, Howland, and Edward Tilley, and their families, among the +passengers on the consort. Just how many passengers each vessel carried +when they sailed from Southampton will probably never be positively +known. Approximately, it may be said, on the authority of such +contemporaneous evidence as is available, and such calculations as are +possible from the data we have, that the SPEEDWELL had thirty (30), and +the MAY-FLOWER her proportionate number, ninety (90)--a total of one +hundred and twenty (120). + +Captain John Smith says, + + [Smith, New England's Trials, ed. 1622, London, p. 259. It is a + singular error of the celebrated navigator that he makes the ships + to have, in less than a day's sail, got outside of Plymouth, as he + indicates by his words, "the next day," and "forced their return to + Plymouth." He evidently intends to speak only in general terms, as + he entirely omits the (first) return to Dartmouth, and numbers the + passengers on the MAY-FLOWER, on her final departure, at but "one + hundred." He also says they "discharged twenty passengers."] + +apparently without pretending to be exact, "They left the coast of +England the 23 of August, with about 120 persons, but the next day [sic] +the lesser ship sprung a leak that forced their return to Plymouth; where +discharging her [the ship] and twenty passengers, with the great ship and +a hundred persons, besides sailors, they set sail again on the 6th of +September." + + [Dr. Ames, so stringent in his requirements of other authors, for + example Jane Austin, has to this point been pathetically naive as to + the opinions of Captain John Smith. Captain Smith's self-serving + and very subjective narratives of his own voyages obtained for him + the very derogatory judgement by his contemporaries. One of the + best reviews of John Smith's life may be found in a small book on + this adventurer by Charles Dudley Warner. D.W.] + +If the number one hundred and twenty (120) is correct, and the +distribution suggested is also exact, viz. thirty (30) to the SPEEDWELL +and ninety (90) to the MAY-FLOWER, it is clear that there must have been +more than twelve (the number usually named) who went from the consort to +the larger ship, when the pinnace was abandoned. We know that at least +Robert Cushman and his family (wife and son), who were on the MAY-FLOWER, +were among the number who returned to London upon the SPEEDWELL (and the +language of Thomas Blossom in his letter to Governor Bradford, else where +quoted, indicates that he and his son were also there), so that if the +ship's number was ninety (90), and three or more were withdrawn, it would +require fifteen (15) or more to make the number up to one hundred and two +(102), the number of passengers we know the MAY-FLOWER had when she took +her final departure. It is not likely we shall ever be able to determine +exactly the names or number of those transferred to the MAY-FLOWER from +the consort, or the number or names of all those who went back to London +from either vessel. Several of the former and a few of the latter are +known, but we must (except for some fortunate discovery) rest content +with a very accurate knowledge of the passenger list of the MAY-FLOWER +when she left Plymouth (England), and of the changes which occurred in it +afterward; and a partial knowledge of the ship's own complement of +officers and men. + +Goodwin says: "The returning ones were probably of those who joined in +England, and had not yet acquired the Pilgrim spirit." Unhappily this +view is not sustained by the relations of those of the number who are +known. Robert Cushman and his family (3 persons), Thomas Blossom and his +son (2 persons), and William Ring (1 person), a total of six, or just one +third of the putative eighteen who went back, all belonged to the Leyden +congregation, and were far from lacking "the Pilgrim spirit." Cushman +was both ill and heart-sore from fatigue, disappointment, and bad +treatment; Ring was very ill, according to Cushman's Dartmouth letter; +but the motives governing Blossom and his son do not appear, unless the +comparatively early death of the son--after which his father went to New +England--furnishes a clue thereto. Bradford says: "Those that went back +were, for the most part, such as were willing to do so, either out of +some discontent, or fear they conceived of the ill success of the Voyage, +seeing so many crosses befallen and the year time so far spent. But +others, in regard of their own weakness and the charge of many young +children, were thought [by the Managers] least useful and most unfit to +bear the brunt of this hard adventure." It is evident from the above +that, while the return of most was from choice, some were sent back by +those in authority, as unfit for the undertaking, and that of these some +had "many young chil dren." There are said to have been eighteen who +returned on the SPEEDWELL to London. We know who six of them were, +leaving twelve, or two thirds, unknown. Whether these twelve were in +part from Leyden, and were part English, we shall probably never know. +If any of them were from Holland, then the number of those who left +Delfshaven on the SPEEDWELL is increased by so many. If any were of the +English contingent, and probably the most were,--then the passenger list +of the MAY-FLOWER from London to Southampton was probably, by so many, +the larger. It is evident, from Bradford's remark, that, among the +twelve unknown, were some who, from "their own weakness and charge of +many young children, were thought least useful and most unfit," etc. +From this it is clear that at least one family was included which had a +number of young children, the parents' "own weakness" being recognized. +A father, mother, and four children (in view of the term "many") would +seem a reasonable surmise, and would make six, or another third of the +whole number. The probability that the unknown two thirds were chiefly +from England, rather than Holland, is increased by observation of the +evident care with which, as a rule, those from the Leyden congregation +were picked, as to strength and fitness, and also by the fact that their +Leyden homes were broken up. Winslow remarks, "the youngest and +strongest part were to go," and an analysis of the list shows that those +selected were mostly such. Bradford, in stating that Martin was "from +Billericay in Essex," says, "from which part came sundry others." It is +quite possible that some of the unknown twelve who returned were from +this locality, as none of those who went on the MAY-FLOWER are understood +to have hailed from there, beside the Martins. + +All the colonists still intending to go to America were now gathered in +one vessel. Whatever previous disposition of them had been made, or +whatever relations they might have had in the disjointed record of the +exodus, were