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-<meta content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1" http-equiv="Content-Type">
+<meta content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
 <title>
 THE CATHOLIC WORLD. Volume III; Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
 </title>
@@ -35,43 +35,7 @@ pre       { font-family: Serif; }
 </head>
 
 <body>
-
-
-<pre>
-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Catholic World. Volume III; Numbers 1,
-2, 3, 4, 5, 6., by E. Rameur
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-Title: The Catholic World. Volume III; Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
-       A Monthly Eclectic Magazine
-
-Author: E. Rameur
-
-Release Date: October 12, 2012 [EBook #41032]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CATHOLIC WORLD, VOLUME III ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Don Kostuch
-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41032 ***</div>
 
 <p class="cite">
 [Transcriber's notes]<br>
@@ -142,7 +106,7 @@ Cardinal Tosti, <a href="#851">851</a>.
 
 Dr. Spring, Reminiscences of, <a href="#129">129</a>.
 Dreamers and Workers, <a href="#418">418</a>.
-De Guérin, Eugénie, Letters from Paris, <a href="#474">474</a>.
+De GuÃ©rin, EugÃ©nie, Letters from Paris, <a href="#474">474</a>.
 
 Eirenicon, Reply to, by Very Rev. Dr. Newman, <a href="#46">46</a>.
 Eirenicon, Pamphlets on the, <a href="#217">217</a>.
@@ -159,7 +123,7 @@ God Bless You, <a href="#593">593</a>.
 Gipsies, The, <a href="#702">702</a>.
 
 Haven't Time, <a href="#92">92</a>.
-Hürter, Frederick, <a href="#115">115</a>.
+HÃ¼rter, Frederick, <a href="#115">115</a>.
 Heaven, Nearest Place to, <a href="#433">433</a>.
 
 Ireland and the Informers of 1798, <a href="#122">122</a>.
@@ -225,7 +189,7 @@ Claims, <a href="#556">556</a>.
 Carols from Cancionero, <a href="#692">692</a>.
 Christian Crown, The, <a href="#736">736</a>.
 
-D«y-Dreams, <a href="#483">483</a>.
+DÂ«y-Dreams, <a href="#483">483</a>.
 
 Hymn, <a href="#548">548</a>.
 Holy Saturday, <a href="#634">634</a>.
@@ -287,7 +251,7 @@ Draper's Text Books of Chemistry, etc, <a href="#576">576</a>.
 Darras' Church History, <a href="#719">719</a>.
 
 Eirenicon, Dr. Pusey's, <a href="#283">283</a>.
-Eugénie de Guérin, Letters of, <a href="#859">859</a>.
+EugÃ©nie de GuÃ©rin, Letters of, <a href="#859">859</a>.
 English Language, Practical Grammar of, <a href="#860">860</a>.
 
 Faber's New Book, <a href="#287">287</a>.
@@ -344,7 +308,7 @@ PATRIARCHATE OF CONSTANTINOPLE.  [Footnote 1]</h2>
 
 <p class="footnote">
   [Footnote 1: "L'Eglise Orientale, par Jaques G. Pitzipios, Fondateur
-  de la Société Chrétienne Orientale." Rome: Imprimerie de la
+  de la SociÃ©tÃ© ChrÃ©tienne Orientale." Rome: Imprimerie de la
   Propagande, 1855.]
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -479,8 +443,8 @@ Mohammedan law recognizes only Mohammedans as members of a Mohammedan
 nationality. In more recent times, the sultans, disgusted by the venal
 and tyrannical conduct of the patriarchs, have refused to confer this
 investiture in person, and it is now done by the grand vizier. Eight
-metropolitans, namely, those of Chalcèdon, Ephesus, Derendah,
-Heraclèa, Cyzicus, Nicomedia, Caesarèa, and Adrianople, form the
+metropolitans, namely, those of ChalcÃ¨don, Ephesus, Derendah,
+HeraclÃ¨a, Cyzicus, Nicomedia, CaesarÃ¨a, and Adrianople, form the
 supreme council of the patriarchate, and, with the patriarch,
 administer the ecclesiastical and civil government of the Christians
 of their communion throughout the Ottoman empire. They have the
@@ -691,7 +655,7 @@ which the title was originally assumed, and the traditional maxims
 which directed the policy of the ambitions Byzantine prelates
 throughout the entire period of the Greek empire. The original and
 only claim of the bishops of Constantinople, who were merely
-suffragans of the Metropolitan of Heraclèa before their city was made
+suffragans of the Metropolitan of HeraclÃ¨a before their city was made
 the capital of the empire, to the patriarchal dignity, was the
 political importance of the city. Because Constantinople was new Rome,
 therefore the Bishop of Constantinople ought to be second to the
@@ -809,7 +773,7 @@ brethren who were so nobly struggling to free their country from the
 hated yoke of the Moslem conqueror. The really high-minded Greeks of
 the empire did thus sympathize with their brethren. The ruling clergy,
 however, manifested a zeal for the interests of the Ottoman court so
-<i>outré</i> and so scandalous that it not only outraged the feelings of
+<i>outrÃ©</i> and so scandalous that it not only outraged the feelings of
 their own subjects, but, as we shall see, aroused the suspicions of
 the tyrants before whom they so basely cringed, and brought
 destruction on their own heads. They accused a great number of
@@ -834,7 +798,7 @@ executed, on the charge of participating in the revolution. Even after
 the great powers of Europe had acknowledged the independence of
 Greece, the ruling clergy of Constantinople endeavored to curry favor
 at court by sending a commission, under the presidency of the
-metropolitan of Chalcèdon, to recommend to the Greeks a return to the
+metropolitan of ChalcÃ¨don, to recommend to the Greeks a return to the
 Turkish dominion! It is needless to say that this invitation was
 declined, although we cannot but admire the self-control of the Greek
 princes and prelates when we are told that it was declined, and the
@@ -861,7 +825,7 @@ bishops." This article was established in 1844. In 1850, the clergy
 obtained from the government the appointment of a commission, composed
 of one clergyman, the archimandrite Michael Apostolides, professor of
 theology in the University of Athens, and one layman, Peter
-Deligianni, <i>chargé d'affaires</i> at Constantinople, to establish
+Deligianni, <i>chargÃ© d'affaires</i> at Constantinople, to establish
 concordats with the patriarchate and the governing synod of Russia, on
 the basis of the above cited article of the Greek constitution. In
 lieu of this proposed concordat, the Greek commissioners were duped by
@@ -1145,7 +1109,7 @@ painfully their grievances and no longer dared to continue their just
 reclamations to the government." The Ottoman government, intimidated
 by the threats of the ecclesiastical Janissaries of the Cara-Casan,
 "was obliged to yield to the force of circumstances, as they were used
-to do in the time of their terrible <i>confrères</i>, and abandoned the
+to do in the time of their terrible <i>confrÃ¨res</i>, and abandoned the
 question completely."
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -2401,7 +2365,7 @@ overheating by the constant explosions.
 <p>
 This engine has cheapness for its main recommendation. A
 half-horsepower gas-engine (the commonest power made) costs, when
-complete, £65, and consumes twopence worth of gas per hour; while the
+complete, Â£65, and consumes twopence worth of gas per hour; while the
 cost of keeping the battery active is about fourpence per week.
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -2456,7 +2420,7 @@ BY GEORGE H. MILES.  [Footnote 10]
   For the Moslem hath left his blood-stained lair,
   And the banner of England waveth there.
   Thither she lureth the Lion King
-  To hear a wandering Trovère sing;
+  To hear a wandering TrovÃ¨re sing;
   For well she knew the Joyous Art
   Was surest path to Richard's heart.
   But the Monarch's glance was on the sea--
@@ -2475,7 +2439,7 @@ BY GEORGE H. MILES.  [Footnote 10]
   To try a measure I wove last e'en.
   What songster hast thou caught, my Queen,
   Whose harp may soothe a Monarch's ear?"
-  She beckoned, and the Trovère bowed
+  She beckoned, and the TrovÃ¨re bowed
   To many a Lord and Ladye fair
   That gathered round the royal pair;
   But most his simple song was vowed
@@ -2499,7 +2463,7 @@ I.
   Midway to yon mountain's brow,
   Guarding the beautiful valley below:
   Its crest the clouds, its ancient feet
-  Where the Arc and the Isère murmuring meet
+  Where the Arc and the IsÃ¨re murmuring meet
   Earth hath few lovelier scenes to show
   Than Miolan with its hundred halls,
   Its massive towers and bannered walls,
@@ -2507,7 +2471,7 @@ I.
   That gladden its stately solitudes.
   And there might ye hear but yestermorn
   The loud halloo and the hunter's horn,
-  The laugh of mailèd men at play.
+  The laugh of mailÃ¨d men at play.
   The drinking bout and the roundelay.
   But now all is sternest silence there.
   Save the bell that calls to vesper prayer;
@@ -2548,7 +2512,7 @@ II.
     And through his mail.
 
   "Oft had I seen him breast the shock
-    Of squire or crownèd king,
+    Of squire or crownÃ¨d king,
   His front was firm as rooted rock
     When spears were shivering:
   I knew no blow could shake him so
@@ -2593,7 +2557,7 @@ II.
 
   "But sternly to his steed clove he,
     And answer made he none,
-  I clasped him by his barbèd knee
+  I clasped him by his barbÃ¨d knee
     And there I made my moan;
   While icily he stared at me,
     At me alone.
@@ -2614,7 +2578,7 @@ II.
 
   "For was he dead and was he sped,
     When he could ride so well,
-  So bravely bear his plumèd head?
+  So bravely bear his plumÃ¨d head?
     Or, was't some spirit fell
   In causeless wrath had crossed his path
     With fiendish spell?
@@ -2644,7 +2608,7 @@ II.
 
   "Full well, full well Grey Caliph then
     The horror seemed to know.
-  E'en deeper than my mailèd men
+  E'en deeper than my mailÃ¨d men
     Methought he felt our woe;
   For the barbed head of the desert-bred
     Was drooping low.
@@ -2814,7 +2778,7 @@ I.
     With oaken arches spanned.
   Full many a shield hung on the wall,
     Full many a broken brand.
-  And barbèd spear and scimetar
+  And barbÃ¨d spear and scimetar
     From Holy Land.
 
   And scarfs of dames of high degree
@@ -2837,7 +2801,7 @@ I.
     Those oaken arches dim,
   The torchlight, struggling through the gloom,
     Fell faint on effige grim,
- On dragon dread and carvèd head
+ On dragon dread and carvÃ¨d head
     Of Cherubim.
 
   Of Cherubim fast by a shrine
@@ -2939,7 +2903,7 @@ I.
     And this his virgin shield.
   This lance to his first tilt he bore,
     With this first took the field--
-  How light, how lâche to that huge ash
+  How light, how lÃ¢che to that huge ash
     He now doth wield!
 
   "This blade hath levelled at a blow
@@ -3021,7 +2985,7 @@ I.
   'Ride, gallant knights, Christine invites.
     Herself the prize!'
 
-  "Ho, craven, shun'st thou the melée,
+  "Ho, craven, shun'st thou the melÃ©e,
     When she expects thy brand
   To prove to-day in fair tourney
     A title to her hand?
@@ -3090,7 +3054,7 @@ I.
   Arouse from sleep the castle keep,
     Sound every bell!"
 
-  They come, pale maid and mailèd man
+  They come, pale maid and mailÃ¨d man
     They throng into the hall,
   The watcher from the barbican,
     The warder from the wall.
@@ -3912,7 +3876,7 @@ her prerogatives.
 </p>
 <p>
 What is the great rudimental teaching of antiquity from its earliest
-date concerning her? By "rudimental teaching" I mean the <i>primâ facie</i>
+date concerning her? By "rudimental teaching" I mean the <i>primÃ¢ facie</i>
 view of her person and office, the broad outline laid down of her, the
 aspect under which she comes to us in the writings of the fathers. She
 is the second Eve.  [Footnote 11] Now let us consider what this
@@ -4668,11 +4632,11 @@ seeming inconsistencies of their teaching. And now to apply what I
 have said to the passage in the Apocalypse.
 </p>
 <p>
-If there is an apostle on whom, <i>à priori</i>, our eyes would be fixed,
+If there is an apostle on whom, <i>Ã  priori</i>, our eyes would be fixed,
 as likely to teach us about the Blessed Virgin, it is St. John, to
 whom she was committed by our Lord on the cross--with whom, as
 tradition goes, she lived at Ephesus till she was taken away. This
-anticipation is confirmed <i>à posteriori</i>; for, as I have said above,
+anticipation is confirmed <i>Ã  posteriori</i>; for, as I have said above,
 one of the earliest and fullest of our informants concerning her
 dignity, as being the second Eve, is Irenaeus, who came to Lyons from
 Asia Minor, and had been taught by the immediate disciples of St.
@@ -5819,7 +5783,7 @@ catechizing or instruction, you would find nothing in our received
 manuals to which you would not assent, I am quite sure. Again, as to
 preaching, a standard book was drawn up three centuries ago, to supply
 matter for the purpose to the parochial clergy. You incidentally
-mention, p. 153, that the comment of Cornelius à Lapide on Scripture
+mention, p. 153, that the comment of Cornelius Ã  Lapide on Scripture
 is "a repertorium for sermons;" but I never heard of this work being
 used, nor indeed can it, because of its size. The work provided for
 the purpose by the church is the "Catechism of the Council of Trent,"
@@ -5906,7 +5870,7 @@ particular soul, she at once prays for it. <a name="87">{87}</a> I say, he wills
 according to her prayer, but then she prays according, to his will.
 Though then it is natural and prudent for those to have recourse to
 her who, from the church's teaching, know her power, yet it cannot be
-said that devotion to her is a <i>sine quâ non</i> of salvation. Some
+said that devotion to her is a <i>sine quÃ¢ non</i> of salvation. Some
 indeed of the authors whom you quote go further; they do speak of
 devotion; but even then they do not enunciate the general proposition
 which I have been disallowing. For instance, they say, "It is morally
@@ -5982,7 +5946,7 @@ make some extracts from them:
   who, by great and shocking negligence, have neither care nor regard
   for her <i>cultus</i>, but, given to profane and secular objects,
   scarce once a year raise their earthly minds to sing her praises or
-  to venerate her!"--<i>De Mariâ Deiparâ</i>, p. 518.
+  to venerate her!"--<i>De MariÃ¢ DeiparÃ¢</i>, p. 518.
 </p>
 <p>
 (2.) Father Petau says, when discussing the teaching of the fathers
@@ -6074,7 +6038,7 @@ purpose as Petau. I abridge some portions of his text:
 In another portion of the same work, he speaks in particular of one of
 those imaginations to which you especially refer, and for which,
 without strict necessity (as it seems to me), you allege the authority
-of à Lapide:
+of Ã  Lapide:
 </p>
 <p class="cite">
   "Nor is that honor of the Deipara to be offered, viz., that the
@@ -8157,7 +8121,7 @@ justly celebrated.
 <p>
 To what, then, have we to ascribe this forgetfulness or indifference?
 Perhaps a simple comparison of dates will account for it. Hurter died,
-as we have stated, in the latter part of August, and La Moricière in
+as we have stated, in the latter part of August, and La MoriciÃ¨re in
 the early part of the following month. It is therefore natural to
 conjecture that the memory of the great historian was almost
 forgotten, or for the time absorbed, in the midst of the extraordinary
@@ -8165,7 +8129,7 @@ manifestations and triumphal funeral ceremonies which have honored the
 remains of the immortal vanquished of Castelfidardo. It must be
 admitted, however, that such was not just; it would have been better
 to allow to each his legitimate share of respect, and, without
-derogating from the glory of La Moricière, render also to Hurter the
+derogating from the glory of La MoriciÃ¨re, render also to Hurter the
 honor to which he was so justly entitled. Beside, their names were
 destined to be associated, for both have fought under the same flag,
 although in a different manner. Both have been the champions of the
@@ -8233,7 +8197,7 @@ Rome.
 <p>
 Having finished his preliminary studies in his native town, Hurter
 studied in the different classes of theology at the University of
-Göttingen, whence he obtained his diploma, and, having been first
+GÃ¶ttingen, whence he obtained his diploma, and, having been first
 appointed pastor of an obscure village, was soon removed to
 Schaffhausen.
 </p>
@@ -8242,7 +8206,7 @@ In 1824 he was appointed chancellor of the consistory; but neither his
 theological studies nor the duties of his office as pastor, a calling
 he had embraced through deference for his father rather than from
 personal inclination, diverted him from the object of his early
-predilections. Thus, while at Göttingen he found leisure to write a
+predilections. Thus, while at GÃ¶ttingen he found leisure to write a
 "History of Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths." It was his first essay
 as historian, being at the time only twenty years old.
 </p>
@@ -8256,7 +8220,7 @@ favorite studies on the middle ages, and completed them. His great
 attraction was not, as might be expected, Gregory VII., but Innocent
 III., probably on account of a collection of letters written by that
 great pontiff, published by Baluze, and which he had formerly bought
-at public sale at Göttingen. He certainly had not then the remotest
+at public sale at GÃ¶ttingen. He certainly had not then the remotest
 idea that that book would at some future day form the foundation of
 his fame, and the means of a radical change in his Christian and
 social life. He commenced his book on Innocent III. in 1818, but it
@@ -8317,7 +8281,7 @@ and dislike of his fellow Protestants. His "Excursion to Vienna and
 Presburg," which was published soon after he visited Austria, in 1839,
 excited their anger to the highest degree. Blinded by their passions,
 they resolved to put him on trial, so as to find him guilty and so
-depose him. In his "Exposé of the Motives of his Conversion" he states
+depose him. In his "ExposÃ© of the Motives of his Conversion" he states
 that they put him the unfair question, "Are you a Protestant at
 heart?" "This question," he continues, "had no relation whatever with
 the alleged facts bearing on my public office, but only with my
@@ -8551,7 +8515,7 @@ We will end this sketch by repeating the words which an apostolic
 missionary, now a cardinal, once applied to the great historian; they
 cannot be <a name="121">{121}</a> better or more happily chosen to sum up his whole
 life. Twenty years ago, after being a witness to his conversion, the
-Abbé de Bonnechose, writing from Rome, says of him: "<i>Justum deduxit
+AbbÃ© de Bonnechose, writing from Rome, says of him: "<i>Justum deduxit
 Dominus per vias rectas et ostendit illi regnum Dei, et dedit illi
 scientiam sanctorum; honestavit illum in laboribus et complevit
 labores illius</i>" (Sap. x.) Yes, Hurter's mind was right, and God led
@@ -8649,7 +8613,7 @@ Miss Mary Anne Archer, who possessed a tolerable fortune and a foolish
 old father. Miss Archer happened to be a Roman Catholic, and was
 strong in her faith; but this was only a trifle to Higgins, who again
 forsook the new creed for the old, and proved thereby, like Richard,
-"a thriving wooer." They were married, and the Archer <i>père</i> did at
+"a thriving wooer." They were married, and the Archer <i>pÃ¨re</i> did at
 last what he ought to have done at first, ferreted out the real
 antecedents of his precious son-in-law, and discovered that he had a
 very clever fellow to deal with; while his daughter, finding, after a
@@ -8721,14 +8685,14 @@ Secretary Cooke to Lord Cornwallis, then lord lieutenant of Ireland.
 "Francis Higgins," he writes, "proprietor of the 'Freeman's Journal,'
 was the person who procured for me all the intelligence respecting
 Lord Edward Fitzgerald, and got--to set him, and has given me
-otherwise much information--£300;" meaning thereby that his
+otherwise much information--Â£300;" meaning thereby that his
 excellency should sanction that annual amount for "secret service,"
-out of a sum of £15,000, specially laid aside for that purpose. Beside
-this, however, a lump sum of £1000 was given to Higgins on the 20th of
+out of a sum of Â£15,000, specially laid aside for that purpose. Beside
+this, however, a lump sum of Â£1000 was given to Higgins on the 20th of
 June, 1798, for the betrayal of his friend; and, independent of this,
 a confederate of his named Francis Magan, a barrister, <a name="124">{124}</a> and a
 close ally of Lord Edward, and who positively "set" the unfortunate
-nobleman at Higgins's instigation, received £600 and a pension of £200
+nobleman at Higgins's instigation, received Â£600 and a pension of Â£200
 per annum for the worthy deed. Probably the most startling of all
 these revelations of domestic treachery was the conduct of Leonard
 McNally, barrister at law, and selected "for his ability, truth, zeal,
@@ -8745,23 +8709,23 @@ puzzled and surprised at having their best-concocted measures
 anticipated and baffled, although not a man of them ever thought of
 looking to "honest Mac" as the cause. For this and other services
 McNally received some thousands, and was gratified, in addition, with
-a pension of £300 per annum. Singularly enough, the terrible secrets
+a pension of Â£300 per annum. Singularly enough, the terrible secrets
 of Magan and McNally were well kept until long after their deaths, and
 until the publication of the "Cornwallis Papers" enabled inquirers to
 strike on the true vein. Both these men are said to have been
 corrupted by the Sham Squire, who seems to have been the
 Mephistopheles of his time; but a still more notorious "informer,"
 because an open one, was Reynolds--Tom Reynolds--who was promised a
-pension of £2000 a year and a seat in parliament for his services, but
-did not receive quite so much. In 1798, however, he received £5000 and
-a pension of £1000 a year; and as his demands were always importunate,
-it is known that during the remainder of his life he extracted £45,740
+pension of Â£2000 a year and a seat in parliament for his services, but
+did not receive quite so much. In 1798, however, he received Â£5000 and
+a pension of Â£1000 a year; and as his demands were always importunate,
+it is known that during the remainder of his life he extracted Â£45,740
 from his employers. Reynolds went abroad and died there, as Ireland
 would hardly have been for him either a safe or a pleasant residence;
 but Magan and McNally lived at home for many a goodly year, and were
 looked upon as honest men and sterling patriots to the last. Higgins
 did not long survive his victims; he died suddenly, in 1802, worth
-£20,000, a greater part of which, strange to say, he left for
+Â£20,000, a greater part of which, strange to say, he left for
 charitable purposes!
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -8807,7 +8771,7 @@ general demoralization were produced by some of the occupants of the
 vice-regal throne, and their "courts," the character and course of
 life of whom are painted by our author in anything but a seductive
 way. Brilliancy, show, pleasure, wit, and extravagance were the order
-of the day; lords-lieutenant were either dissipated <i>roués</i>, or
+of the day; lords-lieutenant were either dissipated <i>rouÃ©s</i>, or
 incompetent imbeciles, and in either case they were sure to be coerced
 or cajoled by a mercenary tribe of political adventurers, who directed
 their actions and influenced their minds. We at once see by the
@@ -8882,7 +8846,7 @@ form. Lord Clonmel was an ardent lover of horticulture, and had spent
 many thousand pounds in making his suburban villa a "model." Magee
 knew this, and as the chief demesne was skirted by an open common from
 which a thick hedge alone separated it, the journalist proclaimed a
-rural <i>fête</i>, on an enormous scale, to be held on the vacant ground,
+rural <i>fÃªte</i>, on an enormous scale, to be held on the vacant ground,
 and to which the whole Dublin population, gentle and simple, were
 invited. Meats and liquors were given to an unlimited extent, and, in
 the evening, when the "roughs" were primed with whiskey, several pigs
@@ -9704,7 +9668,7 @@ will be required to effectually penetrate the side of the <i>Hercules</i>.
 <p>
 <i>The Moa's Egg</i>. --Since our last issue a splendid specimen of the egg
 of the Dinornis has been exhibited in this country, put up to auction,
-and "bought in" by the proprietors for £125. Some interesting details
+and "bought in" by the proprietors for Â£125. Some interesting details
 concerning the history of gigantic birds' eggs have been supplied by a
 contemporary, and we quote them for our readers: In 1854, M. Geoffroy
 de St. Hilaire exhibited to the French Academy some eggs of the
@@ -9763,7 +9727,7 @@ species on the Amoor.
 <br>
 <p>
 <i>Plants within Plants</i>. --In one of the recent numbers of the "Comptes
-Rendus," N. Trécul gives an account of some curious observations,
+Rendus," N. TrÃ©cul gives an account of some curious observations,
 showing that plants sometimes are formed within the cells of existing
 ones. He considers that the organic matter of certain vegetable cells
 can, when undergoing putrefaction, transform itself into new species,
@@ -11616,7 +11580,7 @@ the world upwards of 15,700 monks, all of whom attained distinction as
 authors of books or scientific inventors. Rabanus established the
 first school in Germany. Alcuin founded the University of Paris, where
 30,000 students were educated at one time, and whence issued, to the
-honor of England, St. Thomas à Becket, Robert of Melun, Robert White,
+honor of England, St. Thomas Ã  Becket, Robert of Melun, Robert White,
 made cardinal by Celestine II., Nicholas Broakspear, the only
 Englishman ever made Pope, who filled the chair under the title of
 Adrian IV., and John of Salisbury, whose writings give us the best
@@ -11920,7 +11884,7 @@ I.
       Its battlements invade the sky,
   Looks down upon the rushing Rhone.
   From its tall summits you may see
-  The sunward slopes of Côte Rotie
+  The sunward slopes of CÃ´te Rotie
   With its red harvest's revelry;
   While eastward, midway to the Alpine snows,
   Soar the sad cloisters of the Grande Chartreuse.
@@ -11970,7 +11934,7 @@ I.
   Whirls with a scream round his sable crest.
   What muttereth he with demon smile.
   Shaking his mailed hand the while
-      Toward the Chateau of La Sône,
+      Toward the Chateau of La SÃ´ne,
   Where champing steed and bannered tent
   Gave token of goodly tournament,
       And the Golden Dolphin shone?
@@ -12002,7 +11966,7 @@ II.
       So cometh the fawn
           Before the deer.
   Christine is in her bower
-      Beside the swift Isère
+      Beside the swift IsÃ¨re
   Weaving a white flower
       With her dark brown hair.
       Never, O never,
@@ -12111,7 +12075,7 @@ II.
       Within his castle lone,
   To kinsman's cold or casual care,
       Not such as were his own:
-  And so the sweet Provençal maid
+  And so the sweet ProvenÃ§al maid
   Shared with her sire the first Crusade.
   And you may hear her oft,
   In accents strangely soft.
@@ -12122,7 +12086,7 @@ II.
       Of sad Gethsemane;
   And of a young Knight ever seen
   In evening walks along the green
-      That fringes feeble Siloë.
+      That fringes feeble SiloÃ«.
 
   Young, beautiful, and passing fair--
   The ancient Dauphin's only heir,
@@ -12138,14 +12102,14 @@ II.
           Swerveless faith she gave--
       To the young knight ever seen
       When moonlight wandered o'er the green
-          That gleams o'er Siloë's wave.
+          That gleams o'er SiloÃ«'s wave.
   And he, blest boy, where lingers he?
       For the Dauphin hath given slow consent
       That, after a joyous tournament,
   The stately spousals shall be.
 
   Christine is in her bower
-      That blooms by the swift Isère,
+      That blooms by the swift IsÃ¨re,
   Twining a white flower
       With her dark brown hair.
 
@@ -12162,7 +12126,7 @@ II.
       As fragile, fair, and bright
           And lovelier than they?
       O no, she has come to her bower
-          That blooms by the dark Isère
+          That blooms by the dark IsÃ¨re
       For the bridegroom who named the first hour
           Of day-dawn to meet her there:
       But the bridal morn on the hills is born
@@ -12346,7 +12310,7 @@ II.
 
       Back to her bower so fair
           Christine her way, is wending;
-      Over the dark Isère
+      Over the dark IsÃ¨re
           Silently she's bending,
       Thus communing with the stream.
       As one who whispers in a dream:
@@ -12368,7 +12332,7 @@ II.
   Touching heaven, the virgin snow
   Is firmer than the rock below.
   Lies my love upon his bier,
-  Answer, answer, dark Isère!
+  Answer, answer, dark IsÃ¨re!
   Hark, to the low voice of the river
   Singing '<i>Thy love is lost for ever!</i>'
   Weep with all thy icy fountains,
@@ -12391,7 +12355,7 @@ II.
       Necks with white pearl entwined.
   Gowns whose white folds imprison
       Wafts of the wandering wind.
-  The boughs of the charmèd woodland
+  The boughs of the charmÃ¨d woodland
      Sing to the vision sweet.
   The daisies that crouch in the clover
       Nod to their twinkling feet.
@@ -12401,7 +12365,7 @@ II.
       Fresh plucked for her dark brown hair.
   Hand in hand tripping to meet her,
       Birdlike they carol their joy.
-  Wedding soft Provençal numbers
+  Wedding soft ProvenÃ§al numbers
       To a dulcet old strain of Savoy.
 
 <a name="181">{181}</a>
@@ -12449,7 +12413,7 @@ THE GREETING.
   "Ye nave sung for me, I will sing for ye,
       My sisters fond and fair."
   And she bent her head till the chaplet fell
-      Adown in the deep Isère.
+      Adown in the deep IsÃ¨re.
 
