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diff --git a/41035-h/41035-h.htm b/41035-h/41035-h.htm index 7cc285b..6c4fb49 100644 --- a/41035-h/41035-h.htm +++ b/41035-h/41035-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Fire And Sword In The Sudan, by Rudolf C. Slatin Pasha @@ -131,49 +131,7 @@ table { </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's Fire and Sword in the Sudan, by Rudolf C. Slatin - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Fire and Sword in the Sudan - A Personal Narrative of Fighting and Serving the Dervishes 1879-1895 - -Author: Rudolf C. Slatin - -Translator: F. R. Wingate - -Release Date: October 12, 2012 [EBook #41035] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIRE AND SWORD IN THE SUDAN *** - - - - -Produced by Moti Ben-Ari and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41035 ***</div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[i]</a></span></p> <h1>FIRE AND SWORD IN THE SUDAN.</h1> @@ -705,7 +663,7 @@ Karamalla's Expedition to the Bahr el Ghazal—Madibbo's Quarrel with Karamalla—Affairs in Darfur—Execution of Madibbo—Defeat and Death of Sheikh Saleh el Kabbashi—Capture of Charles Neufeld—My Interview with him—Arrival of Abu Anga's -Army in Omdurman—Destruction of the Gehéna Tribe—The Conspiracy +Army in Omdurman—Destruction of the Gehéna Tribe—The Conspiracy of "Saidna Isa"—Abu Anga's Campaign in Abyssinia—Sack of Gondar—Terrible Fate of the Captives—Osman Adam's Campaign in Darfur—Death of Sultan Yusef—Instances of the @@ -936,7 +894,7 @@ had reached Khartum in the month of October of that year; thence I had visited the Nuba mountains, and had remained a short time at Delen, where a station of the Austrian Roman Catholic Mission had just been established. -From here I explored the Golfan Naïma and +From here I explored the Golfan Naïma and Kadero mountains, and would have made a longer stay in these interesting districts, but the revolt of the Hawazma Arabs broke out, and, being merely a traveller, I received @@ -1147,7 +1105,7 @@ that he was only too pleased to oblige me or any one else to whom he could be of service.</p> <p>On reaching the steamers, Gordon and I went on board -the "Ismaïlia," while Yusef Pasha and Hassan Pasha went +the "Ismaïlia," while Yusef Pasha and Hassan Pasha went on the "Bordein." Gordon explained to me in the fullest detail the state of Darfur, saying that he hoped most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> sincerely the campaign against Sultan Harun would be @@ -1859,7 +1817,7 @@ to Foga, the western telegraph station on the Darfur frontier, whence they could wire their submission and ask for pardon, which would undoubtedly be granted. Or they might, added Rabeh, proceed from Shakka through Dar -Homr, and, skirting the northern Janghé country, reach El +Homr, and, skirting the northern Janghé country, reach El Obeid, where they could make their submission through the intermediary of the Governor and their relative, Elias Pasha Wad Um Bereir. He concluded his speech by saying that @@ -1921,7 +1879,7 @@ reconsider the matter; but Suleiman was obdurate, and Rabeh, therefore, retired heart-broken, beat his war-drums to collect his Bazingers and followers, sorrowfully bade his old companions farewell, and marched off in a southwesterly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> -direction, to the sound of the ombeÿa, or elephant's +direction, to the sound of the ombeÿa, or elephant's tusk (the Sudan war-horn, which can be heard at an immense distance).</p> @@ -2144,7 +2102,7 @@ who was unusually good-looking, and, taking him aside, I spoke to him with as serious a countenance as I could preserve; I pointed out how very wrong it was of him, a foreigner, to have married a strange old woman while -his poor <i>fiancée</i> was crying her eyes out at home, and that +his poor <i>fiancée</i> was crying her eyes out at home, and that even if his cousin's dowry was small, still, in honour bound, he should keep his promise. He hesitated for a long time, but at length decided to go before the Kadi (judge of the @@ -2232,7 +2190,7 @@ her that her conduct was disgraceful, and that she had made a laughing-stock of herself. The following day her husband left, and I do not doubt her grief was considerable; but some years later I had the satisfaction of meeting the -youth, married to his early <i>fiancée</i>, and already the father +youth, married to his early <i>fiancée</i>, and already the father of a family; he thanked me profusely for having got him<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> out of the clutches of the old woman and brought him to his present happy state. It is needless to relate that I @@ -2643,7 +2601,7 @@ Ghazal many years before, had settled in Darfur, and had been granted lands by the kings, on condition that they should annually supply a beautiful girl for the royal harem. The Begus are a purely African race, descended from the -Monolké family, and Umbusa, besides being a great beauty, +Monolké family, and Umbusa, besides being a great beauty, was endowed with exceptionally high qualities, which induced Abderrahman to raise her to the status of a legal wife; and in his advanced age she bore him a son, who @@ -2654,7 +2612,7 @@ Browne visited Darfur, and it was this Sultan who in 1799 sent an address of congratulation to Napoleon, then campaigning in Lower Egypt, and received from him in return a present of two thousand Black slaves. During his reign -also the nominal capital of Kobbé was abandoned for El +also the nominal capital of Kobbé was abandoned for El Fasher, which henceforth became the royal residence.</p> <p>Abderrahman, before his death, placed his son in charge @@ -2765,7 +2723,7 @@ that the payment of this tribute was delayed, and this at once offered a pretext for a raid, in which the Darfurians invariably obtained large quantities of spoil. The ivory and many of the slaves were sold to the Egyptian -merchants who travelled along the Arbaïn road between +merchants who travelled along the Arbaïn road between Assiut and Darfur, and for these, Turkish and European wares were exchanged. This trade was most lucrative on both sides, and gradually quantities of gold-brocaded stuffs, @@ -2931,7 +2889,7 @@ poor man had been blind for the last thirteen years,—he said, 'I feel that my country and the throne of my ancestors are about to be overthrown; God grant I may not live to see that day! Already I seem to hear the trumpets of -the Turks and the distant sound of the ombeÿa blown by +the Turks and the distant sound of the ombeÿa blown by the Bahhara.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> May God have mercy on my son Ibrahim and on my unfortunate descendants!'" The fiki then went on to tell me that in spite of his old age and blindness, @@ -3860,7 +3818,7 @@ should pay.</p> a letter in French from Messedaglia, telling me that he had determined to put an end to the Harun trouble; and for this purpose he ordered me to move secretly <i>via</i> Manawashi -and Kobbé, with a division of regular troops, towards +and Kobbé, with a division of regular troops, towards Jebel Marra, and attack Niurnia, the Sultan's residence. At the same time, he wrote, he was despatching troops from El Fasher, <i>via</i> Tura, and from Kulkul, <i>via</i> Abu @@ -3873,7 +3831,7 @@ horses were unshod, and not used to hill work, I took only six of them. It was then the month of February, and extremely cold. We marched <i>via</i> Manawashi, where I visited the tomb of the last Sultan of the Fur dynasty, and on the -following day we bivouacked near Kobbé, close to the defile +following day we bivouacked near Kobbé, close to the defile which leads to Jebel Marra. Being now fairly near the enemy, I increased the outposts; but we passed the night without being disturbed. Early the next morning @@ -4354,7 +4312,7 @@ need of rest, on which they withdrew.