ephemeral, and are now lost sight of in the enduring +interest which attaches to their final and successful "going forth" as +MAY-FLOWER Pilgrims. + +Bradford informs us--as already noted--that, just before the departure +from Southampton, having "ordered and distributed their company for +either ship, as they conceived for the best," they "chose a Governor and +two or three assistants for each ship, to order the people by the way, +and see to the disposing of the provisions, and such like affairs. All +which was not only with the liking of the Masters of the ships, but +according to their desires." We have seen that under this arrangement-- +the wisdom and necessity of which are obvious--Martin was made "Governor" +on the "biger ship" and Cushman his "assistante." Although we find no +mention of the fact, it is rendered certain by the record which Bradford +makes of the action of the Pilgrim company on December 11, 1620, at Cape +Cod,--when they "confirmed" Deacon John Carver as "Governor,"--that he +was and had been such, over the colonist passengers for the voyage (the +ecclesiastical authority only remaining to Elder Brewster), Martin +holding certainly no higher than the second place, made vacant by +Cushman's departure. + +Thus, hardly had the Pilgrims shaken the dust of their persecuting +mother-country from their feet before they set up, by popular voice +(above religious authority, and even that vested by maritime law in their +ships' officers), a government of themselves, by themselves, and for +themselves. It was a significant step, and the early revision they made +of their choice of "governors" certifies their purpose to have only +rulers who could command their confidence and respect. Dr. Young says: +"We know the age of but few of the Pilgrims," which has hitherto been +true; yet by careful examination of reliable data, now available, we are +able to deter mine very closely the ages of a considerable number, and +approximately the years of most of the others, at the time of the exodus. +No analysis, so far as known, has hitherto been made of the vocations +(trades, etc.) represented by the MAY-FLOWER company. They were, as +befitted those bent on founding a colony, of considerable variety, though +it should be understood that the vocations given were, so far as +ascertained, the callings the individuals who represented them had +followed before taking ship. Several are known to have been engaged +in other pursuits at some time, either before their residence in Holland, +or during their earlier years there. Bradford tells us that most of the +Leyden congregation (or that portion of it which came from England, in or +about 1608) were agricultural people. These were chiefly obliged to +acquire handicrafts or other occupations. A few, e.g. Allerton, +Brewster, Bradford, Carver, Cooke, and Winslow, had possessed some means, +while others had been bred to pursuits for which there was no demand in +the Low Countries. Standish, bred to arms, apparently followed his +profession nearly to the time of departure, and resumed it in the colony, +adding thereto the calling which, in all times and all lands, had been +held compatible in dignity with that of arms,--the pursuit of +agriculture. While always the "Sword of the White Men," he was the +pioneer "planter" in the first settlement begun (at Duxbury) beyond +Plymouth limits. Of the "arts, crafts or trades" of the colonists from +London and neighboring English localities, but little has been gleaned. +They were mostly people of some means, tradesmen rather than artisans, +and at least two (Martin and Mullens) were evidently also of the Merchant +Adventurers. + +Their social (conjugal) conditions--not previously analyzed, it is +thought--have been determined, it is believed, with approximate accuracy; +though it is of course possible that some were married, of whom that fact +does not appear, especially among the seamen. + + +The passengers of the MAY-FLOWER on her departure from Plymouth +(England), as arranged for convenience by families, were as appears by +the following lists. + +While the ages given in these lists are the result of much careful study +of all the latest available data, and are believed, when not exact, to be +very close approximates; as it has been possible to arrive at results, +in several cases, only by considerable calculation, the bases of which +may not always have been entirely reliable, errors may have crept in. +Though the author is aware that, in a few instances, the age stated does +not agree with that assigned by other recognized authority, critical +re-analysis seems to warrant and confirm the figures given. + +The actual and comparative youth of the majority of the colonist leaders +--the Pilgrim Fathers--is matter of comment, even of surprise, to most +students of Pilgrim history, especially in view of what the Leyden +congregation had experienced before embarking for America. Only two of +the leaders exceeded fifty years of age, and of these Governor Carver +died early. Of the principal men only nine could have been over forty, +and of these Carver, Chilton, Martin, Mullins, and Priest (more than half +died within a few months after landing), leaving Brewster, Warren (who +died early), Cooke, and Hopkins--neither of the latter hardly forty--the +seniors. One does not readily think of Alden as but twenty-one, Winslow +as only twenty-five, Dr. Fuller as about thirty, Bradford as only thirty- +one when chosen Governor, Allerton as thirty-two, and Captain Standish as +thirty-six. Verily they were "old heads on young shoulders." It is +interesting to note that the dominant influence at all times was that of +the Leyden contingent. + +Of these, all except William Butten, who died upon the voyage, reached +Cape Cod in safety, though some of them had become seriously ill from the +hardships encountered, and Howland had narrowly escaped drowning. Two +were added to the number en voyage,--Oceanus Hopkins, born upon the sea, +and Peregrine White, born soon after the arrival in Cape Cod harbor. +This made the total of the passenger list 103, before further depletion +by death occurred, though several deaths again reduced it before the MAY- +FLOWER cast anchor in Plymouth harbor, her final haven on the outward +voyage. + +Deacon John Carver's place of birth or early life is not known, but he + was an Essex County man, and was probably not, until in middle life, + a member of Robinson's congregation of "Independents." His age is + determined by collateral evidence. + +Mrs. Katherine Carver, it has been supposed by some, was a sister of + Pastor Robinson. This supposition rests, apparently, upon the + expression of Robinson in his parting letter to Carver, where he + says: "What shall I say or write unto you and your good wife, my + loving sister?" Neither the place of Mrs. Carver's