 
 THE REPLY.
@@ -13526,10 +13490,10 @@ TO BE CONTINUED
 <br><br>
 A PRETENDED DERVISH IN TURKESTAN.  [Footnote 35]
 <br><br>
-BY ÉMILE JONVEAUX</h2>
+BY Ã‰MILE JONVEAUX</h2>
 <br>
 <p class="footnote">
-  [Footnote 35: "Herman Vambéry's Travels In Central Asia." Original
+  [Footnote 35: "Herman VambÃ©ry's Travels In Central Asia." Original
   German edition. Leipzic: Brockhaus,1865. Paris: Xavier. French
   translation by M. Forgues. Paris: Hachette.]
 </p>
@@ -13562,7 +13526,7 @@ terror of tempest, the tortures of thirst--where, in fine, he might
 encounter death under a thousand forms? and then, how was he to force
 his way among those savage and fanatic tribes, who are afraid of
 travellers; and who a few years before had destroyed Moorcraft,
-Conolly, and Stoddart? Nothing could shake the resolution of Vambéry;
+Conolly, and Stoddart? Nothing could shake the resolution of VambÃ©ry;
 he felt strong enough to brave suffering, and as to the dangers which
 threatened him from man, his bold and inventive spirit would furnish
 him the means to avert them in calling to his assistance their very
@@ -13577,7 +13541,7 @@ to succeed at last. These difficulties were renewed often in the
 course of his adventurous tour; more than once the suspicious look of
 some powerful tyrant was fixed upon him as if to say: "Your features
 betray you; you are a European!" The extraordinary coolness, the
-ingenious expedients to which Vambéry had recourse in these
+ingenious expedients to which VambÃ©ry had recourse in these
 emergencies, give to the story of his travels an interest which
 novelists and dramatists might envy. To this powerful charm, the work
 of which we give a rapid sketch unites the merit of containing <a name="199">{199}</a>
@@ -13592,7 +13556,7 @@ manners and character, of the races which inhabit Central Asia.
 I.
 </p>
 <p>
-It was early in July, 1862, that Vambéry, leaving Tabriz, began his
+It was early in July, 1862, that VambÃ©ry, leaving Tabriz, began his
 long and perilous journey. Persia, at this period of the year, does
 not offer the enchanting spectacle which the enthusiastic descriptions
 of poets lead us to imagine. This boasted country displays only to the
@@ -13610,7 +13574,7 @@ filled the streets, asses, camels, mules laden with straw, barley, and
 other marketable articles jostled each other in the strangest
 confusion. "Take care! Take care!" vociferated the passers-by; each
 one pressed, pushed, and blows of sticks and even of sabres were
-distributed with surprising liberality. Vambéry succeeded in getting
+distributed with surprising liberality. VambÃ©ry succeeded in getting
 safe and sound out of this tumult; he repaired to the summer residence
 of the Turkish ambassador, where all the effendis were assembled under
 a magnificent silken tent. Haydar Effendi, who represented the sultan
@@ -13639,7 +13603,7 @@ political and commercial relations with Iran; but their efforts were
 checked, Persia not being ripe for this regeneration.
 </p>
 <p>
-Thanks to the generous hospitality of Haydar Effendi, Vambéry was
+Thanks to the generous hospitality of Haydar Effendi, VambÃ©ry was
 rested from his fatigues. Impatient to continue his journey, he wished
 to take immediately the road to Herat; his friends dissuaded him from
 it, because the hostilities just declared between the sultan of this
@@ -13655,7 +13619,7 @@ Ottoman embassy, for they are all <i>Sunnites</i> and <a name="200">{200}</a> re
 emperor of Constantinople as their spiritual head; Persia, on the
 contrary, belongs to the sect of the <i>Shiites</i>, who may be called the
 Protestants of Islam, with so profound a horror have they inspired the
-faithful believers of Khiva, Bokhara, Samarcande, etc. Vambéry, who
+faithful believers of Khiva, Bokhara, Samarcande, etc. VambÃ©ry, who
 proposed to visit all these fanatic states, had then adopted the
 character of a pious and zealous Sunnite. Very soon it was noised
 abroad among the pilgrims that Reschid Effendi (<i>nom de guerre</i> of our
@@ -13672,7 +13636,7 @@ ambassador," said he who appeared to be the chief; "the only object of
 our prayers is, that in future the Sunnites may be able to visit the
 holy places without being forced to endure the exactions of the
 infidel Shiites." Surprised at the disinterestedness of this language,
-Vambéry considered more attentively the austere countenances of his
+VambÃ©ry considered more attentively the austere countenances of his
 guests. In spite of their miserable clothing, a native nobility
 discovered itself in them; their words were frank, their looks
 intelligent. The little caravan of which they made a part, composed in
@@ -13698,7 +13662,7 @@ that, we shall run the risk of perishing by the robbers who infest the
 desert, or of being swallowed up alive by tempests of sand. Reflect
 again, seigneur effendi, we would not be the cause of your death."
 These words were not without their effect, but, after coming so far,
-Vambéry was not easily discouraged. "I know," said he to the pilgrims,
+VambÃ©ry was not easily discouraged. "I know," said he to the pilgrims,
 "that this world is an inn where we sojourn for some days, and from
 which we soon depart to give place to new travellers. I pity those
 restless spirits who, not content with having thought of the present,
@@ -13720,7 +13684,7 @@ of a pilgrim, an enemy of all worldly superfluity, he left behind his
 bedding, his linen, everything, in <a name="201">{201}</a> short, which in the eyes of
 the Tartars had the least appearance of refinement or luxury. Some
 days after, he rejoined his companions in the caravansery where the
-hadjis had promised to meet him. There Vambéry ascertained, to his
+hadjis had promised to meet him. There VambÃ©ry ascertained, to his
 great surprise, that the miserable garments which had disgusted him so
 much were the state robes of the dervishes; their travelling dress was
 composed of numerous rags, arranged in the most picturesque manner and
@@ -13730,7 +13694,7 @@ assistants responded by the sacramental <i>amen</i>, placing the hand upon
 the beard.
 </p>
 <p>
-Vambéry quitted Teheran not without sadness and misgiving. In this
+VambÃ©ry quitted Teheran not without sadness and misgiving. In this
 city, placed on the frontiers of civilization, he had found devoted
 friends; now, in the company of strangers, he was about to face at
 once the perils of the desert and those, more to be feared, which
@@ -13739,7 +13703,7 @@ was roused from these reflections by joyous ballads sung by many of
 the pilgrims, others related the adventures of their wandering life or
 boasted of the charms of their native country, the fertile gardens of
 Mergolan and Khokand. Sometimes their patriotic and religious
-enthusiasm led them to intone verses from the Koran, in which Vambéry
+enthusiasm led them to intone verses from the Koran, in which VambÃ©ry
 never failed to join with a zeal which did honor to the strength of
 his lungs. He had then the satisfaction of observing the dervishes
 look at one another and say, in an undertone, that Hadji Rescind was a
@@ -13754,19 +13718,19 @@ richest vegetation; splendid forests, prairies covered with thick
 grass, extend themselves everywhere before the charmed eye of the
 traveller, and from time to time the murmur of a waterfall delights
 his ear. The sight of this smiling country drove away all the sad
-presentiments which had possessed the soul of Vambéry; mounted upon a
-gently-treading mule, he arrives full of confidence at Karatèpe, where
+presentiments which had possessed the soul of VambÃ©ry; mounted upon a
+gently-treading mule, he arrives full of confidence at KaratÃ¨pe, where
 he is to embark upon the Caspian sea. There an Afghan of high birth,
 whom the pretended Reschid had met upon his journey, and who knew the
 consideration which he enjoyed at the Ottoman embassy, offered him the
 hospitality of his house. The news of the arrival of pilgrims had
 collected a great number of visitors; squatted along the walls of the
-houses, they fixed upon Vambéry looks of mingled distrust and
+houses, they fixed upon VambÃ©ry looks of mingled distrust and
 curiosity. "He is not a dervish," said some, "you can see that by his
 features and complexion." "The hadjis," replied others, "pretend that
 he is a near relation of the Turkish ambassador." All then, shaking
 their heads with a mysterious air, said in an undertone, "Only Allah
-can know what this foreigner is after." During this time, Vambéry
+can know what this foreigner is after." During this time, VambÃ©ry
 pretended to be plunged in a profound meditation; in which as a
 Protestant, he committed a grave imprudence, for the Orientals, liars
 and hypocrites themselves, cannot believe in frankness, and always
@@ -13774,13 +13738,13 @@ infer the contrary of whatever is told them. These suspicions,
 moreover, had nearly frustrated at the outset the bold designs of the
 European. The captain of the Afghan ship, employed in provisioning the
 Russian garrison, had consented for a small sum to take all the hadjis
-in his ship across the arm of the sea which divides Karatèpe from
+in his ship across the arm of the sea which divides KaratÃ¨pe from
 Ashourada. But learning the reports which were in circulation
 regarding our traveller, he refused to permit him to embark; "his
 attachment for the Russians not allowing him," he said, "to facilitate
 the secret designs of an emissary of Turkey." In vain Hadji Bilal,
 Hadji Salih, and others of the caravan endeavored to change his <a name="202">{202}</a>
-resolution. All was useless, and Vambéry was doubting whether he
+resolution. All was useless, and VambÃ©ry was doubting whether he
 should not be forced to retrace his steps, when his companions
 generously declared that they would not proceed without him.
 </p>
@@ -13788,22 +13752,22 @@ generously declared that they would not proceed without him.
 Toward evening, the dervishes learned that a Turcoman named Yakaub
 proposed from a religious motive, and without desiring any recompense,
 to take them in his boat. The motive of this unexpected kindness was
-very soon discovered. Yakaub, having drawn Vambéry apart, confessed to
+very soon discovered. Yakaub, having drawn VambÃ©ry apart, confessed to
 him in an embarrassed tone, which contrasted singularly with his wild
 and energetic physiognomy, that he nourished a profound and hopeless
 passion for a young girl of his tribe; a Jew, a renowned magician who
-resided at Karatèpe, had promised to prepare an infallible talisman if
+resided at KaratÃ¨pe, had promised to prepare an infallible talisman if
 the unhappy lover were able to procure for him thirty drops of essence
 of rose direct from Mecca. "You hadjis," added the Tartar, casting
 down his eyes, "never quit the holy places without bringing away some
 perfume; and as you are the youngest of the caravan, I hope that you
 will comprehend my vexation better than the others, and that you will
-help me." The companions of Vambéry had in fact several bottles of the
+help me." The companions of VambÃ©ry had in fact several bottles of the
 essence, of which they gave a part to the Turkoman, and this precious
 gift threw the son of the desert into a genuine ecstasy.
 </p>
 <p>
-The voyagers passed two days on a <i>kèseboy</i> a boat provided with a
+The voyagers passed two days on a <i>kÃ¨seboy</i> a boat provided with a
 mast and two unequal sails, which the Tartars use for the transport of
 cargoes. It was almost night when Yakaub cast anchor before Ashourada,
 the most southerly of the Russian possessions in Asia. The czar
@@ -13811,14 +13775,14 @@ maintains constantly on this coast steamers charged with repressing
 the depredations of the Turkomen, which formerly inspired terror
 throughout the province. All natives before approaching the port of
 Ashourada must be provided with a regular passport, and must submit to
-the inspection of the Russian functionaries. This visit caused Vambéry
+the inspection of the Russian functionaries. This visit caused VambÃ©ry
 some alarm; would not the sight of his features, a little too
 European, provoke from the Russian agent an indiscreet exclamation of
 surprise? and would not his incognito be betrayed? Happily, on the day
 of their arrival Easter was celebrated in the Greek Church, and, on
 account of this solemnity, the examination was a mere formality. The
 pilgrims continued their voyage, and landed the next day at
-Gomushtèpe, a distance of only three leagues from Ashourada.
+GomushtÃ¨pe, a distance of only three leagues from Ashourada.
 </p>
 <br>
 <p>
@@ -13835,7 +13799,7 @@ already spread among the inhabitants; men, women, and children threw
 themselves before the pilgrims, disputing with one another the honor
 of touching their garments, believing that they thus obtained a share
 in the merits of these saintly personages. "These first scenes of
-Asiatic life," says Vambéry, "astonished me so much that I was
+Asiatic life," says VambÃ©ry, "astonished me so much that I was
 constantly doubting whether I should first examine the singular
 construction of their tents of felt, or admire the beauty of the
 women, enveloped in their long silken tunics, or yield to the desire
@@ -13858,7 +13822,7 @@ him to his <i>ooa</i> (tent)."
 <p>
 A comfortable supper, of boiled fish and curdled milk, awaited the two
 pilgrims. The touching kindness with which he had been received, the
-comfort by which he was surrounded, filled Vambéry with a joy which
+comfort by which he was surrounded, filled VambÃ©ry with a joy which
 accorded ill with the gravity of his assumed character of dervish. His
 friend Hadji Bilal felt bound to advise him upon this subject. "You
 have remarked already," said he, "that my companions and I distribute
@@ -13875,11 +13839,11 @@ tent without receiving some little present."
 </p>
 <p>
 The Hungarian traveller profited so well by the advice of Hadji Bilal
-that, five days after his arrival at Gomushtèpe, a crowd of believers
+that, five days after his arrival at GomushtÃ¨pe, a crowd of believers
 and sick people besieged him from the moment that he rose, soliciting,
 one his blessing, another his sacred breathing, a third the talisman
 that was to cure him. Thanks to the complaisance and marvellous tact
-which characterized him, Vambéry henceforth identified himself
+which characterized him, VambÃ©ry henceforth identified himself
 completely with the venerable personage of Hadji Reschid, and never
 during a period of two years escaped him the smallest gesture or word
 which could possibly betray him. His reputation for sanctity increased
@@ -13895,7 +13859,7 @@ ought to ask the smallest question in regard to affairs purely
 worldly. Fortunately, the Tartars, so terrible and so impetuous, when
 they have completed their forays, pass the remainder of their time in
 absolute idleness, and then they amuse themselves with interminable
-political and moral discussions. Vambéry, dropping his beads with an
+political and moral discussions. VambÃ©ry, dropping his beads with an
 exterior of pious revery, lent an attentive ear to all these
 conversations, of which he never lost the slightest detail.
 </p>
@@ -13913,7 +13877,7 @@ more empire than religion itself; we speak of the <i>Deb</i>, that is to
 say, the custom, the traditions. An invisible sovereign, obeyed
 everywhere, it sanctions robbery and slavery, and all the
 prescriptions of Islam fall to the ground before it. "How," asked
-Vambéry one day of a Tartar famous for his robberies and his great
+VambÃ©ry one day of a Tartar famous for his robberies and his great
 piety, "how can you sell your Sunnite brother, when the Prophet has
 said expressly: Every Mussulman is free?" "Bah!" he replied, "the
 Koran, this book of God, is more precious than a man, and yet you buy
@@ -13943,7 +13907,7 @@ cries, in which the relations are bound to join. This custom seems to
 prove that the Tartars, superior in this respect to civilized people,
 consecrate to their dead a remembrance more profound and more durable;
 but, in fact, one must abate a little of this praise; the tears and
-prolonged mourning are only a matter of form, and Vambéry often could
+prolonged mourning are only a matter of form, and VambÃ©ry often could
 hardly suppress a smile when he saw the head of the family tranquilly
 smoking his pipe or enjoying his repast, interrupting himself now and
 then to join the noisy lamentations of the choir. It is the same with
@@ -13955,7 +13919,7 @@ says with good-natured malice, "mourning very soon becomes an
 ornament."
 </p>
 <p>
-Vambéry, venerated as one of the elect of the prophet, often passed
+VambÃ©ry, venerated as one of the elect of the prophet, often passed
 his evenings among these Tartar families. Then, surrounded by a large
 audience, the troubadour, accompanying himself upon the guitar,
 chanted the poetry of Koroghi, of Aman Mollah, or more frequency of
@@ -13975,7 +13939,7 @@ beautiful productions of the human mind.
 <a name="205">{205}</a>
 <p>
 About this time, a mollah having undertaken a trip to Atabeg and the
-Göklen, our traveller seized the occasion to examine the Greek ruins
+GÃ¶klen, our traveller seized the occasion to examine the Greek ruins
 which perpetuate among these savage people the remembrance of the
 conquests of Alexander. He recognized the wall built by the Macedonian
 hero to oppose a barrier to the menacing stream of the desert tribes.
@@ -13987,8 +13951,8 @@ of darkness, and it was by his order that the genii built the sacred
 wall.
 </p>
 <p>
-Notwithstanding the generous hospitality of Khandjan, Vambéry began to
-get tired of his residence at Gomushtèpe. The continual raids of the
+Notwithstanding the generous hospitality of Khandjan, VambÃ©ry began to
+get tired of his residence at GomushtÃ¨pe. The continual raids of the
 Turkomen peopled their tents with a crowd of Persian slaves, whose
 tortures revolted any one who had a spark of humanity. These unhappy
 beings, surprised for the most part in a nocturnal attack, were
@@ -14006,19 +13970,19 @@ frightful captivity; for the Turkomen often maltreat their prisoners
 merely in the hope of obtaining a great ransom for them.
 </p>
 <p>
-Vambéry then learned with joy that the khan of Khiva, for whom the
+VambÃ©ry then learned with joy that the khan of Khiva, for whom the
 physicians had prescribed the use of buffalo's milk, had sent his
-chief of caravans to Gomushtèpe to buy two pair of these animals, in
+chief of caravans to GomushtÃ¨pe to buy two pair of these animals, in
 order to have them acclimated in his own country. To join an officer
 who knew the invisible paths of the desert better than the most
 experienced guides, was an unexpected good fortune for the pilgrims,
-and Vambéry urged Hadji Bilal to improve so good an opportunity; but
+and VambÃ©ry urged Hadji Bilal to improve so good an opportunity; but
 Hadji Bilal was surprised at the impatience of his friend, and
 remarked that it was extremely childish. "It is of no use to be in a
 hurry," said he; "you will remain on the banks of the Gorghen until
 destiny shall decree that you quench your thirst at another river, and
 it is impossible to tell when the will of Allah will be manifested."
-This answer was not particularly satisfactory to Vambéry; but he could
+This answer was not particularly satisfactory to VambÃ©ry; but he could
 not attempt the desert alone; he was forced then to submit to the
 oriental slowness of his companions.
 </p>
@@ -14026,7 +13990,7 @@ oriental slowness of his companions.
 The little caravan was to return to Etrek, the capital of a tribe of
 warriors, to wait until the chief of caravans should join it. One of
 the most renowned chiefs of this tribe came just at this time to
-Gomushtèpe. His name was Kulkhan-<i>le-Pir</i> (chief). His sombre and wild
+GomushtÃ¨pe. His name was Kulkhan-<i>le-Pir</i> (chief). His sombre and wild
 physiognomy, little calculated to inspire confidence, never brightened
 at the sight of the pious pilgrims; nevertheless, out of regard for
 Khandjan, he consented to take the hadjis under his protection,
@@ -14040,13 +14004,13 @@ appeared on the banks of the Gorghen. A great crowd had gathered, and
 admiration was painted upon every face when the proud cavaliers threw
 themselves with their <a name="206">{206}</a> prey, ten magnificent horses, into the
 midst of the river, which they crossed swimming. They landed
-immediately, and even Vambéry, in spite of the contempt with which
+immediately, and even VambÃ©ry, in spite of the contempt with which
 these acts of pillage inspired him, could not take his eyes from these
 bold warriors, who, in their short riding-habit, the chest covered
 with their abundant curling hair, gaily laid down their arms.
 </p>
 <p>
-About noon the next day the traveller quitted Gomushtèpe, and was
+About noon the next day the traveller quitted GomushtÃ¨pe, and was
 escorted for a considerable distance by Khandjan, who wished to fulfil
 punctually all the duties of hospitality. It was not without heartfelt
 regret that he parted from this devoted host, from whom he had
@@ -14057,7 +14021,7 @@ dead. When a warrior dies, every man of his tribe is bound to throw at
 least seven shovelsful of earth upon his grave. So these mausoleums
 often appear like little hills. This custom must be very ancient among
 the Asiatics; the Huns brought it into Europe, and we find traces of
-it to-day in Hungary. Half a league from Gomushtèpe the little caravan
+it to-day in Hungary. Half a league from GomushtÃ¨pe the little caravan
 reached magnificent prairies, the herbage of which, knee-high, exhaled
 a delicious fragrance. But these blessings of nature are thrown away
 upon the Turkomen, who, wholly occupied in robbery and pillage, never
@@ -14071,7 +14035,7 @@ regions?"
 Approaching Etrek, the landscape suddenly changes. This lonely verdure
 is exchanged for the salt lands of the desert, whose rank odor and
 repulsive appearance seem to warn the traveller of the sufferings
-which await him in these immense solitudes. Little by little Vambéry
+which await him in these immense solitudes. Little by little VambÃ©ry
 felt the ground become soft under foot; his camel slipped, buried
 himself at each step, and gave such evident signs of intending to
 throw him in the mud, that he thought it prudent to dismount without
@@ -14085,35 +14049,35 @@ before the tents of the Turkomen of Etrek without seeing the unhappy
 Iranian slaves, wasted by fatigue and privations, and bent under the
 weight of their chains. But the nomad tribes of Tartary offer a
 singular mixture of vice and virtue, of justice and lawlessness, of
-benevolence and cruelty. Vambéry, in his character of dervish, made
+benevolence and cruelty. VambÃ©ry, in his character of dervish, made
 frequent visits among the Tartars. He always returned loaded with
 presents and penetrated with gratitude for their charitable
 hospitality. To this sentiment succeeded a profound horror at the
-barbarous treatment inflicted upon their slaves. At Gomushtèpe such a
+barbarous treatment inflicted upon their slaves. At GomushtÃ¨pe such a
 spectacle had already revolted him; and yet this city, compared to
 Etrek, might be considered the <i>Ultima Thule</i> of humanity and
 civilization.
 </p>
 <p>
-One day, returning to his dwelling, Vambéry met one of the slaves of
+One day, returning to his dwelling, VambÃ©ry met one of the slaves of
 Kulkhan, who, in a piteous tone, begged him to give him to drink. This
 unfortunate being had labored ever since morning in a field of melons,
 exposed to the heat of a burning sun, without any other food than salt
 fish, and without a drop of water to quench his thirst. The sight of
 this poor sufferer, and of the cheers which ran down over his thick
-black beard, made Vambéry forget the danger <a name="207">{207}</a> to which an
+black beard, made VambÃ©ry forget the danger <a name="207">{207}</a> to which an
 imprudent compassion might expose himself. He gave his bottle to the
 slave, who drank eagerly and fled, not without having passionately
 thanked his benefactor.
 </p>
 <p>
 Another time the European and Hadji Bilal called on a rich Tartar,
-who, learning that Vambéry was a disciple of the Grand Turk, cried,
+who, learning that VambÃ©ry was a disciple of the Grand Turk, cried,
 with great glee, "I will show you a spectacle which will delight you;
 we know how well the Russians and the Turks agree, and I will show you
-one o£ your enemies in chains." He then called a poor Muscovite slave,
+one oÂ£ your enemies in chains." He then called a poor Muscovite slave,
 whose pallid features and expression of profound sadness touched
-Vambéry to the heart. "Go and kiss the feet of this effendi," said the
+VambÃ©ry to the heart. "Go and kiss the feet of this effendi," said the
 Turkoman to the prisoner. The poor fellow was about to obey, but our
 traveller stopped him by a gesture, saying that he had that morning
 begun a great purification and that he did not wish to be defiled by
@@ -14139,7 +14103,7 @@ visible meanwhile upon the countenances of these men, as if they
 already enjoyed a foretaste of the delight of Mohammed's paradise.
 </p>
 <p>
-The chief of caravans now joined the pilgrims. Vambéry desired very
+The chief of caravans now joined the pilgrims. VambÃ©ry desired very
 much to win the good graces of so important a man, and was, therefore,
 much alarmed when he saw that this dignitary, who had received the
 other pilgrims with marks of great respect, treated him with great
@@ -14152,7 +14116,7 @@ exclamation of the good dervish in his moments of greatest agitation.
 "Be patient," he added, addressing his companion, "once arrived at
 Khiva, I will set this opium-eater right." Mehemmed was an Afghan
 merchant, born at Kandahar, who had frequently met Europeans. He
-thought he discovered in Vambéry a secret agent travelling, no doubt,
+thought he discovered in VambÃ©ry a secret agent travelling, no doubt,
 with great treasure, and he hoped, by frightening him, to extort from
 him considerable sums; but the European was too cunning to be taken in
 this trap, and he found a secure protection in his reputation for
@@ -14162,7 +14126,7 @@ sanctity and in the generous friendship of Hadji Bilal.
 This incident had no immediate consequences. The chief of caravans,
 who was now chief of the united caravans, ordered each pilgrim
 carefully to fill his bottle, for they would travel now many days
-without meeting any spring. Vambéry followed the example of his
+without meeting any spring. VambÃ©ry followed the example of his
 companions, but with a negligent air which Hadji Salih thought himself
 bound to reprove. "You do not know yet," said he, "that in the desert
 each drop of water becomes a drop of life. The thirsty traveller
@@ -14178,7 +14142,7 @@ called by the Turkomen the iron pin, because it is motionless.
 Gradually the sand gave place to a hard and flinty soil, on which
 through the silent night resounded the foot-fall of the camels. At
 day-break the caravan stopped to take some hours of rest, and
-presently Vambéry perceived the kervanbashi engaged eagerly in
+presently VambÃ©ry perceived the kervanbashi engaged eagerly in
 conversation with Hadji Bilal and Hadji Salih, the subject of which
 their looks, constantly directed toward him, sufficiently indicated.
 He pretended not to observe it, and occupied himself with renewed
@@ -14196,14 +14160,14 @@ will swear, by the tomb of the Prophet, that you will not carry about
 you secretly a <i>wooden pen</i> as these detestable Europeans always do."
 </p>
 <p>
-These words, we may imagine, were not very agreeable to Vambéry, but
+These words, we may imagine, were not very agreeable to VambÃ©ry, but
 he had too much self-control to permit his agitation to be seen.
 Pretending to be very angry, he turned toward Hadji Salih, and, loud
 enough to be heard by the chief of caravans, replied, "Hadji, you have
 seen me in Teheran, and you know who I am; say to the kervanbashi that
 an honest man ought not to listen to the gossip of an infidel." This
 pretended indignation produced the desired effect; no one afterward
-expressed a doubt in regard to the pilgrim. Vambéry could not resolve
+expressed a doubt in regard to the pilgrim. VambÃ©ry could not resolve
 to keep his promise, and, whatever it might have cost him to deceive
 his friends, he continued to make in secret some rapid notes. "Let one
 imagine," says he, to excuse himself, "the latter disappointment of a
@@ -14215,7 +14179,7 @@ forbidden to moisten his parched lips."
 The caravan advanced slowly through the desert; in compassion for the
 camels, who suffered much from the sand, upon which they could hardly
 walk, the pilgrims dismounted when the road became very bad. These
-forced marches were a severe trial to Vambéry on account of his
+forced marches were a severe trial to VambÃ©ry on account of his
 lameness; but he endeavored to forget, his fatigue and to take a part
 in the noisy conversations of his companions. The nephew of the
 kervanbashi, a Turkoman of Khiva, entertained a particular affection
@@ -14225,7 +14189,7 @@ his <i>tent</i>, the only manner in which the prescriptions of the Prophet
 permitted him to speak of the young wife whom he had left at home.
 Separated for a whole year from the object of his tenderness, Khali
 Mallah appealed to the science of the pretended hadji to pierce the
-veil which absence had placed between himself and his family. Vambéry
+veil which absence had placed between himself and his family. VambÃ©ry
 gravely took the Koran, pronounced some cabalistic words, closed his
 eyes, and opened the book precisely at a passage in which women are
 spoken of. He interpreted the sacred text so as to draw from it an
@@ -14239,7 +14203,7 @@ west of which extend ruins probably of Greek origin. <a name="209">{209}</a> The
 who inhabit this district came in crowds to visit the caravan, and for
 some hours the encampment had the appearance of a bazaar. The
 merchants and drovers who accompanied the kervanbashi concluded
-important bargains with the natives, mostly on credit; but Vambéry was
+important bargains with the natives, mostly on credit; but VambÃ©ry was
 surprised to see the debtor, instead of giving the note as a guarantee
 to the creditor, tranquilly put it in his own pocket. Our European
 could not refrain from speaking of this, and he received from one of
@@ -14263,7 +14227,7 @@ present an equal danger, and frequent tempests swallow up whole
 caravans under drifts of snow or whirlwinds of sand.
 </p>
 <p>
-"In proportion," says Vambéry, "as the outlines of Balkan disappear
+"In proportion," says VambÃ©ry, "as the outlines of Balkan disappear
 from the horizon, the limitless desert shows itself, terrible and
 majestic. I had often thought that imagination and enthusiasm enter
 largely into the profound impression produced by the sight of these
@@ -14278,7 +14242,7 @@ fill our souls with an inexpressible emotion."
 </p>
 <p>
 After travelling many days, the provision of water beginning to be
-exhausted, Vambéry knew for the first time the horrible tortures of
+exhausted, VambÃ©ry knew for the first time the horrible tortures of
 thirst. "Alas!" he thought, "saving and blessed water, the most
 precious of all the elements, how little have I known your value! what
 would I not give at this moment for a few drops of your divine
@@ -14291,7 +14255,7 @@ glasses of the precious liquid. The good Turkoman had the habit
 whenever he crossed the desert of hiding a certain quantity of water,
 which he distributed to the members of his caravan when their
 sufferings became intolerable. This unexpected succor revived the
-strength of Vambéry, and he acknowledged the justice of the Tartar
+strength of VambÃ©ry, and he acknowledged the justice of the Tartar
 proverb: "The drop of water given in the desert to the traveller dying
 of thirst, effaces a hundred, years of sin."
 </p>
@@ -14326,7 +14290,7 @@ had not received within its walls so great a number of hadjis; every
 face expressed astonishment and admiration, and on all sides resounded
 acclamations of welcome. Entering into the bazaar, Hadji Bilal intoned
 a sacred canticle, in which his companions joined; the voice of
-Vambéry predominated; and his emotion was very great when he saw the
+VambÃ©ry predominated; and his emotion was very great when he saw the
 surrounding crowd rush toward him, to kiss his hands, his feet covered
 with dust, and even the rags which composed his dress.
 </p>
@@ -14339,30 +14303,30 @@ the miserable Afghan before spoken of, furious at having been thwarted
 in his avaricious designs, advancing, cried in a tone of raillery: "We
 have brought to Khiva three interesting quadrupeds, and a biped who is
 not less so." The first part of the expression, of course, alluded to
-the buffaloes which had been brought from Gomushtèpe; the second was
-pointed at Vambéry. Instantly all eyes were fixed upon him, and he
+the buffaloes which had been brought from GomushtÃ¨pe; the second was
+pointed at VambÃ©ry. Instantly all eyes were fixed upon him, and he
 could distinguish among the murmurs of the crowd the words: "Spy,
 European, Russian." Imagine his agitation! The khan of Khiva, a cruel
 fanatic, had the reputation of reducing to slavery or destroying by
-horrible tortures all suspected strangers. In this emergency Vambéry
+horrible tortures all suspected strangers. In this emergency VambÃ©ry
 was not intimidated; often he had considered the possible consequences
 of his bold enterprise, and looked death in the face.
 </p>
 <p>
 The mehrum, lifting his brows, considered the foreign countenance of
-the unknown, and rudely ordered him to approach. Vambéry was about to
+the unknown, and rudely ordered him to approach. VambÃ©ry was about to
 reply when Hadji Bilal, who did not know what was going on, eagerly
 entered to introduce his friend to the Khivite officer; the exterior
 of the Turkoman dervish inspired so much confidence that suspicions
 were instantly changed into respectful excuses.
 </p>
 <p>
-This peril avoided, Vambéry could not deny that his European features
+This peril avoided, VambÃ©ry could not deny that his European features
 raised in his way every moment new difficulties; he must have a
 powerful protector always ready to defend him. He presently remembered
 that an important man, named Shukrullah Bay, who had been for ten
 years ambassador to the sultan from the khan of Khiva, must know
-Constantinople and every official of that city. Vambéry thought he
+Constantinople and every official of that city. VambÃ©ry thought he
 should find in this dignitary the support which he desired, and he
 repaired the same day to the <i>medusse</i> (college) of Mohammed Emin
 Khan, where he resided. Informed that an effendi, recently arrived
@@ -14383,7 +14347,7 @@ guest belonged to some order of dervishes, and had been charged by his
 <i>pir</i> (spiritual chief) with some mission which a disciple was bound
 to accomplish even at the peril of his life. Without asking any
 farther explanations, he merely inquired the name of the order to
-which Vambéry was attached. Vambéry mentioned the Nakish bendi,
+which VambÃ©ry was attached. VambÃ©ry mentioned the Nakish bendi,
 [Footnote 37] implying that Bokhara was the end of his pilgrimage, and
 he retired, leaving the Khivite minister marvelling at his learning,
 his wit, his sanctity, and his extensive acquaintance.
@@ -14400,7 +14364,7 @@ him that the <i>hazret</i> (sovereign) would give him audience the same
 evening, for he greatly desired to receive the blessing of a dervish
 born in the holy land. Our voyager, therefore, accompanied by
 Shukrullah Bay, who made it a point to present him, repaired to the
-palace of the formidable monarch. We will leave Vambéry to relate
+palace of the formidable monarch. We will leave VambÃ©ry to relate
 himself this curious interview:
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -14490,7 +14454,7 @@ in great favor with the khan, therefore the notables of the city
 delayed not to overwhelm him with visits and invitations; the
 <i>oulemas</i> especially, anxious to enlighten themselves with his light,
 asked him a thousand questions regarding various religious
-observances. Vambéry, repressing his impatience, was obliged to spend
+observances. VambÃ©ry, repressing his impatience, was obliged to spend
 whole hours instructing these fervent disciples on the manner of
 washing the feet, the hands, the face; explaining to them how, not to
 violate any precept, the true believers ought to sit down, to rise, to
@@ -14498,13 +14462,13 @@ walk, sleep, etc. The pretended pilgrim, who was supposed to be a
 native of Stamboul, venerated seat of religion, passed for an
 infallible oracle, for the sultan of Constantinople and the grandees
 of his court are regarded at Khiva as the most accomplished observers
-of the law. They there represent the Turkish emperor as <i>coiffé</i> in a
+of the law. They there represent the Turkish emperor as <i>coiffÃ©</i> in a
 turban at least fifty or sixty yards long, wrapped in a long trailing
 robe, and wearing a beard which falls to the girdle. To inform the
 Khivites that this prince dresses like a European, and has his clothes
 cut by Dusautoy, would only excite their pious indignation; any one
 who would attempt to disabuse them on these points would pass for an
-impostor, and would only risk his own life. Vambéry was obliged to
+impostor, and would only risk his own life. VambÃ©ry was obliged to
 answer the most ridiculous questions: one wished to know if in the
 whole world there was any city to be compared to Khiva; another, if
 the meals of the grand sultan were sent to him every day from Mecca,
@@ -14532,7 +14496,7 @@ experienced immediate relief, so great is the power of the
 imagination!
 </p>
 <p>
-During the time that Vambéry was at Khiva, a fair had assembled there
+During the time that VambÃ©ry was at Khiva, a fair had assembled there
 from twenty leagues round all the rich natives. Most of these came to
 the markets not so much to buy and sell as to gratify that love of
 display so inveterate among the Orientals; their purchases were often
@@ -14552,14 +14516,14 @@ export thither robes and linens, and receive in exchange tea, spices,
 paper, and fancy articles.
 </p>
 <p>
-Vambéry, divided between the friendship of Hadji Bilal and his daily
+VambÃ©ry, divided between the friendship of Hadji Bilal and his daily
 increasing intimacy with Shukrullah Bay, led a very agreeable life at
 Khiva. Unhappily this calm was troubled by the secret intrigues of the
 mehter (minister of the interior), who was a personal enemy of the
 Khivite ambassador. He persuaded the khan that our traveller was a
 secret agent of the sultan of Bokhara, and Seid Mehemmed resolved to
 have a second interview with the would-be dervish, and submit him to a
-strict examination. Vambéry, exhausted by the extreme heat, was taking
+strict examination. VambÃ©ry, exhausted by the extreme heat, was taking
 a siesta in his cell when he was warned by a messenger to report
 himself to the sovereign. Surprised at this unexpected order, he
 departed with some anxiety. In order to reach the palace he was
@@ -14570,7 +14534,7 @@ most painfully. The khan in company with the mehter awaited his
 arrival; he overwhelmed him with artful questions, and said that,
 knowing how thoroughly versed he was in the worldly sciences, he
 should like very much to see him write some lines after the manner of
-Stamboul. The necessary materials having been brought, Vambéry wrote
+Stamboul. The necessary materials having been brought, VambÃ©ry wrote
 the following epistle, when, under pompous flowers of rhetoric, he
 slipped in a bit of raillery pointed at the mehter, who was extremely
 vain of his own beautiful writing:
@@ -14599,7 +14563,7 @@ some sententious phrases, which offered not the slightest pretext to
 the malicious designs of the mehter.
 </p>
 <p>
-On leaving the royal audience, a yasoul conducted Vambéry to the
+On leaving the royal audience, a yasoul conducted VambÃ©ry to the
 treasurer to receive his daily allowance. He was obliged to cross a
 vast court, where a horrible spectacle awaited him. Three hundred
 Tchandors, covered with rags and wasted by hunger till they looked
@@ -14612,13 +14576,13 @@ the block upon which already many heads had fallen, eight of these
 unhappy old men were thrown upon the ground while the executioner tore
 out their eyes. It is impossible to enter upon the frightful details
 of these barbarous punishments. Arriving at the office of the
-treasurer, Vambéry found him singularly occupied in sorting silken
+treasurer, VambÃ©ry found him singularly occupied in sorting silken
 vestments of dazzling colors, covered with large golden embroidery.
 These were the <i>khilat</i>, or robes of honor, which were to be sent to
 the camp to recompense the services of the warriors; they were
 designated as robes of four, twelve, twenty, or forty heads. This
 singular mode of distinguishing them, which the designs upon the
-tissue in no way explained, having excited the curiosity of Vambéry,
+tissue in no way explained, having excited the curiosity of VambÃ©ry,
 he inquired the reason. "What!" was the reply, "have you never seen
 similar ones in Turkey? In that case, come to-morrow to assist at the
 distribution of these glorious emblems. The most beautiful of these
@@ -14654,7 +14618,7 @@ equivalent to his death-warrant: "<i>Alib barin!</i>" (take him away).
 </p>
 <p>
 Notwithstanding the cruelties by which Khiva is disgraced, it was in
-this city that  Vambéry passed, under the costume of a dervish, the
+this city that  VambÃ©ry passed, under the costume of a dervish, the
 most agreeable days of his journey. Whenever he appeared in public
 places he was surrounded by a crowd of the faithful, who heaped
 presents upon him. Thus, though he never accepted considerable sums,
@@ -14663,7 +14627,7 @@ brethren the hadjis, his situation was much improved; he was provided
 with a well-lined purse, and a vigorous ass; in short, he was
 perfectly equipped for his journey. His companions were very anxious
 to arrive at Bokhara, fearing that the heat might render it
-impracticable to cross the desert, and they urged Vambéry to terminate
+impracticable to cross the desert, and they urged VambÃ©ry to terminate
 his preparations for departure. Before quitting Khiva our European
 wished to bid adieu to the excellent protector to whose hospitable
 reception he owed so much.
@@ -14686,7 +14650,7 @@ from him I saw a tear glisten in his eye; who can tell what sentiment
 caused it to flow?"
 </p>
 <p>
-Vambéry gave the khan a last benediction. The prince recommended to
+VambÃ©ry gave the khan a last benediction. The prince recommended to
 him on his return from Samarcande to pass through his capital, for he
 wished to send with the pilgrim a representative, charged to receive
 at Constantinople the investiture which the masters of Khiva wish to
@@ -14911,7 +14875,7 @@ the position of their authors.  [Footnote 39]
 </p>
 <p class="footnote">
   [Footnote 39:  We have found it impossible to deal with so important
-  and authoritative a è as his Grace's "Letter" in our present paper.]
+  and authoritative a Ã¨ as his Grace's "Letter" in our present paper.]
 </p>
 <p>
 We must first, however, speak of a work put forth by Dr. Pusey as a
@@ -15671,7 +15635,7 @@ teems with snares for the learned and conscientious, but it is full of
 small insinuations for the ignobler herd of paid agents and
 lecturers--"what the poorer people believe in Rome," what Catholic
 churches are called in south India, what Cardinal Wiseman is reported
-to have said of Archbishop Affré, "who died in recovering his people
+to have said of Archbishop AffrÃ©, "who died in recovering his people
 at the barricades." These things may be passed by as simply faults of
 taste; but the pretensions of the book to learning, and its historical
 and doctrinal statements, cannot be admitted without sifting. Dr.
@@ -17375,7 +17339,7 @@ told you the boundaries of all Winny's wishes to the breadth of a
 hair, as he kissed her for the last time that night.
 </p>
 <p>
-I will spare the reader a detail of the melancholy <i>cortège</i> of poor
+I will spare the reader a detail of the melancholy <i>cortÃ¨ge</i> of poor
 Emon-a-knock's funeral, which proceeded from Shanvilla to Rathcash
 chapel-yard the day but one after.
 </p>
@@ -18248,7 +18212,7 @@ which has already been so often described, I find myself in a
 boi-caro, or ox-car, traversing narrow and intricate streets; the
 murmur of waters and soft strains of instrumental music saluting my
 ear, while a faint perfumed breeze stirs the curtains of my caro. By
-some travellers the boi-caro has been likened to the body of a calèche
+some travellers the boi-caro has been likened to the body of a calÃ¨che
 placed on a sledge, but to me it neither had then, nor has it assumed
 since, any other appearance than that of a four-post bed, curtained
 with oil-cloth, lined with some bright-colored calico, and having
@@ -18284,7 +18248,7 @@ amusement in the passing scenes.
 <p>
 At this hour the peasantry may be seen returning to their homes in
 little parties of four or five, each group being accompanied by a
-musician playing on the national instrument, the machêtes, or
+musician playing on the national instrument, the machÃªtes, or
 guitarette, and singing some plaintive air in which, occasionally, all
 join. No sooner has one group passed, than the sweet, soft intonations
 of other songsters are heard <a name="266">{266}</a> approaching. Sometimes two or even
@@ -18401,7 +18365,7 @@ time it was still the noon of Tuesday. At one o'clock the roar of
 artillery from the Loo Rock and the shipping was silent, the martial
 strains ceased, but the bells at short intervals continued to ring out
 their melodious summons, which was responded to by hundreds of persons
-in ordinary costume, all moving in the direction of the sé, or
+in ordinary costume, all moving in the direction of the sÃ©, or
 cathedral, in the Praca Constitutionel. Mingling with this decorous
 portion of the crowd were many of the most grotesquely attired masques
 of the previous day, whose antics and buffoonery, jests and laughter,
@@ -18461,7 +18425,7 @@ with its musical clamor, and every hamlet and village had responded to
 the summons by sending forth crowds of hardy inhabitants in their best
 attire, to join the gaily dressed multitudes thronging through the
 narrow, angular streets of Funchal toward the Praca, in which, as I
-have said, stands the sé, or cathedral. This building is
+have said, stands the sÃ©, or cathedral. This building is
 quaint-looking and massive, proclaiming the liberality, if not the
 taste, of its founders. It is somewhat more than three centuries old,
 having been completed in the year 1514, and is only now beginning to
@@ -18939,7 +18903,7 @@ firmament. The sublime mountains of Pico Ruivo and Pico Grande were
 crowned with radiance, the graceful hills, with their unnumbered giant
 flowers, their gardens and vineyards, their rivulets and waterfalls,
 glowed in the lustrous beams, while the brown sands on the
-semi-circular beach, reaching from the picturesque basalts of Garajaô
+semi-circular beach, reaching from the picturesque basalts of GarajaÃ´
 to Ponta da Cruz, glittered as if a shower of diamond sparklets had
 fallen on them.
 </p>
@@ -19612,7 +19576,7 @@ ON HIS HOPES OF REUNION.
   But, although I intended to be on the defensive, I thank you most
   warmly for that tenderness which enabled you to see my aim and
   objects throughout a long and necessarily miscellaneous work. And I
-  believe that the way in which you have treated this our <i>bonâtell
+  believe that the way in which you have treated this our <i>bonÃ¢tell
   you fide</i> "endeavor to find a basis for reunion, on the principle
   debated between Archbishop Wake and the Gallican divines two
   centuries ago," will, by rekindling hope, give a strong <a name="285">{285}</a>
@@ -19761,7 +19725,7 @@ noting some of its serious, albeit unintentional, misstatements:
 </p>
 <p>
 1. The correspondence between Archbishop Wake and Du Pin was not a
-<i>bonâ fide</i> negotiation between that prelate and orthodox Gallicans,
+<i>bonÃ¢ fide</i> negotiation between that prelate and orthodox Gallicans,
 but with Jansenists, in view of a coalition against the Roman Church.
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -20298,12 +20262,12 @@ really is?
 </p>
 <p>
 The arguments employed by philosophers are usually divided into two
-classes, those called <i>à priori</i>, and those called <i>à posteriori</i>.
+classes, those called <i>Ã  priori</i>, and those called <i>Ã  posteriori</i>.
 </p>
 <p>
-An argument <i>à priori</i> is one which deduces a truth from another truth
+An argument <i>Ã  priori</i> is one which deduces a truth from another truth
 of a prior and more universal order. Therefore, to prove the being of
-God <i>à priori</i> we must go back to a truth either really and in itself
+God <i>Ã  priori</i> we must go back to a truth either really and in itself
 antecedent to his being, or antecedent in the primitive idea of
 reason. That is to say, there must be an ideal world of truth
 logically antecedent to God, and independent of him; an eternal nature
@@ -20322,7 +20286,7 @@ and his attributes. In the order of real being there is and can be
 nothing before God. There is no cause, no principle, no truth, no
 intelligible idea more universal than God, and prior to him, from
 which his being can be deduced as a consequence. In this sense, then,
-an <i>à priori</i> argument for the being of God is impossible.
+an <i>Ã  priori</i> argument for the being of God is impossible.
 </p>
 <p>
 If the second alternative is true, that we have a primitive idea of
@@ -20345,11 +20309,11 @@ prior to him who is really prior to all, and must be apprehended as
 prior or else falsely apprehended.
 </p>
 <p>
-An <i>à priori</i> argument in this sense is, therefore, as impossible as
+An <i>Ã  priori</i> argument in this sense is, therefore, as impossible as
 in the other.
 </p>
 <p>
-Let us now examine more particularly some of the so-called <i>à priori</i>
+Let us now examine more particularly some of the so-called <i>Ã  priori</i>
 arguments.
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -20462,7 +20426,7 @@ space and time. We are willing to admit that it is what these eminent
 writers really had in their minds. But it appears to us that they have
 expressed it without sufficient clearness and precision, by reason of
 the confusion which prevails in modern philosophy, and that it is not
-really an <i>à priori</i> argument, since it cannot be made <a name="297">{297}</a>
+really an <i>Ã  priori</i> argument, since it cannot be made <a name="297">{297}</a>
 intelligible without affirming the idea of God as prior to all other
 ideas in the order of thought as well as in the order of being.
 </p>
@@ -20490,14 +20454,14 @@ directly affirmed as infinite in the idea of reason. The very idea we
 are seeking to prove real presents itself as real to the reason before
 we can even begin the process of proving it. It is itself prior to
 every principle we are looking for as the most ultimate and the most
-universal. There cannot be found anything from which we can reason <i>à
+universal. There cannot be found anything from which we can reason <i>Ã 
 priori</i> to that which is itself prior to all. We have began by
 affirming our conclusion as the basis of our proof. At the end of our
 argument we come back to our starting-point.
 </p>
 <p>
 Is that which the reason perceives not real being? What, then, is it?
-It will be said that it is an a idea. If so, this <i>à priori</i> argument
+It will be said that it is an a idea. If so, this <i>Ã  priori</i> argument
 proves only that the actual existence of God is conceivable, and that
 it cannot be proved that there is no God. It may even make his real
 existence appear to be probable, taken in connection with the other
@@ -20522,7 +20486,7 @@ this whole philosophy of the abstract, and the nullity of all
 abstractions considered as self-subsisting objects of thought, will be
 more directly shown hereafter. For the present we say no more on this
 head, but proceed to consider another form in which the argument from
-abstract, <i>à priori</i> principles is presented.
+abstract, <i>Ã  priori</i> principles is presented.
 </p>
 <p>
 We have an idea of the good, the beautiful, the true, as being
@@ -20545,7 +20509,7 @@ any way perceive clearly the existence of the reality in an order
 external to our own mind.
 </p>
 <p>
-Let us pass now to the argument called <i>à posteriori</i>.  This is a
+Let us pass now to the argument called <i>Ã  posteriori</i>.  This is a
 method of reasoning exactly the reverse of the former; in which we
 proceed from effects to their causes, and from particulars to the
 universal. We endeavor to prove the existence of God from certain
@@ -20811,7 +20775,7 @@ on the 18th of March, the 31 Henry VIII. It then possessed about 1,500
 acres of arable and pasture land, three rectories, the altarages and
 tithes of thirteen other parishes; all these were granted in the reign
 of Philip and Mary to James, Earl of Ormonde, and his heirs male, to
-hold <i>in capite</i>, at the yearly rent of £49 3s. 9d. It is an
+hold <i>in capite</i>, at the yearly rent of Â£49 3s. 9d. It is an
 interesting ruin, and well worthy the attention of the antiquarian.
 From Jerpoint we proceeded to Kilkenny Castle, the home of the
 Ormondes.
@@ -21081,7 +21045,7 @@ BANNED AND BLESSED.</h2>
 