</p> envoys were fond of meat, I gave them a fattened ox, which they killed themselves, skinned, and then roasted on a wood fire; and with several draughts of marissa, to which -beverage they had been introduced by an old <i>habitué</i>, they +beverage they had been introduced by an old <i>habitué</i>, they appeared to have had a thoroughly enjoyable feast. Indeed, so much did they relish this native drink that I was obliged to commission Zogal Bey to supply them daily @@ -4684,16 +4642,16 @@ chatting with my companions. We frequently passed settlements of nomad Arabs, who always insisted on our partaking of their hospitality. The post which caught me up on the way brought me instructions from the Governor-General<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> -that Dar Janghé, which up till recently had formed +that Dar Janghé, which up till recently had formed part of the province of Dara, was in future to be attached to Bahr el Ghazal, to which it really belonged. This new arrangement appeared to me to be a very satisfactory one, -as the Janghé tribe were cattle-owners, and I had already +as the Janghé tribe were cattle-owners, and I had already a surplus of cattle tribute from the numerous Baggara tribes in Darfur, and was not at all desirous of adding to this stock, which fetched an exceptionally low price in the market. On the other hand, Gessi was delighted, for the -Janghé were the only cattle-owners in his district, and +Janghé were the only cattle-owners in his district, and the payment of taxes in kind suited his requirements, as it supplied meat for his troops.</p> @@ -5040,7 +4998,7 @@ several private letters to attend to; but I thought it advisable to proceed at once to El Fasher, where I arrived on 20th April. Here I found much intriguing going on, from the Mudir down to the lowest clerk in the office; the Kadi and -his employés were all at variance, and even the clerks of +his employés were all at variance, and even the clerks of the law-courts had sued each other for contempt. Several petitions had been filed against officials; there were all sorts of charges pending against false witnesses; cases regarding @@ -5117,7 +5075,7 @@ have a good-for-nothing son, who passes his time in riotous living instead of looking after his old mother." "Ah!" said the old woman, "may he be always happy! I forgive him, but I want you to help me." Gordon presented her -with £50 from his own pocket, and she returned home +with £50 from his own pocket, and she returned home heaping blessings on his head and on that of her undutiful son.</p> @@ -5156,7 +5114,7 @@ Arabs at Bir el Malha; and a few days afterwards Hasaballa, the head-Sheikh of the Maheria, with many of the chiefs, arrived to represent the case. It appeared that the Maheria Arabs had gone, as usual, to the natron fields at -Bir el Malha on the Arbaïn road, ten days' march north of +Bir el Malha on the Arbaïn road, ten days' march north of El Fasher, to procure natron to sell in Darfur; here they had been surprised and attacked by their deadly enemies, the Bedeyat, who lived in the northeast portion of Wadai, @@ -5218,7 +5176,7 @@ was the only man who appeared to be able to exercise any degree of authority over them.</p> <p>The first night after leaving El Fasher we camped near -the Migdob wells, about half way to Kobbé; and when it +the Migdob wells, about half way to Kobbé; and when it was dark, I happened to stroll towards the wells, accompanied by one of my attendants. I was dressed in much the same way as the soldiers, and it was too dark for me @@ -5239,7 +5197,7 @@ having released them from the oppression and violence which had hitherto characterised the system of government in this country.</p> -<p>At 11 <span class="smcap">A. M.</span> the next day we reached Kobbé, the old +<p>At 11 <span class="smcap">A. M.</span> the next day we reached Kobbé, the old trade capital of Darfur, which was now inhabited principally by Jaalin, whose fathers and grandfathers, immigrating from the Nile valley, had intermarried with the local @@ -5253,7 +5211,7 @@ wanted to leave the latter, he had often been able, by quiet words, to effect a reconciliation. Fortunately, I was not called upon to give any immediate decisions here on the slave question, and the following morning, leaving -Kobbé, we marched, <i>via</i> Sanied el Kebir and Bir el Gidar, +Kobbé, we marched, <i>via</i> Sanied el Kebir and Bir el Gidar, to Kebkebia, where we arrived in two days. Kebkebia is situated on a rocky plateau, and just at the edge of a deep khor. In the centre of the town was a square, loopholed @@ -6008,7 +5966,7 @@ they had remained there two years, and had proceeded thence <i>via</i> Dar Homr and El Obeid to Dar Gimr, where they remained the guests of the head-Sheikh for some months, and where Et Taki died, and was buried by the -head-Sheikh, Asaker Abu Kalam, at Sherkéla. Before his +head-Sheikh, Asaker Abu Kalam, at Sherkéla. Before his death he urged on his eldest son, Abdullahi to take refuge with some religious Sheikh on the Nile, then immigrate to Mecca, and never return again to their country.</p> @@ -6209,7 +6167,7 @@ when he promised him his entire support.</p> he interviewed Mek Adam Um Daballo, the ruler of the district, who received him very kindly, but who, on the advice of his Kadi, refused to make any promises of assistance. -He now returned to Abba, <i>via</i> Sherkéla.</p> +He now returned to Abba, <i>via</i> Sherkéla.</p> <p>During this tour Mohammed Ahmed had full opportunities of seeing for himself the state of the country, and he @@ -6344,7 +6302,7 @@ that the officer who succeeded in capturing him should be promoted at once to the rank of major. But this plan only ended in creating discord, and the consequences were direful in the extreme. The troops, under the chief command -of Abu Saud, were embarked in the steamer, "Ismaïlia," +of Abu Saud, were embarked in the steamer, "Ismaïlia," which had been armed with a gun, and, quitting Khartum early in August, 1881, they proceeded to Abba; but on the journey discussions arose between the two officers and @@ -6584,7 +6542,7 @@ Gedir, confident of success. Why should such men as Yusef Pasha, Mohammed Bey, and Abu Sidr fear a starving crowd of sickly, half-famished, and almost naked Arabs? Had they not won victories on the White Nile at -Duffilé? Had they not conquered Bahr el Ghazal, and +Duffilé? Had they not conquered Bahr el Ghazal, and brought the proud Sultans of Darfur to submission? What could this ill-armed and ignorant fiki do? Abdalla Wad Dafalla alone raised a note of warning that they @@ -6744,7 +6702,7 @@ attack on Duem was repulsed, with a loss of two thousand men.