nativity nor her + age is known. + +Desire Minter was evidently a young girl of the Leyden congregation, + between the ages of fourteen and seventeen, who in some way (perhaps + through kinship) had been taken into Carver's family. She returned + to England early. See ante, for account of her (probable) + parentage. + +John Howland was possibly of kin to Carver and had been apparently some + years in his family. Bradford calls him a "man-servant," but it is + evident that "employee" would be the more correct term, and that he + was much more than a "servant." It is observable that Howland + signed the Compact (by Morton's List) before such men as Hopkins, + the Tilleys, Cooke, Rogers, and Priest, which does not indicate much + of the "servant" relation. His antecedents are not certainly known, + but that he was of the Essex family of the name seems probable. + Much effort has been made in recent years to trace his ancestry, + but without any considerable result. His age at death (1673) + determines his age in 1620. He was older than generally supposed, + being born about 1593. + +Roger Wilder is also called a "man-servant" by Bradford, and hardly more + than this is known of him, his death occurring early. There is no + clue to his age except that his being called a "man-servant" would + seem to suggest that he was of age; but the fact that he did not + sign the Compact would indicate that he was younger, or he may have + been extremely ill, as he died very soon after arrival. + +William Latham is called a "boy" by Bradford, though a lad of 18. It is + quite possible he was one of those "indentured" by the corporation + of London, but there is no direct intimation of this. + +"Mrs. Carver's maid," it is fair to presume, from her position as lady's- + maid and its requirements in those days, was a young woman of + eighteen or twenty years, and this is confirmed by her early + marriage. Nothing is known of her before the embarkation. She died + early. + +Jasper More, Bradford says, "was a child yt was put to him." Further + information concerning him is given in connection with his brother + Richard, "indentured" to Elder Brewster. He is erroneously called + by Justin Winsor in his "History of Duxbury" (Massachusetts) a child + of Carver's, as Elizabeth Tilley is "his daughter." Others have + similarly erred. + +Elder William Brewster's known age at his death determines his age in + 1620. He was born in 1566-67. His early life was full of interest + and activity, and his life in Holland and America no less so. In + early life he filled important stations. Steele's "Chief of the + Pilgrims" is a most engaging biography of him, and there are others + hardly less so, Bradford's sketch being one of the best. + +Mrs. Mary Brewster's age at her death determines it at the embarkation, + and is matter of computation. + +Love Brewster was the second son of his parents, his elder brother +Jonathan coming over afterwards. + +Wrestling Brewster was but a "lad," and his father's third son. + +Richard More and his brother, Bradford states, "were put to him" (Elder + Brewster) as bound-boys. For a full account of their English + origin, Richard's affidavit, etc., see ante. This makes him but + about six, but he was perhaps older. + +Governor Edward Winslow's known age at his death fixes his age at the + time of the exodus, and his birth is duly recorded at Droitwich, in + Worcester, England. (See "Winslow Memorial," David Parsons Holton, + vol. i. p. 16.) + +Mrs. Elizabeth (Barker) Winslow, the first wife of the Governor, appears + by the data supplied by the record of her marriage in Holland, May + 27, 1618, to have been a maiden of comporting years to her + husband's, he being then twenty-three. Tradition makes her slightly + younger than her husband. + +George Soule, it is evident,--like Howland,--though denominated a + "servant" by Bradford, was more than this, and should rather have + been styled, as Goodwin points out, "an employee" of Edward Winslow. + His age is approximated by collateral evidence, his marriage, etc. + +Elias Story is called "man-servant" by Bradford, and his age is unknown. + The fact that he did not sign the Compact indicates that he was + under age, but extreme illness may have prevented, as he died early. + +Ellen More, "a little girl that was put to him" (Winslow), died early. + She was sister of the other More children, "bound out" to Carver and + Brewster, of whom extended mention has been made. + +Governor William Bradford's date of birth fixes his age in 1620. His + early home was at Austerfield, in Yorkshire. Belknap (" American + Biography," vol. ii. p. 218) says: "He learned the art of silk- + dyeing." + +Mrs. Dorothy (May) Bradford's age (the first wife of the Governor) is + fixed at twenty-three by collateral data, but she may have been + older. She was probably from Wisbeach, England. The manner of her + tragic death (by drowning, having fallen overboard from the ship in + Cape Cod harbor), the first violent death in the colony, was + especially sad, her husband being absent for a week afterward. It + is not known that her body was recovered. + +Dr. Samuel Fuller, from his marriage record at Leyden, made in 1613, when + he was a widower, it is fair to assume was about thirty, perhaps + older, in 1620, as he could, when married, have hardly been under + twenty-one. His (third) wife and child were left in Holland. + +William Butten (who died at sea, November 6/16), Bradford calls + "a youth." He was undoubtedly a "servant"-assistant to the doctor. + +Isaac Allerton, it is a fair assumption, was about thirty-four in 1620, + from the fact that he married his first wife October 4, 1611, as he + was called "a young man" in the Leyden marriage record. He is + called "of London, England," by Bradford and on the Leyden records. + He was made a "freeman" of Leyden, February 7, 1614. Arber and + others state that his early occupation was that of "tailor," but he + was later a tradesman and merchant. + +Mary (Norris) Allerton is called a "maid of Newbury in England," in the + Leyden record of her marriage, in October, 1611, and it is the only + hint as to her age we have. She was presumably a young woman. Her + death followed (a month later) the birth of her still-born son, on + board the MAY-FLOWER in Plymouth harbor, February 25/March 7, 1621. + +Bartholomew Allerton, born probably in 1612/13 (his parents married + October, 1611), was hence, as stated, about seven or eight years old + at the embarkation. He has been represented as older, but this was + clearly impossible. He was doubtless born in Holland. + +Remember Allerton, apparently Allerton's second child, has (with a + novelist's license) been represented by Mrs. Austin as considerably + older than six, in fact nearer sixteen (Goodwin, p. 183, says, + "over 13"), but the known years of her mother's