   Blinded, and banned, and broken,
     Along thy penance-path.
-  Thy vesture streamèd over
+  Thy vesture streamÃ¨d over
     With the torrents of man's wrath;
   Thou treadest through the ether
     A thing of shame and scath.
@@ -21121,7 +21085,7 @@ BANNED AND BLESSED.</h2>
   How infinite the pardon
     That doth thy penance crown!
 
-                             GENEVIEVÉ SALES.
+                             GENEVIEVÃ‰ SALES.
                              March 22, 1806
 </pre>
 <br>
@@ -21131,20 +21095,20 @@ BANNED AND BLESSED.</h2>
 <br>
 <h2>Translated from French.
 <br><br>
-L'ABBÉ GERBET.   [Footnote 50]
+L'ABBÃ‰ GERBET.   [Footnote 50]
 <br><br>
 BY C. A. SAINTE-BEUVE.</h2>
 <br>
 <p class="footnote">
-  [Footnote 50: "Considérations sur le Dogme Générateur de la Piété
-  Cathiolique." 4e édition, chez Vaton. 1859]
+  [Footnote 50: "ConsidÃ©rations sur le Dogme GÃ©nÃ©rateur de la PiÃ©tÃ©
+  Cathiolique." 4e Ã©dition, chez Vaton. 1859]
 </p>
 <br>
 <p>
 For a long time I have been reserving this subject for some feast-day,
 for Corpus Christi or some festival of Mary, feeling that holiness
 belongs to it; unction, grace mingled with science, and a reverential
-smile. "But why," some of our readers will say,--"why does l'Abbé
+smile. "But why," some of our readers will say,--"why does l'AbbÃ©
 Gerbet's name imply all this?" I shall try to show them the reason and
 give some idea of one of the most learned, distinguished, and truly
 amiable men that the church of France possesses, as well as one of our
@@ -21178,7 +21142,7 @@ I could cite the names of several men who, with shades of difference
 known in the ecclesiastical world, had this in common, that they stood
 at the head of the studious and intelligent young clergy: M. Gousset,
 now cardinal archbishop of Rheims, and standing in the first rank of
-theologians; Mgr. Affré, who met his death so gloriously as archbishop
+theologians; Mgr. AffrÃ©, who met his death so gloriously as archbishop
 of Paris; M. Douey, the present bishop of Montauban; and M. de
 Salinis, bishop of Amiens. But at that time, between the years 1820
 and 1822, one name alone among the clergy offered itself to men of the
@@ -21188,10 +21152,10 @@ Indifference," stirring a thousand thoughts even in the minds of the
 astonished clergy.
 </p>
 <p>
-And here for the first time we meet l'Abbé Gerbet. He was born in 1798
+And here for the first time we meet l'AbbÃ© Gerbet. He was born in 1798
 <a name="309">{309}</a> at Poligny, in the Jura. After completing his first studies in
 his native town, he passed through a course of philosophy in the
-academy of Besançon; and in obedience to an instinctive vocation,
+academy of BesanÃ§on; and in obedience to an instinctive vocation,
 which awoke within him at the age of ten years, began his theological
 studies in the same city. During the dangers of invasion, in
 1814-1815, he went into the mountains to visit a curate, a relation or
@@ -21207,19 +21171,19 @@ famous Zodiac of Denderah, so often invoked in those days, and so soon
 destroyed. The young seminarian, in the presence of this unknown
 monument, could only answer: "Wait." These two young men never met
 again, compatriots though they were, and from that day forth
-adversaries; but l'Abbé Gerbet and Jouffroy, while carrying on a war,
+adversaries; but l'AbbÃ© Gerbet and Jouffroy, while carrying on a war,
 pen in hand, never failed to do so in the most dignified terms of
 controversy, and Jouffroy, whose heart was so good despite his
-dogmatic language, always spoke of l'Abbé Gerbet, if I remember
+dogmatic language, always spoke of l'AbbÃ© Gerbet, if I remember
 rightly, with feelings of affectionate esteem.
 </p>
 <p>
-On arriving in Paris at the close of the year 1818, l'Abbé Gerbet
+On arriving in Paris at the close of the year 1818, l'AbbÃ© Gerbet
 entered the seminary of Saint-Sulpice, but his health, which was
 already delicate, not allowing him to stay there long, he established
 himself as a boarder in the House of Foreign Missions, where he
 followed the rules of the seminarians. He was ordained priest in 1822
-at the same time with l'Abbé do Salinis, whose inseparable friend he
+at the same time with l'AbbÃ© do Salinis, whose inseparable friend he
 has always remained.
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -21230,7 +21194,7 @@ M. de Salinis, who had been made almoner in the college of Henry lV.,
 and it was at this time that he first knew M. de Lamennais.
 </p>
 <p>
-At twenty-four years of age, l'Abbé Gerbet had given evidence of
+At twenty-four years of age, l'AbbÃ© Gerbet had given evidence of
 remarkable philosophical and literary talent, and had sustained a
 Latin thesis with rare elegance in the Sorbonne. By nature he was
 endowed with all the gifts of oratory, a sense of rhythmic movement,
@@ -21246,14 +21210,14 @@ assistance of an auxiliary pen, more tempered, gentler and firm,--a
 talent that could use evidence judiciously, fill up spaces, cover weak
 points, and smooth away a look of menace and revolution from what was
 simply intended as a broader expression and more accessible
-development of Christianity. L'Abbé Gerbet clothed M. de Lamennais'
+development of Christianity. L'AbbÃ© Gerbet clothed M. de Lamennais'
 system as far as possible with the character of persuasion and
 conciliation that belonged to it: to soften and graduate its
 tendencies was properly the part he filled at this time of his youth.
 </p>
 <p>
 Upon this system I shall touch in a few words that will suffice to
-explain what I have to say of l'Abbé Gerbet's moral and literary
+explain what I have to say of l'AbbÃ© Gerbet's moral and literary
 gifts. Instead of seeking the evidences of Christianity in such and
 such texts of Scripture, or in a personal argument <a name="310">{310}</a> addressed to
 individual reason, M. de Lamennais maintained that it should, in the
@@ -21281,7 +21245,7 @@ world, by this voyage, as it were, in search of Catholic truths
 floating about the universe, the teaching of theology would have been
 wonderfully widened and enlarged, for it necessarily comprised the
 history of philosophical ideas. M. de Lamennais' system, which is
-especially attractive when developed historically by the pen of l'Abbé
+especially attractive when developed historically by the pen of l'AbbÃ©
 Gerbet, has not since then been recognized by the church. It appeared
 to be at least delusive, if not false; but perhaps, even from the
 point of view of orthodoxy, it can only merit the reproach of having
@@ -21291,7 +21255,7 @@ accessory consideration, I believe that it has never been rejected.
 </p>
 <p>
 It may be understood, however, even without entering into the heart of
-the matter, that in 1824, when l'Abbé Gerbet, in concert with M. de
+the matter, that in 1824, when l'AbbÃ© Gerbet, in concert with M. de
 Salinis, established a religious monthly magazine, entitled the
 "Catholic Memorial," and began to develop his ideas therein with
 modesty and moderation, but also with that fresh confidence and ardor
@@ -21301,12 +21265,12 @@ struggle of a new spirit against the stationary or backward spirit.
 The old-fashioned theologians, whether formalist or rationalistic, who
 found themselves attacked, resisted and took scandal at the name of
 traditions which were not only Catholic but scholastic and classic.
-But in l'Abbé Gerbet they had to deal with a man thoroughly well read
+But in l'AbbÃ© Gerbet they had to deal with a man thoroughly well read
 in the writings of the fathers, and possessed of their true
 significance. He could bring forward, in his turn, texts drawn from
 the fountain-head in support of this freer and more generous method;
 among other quotations, he liked to cite this fine passage from
-Vincent de Lérius: "Let posterity, thanks to your enlightenment,
+Vincent de LÃ©rius: "Let posterity, thanks to your enlightenment,
 rejoice in the <i>conception</i> of that to which antiquity gave respectful
 credence without understanding [its full meaning]; but remember to
 teach the same things that have been transmitted to you, so that,
@@ -21320,7 +21284,7 @@ demonstrated by the history of Christianity.
 <p>
 "The Catholic Memorial," in its very infancy, stirred the emulation of
 youthful writers in the philosophical camp. It was at first printed at
-Lachevardière's, where M. Pierre Leroux was proof-reader, and the
+LachevardiÃ¨re's, where M. Pierre Leroux was proof-reader, and the
 latter, on seeing the success of a magazine devoted to grave subjects,
 concluded that a similar organ for the promotion of opinions shared by
 himself and his friends might be established with even better results.
@@ -21337,8 +21301,8 @@ was the heyday then of this war of ideas.
   [Footnote 51: 1825. Vol. 4th, p. 188. ]
 </p>
 <p>
-L'Abbé Gerbet's life has been quite simple and uniform, marked by only
-one considerable episode--his connection with l'Abbé de Lamennais, to
+L'AbbÃ© Gerbet's life has been quite simple and uniform, marked by only
+one considerable episode--his connection with l'AbbÃ© de Lamennais, to
 whom he lent or rather gave himself for years with an affectionate
 devotion which had no term or limit except in the final revolt of that
 proud and immoderate spirit. After fulfilling all the duties of a
@@ -21351,7 +21315,7 @@ himself. These ultra and exclusive methods are unsuited to his nature,
 and he hastened to withdraw from them, and to forget what he would
 never have allowed to break out and reach such a pass if he had been
 acting alone. It needs but a word, but a breath, from the Vatican to
-dissipate all that seems cloudy or obscure in l'Abbé Gerbet's
+dissipate all that seems cloudy or obscure in l'AbbÃ© Gerbet's
 doctrines. His gentle clouds inclose no storm, and, in dispersing,
 they reveal a depth of serene sky, lightly veiled here and there, but
 pure and delicious.
@@ -21359,8 +21323,8 @@ pure and delicious.
 <p>
 I express the feeling that some of his writings leave upon the mind,
 and especially the work that has just been reprinted, of which I will
-say a few words. "Les Considérations sur le Dogme générateur de la
-Piété Catholique," that is to say, Thoughts upon Communion and the
+say a few words. "Les ConsidÃ©rations sur le Dogme gÃ©nÃ©rateur de la
+PiÃ©tÃ© Catholique," that is to say, Thoughts upon Communion and the
 Eucharist, first appeared in 1829. It is, properly speaking, "neither
 a dogmatic treatise nor a book of devotion, but something
 intermediate." The author begins by an historical research into
@@ -21372,7 +21336,7 @@ historical digressions and delicate or profound doctrinal
 distinctions, we meet at every step sweet and beautiful words which
 come from the soul and are the effusion of a loving faith. I will
 quote a few, almost at hazard, without seeking their connection, for
-they give us an insight into the soul of l'Abbé Gerbet. As, for
+they give us an insight into the soul of l'AbbÃ© Gerbet. As, for
 instance, concerning prayer:
 </p>
 <p class="cite">
@@ -21405,7 +21369,7 @@ And again:
   heart to love."
 </p>
 <p>
-L'Abbé Gerbet's book is full of golden words; but when we seek to
+L'AbbÃ© Gerbet's book is full of golden words; but when we seek to
 detach and isolate them, we see how closely they are woven into the
 tissue.
 </p>
@@ -21437,10 +21401,10 @@ pages, and if it were not better to recommend the book for the
 solitary meditation of my readers; I would point out to be remembered
 among the most beautiful and consoling pages belonging to our language
 and religions literature, all the latter part of Chapter VIII. Nothing
-is wanting to make this exquisite little book of l'Abbé Gerbet's more
+is wanting to make this exquisite little book of l'AbbÃ© Gerbet's more
 generally appreciated than it now is but a less frequent combination
 of dialectics with the expression of affectionate devotion. Generally
-speaking, the tissue of l'Abbé Gerbet's style is too close; when he
+speaking, the tissue of l'AbbÃ© Gerbet's style is too close; when he
 has a beautiful thing to say, he does not give it room enough. His
 talent is like a sacred wood, too thickly grown;--the temple,
 repository, and altar in its depths are surrounded on all sides, and
@@ -21465,7 +21429,7 @@ he says, "is to concentrate the visible realities of Christian Rome
 into a conception and, as it were, a portrait of its spiritual
 essence. An excellent interpreter in the way he has chosen for
 himself, he goes on to speak of the monuments not with the dry science
-of a modern antiquary, <a name="313">{313}</a> or with the <i>naïf</i> enthusiasm of a
+of a modern antiquary, <a name="313">{313}</a> or with the <i>naÃ¯f</i> enthusiasm of a
 believer of the middle ages, but with a reflective admiration which
 unites philosophy to piety.
 </p>
@@ -21480,12 +21444,12 @@ unites philosophy to piety.
   it harmonizes pleasure with duty."
 </p>
 <p>
-In these volumes of l'Abbé Gerbet, introductions and dissertations
+In these volumes of l'AbbÃ© Gerbet, introductions and dissertations
 upon Christian symbolism and church history lead to observations full
 of grace or grandeur, and to beautiful and touching pictures. The
 Catacombs, which were the cradle and the asylum of Christianity during
 the first three centuries, interested him especially, and inspired in
-him thoughts of rare elevation. Here are some verses (for l'Abbé
+him thoughts of rare elevation. Here are some verses (for l'AbbÃ©
 Gerbet is a poet without pretending to be one) which give his first
 impressions of them, and show the quality of his soul. The piece is
 called "The Song of the Catacombs," and is intended to be sung.
@@ -21498,13 +21462,13 @@ called "The Song of the Catacombs," and is intended to be sung.
   We give one verse of the original:
   </p>
 <pre class="footnote">
-  "Hier j'ai visité les grandes Catacombes
+  "Hier j'ai visitÃ© les grandes Catacombes
     Des temps anciens;
-  J'ai touché de mon front les immortelles tombes
-    Des vieux Chrétiens:
-  Et ni l'astre du jour, ni les célestes sphères,
+  J'ai touchÃ© de mon front les immortelles tombes
+    Des vieux ChrÃ©tiens:
+  Et ni l'astre du jour, ni les cÃ©lestes sphÃ¨res,
     Lettres du feu,
-  Ne m'avaient mieux fait lire en profonds caractères
+  Ne m'avaient mieux fait lire en profonds caractÃ¨res
     Lo nom de Dieu."]
 </pre>
 <br>
@@ -21559,7 +21523,7 @@ original picture full of meaning, his words concerning the slow and
 gradual destruction of the human body in the Catacombs. We all know
 Bossuet's <i>mot</i> (after Tertullian) in speaking of a human corpse: "It
 becomes a something unutterable," he exclaims, "which has no name in
-any language." The following admirable page from l'Abbé Gerbet's book
+any language." The following admirable page from l'AbbÃ© Gerbet's book
 is, as it were, a development and commentary of Bossuet's words. At
 this first station of the Catacombs he confines himself to the study
 of the nothingness of life: "the work I do not say of death, but of
@@ -21619,11 +21583,11 @@ considerations to those who are eager to study in material Rome the
 higher city and its significance.
 </p>
 <p>
-Among l'Abbé Gerbet's writings I will mention only one other, which
+Among l'AbbÃ© Gerbet's writings I will mention only one other, which
 is, perhaps, his masterpiece, and is connected with a touching
 incident that will be felt most deeply by practically religious
 persons, but of which they will not be alone in their appreciation. It
-was before the year 1838, previously to the abbé's long residence in
+was before the year 1838, previously to the abbÃ©'s long residence in
 Rome, that he became intimate with the second son of M. de la
 Ferronais, former minister of foreign affairs. Young Count Albert de
 la Ferronais had married a young Russian lady, Mdlle. d'Alopeus, a
@@ -21633,11 +21597,11 @@ end seemed to be drawing near, when the young wife, on the eve of
 widowhood, decided to be of her husband's religion; and one night at
 twelve o'clock, the hour of Christ's birth, they celebrated in his
 room, beside the bed so soon to be a bed of death, the first communion
-of one and the last communion of the other. (June 29, 1836.) L'Abbé
+of one and the last communion of the other. (June 29, 1836.) L'AbbÃ©
 Gerbet was the consecrator and consoler in this scene of deep reality
 and mournful pathos, but yet so full of holy joy to Christians. It was
 the vivid interest of this incomparable and ideal death-bed which
-inspired him to write a dialogue between Plato and Fénélon, in which
+inspired him to write a dialogue between Plato and FÃ©nÃ©lon, in which
 the latter reveals to the disciple of Socrates all needful knowledge
 concerning the other world, and in which he describes, under a
 half-lifted veil, a death according to Jesus Christ.
@@ -21666,7 +21630,7 @@ spoken thus," said M. de Lamartine of this dialogue, and the eulogium
 is only just.
 </p>
 <p>
-L'Abbé Gerbet could, no doubt, have written more than one of these
+L'AbbÃ© Gerbet could, no doubt, have written more than one of these
 admirable dialogues if he had wished to devote himself to the work, or
 if his physical organization had enabled him to labor continuously. He
 processes all that is needed to make him the man for Christian
@@ -21680,7 +21644,7 @@ Everywhere he is the same. Imagine a slightly stooping figure, pacing
 with long, slow steps a peaceful walk, where two can chat comfortably
 together on the shady side, and where he often stops to talk. Observe
 closely the delicate and affectionate smile, the benign countenance,
-in which something reminds us of <a name="316">{316}</a> Fléchier and of Fénélon; listen
+in which something reminds us of <a name="316">{316}</a> FlÃ©chier and of FÃ©nÃ©lon; listen
 to the sagacious words, elevated and fertile in ideas, sometimes
 interrupted by fatigue of voice, and by his pausing to take breath;
 notice among doctrinal views, and comprehensive definitions that come
@@ -21690,19 +21654,19 @@ reiniscences and pleasantly adorned with amenity,--and do not ask if
 it is any one else--it is he.
 </p>
 <p>
-L'Abbé Gerbet has one of those natures which when standing alone are
+L'AbbÃ© Gerbet has one of those natures which when standing alone are
 not sufficient unto themselves, and need a friend; we may say that he
 possesses his full strength only when thus leaning. For a long time he
 seemed to have found in M. de Lamennais such a friend of firmer will
 and purpose; but these strong wills often end, without meaning to do
 so, by taking possession of us as a prey, and then casting us like a
 slough. True friendship, as La Fontaine understood it, demands more
-equality and more consideration. L'Abbé Gerbet has found a tender and
+equality and more consideration. L'AbbÃ© Gerbet has found a tender and
 equal friend, quite suited to his beautiful and faithful nature, in M.
 de Salinis; to praise one is to win the other's gratitude at once.
 Will it be an indiscretion if I enter this charming household and
 describe one day there, at least, in its clever and literary
-attractions? L'Abbé Gerbet, like Fléchier, whom I have named in
+attractions? L'AbbÃ© Gerbet, like FlÃ©chier, whom I have named in
 connection with him, has a society talent full of charm, sweetness,
 and invention. He himself has forgotten the pretty verses, little
 allegorical poems, and couplets appropriate to festivals or occasional
@@ -21719,9 +21683,9 @@ suggestion of Esther, but of Esther enlivened by the neighborhood of
 Gresset. The bishop of Amiens always receives them on Sunday evenings,
 and they come gladly to his <i>salon</i>, where there is no strictness, and
 where good society is naturally at home. They play a few games, and
-have a lottery, and, in order that no one may draw a blank, l'Abbé
+have a lottery, and, in order that no one may draw a blank, l'AbbÃ©
 Gerbet makes verses for the loser, who is called, I think, <i>le nigaud</i>
-(the ninny). These <i>nigauds</i> of l'Abbé Gerbet are appropriate and full
+(the ninny). These <i>nigauds</i> of l'AbbÃ© Gerbet are appropriate and full
 of wit; he makes them <i>by obedience</i>, which saves him, he says, from
 all blame and from all thought of ridicule. It is difficult to detach
 these trifles from the associations of society that call them forth;
@@ -21756,11 +21720,11 @@ consolation "of the losers;" it is called the "Evening Game:"
 </pre>
 <p>
 This is the man who wrote the book upon the eucharist and the dialogue
-between Plato and Fénélon, and who had a plan of writing the last
+between Plato and FÃ©nÃ©lon, and who had a plan of writing the last
 conference of <a name="317">{317}</a> St. Anselm on the soul; this is he whom the French
 clergy could oppose with honor to Jouffroy, and whom the most
 sympathetic of Protestants could combat only while revering him and
-recognizing him as a brother in heart and intelligence. L'Abbé Gerbet
+recognizing him as a brother in heart and intelligence. L'AbbÃ© Gerbet
 unites to these elevated virtues, which I have merely been able to
 glance at, a gentle gaiety, a natural and cultivated charm, which
 reminds one even in holiday games of the playfulness of a Rapin, a
@@ -21780,7 +21744,7 @@ poetry by the lips of M. de Lamartine, would not oppose me.
   Monday, Day after the Feast of Assumption,
   Aug. 16, 1832.
 <br><br>
-  [Since the above article was written, the Abbé Gerbet has had
+  [Since the above article was written, the AbbÃ© Gerbet has had
   conferred on the episcopal dignity. He died about one year ago.--Ed.
   C. W.]
 </p>
@@ -23161,7 +23125,7 @@ II.
     Each gallant speedeth away;
   Then, forward fast to the trumpet's sound,
   A hundred horsemen shake the ground
-    And meet in the mad melée.
+    And meet in the mad melÃ©e.
 
   Crimson the spur and crimson the spear,
     The blood of the brave flows fast;
@@ -23179,7 +23143,7 @@ II.
     Is making a merry day!"
   But where, oh where is the Savoyard,
   For low in the slime of that trampled sward
-    Lie the flower of the Dauphinée!
+    Lie the flower of the DauphinÃ©e!
 
   And the victor stranger rideth alone,
     Wiping his bloody blade;
@@ -23190,7 +23154,7 @@ II.
   Sternly, as if he came to kill,
     Toward the damsel he turneth his rein;
   His trumpet sounding a challenge shrill,
-  While the fatal lists of La Sône are still
+  While the fatal lists of La SÃ´ne are still
     As he paces the purple plain.
 
 <a name="338">{338}</a>
@@ -23309,7 +23273,7 @@ II.
 
   Away, away in their wild career
     Past the slopes of Mont Surjeu;
-  Thrice have they swum the swift Isère,
+  Thrice have they swum the swift IsÃ¨re,
   And firm and clear in the purple air
     Soars the Grand Som full in view.
 
@@ -23372,7 +23336,7 @@ II.
   The moon is up, 'tis a glorious night,
     They are leaving the rock and the snow,
   Mont Blanc is before her, phantom white,
-  While the swift Isère, with its line of light,
+  While the swift IsÃ¨re, with its line of light,
     Cleaves the heart of the valley below.
 
   But hark to the challenge, "Who rideth alone?"--
@@ -23485,7 +23449,7 @@ I.
 
 II.
 
-  "Hither, hither thou mailèd man
+  "Hither, hither thou mailÃ¨d man
     With those woman's tears in thine eyes,
   With thy brawny cheek all wet and wan,
   Show me the heir of Miolan,
@@ -23615,7 +23579,7 @@ II.
     Or ne'er look on morning light.
 
   "What, thou just risen from the grave,
-    Atilt with an armèd man?
+    Atilt with an armÃ¨d man?
   Dost dream that youth alone is brave,
   Dost deem these sinews too old to save
     The honor of Miolan?"
@@ -23699,7 +23663,7 @@ II.
 <a name="348">{348}</a>
 
   The youth drank deep of the burning juice
-    Of the mighty Marètel,
+    Of the mighty MarÃ¨tel,
   Then, waving his hand to his Ladye thrice,
   Swifter than snow from the precipice,
     Spurred full on the infidel.
@@ -23778,7 +23742,7 @@ II.
   High reared the steed with the hapless pair,
     A plunge, a pause, a shriek,
   A black plume loose in the middle air,
-  A foaming plash in the dark Isére,--
+  A foaming plash in the dark IsÃ©re,--
   Thus banished for ever the maiden fair
     And the Knight of Pilate's Peak.
 
@@ -23789,7 +23753,7 @@ II.
     "To my arms, mine only one!"
 
   But oh, what aileth the gallant Grey,
-    Why droopeth the barbèd head?
+    Why droopeth the barbÃ¨d head?
   Slowly he turned from that fell tourney
   And proudly breathing a long, last neigh,
     At the castle gate fell dead.
@@ -23956,7 +23920,7 @@ IV.
 