</p> <p>Meanwhile, the emissaries sent by the Mahdi to the -Gezira had not been idle. The Gehéna, Agaliyin, Hawazma, +Gezira had not been idle. The Gehéna, Agaliyin, Hawazma, and Hammada Arabs, under Abu Rof, had attacked and invested Sennar; but the town had been subsequently relieved by Sanjak Saleh Wad el Mek, who had been @@ -7030,7 +6988,7 @@ accepted, and in consequence had released them, and returned them the greater part of their cattle. On his arrival at Shakka he had been attacked by some Rizighat and Maalia Arabs, and though he had driven them off with ease, -he had lost Ali Agha Kanké, Omar Wad Darho's uncle, +he had lost Ali Agha Kanké, Omar Wad Darho's uncle, a most courageous man. He now officially informed me that an extensive revolt on the part of the Arabs was out of the question, and they were quite ready to serve the @@ -7695,7 +7653,7 @@ me the ammunition and the other hundred men. In reply to this I wrote back somewhat shortly that the despatch of the ammunition was an urgent necessity, and that if he could not obtain the camels from the Arabs, he must get -them from the officers and employés on payment; I told +them from the officers and employés on payment; I told him that I had to do this in Dara, as there were no other camels available in southern Darfur. It was perfectly clear to me that orders sent to El Fasher were not carried out @@ -8024,7 +7982,7 @@ and he refused to join in the conversation. In a few minutes Suleiman returned, dragging behind him a large tin box, which he placed before the Mahdi, who opened it, and found it full of gold, packed up in small bags. Over -£7,000 was counted out. "Mohammed Said," said the +£7,000 was counted out. "Mohammed Said," said the Mahdi, "you have told a lie; but I will forgive you. Ahmed, take the money to the Beit el Mal, and distribute it amongst the poor and needy." "You, who preach renunciation, @@ -8162,7 +8120,7 @@ a Swiss, and begged him to keep me fully informed of all that occurred. This Rott had been a schoolmaster at Assiut, and had discovered, some years previously, a quantity of slaves who were being smuggled along the -Arbaïn road, for sale in Egypt. In consequence of this +Arbaïn road, for sale in Egypt. In consequence of this service, Mr. Gladstone had written him a complimentary letter. He had also received an expression of approbation from the Anti-Slavery Society, and had been appointed @@ -8592,7 +8550,7 @@ in the wet season took their cattle into his province. I had ascertained that trouble had broken out in the Bahr el Ghazal as well, from a wounded Rizighat slave-hunter who had fallen into our hands; and he had told me that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span> -Janghé tribe had revolted. Sheikh Janghé had attached +Janghé tribe had revolted. Sheikh Janghé had attached Telgauna and sacked it; but having been subsequently defeated, he had joined Madibbo, and had been present with two hundred men in yesterday's action. However, I @@ -8605,8 +8563,8 @@ northern tribes, did not enter into the Bahr el Ghazal situation, where the majority of the Black tribes were pagans.</p> <p>In the Bahr el Ghazal the most important tribes, who -are principally negroes and negroids, are the Janghé, -Farogé, Kâra, Runga, Fertit, Kraitsh, Baya, Tega, Banda, +are principally negroes and negroids, are the Janghé, +Farogé, Kâra, Runga, Fertit, Kraitsh, Baya, Tega, Banda, Niam Niam, Bongo, Mombuttu, etc.; all these were entirely distinct from one another, having their kings or rulers, and there were continual feuds between them. It was this fact @@ -8828,7 +8786,7 @@ front, followed by the escort, we opened fire; while Mohammed Suleiman did the same as regards the rear. Our demoralised men, seeing the situation, at once fell in, and after some heavy firing we drove off the enemy, losing in -this mêlée only one horse. We now selected a suitable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span> +this mêlée only one horse. We now selected a suitable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span> position near the water, and set to work to make a zariba; and that finished, the men killed their sheep, fires were lighted, and in an hour they were enjoying the first solid @@ -9002,7 +8960,7 @@ for not doing so.</p> with the fifty camels, a hundred boxes of Remington ammunition, and ten kantars of lead. Said Bey made the usual excuses that he could hire no camels from the -employés, and Adam Amer wrote that, owing to the disturbed +employés, and Adam Amer wrote that, owing to the disturbed aspect of affairs in the Fasher district, it was impossible to send me the reinforcements I had ordered.</p> @@ -9767,13 +9725,13 @@ most of them had been attacked by some sort of disease,—and with this force I quitted Dara.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span> -After three days' march we arrived at Amaké, where I +After three days' march we arrived at Amaké, where I was attacked by the Beni Helba, under Beshari Bey, with whom was my old friend Gabralla; they were in considerable force, but had few fire-arms, and we succeeded in beating them off and dispersing them without much difficulty. The next day they attacked us again at Kalambasi,—a -march of a day and a half from Amaké; but +march of a day and a half from Amaké; but here again we put them to flight with equal ease. Our insignificant losses on both occasions were ascribed by my men to the efficacy of my Friday prayers with them, and @@ -10650,7 +10608,7 @@ stratagem, by asserting that I had received news of great victories for the Government forces. These scraps of news I of course concocted myself, and wrote out in the form of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span> messages, which when received were read out with great -<i>éclat</i> before the assembled troops, and were greeted by the +<i>éclat</i> before the assembled troops, and were greeted by the salute of guns and general rejoicings. As a matter of fact, about this time I did receive a little slip of paper from Ala ed Din Pasha, informing me that His Highness the Khedive @@ -10892,7 +10850,7 @@ Mahdists were fully on the alert, and any men I attempted to send with letters were invariably intercepted. On one occasion, when fighting against the Beni Helba Arabs, I managed to send a letter to Egypt by a caravan marching<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span> -along the Arbaïn road to Assiut. But now the various +along the Arbaïn road to Assiut. But now the various methods of concealment which I had successfully employed, such as fixing letters between the soles of shoes or sandals, soldering them into the inside of ablution water-bottles, @@ -11248,7 +11206,7 @@ well aware that my surrender would place me absolutely and entirely in the hands of this mock-religious reformer, and that not only should I have to show myself to be a Moslem in the ordinary sense of the term, but to carry out -the rôle surrender would entail on me, I must be prepared +the rôle surrender would entail on me, I must be prepared to pursue this religious deception to its fullest extent,—I must become a devotee, and henceforth I must show myself heart and soul a Mahdist!</p> @@ -11704,7 +11662,7 @@ Bey himself was, comparatively speaking, more fortunate than other commanders; the greater part of his property<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span> was confiscated, it is true, but he was not maltreated nor insulted, and for the time being he and his family were -banished to Kobbé, where he was given a house, and was +banished to Kobbé, where he was given a house, and was thus saved the misery of seeing his comrades and inferiors being tormented.