marriage and her + brother's birth make this improbable. She was, no doubt, born in + Holland about 1614--She married Moses Maverick by 1635, and Thomas + Weston's only child, Elizabeth, was married from her house at + Marblehead to Roger Conant, son of the first "governor" of a + Massachusetts Bay "plantation." + +Mary Allerton, apparently the third child, could hardly have been much + more than four years old in 1620, though Goodwin ("Pilgrim + Republic," p. 184) calls her eleven, which is an error. She was + probably born in Holland about 1616. She was the last survivor of + the passengers of the MAY-FLOWER, dying at Plymouth, New England, + 1699. + +John Hooke, described by Bradford as a "servant-boy," was probably but a + youth. He did not sign the Compact. Nothing further is known of him + except that he died early. It is quite possible that he may have + been of London and have been "indentured" by the municipality to + Allerton, but the presumption has been that he came, as body-servant + of Allerton, with him from Leyden. + +Captain Standish's years in 1620 are conjectural (from fixed data), as is + his age at death. His early home was at Duxborough Hall, in + Lancashire. His commission as Captain, from Queen Elizabeth, would + make his birth about 1584. Rose Standish, his wife, is said by + tradition to have been from the Isle of Man, but nothing is known of + her age or antecedents, except that she was younger than the + Captain. She died during the "general sickness," early in 1621. + +Master Christopher Martin, as previously noted, was from Billerica, in + Essex. From collateral data it appears that he must have been + "about forty" years old when he joined the Pilgrims. He appears to + have been a staunch "Independent" and to have drawn upon himself the + ire of the Archdeacon of Chelmsford, (probably) by his loud-mouthed + expression of his views, as only "a month before the MAY-FLOWER + sailed" he, with his son and Solomon Prower of his household + (probably a relative), were cited before the archdeacon to answer + for their shortcomings, especially in reverence for this church + dignitary. He seems to have been at all times a self-conceited, + arrogant, and unsatisfactory man. That he was elected treasurer + and ship's "governor" and permitted so much unbridled liberty as + appears, is incomprehensible. It was probably fortunate that he + died early, as he did, evidently in utter poverty. He had a son, + in 1620, apparently quite a grown youth, from which it is fair to + infer that the father was at that time "about forty." Of his wife + nothing is known. She also died early. + +Solomon Prower, who is called by Bradford both "son" and "servant" of + Martin, seems from the fact of his "citation" before the Archdeacon + of Chelmsford, etc., to have been something more than a "servant," + possibly a kinsman, or foster-son, and probably would more properly + have been termed an "employee." He was from Billerica, in Essex, + and was, from the fact that he did not sign the Compact, probably + under twenty-one or very ill at the time. He died early. Of John + Langemore, his fellow "servant," nothing is known, except that he is + spoken of by Young as one of two "children" brought over by Martin + (but on no apparent authority), and he did not sign the Compact, + though this might have been from extreme illness, as he too died + early. + +William White was of the Leyden congregation. He is wrongly called by + Davis a son of Bishop John White, as the only English Bishop of that + name and time died a bachelor. At White's marriage, recorded at the + Stadthaus at Leyden, January 27/February 1, 1612, to Anna [Susanna] + Fuller, he is called "a young man of England." As he presumably was + of age at that time, he must have been at least some twenty-nine or + thirty years old at the embarkation, eight years later. His son + Peregrine was born in Cape Cod harbor. Mr. White died very early. + +Susanna (Fuller) White, wife of William, and sister of Dr. Fuller (?), + was apparently somewhat younger than her first husband and perhaps + older than her second. She must, in all probability (having been + married in Leyden in 1612), have been at least twenty-five at the + embarkation eight years later. Her second husband, Governor + Winslow, was but twenty-five in 1620, and the presumption is that + she was slightly his senior. There appears no good reason for + ascribing to her the austere and rather unlovable characteristics + which the pen of Mrs. Austin has given her. + +Resolved White, the son of William and Susanna White, could not have been + more than six or seven years old, and is set down by Goodwin and + others--on what seems inconclusive evidence--at five. He was + doubtless born at Leyden. + +William Holbeck is simply named as "a servant" of White, by Bradford. + His age does not appear, but as he did not sign the Compact he was + probably "under age." From the fact that he died early, it is + possible that he was too ill to sign. + +Edward Thompson is named by Bradford as a second "servant" of Master + White, but nothing more is known of him, except that he did not sign + the Compact, and was therefore probably in his nonage, unless + prevented by severe sickness. He died very early. + +Master William Mullens (or Molines, as Bradford some times calls him) is + elsewhere shown to have been a tradesman of some means, of Dorking, + in Surrey, one of the Merchant Adventurers, and a man of ability. + From the fact that he left a married daughter (Mrs. Sarah Blunden) + and a son (William) a young man grown, in England, it is evident + that he must have been forty years old or more when he sailed for + New England, only to die aboard the ship in New Plymouth harbor. + That he was not a French Huguenot of the Leyden contingent, as + pictured by Rev. Dr. Baird and Mrs. Austin, is certain. + +Mrs. Alice Mullens, whose given name we know only from her husband's + will, filed in London, we know little about. Her age was (if she + was his first wife) presumably about that of her husband, whom she + survived but a short time. + +Joseph Mullens was perhaps older than his sister Priscilla, and the third + child of his parents; but the impression prevails that he was + slightly her junior,--on what evidence it is hard to say. That he + was sixteen is rendered certain by the fact that he is reckoned by + his father, in his will, as representing a share in the planter's + half-interest in the colony, and to do so must have been of that + age. + +Priscilla Mullens, whom the glamour of unfounded romance and the pen of + the poet Longfellow have made one of the best known and best beloved + of the Pilgrim band, was either a little older, or younger, than her + brother Joseph, it is not certain which. But that she was over + sixteen is made certain by the same evidence as that