 <a name="353">{353}</a>
 
-  The Trovère ceased, none praised the lay,
+  The TrovÃ¨re ceased, none praised the lay,
   Each waited to hear what the King would say.
   But the grand blue eye was on the wave,
   Little recked he of the tuneless stave:
@@ -23975,7 +23939,7 @@ IV.
   Hath thriven at Cyprus, bard of mine!"
   The Minstrel played with his golden wrest,
   And began the "<i>Fytte of the Bloody Vest</i>. "
-  The vanquished Trovère stole away
+  The vanquished TrovÃ¨re stole away
   Unmarked by lord or ladye gay:
   Perchance one quick, kind glance he caught,
   Perchance that glance was all he sought.
@@ -24742,7 +24706,7 @@ of which is preserved by these consecrated names.
 </p>
 <p>
 Among the Roqueforts, who claim to have sprung from the Merovingians,
-they have, even to our days, the names of Clodimir, Chilpérie, or
+they have, even to our days, the names of Clodimir, ChilpÃ©rie, or
 Bathilde. Since the time of the Crusades, the youngest son of the Du
 Maistres is always an Amaury. The Canluries of Gonneville owe their
 names of Arosca and Essomerie to the discoveries of the celebrated
@@ -24750,7 +24714,7 @@ navigator, their ancestor, who brought from southern lands, in 1503,
 the Prince Essomerie, son of the King Arosca, whom he adopted and
 married later, in Normandy, to one of his relations. There is a family
 in Brittany who never part with the names of Audren, Salomon, Grallow,
-or Conau. The Corréas, originally from Portugal, pride themselves on
+or Conau. The CorrÃ©as, originally from Portugal, pride themselves on
 seeing on their genealogical tree those of Caramuru and of
 Paraguassus, which signify the <i>Man of Fire</i> and <i>Great River</i>.
 </p>
@@ -25364,7 +25328,7 @@ Eve, conducted by her partner, passed near them, and turning:
 </p>
 <p>
 "Gaston," she said in a tone of affectionate familiarity, "will you be
-our <i>vis-â-vis?</i>"
+our <i>vis-Ã¢-vis?</i>"
 </p>
 <p>
 The young girls found themselves in each other's presence, their looks
@@ -25473,10 +25437,10 @@ me; I bathed it with my tears; then, opening his arms: 'Louise shall
 pronounce,' he said. With what impatience I waited for you that
 evening! Your mother by this time should be aware of my application,
 and to-morrow, if you consent, it shall not be simply as a friend, but
-as your <i>fiancé</i> that I shall enter under your parent's roof."
+as your <i>fiancÃ©</i> that I shall enter under your parent's roof."
 </p>
 <p>
-"Gaston--my <i>fiancé</i>," murmured Louise. "O God! I am too happy."
+"Gaston--my <i>fiancÃ©</i>," murmured Louise. "O God! I am too happy."
 </p>
 <p>
 Eve also was near succumbing under a strange emotion; but by a supreme
@@ -25544,7 +25508,7 @@ Mirefont family will soon find themselves in ease."
 </p>
 <p>
 "When I shall be permitted to tell Eve that her cousin is to marry her
-interesting <i>protégé</i>, oh! I am sure she will be transported with
+interesting <i>protÃ©gÃ©</i>, oh! I am sure she will be transported with
 joy."
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -25592,18 +25556,18 @@ Clarisse Dufresnois did not fail to attribute Eve's fainting to the
 desire of appearing interesting; this was at least the version which
 she gave to the young ladies Suzanne, Valerie, Lucienne, and
 Albertine, but the supposition which she expressed to the Vicomte de
-la Perlière, the object of her seventh matrimonial dream, was less
+la PerliÃ¨re, the object of her seventh matrimonial dream, was less
 inoffensive.
 </p>
 <a name="376">{376}</a>
 <p>
 "Mademoiselle de La Tour-d'Adam," said she, "was taken ill of jealousy
 and vexation, on remarking her cousin's attention to Mlle, de
-Rouvray's <i>protégé</i>. "
+Rouvray's <i>protÃ©gÃ©</i>. "
 </p>
 <p>
 She enlarged on this theme with so much wit, that the Vicomte de la
-Perlière, a man of sense who did not lack heart, forgot at the end of
+PerliÃ¨re, a man of sense who did not lack heart, forgot at the end of
 the winter to propose to her. The autumn following he asked and
 obtained Leonore's hand, which did not prevent Clarisse from being
 more witty than ever.
@@ -25790,7 +25754,7 @@ The marquis took her hand and pressed it against his heart.
 </p>
 <p>
 "My father," said Eve after several moments of silence, "our cousin
-has gone for Gaston and his <i>fiancée</i>; my father, I have a request to
+has gone for Gaston and his <i>fiancÃ©e</i>; my father, I have a request to
 make of you."
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -26064,7 +26028,7 @@ out of my sight."--Genesis xxiii.
   To eyes that loved no more, in death's
                     Remorseless night
 
-          O still belovèd Dead,
+          O still belovÃ¨d Dead,
           No grave is found for you;
   No friends weep with us o'er your bier.
                     No prayers are said;
@@ -26257,7 +26221,7 @@ neglect of duty. He says:
 <p class="footnote">
  [Footnote 57: How this is possible in the case of those who have
  received the gift of infallible perseverance, it is difficult to see,
- unless the "elect" are chiefly found among the <i>élite</i> of society.]
+ unless the "elect" are chiefly found among the <i>Ã©lite</i> of society.]
 </p>
 <p class="cite">
   "And when there is taken into the account <i>the neglect</i> of these
@@ -26772,7 +26736,7 @@ into play, both by the clergy and the laity.
 <br><br>
 A PRETENDED DERVISH IN TURKESTAN.
 <br><br>
-BY ÉMILE JONVEAUX.</h2>
+BY Ã‰MILE JONVEAUX.</h2>
 <br>
 <p>
 IV.
@@ -26838,7 +26802,7 @@ the river flowing slowly with a mournful noise, and beyond extended
 afar the formidable desert of Tartary. This district, which bears the
 name of Toyeboyun (camel's back), no doubt on account of the curves
 described by the Oxus, is inhabited at certain seasons of the year by
-the Kirghiz, a nomad people among the nomads. A woman to whom Vambéry
+the Kirghiz, a nomad people among the nomads. A woman to whom VambÃ©ry
 made some remarks on the subject of this vagabond existence, replied
 laughing, "Oh, certainly! one never sees us, like you other mollahs,
 remain days and weeks sitting in the same place; man is made for
@@ -26897,7 +26861,7 @@ and very soon the shades of night enveloped them.
 <p>
 Toward midnight all the pilgrims were obliged to dismount and walk,
 because the animals buried themselves to the knees in the sand. It was
-a severe trial for Vambéry; his infirmity doubled the fatigue of a
+a severe trial for VambÃ©ry; his infirmity doubled the fatigue of a
 tramp over a moving ground, in the midst of a continuous chain of
 little hills, therefore he hailed with joy the point designated for
 the morning station. The place, however, bore a name little calculated
@@ -26938,7 +26902,7 @@ generous and devoted, but thirst drives from the heart every sentiment
 of compassion.
 </p>
 <p>
-Vambéry soon experienced himself its terrible effects. He managed with
+VambÃ©ry soon experienced himself its terrible effects. He managed with
 the parsimony of a miser the contents of his bottle, until he
 perceived with fright a black point formed upon the middle of his
 tongue. Then, blinking to save his life, he swallowed at once half the
@@ -26952,7 +26916,7 @@ to a cloud of dust which rose at the horizon, warning them to lose not
 a moment in dismounting from their camels.
 </p>
 <p>
-"The poor animals," relates Vambéry, "felt the approach of the Tebbad.
+"The poor animals," relates VambÃ©ry, "felt the approach of the Tebbad.
 Uttering a doleful cry, they threw themselves upon their knees,
 extended their long necks upon the ground, and endeavored to hide
 their heads in the sand. We sheltered ourselves near them as behind a
@@ -26974,7 +26938,7 @@ surrounded by long-bearded men whom I recognized as Iranians."
 </p>
 <p>
 They were, in fact, Persian slaves sent into the desert to watch the
-flocks of their master; these brave fellows made Vambéry swallow a
+flocks of their master; these brave fellows made VambÃ©ry swallow a
 warm drink, and, soon after, a beverage composed of sour milk, water,
 and salt, which soon restored his strength. Before quitting the
 Sunnite pilgrims, in whom they must have recognized the bitterest
@@ -26999,11 +26963,11 @@ attention given to subjects so frivolous would be considered a proof
 of weakness of mind.
 </p>
 <p>
-Vambéry and his companions found asylum in a <i>Tekki</i> or convent, a
+VambÃ©ry and his companions found asylum in a <i>Tekki</i> or convent, a
 vast square building, of which the forty cells opened upon a court
 planted with fine trees. The <i>Khalfa</i>, or "reverend abbot," as our
 Hungarian traveller calls him, was a man of agreeable exterior and
-gentle and published manners. He received Vambéry most graciously, and
+gentle and published manners. He received VambÃ©ry most graciously, and
 the two interlocutors opened a pompous, subtle conversation, full of
 reticence and mental reserves, which charmed the good Khalfa and gave
 him also the highest opinion of his new guest; so from his arrival in
@@ -27033,14 +26997,14 @@ for their forays.
 </p>
 <p>
 The pilgrims received everywhere marks of enthusiastic sympathy; the
-foreign appearance of Vambéry excited particular admiration. "What
+foreign appearance of VambÃ©ry excited particular admiration. "What
 <a name="394">{394}</a> faith he must have," said one, "to come from Constantinople to
 Bokhara, and endure the fatigue of a  journey through the great
 Desert, in order to meditate at the tomb of Baveddin!"   [Footnote 62]
 "Without doubt," replied another, "but we also go to Mecca, the holy
 city by eminence, and in order to accomplish this pilgrimage we leave
 our business, and endure, I should think, quite enough fatigue. These
-people," and he pointed his finger at Vambéry, "have no business to
+people," and he pointed his finger at VambÃ©ry, "have no business to
 occupy them; their whole life is consecrated to exercises of piety and
 to visiting the tombs of the saints."--"Bravo, very well imagined!"
 thought our traveller, while he cast glances which he tried to render
@@ -27066,7 +27030,7 @@ regarded by the Turcomen as the centre of elegance.
   to belong.]
 </p>
 <p>
-When he had sufficiently contemplated this curious tableau, Vambéry
+When he had sufficiently contemplated this curious tableau, VambÃ©ry
 asked Hadji Bilal to take him to a place where he might rest and
 refresh himself; and the two friends went together to a place called
 <i>Lebi Hanz Divanbeghi</i>(quay of the reservoir of Divanbeghi), where all
@@ -27081,7 +27045,7 @@ confectionery, hot and cold meats. The fourth side takes the form of a
 terrace, and close by rises the mosque <i>Mesdjidi Divanbeghi</i>, Before
 the doors are planted a number of trees, under which the dervishes and
 <i>meddah</i> (popular orators) recount to the wondering crowd, the
-exploits of heroes, or the holy deeds of the prophets. Just as Vambéry
+exploits of heroes, or the holy deeds of the prophets. Just as VambÃ©ry
 arrived, the Nakishbendis crossed the square, making their daily
 procession. "Never shall I forget," says our traveller, "the
 impression which these wild enthusiasts made upon me: their heads
@@ -27092,7 +27056,7 @@ alone the first strophe."
 </p>
 <p>
 The secret inquisition established in Bokhara began very soon to annoy
-Vambéry in spite of his reputation for sanctity. Spies sent by the
+VambÃ©ry in spite of his reputation for sanctity. Spies sent by the
 government came almost every day, upon one pretext or another, to open
 with the stranger conversations which always turned upon Europeans,
 their diabolical artifices, and the chastisements which had punished
@@ -27118,7 +27082,7 @@ cases of conscience, wished to know the differences, often
 imperceptible, between the <i>Farz</i> and the <i>Sunnet</i>, precepts of
 obligation, and the <i>Tadjib</i> and the <i>Mustahab</i>, simple religious
 counsels. This artifice had complete success; many an obscure text
-furnished material for an animated discussion, in which Vambéry never
+furnished material for an animated discussion, in which VambÃ©ry never
 lost an occasion of making a pompous eulogium of the Bokharist
 oulemas, and loudly proclaiming their superiority. Then the judges,
 gained to his cause, told the minister that he had committed a grave
@@ -27126,7 +27090,7 @@ mistake. Hadji Reschid was a very distinguished mollah, well prepared
 to receive the divine inspiration, precious heritage of the saints.
 </p>
 <p>
-Vambéry, free henceforth from all fear, could study at leisure the
+VambÃ©ry, free henceforth from all fear, could study at leisure the
 character and aptitudes of the people of Bokhara. This city, which is,
 according to him, the Home of Islam, since Mecca and Medina represent
 Jerusalem, is not a little proud of its religious supremacy. Though it
@@ -27145,14 +27109,14 @@ moustache which the Prophet wore?"
 </p>
 <p>
 The emir Mozaffar ed Din watches carefully over the maintenance of the
-sacred doctrines. Every city has its <i>Reïs</i> or guardian of religion,
+sacred doctrines. Every city has its <i>ReÃ¯s</i> or guardian of religion,
 who, whip in hand, runs through the streets and public squares,
 interrogating every one he meets upon the precepts of Islam. Woe to
 the unhappy passenger taken in the flagrant crime of ignorance: if it
 were a gray-headed old man he is also, all business ceasing, sent for
 a fortnight to the benches of the school. A discipline equally
 rigorous, obliges every one to go to the mosques at the hour of
-prayer. Finally, the espionage of the Reïs does not stop at the
+prayer. Finally, the espionage of the ReÃ¯s does not stop at the
 threshold of the private dwelling, and in the privacy of his family a
 Bokharist takes care not to omit the least rite, or even to pronounce
 the name of the emir without adding the sacramental formula, "May
@@ -27199,7 +27163,7 @@ modest; they make their own garments and sometimes those of the emir,
 who exercises over all expenses a minute control.
 </p>
 <p>
-Before quitting Bokhara, Vambéry wished to visit the tomb of Baveddin,
+Before quitting Bokhara, VambÃ©ry wished to visit the tomb of Baveddin,
 the supposed end of his long pilgrimage.
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -27222,7 +27186,7 @@ of the saint.
 V.
 </p>
 <p>
-The two companions of Vambéry, Hadji Salih and Hadji Bilal, were
+The two companions of VambÃ©ry, Hadji Salih and Hadji Bilal, were
 impatient to quit Bokhara in order to reach before winter the distant
 province where they lived. Our traveller proposed to accompany them to
 Samarcand; he wished to see this celebrated city, and anticipating an
@@ -27234,7 +27198,7 @@ comfortably in his rustic carriage, but this illusion was soon broken.
 The violent jolting of the vehicle threw the pilgrims every instant
 here and there, now against each other, now against the heavy
 wagon-frame; their heads were beaten about like billiard-balls. "For
-the first few hours," adds Vambéry, "I was literally sea-sick; I
+the first few hours," adds VambÃ©ry, "I was literally sea-sick; I
 suffered much more than when mounted upon the camel, the swaying of
 which, <a name="397">{397}</a> resembling the rolling of a ship, I had dreaded very
 much."
@@ -27251,7 +27215,7 @@ inns, before which the gigantic <i>samovar</i> makes the traveller dream of
 solace and comfort; their farms, surrounded by rich harvests, by
 prairies where magnificent cattle feed, and by farm-yards sheltering
 their feathered population. Everything breathed life and abundance,
-and Vambéry could not contemplate without emotion this smiling
+and VambÃ©ry could not contemplate without emotion this smiling
 picture, which recalled his fertile Germany.
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -27292,13 +27256,13 @@ tinged with a cruel irony, came to my mind?
   "Samarcand is the sun of the world."
 </p>
 <p>
-The same evening Vambéry and his companions were received in a house
+The same evening VambÃ©ry and his companions were received in a house
 very near the tomb of Timour. Our traveller was delighted to learn
 that his host filled important functions near the Emir. The return of
 this prince, who had just finished a victorious campaign in Khokand,
 being expected very soon, Hadji Salih and Haji Bilal consented, out of
 regard to their friend, to prolong their stay in Samarcand until
-Vambéry had obtained an audience of Mozaffar ed Din, and found a
+VambÃ©ry had obtained an audience of Mozaffar ed Din, and found a
 caravan with which he might return to Persia. While waiting the
 pilgrims visited the ancient monuments of the city, which, in spite of
 its miserable appearance, is the richest city in Central Asia in
@@ -27315,7 +27279,7 @@ mosaic, preserves the freshness and brilliancy of the first day.
 </p>
 <p>
 2. The citadel, where we admire in a vast apartment called "Timour's
-audience-hall," the celebrated <i>Köktash</i> (green stone) upon which was
+audience-hall," the celebrated <i>KÃ¶ktash</i> (green stone) upon which was
 placed the throne of the famous conqueror.
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -27335,7 +27299,7 @@ remarkable is that of Tillakair, so called from its golden ornaments.
 <p>
 The new city is much smaller than the ancient capital of Timour; it
 has six gates, and several bazaars where they sell at a very low price
-manufactured articles, confessedly of European workmanship. Vambéry,
+manufactured articles, confessedly of European workmanship. VambÃ©ry,
 without thinking, like the Tartars, that "Samarcand resembles
 Paradise," still found it quite superior to other Turcoman cities, by
 the beauty of its situation, the splendor of its monuments, and the
@@ -27343,7 +27307,7 @@ richness of its vegetation.
 </p>
 <p>
 Meanwhile, days passed and the emir did not arrive, the caravan which
-was to take Vambéry back prepared to start, when the conqueror of
+was to take VambÃ©ry back prepared to start, when the conqueror of
 Khokand at last made his triumphant entry. Mozaffar ed Din, following
 the unscrupulous policy adopted in the east, had organized a vast
 conspiracy against the sovereign of the rival khanat; then hired
@@ -27366,7 +27330,7 @@ Khokand, and equally important in a commercial and military point of
 view.
 </p>
 <p>
-At the period when Vambéry visited Samarcand, the intoxication of the
+At the period when VambÃ©ry visited Samarcand, the intoxication of the
 victory obtained by the emir dispelled all gloom; the Europeans and
 their encroachments were forgotten in the noisy rejoicings. The happy
 return of Mozaffar ed Din was celebrated by a national festival, in
@@ -27376,7 +27340,7 @@ subjects a public audience, our traveller seized the occasion to be
 presented. Accompanied by his friends the pilgrims, he was preparing
 to enter the palace, when a Mehrem stopped him, saying that his
 Majesty desired to see the hadji of Constantinople alone. "We were
-extremely alarmed," relates Vambéry; "this distinction seemed to us an
+extremely alarmed," relates VambÃ©ry; "this distinction seemed to us an
 ill omen. Nevertheless, I followed the officer with a firm step. He
 introduced me into a spacious hall, where I perceived the emir seated
 upon an ottoman, and surrounded with books and manuscripts of all
@@ -27433,7 +27397,7 @@ prince. Before dismissing me, he gave an order to remit to me a
 complete suit of clothes, and to count me out thirty tenghes."
 </p>
 <p>
-Vambéry, much elated, hastened to inform his friends of the result of
+VambÃ©ry, much elated, hastened to inform his friends of the result of
 the interview; they advised him not to count too surely on the royal
 protection, and not to defer his departure. It cost him much to quit
 these good dervishes, generous and devoted hearts, the faithful
@@ -27462,7 +27426,7 @@ ministry, had trifled, in a word, with their dearest sentiments? Such
 an avowal might not, perhaps, have broken the bonds of affection which
 united him to the two dervishes, but what a bitter deception for these
 fervent and sincere souls t <a name="400">{400}</a> And why destroy an illusion so
-sweet? Vambéry retained the secret ready to escape him; his eyes
+sweet? VambÃ©ry retained the secret ready to escape him; his eyes
 swimming in tears, he tore himself from the embraces of his friends.
 "I see them always," he adds, "motionless in the place where I had
 quitted them, the hands raised toward heaven, imploring the blessing
@@ -27471,7 +27435,7 @@ again; at last they disappeared in the fog, and I could distinguish
 only the domes of Samarcand, feebly lighted by the rays of the moon."
 </p>
 <p>
-The journey home was marked by fewer dramatic incidents. Vambéry had
+The journey home was marked by fewer dramatic incidents. VambÃ©ry had
 to cross the country of Bokhara, but avoiding the capital, he arrived
 after three days at Karshi, the second city of the khanat in extent
 and commercial relations. It contains six caravansaries and a
@@ -27479,7 +27443,7 @@ well-supplied market, where are seen very remarkable articles of
 native cutlery, which are largely exported into central Asia, Persia,
 Arabia, and even into Turkey. These fine blades, richly damaskeened,
 the handles covered with incrustations of gold and silver, are far
-superior to the best products of Sheffield or Birmingham. Vambéry's
+superior to the best products of Sheffield or Birmingham. VambÃ©ry's
 new companions advised him to use such funds as he had left, in
 purchasing knives, needles, and glass-ware, the exchange of which
 would secure a pilgrim the means of existence among the nomad tribes.
@@ -27493,7 +27457,7 @@ and talismans."
 The caravan passed through Bokhara without disturbance; the rigor with
 which the emir enforces the police regulations rendering all the roads
 from across the desert perfectly secure, not only for caravans, but
-even for individual travellers. Vambéry could hardly contain his joy
+even for individual travellers. VambÃ©ry could hardly contain his joy
 in crossing the frontier: at every step he approached the West; he was
 about to revisit Persia, the first stage of civilization, the object
 of his ardent desires. Other members of the caravan were not less
@@ -27503,7 +27467,7 @@ Bokhara to pay the ransom of his son, the only support of his family,
 the price demanded was fifty ducats, and the poor father had exhausted
 his resources in the payment. "But," said he, "better to fear the
 staff of the beggar than to leave my son in chains." Another of these
-unhappy men greatly excited Vambéry's compassion; his wasted features,
+unhappy men greatly excited VambÃ©ry's compassion; his wasted features,
 and hair prematurely white, proved sufficiently his sufferings, eight
 years previous, a Turcoman raid had carried away his wife, his sister
 and his six children; the unfortunate man pursued them, vainly sought
@@ -27530,7 +27494,7 @@ sceptre of Mozaffar ed Din, and added that the Europeans would be
 preferable to the present Mussulman chiefs.
 </p>
 <p>
-Meanwhile, the journey was long, and Vambéry saw with anxiety his
+Meanwhile, the journey was long, and VambÃ©ry saw with anxiety his
 little package of merchandise diminish. He hoped to obtain assistance
 at Herat; but unfortunately, when they arrived in this city, the key
 of central Asia, it had just been put to sack by the Afghans. The
@@ -27550,7 +27514,7 @@ price in order to realize anything.
 </p>
 <p>
 In a city so ravaged, the trade of a dervish is not lucrative; no one
-asked Vambéry for his holy breathing, his cutlery and pearls were
+asked VambÃ©ry for his holy breathing, his cutlery and pearls were
 exhausted; his travelling companions, very different from Hadji Bilal,
 lent him no help. Only one young man named Ishak, remained faithful to
 him. Every morning he begged the food for the day, and prepared the
@@ -27559,20 +27523,20 @@ served with affectionate respect.
 </p>
 <p>
 In order to neglect nothing which might enable him to continue his
-journey, Vambéry resolved to apply to the Viceroy of Herat, Serdar
+journey, VambÃ©ry resolved to apply to the Viceroy of Herat, Serdar
 Mehemmed Yakoub, the son of the King of Afghanistan. The halls of the
 palace were filled with servants and soldiers; but the large turban of
 the pretended dervish, and the hermit-like air which long fatigues had
 given him, were letters of recommendation which opened all doors. The
 prince, not more than sixteen years old, sate in a large easy chair,
-surrounded by high dignitaries. Vambéry, faithful to his character,
+surrounded by high dignitaries. VambÃ©ry, faithful to his character,
 went directly to him, and sat by his side, pushing aside the vizier to
 make himself a place. This behavior excited general hilarity. Serdar
 Mehemmed regarded the stranger attentively, then rose suddenly, and
 cried, half-laughing, half-bewildered: "You are an Englishman, I'll
 take my oath!" He approached our traveller, clapping his hands like a
 child who has made a happy discovery: "Say, say," added he, "are you
-not an Englishman?" In the presence of this innocent joy, Vambéry had
+not an Englishman?" In the presence of this innocent joy, VambÃ©ry had
 half a mind to discover himself, but remembering that the fanaticism
 of the Afghans might yet expose him to great perils, he resolved not
 to raise the mask which protected him. Taking, then, a serious air:
@@ -27580,10 +27544,10 @@ to raise the mask which protected him. Taking, then, a serious air:
 proverb--'He who even in joke treats a true believer as an infidel,
 makes himself worse than an infidel?' Give me rather something for my
 benediction, that I may have the means of pursuing my journey."
-Vambéry's look, and the maxim which he so appropriately recalled, put
+VambÃ©ry's look, and the maxim which he so appropriately recalled, put
 the young viceroy out of countenance. He stammered some excuses,
 alleging the singular physiognomy of the stranger, which was not of
-the Bokhariot type. Vambéry hastened to reply that he was a native of
+the Bokhariot type. VambÃ©ry hastened to reply that he was a native of
 Stamboul; he showed to Serdar Mehemmed and to the vizier his Turkish
 passport, spoke of an Afghan prince residing in Constantinople, and
 succeeded in completely effacing the impression which he had at first
@@ -27595,13 +27559,13 @@ Meshed, left Herat, taking with it our traveller. It comprised not
 less than two thousand persons, at least <a name="402">{402}</a> half of whom were
 Afghans, who, in spite of the most frightful misery, had undertaken,
 with their families, a pilgrimage to the tombs of the Shiite saints.
-In proportion as Vambéry approached civilization, he let fall little
+In proportion as VambÃ©ry approached civilization, he let fall little
 by little the veil of his incognito, and let it be understood that in
 Meshed he should find powerful protectors, and financial resources
 which would enable him to recompense the services of his companions.
 The doubtful light which surrounded him furnished inexhaustible matter
 for conjecture, and gave rise to some lively discussions, which very
-much amused Vambéry. At last, twelve days after leaving Herat, the
+much amused VambÃ©ry. At last, twelve days after leaving Herat, the
 dome of the mosque, and the tomb of Iman-Riza, gilded by the first
 rays of the sun, announced the approach to Meshed. The sight caused
 the European deep emotion, his dangerous exploring expedition was
@@ -27615,7 +27579,7 @@ had followed him even to Europe, and the 9th of June, 1864, he arrived
 in London.
 </p>
 <p>
-Singular force of habit. Vambéry had so identified himself with the
+Singular force of habit. VambÃ©ry had so identified himself with the
 character of a learned effendi, he was so impregnated with Asiatic
 manners and customs, that this son of Germany found himself ill at
 ease in England. "It cost me," says he, "incredible difficulty to
@@ -27630,7 +27594,7 @@ solitudes of central Asia, of the tents of the Kirghiz and the
 Turcomen?"
 </p>
 <p>
-Vambéry's book paints in vivid colors the real condition of central
+VambÃ©ry's book paints in vivid colors the real condition of central
 Asia; it contains curious and characteristic details regarding the
 three khanats of Turkestan (Khiva, Bokhara, and Khokand), on the
 particular manners of each people, the commerce and industry of the
@@ -27674,7 +27638,7 @@ their faith, moreover, delivers them without defence to misfortune, to
 tyranny, to the joke of the stranger, for it persuades them that an
 inflexible destiny, against which the will of man is powerless, rules
 the lot of individuals and nations. "Who can prevail agamst the
-Nasib?" said to Vambéry an unfortunate man whose wife and children had
+Nasib?" said to VambÃ©ry an unfortunate man whose wife and children had
 been carried off. "It was written!" replied the Mussulmans when their
 most beautiful provinces were snatched from them.
 </p>
@@ -28290,28 +28254,28 @@ TWO PICTURES OF LIFE IN FRANCE BEFORE 1848.
 </h2>
 <br>
 <p>
-Those who are familiar with the Journal of Eugénie de Guérin, know
+Those who are familiar with the Journal of EugÃ©nie de GuÃ©rin, know
 that in Languedoc, near the towns or villages of Andillac and Gaillac,
 and not far from Toulouse, there is an ancient estate called Le Cayla;
 but they know little more than this of the place where Maurice and
-Eugénie de Guérin passed their youth in the quaint an beautiful
+EugÃ©nie de GuÃ©rin passed their youth in the quaint an beautiful
 simplicity that stamped their genius with so marked and individuality.
 </p>
 <p>
 The peasantry of that region are wedded to old habits and traditions,
 and the ancient families are imbedded like rocks in the land, says
 Lamartine, (from whose "Entretiens" many of these local details are
-taken), and are nobles by common consent, because the château is
+taken), and are nobles by common consent, because the chÃ¢teau is
 merely the largest ruin in the village, and every one goes there as to
 a home to get whatever he needs in the way of advice, agricultural
 tools, medicine or food.
 </p>
 <p>
-Let us in the imagination visit the Château of like a lot, as it was
+Let us in the imagination visit the ChÃ¢teau of like a lot, as it was
 in the year 1837, four we must make our first acquaintance with it
 when it is graced by the exquisite presence of those two, whose names
 are fast becoming household words on both sides of the Atlantic
---Maurice and Eugénie de Guérin.
+--Maurice and EugÃ©nie de GuÃ©rin.
 </p>
 <p>
 It is not like one's dream of an ancient <i>castel</i>, this spreading,
@@ -28320,7 +28284,7 @@ the Fourth's time, and perched on the summit of a sharp declivity.
 There is little to distinguish it from the great farms of the country
 round, but a half ruined portico, projecting over the flight of stone
 steps, a pointed current and the grooves of a drawbridge, over which
-the ruthless hand of 1793 as effaced the ancient arms of the Guérins.
+the ruthless hand of 1793 as effaced the ancient arms of the GuÃ©rins.
 The great flagstones of the courtyard were loosened and uprooted long
 ago by the drainage from the stables, and in the angles of the wall
 grow holly and elder bushes, not too aristocratic to take root in such
@@ -28334,7 +28298,7 @@ department in this venerable homestead.
 Within doors blazes a goodly fire on the hearth, a whole tree,
 standing on end, sending its smoke up a great chimney through which
 daylight is visible, and ready to give a comfortable greeting to Jean,
-or Gilles, or Romignières, when they come to talk about corn or sheep
+or Gilles, or RomigniÃ¨res, when they come to talk about corn or sheep
 with the master, they sitting on the stone settles, built into the
 wall, he on one of those walnut armchairs standing between the kitchen
 table and the fireplace. See the great copper boilers standing around
@@ -28352,16 +28316,16 @@ sitting at the lower and of the unbleached cloth.
 Now down this little flight of steps to the <i>salon</i>, which is all
 white, with a large sofa, some straw chairs, and a table with books on
 it. Yes--here <a name="412">{412}</a> we pause--here are the objects of our search. In a
-faded tapestry arm-chair sits Maurice reading and Eugénie is near
+faded tapestry arm-chair sits Maurice reading and EugÃ©nie is near
 here. He looks but shadowy still, having just recovered from a fever,
 but the outline of his face is beautiful as he bends slightly over the
 book, the refined mouth, the expressive, drooping eyelids, the noble
 brow declaring him the worthy descendent of a long line of knights and
-gentlemen. One of these ancestors, Guérin de Montaigu, Grand Master of
+gentlemen. One of these ancestors, GuÃ©rin de Montaigu, Grand Master of
 the Knights of Malta, looks down upon us from the wall as we stand
 behind Maurice's chair, glancing, by the way, over his shoulder at the
 page he is reading, one of Barbey d'Aurevilly's brilliant articles.
-And now he reads aloud a striking passage, and Eugénie lifts her eyes
+And now he reads aloud a striking passage, and EugÃ©nie lifts her eyes
 and lets the work drop on her lap. What earnest, dovelike eyes they
 are! See how softly the hair parts on her forehead, passing over the
 pretty ear and falling in little curls at the back of her neck. The
@@ -28380,18 +28344,18 @@ glass doors and arched window at the terrace, all green and blossoming
 with roses and acacias.
 </p>
 <p>
-Here we are in an M. de Guérin's room, with its table and chairs
-loaded with books and with dust! That priè-Dieu was embroidered by
-Mme. de Guérin and whose pensive look face looks out from the
+Here we are in an M. de GuÃ©rin's room, with its table and chairs
+loaded with books and with dust! That priÃ¨-Dieu was embroidered by
+Mme. de GuÃ©rin and whose pensive look face looks out from the
 pictures, hanging between the fireplace and the bed. There is the
 cross presented by Christine Rognier, and the holy water vase, and the
-picture of Calvary before which Eugénie used to kneel and pour out her
+picture of Calvary before which EugÃ©nie used to kneel and pour out her
 childish woes. One day she prayed that some spots might disappear from
 her frock, and a disappeared--and again she begged that her doll might
 have a soul, but that never came to pass. No doubt it was in this
-great state bed that Madame de Guérin died at midnight on the second
-of April, 1819. Eugénie had fallen asleep at her mother's feet, and as
-the spirit passed away from the long suffering body, M. de Guérin
+great state bed that Madame de GuÃ©rin died at midnight on the second
+of April, 1819. EugÃ©nie had fallen asleep at her mother's feet, and as
+the spirit passed away from the long suffering body, M. de GuÃ©rin
 waked the little girl. "My God! I hear the priest, I see the lighted
 candles and a pale face the in tears," she wrote sixteen years
 afterwards. Poor little soul! She awoke to the double responsibility
@@ -28405,25 +28369,25 @@ upper part of the house where the servants sleep.
 </p>
 <p>
 This hall is the grand reception-room for guests of distinction, and
-has more and air of grandeur then the rest of the château. This
+has more and air of grandeur then the rest of the chÃ¢teau. This
 ornamented ceiling and deep wainscoting of carved wood, these
 paintings set in the panels, and that huge chimney-piece supported on
 stone caryatides, call up to our fancy the days when stately dames and
 gentle couriers visited Le Cayla for the hunting season. But there is
 a golden renown in store for this shattered, time-worn house, more
-precious than that shed upon it by any Guérin of the seventeenth
+precious than that shed upon it by any GuÃ©rin of the seventeenth
 century.
 </p>
 <p>
 Suites of small rooms lead from the hall--here is the room that
-Eugénie shares with her younger sister Marie, and near by is the
+EugÃ©nie shares with her younger sister Marie, and near by is the
 <i>chambrette</i> where Maurice sleeps when he is at home. In his absence
 it is her nest where she reads, writes, prays, or leans on the
 window-sill to listen to the brook rippling below the terrace, two
 doves, and nightingales and all the lovely <a name="413">{413}</a> out-door sounds; or
 to look over the corn-fields, groves, chestnut trees, and vineyards in
 the valley, far away to the mountains where the friend, Louis de
-Bayne, lives in a white château with a linden tree walk, in a country
+Bayne, lives in a white chÃ¢teau with a linden tree walk, in a country
 of ravines and waterfalls;--but we have indulged long enough in this
 summer dream of Le Cayla, and must turn to a picture full of sober
 tints and shadows.
@@ -28433,7 +28397,7 @@ LA CHENAIE
 </p>
 <p>
 In Brittany, within a few hours drive from Rennes, was the old family
-place of the Lamennais, where about the year 1830 Hughes Filicité de
+place of the Lamennais, where about the year 1830 Hughes FilicitÃ© de
 Lamennais drew about him several of the most promising intellects of
 France,  [Footnote 64] with the view of establishing a new religious
 order, that should meet all the demands of that most grasping of
@@ -28446,12 +28410,12 @@ about it in dusky--brown monotony, while overhead on the grey, heavy
 Breton sky.
 </p>
 <p class="footnote">
-  [Footnote 64: The precise period at which La Chênaie became the
+  [Footnote 64: The precise period at which La ChÃªnaie became the
   resort of the celebrated men we have been unable to ascertain.
 <br><p>
   The Lamennais were a commercial family in Bordeaux, ennobled during
-  the reign of Louis XVI. L'Abbé de Lamennais, the second son,
-  refusing to become a merchant, retired to La Chênaie, and prepared
+  the reign of Louis XVI. L'AbbÃ© de Lamennais, the second son,
+  refusing to become a merchant, retired to La ChÃªnaie, and prepared
   himself for the priesthood.]
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -28466,8 +28430,8 @@ proposed to himself, of procuring the banishment of tyranny and
 suffering from the earth.
 </p>
 <p>
-At the time Maurice de Guérin [Footnote 65] joined the little circle
-at La Chênaie, Lamennais had reached the turning point in his career.
+At the time Maurice de GuÃ©rin [Footnote 65] joined the little circle
+at La ChÃªnaie, Lamennais had reached the turning point in his career.
 After preaching in his journal, with the assurance of a prophet, the
 public union of Catholicity and democracy, he had suffered the
 mortification of finding himself obliged to suspend the publication of
@@ -28486,13 +28450,13 @@ earth. Oh! I shall be well off there."
 </p>
 <p class="footnote">
   [Footnote 65: Vide M. Sainte-Beuve's "Notice sur Maurice de
-  Guérin."]
+  GuÃ©rin."]
 </p>
 <p>
 "If," says M. Sainte-Beuve, "he had died then, or in the following
 months, if his heart had snapped in it's hidden struggle, what a fair,
 unblemished memory he would have left, what fame as a faithful
-believer (fidèle) a hero--almost a martyr! What a mysterious subject
+believer (fidÃ¨le) a hero--almost a martyr! What a mysterious subject
 of meditation and revery to those who love to contemplate great
 destinies thwarted!" And yet even then Lamennais' sufferings must have
 proceeded more from wounded pride than from disappointed philanthropy,
@@ -28513,10 +28477,10 @@ him, a truly fascinating mood; and from one humor to the other he
 would pass in an instant.
 </p>
 <p>
-To La Chênaie and to the influence of this wonderful being, this
+To La ChÃªnaie and to the influence of this wonderful being, this
 compound a pathetic gentleness and combative obstinacy, of magnetism
-and repulsion, Guérin came one afternoon early in the December of
-1832. M. Féli, as Lamennais was called in his household, where
+and repulsion, GuÃ©rin came one afternoon early in the December of
+1832. M. FÃ©li, as Lamennais was called in his household, where
 ceremony was laid aside, and the most charming relations existed
 between old and young, received him very cordially in his little
 private parlor, which was furnished with one chair and a chest of
@@ -28536,16 +28500,16 @@ in grey from head to foot, his oblong head, pale complexion, grey
 eyes, long nose, and brow furrowed with wrinkles.
 </p>
 <p>
-The life at La Chênaie suited Guérin's taste admirably, excepting
+The life at La ChÃªnaie suited GuÃ©rin's taste admirably, excepting
 perhaps the practice of rising at five o'clock, against which every
 well-regulated mind must rebel. One of his great enjoyments was the
 daily mass in the quiet little chapel below the terrace in the garden.
-"At breakfast," he wrote to Eugénie, "we have butter, and bread which
+"At breakfast," he wrote to EugÃ©nie, "we have butter, and bread which
 we toast to make it more appetizing (toast was rather a luxury in
 those days on the continent), butter plays an important part in the
-meals. Dinner <i>très confortable</i>, with coffee and <i>liqueurs</i> when we
+meals. Dinner <i>trÃ¨s confortable</i>, with coffee and <i>liqueurs</i> when we
 have company, is seasoned with a rolling fire of wit, generally coming
-from M. Féli--whose <i>mots</i> are charming--vivid, piercing, sparkling,
+from M. FÃ©li--whose <i>mots</i> are charming--vivid, piercing, sparkling,
 and innumerable. His genius escapes in this way when he is not at
 work, and from sublime he becomes fascinating."
 </p>
@@ -28554,7 +28518,7 @@ In studies, Maurice was thrown into modern languages, Catholic
 philosophy, and the history of philosophy. Each pupil had a room to
 himself, but they all studied in a common room sitting round a good
 fire. Their recreations consisted in skating on a pond close by the
-house, or taking walks in the woods, staff in hand, M. Féli marching
+house, or taking walks in the woods, staff in hand, M. FÃ©li marching
 on ahead wearing a battered old straw hat such as great men love to
 shelter their illustrious heads with. They had supper at eight o'clock
 and then adjourned to the pleasant, quaint old parlor, where chess and
@@ -28579,10 +28543,10 @@ more derisive perhaps than mirthful. "That is <i>our man!</i>" said Maurice
 proudly, after describing such an evening; that evening perhaps when
 his own attractions eclipsed the master's brilliancy in the estimation
 of one who saw him for the first time--M. de Marzan, a former pupil of
-Lamennais, who revisited La Chênaie on the 18th of December, 1832.
+Lamennais, who revisited La ChÃªnaie on the 18th of December, 1832.
 </p>
 <p>
-M. Féli was in one of his most delightful moods, recounting the
+M. FÃ©li was in one of his most delightful moods, recounting the
 experiences of his late Italian journey, and drawing out in his genial
 way the keen observations of the young men about him--of all excepting
 poor Maurice, who stood silent among the hopeful, eager talkers,
@@ -28593,18 +28557,18 @@ there was a magnetism that won completely M. de Marzan's attention
 from the delights of conversation, and as soon as the evening ended,
 he obtained an introduction through Elie de Kertauguy, a handsome,
 gifted youth from Lower Brittany, passionately devoted to Lamennais,
-and compassionately attentive to Guérin, regarding him, as did most of
-the inmates of La Chênaie, as a refined but very inefficient member of
+and compassionately attentive to GuÃ©rin, regarding him, as did most of
+the inmates of La ChÃªnaie, as a refined but very inefficient member of
 their circle.
 </p>
 <p>
 Not so Marzan, who in twenty-four hours had thawed Maurice's reserve,
 won his confidence, seen his journal, heard the circumstances of his
 unrequited love for Mlle. de Bayne, and laid the foundation of a
-friendship that lasted unbroken to the day of Guérin's death. What
+friendship that lasted unbroken to the day of GuÃ©rin's death. What
 days, and nights too, of rapture these two young poets used to spend
 together, guided by their older and more experienced friend, Hippolyte
-de La Morvonnais (a frequent visitor at La Chênaie), who had been to
+de La Morvonnais (a frequent visitor at La ChÃªnaie), who had been to
 Grasmere to visit Wordsworth, and come home imbued with veneration for
 "Les Lakistes". (The Lake Poets). There came to be a mania among the
 three friends for describing in homely language the simplest domestic
@@ -28613,7 +28577,7 @@ in a rhythm so dubious that none but the initiated could tell whether
 it was meant for prose or verse.
 </p>
 <p>
-Even at this early period, Guérin gave evidence of the peculiar
+Even at this early period, GuÃ©rin gave evidence of the peculiar
 strength and weakness of his style, the vagueness and looseness of his
 verse, the faultless harmony of his prose, which is as pure as air,
 free from the least touch of provincialism or mannerism; and yet, in
@@ -28627,19 +28591,19 @@ comes to us so pure and fresh and untarnished, she may be left to
 teach her own lessons, which come to us so softly too from her lips.
 </p>
 <p>
-The months that Maurice spent at La Chênaie were not especially
+The months that Maurice spent at La ChÃªnaie were not especially
 fruitful to him, except in the sad experiences that tended to develop
 his moral strength. But for Morvonnais and Marzan, he would have
 remained quite unappreciated, for Lamennais, who gave the tone to the
 household, was too much "absorbed in his apocalyptic social visions"
 [Footnote 66] to be conscious of the jewel that glittered before his
 eyes. Lamennais was a logician, a philosopher, a passionate and
-fanatical worker. Guérin was a man of <a name="416">{416}</a> exquisite artistic
+fanatical worker. GuÃ©rin was a man of <a name="416">{416}</a> exquisite artistic
 perceptions, but dreamy, undecided, deficient in vigor. Odin and
 Apollo,--sledge-hammer and chisel,--thunderbolt and sunbeam, are not
-more unlike in use and significance. M. Féli offered nothing but
+more unlike in use and significance. M. FÃ©li offered nothing but
 pitying tenderness, which Maurice accepted in dumb veneration. No
-wonder that, with the life at La Chênaie, all intimate intercourse
+wonder that, with the life at La ChÃªnaie, all intimate intercourse
 between them ceased.
 </p>
 <p class="footnote">
@@ -28649,13 +28613,13 @@ between them ceased.
 But it is a matter for surprise that, with all his powers of
 fascination, Lamennais inflicted (so far as we can learn the
 circumstances of the case) no permanent injury upon the faith of any
-one of his companions at La Chênaie. Lacordaire, Gerbet, Montalembert,
+one of his companions at La ChÃªnaie. Lacordaire, Gerbet, Montalembert,
 and Bohrbacher became renowned champions of the church. Combalot, who
 had adored Lamennais, burst forth into a storm of invectives against
 him (as is the wont of disappointed idolaters), and then exclaimed,
 "Alas! I have wounded that heart into which I could have poured
 torrents of love!" Morvonnais and Marzan were ardent believers; Elie
-de Kertauguy and Guérin died Catholics. In short, Lamennais had
+de Kertauguy and GuÃ©rin died Catholics. In short, Lamennais had
 devoted the prime of life to the church, and in those years had
 uttered words of wisdom never to be unsaid or forgotten. In spite of
 himself he must always be an eloquent advocate of the faith he
@@ -28671,20 +28635,20 @@ clustered round the master, that he who had just given them communion,
 would never administer it again to anyone; that he would refuse it
 forevermore; and that he would soon adopt for his too true device an
 <i>oak shattered</i> by the storm, with the proud motto: <i>I break but bend
-not!</i> A Titan's device, <i>à la Capanée!</i>"
+not!</i> A Titan's device, <i>Ã  la CapanÃ©e!</i>"
 </p>
 <p>
 Early in the autumn of 1833, the Bishop of Rennes ordered the
 dissolution of Lamennais' religious community, and the pupils were
-removed to Ploërmel, where they continued their studies under the
-supervision of M. Jean de Lamennais. M. Féli disbanded his little army
+removed to PloÃ«rmel, where they continued their studies under the
+supervision of M. Jean de Lamennais. M. FÃ©li disbanded his little army
 with the dignity of a defeated general, and then threw himself
 single-handed again into the fight. He changed his patrician name to
 F. Lamennais, and demanded of democracy (says one of his biographers),
 as he had demanded of the church, a wand-stroke that should free the
 world at once from suffering and oppression. His success may be judged
 by the political history of France in the last sixteen years. In
-religion he adopted "<i>Christianisme législate,</i>"   [Footnote 67]
+religion he adopted "<i>Christianisme lÃ©gislate,</i>"   [Footnote 67]
 whatever that may be. "If," said he, "men feel so irresistibly
 impelled to unite themselves to God that they return to Christianity,
 let no one suppose that it can be to that Christianity which presents
@@ -28702,18 +28666,18 @@ thought," he died in his seventy-third year, after an illness of a few
 weeks, leaving these words in his will: "I will be buried among the
 poor, and like the poor. I will have nothing over my grave, not even a
 stone; nor will I have my body carried into any church." They laid him
-in Père la Chaise, and no word of blessing was uttered over his grave.
+in PÃ¨re la Chaise, and no word of blessing was uttered over his grave.
 Poor Lamennais! What magnificent possibilities were shattered in his
 fall!
 </p>
 <p>
-And Maurice, what were his emotions when the door of La Chênaie dosed
+And Maurice, what were his emotions when the door of La ChÃªnaie dosed
 behind him?--the "little paradise" he called it, but then, poor soul,
 <a name="417">{417}</a> anything that had escaped him for ever seemed to have been
 paradise. He suffered all that must be endured by those who have
 mistaken personal influence for a divine attraction. The novitate on
-which he had entered at La Chênaie with a certain reluctance, galled
-him beyond endurance at Ploërmel. "I would rather run the chance of a
+which he had entered at La ChÃªnaie with a certain reluctance, galled
+him beyond endurance at PloÃ«rmel. "I would rather run the chance of a
 life of adventure than be garrotted by a rule," he said, and so he
 went out into the world again, feeling like a thing let loose in the
 universe, and by the blessing of Providence was received into the home
@@ -28771,11 +28735,11 @@ happiness of past days; I traced a faint picture of them in this book,
 and we looked at it sadly, as at some dear, beautiful, dead face."
 </p>
 <p>
-One more passage from his journal and we will leave Maurice de Guérin
+One more passage from his journal and we will leave Maurice de GuÃ©rin
 in Paris. Two years from the following date he was a fashionable man
 of the world, capable of vieing in <a name="418">{418}</a> conversation with those
 marvels of wit and brilliancy, the talkers of Paris; but we have to do
-with him only as the banished recluse, the exile from La Chênaie.
+with him only as the banished recluse, the exile from La ChÃªnaie.
 </p>
 <p class="cite">
   "Paris, Feb., 1834.<br>
@@ -29146,7 +29110,7 @@ varying in height from 95 to 91 feet; and lastly seven openings of 100
 ft. span, 97 to 93 feet in height. The piers occupy 1,005 feet in
 aggregate width. The main girders are to be on the lattice principle,
 built on shore, floated to their position, and raised by hydraulic
-power. The total cost is estimated at £476,543.--<i>Engineering</i>, Jan.
+power. The total cost is estimated at Â£476,543.--<i>Engineering</i>, Jan.
 5.
 </p>
 <br>
@@ -29179,7 +29143,7 @@ it careful consideration.
 <br>
 <p>
 <i>Paraffine in the Preservation of Frescoes</i>. --In <i>Dingler's Journal et
-Bulletin de la Société Chimique</i> it is stated that paraffine may be
+Bulletin de la SociÃ©tÃ© Chimique</i> it is stated that paraffine may be
 used with advantage for the above purpose. Vohl coats the picture with
 a saturated solution of paraffine in benzole, and, when the solvent
 has evaporated, washes the surface with a very soft brush. Paraffine
@@ -29191,10 +29155,10 @@ colored by time.
 <i>Welsh Gold</i>. --During the year 1864, we learn from statistics only
 recently published, there were five gold-mines working in
 Merionethshire. In these 2,836 tons were crushed, from which 2,887
-ozs. of gold, valued at £9,991, were obtained. This is in excess of
+ozs. of gold, valued at Â£9,991, were obtained. This is in excess of
 the quantity obtained in 1868, which was only 552 ozs.; but it is
 considerably less than the production of 1862, when 5,299 ozs., having
-a value of £20,390, were extracted.
+a value of Â£20,390, were extracted.
 </p>
 <a name="424">{424}</a>
 <p>
@@ -29298,7 +29262,7 @@ superior to the much praised Buckle, and equalled, if not surpassed by
 John Stuart Mill, now member of Parliament. We have heretofore
 considered him as belonging to the positivist school of philosophy,
 founded by Auguste Comte, and the ablest man of that school; able, and
-less absurd than even M. Littré. But in a note in the work before us
+less absurd than even M. LittrÃ©. But in a note in the work before us
 he disclaims all affiliation with Positivism, declares that he does
 not accept M. Comte's system, and says that the general principles in
 which he agrees with that singular man, he has drawn not from him, but
@@ -29309,7 +29273,7 @@ dulness, and wearisomeness, in which if he is not original, he is at
 least superior to most men. Yet we have not been able to detect any
 essential difference of doctrine or principle between the Frenchman
 and the Englishman, and to us who are not positivists, M. Comte, M.
-Littré, George H. Lewes, Herbert Spencer, John Stuart Mill, Miss
+LittrÃ©, George H. Lewes, Herbert Spencer, John Stuart Mill, Miss
 Evans, and Harriet Martineau belong to one and the same school.
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -29444,7 +29408,7 @@ the present number, and, we suppose, is a fair specimen of the way in
 which we may expect to see its programme carried out. On the whole,
 our expectations are quite well satisfied, particularly with the
 present number. The first article, "The Unitarian Movement," is an
-<i>exposé</i> of the view taken by the conductors of the influence which
+<i>exposÃ©</i> of the view taken by the conductors of the influence which
 the Unitarian movement is expected to exert upon the future destiny of
 Christendom and the civilized world. The Unitarian movement is
 supposed to represent the generally diffused and accepted theology of
@@ -29561,7 +29525,7 @@ in good taste.
 <br>
 <p>
 THE APOSTLESHIP OF PRAYER.
-By the Rev. H. Ramière, of the Society of Jesus. Translated from the
+By the Rev. H. RamiÃ¨re, of the Society of Jesus. Translated from the
 latest French edition and revised by a Father of the Society. 12mo,
 pp. 393. John Murphy & Co., Baltimore. 1866.
 </p>
@@ -29656,7 +29620,7 @@ think the rev. author displays a want of confidence in the power of
 Christian truth. On the contrary, we have seldom met with a book so
 urgent in earnestness and so fall of faith. We can only say, in
 conclusion, God send the church many more such zealous souls as the
-Père Ramière, now that the harvest is so full and the laborers are so
+PÃ¨re RamiÃ¨re, now that the harvest is so full and the laborers are so
 few.
 </p>
 <br>
@@ -29980,17 +29944,17 @@ There are some places in this world nearer to heaven than others. I
 know of a place which I think is the nearest. Whether you may think so
 I do not know, but I would like you to see it and judge for yourself.
 Please to go to France, then to Paris; then take a walk a little
-distance outside of the Barrière de Vaugirard, and you will come to a
+distance outside of the BarriÃ¨re de Vaugirard, and you will come to a
 small village called Issy. When you have walked about five minutes
 along its narrow and straggling street, which is the continuation of
 the Rue de Vaurigard, you win see on your left a high, ugly stone
 wall, and if I did not ask you to pull the jangling bell at the
 porter's lodge and enter, you might pass by and think there was
 nothing worthy of your notice about the place. You say you have not
-time to stop now, that you have an appointment to dine at the Hôtel
+time to stop now, that you have an appointment to dine at the HÃ´tel
 des Princes, in Paris, but that some other time you will be most
 happy, etc. Wait a moment, perhaps I may be able show you something
-quite as good as a dinner, even at the Hôtel des Princes. Ring the
+quite as good as a dinner, even at the HÃ´tel des Princes. Ring the
 bell. The sturdy oaken door seems to open itself with a click. That is
 the way with French doors; but it is the porter's doing. When he hears
 the bell, he pulls at a rope hanging in his lodge, which communicates
@@ -29999,13 +29963,13 @@ cannot pass beyond the porter's lodge without giving an account of
 your self. You cannot get into this heavenly place without passing
 through the porter's review, anymore than you can get into the real
 heaven without passing the scrutiny of St. Peter. I hope you are able
-to satisfy the "Eh; b'en, M'sieu'?" of good old père Hanicq, who is
-porter here. He is a <i>père</i>, you understand, by the title of affection
+to satisfy the "Eh; b'en, M'sieu'?" of good old pÃ¨re Hanicq, who is
+porter here. He is a <i>pÃ¨re</i>, you understand, by the title of affection
 and respect, and not by virtue of ordination. You may not think it
 worth your while to be over humble and deferential in your deportment
 towards porters as a general rule; but I think you may be so now; for,
 if I do not mistake, you are speaking to a venerable old man who will
-die in the odor of sanctity. Père Hanicq is not paid for his services,
+die in the odor of sanctity. PÃ¨re Hanicq is not paid for his services,
 <a name="434">{434}</a> troublesome and arduous as you would very soon find his to be if
 you were porter even here. He is porter for the love of God. You see
 he does not stop making the rosary, which is yet unfinished in his
@@ -30015,7 +29979,7 @@ eke out their scanty salaries; but it enables him to find some
 well-earned sous to give away to others poorer than himself. You say
 this lodge is not a very comfortable place, with its cold brick floor.
 It is not. Neither is that narrow roost up the step-ladder a very
-luxurious bed. Right again, it is not. But the Père Hanicq is not over
+luxurious bed. Right again, it is not. But the PÃ¨re Hanicq is not over
 particular about these things. Besides, he is not worse off in this
 respect than the hundred other people who live in this place nearest
 to heaven. Indeed, most of them have a much narrower and drearier
@@ -30054,7 +30018,7 @@ you know, not far off from the nearest place to heaven), where the
 "gamins," as the Parisians call them,--the "mudlarks" or "dock rats,"
 as we call them,--are taken care of, fed, clothed, instructed, and
 taught an honest trade, also for the love of Him who will one day say
-to the Père Bervanger and to Father Haskins what I have before said
+to the PÃ¨re Bervanger and to Father Haskins what I have before said
 about the Almoner's assistant.
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -30091,7 +30055,7 @@ where it is spoken.
 </p>
 <p>
 Turn now to the left. That door in the corner opens into a chapel
-dedicated to St. Francis of Assisi. Here the Père Hanicq and the few
+dedicated to St. Francis of Assisi. Here the PÃ¨re Hanicq and the few
 servants of the house hear mass every morning, and begin the day with
 the best thought I know of, the thought of God. Keeping still to the
 left you pass into the Recreation Hall; and if this be recreation day,
@@ -30104,7 +30068,7 @@ before their heavenly Father. You might pass the recreation days here
 for many a year before you would hear an angry word, or a cutting
 retort, or witness a jealous frown or a sad countenance. Notice that
 smiling old gentleman with a bald head capped by the black calotte.
-That is the Père T----. He is very fond of a game of billiards, and I
+That is the PÃ¨re T----. He is very fond of a game of billiards, and I
 know he loves to be on the winning side; the principal reason of
 which, however, you may not divine, but I know: it gives him a chance
 to pass his cue to some one who has been beaten, and obliged to
@@ -30198,7 +30162,7 @@ All these rooms which you see here and there, to the right and to the
 left, are the cells of the Seminarians, about eight by fifteen feet in
 size, and large enough for their purposes, though certainly not equal
 to your cosy study at home in America, or to the grand <i>salon</i> you
-have engaged at the Hôtel des Princes. As you are a visitor, perhaps
+have engaged at the HÃ´tel des Princes. As you are a visitor, perhaps
 you may go in and look at one. There is <a name="437">{437}</a> no visiting each other's
 rooms among the young men themselves at any time, save for charity's
 sake when one is ill. An iron bedstead, with a straw bed, a table, a
@@ -30284,7 +30248,7 @@ here and there through a glittering parterre of flowers of every hue
 and perfume. A pretty fountain sends its sparkling drops into the air
 in the centre of a basin stocked with gold-fish, which are very fond
 of being fed with bread-crumbs from the hand of saintly old Father
-C----. You do not know the Père C---- you say. Then you may envy me. I
+C----. You do not know the PÃ¨re C---- you say. Then you may envy me. I
 know him. Shall I tell you what he said to me one day?
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -30300,12 +30264,12 @@ hidden by the trees and close shrubbery, some one, you for instance,
 might like to do something with a holy secrecy which shall one day
 find its reward from the Heavenly Father of the poor, openly. So I
 will just turn my head while you put in a donation fitting for an
-American who has a suite of rooms at the Hôtel des Princes. I know you
+American who has a suite of rooms at the HÃ´tel des Princes. I know you
 are loth to leave this pretty spot. I have had equal difficulty in
 dragging you away from the other places to which I directed your
 steps; but you have not seen all. Come along. Cross the garden. Here,
 behind the large chapel is a curious grotto all inlaid with shells,
-floor, walls and roof. This is the place where Bossuet, Fénelon and
+floor, walls and roof. This is the place where Bossuet, FÃ©nelon and
 Mr. Tronson held some conferences about a theological subject which
 need not take up your time now. Turn up that winding walk to the left,
 and you see a little shrine dedicated to Our Lady, to which the young
@@ -30338,7 +30302,7 @@ suffice, although I am afraid it is rather a short allowance. Silence
 is the rule during the other twenty-one hours out of the twenty-four,
 and broken only by duty or necessity. How do you like it? Be assured
 it is profitable to those who are desirous of living near to God.
-Recollect what Thomas à Kempis says in his "Imitation of Christ:" "In
+Recollect what Thomas Ã  Kempis says in his "Imitation of Christ:" "In
 silentio et quiete proficit anima devota"--In silence and quiet the
 devout soul makes great progress. You observe also that the reverend
 teachers of these young men are taking recreation with them. Yes; and
@@ -30354,9 +30318,9 @@ motto is inscribed over the little portal in the stone wall which
 separates the two enclosures. This is it, "O beata Solitude! O sola
 Beatitudo!" There is a short sentence, my friend, which will serve as a
 subject of meditation for you, for a longer time than you imagine.
-Look at the Père M----, the reverend superior. What gentleness of soul
+Look at the PÃ¨re M----, the reverend superior. What gentleness of soul
 beams from that kindly countenance! It makes one think of St. Philip
-Neri. Ah! and there is the Père P----, with a face like St. Vincent of
+Neri. Ah! and there is the PÃ¨re P----, with a face like St. Vincent of
 Paul, and a body like nobody's but his own, all deformed as it is by
 rheumatism. I don't ask you to kiss the hem of his cassock for
 reverence sake, for that might wound his humility, and he might
@@ -30396,7 +30360,7 @@ and mingle together on all sides so as to form a complete arch. A
 building at the end. Yes; that is the place of all places in this
 lovely enclosure the most venerated by all who come to pass a part of
 their lives in dear old Issy. It is the chapel of Lorette. Walk up the
-avenue and examine it. It has a façade, as you see, of strict
+avenue and examine it. It has a faÃ§ade, as you see, of strict
 architectural taste. I know that you, being an American, would very
 soon scrape the weather-beaten stones, paint up the wood-work, and put
 a new and more elegant window in front, if you were in charge. Perhaps
@@ -32080,7 +32044,7 @@ cordiality than ever in Mrs. Leslie's manner of receiving me.
 "She passed a very restless night, poor dear, very restless; and is
 fit for nothing this morning. Indeed, I am almost in the same state
 myself, I have been so terribly upset by this affair, and my nerves
-are very delicate. Most trying too! I have had to put off our <i>réunion
+are very delicate. Most trying too! I have had to put off our <i>rÃ©union
 musicale</i> for next Thursday, and the Denison's dinner-party for
 to-morrow. I can't think how Hugh came to do it--for of course he
 <i>must</i> have done it, though Ada won't hear a word against him."
@@ -32455,7 +32419,7 @@ EASTERTIDE, 1866.
 USE AND ABUSE OF READING.  [Footnote 81]</h2>
 <br>
 <p class="footnote">
-  [Footnote 81: "Appel aux Consciences Chrétiennes contre les abus et
+  [Footnote 81: "Appel aux Consciences ChrÃ©tiennes contre les abus et
   les dangers de la lecture."' P. Toulemont. Etudes Religieuses,
   Historiques et Literaires. Tome 8, N. S.]
 </p>
@@ -32491,7 +32455,7 @@ for good or for evil, that man wields or can wield; and however great
 the evils which flow from its perversion, it could not be annihilated
 or its freedom suppressed without the loss of a still greater good,
 <a name="464">{464}</a> that is, restrained by the public authorities. In this country
-we have established the <i>régime</i> of liberty, and that <i>régime</i>, with
+we have established the <i>rÃ©gime</i> of liberty, and that <i>rÃ©gime</i>, with
 its attendant good and evil, must be accepted in its principle, and in
 all its logical consequences. If a free press becomes a fearful
 instrument for evil in the hands of the heedless or ill-disposed, it
@@ -32636,7 +32600,7 @@ writings of every sort whose lamentable irruption has covered the
 earth with maledictions!"
 </p>
 <p>
-"There doubtless are men," as Père Toulemont says, "who have very
+"There doubtless are men," as PÃ¨re Toulemont says, "who have very
 little to fear from the most perfidious artifices of impiety, as,
 prepared by a strong and masculine intellectual discipline, they are
 able to easily detect the most subtle sophisms. No subtlety, no <i>tour
@@ -32715,7 +32679,7 @@ reading has been cultivated, and who are great consumers of "yellow
 covered literature," and the men who read only the secula and partisan
 journals, we witness the same weakness of moral and religious
 character, and the same feeble grasp of the great truths of the gospel
-complained of by Père Toulemont. To a great extent the reading of
+complained of by PÃ¨re Toulemont. To a great extent the reading of
 non-Catholic literature, non-Catholic books, periodicals, novels and
 journals, neutralizes in our sons and daughters the influence of
 Catholic schools, academies, and colleges, and often effaces the good
@@ -32808,7 +32772,7 @@ ecclesiastical authority becomes practically only an appeal to the
 Catholic conscience, and while her censures indicate the law of
 conscience in regard to the matters censured, they depend on our
 conscience alone for their effectiveness. Hence our remedy, in the
-last analysis, as Père Toulemont implies, is in the appeal to
+last analysis, as PÃ¨re Toulemont implies, is in the appeal to
 Christian consciences against the dangerous literature of the day; and
 happily Catholics have a Christian conscience,--though sometimes in
 now and then one it may be a little drowsy--that can be appealed to
@@ -32822,7 +32786,7 @@ is right and what is wrong, what is useful and what is dangerous
 reading, and can always act intelligently as well as conscientiously.
 </p>
 <p>
-Père Toulemont shows in his essay that it is not reading or literature
+PÃ¨re Toulemont shows in his essay that it is not reading or literature
 that the church discourages or condemns, but the abuse of literature
 and its employment for purposes contrary to the law of God, or the
 reading of vile, debasing, and corrupting books, periodicals, and
@@ -32835,7 +32799,7 @@ seductions of its style, or the charms of its dictation, is morally
 and religiously wrong.
 </p>
 <p>
-Père Toulemont shows by numerous references to their bulls and briefs
+PÃ¨re Toulemont shows by numerous references to their bulls and briefs
 that the supreme pontiff have never from the earliest ages ceased to
 warn the faithful against the writings of heretics and infidels, or to
 prohibit the reading, writing, publishing, buying, selling, or even
@@ -33133,18 +33097,18 @@ and the advancement of knowledge."  [Footnote 82]
 