</p> @@ -11851,7 +11809,7 @@ through the Mudir of Dongola, by the hands of a trusty Arab, arrived. In it I was ordered to concentrate the troops at Fasher, hand over the province to Abd es Shakur bin Abderrahman Shattut, a descendant of the -Darfur Sultans, and move with all troops and war <i>matériel</i> +Darfur Sultans, and move with all troops and war <i>matériel</i> to Dongola. The king's son in question was, however, still in Dongola, unable to find means to come to Darfur; and I greatly doubt if his arrival would have made the @@ -11859,7 +11817,7 @@ smallest difference in the situation. Concentration at Fasher would have been rendered impossible by the defection of the officers and men; and had I been able to collect sufficient troops ready to obey my orders, and had I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span> -been able to march out with them and the war <i>matériel</i> +been able to march out with them and the war <i>matériel</i> unmolested, I could equally well have been able to stay in the country and maintain my position; in which case the Egyptian Government would have had in me a vassal of @@ -11899,14 +11857,14 @@ deserted by all, and by them sold over to the Mahdists, he could not do otherwise than surrender.</p> <p>Khaled wished Said Bey Guma to accompany me as -well; he was still living at Kobbé, and, in spite of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span> +well; he was still living at Kobbé, and, in spite of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span> former intrigues against me, I agreed to the proposal; also a certain Greek merchant named Dimitri Zigada asked to accompany me, and Khaled gave him permission to do so. This man had been long resident in Darfur, and had been a meat contractor for the troops at Fasher and Kebkebia. Previous to my capitulation, he had presented -to me claims for £8,000 for meat supplied, which +to me claims for £8,000 for meat supplied, which I had granted, and my signature to that effect he sewed into his clothes.</p> @@ -11920,7 +11878,7 @@ Kordofan, I took four of mine with me, hoping in this way to obtain sufficient money to cover our daily expenses. At Khaled's express wish, I gave him the bay pony which Gordon had presented to me. Said Bey had now arrived -from Kobbé, bringing with him only one wife; the remainder +from Kobbé, bringing with him only one wife; the remainder and his seven children he had, to his great regret, been obliged to leave behind him. About the middle of June, Zigada and I quitted Fasher, heartily glad to leave @@ -12025,7 +11983,7 @@ his feet; to take possession of it was merely a question of time. His first step was the despatch of his cousin Khaled to Darfur, where he knew no resistance was possible. Through the influence of Karamalla, he was able -to acquire possession of the Bahr el Ghazal, the employés +to acquire possession of the Bahr el Ghazal, the employés having merely transferred their allegiance from the Khedive to the Mahdi. Already Mek Adam of Tagalla had submitted, and had come to El Obeid with his family. @@ -12089,7 +12047,7 @@ Gordon to surrender and save his life.</p> <p>Meanwhile, the immense crowds which had collected round El Obeid began to exhaust the water supply; and, to reduce the pressure, the Mahdi despatched Abu Anga, -with a large force, against Jebel Daïr, where the Nuba +with a large force, against Jebel Daïr, where the Nuba tribes were offering a stubborn resistance to his rule.</p> <p>In all these matters, Khalifa Abdullahi was the Mahdi's @@ -12166,7 +12124,7 @@ and children to the new position was completed. He had left his old relative, Sayed Mahmud, at El Obeid with very strict orders that any persons found remaining in the town, without his permission, were to be sent to Rahad by force; -and he sent further reinforcements to Jebel Daïr, which was +and he sent further reinforcements to Jebel Daïr, which was only a day's march distant, and where the plucky Nubas were defending themselves most gallantly.</p> @@ -12198,9 +12156,9 @@ now sent on one of my servants to apprise the much-feared Khalifa of our approach; but, as he delayed returning, we rode on along the broad road leading to the market-place. As we approached, we heard the dismal sound of the -ombeÿa, which was the signal that the Khalifa had gone +ombeÿa, which was the signal that the Khalifa had gone out on his horse. By chance, I came across a Darfuri -who, when I asked him what the ombeÿa was being sounded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span> +who, when I asked him what the ombeÿa was being sounded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span> for, replied, "Very probably Khalifa Abdullahi is giving orders for some one's head to be cut off, and this is a summons to the people to witness the execution." Had I @@ -12215,7 +12173,7 @@ the camp." We halted while the other man returned to let the Khalifa know we had arrived. A few minutes later, we saw hundreds of horsemen surrounded by numbers of armed footmen approaching us, and marching to the sound -of the ombeÿa. At the farther end of the open space was +of the ombeÿa. At the farther end of the open space was the Khalifa himself; he had halted, and several horsemen, ranging up to his right and left, stood awaiting his instructions. He now ordered them to begin their horse exercise, @@ -12281,12 +12239,12 @@ not supposed to enter a friend's house without his permission."<span class="page so long, and none of us thought you would take the trouble to come out and meet us; then, as we reached the entrance of the camp, we heard the beating of war-drums and the -sound of your ombeÿa, and, when we inquired what that +sound of your ombeÿa, and, when we inquired what that meant, we were told that you had ridden out to witness the execution of a criminal; we therefore intended following -the sound of your ombeÿa, when your order reached +the sound of your ombeÿa, when your order reached us." "Am I then known as a tyrant amongst the people," -said he, "that the sound of my ombeÿa should always mean +said he, "that the sound of my ombeÿa should always mean the death of some one?" "No, indeed, sir," said I, "you are generally known to be strict, but just." "Yes, I am strict," he replied; "but this must be so, and you will understand @@ -12405,7 +12363,7 @@ the religious war).</p> amongst his most devoted adherents; but at the same time we were liable to suffer their punishments. The muazzen (prayer caller) now gave the first signal to begin prayers, -and we repeated the usual formulæ after the Mahdi. +and we repeated the usual formulæ after the Mahdi. When they were over, all those present raised their hands to Heaven, and besought God to grant victory to the faithful. The Mahdi now began his sermon. An immense circle @@ -12516,7 +12474,7 @@ repeated the words in the proclamation already referred to).</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span>After partaking of a breakfast of asida and milk, we -separated; the blowing of the ombeÿa, and the beating of +separated; the blowing of the ombeÿa, and the beating of drums, announced that the Khalifa was about to ride; and horses were at once saddled. Directing my servants to get two horses ready,—one for myself and the other for @@ -12607,7 +12565,7 @@ myself."