named + concerning her brother. + +Robert Carter is named by Bradford as a "man-servant," and Mrs. Austin, + in her imaginative "Standish of Standish," which is never to be + taken too literally, has made him (see p. 181 of that book) "a dear + old servant," whom Priscilla Mullens credits with carrying her in + his arms when a small child, etc. Both Bradford's mention and Mr. + Mullens's will indicate that he was yet a young man and "needed + looking after." He did not sign the Compact, which of itself + indicates nonage, unless illness was the cause, of which, in his + case, there is no evidence, until later. + +Richard Warren, as he had a wife and five pretty well grown daughters, + must have been forty-five or more when he came over. He is + suggested to have been from Essex. + +Stephen Hopkins is believed to have been a "lay-reader" with Mr. Buck, + chaplain to Governor Gates, of the Bermuda expedition of 1609 (see + Purchas, vol. iv. p. 174). As he could hardly have had this + appointment, or have taken the political stand he did, until of + age, he must have been at least twenty-one at that time. If so, he + would have been not less than thirty two years old in 1620, and was + probably considerably older, as his son Giles is represented by + Goodwin ("Pilgrim Republic," p. 184) as being "about 15." If the + father was but twenty-one when the son was born, he must have been + at least thirty-seven when he became a MAY-FLOWER Pilgrim. The + probabilities are that he was considerably older. His English home + is not known. Professor Arber makes an error (The Story of the + Pilgrim Fathers," p. 261) in regard to Hopkins which, unless noted, + might lead to other and more serious mistakes. Noting the + differences between John Pierce and a Master Hopkins, heard before + the Council for New England, May 5/15, 1623, Arber designates Master + Hopkins as "Stephen" (on what authority does not appear), and leaves + us to infer that it was the Pilgrim Hopkins. On further inquiry it + transpires that the person who was at variance with Master John + Pierce over the matter of passage and freight money, on account of + the unfortunate PARAGON, was a Rev. Master Hopkins (not Stephen of + the MAY-FLOWER), who, we learn from Neill's "History of the Virginia + Company," was "recommended July 3, 1622, by the Court of the Company + to the Governor of Virginia, . . . being desirous to go over at + his own charge. He was evidently a passenger on both of the + disastrous attempts of the PARAGON under Captain William Pierce, and + being forced back the second time, apparently gave up the intention + of going. + +Mrs. Elizabeth Hopkins, nothing is known concerning, except that she was + not her husband's first wife. Sometime apparently elapsed between + her husband's marriages. + +Giles Hopkins we only know was the son of his father's first wife, and + "about 15." An error (of the types presumably) makes Griffis ("The + Pilgrims in their Three Homes," p. 176) give the name of Oceanus + Hopkins's father as Giles, instead of Stephen. Constance (or + Constantia) Hopkins was apparently about eleven years old in 1620, + as she married in 1627, and probably was then not far from eighteen + years old. Damaris Hopkins, the younger daughter of Master Hopkins, + was probably a very young child when she came in the MAY-FLOWER, but + her exact age has not been as certained. Davis, as elsewhere noted, + makes the singular mistake of saying she was born after her parents + arrived in New England. She married Jacob Cooke, and the ante- + nuptial agreement of his parents is believed to be the earliest of + record in America, except that between Gregory Armstrong and the + widow Billington. + +Edward Dotey is called by Bradford "a servant," but nothing is known of + his age or antecedents. It is very certain from the fact that he + signed the Compact that he was twenty-one. He was a very energetic + man. He seems to have been married before coming to New England, or + soon after. + +Edward Leister (the name is variously spelled) was a "servant," by + Bradford's record. He was doubtless of age, as he signed the + Compact. + +Master John Crackstone, being (apparently) a widower with a son, a child + well grown, was evidently about thirty five years old when he + embarked for New England. He left a daughter behind. He died early. + +John Crackstone, Jr., was but a lad, and died early. + +Master Edward Tilley (sometimes spelled Tillie) and his wife Ann seem to + have been without children of their own, and as they took with them + to New England two children who were their kindred, it may be + inferred that they had been married some little time. It is hence + probable that Mr. Tilley was in the neighborhood of thirty. His + wife's age is purely conjectural. They were, Bradford states, "of + the Leyden congregation." + +Henry Sampson was apparently but a young English lad when he came over in + the MAY-FLOWER with his cousins the Tilleys. As he married in 1636, + he was probably then about twenty-one, which would make him five or + six when he came over. Goodwin ("Pilgrim Republic," p. 184) says he + was "six." + +Humility Cooper is said by Bradford to have been a "cosen" of the + Tilleys, but no light is given as to her age or antecedents. She + was but a child, apparently. She returned to England very soon + after the death of Mr. and Mrs. Tilley, and "died young." + +Master John Tilley, having twice married, and having a daughter some + fourteen years old, must have been over thirty-five years old when + he sailed on the Pilgrim ship. His birthplace and antecedents are + not known, but he was "of the Leyden congregation." + +Mrs. Bridget (Van der Velde) Tilley was just possibly a second wife. + Nothing is known concerning her except that she was of Holland, and + that she had, apparently, no child. + +Elizabeth Tilley is said by Goodwin (op. cit. p. 298) and others to have + been fourteen years old at her parents' death in 1621, soon after + the arrival in New England. She was the child of her father's first + wife. She married John Howland before 1624. Historians for many + years called her the "daughter of Governor Carver," but the recovery + of Bradford's MS. "historie" corrected this, with many other + misconceptions, though to some the error had become apparent before. + Her will also suggests her age. + +Francis Cooke's age in 1620 is fixed by his known age at his death + ("about 81") in 1663. He was from the north of England, and long a + member of Robinson's congregation, both in England and in + Holland(?). + +John Cooke, son of Francis, is known to have been about ten years old + when he sailed with his father for America, as his parents did not + marry before 1609. He was undoubtedly born at Leyden. He was long + supposed to have been the last male survivor of the original + passengers (dying