 <h2>Translated from the French.
 <br><br>
-EUGÉNIE DE GUÉRIN'S LETTERS FROM PARIS.</h2>
+EUGÃ‰NIE DE GUÃ‰RIN'S LETTERS FROM PARIS.</h2>
 <br>
 <p>
 In the following paper we propose to fill as far as possible the
 hiatus which occurs between the seventh and eighth books of Mlle. de
-Guérin's journal, giving such details from her letters as will satisfy
+GuÃ©rin's journal, giving such details from her letters as will satisfy
 the curiosity that many of her readers must have felt concerning the
 visit she made to Paris at the time of her brother's wedding.
 </p>
 <p>
-In a letter to M. Paul Juemper, dated March 15, 1838, Guérin describes
-his fiancée, with more accuracy perhaps than ardor, and yet there can
+In a letter to M. Paul Juemper, dated March 15, 1838, GuÃ©rin describes
+his fiancÃ©e, with more accuracy perhaps than ardor, and yet there can
 be no doubt that the marriage was one of love and congeniality. In the
 latter part of his life Maurice appears to have concealed his deepest
 emotions as successfully as he had revealed them in earlier years.
@@ -33167,13 +33131,13 @@ May, you will be here in time to stand by the death-bed of my
 bachelorhood, and to see me cross the Rubicon."
 </p>
 <p>
-Mlle. de Gervain lived with her aunt, Mlle. Martin-Laforêt, in a
+Mlle. de Gervain lived with her aunt, Mlle. Martin-LaforÃªt, in a
 <i>pavillion</i> in the Rue Cherche-Midi, and it is from this charming
-Indian house that Eugénie's first Parisian letter is dated.
+Indian house that EugÃ©nie's first Parisian letter is dated.
 </p>
 <br>
 <p class="cite">
-  TO M. DE GUÉRIN.
+  TO M. DE GUÃ‰RIN.
 <br><br>
   Paris, Oct. 8, 1838.
 <br><br>
@@ -33249,7 +33213,7 @@ Indian house that Eugénie's first Parisian letter is dated.
 </p>
 <p>
 But this charming picture had its <i>wrong side</i>, only revealed by
-Eugénie to Mlle. Louise de Bayne, and to the cousin with whom she
+EugÃ©nie to Mlle. Louise de Bayne, and to the cousin with whom she
 lived during part of her stay at Paris, Professor Auguste Raynaud.
 There was a worm at the heart of the bud, and she knew too well that
 it must wither without blooming. At the very meeting in the Place
@@ -33380,7 +33344,7 @@ they be robust in virtue and suffering," as d'Aurevilly said.
   Tuileries, sometimes to the Luxembourg; but I like the Tuileries
   best with its pretty things-sculpture, flowers, children playing
   about, swans in a basin, and looking down on it all the royal
-  château illuminated by the setting sun. I begin to know my way about
+  chÃ¢teau illuminated by the setting sun. I begin to know my way about
   a little in the streets and gardens, and I look upon it as a great
   triumph to be able to go to l'Abbaye-aux-Bois alone, which is a
   great convenience, for I can go to week-day mass without troubling
@@ -33392,7 +33356,7 @@ they be robust in virtue and suffering," as d'Aurevilly said.
   then for the world, especially on the boulevards, where they say the
   devil leads the dance. We pass through sometimes returning from Mme.
   Raynaud's, and nothing has ever struck me except the illumination of
-  gas in the cafés, running along the streets like a thread of fire. I
+  gas in the cafÃ©s, running along the streets like a thread of fire. I
   annoyed a Parisian by saying that the glow-worms in our hedges were
   quite as effective. "Mademoiselle, what an insult to Paris!" It made
   us laugh, as one does laugh sometimes at nothing. Now I am going to
@@ -33403,7 +33367,7 @@ they be robust in virtue and suffering," as d'Aurevilly said.
 <hr style="width:50%">
 <br>
 <p class="cite">
-  TO M. DE GUÉRIN.<br>
+  TO M. DE GUÃ‰RIN.<br>
   PARIS, NOV. 6, 1838.
 <br><br>
   Never was a day more charming, for it began with Grembert's arrival,
@@ -33421,8 +33385,8 @@ they be robust in virtue and suffering," as d'Aurevilly said.
   God is served there better than in other places. Good and evil find
   here their utmost expression; it is Babylon and Jerusalem in one. In
   the midst of all this, I lead my customary life, and find in my
-  Abbey everything I need. M. Legrand is a friend of l'Abbé de
-  Rivières, holy and zealous like him, and full of kindness. He
+  Abbey everything I need. M. Legrand is a friend of l'AbbÃ© de
+  RiviÃ¨res, holy and zealous like him, and full of kindness. He
   provides me with books and with kind and gentle advice; it will not
   be his fault if I don't improve very much. One can save one's soul
   anywhere. . .
@@ -33461,7 +33425,7 @@ they be robust in virtue and suffering," as d'Aurevilly said.
   in my heart. We are as well as possible here and at Auguste's. Don't
   let Euphrasie leave you, I beg and beseech; you would be too lonely
   without her gaiety and kindness. I put both my arms around her to
-  keep her. M. le Curé is very good to come and amuse papa: it is an
+  keep her. M. le CurÃ© is very good to come and amuse papa: it is an
   act of friendly charity that I shall not forget Remember me to him
   and to Mariette. Also to Augustine, Jeanne-Marie, the shepherd,
   Paul, and Gilles, and thank them all for their compliments. Good-by,
@@ -33492,14 +33456,14 @@ they be robust in virtue and suffering," as d'Aurevilly said.
   first, but now I am used to it as to other things that I see. I am
   used to carriages, and am no more afraid of there running over me
   than of Gilles' cart. We shall go in the sunshine to see Mme.
-  Lamarlière Auguste, and I don't know whom besides, for there is no
+  LamarliÃ¨re Auguste, and I don't know whom besides, for there is no
   end to visits when one is once in train. In going to see our cousin
   at M. Laville's, Erembert and Maurice met M. Lastic, who is living
   in Paris. It is astonishing how many acquaintances one meets in the
   great world where one thinks one's self unknown.
 <br><br>
   Indians visit here, Indians without end. A friend of Maurice's, H.
-  Le Fèvre came to spend the evening; a nice little young man, who
+  Le FÃ¨vre came to spend the evening; a nice little young man, who
   looks very gentle and refined. He asked me when I was going to see
   my good friend De Maistre; he is a friend of M. Adrien's, who is at
   present wandering amid the snows of Norway, so that he can not come
@@ -33521,7 +33485,7 @@ they be robust in virtue and suffering," as d'Aurevilly said.
   torch, "that illumines and ever shall illumine the world," according
   to our guide, who was a cicerone as brilliant as the lantern he
   carried. The summit of the dome is at a prodigious elevation, twice
-  the height of the steeple of Ste. Cécile. Paris is seen beautifully
+  the height of the steeple of Ste. CÃ©cile. Paris is seen beautifully
   from there, but the picture needed sunlight and there was none.
   Good-by; to-morrow at this time Maurice will be married at the
   Mayoralty, and day after tomorrow in church.
@@ -33534,7 +33498,7 @@ they be robust in virtue and suffering," as d'Aurevilly said.
   was soft and pleasant, and God seemed to smile on the marriage, so
   suitably it was conducted, and in such a Christian manner. How
   pretty Caro was in her bridal dress, and wreath of orange flowers
-  under her veil à la Bengali! and Maurice looked well too. H. Angler
+  under her veil Ã  la Bengali! and Maurice looked well too. H. Angler
   was so charmed that he wanted to paint them in church, kneeling on
   their crimson Prie-Dieu. The church displayed all its grandeur, and
   the organ playing during mass was very good. M. Buquet blessed the
@@ -33563,7 +33527,7 @@ they be robust in virtue and suffering," as d'Aurevilly said.
   and how pretty she looked in the evening! She was quite the queen of
   the occasion. A dozen ladies came, all very elegant, and I don't
   know how many men, friends of Maurice's. They were very gracious,
-  and asked me to dance; yes--<i>dance!</i> <i>M. le Curé</i> had better take
+  and asked me to dance; yes--<i>dance!</i> <i>M. le CurÃ©</i> had better take
   holy water and exorcise me. I danced with my groomsman, Charles; it
   was <i>de rigueur</i>, and I could not decline without being conspicuous,
   and playing <a name="479">{479}</a> the not very amusing part of wall-flower. Auguste
@@ -33573,13 +33537,13 @@ they be robust in virtue and suffering," as d'Aurevilly said.
 </p>
 <p>
 The friend referred to in the following letter, and with whom Mlle. de
-Guérin left Paris early in the December of 1838, was the <i>Marie</i> to
+GuÃ©rin left Paris early in the December of 1838, was the <i>Marie</i> to
 whom she wrote the two delightful letters, introduced into the sixth
 and seventh books of her journal. Mme. la Baronne Henriette Marie de
 Maistre was the sister of M. Adrien de Sainte Marie, a friend of
-Guérin's, and her intimacy with Eugénie had its first foundation in
+GuÃ©rin's, and her intimacy with EugÃ©nie had its first foundation in
 ceremonious notes written about Maurice when he was ill with a fever
-at Le Cayla in 1837. Mme. de Maistre soon became endeared to Eugénie
+at Le Cayla in 1837. Mme. de Maistre soon became endeared to EugÃ©nie
 by her fascinating powers of attraction, and also by her mental and
 physical sufferings, for sufferers belonged to the "dove of Le Cayla"
 by natural right.
@@ -33597,7 +33561,7 @@ by natural right.
   We cannot profit by the acquaintance even now, or by his offers of
   politeness "for anything in his power," as he expressed himself to
   our ladies, for I was out when he came,--the fates are against me.
-  Mlle. Laforêt thought him very agreeable and exquisitely courteous.
+  Mlle. LaforÃªt thought him very agreeable and exquisitely courteous.
   I send this little notice of him for you, dear friend, and make use
   of the chance to write to you up to the last moment.
 <br><br>
@@ -33635,13 +33599,13 @@ by natural right.
   see everywhere, but we shall have no difficulty with one so amiable
   and generous. There is not a day when I do not receive proofs of
   affection from my charming foreign sister. They always speak of her
-  to us as the Indian. Mme. Lamarlière thought her very
+  to us as the Indian. Mme. LamarliÃ¨re thought her very
   charming;--pretty and well dressed. Today a bulletin of the visit
   and her <i>toilette</i> is at Gaillac, and I am sure that it is all over
   town by this time that the Indian wore a dress of <i>soie antique</i>, a
   black satin shawl, trimmed with blond and lined with blue, a lace
   collar, and a black velvet hat with ostrich plume, "overwhelming
-  heaven and earth," as Mme. Lamarlière says
+  heaven and earth," as Mme. LamarliÃ¨re says
 <br><br>
   Good-by, my dear. I kiss you and say love me, think of me, believe
   me, write to me, talk of me. Love to you all.
@@ -33653,7 +33617,7 @@ by natural right.
   going away. I do not know to whom I shall have recourse in the
   country, so far from any church. Fortunately, we <a name="480">{480}</a> are to spend
   Christmas at Nevers, and I shall try to grow calm, for I am not so
-  today. I tell you this because you are alone with Pulchérié, whom
+  today. I tell you this because you are alone with PulchÃ©riÃ©, whom
   nothing surprises. Pray in the chapel at Rayssac for your poor
   friend, the Parisian, who will repay you as well as she can.
   Good-by, good-by; till when? . . .
@@ -33721,7 +33685,7 @@ by natural right.
 </p>
 <br>
 <p class="cite">
-  TO MLLE. MARIE DE GUÉRIN.<br>
+  TO MLLE. MARIE DE GUÃ‰RIN.<br>
   NEVERS JANUARY 12.
 <br><br>
   We return to Paris early in January, and shall be introduced to the
@@ -33733,10 +33697,10 @@ by natural right.
   heaven amid all this rush and sparkle! So says my friend, who knows
   the world and is detached from it.
 <br><br>
-  M. d'Aurevilly, in his unpublished reminiscences of Mlle. de Guérin,
+  M. d'Aurevilly, in his unpublished reminiscences of Mlle. de GuÃ©rin,
   gives a graphic description of her as she appeared in the Parisian
   world, where no doubt she was subjected to a close scrutiny as the
-  sister of the elegant and gifted Maurice de Guérin.
+  sister of the elegant and gifted Maurice de GuÃ©rin.
 <br><br>
   "We can affirm," he says, "that never did creature of worldly
   attractions appear to us so sweet and lovely as this charming fawn,
@@ -33773,7 +33737,7 @@ by natural right.
   ruling it too, had she thought it worth her while?
 </p>
 <p>
-Mlle. de Guérin had one of those imaginations that are easy to live
+Mlle. de GuÃ©rin had one of those imaginations that are easy to live
 with. She did not offend common people, those sensitive, coarse souls
 to whom the least distinction causes terrible pain, and who push their
 way everywhere, even in the country. They handled with their rough
@@ -33787,15 +33751,15 @@ the lofty <i>Sidera Vultum</i>.
 </p>
 <br>
 <p>
-And now we will return to Eugénie's letters, dated once more from
+And now we will return to EugÃ©nie's letters, dated once more from
 Paris, where she was staying with the Baroness de Maistre, and seeing
 the world in a more brilliant light than in her visits to the Rue
-Cherche-Midi, and at the house of "Auguste and Félicité;" but it never
+Cherche-Midi, and at the house of "Auguste and FÃ©licitÃ©;" but it never
 dazzled her eyes, no matter how brightly it shone and glittered.
 </p>
 <br>
 <p class="cite">
-  TO M. DE GUÉRIN.<br>
+  TO M. DE GUÃ‰RIN.<br>
   Paris, Jan. 20, 1839.
 <br><br>
   You have had a line from me almost every day, dear papa, but I will
@@ -33815,7 +33779,7 @@ dazzled her eyes, no matter how brightly it shone and glittered.
   museum of painting. We shall go, for it is said to be very
   beautiful, and afterward we are to see the interior of the Palais
   Royal. There is nothing we may not expect of the good Marquis, and
-  we owe a great deal of pleasure to Palchérie, who has already
+  we owe a great deal of pleasure to PalchÃ©rie, who has already
   received my acknowledgments. I send a package to Rayssac with this
   one.
 <br><br>
@@ -33853,7 +33817,7 @@ dazzled her eyes, no matter how brightly it shone and glittered.
   me is unchanged and we talk very intimately;--he longs to see you,
   and thinks very often of Mimi;--we shall all be glad to meet at Le
   Cayla. Saturday I shall think of you, Mimi, at St. Thomas Aquinas',
-  where we are to hear l'Abbé Dupanloup,   [Footnote 84] who is also
+  where we are to hear l'AbbÃ© Dupanloup,   [Footnote 84] who is also
   to give the Lenten instructions. There is no lack of teaching in
   Paris, but the well taught are very rare;--the more one sees of the
   world, the more glaring appears the ignorance of essential things.
@@ -33862,7 +33826,7 @@ dazzled her eyes, no matter how brightly it shone and glittered.
   people already, that I've lost all desire for new acquaintances. Our
   whole time slips away in dressing and receiving or making visits, so
   that one can hardly read or work at all. The Lastics have been here,
-  Mme. Resaudière, the Barrys, an English family who like Maurice very
+  Mme. ResaudiÃ¨re, the Barrys, an English family who like Maurice very
   much, and an infinity of other people whom I do not know even by
   name. Then the De Maistres and the acquaintances they make for
   me;--you see I have more than I need.
@@ -33896,7 +33860,7 @@ dazzled her eyes, no matter how brightly it shone and glittered.
 </p>
 <br>
 <p class="cite">
-  TO H. DE GUÉRIN.
+  TO H. DE GUÃ‰RIN.
 <br><br>
   Paris; March and April, 1839.<br>
   This bit of a letter, will tell you, dear papa, that I am with my
@@ -33904,7 +33868,7 @@ dazzled her eyes, no matter how brightly it shone and glittered.
   sight of an ink-stand, I am going on with my writing at the expense
   of the sacristy. But I will put a sous in the box for my ink, and my
   paper too, as I mean to steal a sheet to go with these; if we are
-  left alone long enough. Now and then a peaceable abbé or sacristan
+  left alone long enough. Now and then a peaceable abbÃ© or sacristan
   passes through, glancing at us, and looking rather astonished at my
   office improvised in the sacristy. But M. D.'s name protects us, and
   we need only mention him to get a safe-conduct. . . .
@@ -33963,7 +33927,7 @@ dazzled her eyes, no matter how brightly it shone and glittered.
   April 2d, in the evening.
 </p>
 <p>
-And here we must leave Eugénie. Eight days later she resumed the
+And here we must leave EugÃ©nie. Eight days later she resumed the
 journal at Nevers and wrote that wonderful eighth book, so
 pathetically expressive of the pain of waiting--fit prelude of the
 coming tragedy.
@@ -34827,11 +34791,11 @@ Fording this stream, the road touches on its right at a cheerful and
 hospitable little inn, and salutes on its left a Moorish castle seated
 so haughtily upon the height that it seems as though the ground had
 risen solely to form a pedestal for it. This castle was given by Don
-Pedro de Castilla to Doña Maria de Padilla, whose name it retains. The
-estate and castle of Doña Maria passed in time, as a pious donation,
+Pedro de Castilla to DoÃ±a Maria de Padilla, whose name it retains. The
+estate and castle of DoÃ±a Maria passed in time, as a pious donation,
 to the Cathedral of Seville, the chapter of which has, in our days,
 sold it to a private gentleman. The associations passed for nothing,
-since a little while afterward, the withered, old, and furrowed Doña
+since a little while afterward, the withered, old, and furrowed DoÃ±a
 Maria appeared clothed in the whitest of lime, and adorned with
 brilliants of crystal.
 </p>
@@ -35737,7 +35701,7 @@ former had not to wait for a dispensation from Rome.
 </p>
 <p>
 Pedro wished his daughter Marcela to assist at her brother's marriage,
-before commencing her novitiate, and determined to go to Alcalá to
+before commencing her novitiate, and determined to go to AlcalÃ¡ to
 bring her. Maria had a debt to collect there, and needing all her
 funds for the expected event, took advantage of her old friend's going
 to make the trip in company.
@@ -35778,7 +35742,7 @@ to make a cigarette.
 </p>
 <p>
 "Maria," said he, when he had finished it, "my opinion is, that, you
-will come back from Alcalá with your hands as empty as they go. But,
+will come back from AlcalÃ¡ with your hands as empty as they go. But,
 Christian woman, who the deuce tempted you to lend money to that
 vagabond? You knew that he had not so much as a place whereon to fall
 dead, and nothing in expectation but alternate rations of hunger and
@@ -35847,7 +35811,7 @@ standing?"
 day you were married?"
 </p>
 <p>
-"Uncle," asked the fourth, "are you going with this maiden to Alcalá
+"Uncle," asked the fourth, "are you going with this maiden to AlcalÃ¡
 to have the bans published?"
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -36071,7 +36035,7 @@ suppose that all those souls were spinsters?"
 world--the men, because their wives torment them, and the women,
 through what their children cause them to suffer. Well, sirs, I took
 the matter so to heart that I could not stay in Dos-Hermanas when the
-wedding was celebrated, and I went to Alcalá."
+wedding was celebrated, and I went to AlcalÃ¡."
 </p>
 <p>
 "Where he remembered me so well, that he came back married to
@@ -36132,7 +36096,7 @@ gentlemen, your commands."
 "Health and dimes to you, Uncle Pedro."
 </p>
 <p>
-Our travellers took the road again, and when they reached Alcalá,
+Our travellers took the road again, and when they reached AlcalÃ¡,
 separated to attend to their respective affairs.
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -36279,7 +36243,7 @@ the Moors made such a stubborn resistance that the spirit of the
 monarch began to fail him. Then, in the tower of <i>Herveras</i>, now
 fallen to ruin, Our Blessed Mother appeared to him in a dream,
 animating his valor, and promising him victory. The good king returned
-to his camp at Alcalá with renewed courage. He summoned all the
+to his camp at AlcalÃ¡ with renewed courage. He summoned all the
 artificers that could <a name="513">{513}</a> be found, and commanded them to make an
 image, as nearly as possible in the likeness of his vision, but to his
 great chagrin no one succeeded.
@@ -37059,7 +37023,7 @@ plenitude, the intelligible as comprehended by intelligence in its
 ultimate act, neither admitting of any increase. The finite is that
 which can be thought as capable of increase, but, increased
 indefinitely, never reaches <a name="523">{523}</a> the infinite. The term infinite, as
-Fénélon well observes, though negative in form--expressing the denial
+FÃ©nÃ©lon well observes, though negative in form--expressing the denial
 of limitation--is the expression of a positive idea. Herbert Spencer
 proves the same in a luminous and cogent manner, even from the
 admissions of philosophers of the sceptical school of Kant.  [Footnote
@@ -37646,7 +37610,7 @@ are found everywhere.   [Footnote 98]
 <p class="footnote">
   [Footnote 98: V. Remond "Histoire de la Propagation du Judaisme,"
   Leipzig, 1789 Grost, "De Migrationibus Hebr. extra patriam," 1817.
-  Jost, "Histoire des Israélites depuis les Machabées," etc.]
+  Jost, "Histoire des IsraÃ©lites depuis les MachabÃ©es," etc.]
 </p>
 <p>
 It was the solemn hour in which, according to the parable of the
@@ -37673,7 +37637,7 @@ heights, where they fix their camp under lofty cedars, which afford
 them shelter, shade, and coolness.  [Footnote 99]
 </p>
 <p class="footnote">
-  [Footnote 99: P. Belon, "Voyages"--cité dans Malte-Brun.]
+  [Footnote 99: P. Belon, "Voyages"--citÃ© dans Malte-Brun.]
 </p>
 <a name="532">{532}</a>
 <p>
@@ -37727,8 +37691,8 @@ levities, inebriated, so to speak, with the pleasing delectation of
 those sweet-flowing waters."   [Footnote 101]
 </p>
 <p class="footnote">
-  [Footnote 101: Philostrate, "De la Vie d'Apollonius Thyanéan
-  traduction de Blaise de Vigenère," liv. iv. ch. ix. p. 103,104.
+  [Footnote 101: Philostrate, "De la Vie d'Apollonius ThyanÃ©an
+  traduction de Blaise de VigenÃ¨re," liv. iv. ch. ix. p. 103,104.
   Paris, 1611.]
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -38249,12 +38213,12 @@ is, that moved by "a murmuring of the Greeks against the Hebrews for
 that their widows were neglected in the daily ministration," the
 apostles caused seven men of that nation to be chosen, whom they
 "appointed over that business." The first named (and perhaps the most
-preëminent) among them was Stephen, characterized by the inspired
+preÃ«minent) among them was Stephen, characterized by the inspired
 historian as "a man full of faith and of the Holy Ghost."
 </p>
 <p>
 This conversion raised storms in the bosom of the synagogue; and as
-St. Paul, according to his own account, occupied a preëminent rank
+St. Paul, according to his own account, occupied a preÃ«minent rank
 among the young men of that time, it was easy for him no doubt to
 breathe his own burning flame into them.
 </p>
@@ -38582,7 +38546,7 @@ of Hellas. The French, down even to the peasants, love the
 nightingale; and wild country girls, who in their whole lives never
 read a page of poetry, will sit out half the night on a hillside to
 listen to their favorite bird. A priest once invited us to pass a week
-with him in his village <i>presbytère</i>, and in enumerating the
+with him in his village <i>presbytÃ¨re</i>, and in enumerating the
 inducements, mentioned first that there were nightingales in the
 neighborhood. His home was in the valley of Mortagne, in the Bocages
 of Normandy, where these birds are in fact as plentiful as sparrows.
@@ -38733,7 +38697,7 @@ they are turning over the notes in their minds, the young ones take up
 the lay one by one, and go through it, as our neighbors say, <i>tant
 bien que mal</i>.  The teacher watches their efforts with attention;
 applauds them when right; chides them when they have done amiss; and
-goes on day by day reïterating his lessons till he considers his
+goes on day by day reÃ¯terating his lessons till he considers his
 pupils quite equal to the high duties they have to perform. Mankind,
 of course, imagine that those duties consist in soothing their ears,
 and driving away melancholy. But <i>apropos</i> of the performances of
@@ -39092,7 +39056,7 @@ other articles made.
 It was estimated that the owners of the iron works--we do not here
 refer to the mines--made a profit of forty per cent in the year; and
 Boate was assured, by persons who were particularly well informed on
-the subject, that the Earl of Cork cleared £100,000 by his iron works.
+the subject, that the Earl of Cork cleared Â£100,000 by his iron works.
 Sir Charles Coote--"that zealous and famous warriour in this present
 warre against the Irish rebells," in the first year of which war he
 fell--appears to have been quite as famous as an iron-master as he was
@@ -39103,10 +39067,10 @@ two ores were mixed in the <a name="552">{552}</a> proportion of one of rock min
 of white mine, and three tons of the mixed ore yielded one ton of good
 bar iron, which was conveyed in rude, small boats called cots, on the
 River Nore to Waterford, and thence shipped to London, where it was
-sold for £16, and sometimes for £17, or even £17 10s.; the whole cost
+sold for Â£16, and sometimes for Â£17, or even Â£17 10s.; the whole cost
 of the iron to Sir Charles Coote, including that of digging it out of
 the mine and every expense until it reached the London market, Custom
-House duty included, being between £10 and £11 per ton. In most places
+House duty included, being between Â£10 and Â£11 per ton. In most places
 the cost of the ore at the furnace varied from 5s. to 6s. per ton; and
 when the ore was particularly rich, 2-1/2 tons produced one ton of
 good iron; but Boate tells us that few of the iron smelters carried on
@@ -39126,11 +39090,11 @@ the shape of open pits, several fathoms deep, but still sloping so
 gradually, that the ore was carried to the surface in wheelbarrows.
 Each ton of ore at this mine yielded 3 lbs. of pure silver; but our
 authority does not inform us how much lead. The silver was sold in
-Dublin for 5s. 2d. per oz., and the lead for £11 per ton, though it is
-stated to have brought £12 in Limerick; and the royalty, or king's
+Dublin for 5s. 2d. per oz., and the lead for Â£11 per ton, though it is
+stated to have brought Â£12 in Limerick; and the royalty, or king's
 share, was a sixth part of the silver, and a tenth of the lead. The
 rest was the property of those who farmed the mine, and who cleared an
-estimated profit of £2000 per annum. The works at this mine, and in
+estimated profit of Â£2000 per annum. The works at this mine, and in
 general all the smelting works which we have mentioned throughout the
 country, were of course destroyed in the civil war.
 </p>
@@ -39344,8 +39308,8 @@ in point of size or excellence.
 </p>
 <p>
 Sir William Petty states that the cattle and other grazing stock of
-Ireland were worth above £4,000,000 in 1641, at the outbreak of the
-civil war; and that in 1652 the whole was not worth £500,000.
+Ireland were worth above Â£4,000,000 in 1641, at the outbreak of the
+civil war; and that in 1652 the whole was not worth Â£500,000.
 </p>
 <p>
 John Lord Sheffield, in "Observations on the Manufactures, etc., of
@@ -39483,12 +39447,12 @@ The origin of this people is, we believe, unknown. Another arctic
 traveller has suggested that they are "the missing link between a
 Saxon and a seal." They are rapidly decreasing in numbers; yet, if
 measured by the territory which they inhabit, they form one of the
-most widely-spread races on the face of the earth. Mr. Max Müller
+most widely-spread races on the face of the earth. Mr. Max MÃ¼ller
 might help us to arrive at the ethnological family to which they
 belong, were he to study the specimens of their language with which
 Captain Hall supplies us. Judging from the physiognomy of two of them,
 whom the author has photographed for his frontispiece, we should say
-that <a name="558">{558}</a> they certainly do not belong, as M. Bérard and, we believe,
+that <a name="558">{558}</a> they certainly do not belong, as M. BÃ©rard and, we believe,
 Baron Humboldt have supposed, to those Mongol races, which, under the
 names of "Laps" and "Finns," inhabit the same latitudes of the
 European continent. They seem rather to approach the type of some of
@@ -39843,7 +39807,7 @@ buffalo-hides and beef for the winter.
 </p>
 <p class="footnote">
   [Footnote 123: "Dix-huit Ans chez les Sauvages. Voyages et Missions
-  de Mgr. Faraud dans le Nord de l'Amérique Britannique. Regis Ruffet
+  de Mgr. Faraud dans le Nord de l'AmÃ©rique Britannique. Regis Ruffet
   et Cie. Paris, 1866."]
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -40121,7 +40085,7 @@ to hear his own instruction repeated with wonderful accuracy and in
 most eloquent language. In this way a great number of conversions were
 made; and the instructions given to one were faithfully communicated
 to the rest by this zealous savage. The name of this savage was
-Dénégonusyè. When the time arrived for his tribe to return to their
+DÃ©nÃ©gonusyÃ¨. When the time arrived for his tribe to return to their
 own country, the priest proposed that he should receive baptism. "No,"
 he said; "I have done nothing as yet for Almighty God. In a year you
 shall see me here again, and prepared for baptism." Punctual to his
@@ -40131,7 +40095,7 @@ recite the prayers the priest had taught him; and he brought the
 confessions of all the people who had died in the mean time among his
 own people, which he had received on their death-beds, and which his
 wonderful memory enabled him now to repeat word for word to the <a name="568">{568}</a>
-priest, baking him to give them absolution. Dénégonusyè was now told
+priest, baking him to give them absolution. DÃ©nÃ©gonusyÃ¨ was now told
 to prepare for baptism; but he again insisted on preliminaries. First,
 that he was to take the name of Peter, and wait to receive his baptism
 on St. Peter's day--"Because," he said, "St. Peter holds the keys of
@@ -40142,7 +40106,7 @@ the vigil of St. Peter's day he was so weak that he walked with
 difficulty to the church; but on the feast, before daybreak, he
 knocked loudly at the priests door and demanded baptism. He was told
 to wait till the mass was finished. When mass was over, the priest was
-about to preach to the people; but Dénégonusyè stood up and cried out,
+about to preach to the people; but DÃ©nÃ©gonusyÃ¨ stood up and cried out,
 "It is St. Peter's day; baptize me." The priest calmed the murmurs
 which arose from the congregation at this interruption, and the eyes
 of all were suddenly drawn to the figure of this wild neophyte of the
@@ -40321,7 +40285,7 @@ observation, he has consented to the view long ago expressed by Dr.
 Melville. <a name="571">{571}</a> The materials upon which Professor Owen's paper was
 based consisted of about one hundred different bones belonging to
 various parts of the skeleton, which had been recently discovered by
-Mr. George Clark, of Mahéberg, Mauritius, in an alluvial deposit in
+Mr. George Clark, of MahÃ©berg, Mauritius, in an alluvial deposit in
 that island. After an exhaustive examination of these remains, which
 embraced nearly every part of the skeleton, Professor Owen came to the
 conclusion that previous authorities had been correct in referring the
@@ -40348,8 +40312,8 @@ fall of temperature which occurs when certain metals are mixed
 together at the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere. The most
 extraordinary descent of temperature occurs when 207 parts of lead,
 118 of tin, 284 of bismuth, and l,617 of mercury are alloyed together.
-The external temperature being at +170° centigrade at the time of the
-mixture, the thermometer instantly falls to--10° below zero. Even when
+The external temperature being at +170Â° centigrade at the time of the
+mixture, the thermometer instantly falls to--10Â° below zero. Even when
 these proportions are not taken with absolute rigor, the cold produced
 is such that the moisture of the atmosphere is immediately condensed
 on the sides of the vessel in which the metallic mixture is made. The
@@ -40363,7 +40327,7 @@ with the mercury.
 <p>
 <i>Greek and Egyptian Inscriptions</i>. --The discovery of a stone bearing a
 Greek inscription with equivalent Egyptian hieroglyphics, by Messrs.
-Lepsius, Reinisch, Rösler, and Weidenbach, four German explorers, at
+Lepsius, Reinisch, RÃ¶sler, and Weidenbach, four German explorers, at
 Sane, the former Tanis, the chief scene of the grand architectural
 undertakings of Rameses the Second, is an important event for students
 of Egyptology. The Greek inscription consists of seventy-six lines, in
@@ -40415,7 +40379,7 @@ seen and rejected the same well-picked bones and unsavory morsels.
 </p>
 <p>
 Experience proves the necessity of providing for the American mind
-good solid food, cooked <i>a la hâte</i>, and served with few
+good solid food, cooked <i>a la hÃ¢te</i>, and served with few
 accompaniments. They are not partial to long introductory soups, and
 totally disregard all side-dish references and quotations. Comparisons
 aside, we need quick and popular answers to these popular and hasty
@@ -41001,7 +40965,7 @@ impulsive force given it by the creative impact that launched it into
 existence and activity.
 </p>
 <p>
-Planting themselves on this thesis, its advocates profess to have <i>à
+Planting themselves on this thesis, its advocates profess to have <i>Ã 
 priori</i> principle by which they prove the all-sufficiency of nature
 for the fulfilment of its own destiny, and reject as an unnecessary or
 even inconceivable intrusion, the affirmation of another divine
@@ -41140,7 +41104,7 @@ modern physical science maintain the theory of successive creations.
 There may be the same direct intervention of creative power in the
 moral and spiritual world. Miracles, revelations, supernatural
 interventions for the regeneration and elevation of the human race,
-are not improbable on any <i>à priori</i> principle. The artifice by which
+are not improbable on any <i>Ã  priori</i> principle. The artifice by which
 the entire tradition of the human race is set aside, and a demand made
 to prove the supernatural <i>de novo</i>, is unwarrantable and unfair. The
 supernatural has the title of prescription, and the burden of proof
@@ -41326,7 +41290,7 @@ its destiny which is really and ultimately, although not in their
 apprehension, directed to the elevation of man to a sphere above that
 which is naturally possible. Therefore they cannot object to
 revelation on the ground of its being an interference with the course
-of nature or not in harmony with it, and cannot make an <i>à priori</i>
+of nature or not in harmony with it, and cannot make an <i>Ã  priori</i>
 principle by virtue of which they can prejudge and condemn the
 contents of revelation. But we do not mean to say that they possess
 the conception of that which constitutes the supernaturalness of the
@@ -41703,18 +41667,18 @@ city oft visited by English kings and English men-at-arms; not,
 perhaps, deigning to stop to take in water; for Abbeville, once upon
 the highway of nations, now lies just, as it were, a shade to one
 side; just a shade--the distance between the station and the ramparts.
-Yet this is enough to cause the <i>maître d'hôtel</i> to shake his head and
-say in a melancholy accent, "<i>Abbeville est presque détruite.</i>"
+Yet this is enough to cause the <i>maÃ®tre d'hÃ´tel</i> to shake his head and
+say in a melancholy accent, "<i>Abbeville est presque dÃ©truite.</i>"
 </p>
 <p>
-On asking for the Hôtel de l'Europe, I was told that the Hôtel Tête de
+On asking for the HÃ´tel de l'Europe, I was told that the HÃ´tel TÃªte de
 Boeuf was "all the same." Which, however, was far from being the case,
 as neither the building nor the master was what we had known twenty
 years ago. <i>Query</i> as to the degree of affinity required by the French
-intellect to produce the degree of identity? In fact, the Hôtel de
+intellect to produce the degree of identity? In fact, the HÃ´tel de
 l'Europe no longer existed. The house was possessed by a body of
 religious, the sisters of St. Joseph, and their large school for young
-ladies. The Tête de Boeuf had been a small château; two still
+ladies. The TÃªte de Boeuf had been a small chÃ¢teau; two still
 picturesque brick turrets bearing witness of its ancient state.
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -41744,7 +41708,7 @@ there reminded of Bruges, by the little old-fashioned bridges,
 crossing a canal in the middle of a street. A broad girdle of water
 seemed to me to surround great part of the town; but I could obtain no
 map and no guide-book, though I anxiously inquired at the best shop.
-Only a history of Abbeville was dug out of the museum at the Hôtel de
+Only a history of Abbeville was dug out of the museum at the HÃ´tel de
 Ville, which building had a strong but plain tower reported of the
 eleventh century. <a name="591">{591}</a> The Abbevillois care little apparently for
 their antiquities, though they are many and curious.
@@ -41757,7 +41721,7 @@ have been destroyed in the interests of agriculture, enough remain to
 delight the antiquary by their flint hatchets and arrows, their urns,
 and their burnt bones. One such barrow, near Noyelles-sur-Mer, when
 opened, was found to contain a large number of human heads, disposed
-in a sort of cone. In 1787, one was opened at Crécy, and in it were
+in a sort of cone. In 1787, one was opened at CrÃ©cy, and in it were
 found two sarcophagi of burnt clay, in each of which was an entire
 skeleton. Each had been buried in its clothes, and one bore on its
 finger a copper ring; its dress being fastened likewise by a brooch or
@@ -41796,7 +41760,7 @@ back upon the south, and new dynasties begin, and with them comes in
 Christianity; not, however, without much difficulty. The faith appears
 to have gradually spread from Amiens, where St. Finius preached as
 early as 301; but even 179 years later, St. Germain, the Scotchman,
-was martyred, and St. Honoré, the eighth bishop of Amiens, labored
+was martyred, and St. HonorÃ©, the eighth bishop of Amiens, labored
 daily, for thirty-six years, in conjunction with Irish missionaries,
 to infuse Christianity into the minds of people equally indisposed,
 whether by Frankish paganism or Roman culture, to accept the doctrines
@@ -41808,7 +41772,7 @@ honored by public adoration in this part of France; and St. Rignier
 hung up relics to the trees to purify them, just as in Rome itself the
 old pagan temples were exorcised. And after a time the old gods of all
 sorts were known either as idols or demons; no particular distinctions
-being drawn among them; they lie as <i>débris</i> beneath the religious
+being drawn among them; they lie as <i>dÃ©bris</i> beneath the religious
 soil of this part of Picardy, just as the bones of those who adored
 them are confounded in one common dust.
 </p>
@@ -41867,7 +41831,7 @@ inhabitants of Abbeville ceased not to kick indignantly. The King of
 France, her brother, struck into the contest "<i>pour comforter la main
 de Madame d'Angleterre</i>. " The legal documents arising from these
 quarrels partially remain to us. So they go on, quarreling and
-sometimes fighting, until the great day of Crécy, when Edward III.,
+sometimes fighting, until the great day of CrÃ©cy, when Edward III.,
 the late king's nephew, tried to get the throne. The oft-told tale we
 need not tell again. In 1393, France being in worse extremities, we
 find Charles VI. at Abbeville, and Froissart there at the same time.
@@ -41878,7 +41842,7 @@ ample share of fighting. Two royal ceremonials enlivened it in the
 course of centuries, whereof particular mention is made in the
 history. Louis XII. here met and married Mary of England, in 1514:
 "<i>La Reine Blanche</i>," as she was afterward called, from her white
-widow's weeds. In the Hôtel de Cluny at Paris is still shown the
+widow's weeds. In the HÃ´tel de Cluny at Paris is still shown the
 apartments she occupied. Louis was old, and Mary young, when they
 married; but the French historian recounts her exceeding complaisance
 and politeness to the king, and his great delight therein.
@@ -41886,7 +41850,7 @@ and politeness to the king, and his great delight therein.
 <a name="593">{593}</a>
 <p>
 In 1657, young Louis XIV. came here with his mother, and lodged at the
-Hôtel d'Oignon. Monsieur D'Oignon, the noble owner, had everything in
+HÃ´tel d'Oignon. Monsieur D'Oignon, the noble owner, had everything in
 such beautiful and ceremonious order for their reception, that he
 became a proverb at Abbeville--"As complete and well arranged as M.
 d'Oignon." A sort of <i>rich</i> Richard.
@@ -41910,7 +41874,7 @@ certain student, condemned for sacrilege. Now, it is a peaceful,
 well-governed town, busy in making iron pots and cans, and other
 wrought articles from raw materials brought by the railway. It proves
 to be only in respect of the hotel interest that <i>Abbeville est
-presque détruite</i>.
+presque dÃ©truite</i>.
 </p>
 <br>
 <hr>
@@ -42151,9 +42115,9 @@ second distich, which alone relates to the circumstance:
 </p>
 <pre>
   On demande pourquoi notre voisin Sulpice
-  Eternue, et jamais ne dit: Dien <i>me</i> bénisse!
+  Eternue, et jamais ne dit: Dien <i>me</i> bÃ©nisse!
   Serait-ce, par hasard, qu'll n'entend pas tres-blen?
-  Du tout, l'oreille est bonne et fonctionne à merveille;
+  Du tout, l'oreille est bonne et fonctionne Ã  merveille;
   Mais son grand nez s'en va--si loin de son oreille,
   Que quand il fait--<i>ad--sit!</i> celle-ce n'entend rien.
 