</p> the Khalifa had summoned him, and now recommended to his care Said Guma, who promised he would do all he could for him. He also instructed him to send for Said -Bey's family, which had been left behind at Kobbé; and +Bey's family, which had been left behind at Kobbé; and the latter, taking a grateful leave of the Khalifa, proceeded, in company of a mulazem, to Ahmed Wad Suleiman, who had been authorised to supply him with forty dollars and @@ -12640,7 +12598,7 @@ removed, pardoned him, and then presented me to him, and asked me to be seated. Being a mulazem of the Khalifa, I was practically in the position of a sort of servant, and as such I always stood up behind him, and of -course did my best to carry out my new rôle satisfactorily. +course did my best to carry out my new rôle satisfactorily. Abdullahi began the conversation by inquiring after the health of the late Governor of Berber; and, receiving the usual replies, he then turned to the situation on the river, @@ -12739,7 +12697,7 @@ and could at least produce thousands of splendid Black recruits with whom to fill the ranks of its army. So the Government was to leave this country to its own people, and yet to remain on friendly terms with it; it was to -withdraw the garrisons and war <i>matériel</i>, and to establish +withdraw the garrisons and war <i>matériel</i>, and to establish a form of local Government, when a form of such Government had already sprung into existence by the most violent of means,—namely, by the wholesale overturning of @@ -12809,7 +12767,7 @@ for the Government to maintain the Sudan, or to re-conquer it by degrees, it was an equally useless step to have sent Gordon there to sacrifice him. It did not require a person of any special military capacity to remove the garrisons -and war <i>matériel</i> by the steamers to Berber, under pretext +and war <i>matériel</i> by the steamers to Berber, under pretext of relieving that town, and thus the whole or a considerable portion of the Sudan garrisons might have been successfully withdrawn, though it would have been necessary @@ -13043,7 +13001,7 @@ on which he had come, he was reported by the officers to have personally summoned them to surrender.</p> <p>When the fast of Ramadan was over, Abu Anga and his -entire fighting force were recalled from Jebel Daïr; and +entire fighting force were recalled from Jebel Daïr; and the Mahdi then publicly announced that the Prophet had directed him to proceed to Khartum and lay siege to it. Every Emir was enjoined to collect his men, and order @@ -13061,7 +13019,7 @@ Sudan.</p> <p>We left Rahad on 22nd August, the Mahdist forces marching by three separate roads: the northern one, <i>via</i> Khursi, Helba, and Tura el Hadra, was selected by the -camel-owning tribes; the central road, <i>via</i> Tayara, Sherkéla, +camel-owning tribes; the central road, <i>via</i> Tayara, Sherkéla, Shatt, and Duem, was taken by the Mahdi, Khalifas, and the majority of the Emirs; whilst the Baggaras and cattle-owning tribes adopted the southern route, which was @@ -13078,7 +13036,7 @@ me. Nevertheless, every now and then, I used to see Saleh Wad el Mek, who was kept informed of all that was happening in the Nile districts.</p> -<p>Just before arriving at Sherkéla, strange rumours were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[306]</a></span> +<p>Just before arriving at Sherkéla, strange rumours were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[306]</a></span> spread about that an Egyptian who was a Christian had arrived at El Obeid, and was now on his way to overtake the Mahdi. Some believed him to be the Emperor of @@ -13101,7 +13059,7 @@ seeking your and the Mahdi's friendship." The Khalifa looked at me incredulously, and said curtly, "We shall see."</p> -<p>At length, we reached Sherkéla; and, scarcely had we +<p>At length, we reached Sherkéla; and, scarcely had we halted, when my master sent for me, and said, "Abdel Kader, the French traveller has arrived; I have now ordered him to be brought before me. You had better @@ -13260,7 +13218,7 @@ Arabi Pasha, about the massacres, about the intervention of the Powers, and about England, which has just occupied Egypt."</p> -<p>"I," said he, "am working for the 'Indépendence' +<p>"I," said he, "am working for the 'Indépendence' with Rochefort, of whom you must have heard. England and France are politically antagonistic; and we do what we can to put as many difficulties as possible in England's @@ -13527,7 +13485,7 @@ secret adherents.</p> him to live with his clerk Ben Naga, and permitted him to talk to me.</p> -<p>Just at the time we left Sherkéla, news arrived that +<p>Just at the time we left Sherkéla, news arrived that Gordon's troops had suffered a severe reverse; and now in Shatt we received the detailed accounts of the overthrow of Mohammed Ali Pasha at Om Debban by the Sheikh El @@ -13594,9 +13552,9 @@ begged me to induce the Mahdi to let him have some money, as he was so pestered by the begging appeals of his attendants. I went to him, and explained Pain's condition; and the Mahdi at once sent to the Beit el Mal for -£5, and wished the sick man a speedy recovery. I had +£5, and wished the sick man a speedy recovery. I had also told the Khalifa of Pain's serious illness, and that the -Mahdi had given him £5; but he blamed me for having +Mahdi had given him £5; but he blamed me for having asked for it without his permission, adding, "If he dies here, he is a happy man. God in His goodness and omnipotence has converted him from an unbeliever to a @@ -13843,7 +13801,7 @@ were then equivalent to about nine pounds sterling. This extraordinary rate of exchange had been brought about by the scarcity of dollars, in consequence of which the treasurer had ordered the money captured at Berber—some -£70,000 to £80,000 in gold—to be sent to the +£70,000 to £80,000 in gold—to be sent to the Mahdi's camp; and this had been distributed. At times, a sovereign valued even as little as a dollar and a half. Though dhurra was so expensive, the prices of sheep and @@ -14753,7 +14711,7 @@ guard at the Palace. He might well have employed a company of soldiers for this purpose; and who would have thought of questioning the advantage of protecting himself? With a guard of this strength, he could easily have -reached the steamer "Ismaïlia," which was lying close to +reached the steamer "Ismaïlia," which was lying close to the Palace, scarcely three hundred yards from the gate. Fagarli, the captain, saw the enemy rushing to the Palace. In vain he waited for Gordon; and it was only when the @@ -14910,7 +14868,7 @@ Beit el Mal; but of course large quantities were made away with. The principal houses were distributed amongst the Emirs; and, on the day after the town fell, the Mahdi and Khalifa Abdullahi crossed over from Omdurman in the -steamer "Ismaïlia" to view the scene of their bloody +steamer "Ismaïlia" to view the scene of their bloody victory and massacre; without a sign of pity or regret, they occupied the houses selected for them, and, addressing their followers, described the disaster which had overtaken @@ -15592,7 +15550,7 @@ effects had been lost. At the same time, the Khalifa directed that the money which had been taken from me when I was imprisoned, and had been deposited in the Beit el Mal, should be returned to me. It amounted to -£40, a few sequins, and a few gold nose-rings which I had +£40, a few sequins, and a few gold nose-rings which I had collected as curios; all these were handed back to me by Ahmed Wad Suleiman.</p> @@ -15734,7 +15692,7 @@ interference.