at Dartmouth in 1695.) + +James Chilton's antecedents and his age are quite unknown. He must have + been at least fifty, as he had a married daughter in Leyden, + according to Bradford. He died among the first, and there is + nothing of record to inform us concerning him, except Bradford's + meagre mention. He may have lived at Leyden. + +Mrs. Chilton's given name is declared by one writer to have been Susanna, + but it is not clearly proven. Whence she came, her ancestry, and + her age, are alike unknown. + +Mary Chilton was but a young girl in 1620. She married, before 1627, + John Winslow, and was probably not then over twenty, nor over + fourteen when she came with her parents in the MAY-FLOWER. + +Thomas Rogers appears, from the fact that he had a son, a lad well-grown, + to have been thirty or more in 1620. His birthplace, antecedents, + and history are unknown, but he appears to have been "of the Leyden + congregation." His wife arid children came later. + +Joseph Rogers was only a "lad" aboard the MAY-FLOWER, but he left a + considerable posterity. Nothing is surely known of him, except that + he was Thomas's son. + +Degory Priest had the distinction of being "freeman" of Leyden, having + been admitted such, November 16, 1615. He was by occupation a + "hatter," a man of some means, who left a wife and at least two + children in Holland when he embarked for America. His known age at + death gives his age at sailing but a few months previous. At his + marriage in Leyden, October 4, 1611, he was called "of London." He + was about thirty-two when he married. His wife (a widow Vincent) + was a sister of Isaac Allerton, who also was married at the same + time that he was. Goodwin ("Pilgrim Republic," p. 183) also gives + his age as "forty-one." His widow remarried and came over later. + Dexter ("Mourt's Relation," p. 69, note) states, quoting from Leyden + MS. records, that "Degory Priest in April, 1619, calling himself a + 'hatter,' deposes that he 'is forty years of age.'" He must, + therefore, have been about forty-one when he sailed on the MAY- + FLOWER, and forty-two years old at his death. + +John Rigdale and his wife Alice afford no data. They both died early, + and there is no record concerning either of them beyond the fact + that they were passengers. + +Edward Fuller and his wife have left us little record of themselves save + that they were of Leyden, that he is reputed a brother of Dr. Samuel + Fuller (for whom they seem to have named the boy they brought over + with them,--leaving apparently another son, Matthew, behind), and + that both died the first winter. He must have been at least twenty- + five, judging from the fact that he was married and had two + children, and was perhaps somewhat older (though traditionally + represented as younger) than his brother. Neither his occupation + nor antecedents are surely known. + +Samuel Fuller--the son of Edward Fuller and his wife--is called by + Bradford "a young child." He must have been some five or six years + of age, as he married in 1635, fifteen years later, and would + presumably have been of age, or nearly so. + +Thomas Tinker's name, the mention of his "wife" and "son," the tradition + that they were "of the Leyden congregation" (which is not sure), the + certainty that they were MAY-FLOWER passengers,--on Brad ford's + list,--and that all died early, are all we know of the Tinker + family. + +John Turner and his two sons we know little about. He seems to have been + a widower, as no mention is found of his wife, though this is not + certain. He was of the Leyden congregation, and evidently a man of + some standing with the leaders, as he was made their messenger to + Carver and Cushman in London, in June, 1620, and was apparently + accustomed to travel. He appears to have had business of his own in + England at the time, and was apparently a man of sober age. As he + had three children,--a daughter who came later to New England, and + two sons, as stated by Bradford,--it is probable that he was thirty + or over. He and both his sons died in the spring of 1621. + +Francis Eaton was of Leyden, a carpenter, and, having a wife and child, + was probably a young man about twenty five, perhaps a little + younger. He married three times. + +Mrs. Sarah Eaton, wife of Francis, was evidently a young woman, with an + infant, at the date of embarkation. Nothing more is known of her, + except that she died the spring following the arrival at Plymouth. + +Samuel Eaton, the son of Francis and his wife, Sarah, Bradford calls "a + sucking child:" He lived to marry. + +Gilbert Window was the third younger brother of Governor Edward Winslow, + and is reputed to have been a carpenter. He was born on Wednesday, + October 26, 1600, at Droitwitch, in Worcester, England. ("Winslow + Memorial," vol. i. p. 23.) He apparently did not remain long in + the colony, as he does not appear in either the "land division" of + 1623 or the "cattle division" of 1627; and hence was probably not + then in the "settlement," though land was later allowed his heirs, + he having been an "original" voyager of the Plymouth colony. He was + but twenty years and fifteen days old when he signed the Compact, + but probably was--from his brother's prominence and his nearness to + his majority--counted as eligible. Bradford states that he returned + to England after "divers years" in New England, and died there. It + has been suggested that he went very early to some of the other + "plantations." + +John Alden was of Southampton, England, was hired as "a cooper," was + twenty-one years old in 1620, as determined by the year of his + birth, 1599 ("Alden Memorial," p. 1), and became the most prominent + and useful of any of the English contingent of the MAY FLOWER + company. Longfellow's delightful poem, "The Courtship of Miles + Standish," has given him and his bride, Priscilla Mullens, world- + wide celebrity, though it is to be feared that its historical + accuracy would hardly stand criticism. Why young Alden should have + been "hired for a cooper at Southampton," with liberty to "go or + stay" in the colony, as Bradford says he was (clearly indicating + that he went to perform some specific work and return, if he liked, + with the ship), has mystified many. The matter is clear, however, + when it is known, as Griffis shows, that part of a Parliamentary Act + of 1543 reads: "Whosoever shall carry Beer beyond Sea, shall find + Sureties to the Customers (?) of that Port, to bring in Clapboard + [staves] meet [sufficient] to make so much Vessel [barrel or + "kilderkin"] as he shall carry forth." As a considerable quantity of + beer was part of the MAY-FLOWER'S lading, and her consignors stood + bound to make good in quantity the stave-stock she carried away, + it was essential, in going to a wild country where it could not be + bought, but must be "got out" from the growing timber, to take along + a "cooper and cleaver" for that purpose. Moreover, the great demand + for beer-barrel stock made "clapboard" good and profitable return + lading. It constituted a large part of the FORTUNE'S return freight + (doubtless "gotten out" by Alden), as it would have undoubtedly of + the MAY-FLOWER'S, had the hardship of the colony's condition + permitted. + +Peter Browne we know little concerning. That he was a man of early + middle age is inferable from the fact that he married the widow + Martha Ford, who came in the FORTUNE in 1621. As she then was the + mother of three children, it is improbable that she would have + married a very young man. He appears, from certain collateral + evidence, to have been a mechanic of some kind, but it is not clear + what his handicraft was or whence he came. + +John Billington (Bradford sometimes spells it Billinton) and his family, + Bradford tells us, "were from London." They were evidently an ill- + conditioned lot, and unfit for the company of the planters, and + Bradford says, "I know not by what friend shuffled into their + Company." As he had a wife and two children, the elder of whom must + have been about sixteen years old, he was apparently over thirty- + five years of age. There is a tradition that he was a countryman + bred, which certain facts seem to confirm. (See land allotments for + data as to age of boys, 1632.) He was the only one of the original + colonists to suffer the "death penalty" for crime. + +Mrs. Ellen (or "Elen") Billington, as Bradford spells the name, was + evidently of comporting age to her husband's, perhaps a little + younger. Their two sons, John and Francis, were lively urchins who + frequently made matters interesting for the colonists, afloat and + ashore. The family was radically bad throughout, but they have had + not a few worthy descendants. Mrs. Billington married Gregory + Armstrong, and their antenuptial agreement is the first of record + known in America. + +John Billington, Jr., is always first named of his father's two sons, and + hence the impression prevails that he was the elder, and Bradford so + designates him. The affidavit of Francis Billington (Plymouth + County, Mass., Deeds, vol. i. p. 81), dated 1674, in which he + declares himself sixty-eight years old, would indicate that he was + born in 1606, and hence must have been about fourteen years of age + when he came on the MAY-FLOWER to New Plymouth. If John, his + brother, was older than he, he must have been born about 1604, and + so was about sixteen when, he came to New England. The indications + are that it was Francis, the younger son, who got hold of the + gunpowder in his father's cabin in Cape Cod harbor, and narrowly + missed blowing up the ship. John died before 1630. Francis lived, + as appears, to good age, and had a family. + +Moses Fletcher was of the Leyden company, a "smith," and at the time of + his second marriage at Leyden, November 30/December 21, 1613, was + called a "widower" and "of England." As he was probably of age at + the time of his first marriage,--presumably two years or more before + his last,--he must have been over thirty in 1620. He was perhaps + again a widower when he came over, as no mention is made of his + having wife or family. He was possibly of the Amsterdam family of + that name. His early death was a great loss to the colony. + +A Thomas Williams is mentioned by Hon. Henry C Murphy ("Historical + Magazine," vol. iii. pp. 358, 359), in a list of some of Robinson's + congregation who did not go to New England in either the MAY-FLOWER, + FORTUNE, ANNE, Or LITTLE JAMES. He either overlooked the fact that + Williams was one of the MAY-FLOWER passengers, or else there were + two of the name, one of whom did not go. Nothing is known of the + age or former history of the Pilgrim of that name. He died in the + spring of 1621 (before the end of March). As he signed the Compact, + he must have been over twenty-one. He may have left a wife, Sarah. + +John Goodman we know little more about than that he and Peter Browne seem + to have been "lost" together, on one occasion (when he was badly + frozen), and to have had, with his little spaniel dog, a rencontre + with "two great wolves," on another. He was twice married, the last + time at Leyden in 1619. He died before the end of March, 1621. + As he signed the Compact, he must have been over twenty-one. + +Edward Margeson we know nothing about. As he signed the Compact, he was + presumably of age. + +Richard Britteridge affords little data. His age, birthplace, or + occupation do not transpire, but he was, it seems, according to + Bradford, the first of the company to die on board the ship after + she had cast anchor in the harbor of New Plymouth. This fact + negatives the pleasant fiction of Mrs. Austin's "Standish of + Standish" (p. 104), that Britteridge was one of those employed in + cutting sedge on shore on Friday, January 12. Poor Britteridge died + December 21, three weeks earlier. He signed the Compact, and hence + may be accounted of age at the landing at Cape Cod. + +Richard Clarke appears only as one of the passengers and as dying before + the end of March. He signed the Compact, and hence was doubtless + twenty-one or over. + +Richard Gardiner, we know from Bradford, "became a seaman and died in + England or at sea." He was evidently a young man, but of his age or + antecedents nothing appears. He signed the Compact, and hence was + at least twenty-one years old. + +John Alderton (sometimes spelled Allerton), we are told by Bradford,--as + elsewhere noted,--"was hired, but was reputed one of the company, + but was to go back, being a seaman and so, presumably, unmindful of + the voyages, for the help of others." Whether Bradford intended by + the latter clause to indicate that he had left his family behind, + and came "to spy out the land," and, if satisfied, to return for + them, or was to return for the counsel and assistance of Robinson + and the rest, who were to follow, is not clear, but the latter view + has most to support it. We learn his occupation, but can only infer + that he was a young man over twenty-one from the above and the fact + that he signed the Compact. It has been suggested that he was a + relative of Isaac Allerton, but this is nowhere shown and is + improbable. He died before the MAY-FLOWER returned to England. + +Thomas English (or Enlish), Bradford tells us ("Historie," Mass. ed. + p. 533), "was hired to goe Master of a [the] shallop here." He, + however, "died here before the ship returned." It is altogether + probable that he was the savior of the colony on that stormy night + when the shallop made Plymouth harbor the first time, and, narrowly + escaping destruction, took shelter under Clarke's Island. The first + three governors of the colony, its chief