@@ -42705,7 +42669,7 @@ pressing bills to pay. My cousin replied something to the effect that
 he, my uncle, would probably not live long, and we ought not to worry
 him with our affairs. I think he simply said it with a view to
 stopping me from making the application: he thinks I am extravagant.
-He asked me how much I wanted. I said, £500. He said: 'That is a large
+He asked me how much I wanted. I said, Â£500. He said: 'That is a large
 sum, Lister; we shall never get the governor to come down as handsome
 as that.'"
 </p>
@@ -43409,7 +43373,7 @@ wineglass, and then as carefully corked it up again.
 "Drink this, sir; I've never known it to fail yet."
 </p>
 <p>
-I lifted the glass to my lips. "Why, it's the primest Curaçoa!" I
+I lifted the glass to my lips. "Why, it's the primest CuraÃ§oa!" I
 cried.
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -43711,7 +43675,7 @@ The room was divided like that of an ordinary coffee-shop into box
 compartments; the one in the right-hand corner by the door was empty,
 and we entered it, carrying our glasses and pipes with us. We seated
 ourselves at the end of the two benches opposite each other, and then
-glanced round. In the box <i>vis-à-vis</i> were two rough-looking fellows,
+glanced round. In the box <i>vis-Ã -vis</i> were two rough-looking fellows,
 whom I took to be real followers of our pretended calling--the sea.
 They returned our gaze suspiciously enough, and we could hear one
 whisper to the other, "Who's them coves?" and the answer "Dunno; none
@@ -44024,10 +43988,10 @@ St. Peter introduces him to the first Gentile converts as one who
 "went about doing good;" and in these last times we can refer to the
 testimony even of unbelievers in behalf of an argument as simple as it
 is constraining. "Si la vie et la mort de Socrate sont d'un sage,"
-says Rousseau, "la vie et la mort de Jésus sont d'un Dieu." And he
+says Rousseau, "la vie et la mort de JÃ©sus sont d'un Dieu." And he
 clenches the argument by observing, that, were the picture a mere
-conception of the sacred writers, "l'inventeur en serait plus étonnant
-que le héros." Its especial force lies in its directness; it comes to
+conception of the sacred writers, "l'inventeur en serait plus Ã©tonnant
+que le hÃ©ros." Its especial force lies in its directness; it comes to
 the point at once, and concentrates in itself evidence, doctrine, and
 devotion. In theological language, it is the <i>motivum credibilitatis</i>,
 the <i>objectum materiale</i> and the <i>formale</i>, all in one; it unites
@@ -44758,7 +44722,7 @@ catechumen of the Catholic Church. We wish all men to believe that her
 creed is true; but till they do so believe, we do not wish, we have no
 permission, to make them her members. Such a faith as this author
 speaks of to condemn--(our books call it "<i>practical</i> certainty")--
-does not rise to the level of the <i>sine quâ non</i>, which is the
+does not rise to the level of the <i>sine quÃ¢ non</i>, which is the
 condition prescribed for becoming a Catholic. Unless a convert so
 believes that he can sincerely say, "after all, in spite of all
 difficulties, objections, obscurities, mysteries, the creed of the
@@ -44977,8 +44941,8 @@ submit to it as a whole.
 <a name="635">{635}</a>
 <br>
 