</p> <p>The disease had now reached its crisis. By the Mahdi's angareb stood the three Khalifas, his near relations, Ahmed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[370]</a></span> Wad Suleiman, Mohammed Wad Beshir (one of the principal -employés of the Beit el Mal in charge of the Mahdi's +employés of the Beit el Mal in charge of the Mahdi's household), Osman Wad Ahmed, Said el Mekki (formerly one of the most renowned religious Sheikhs of Kordofan), and a few of his principal and most faithful adherents, to @@ -15986,7 +15944,7 @@ Donkusa too, and his friends the Bedeyat, also anxious not to expose themselves to new dangers, sent in a deputation conveying their salutations and gifts. Mohammed Khaled had also sent one of his friends, a merchant named -Hajji Karar, from Kobbé, with presents to Sultan Yusef, +Hajji Karar, from Kobbé, with presents to Sultan Yusef, of Wadai. On his arrival, Sultan Yusef had received him kindly, and had sent him back to Khaled with a present of several horses and female slaves, and with the assurance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[377]</a></span> @@ -16034,7 +15992,7 @@ of the Mahdi's death had arrived there.</p> <p>Darho, anticipating important changes owing to this untoward event, did not hesitate to take advantage of the -situation; and, proceeding forthwith to Kobbé, he declared +situation; and, proceeding forthwith to Kobbé, he declared himself independent, stating he would no longer serve under Khaled's orders; indeed, he made preparations to fight him, and make himself eventually ruler of Darfur. @@ -16128,7 +16086,7 @@ sent under Subhi Pasha to Sennar, and, after replenishing the posts, had returned to the capital. But when the local tribes had been summoned by the Mahdi to join in the holy war, they, collecting under their head -Sheikh, Merdi Abu Rof of the Gehéna tribe, laid siege +Sheikh, Merdi Abu Rof of the Gehéna tribe, laid siege to the town. Surrounded for several months, the brave but famishing garrison at length made a sortie, drove off the besiegers, and captured in their camp a quantity @@ -16669,7 +16627,7 @@ grow.</p> hundred Blacks, mostly old soldiers, whose numbers had been increased by the arrival of a portion of the former garrison of Dara. Many of them were inhabitants of Jebel -Daïr, who were in constant enmity with the Mahdists, and +Daïr, who were in constant enmity with the Mahdists, and who had been captured by them and utilised as slaves to build their huts. Indignant at this treatment, they resolved to regain freedom by force. Fadl el Maula Bekhit, one of @@ -16730,7 +16688,7 @@ killing the mutineers he should obtain favour, he disregarded the Khalifa's orders, and, collecting all the able-bodied inhabitants of the town and neighbourhood, advanced against the soldiers. The latter had taken up a -strong position in the Golfan and Naïma hills, and had +strong position in the Golfan and Naïma hills, and had established there a sort of military republic, nominating as their chief Beshir, who was formerly a sergeant. He gave careful instructions that the ammunition was not to @@ -16992,7 +16950,7 @@ his charge, grow worse instead of better, and that it was only his unfortunate circumstances which obliged him to accept the position. The Khalifa had also spoken to Ibrahim Adlan; and that evening, Lupton sent me word -that he was now appointed an employé in the arsenal, with +that he was now appointed an employé in the arsenal, with pay at the rate of forty dollars a month, which would be just sufficient to save him from absolute want. The Khalifa took this occasion to dismiss from the arsenal a @@ -17352,7 +17310,7 @@ day, and presented him with a new jibba and a wife.</p> with Karamalla—Affairs in Darfur—Execution of Madibbo—Defeat and Death of Sheikh Saleh el Kabbashi—Capture of Charles Neufeld—My Interview with Him—Arrival of Abu -Anga's Army in Omdurman—Destruction of the Gehéna Tribe—The +Anga's Army in Omdurman—Destruction of the Gehéna Tribe—The Conspiracy of "Saidna Isa"—Abu Anga's Campaign in Abyssinia—Sack of Gondar—Terrible Fate of the Captives—Osman Wad Adam's Campaign in Darfur—Death of Sultan Yusef—Instances @@ -17572,7 +17530,7 @@ would be attacked sooner or later, he despatched to Wadi Halfa fifty of his most faithful slaves with letters begging the support of the Egyptian Government; and the faithful Saleh's agent obtained two hundred Remington rifles, forty -boxes of ammunition, £200 in cash, and some beautifully +boxes of ammunition, £200 in cash, and some beautifully embossed revolvers.</p> <p>At this time, there resided at Assuan a German merchant @@ -17677,7 +17635,7 @@ going on. Neufeld, who evidently thought his last hour had come, raised his eyes to heaven, and knelt down, without having received any order to do so, and was at once ordered to get up. Meanwhile, a man arrived, carrying -an ombeÿa, and began to make its melancholy notes +an ombeÿa, and began to make its melancholy notes resound over Neufeld's head; I was delighted to see that this did not appear to disturb him in the least; his poor servant, in her devotion to her master, now rushed out of @@ -17780,7 +17738,7 @@ camp. That night, the Khalifa received him alone in his house, no witnesses being present. The conference lasted till long past midnight; and then Abu Anga returned<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[422]</a></span> to his camp. At dawn the next morning, the beating -of war-drums and the sound of the ombeÿa proclaimed +of war-drums and the sound of the ombeÿa proclaimed that the Khalifa intended to be present on the entry of Abu Anga's army into Omdurman. Just after sunrise, he rode out, accompanied by all his Emirs and an immense crowd, @@ -17817,18 +17775,18 @@ the wildest acclamations of his subjects, who crowded through the streets in such numbers that several were killed and trampled under foot by the horses.</p> -<p>The Emir Merdi Abu Rof, of the Gehéna tribe, now +<p>The Emir Merdi Abu Rof, of the Gehéna tribe, now received instructions to come with all his tribe and cattle to Omdurman; but, having refused to obey the summons,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[423]</a></span> it was decided that he should be punished, and made an example to others. A large portion of Abu Anga's army, under the orders of Zeki Tummal, Abdalla Wad Ibrahim, and Ismail Delendok, was ordered to march against them -and destroy them. The Gehéna tribe, generally called by +and destroy them. The Gehéna tribe, generally called by the Arabs the Abu Rof, and celebrated for their thoroughbred horses and camels, were also known to possess very fine male and female slaves. The well known proverb, -"Gehéna el Ol—Ashra fi Sol" (There are ten Gehéna +"Gehéna el Ol—Ashra fi Sol" (There are ten Gehéna children to every man), faithfully represented the tribe. In the fighting which ensued, their Emirs, Merdi Abu Rof and Mohammed Wad Melek, fell, as well as their former @@ -18103,7 +18061,7 @@ person, he would have forgiven him; but the prisoner,<span class="pagenum"><a na having sinned against the Mahdi, he would be committing a crime if he mitigated it in the slightest degree.</p> -<p>That afternoon, the Khalifa gave orders for the ombeÿa +<p>That afternoon, the Khalifa gave orders for the ombeÿa to be sounded, while the dull beats of the great Mansura (war-drum) boomed through the city, and he himself rode with an immense escort to the parade ground. On @@ -18511,7 +18469,7 @@ Dafalla.