founders,--Carver, + Bradford, and Winslow,--with Standish, Warren, Hopkins, Howland, + Dotey, and others, were on board, and but for the heroism and prompt + action of "the lusty sea man which steered," who was--beyond + reasonable doubt--English, as Bradford's narrative ("Morton's + Memorial") shows, the lives of the entire party must, apparently, + have been lost. That English was, if on board--Bradford shows in + the "Memorial" that he was--as Master of the shallop, properly her + helmsman in so critical a time, goes without saying, especially as + the "rudder was broken" and an oar substituted; that the ship's + "mates," Clarke and Coppin, were not in charge (although on board) + fully appears by Bradford's account; and as it must have taken all + of the other (four) seamen on board to pull the shallop, bereft of + her sail, in the heavy breakers into which she had been run by + Coppin's blunder, there would be no seaman but English for the + steering-oar, which was his by right. Had these leaders been lost + at this critical time,--before a settlement had been made, --it is + certain that the colony must have been abandoned, and the Pilgrim + impress upon America must have been lost. English's name should, by + virtue of his great service, be ever held in high honor by all of + Pilgrim stock. His early death was a grave loss. Bradford spells + the name once Enlish, but presumably by error. He signed the + Compact as Thomas English. + +William Trevore was, according to Bradford, one of "two seamen hired to + stay a year in the countrie." He went back when his time expired, + but later returned to New England. Cushman (Bradford, "Historie," + p. 122) suggests that he was telling "sailors' yarns." He says: + "For William Trevore hath lavishly told but what he knew or imagined + of Capewock Martha's Vineyard, Monhiggon, and ye Narragansetts." In + 1629 he was at Massachusetts Bay in command of the HANDMAID + (Goodwin, p. 320), and in February, 1633 (Winthrop, vol. i. p. 100), + he seems to have been in command of the ship WILLIAM at Plymouth, + with passengers for Massachusetts Bay. Captain Standish testified + in regard to Thompson's Island in Boston harbor, that about 1620 he + "was on that Island with Trevore," and called it "Island Trevore." + (Bradford, "Historie," Deane's ed. p. 209.) He did not sign the + Compact, perhaps because of the limitations of his contract (one + year). + +--- Ely (not Ellis, as Arber miscalls him, "The Story of the Pilgrim + Fathers," p. 377) was the other of the "two seamen hired to stay a + year," etc. He also returned when his time expired. (Bradford, + Hist. Mass. ed. p. 534.) He did not sign the Compact, probably for + the reason operative in .Trevore's case. A digest of the foregoing + data gives the following interesting, if incomplete, data (errors + excepted):-- + +Adult males (hired seamen and servants of age included)... 44 +Adult females (including Mrs. Carver's maid).............. 19 +Youths, male children, and male servants, minors.......... 29 +Maidens, female children.................................. 10 + ------- + 102 + +Married males............................................. 26 +Married females........................................... 18 +Single (adult) males (and young men)...................... 25 +Single (adult) females (Mrs. Carver's maid)............... 1 + + +Vocations of adults so far as known (except wives, who are presumed +housekeepers for their husbands):-- + +Carpenters................................................ 2 +Cooper.................................................... 1 +Fustian-worker and silk-dyer.............................. 1 +Hatter.................................................... 1 +Lay-reader................................................ 1 +Lady's-maid............................................... 1 +Merchants................................................. 3 +Physician................................................. 1 +Printers and publishers................................... 2 +Seamen.................................................... 4 +Servants (adult).......................................... 10 +Smith..................................................... 1 +Soldier................................................... 1 +Tailor.................................................... 1 +Tradesmen................................................. 2 +Wool-carders.............................................. 2 + +Allowing for the addition of Wilder and the two sailors, Trevore and Ely, +who did not sign it, the number of those who signed the Compact tallies +exactly with the adult males. Besides these occupations, it is known +that several of the individuals representing them were skilled in other +callings, and were at some time teachers, accountants, linguists, +writers, etc., while some had formerly practised certain handicrafts; +Dr. Fuller, e.g. having formerly been a "silk-worker," Brad ford (on the +authority of Belknap), a "silk-dyer," and others "fustian-workers." +Hopkins had apparently sometime before dropped his character of "lay- +reader," and was a pretty efficient man of affairs, but his vocation at +the time of the exodus is not known. + +The former occupations of fourteen of the adult colonists, Browne, +Billington, Britteridge, Cooke, Chilton, Clarke, Crackstone, Goodman, +Gardiner, Rogers, Rigdale, Turner, Warren, and Williams are not certainly +known. There is evidence suggesting that Browne was a mechanic; +Billington and Cooke had been trained to husbandry; that Chilton had been +a small tradesman; that Edward Tilley had been, like his brother, a silk- +worker; that Turner was a tradesman, and Warren a farmer; while it is +certain that Cooke, Rogers, and Warren had been men of some means. + +Of the above list of fourteen men whose last occupations before joining +the colonists are unknown, only five, viz. Browne, Billington, Cooke, +Gardiner, and Warren lived beyond the spring of 1621. Of these, Warren +died early, Gardiner left the colony and "became a seaman;" the other +three, Billington, Browne, and Cooke, became "planters." Thomas Morton, +of "Merry Mount," in his "New Eng land's Canaan" (p. 217), gives +Billington the sobriquet "Ould Woodman." + +The early deaths of the others make their former handicrafts--except as +so much data pertaining to the composi tion and history of the colony-- +matters of only ephemeral interest. + + + + +ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARK: + +Welcome lies acquired a hold on the public mind + + + + +End of this Project Gutenberg Etext of The Mayflower and Her Log, v4 +by Azel Ames + diff --git a/4104.zip b/4104.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb3145e --- /dev/null +++ b/4104.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. 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