-<h2>Translated from the Études Religieuses,
-Historiques et Littéraires.
+<h2>Translated from the Ã‰tudes Religieuses,
+Historiques et LittÃ©raires.
 <br><br>
 EAST-INDIAN WEDDINGS.
 <br><br>
@@ -45170,7 +45134,7 @@ What lends to this march a character of beauty and originality is the
 <i>calliel</i>, a dance accompanied by songs and the clashing of little
 staves, and performed before the palanquin for the whole length of the
 march. Do not imagine anything resembling a French ball; here dancing,
-so called, is a disgrace, and is only permitted to the Bayadères
+so called, is a disgrace, and is only permitted to the BayadÃ¨res
 engaged in the service of the pagodas. The <i>calliel</i> is quite another
 thing. Fancy a dozen well-formed, robust young people, with turbaned
 heads, and loins girt with a long strip of cloth draped like a scarf,
@@ -45217,7 +45181,7 @@ ROME THE CIVILIZER OF NATIONS.</h2>
 <br>
 <p class="cite">
 1. <i>Le Parfum de Rome</i>.  Par Louis Veuillot. 3me edition. Paris: Gaume
-Frères. 1862.
+FrÃ¨res. 1862.
 <br><br>
 2. <i>Rome et la Civilisation</i>.  Par EUGENE MAHON DE MONAGHAN. Paris:
 Charles Douniol. 1863.
@@ -45226,7 +45190,7 @@ Charles Douniol. 1863.
 The useful little work which stands at the head of this article, by M.
 Mahon de Monaghan, (whose name would, perhaps, be more correctly
 printed M. MacMahon de Monaghan,) may be regarded as a supplement to
-the more important volume of the Abbé Balmez. "The study of church
+the more important volume of the AbbÃ© Balmez. "The study of church
 history in its relations with civilization," <i>he</i> told us, "is still
 incomplete;" and the writer before us seems to have taken this as a
 hint, and to have conceived the laudable plan of pursuing further some
@@ -45511,13 +45475,13 @@ Gregory taught at Nyssa; St. Gregory Nazianzen <a name="643">{643}</a> wrote in
 Constantinople; St. Martin evangelized the Gauls; St. Basil composed
 his "Moralia" and his Treatise on the study of ancient Greek authors
 at Caesarea; St. Hilary and St. Paulinus bore witness to the truth in
-Poitiers and Trèves; St. Jerome unfolded the sacred stores of his
+Poitiers and TrÃ¨ves; St. Jerome unfolded the sacred stores of his
 learning in Thrace, Bithynia, Cappadocia, and Pontus; St. Cyril wrote
 beside his Saviour's tomb; and St. Patrick converted Ireland from the
 darkness of Druidic paganism.
 </p>
 <p class="footnote">
-  [Footnote 136: J. Chantrel, "La Royauté Pontifieale," p. 74]
+  [Footnote 136: J. Chantrel, "La RoyautÃ© Pontifieale," p. 74]
 </p>
 <p class="footnote">
   [Footnote 137: St. Jerome, "De Illustr. Eccles. Script."]
@@ -45725,7 +45689,7 @@ Bernard, and <a name="646">{646}</a> Foulque, to lay aside their miserable dispu
 unite against the common enemy. Thus, by the crusades, immediate
 benefit accrued to European society, and the character of the church
 as a ruler and leader was never borne in upon the minds of men with
-greater force than when Adhémar, the apostolic legate, put himself at
+greater force than when AdhÃ©mar, the apostolic legate, put himself at
 the head of the Crusade under Urban II., "wore by turns the prelate's
 mitre and the knight's casque," and proved the model, the consoler,
 and the stay of the sacred expedition.  [Footnote 145] The presence of
@@ -45821,7 +45785,7 @@ and Cicero, with all their philosophy, so heartily despised.
 under the Christian law, but she discouraged it. "At length," says
 Voltaire, whose testimony on such a point none will suspect, "Pope
 Alexander III., in 1167, declared in the name of the Council that all
-Christians should be (<i>devaient étre</i>) exempt from slavery. This law
+Christians should be (<i>devaient Ã©tre</i>) exempt from slavery. This law
 alone ought to render his memory dear to all people, as his efforts to
 maintain the liberty of Italy should make his name precious to the
 Italians."  [Footnote 152] Lord Macaulay has spoken frankly of the
@@ -45977,7 +45941,7 @@ vast dominions; in Portugal it was punished with confiscation and
 banishment to Africa; and in Sweden it was visited with death.
 </p>
 <p class="footnote">
-  [Footnote 155: Tableau des Révolutions.]
+  [Footnote 155: Tableau des RÃ©volutions.]
 </p>
 <p class="footnote">
   [Footnote 156: Hist. Universelle.]
@@ -46106,7 +46070,7 @@ race.
   [Footnote 160: Robertson, Hist. of America.]
 </p>
 <p class="footnote">
-  [Footnote 161: Génie du Christianisme.]
+  [Footnote 161: GÃ©nie du Christianisme.]
 </p>
 <p class="footnote">
   [Footnote 162: Hist. Naturelle de l'Homme.]
@@ -46189,14 +46153,14 @@ possessed in the highest degree of the spirit of physical inquiry, and
 in this department of learning was truly a seer.
 </p>
 <p class="footnote">
-  [Footnote 164: Estai sur lea Ouvrages Physico-Mathématiques de
-  Léonard de Vinci. Paris. 1797. Hallam's Literary History, vol. i.
+  [Footnote 164: Estai sur lea Ouvrages Physico-MathÃ©matiques de
+  LÃ©onard de Vinci. Paris. 1797. Hallam's Literary History, vol. i.
   pp. 222-5.]
 </p>
 <p>
 Let the reader transport himself in idea to the beautiful borders of
 the Henares, and there, in the opening of the sixteenth century, look
-down on the rising University of Alcalá. Let him admire and wonder at
+down on the rising University of AlcalÃ¡. Let him admire and wonder at
 the varied energy of its founder--Ximenes, the prelate, the hermit,
 the warrior, and the statesman. There, in his sixty-fourth year, he
 laid the corner-stone of the principal college, and was often seen
@@ -46207,12 +46171,12 @@ he promoted among the students, the liberal foundations he made for
 indigent scholars and the regulation of professors' salaries, did not
 withdraw him from the affairs of state, or the publication of his
 famous Bible, the Complutensian Polyglot. When Francis I., visited
-Alcalá, twenty years after the university was opened, 7000 students
+AlcalÃ¡, twenty years after the university was opened, 7000 students
 came forth to receive him, and by the middle of the seventeenth
 century the revenue bequeathed by Ximenes had increased to 42,000
 ducats, and the colleges had multiplied from ten to thirty-five.
 [Footnote 165] Most of the chairs were appropriated to secular
-studies, and Alcalá stands forward as a brilliant refutation of the
+studies, and AlcalÃ¡ stands forward as a brilliant refutation of the
 calumnies against Catholic prelates as the patrons of ignorance.
 </p>
 <p class="footnote">
@@ -46287,7 +46251,7 @@ subject, have shown forth the divine sap by immense vegetation."
   [Footnote 166: British Review. 1861. Martyrdom of Galileo.]
 </p>
 <p class="footnote">
-  [Footnote 167: Soirées de St. Pétersbourg,
+  [Footnote 167: SoirÃ©es de St. PÃ©tersbourg,
   Xme entretien. ]
 </p>
 <br>
@@ -46344,7 +46308,7 @@ Paris, where he became a member of the Academy of Sciences, and died
 at a good old age in 1712, crowned with the glory of several important
 discoveries, among which were those of the satellites of Saturn and
 the rotation of Mars and Venus. His son James followed in his
-footsteps, and bequeathed his name to fame. André Ampère, again, a
+footsteps, and bequeathed his name to fame. AndrÃ© AmpÃ¨re, again, a
 sincere Catholic, was one of the most illustrious disciples of
 electro-magnetism. He developed the memorable discovery of Oersted,
 ranged over the entire field of knowledge, and acquired a lasting
@@ -46380,7 +46344,7 @@ Many writers still living, or who have recently passed away, have
 united happily Catholicism with science. Santarem, in his long exile,
 gave his mind to the history of geography and the discoveries of his
 Portuguese fellow-countrymen on the western coast of Africa. Caesar
-Cantù, in his historical works, uniformly defended the cause of the
+CantÃ¹, in his historical works, uniformly defended the cause of the
 popedom in Italy, and persisted in holding it forward as his country's
 hope. M. Capefigue, among his numerous works on French history, has
 included the life of St. Vincent of Paul; and Cardinal Mai has
@@ -46400,7 +46364,7 @@ revelation. Epicurus is said to have maintained that our knowledge of
 Deity is exactly commensurate with our knowledge of the works of
 nature, and to have allowed no other measure of our theology out [sic]
 physics. Lucretius devoted the whole of his beautiful but atheistic
-poem, "De Rerum Naturâ" to the task of proving that the soul is
+poem, "De Rerum NaturÃ¢" to the task of proving that the soul is
 mortal, that religion is a cheat, and that natural causes sufficiently
 account for all the phenomena of the universe. In our day the
 disciples of Epicurus and Lucretius are legion, but they are not
@@ -46438,7 +46402,7 @@ among nations called Christian. The terrible disruptions effected
 under Photins, Luther, and Henry VIII., have rendered the conversion
 of the world for the present morally impossible. But if the East and
 West were again united under their lawful lord and pope; if Protestant
-sects were deprived of regal support, reäbsorbed into the Catholic
+sects were deprived of regal support, reÃ¤bsorbed into the Catholic
 body, or so reduced in numerical importance as to be all but inactive
 and voiceless; if the vaunted utility of association were duly
 exemplified; if European populations were emulous of spiritual
@@ -46574,7 +46538,7 @@ years ago, is described in the following verses.]
   The wolves devour the master,
     Caught in the fatal snare.
 
-  Killed by the forkèd lightnings;
+  Killed by the forkÃ¨d lightnings;
     Drowned in the flowing Loire;
   Crushed by some falling timbers;
     Conquered and slain in war.
@@ -47273,7 +47237,7 @@ now?"
 </p>
 <p>
 "When I ran," he continued, "I took my course down river, reached
-Sanlácar, and embarked for Cadiz. There I enlisted in the regiment of
+SanlÃ¡car, and embarked for Cadiz. There I enlisted in the regiment of
 guards commanded by the Duke del Infantado. I struck up a friendship
 with a young man of noble family, who was serving as a private, and we
 loved each other like brothers. We soon embarked for Tarifa, for the
@@ -48366,10 +48330,10 @@ village. I owe it more to myself than even to him I have offended."
 "By this cross," said Ventura making the sign with his fingers.
 </p>
 <p>
-"You and she will go to Alcalá?"
+"You and she will go to AlcalÃ¡?"
 </p>
 <p>
-"Yes, sir, if it were to Peñon."  [Footnote 173]
+"Yes, sir, if it were to PeÃ±on."  [Footnote 173]
 </p>
 <p class="footnote">
   [Footnote 173: Gibraltar, in other words, to the end of the world.]
@@ -48981,7 +48945,7 @@ and if fear or disloyalty shows itself in one of the besieged, his
 very wife cudgels him for it.
 </p>
 <p>
-There is something very naïve and old-fashioned in the observation
+There is something very naÃ¯ve and old-fashioned in the observation
 inserted at the end of the list of the <i>dramatis personae:</i>
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -49280,16 +49244,16 @@ they were conducting him to execution.
 Power coming into Leinster, lodged at the house of a small farmer,
 whom he observed to be very dejected all the evening. On inquiry he
 found that his landlord and the sheriff were expected to make a
-seizure next day for rent and arrears amounting to £60. After some
+seizure next day for rent and arrears amounting to Â£60. After some
 further discourse, Power offered to lend him the sum on his note of
 hand, and the offer was gratefully accepted. Next day the farmer,
-after much parleying, acknowledged that he had £60 given him to keep,
+after much parleying, acknowledged that he had Â£60 given him to keep,
 and that he would produce it rather than have his little property
 distrained, and trust to God's goodness to be enabled to put it
 together again. The landlord, after sufficiently abusing him, gave him
 a receipt in full, and, parting company with the sheriff's posse,
 returned home. In a lonely part of the way, he was set on by Power and
-robbed of the £60 and his watch and other valuables. In a day or two
+robbed of the Â£60 and his watch and other valuables. In a day or two
 the robber called on the farmer, said he was going away, and the
 promissory note would be of no use to him. So he took it out and tore
 it in pieces.
@@ -50118,7 +50082,7 @@ variations.
 </p>
 <p>
 He affirmed the identity of the base under the infinite variety of the
-forms. This primary substance which he considered as coëternal with
+forms. This primary substance which he considered as coÃ«ternal with
 God, was, he thought, that on which Jehovah breathed in the beginning,
 and in his Satanic pride he believed two things--first that the
 Almighty had combined the atoms of matter in so wondrously complex a
@@ -50961,7 +50925,7 @@ sward, and passing about their wine, for all the world like gentlemen.
 Sir Walter Scott's father was once forced to accept the hospitality of
 a party of gipsies carousing on a moor, and found them supplied with
 "all the varieties of game, poultry, pigs, and so forth." That rich
-and savory decoction known to the modern cuisine as <i>potage à la Meg
+and savory decoction known to the modern cuisine as <i>potage Ã  la Meg
 Merrilies de Derncleugh</i>, is a soup of gipsy invention, composed of
 many kinds of game and poultry boiled together. Their style of cookery
 seems rather barbarous, but we must admit that it is admirably adapted
@@ -51582,12 +51546,12 @@ whole work.
 </p>
 <br>
 <p>
-THE COLORADO CAÑON.
+THE COLORADO CAÃ‘ON.
 </p>
 <p>
 I refer to that portion of the Colorado, extending from near the
-confluence of Grand and Green rivers, which is known as the "Big Cañon
-of the Colorado." This cañon is without doubt one of the most
+confluence of Grand and Green rivers, which is known as the "Big CaÃ±on
+of the Colorado." This caÃ±on is without doubt one of the most
 stupendous freaks of nature that can be found upon the face of the
 earth. It appears that by some great paroxysmal, convulsive throe in
 the mysterious economy of the wise laws of nature, an elevated chain
@@ -51623,7 +51587,7 @@ themselves warm.
 Captain Sitgreaves, who in 1862 met the Mohave Indians on the Colorado
 river, says "they are over six feet tall;" and Mr. R. H. Kern, a very
 intelligent and reliable gentleman, who was attached to the same
-expedition, and visited the lower part of the great cañon of the
+expedition, and visited the lower part of the great caÃ±on of the
 Colorado, says: "The same manners and customs (as those described by
 Castenada) are peculiar to all the different tribes inhabiting the
 valley of the Colorado, even to the use of the brand for warming the
@@ -51632,31 +51596,31 @@ ever saw, their average height being an inch over six feet."
 </p>
 <p>
 The Spanish explorer says he travelled for several days along the
-crest of the lofty bluff bordering the cañon, which he estimated to be
+crest of the lofty bluff bordering the caÃ±on, which he estimated to be
 three leagues high, and he found no place where he could pass down to
 the water from the summits. He once made the attempt at a place where
 but few obstacles seemed to interfere with the descent, and started
 three of his most active men. They were gone the greater part of the
 day, and on their return informed him that they had only succeeded in
 reaching a rock about one third the distance down. This rock, he says,
-appeared from the top of the cañon about six feet high, but they
+appeared from the top of the caÃ±on about six feet high, but they
 informed him that it was as high as the spire of the cathedral at
 Seville in Spain.
 </p>
 <p>
-The river itself looked from the summit of the cañon, to be something
+The river itself looked from the summit of the caÃ±on, to be something
 like a fathom in width, but the Indians assured him it was half a
 league wide.
 </p>
 <p>
 Antoine Lereux, one of the most reliable and best informed guides in
 New Mexico, told me in 1858, that he had once been at a point of this
-cañon where he estimated the walls to be <i>three miles high</i>.
+caÃ±on where he estimated the walls to be <i>three miles high</i>.
 </p>
 <a name="717">{717}</a>
 <p>
 Mr. Kern says, in speaking of the Colorado: "No other river in North
-America passes through a cañon equal in depth to the one alluded to.
+America passes through a caÃ±on equal in depth to the one alluded to.
 The description (Castenada's) is made out with rare truth and force.
 We had a view of it from the San Francisco mountain, N. M., and
 judging from our own elevation, and the character of the intervening
@@ -51666,13 +51630,13 @@ height."
 <p>
 The mountaineers in Utah told me that a party of trappers many years
 since built a large row-boat, and made the attempt to descend the
-river through the defile of the cañon, but were never heard from
+river through the defile of the caÃ±on, but were never heard from
 afterward. They probably dashed their boat in pieces, and were lost by
 being precipitated over sunken rocks or elevated falls.
 </p>
 <p>
 In 185- Lieutenant Ives of the United States Engineers, was ordered to
-penetrate the cañon with a steamer of light draught. He ascended the
+penetrate the caÃ±on with a steamer of light draught. He ascended the
 river from the gulf as high as a little above the mouth of the gorge,
 but there encountered rapids and other obstacles of so serious a
 character that he was forced to turn back and abandon the enterprise,
@@ -51680,7 +51644,7 @@ and no other efforts have since been made under government auspices to
 explore it.
 </p>
 <p>
-A thorough examination of this cañon might, in my opinion, be made by
+A thorough examination of this caÃ±on might, in my opinion, be made by
 taking small row-boats and ascending the river from the debouche of
 the gorge at a low stage of water. In this way there would be no
 danger of being carried over dangerous rapids or falls, and the boats
@@ -51691,7 +51655,7 @@ the scenery here must surpass in grandeur any other in the universe.
 <p>
 Wherever we find rivers flowing through similar formations elsewhere,
 as at the "<i>dalles</i>" of the Columbia and Wisconsin rivers, and in the
-great cañons of Red and Canadian rivers, although the escarpments at
+great caÃ±ons of Red and Canadian rivers, although the escarpments at
 those places have nothing like the altitude of those upon the
 Colorado, yet the long continued erosive action of the water upon the
 rock, has produced the most novel and interesting combinations of
@@ -51716,9 +51680,9 @@ result from a thorough exploration of this part of the river, is the
 development of its mineral wealth.
 </p>
 <p>
-In 1849 I met in Santa Fé that enterprising pioneer, Mr. F. X. Aubrey,
+In 1849 I met in Santa FÃ© that enterprising pioneer, Mr. F. X. Aubrey,
 who had just returned from California, and en route had crossed the
-Colorado near the outlet of the <i>Big Cañon</i>, where he met some
+Colorado near the outlet of the <i>Big CaÃ±on</i>, where he met some
 Indians, with whom, as he informed me, he exchanged leaden for golden
 rifle-balls, and these Indians did not appear to have the slightest
 appreciation of the relative value of the two metals.
@@ -51898,7 +51862,7 @@ Mr. Froude's history will be completed in two more volumes.
 <p>
 A GENERAL HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH:<br>
 from the Commencement of the Christian Era until the Present Time. By
-M. l'Abbé J. E. Darras. Vol. III. P. O'Shea, New-York.
+M. l'AbbÃ© J. E. Darras. Vol. III. P. O'Shea, New-York.
 </p>
 <p>
 The period comprised by the third volume of this admirable history
@@ -52766,7 +52730,7 @@ STATISTICS OF VIRTUE.</h2>
 <p>
 Small presents, it has been shrewdly said, prevent the flame of
 friendship from dying out. A Stilton cheese, a bouquet of forced
-flowers, a maiden copy of a "just-published" book, a <i>pâte de foie
+flowers, a maiden copy of a "just-published" book, a <i>pÃ¢te de foie
 gras</i>, a basket of fruit that <i>will</i> keep a day or two, a salmon in
 spring, or a fresh-killed hare in autumn--any thing that answers, as
 a feed of corn or a bait of hay, to one's own private
@@ -52912,19 +52876,19 @@ conferring on their honored actors surnames recognized throughout
 whole districts. It is the Table of Honor of Virtuous Poverty, crowned
 by the verdict of popular opinion. Among these latter are (the
 parentheses contain the name of their department): the Mussets,
-husband and wife, salt manufacturers, at Château Salins, (Meurthe,)
-surnamed the Second Providence of the Poor; Suzanne Géral, wife of the
-keeper of the lockup house, at Florae, (Loèzre) surnamed the Prison
-Angel; David Lacroix, fisherman, at Dieppe, (Seine-Inférieure,)
+husband and wife, salt manufacturers, at ChÃ¢teau Salins, (Meurthe,)
+surnamed the Second Providence of the Poor; Suzanne GÃ©ral, wife of the
+keeper of the lockup house, at Florae, (LoÃ¨zre) surnamed the Prison
+Angel; David Lacroix, fisherman, at Dieppe, (Seine-InfÃ©rieure,)
 surnamed the <i>Sauveur</i>, instead of the <i>Sauveteur</i> the rescuer, after
 having pulled one hundred and seventeen people out of fire and water
 --he has the cross of the Legion of Honor; Marie Philippe; Widow
-Gambon, vine-dresser, at Nanterre, (Seine.) surnamed la Mére de bon
+Gambon, vine-dresser, at Nanterre, (Seine.) surnamed la MÃ©re de bon
 Secours, or Goody Helpful; Madame Langier, at Orgon,
-(Bouche-du-Rhône,) surnamed la Quéteuse, the Collector of Alms.
+(Bouche-du-RhÃ´ne,) surnamed la QuÃ©teuse, the Collector of Alms.
 </p>
 <p>
-In the spring of 1839 almost the whole canton of Ax (Ariège) was
+In the spring of 1839 almost the whole canton of Ax (AriÃ¨ge) was
 visited by the yellow fever, which raged for ten months, and carried
 off a sixth of the population. It, was especially malignant at Prades.
 Terror was at its height; those whom the scourge had spared were
@@ -52936,7 +52900,7 @@ disastrous months she visited, consoled, and nursed more than five
 hundred unfortunates; and if she could not save them from the grave,
 she followed them, alone, to their final resting-place. Two Sisters of
 Charity were sent to help her; one was soon carried off, and the
-second fell ill. The caré died, and was replaced by another. The
+second fell ill. The carÃ© died, and was replaced by another. The
 latter, finding himself smitten, sent for Madeleine. One of the flock
 had to tend the pastor. Those disastrous days have long since
 disappeared; but if the traveller, halting at Prades, asks for
@@ -52969,7 +52933,7 @@ Sundays out, and crinoline.
 We look for virtue amongst the clergy. The devotion, self-denial, and
 resignation often witnessed amongst them are matters of notoriety.
 Nevertheless, it is right that one of its members should find a place
-on a list like the present. In 1834, the Abbé Bertran was appointed
+on a list like the present. In 1834, the AbbÃ© Bertran was appointed
 cure of Peyriac, (Aude.) He was obliged, so to speak, to conquer the
 country of which he was soon to be the benefactor. For two years he
 had to struggle with the obstinate resistance which his parishioners
@@ -53014,7 +52978,7 @@ disposition for this kind of devotedness. Granted; but his claim to
 public gratitude is not a whit the less for that.
 </p>
 <p>
-Catherine Vernet, of Saint-Germain, (Puy-de-dôme,) is a simple
+Catherine Vernet, of Saint-Germain, (Puy-de-dÃ´me,) is a simple
 lace-maker, who, after devoting herself to her family, has for thirty
 years devoted herself to those who have no one to take care of them.
 Her savings having amounted to a sufficient sum for the purchase of a
@@ -53033,7 +52997,7 @@ circumstances, vary immensely between themselves. But what strikes one
 immediately, is the great preponderance of good women--rewarded as
 such--over good men. Thus, to dip into the list at hazard, we
 have--Meuse, one man, five women; Seine, thirty-one men, ninety-eight
-women; Loire, two men, six women; Côte-d'Or, three men, eleven women;
+women; Loire, two men, six women; CÃ´te-d'Or, three men, eleven women;
 and so on. The nature of the acts rewarded--also taken by chance--are
 these: reconciliations of families in <i>vendetta</i>, (Corsica;)
 maintenance of deserted children; rescues from fire and water;
@@ -53133,7 +53097,7 @@ II.
   And they who in the Martyr found
     Their Saviour, wailed and wept,
   That gorgeous horrors should abound
-    Where Christ the Blessèd slept.
+    Where Christ the BlessÃ¨d slept.
 
 III.
 