</p> towards Gallabat. The Dervishes were in great consternation, and did all they could to strengthen their fortifications. King John's army was divided into two portions: one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">[440]</a></span> -division was made up of his own tribe, the Tigré, and +division was made up of his own tribe, the Tigré, and King Menelek's troops, under the command of Ras Alula; whilst the other portion consisted of the Amhara legions under Ras Barambaras. Arriving almost within range of @@ -18532,7 +18490,7 @@ pillaging and driving out of the town thousands of women and children. King John, who was in his tent, having received news that the Amhara, whom he had frequently accused of cowardice, had succeeded in entering the lines, -whilst his own tribe, the Tigré, had failed, fell into a passion; +whilst his own tribe, the Tigré, had failed, fell into a passion; and, ordering his followers to carry him on his seat—a small gold angareb covered with cushions and carpets—he was brought into the midst of the fighting line. @@ -18552,7 +18510,7 @@ to keep his death secret; but the news gradually leaked<span class="pagenum"><a out, and the Amhara, deserting the camp in the night with all their loot, returned to their homes.</p> -<p>Ras Alula, being the most important of the Tigré chiefs, +<p>Ras Alula, being the most important of the Tigré chiefs, nominated Hailo Mariam as their temporary ruler; but fearing the possibility of dissensions breaking out amongst his unruly troops, he thought he had better return to his @@ -18752,7 +18710,7 @@ was the reply of the judges. They were sent back to prison, and the Khalifa busied himself with carrying the sentence into execution. In accordance with his orders, three scaffolds were immediately erected in the market-place, -and, after midday prayers, the ombeÿa was sounded +and, after midday prayers, the ombeÿa was sounded and the great war-drum was beaten, summoning all the Khalifa's subjects to follow him. Riding to the parade ground, he dismounted and seated himself on a small @@ -18846,7 +18804,7 @@ He expressed his readiness to accept it, and ordered me to bring it to him the next morning. He then sent two of his people, so that the boxes might be opened in their presence; and, late that night, we went to the Beit el Mal, -and there opened them. They contained £200, twelve +and there opened them. They contained £200, twelve ordinary watches, some razors and looking-glasses, some newspapers, a German translation of the Kuran, and the Khalifa's present. These things were all handed over to @@ -18900,7 +18858,7 @@ had the misfortune to cross their path, were robbed of their clothing and jewellery; and the populations of the countries through which they passed bitterly rued the day which had made a western Arab their ruler. For their -convenience, the Khalifa erected immense grain depôts all +convenience, the Khalifa erected immense grain depôts all along the roads by which they travelled; and, on their arrival at the river, ships and steamers were ready to transport them to Omdurman. But, before they reached the @@ -19309,7 +19267,7 @@ satisfaction of seeing him downhearted or afraid.</p> <p>The Khalifa at once gave instructions that Adlan's house should be confiscated, and the Beit el Mal property seized. A careful search of the former was ordered; and the -employés of the latter were instructed to render immediate +employés of the latter were instructed to render immediate and complete accounts. In Adlan's pocket was found a piece of paper inscribed all over with mysterious writing, in which the name of the Khalifa frequently appeared; @@ -19326,7 +19284,7 @@ use of sorcery. The verdict was mutilation, or death, and he was allowed to make his choice; he selected the latter.</p> <p>With his hands tied across his chest, and to the strains -of the melancholy ombeÿa, he was led forth to the +of the melancholy ombeÿa, he was led forth to the market-place, accompanied by an immense crowd. Calmly mounting the angareb beneath the scaffold, he himself placed his head in the noose, and, refusing to drink the @@ -19674,17 +19632,17 @@ a steamer arrived with some ivory and a quantity of slaves, the captain of which gave a full account of the progress and position of the expedition. The Egyptian garrison of Reggaf had surrendered, and some of the officers of that -place had been sent to Duffilé, with orders to seize Emin +place had been sent to Duffilé, with orders to seize Emin Pasha, whose soldiers had mutinied, and hand him over to Omar Saleh. After the departure of the party from Reggaf, a rumour had been circulated amongst the Mahdists that they had been deceived by the officers, and that it was -the intention of the latter, on their arrival at Duffilé, to join +the intention of the latter, on their arrival at Duffilé, to join with the garrison of that place and attack Omar Saleh; he therefore seized the officers and men who had remained behind, threw them into chains, and distributed their property and slaves amongst his followers. The officers -who had gone to Duffilé had really intended to capture +who had gone to Duffilé had really intended to capture Emin, who had in the meantime left with Stanley; and, hearing of what had happened to their wives and property, they now collected the soldiers who, on Emin's departure @@ -19693,7 +19651,7 @@ marched towards Reggaf. The Mahdists, getting information of this, met them on the road; and a fight ensued, in which Omar Saleh was victorious. The officers were killed; but most of the men succeeded in beating a retreat towards -Duffilé followed by the Mahdists, who attacked the position, +Duffilé followed by the Mahdists, who attacked the position, but were driven off and forced to retire. In spite of this victory, great dissensions prevailed amongst the men; and,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_470" id="Page_470">[470]</a></span> eventually, they dispersed in bands throughout the province, @@ -21194,7 +21152,7 @@ rifles. Amongst the trophies he sent to Omdurman were four Congo Free State flags made of blue bunting, with a five-pointed yellow star in the centre, also two suits of black uniform with buttons, on which the words "Travail -et Progrès" were engraved. This was the first time I +et Progrès" were engraved. This was the first time I had seen the badge of the Congo Free State, of the existence of which I had heard; but I had no notion of its size or the extent of its boundaries. Several European @@ -21281,7 +21239,7 @@ Bahr el Ghazal Province.</p> <p>In compliance with these instructions, the Emir Khatem Musa, with a considerable force, was sent south from Shakka into the northern Bahr el Ghazal districts, and the -Faroghé, Kâra, Bongo, and other frontier tribes with +Faroghé, Kâra, Bongo, and other frontier tribes with whom the Europeans had made treaties, being left without support, at once submitted to the Mahdists who occupied their countries.</p> @@ -21289,16 +21247,16 @@ their countries.</p> <p>One day, I was summoned before the Khalifa, who handed to me several documents written in French, which he ordered me to translate. They included two letters from -Lieutenant de La Kéthulle to his assistants, containing +Lieutenant de La Kéthulle to his assistants, containing various orders and instructions. They had been originally -in the hands of the Sheikh of Faroghé, who had handed +in the hands of the Sheikh of Faroghé, who had handed them over to Khatem Musa. In addition to these, the Khalifa showed me a treaty which had been drawn up -between Sultan Hamed Wad Musa of the Faroghé and the +between Sultan Hamed Wad Musa of the Faroghé and the representative of the Congo Free State, which was to the effect that,—</p> -<p>1. Sultan Hamed Wad Musa, chief of the Faroghé +<p>1. Sultan Hamed Wad Musa, chief of the Faroghé tribe, acknowledged the suzerainty of the Congo Free State, and placed himself under its protection.</p> @@ -22099,7 +22057,7 @@ shapes, round which a small turban is wound. The horses are clothed in large padded patchwork quilts, somewhat resembling those worn by the knights of old at tournaments; and one might almost imagine one was gazing -at one of those old mediæval displays. These reviews +at one of those old mediæval displays. These reviews terminate at the end of the third day; and the troops brought from beyond Omdurman are permitted to return to their respective garrisons.</p> @@ -22920,7 +22878,7 @@ formerly traversed by numberless caravans are now deserted, obliterated by sand, or overgrown with rank vegetation. The principal routes were,—</p> -<p>1. The Arbaïn or forty days' road, from Darfur to +<p>1. The Arbaïn or forty days' road, from Darfur to Assiut, or from Kordofan through the Bayuda desert to Dongola and Wadi Halfa.</p> @@ -24221,7 +24179,7 @@ passed; and I heard from secret sources that Babakr was still at Berber. December went by, and the year 1893 had begun. Still no sign of my friend. At length he returned in July, and told me that the messenger whom -I had despatched to Cairo asking for £100 had been +I had despatched to Cairo asking for £100 had been delayed on the road; and that as he had arrived there at a time of year when the journey would have been impossible, the authorities had refused to supply him with the funds. @@ -24251,7 +24209,7 @@ man's behaviour.</p> <p>These gentlemen subsequently made an agreement with a merchant named Musa Wad Abderrahman, promising him -£1000 if he succeeded in effecting my escape, while at the +£1000 if he succeeded in effecting my escape, while at the same time he was furnished with what was necessary for the undertaking. In the winter I received information of this fresh enterprise; but it was not till June, 1894, that @@ -24333,8 +24291,8 @@ my escape. Again an agreement was made between this merchant and the Austrian Agency, with the concurrence of Major Wingate, and the assistance of Milhem Shakkur Bey and Naum Effendi Shukeir of the Intelligence Department. -If successful, Abderrahman was to receive £1000; -and he was also given the necessary outfit and £200 in +If successful, Abderrahman was to receive £1000; +and he was also given the necessary outfit and £200 in advance.</p> <p>Meanwhile, Major Wingate, who had been despatched to @@ -25684,7 +25642,7 @@ British Vice-Consul in Assuan, I at once paid him the one hundred and twenty Maria Theresa dollars. He also received from me a present of money, clothes, and arms, while over and above this Hunter Pasha presented him -with a gift of £10 as a token of joy at my safe arrival; +with a gift of £10 as a token of joy at my safe arrival; and so, having suddenly become a "man of means," he took a touching farewell of me and departed.</p> @@ -25763,7 +25721,7 @@ whilst above the door was written, "A hearty welcome home." On the same day, I received telegrams of congratulations from my family, friends, fellow-students, and from several newspapers. I also met with a hearty welcome -from His Royal Highness, Duke Wilhelm of Würtemberg, +from His Royal Highness, Duke Wilhelm of Würtemberg, and His Serene Highness, General Prince Louis Esterhazy, both of whom had been in the Bosnian campaign when I had served there with my regiment, and who greatly honoured @@ -25919,7 +25877,7 @@ the Sudan has been so replete. Without fanaticism, the revolt could never have been successful, while with it one is brought face to face with a condition of warfare and religious enthusiasm, to find a parallel to which one must -go back to mediæval history and even further.</p> +go back to mediæval history and even further.</p> <p>In the preceding account of my life and adventures, in the vortex itself of this mighty religious movement, I have @@ -26436,7 +26394,7 @@ Arabs, <i>Baggara</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;<br <span style="margin-left: 1em;">revolt, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">chastised, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Ereikat</i>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Gehéna</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Gehéna</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">destroyed, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Gimeh</i>, transported, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Gowama</i>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>;</span><br /> @@ -26609,7 +26567,7 @@ Elias Pasha, <i>G.</i> Gen. Kordofan, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Pag <span style="margin-left: 1em;">invites Mahdi to El Obeid, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Duem, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Emiliani dei Danziger, of Kobbé, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;<br /> +Emiliani dei Danziger, of Kobbé, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mudir of Dara, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">dies, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.</span><br /> <br /> @@ -26779,7 +26737,7 @@ Iya, Basi Zemzem, "eldest sister" of <i>S.</i> Darfur, <a href="#Page_46">46</a> Jaalin, descended from Abbas the Prophet's uncle, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Zubeir's tribe, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Janghé, Baggara tribe transferred to Bahr el Ghazal, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;<br /> +Janghé, Baggara tribe transferred to Bahr el Ghazal, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">revolt and join Maddibbo, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</span><br /> <br /> Japo, Mohammed Agha, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;<br /> @@ -26842,7 +26800,7 @@ Klootz, Gustav, brought in, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242 <span style="margin-left: 1em;">in chains, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</span><br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">died, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>.</span><br /> <br /> -Kobbé, old capital of Darfur, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br /> +Kobbé, old capital of Darfur, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br /> <br /> Kordofan, taken and retaken, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em;">in possession of Mahdi, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</span><br /> @@ -27463,7 +27421,7 @@ images, click on the thumbnails.</p> page numbers with links have been added for the endpaper maps.</p> <p>The following variants have not been changed: -"spear men" and "spearmen", "ombeÿa" and "ombeija".</p> +"spear men" and "spearmen", "ombeÿa" and "ombeija".</p> <p>The following words appear both with and without hyphens and have not been changed: "birth[-]place", "day[-]time", "dock[-]yard", @@ -27541,382 +27499,6 @@ number "440".</p> </div> - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Fire and Sword in the Sudan, by Rudolf C. 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