@@ -53338,7 +53302,7 @@ came through <a name="740">{740}</a> Merrivale, who seemed puzzled by it; the sa
 through Lister Wilmot, who was offensively regretful for me. I could
 not bear it, and I gave utterance to the pent-up feeling which raged
 within me. I told him that none of his meddling was needed between
-myself and Hugh Atherton, and I hinted that the <i>rôle</i> he had taken
+myself and Hugh Atherton, and I hinted that the <i>rÃ´le</i> he had taken
 upon himself to play now would before many days were over be changed
 in a very unpleasant manner. A covert sneer curled his thin lips, and
 there was an evil light in his eyes, as he replied that he was not
@@ -53451,9 +53415,9 @@ housekeeper's breathing. Smith read on.
 </p>
 <p>
 The said Gilbert Thorneley bequeathed to his nephew, Hugh Atherton,
-the sum of £5000, free of legacy-duty; to his housekeeper an annuity
-of £100 per annum for life; to his butler and coachman annuities of
-£50 per annum for life, all free of legacy-duty, and £20 to the other
+the sum of Â£5000, free of legacy-duty; to his housekeeper an annuity
+of Â£100 per annum for life; to his butler and coachman annuities of
+Â£50 per annum for life, all free of legacy-duty, and Â£20 to the other
 servants for mourning, with a twelvemonth's wages; to his nephew,
 Lister Wilmot, the whole of his landed property, all moneys vested in
 the Funds, all personal property, furniture, carriages, horses, and
@@ -53464,7 +53428,7 @@ This was the gist and pith of Gilbert Thorneley's will, which further
 bore date of the 19th of August in the present year, and was witnessed
 by William Walker, of the firm of Smith and Walker, and Abel
 Griffiths, Smith and Walker's clerk. By it Lister Wilmot came into an
-annual income of something like £100,000; by it Hugh Atherton was cut
+annual income of something like Â£100,000; by it Hugh Atherton was cut
 off with a mere nominal sum from the joint inheritance which his uncle
 had from his boyhood upward in the most unequivocal manner and words
 taught him to expect. A murmur of surprise ran through the company
@@ -53658,7 +53622,7 @@ told which never passed his lips, that some terrible secret of the
 past remains still unrevealed, I am bound to say I feel convinced from
 the manner in which that little was revealed to me. Gentlemen, the
 will which I executed last Tuesday evening, and saw witnessed by the
-two servants now present, after bequeathing £10,000 a year to his
+two servants now present, after bequeathing Â£10,000 a year to his
 nephew, Hugh Atherton, left the whole and entire of Gilbert
 Thorneley's property, landed, personal, and in the funds, to his idiot
 son, Francis Gilbert Thorneley, now living; and constituted Hugh
@@ -53701,7 +53665,7 @@ previous statement may have given."
 <p>
 "Most disinterested conduct on your part, I am sure, Mr. Kavanagh,"
 was the reply in the same sarcastic tones. "It was, however, probably
-understood that the securing £10,000 a year to your friend would not
+understood that the securing Â£10,000 a year to your friend would not
 pass unrewarded by him."
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -53982,9 +53946,9 @@ thought as I stepped out on the platform and walked up and down,
 awaiting the train and reading in a sort of dreamy, unconscious manner
 the  advertisements and placards covering the walls. Taylor Brothers,
 Parkins and Gotto, Heal and Son, Mudie's Library, and all the rest, so
-well known Ha! what is this? "MURDER: £100 Reward," for information
+well known Ha! what is this? "MURDER: Â£100 Reward," for information
 leading to the detection of the murderer of Mr. Gilbert Thorneley; and
-beneath, another, "Reward of £50 offered for the apprehension of
+beneath, another, "Reward of Â£50 offered for the apprehension of
 Robert Bradley," <i>alias</i> O'Brian, escaped convict, with a full
 description of his personal appearance appended. "Inspector Keene's
 work," thought I to myself. One solitary female figure stood before
@@ -54520,7 +54484,7 @@ admission; and when I found that it would be used against Mr.
 Atherton, I did all in my power to get off attending the inquest."
 </p>
 <p>
-Reëxamined by the Solicitor-General: "It was against your consent that
+ReÃ«xamined by the Solicitor-General: "It was against your consent that
 the prisoner was engaged to your ward Miss Leslie, was it not?"
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -54772,13 +54736,13 @@ errand-boy?"
 </p>
 <p>
 "Oh! you don't remember! Do you remember receiving a letter on the
-afternoon of the 24th containing a Bank-of-England £10 note?"
+afternoon of the 24th containing a Bank-of-England Â£10 note?"
 </p>
 <p>
 "I did not receive any letter."
 </p>
 <p>
-"But you received what is called an 'enclosure' of a £10 note, did you
+"But you received what is called an 'enclosure' of a Â£10 note, did you
 not?"
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -54799,7 +54763,7 @@ Still no answer.
 </p>
 <p>
 The Chief-Justice: "Once more I repeat my learned brother's question.
-Did you or did you not receive that £10 note on the 24th of October
+Did you or did you not receive that Â£10 note on the 24th of October
 last? If you do not answer, I shall commit you for contempt of court."
 </p>
 <a name="757">{757}</a>
@@ -55109,7 +55073,7 @@ have reasoned profoundly on the rational evidence of the Trinity, and
 a Roman priest, the Abbate Mastrofini, has published a work entitled
 "Metaphysica Sublimior," in which he proposes as his thesis, Given
 divine revelation, to prove the truth of all its dogmas by reason. The
-learned and excellent German priest Günther attempted the same thing,
+learned and excellent German priest GÃ¼nther attempted the same thing,
 but went too far, and fell into certain errors which were censured by
 the Roman tribunals, and which he himself retracted. It is necessary
 to tread cautiously and reverently, like Moses, for we are on holy
@@ -55680,7 +55644,7 @@ position of the women, especially throughout Egypt. If at all
 good-looking, they are brought up for the harems; if not, they are
 kept as "hewers of wood and drawers of water;" and the idea of their
 having <i>souls</i> seems as little believed by the Mohammedan as by the
-Chinese, whose incredulity on the subject the Abbé Hue mentions so
+Chinese, whose incredulity on the subject the AbbÃ© Hue mentions so
 amusingly in his missionary narrative.
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -55710,7 +55674,7 @@ foreign minister kindly acted as interpreter for the English ladies,
 and through her means some kind of conversation was kept up. But the
 ignorance of the ladies in the harem is unbelievable. They can neither
 read nor write; their whole day is employed in dressing, bathing,
-eating, drinking, and smoking. The soirée lasted till two in the
+eating, drinking, and smoking. The soirÃ©e lasted till two in the
 morning, when the royalty withdrew, and the English ladies returned
 home, feeling the whole time as if they had been seeing a play acted
 from a scene in the Arabian Nights, so difficult was it to realize
@@ -55734,7 +55698,7 @@ was given in a spoon to each communicant, the bread being dipped in
 the wine, and the patriarch laying his hand on the forehead of each
 person while he gave the blessing. At the same time, blessed bread
 stamped with a cross, and with the name of Christ, was handed round to
-the rest of the congregation, like the <i>pain bénit</i> in village
+the rest of the congregation, like the <i>pain bÃ©nit</i> in village
 churches in France. The Copts boast that there has never been the
 slightest alteration in their religious rites since the fourth
 century, and they are undoubtedly the only descendents of the ancient
@@ -55778,7 +55742,7 @@ mission is greatly on the increase.
 </p>
 <p>
 Our travellers returned that evening to Cairo and for the first time
-slept on board their boats, or daha-biéh. The first sensation was of
+slept on board their boats, or daha-biÃ©h. The first sensation was of
 discomfort at the smallness of the cabins; but soon they got used to
 their floating homes, and the beauty of the weather enabled them to
 live all day long on the awning-covered poop; so that they soon ceased
@@ -55879,7 +55843,7 @@ Christmas-day, all the boats were illuminated with Chinese lanterns
 and avenues of palms; while the sailors made crosses and stars of
 palm-leaves, to hang over the cabin-doors. A beautiful moon-light
 night added to the effect of these decorations, as the party rowed
-round the different <i>dahabièhs</i>, and the "Adeste fidelis" sounded
+round the different <i>dahabiÃ¨hs</i>, and the "Adeste fidelis" sounded
 softly across the water. The following morning, after early mass, a
 favorable wind carried them on to Ekhnim, where there is also a
 Catholic Franciscan missionary and church. The priest was a
@@ -55930,7 +55894,7 @@ water-bottles, which are so famous throughout Egypt, and are made
 solely in this place, of the peculiar clay of the district, mixed with
 the ashes of the halfeh grass. They are beautiful in form, and keep
 the water deliciously cool. After a breakfast of coffee and excellent
-dates at the sheik's house, the party reëmbarked, and arrived that
+dates at the sheik's house, the party reÃ«mbarked, and arrived that
 evening at Negaddi. Here again they found a Catholic mission. The
 superior, Padre Samuele, had been laboring there for twenty-three
 years. He was of the Lyons mission, and was the only one who had
@@ -56088,7 +56052,7 @@ from the good old father's school, whose attachment to him was like
 that of a dog to its master. He was in some trouble as to finding
 clothes for them. The Nubians dispense with every thing of the kind
 except a fringed leathern girdle round the loins, decorated with
-shells. The children have not even that. However, in the <i>dahabièh</i> a
+shells. The children have not even that. However, in the <i>dahabiÃ¨h</i> a
 piece of rhododendron-patterned chintz was found, carefully sent from
 England for the covering of the divans; and with that, certain
 articles of dress were manufactured, gorgeous in coloring, and
@@ -57516,7 +57480,7 @@ at a great distance, killed the commander of the troop. The
 consternation which followed this catastrophe gave the robbers an
 opportunity to escape. They fled beyond Utrera, passed through the
 haciendas of La Chaparra and Jesus-Maria, and arrived exhausted at
-nightfall in Valobrega. This valley, not far from Alcalá is surrounded
+nightfall in Valobrega. This valley, not far from AlcalÃ¡ is surrounded
 by ridges and olive slopes. In the most retired part of it, on the
 margin of a brook, are still standing the ruins of a Moorish castle
 called Marchenilla. Men and horses threw themselves upon the turf at
@@ -57717,7 +57681,7 @@ All the plans were settled, and the hours and signals agreed upon, and
 before the cocks, day's faithful sentinels, announced his coming, the
 band was on its way to the solitary hacienda of "El Cuervo," and the
 old witch crawling like a cunning and venomous snake to her den in the
-wood of Alcalá, where in the depths of the earth she had conceived the
+wood of AlcalÃ¡, where in the depths of the earth she had conceived the
 crime to which amidst darkness and ruins she had persuaded
 evil-doers--the crime which was to be perpetrated in the temple of
 God.
@@ -57739,7 +57703,7 @@ Diego that there was no other means of preventing the <i>saint</i> from
 denouncing them.
 </p>
 <p>
-All mounted and at midnight reached the ruined castle of Alcalá. Diego
+All mounted and at midnight reached the ruined castle of AlcalÃ¡. Diego
 whistled three times. Directly after, the gipsy, holding a dark
 lantern, emerged from one of the vaults which open at the base of the
 castle. They dismounted and followed her.
@@ -57789,7 +57753,7 @@ which was not sleep--which was not death, but the peacefulness of the
 one and the deep solemnity of the other.
 </p>
 <p>
-Such was the interior of the church of Alcalá when the spoilers
+Such was the interior of the church of AlcalÃ¡ when the spoilers
 entered, lighted by the gipsy's lantern and dragging with them, by
 main force, the unfortunate Perico.
 </p>
@@ -58434,7 +58398,7 @@ that fears are frequently entertained. In France, indeed, the law
 prescribes a delay of twenty-four hours after death before interment,
 and also requires a certificate of death from an inspector, who in
 large towns is usually a physician with no other employment (<i>le
-médecin des morts</i>;) but so many instances of carelessness and of
+mÃ©decin des morts</i>;) but so many instances of carelessness and of
 incapacity on the part of the country inspectors have been noticed,
 that the Chamber of Peers, during Louis Philippe's reign, and lately
 the Senate of the Empire, have received many petitions praying for an
@@ -58594,7 +58558,7 @@ sometimes during life, and are only among the earliest signs of
 putrefaction after death.
 </p>
 <p>
-These, as far as I know« are the only means which science has hitherto
+These, as far as I knowÂ« are the only means which science has hitherto
 suggested for distinguishing a living body from a corpse; and we have
 seen that none of them, save putrefaction, are invariably certain. In
 a doubtful case, therefore, time should always be allowed for this
@@ -58619,7 +58583,7 @@ apparently died of cholera in 1832, and for whose funeral all
 preparations were made, when a friend applied moxas to the spine. He
 recovered consciousness at once, and survived many years; and there is
 something grimly amusing in reading that he told the narrator: "Je me
-suis chauffé avec le bois de mon cercueil!" Those, again, who have
+suis chauffÃ© avec le bois de mon cercueil!" Those, again, who have
 read Mr. Maguire's "Life of Father Mathew," will not soon forget his
 graphic description of a similar case, in which Father Mathew rescued
 a young man from the hospital dead-house during the same epidemic at
@@ -58707,11 +58671,11 @@ voluntarily buried alive.
 <br>
 <h2>Translated from Le Correspondant.
 <br><br>
-A CELTIC LEGEND.--HERVÉ.
+A CELTIC LEGEND.--HERVÃ‰.
 <br><br>
 TO THE MEMORY OF M. AUGUSTIN THIERRY.
 <br><br>
-BY H. DE LA VILLEMARQUÉ.</h2>
+BY H. DE LA VILLEMARQUÃ‰.</h2>
 <br>
 <p>
 I was one day walking in the country with a book in my hand. It was in
@@ -58776,7 +58740,7 @@ veil.  [Footnote 189]
 </p>
 <p class="footnote">
   [Footnote 189: The most ancient compilation of this legend, written
-  six hundred years after the death of Saint Hervé, which is placed on
+  six hundred years after the death of Saint HervÃ©, which is placed on
   the 22d June in the year 568, exists in the Imperial Library, in the
   portfolio of the "Blanc-Manteaux." No 38, p. 851: the two more
   modern are, one of P. Albert le Grand, who has taken for his model
@@ -58989,7 +58953,7 @@ And the <i>Little Queen of the Fountain</i> gave to the bard, in pledge of
 her faith, the plant which produces gaiety.  [Footnote 191]
 </p>
 <p class="footnote">
-  [Footnote 191: The Breton text of the legend of Saint Hervé, in
+  [Footnote 191: The Breton text of the legend of Saint HervÃ©, in
   verse appears in the fifth edition of the <i>Barsas[??] Breis, Chante
   populaires de la Bretagne</i>. ]
 </p>
@@ -59077,7 +59041,7 @@ their patroness, will sing <i>Ave Maria!</i>
 No plant shall wither there, not the lemon-plant which produces joy,
 for it is at the foot of the cross of Jesus Christ, that it will
 spring henceforth; it is to Him it owes its virtue, and shall be
-called the <i>herb of the cross;</i> nor <i>sélago</i> which gives light, for it
+called the <i>herb of the cross;</i> nor <i>sÃ©lago</i> which gives light, for it
 is from the aureole of the saints that it borrows its rays, and to
 discover it, it is necessary to be a saint; nor, more than all, the
 herb of life, for he has shown it, he has given it as a legacy to his
@@ -59105,7 +59069,7 @@ God consoles in his own way; he blesses in the same. Three years after
 their marriage, Rivanone and Hyvarnion rocked the cradle of a crying
 infant whom they endeavored to put asleep with their songs. Now this
 infant was blind; and in remembrance of their sorrow they had named
-him <i>Huervé</i> or <i>Hervé</i>, that is to say, <i>bitter</i> or <i>bitterness</i>.
+him <i>HuervÃ©</i> or <i>HervÃ©</i>, that is to say, <i>bitter</i> or <i>bitterness</i>.
 </p>
 <p>
 But, if his mother did not try upon his eyes the better appreciated
@@ -59223,7 +59187,7 @@ on the couch of his dead father, commenced in their company his
 apprenticeship as a singer, and if it is believed, as is claimed, that
 the <i>chant des ames</i>, such as it has come to us, was composed by a
 blind singer, under the inspiration of his father, whom he would have
-delivered from pain, the blind singer should be Hervé, and the
+delivered from pain, the blind singer should be HervÃ©, and the
 inspirer Hyvarnion.
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -59269,7 +59233,7 @@ upon him, and crying: "Where are you going, blind one, blind one!
 Where are you going, blind brawler?"
 </p>
 <p>
-"I'm going out of this canton, because I must," replied Hervé, "but
+"I'm going out of this canton, because I must," replied HervÃ©, "but
 cursed be the race that comes from you." And, indeed, the little
 mockers, struck by the anathema, returned to the dance, and they must
 dance, it is said, to the end of the world, without ever resting or
@@ -59278,7 +59242,7 @@ adored, and whose power the Breton peasants still fear.
 </p>
 <p>
 Nature herself, that great Celtic divinity, took the side of the imps
-against Hervé, while the mother of the saint, in beholding him
+against HervÃ©, while the mother of the saint, in beholding him
 preaching the gospel, could say with the church: "How beautiful are
 the feet of those who come from the mountains!" "The granite earth on
 which he walked, refused to carry him, tearing his naked feet, and no
@@ -59316,7 +59280,7 @@ and to be instructed how to serve God by those who serve him."
 </p>
 <p>
 Rivanone agreed to the wishes of her son; the forest which he chose
-for his retirement was inhabited by one of her uncles. Hervé sought
+for his retirement was inhabited by one of her uncles. HervÃ© sought
 him, while his mother asked an asylum for herself of some pious women
 who lived in community in another solitary place, having no
 intercourse with the world except with the sick and infirm to whom
@@ -59338,14 +59302,14 @@ rock."
 Vain search! This egg, a sacred symbol to the ancient priests of Gaul
 and other heathen worship, had been crushed with the serpent of the
 Druids; the day was about to appear and put to flight the magician,
-darkness, and the black dog. When, on the contrary, Hervé put himself,
+darkness, and the black dog. When, on the contrary, HervÃ© put himself,
 guided by his white dog, on the way to his uncle's hermitage, the last
 shades of night had disappeared, the day had risen, and he was to find
 in the Christian school more precious talismans than the egg of the
 Druid serpent.
 </p>
 <p>
-"Saint Hervé went to the school the sun encircled his brow with a
+"Saint HervÃ© went to the school the sun encircled his brow with a
 circle of light, the doves sang along his road, and his white dog
 yelped for joy.
 </p>
@@ -59360,10 +59324,10 @@ has sought me to be my clerk; my child, may blessings be on thy
 head.'" [Footnote 192]
 </p>
 <p class="footnote">
-  [Footnote 192: Same Breton legend of Saint Hervé.]
+  [Footnote 192: Same Breton legend of Saint HervÃ©.]
 </p>
 <p>
-This great unde of Hervé was named Gurfoed; like many other hermits he
+This great unde of HervÃ© was named Gurfoed; like many other hermits he
 brought up the children of Armorica. Among the grammarians whom he
 made them learn by heart, the ecclesiastical writers indicate
 Martianus Capella, the author of the "Noces de Mercure et de la
@@ -59376,7 +59340,7 @@ Armorican bishops to that point, and drew up an article on the
 necessity of adopting, in the whole province, a uniform chant.
 Besides, in introducing it into the Christian ceremonies, and giving
 it place even in the choir of the temple, the church has shown the
-esteem which she has for this art. Hervé perfected himself in it more
+esteem which she has for this art. HervÃ© perfected himself in it more
 and more; he even became so clever in it, observe the hagiographies,
 "that he took the prize from all his fellow-students."
 </p>
@@ -59392,7 +59356,7 @@ And she said on approaching him:
 </p>
 <p>
 "I behold a procession of monks advancing, and I hear the voice of my
-son; though a thousand were singing, I should know the voice of Hervé;
+son; though a thousand were singing, I should know the voice of HervÃ©;
 I behold my son dressed in gray, with a cord of hair for his belt. God
 be with you, my son, the clerk!"
 </p>
@@ -59424,11 +59388,11 @@ canticles."
 </p>
 <p>
 The pious woman-poet, who had given to the church such a saint as
-Hervé, well deserved that God's angels should sing, making a festival
+HervÃ©, well deserved that God's angels should sing, making a festival
 for her last hour.
 </p>
 <p>
-Hervé, guided by Gurfoed, arrived at the bedside of his dying mother,
+HervÃ©, guided by Gurfoed, arrived at the bedside of his dying mother,
 in time, if not to see her, (he could never see her except in heaven,)
 at least to receive her blessing, and to mingle his canticles with
 those of the pious companions of Rivanone, truly angelic choirs.
@@ -59438,7 +59402,7 @@ those of the pious companions of Rivanone, truly angelic choirs.
 IV.
 </p>
 <p>
-After the death of his mother, Hervé returned to the hermitage of his
+After the death of his mother, HervÃ© returned to the hermitage of his
 uncle; but Gurfoed, wishing to live a still more retired life,
 abandoned his dwelling, and buried himself in the forest. Aided by
 some pious men, who, in order to work and pray under his direction,
@@ -59459,12 +59423,12 @@ clothed in other form in those heroic times; poetry and music,
 inseparable from each other, had always been considered by the
 ancients as necessary to cultivation, not only on account of the
 harmony which they produced, but for utility, instruction, and
-civilization of the people. Hervé in taking them for the basis of his
+civilization of the people. HervÃ© in taking them for the basis of his
 instruction, followed, without doubt, the counsels of Aristotle. It is
 said that Orpheus thus civilized people by his songs. Those of Hesiod
 have come to us, and present us with valuable examples of that
 didactic poetry, the first with all nations. But though we have left
-us some poems of Saint Hervé, they are very few in number; the most
+us some poems of Saint HervÃ©, they are very few in number; the most
 were composed rather in his <a name="819">{819}</a> spirit and according to his rules
 than by himself. They give him the honor of those aphorisms to which
 his name is given, which, at least, have the strong imprint of the
@@ -59479,7 +59443,7 @@ elements which are the strength of all civilized society.
 him."
 </p>
 <p>
-Saint Cado, the teacher of Hervé's father, said the same thing in
+Saint Cado, the teacher of HervÃ©'s father, said the same thing in
 other terms, "There is no wealth without study;" and he added, "There
 is no wisdom without science, no independence without science, no
 liberty, no beauty, no nobleness, no victory without science," and,
@@ -59490,12 +59454,12 @@ enumeration:
 "No science without God."
 </p>
 <p>
-The second axiom credited to Saint Hervé is this: "He who is idle in
+The second axiom credited to Saint HervÃ© is this: "He who is idle in
 his youth heaps poverty on the head of his old age."
 </p>
 <p>
-The Breton mariners have retained the third maxim of which Saint Hervé
-passers as the author: "The words of Hervé are words of wisdom," they
+The Breton mariners have retained the third maxim of which Saint HervÃ©
+passers as the author: "The words of HervÃ© are words of wisdom," they
 say; "Who yields not to the rudder will yield to the rock." I have
 also seen attributed to him a moral song, widely spread in Brittany,
 in which, perhaps, there are several couplets of his, but in any case
@@ -59538,21 +59502,21 @@ which make a man strong, that is to say, Christians; where there was
 so much freshness and grace; where the sun, and the flowers, the birds
 and the angels, all the most smiling images were purposely united,
 captivated and charmed the young barbarians. I am no longer surprised
-if the legend assures us that Hervé tamed the savage beasts; if it
+if the legend assures us that HervÃ© tamed the savage beasts; if it
 recounts that one day he forced a thief of a fox to bring back,
 "without hurting her," his hen which he had carried off, and another
 time a robber of a wolf who had eaten up his ass--others say his
 dog--to serve and follow him like a spaniel. This new style of spaniel
 was seen in a crowd of bas-reliefs held in leash by the saints, and as
 elsewhere mothers threatened their children with the wolf, the Breton
-Mothers frightened their brats with <i>Hervé's spaniel.</i> Orpheus is thus
+Mothers frightened their brats with <i>HervÃ©'s spaniel.</i> Orpheus is thus
 represented followed by tamed tigers; and another bard, a half pagan,
 whom we have seen before accompanied by his black dog, is painted,
 running through the woods with a wolf which he calls <i>his dear
 companion. Tu Lupe, care comes</i>.  The poets of the primitive times were
 supposed to be in a perpetual union with nature, <a name="820">{820}</a> and to have
 reconquered the power, lost since leaving the Garden of Eden, of
-making all animals obedient to them. Hervé was considered to be
+making all animals obedient to them. HervÃ© was considered to be
 endowed with the same power; but poetry and music were not the only
 form which the Christian gave to his charms. His true magic was
 prayer. See how he chanted when he was exposed to the snares or the
@@ -59568,7 +59532,7 @@ his prayer. Somewhat troubled in his retreat, and above all in his
 humility, by the too noisy veneration of the Armorican chiefs, who
 sent their sons to him, he plunged into the forest, as had Gurfoed,
 seeking the hermitage, and the counsels of his former teacher; but the
-grass and fern had effaced the path which led there, and all Hervé's
+grass and fern had effaced the path which led there, and all HervÃ©'s
 researches had been in vain, when he came to an opening in the forest
 where a moss-covered rock was raised up on four stones; the ruins of a
 cabin where the badgers had made their nests, were seen near at hand;
@@ -59594,7 +59558,7 @@ with the help of her <i>light</i>, as she calls her master she is able to
 turn the earth in the contrary way. Here it is the pagan pride which
 vaunts itself; but a voice from heaven is heard, "If this world is
 yours, the other belongs to God!" and the sorceress was confounded.
-Hervé, on the contrary, who is humble, and who prays; Hervé, who
+HervÃ©, on the contrary, who is humble, and who prays; HervÃ©, who
 speaks, not in his own name, but in the name of God, is heard and
 exalted. It is verifying the words of the Gospel: "And the humble
 shall be exalted."
@@ -59609,9 +59573,9 @@ weakest in the eyes of men, always the greatest when he would wish to
 be the lowest.
 </p>
 <p>
-The counsels which Hervé had gone to ask of his old teacher, he
+The counsels which HervÃ© had gone to ask of his old teacher, he
 received from his bishop, a wise and holy man, who came from Britain
-to the country of Léon. The bishop judged him worthy to be a priest,
+to the country of LÃ©on. The bishop judged him worthy to be a priest,
 and wished to confer upon him the ecclesiastical character; but the
 hermit, who from childhood had considered himself unworthy of this
 great responsibility, persisted in his humble sentiments, and he would
@@ -59634,7 +59598,7 @@ V.
 About half a century before, another bard also blind, and his hair
 whitened by age, journeyed in Armorica from canton to canton, seated
 on a small horse from the mountains, which a child led by the bridle.
-He sought, like Hervé, a field to cultivate and in which he could
+He sought, like HervÃ©, a field to cultivate and in which he could
 build. Knowing what herbs were produced by good ground, and what herbs
 by bad ground, he asked from time to time of his guide:
 </p>
@@ -59702,7 +59666,7 @@ fountain.
 <p>
 But the possession of the land was not easy to obtain from the
 avaricious proprietor, whom the French legend charitably calls "an
-honest man." Hervé demanded of him, however, only a little corner in
+honest man." HervÃ© demanded of him, however, only a little corner in
 which to erect a small monastery.
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -59710,7 +59674,7 @@ which to erect a small monastery.
 still all green, and so if you cut it now it will be lost."
 </p>
 <p>
-"No, no," said Saint Hervé, "it shall not be so, for as much wheat as
+"No, no," said Saint HervÃ©, "it shall not be so, for as much wheat as
 I cut now so much will I render to you ripe and in the sack at harvest
 time."
 </p>
@@ -59736,12 +59700,12 @@ that was asked of them.
 <p>
 The good religious from whom I have borrowed the translation of the
 preceding narrative even assures us that the proprietor went so far as
-to promise Hervé to build him a beautiful church at his own expense.
+to promise HervÃ© to build him a beautiful church at his own expense.
 This new miracle, however, was only half carried out; for we see
-Hervé, once the land had been conceded to him, going to work with his
+HervÃ©, once the land had been conceded to him, going to work with his
 disciples to procure the wood necessary for the construction of his
 church and convent. He made a collection for this end, not only in the
-country of Léon, but even in the mountains of Aiez, and in Cornwall,
+country of LÃ©on, but even in the mountains of Aiez, and in Cornwall,
 visiting the manors of the chiefs and the richest monasteries.
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -59763,7 +59727,7 @@ men, dogs, and horses, without saluting him, even without looking at
 him; again there was another who did not believe in his miracles, and
 said so out loud at supper before a large company, and in the face of
 the saint. At that same banquet, at the commencement of the repast,
-while Hervé was singing with the harp to bless the table, a new kind
+while HervÃ© was singing with the harp to bless the table, a new kind
 of adversary, the frogs, commenced also to sing, to defy him, to sing
 <i>their vespers</i>, as a Breton poet explains it, provoking the laughter
 of the guests. At another banquet, a cup-bearer who was a demon in
@@ -59779,7 +59743,7 @@ form of a monk, he offered his services to help him in building his
 church.
 </p>
 <p>
-"What is thy name?" Hervé asked of him.
+"What is thy name?" HervÃ© asked of him.
 </p>
 <p>
 "I am a master carpenter, sir."
@@ -59799,7 +59763,7 @@ living God, to tell thy name."
 foremost, from a rock into the sea.
 </p>
 <p>
-Thus did the Druid superstitions vanish before Hervé, having for a
+Thus did the Druid superstitions vanish before HervÃ©, having for a
 moment resisted him, and sought to deceive him under different
 disguises.
 </p>
@@ -59825,14 +59789,14 @@ and Christian counterpart, as if they would raise the cross in the
 face of the heathen pillars. One of these missionaries, Saint Gildas,
 was so opposed to the pagan music of his time that he qualified its
 croaking with the sweet and gentle music of the children of Christ;
-and his disciple Taliésin, the great poet baptized in the sixth
-century, hushed at a banquet, as Saint Hervé had done, the infamous
+and his disciple TaliÃ©sin, the great poet baptized in the sixth
+century, hushed at a banquet, as Saint HervÃ© had done, the infamous
 descendants of the priests of the god Bel, who wished to put him to
 defiance.
 </p>
 <p>
 The sound of Christian music was to be heard from all the vaults of
-the church, for the construction of which Saint Hervé had made so many
+the church, for the construction of which Saint HervÃ© had made so many
 journeys. Twelve columns of polished wood were erected to hold the low
 and arched framework; three large stones formed the altar; the spring
 with which he had refreshed his disciples furnished the water
@@ -59841,7 +59805,7 @@ consecration; and the wines of some richer monastery, more exposed to
 the sun, the eucharistic wine; for it was an ancient and touching
 custom that those who had vineyards gave wine to those who had not,
 and in exchange, the owners of bees furnished wax to those who lacked
-it. Hervé, according to his biographers, himself superintended the
+it. HervÃ©, according to his biographers, himself superintended the
 workmen, or rather incited the laborers by his words, and sustained
 them by his songs. Like another poet of antiquity, he built, with his
 songs, not a city for men, but a house for God.
@@ -59853,7 +59817,7 @@ VI.
 <p>
 The fathers of an Armorican council of the fifth century terminated
 their canons by these noble words: "May God, my brethren, preserve for
-you your crown." A last flower seemed wanting to that of Hervé. He was
+you your crown." A last flower seemed wanting to that of HervÃ©. He was
 now to obtain it. The poor shoeless child, the poet of the wretched,
 the school-teacher of little children, the wandering agriculturist,
 the mendicant architect, was to become the equal--what do I say?--the
@@ -59900,11 +59864,11 @@ him in devising some means of frightening the tyrant. The place of
 reunion was a high mountain much venerated by the bards and the
 people, named the Run-bre, and situated in the heart of the country
 governed by the Kon Mor. Although only prelates should have been
-present, Hervé was sent there, and even the venerable assembly were
+present, HervÃ© was sent there, and even the venerable assembly were
 not willing to enter into deliberation until he came, notwithstanding
 the opposition of one member of the meeting, less humble and less
 patient than the others. This <i>courtier bishop</i>, as the legend styles
-him, finding that Hervé made them wait a long time, "Is it proper that
+him, finding that HervÃ© made them wait a long time, "Is it proper that
 men like us," he exclaimed, "should remain here indefinitely on
 account of a wretched blind monk?" At this moment, the saint arrived.
 His bare feet, his miserable hermit's robe made of goat-skin, in the
@@ -59957,7 +59921,7 @@ to which his soul is condemned. Amen."  [Footnote 194]
 </p>
 <p class="footnote">
   [Footnote 194: This formula of excommunication of the sixth century
-  has been discovered and recently translated by M. Alfred Ramé, in an
+  has been discovered and recently translated by M. Alfred RamÃ©, in an
   article, the "Melanges d'Histoire et d'Archaeologie Bretonne," a
   commendable publication.]
 </p>
@@ -59971,7 +59935,7 @@ under the bare foot of the mendicant monk, tyranny was dishonored and
 humanity avenged.
 </p>
 <p>
-Hervé does not appear to have long survived this great act of national
+HervÃ© does not appear to have long survived this great act of national
 and religious justice, in which he performed the greatest part; he
 saw, however, the result, and could hail the dawn of a noble reign
 which would assure, without the effusion of blood, say the historians,
@@ -60058,7 +60022,7 @@ arriving sad, they depart joyous.
 </p>
 <p>
 Now, the silver shrine contained, wrapped in purple and silk, the
-relics of Saint Hervé. The oaken cradle was the same in which he slept
+relics of Saint HervÃ©. The oaken cradle was the same in which he slept
 to the songs of the bard and his poet-wife, whom God had given him for
 father and mother.
 </p>
@@ -60313,7 +60277,7 @@ had come from the sea. These were the travellers from the Victoria
 N'Yanza, the <i>other</i>, and smaller, source of the Nile. They had
 undoubtedly solved the mystery. Still they had left something for
 Baker to do, and candidly declared to him that they had not completed
-the actual exploration of the Nile sources. In N. lat. 2° 17' they had
+the actual exploration of the Nile sources. In N. lat. 2Â° 17' they had
 crossed the river which they had tracked from the Victoria Lake; but
 it had there (at Karuma Falls) taken an extraordinary bend westward,
 and when they met it again it was flowing from the W.S.W. There was
@@ -60365,7 +60329,7 @@ whole book is the author's account of this tribe:
 <p class="cite">
   "Far from being the morose set of savages that I had hitherto seen,
   they are excessively merry, and always ready for either a laugh or a
-  fight. The town of Tarrangotté contained about three thousand
+  fight. The town of TarrangottÃ© contained about three thousand
   houses, and was not only surrounded by iron-wood palisades, but
   every house was individually fortified by a little stockaded
   courtyard. The cattle were kept in large kraals in various parts of
@@ -60391,7 +60355,7 @@ attacks they can hardly withstand, although of war-like habits, and
 accordingly--
 </p>
 <p class="cite">
-  "The town of Tarrangotté is arranged with several entrances in the
+  "The town of TarrangottÃ© is arranged with several entrances in the
   shape of low archways through the palisades: these are closed at
   night by large branches of the hooked thorn of the bitter bush, (a
   species of mimosa.) The main street is broad, but all others are
@@ -60544,7 +60508,7 @@ Victoria as the Eastern source.
 <p class="cite">
   "The Nile, cleared of its mystery, resolves itself into comparative
   simplicity. The actual basin of the Nile is included between about
-  the 22° and 39° east longitude, and from 3° south to 18° north
+  the 22Â° and 39Â° east longitude, and from 3Â° south to 18Â° north
   latitude. The drainage of that vast area is monopolized by the
   Egyptian river. . . The Albert N'Yanza is the great basin of the
   Nile: the distinction between it and the Victoria N'Yanza is, that
@@ -60611,7 +60575,7 @@ account of his protracted and exciting travels.
 <br><br>
 THREE WOMEN OF OUR TIME.
 <br><br>
-EUGÉNIE DE GUÉRIN--CHARLOTTE BRONTË--RAHEL LEVIN.
+EUGÃ‰NIE DE GUÃ‰RIN--CHARLOTTE BRONTÃ‹--RAHEL LEVIN.
 <br><br>
 BY GABRIEL CERNY.</h2>
 <br>
@@ -60641,7 +60605,7 @@ the hygienic care indispensable to creatures weak in body, feeble in
 mind, and so helpless when left to themselves that in truth there are
 but two conditions in the world suitable for them--to be courtesans if
 they are beautiful, and maid-servants if they are destitute of
-physical charms; nay, such is the arrogance of this literary <i>Céladon</i>
+physical charms; nay, such is the arrogance of this literary <i>CÃ©ladon</i>
 that he would assign to the wife an inferior position and leave the
 husband to superintend not only business affairs but household
 matters. In short, when we read these books we seem to be attending a
@@ -60677,7 +60641,7 @@ In order to represent fairly the women of our day M. Selden has
 selected three different characters; three names worn modestly,
 usefully, and honorably; three contrasts of position, race, doctrine,
 and education: a French Catholic, an English Protestant, a German
-Jewess: Eugénie de Guérin, Charlotte Brontë, and Rachel Varnhagen von
+Jewess: EugÃ©nie de GuÃ©rin, Charlotte BrontÃ«, and Rachel Varnhagen von
 Ense. They were all affectionate, devoted, and self-forgetful; two of
 them married, and the French-woman alone had the happy privilege of
 restoring to God a heart and soul that had belonged to no one.
@@ -60687,7 +60651,7 @@ restoring to God a heart and soul that had belonged to no one.
 I.
 </p>
 <p>
-Eugénie de Guérin du Cayla was born and bred <i>en province</i>, although
+EugÃ©nie de GuÃ©rin du Cayla was born and bred <i>en province</i>, although
 of a truly noble family, of Venetian origin it is said. Her mode of
 life was that of a woman of the middle class (<i>bourgeoise</i>) enjoying
 that comparative ease which we see in the country; a large house
@@ -60696,7 +60660,7 @@ servants of little or no training, who seem to form a part of the
 family.
 </p>
 <p>
-Mlle. de Guérin lost her mother early, and having two brothers and a
+Mlle. de GuÃ©rin lost her mother early, and having two brothers and a
 sister younger than herself, became burthened with the care of a
 household and family. Her letters and journal show her to us as she
 was at twenty-seven or twenty-eight years of age, not one of those
@@ -60707,7 +60671,7 @@ prepared breakfast for the reapers, and when her work was done, betook
 herself in all haste to a little retreat which she dignified with the
 name of <i>study</i>, where she ran through some book or wrote a few
 pages--always charming, always strong--of a sort of journal of the
-actions of her life. Eugénie's especial favorite was her brother
+actions of her life. EugÃ©nie's especial favorite was her brother
 Maurice, who was five years younger than herself, and it would be
 impossible to speak of her without recalling the passionate maternal
 tenderness with which from her earliest youth she regarded this
@@ -60720,7 +60684,7 @@ that tenderness and caresses, <i>the hearts milk</i>, are lavished on the
 little ones."
 </p>
 <p>
-Devotion was the principle motive-power of Eugénie's actions; ardent
+Devotion was the principle motive-power of EugÃ©nie's actions; ardent
 prayer and charity profoundly moved her; wind, snow, rain-storms,
 nothing checked her when she knew that in some corner of the village
 there were miseries to be relieved, tears to be wiped away. She felt
@@ -60731,7 +60695,7 @@ misfortune," and imitating the example of the great saint, Francis of
 Assisi, she would gladly have conversed with lambs and turtle-doves.
 </p>
 <p>
-Mlle. de Guérin pitied the educated peasants who knew how to read and
+Mlle. de GuÃ©rin pitied the educated peasants who knew how to read and
 yet could not pray. "Prayer to God," she said, "is the only fit manner
 to celebrate any thing in this world." And again, "Nothing is easier
 than to speak to the neglected ones of this world; they are not like
@@ -60748,7 +60712,7 @@ morality as Protestants believe him to be.
 Most women become useful only through some being whom they love and to
 whom they refer the actions of their lives; it is their noblest and
 most natural instinct to efface and lose themselves in another's
-glory. Having no husband or children, Mlle. de Guérin attached herself
+glory. Having no husband or children, Mlle. de GuÃ©rin attached herself
 to her brother Maurice, a delicate nature, a sad <a name="836">{836}</a> and suffering
 soul, destined to self-destruction, a lofty but unquiet spirit that
 was never to find on earth the satisfaction and realization of his
@@ -60756,7 +60720,7 @@ hopes. "You are the one of all the family," he wrote to her, "whose
 disposition is most in sympathy with my own, so far as I can judge by
 the verses that you send me, in all of which there is a gentle
 reverie, a tinge of melancholy, in short, which forms, I believe, the
-basis of my character." Mlle. de Guérin's letters to her brother were
+basis of my character." Mlle. de GuÃ©rin's letters to her brother were
 not only tender and consoling, but strong and healthy in their tone.
 Indeed, he needed them, for terrible were his sufferings from the
 ill-will and indifference of others. He wrote and tried to establish
@@ -60767,7 +60731,7 @@ father, who grew impatient at the constant failure of his
 expectations.
 </p>
 <p>
-Though ignorant of the world, Mlle, de Guérin did not the less suspect
+Though ignorant of the world, Mlle, de GuÃ©rin did not the less suspect
 the dangers that Christian faith may encounter. One day, a voice that
 seemed to come from heaven told her that Maurice no longer prayed; and
 then we find her trembling and uneasy. "I have received your letter,"
@@ -60790,12 +60754,12 @@ power even if it be unproductive; a prose poem in which Christianity
 is forgotten for the sake of fable and antiquity. But thanks to his
 sister's prayers, Maurice was one of those who return to God. He
 passed away without agitation or suffering, smiling on all, and
-begging his sister Eugénie to read him some spiritual book. At the
+begging his sister EugÃ©nie to read him some spiritual book. At the
 bottom of his heart he had never ceased to love God, and he returned
 to him as a little child returns to its mother.
 </p>
 <p>
-Eugénie did not give herself up to vain despair after Maurice's death.
+EugÃ©nie did not give herself up to vain despair after Maurice's death.
 Thinking perpetually of him whom she had loved so deeply, she busied
 herself with the writings which he had left behind him, and prayed for
 his soul, recommending him also to the prayers of her friends. She
@@ -60821,7 +60785,7 @@ never has forgotten in their bereavement.
 II.
 </p>
 <p>
-Charlotte Brontë, (Currer Bell,) whom M. Camille Selden offers to us
+Charlotte BrontÃ«, (Currer Bell,) whom M. Camille Selden offers to us
 as a type of energy and virtue, was the daughter of a country
 clergyman. Sad was the childhood and sad the youth of the poor English
 girl. Her mother was an invalid, her father a man of gloomy and almost
@@ -60833,7 +60797,7 @@ beneath an impending tempest."
 <p>
 In England the clerical profession is totally unlike the holy mission
 of a Catholic clergyman. The ecclesiastical life there is a career,
-not a vocation. "Mr. Brontë never left home unarmed," a singular
+not a vocation. "Mr. BrontÃ« never left home unarmed," a singular
 method of preaching peace to the world and reconciliation among
 brethren. He was a good father, no doubt--almost all Englishmen are
 so. But he kept his family at a distance, and spoke to them seldom,
@@ -60885,7 +60849,7 @@ interesting facts they may observe.
 In France, on the contrary, true literary culture is closed to women,
 and there is a general outcry whenever any woman takes the liberty of
 publishing a work under her own name. It is thought quite natural that
-a young girl, with a dress outrageously <i>decolletée</i> and her head
+a young girl, with a dress outrageously <i>decolletÃ©e</i> and her head
 covered with flowers, should appear upon a stage and sing a <i>bravura</i>;
 but let her venture to write, and the world accuses her of want of
 reserve.
@@ -60942,12 +60906,12 @@ knows him well and is certain that he does not wish to take her or buy
 her <i>pour faire une fin</i>.
 </p>
 <p>
-Charlotte, like Eugénie and like Rahel, of whom we shall speak in her
+Charlotte, like EugÃ©nie and like Rahel, of whom we shall speak in her
 turn, was rather insignificant in appearance; her features were
 irregular, her forehead prominent, and her eyes small but deep and
 piercing in expression. She was educated with two of her sisters in a
 boarding-school, where the regimen was hard and unhealthy, the uniform
-coarse, and the food insufficient and ill cooked. Mr. Brontë turned a
+coarse, and the food insufficient and ill cooked. Mr. BrontÃ« turned a
 deaf ear to his eldest daughter's complaints for a long time, and did
 not decide to take his children home until one of them had already
 sunk under the injudicious treatment. Charlotte was then placed with
@@ -60984,7 +60948,7 @@ little about them, and cares little to get information concerning
 them, which accounts for certain wants in his book.
 </p>
 <p>
-Poor Charlotte Brontë was never young, partly because of her childish
+Poor Charlotte BrontÃ« was never young, partly because of her childish
 sufferings, but chiefly because of her serious and inquiring nature,
 which applied its powers to investigating and analyzing the sources of
 everything. She did not indulge in the childish ideas of a school
@@ -61027,7 +60991,7 @@ French, but she was almost immediately recalled home. The old aunt who
 had kept house during her absence was dead, her father was becoming
 blind, and her brother was subject to attacks of delirium in which he
 threatened his father's life. It was amid these terrible calamities
-that Miss Brontë wrote "Jane Eyre," the most powerful of her novels.
+that Miss BrontÃ« wrote "Jane Eyre," the most powerful of her novels.
 </p>
 <p>
 The next plan was that she and her sisters should all write together
@@ -61041,21 +61005,21 @@ well enough to feel sure that she was not a woman to waste away in the
 dejection of sterile discouragement; she began to write again, and
 composed "The Professor." Alas! the poor little book travelled about
 from publisher to publisher without finding rest anywhere; and such
-was the naïveté of its author, that in her eagerness to send her
+was the naÃ¯vetÃ© of its author, that in her eagerness to send her
 rejected book to each new bookseller, she forgot to remove the old
 postage stamps from the package--not an encouraging recommendation to
-any editor to accept the <i>leavings</i> of his <i>confrères!</i>
+any editor to accept the <i>leavings</i> of his <i>confrÃ¨res!</i>
 </p>
 <p>
 It was at Manchester, during six weeks that she passed there with her
 father, who was forced to undergo an operation for cataract, that Miss
-Brontë finished "Jane Eyre." Messrs. Smith and Elder of London
+BrontÃ« finished "Jane Eyre." Messrs. Smith and Elder of London
 accepted the manuscript without hesitation, and from that time the
 obscure young girl was a celebrity whom every one longed to know and
 to receive.
 </p>
 <p>
-Charlotte's literary success brought a ray of joy into Mr. Brontë's
+Charlotte's literary success brought a ray of joy into Mr. BrontÃ«'s
 melancholy household, but it was of short duration. Twice within two
 months the inhabitants of Haworth saw the window-blinds of the
 parsonage closed, and heard the bell toll a death-knell. Charlotte's
@@ -61065,7 +61029,7 @@ the grasp of the death-agony the dying man started to his feet, crying
 out that he would die standing, and that his will should give way only
 with his breath. Her elder sister, Emily, left home for the last time
 when she followed his bier to the grave; and another sister, the
-youngest and Charlotte's well-beloved, Anna Brontë, sustained herself
+youngest and Charlotte's well-beloved, Anna BrontÃ«, sustained herself
 awhile by dint of care and tenderness, but her lungs were affected and
 she soon began to languish; she too declined and died.
 </p>
@@ -61078,7 +61042,7 @@ conscientious Englishwoman, a clergyman's daughter attached to her
 duties, and an authoress, ardent and active in defence of her
 convictions, and not without a certain obstinacy. "Her success
 continued, and she was obliged to submit to the exhibition to which
-English enthusiasm and bad taste subject their favorites. Miss Brontë
+English enthusiasm and bad taste subject their favorites. Miss BrontÃ«
 had to go to dinner-parties, and to reunions of unlooked-for luxury
 and splendor; but the distinction that flattered her most was being
 placed by Thackeray in the seat of honor to hear the first lecture of
@@ -61086,7 +61050,7 @@ this celebrated author at Willis's Rooms."
 </p>
 <p>
 But solitude which had been the foundation and habit of her life,
-rendered her unfit for the world. Miss Brontë had suffered too much to
+rendered her unfit for the world. Miss BrontÃ« had suffered too much to
 preserve that serenity of temper and freedom of spirit necessary to
 enable one to talk easily and agreeably, and often would she sit
 silent amid a cross-fire of conversation all around her "I was forced
@@ -61094,7 +61058,7 @@ to explain," she said, "that I was silent because I could talk no
 more."
 </p>
 <p>
-Charlotte Brontë had arrived at the age of thirty-eight years without
+Charlotte BrontÃ« had arrived at the age of thirty-eight years without
 having had her heart touched with any emotion stronger than dutiful
 affection for her family. But--and here prose intrudes itself a
 little--her father had a vicar, and what could an English vicar do but
@@ -61110,8 +61074,8 @@ himself, opposed the marriage, and the enamored vicar left Haworth.
 </p>
 <a name="841">{841}</a>
 <p>
-The privation that Mr. Brontë experienced after his vicar's
-departure--a privation that Miss Brontë's temperament must have made
+The privation that Mr. BrontÃ« experienced after his vicar's
+departure--a privation that Miss BrontÃ«'s temperament must have made
 him feel more sensibly--was such that he recalled the suitor, and the
 marriage took place. It was a dreary ceremony: no relations, no
 friends, so that the bride positively had no one to lead her to the
@@ -61139,7 +61103,7 @@ of whom one could say as much.
 III.
 </p>
 <p>
-From England <i>with its maintien compassé</i>, and cold religious tenets,
+From England <i>with its maintien compassÃ©</i>, and cold religious tenets,
 M. Camille Selden takes us to Germany, the land of sentiment and
 intellectual research, and introduces us to a Jewess in Berlin, that
 we may see what a German <i>salon</i> was at the end of the eighteenth
@@ -61190,10 +61154,10 @@ afford, you see, the final explanation of all that is human. You do
 not wish to belong to humanity; very well, destroy yourself. I feel
 quite differently: only transitory things, only what is human can
 tranquillize and console me." How at variance is this bitterness with
-the ardent hopefulness of the spiritual Eugénie de Guérin! and how
+the ardent hopefulness of the spiritual EugÃ©nie de GuÃ©rin! and how
 excellent a proof, if we needed any new one, that true happiness is
 unattainable without that deep religious feeling which raises us above
-all passing things! Charlotte Brontë had at least that Protestant
+all passing things! Charlotte BrontÃ« had at least that Protestant
 severity which stifles all tender quailing of the heart and soul, like
 a miser trembling lest he should lose a farthing of the merits of his
 sacrifice; but poor Rahel possessed only the intellectual resources of
@@ -61217,7 +61181,7 @@ interview with Rahel.
   happiness, that of contemplating for the first time a complete
   being--complete in intelligence and heart, a perfect union of nature
   and cultivation. Everywhere I saw harmony, equilibrium, views as
-  naïve as they were original, striking in their grandeur as in their
+  naÃ¯ve as they were original, striking in their grandeur as in their
   novelty, and always in accordance with her slightest actions. And
   all was pervaded with a sentiment of the purest humanity, guided by
   an energetic sense of duty, and heightened by a noble
@@ -61344,7 +61308,7 @@ had ceased to hope."
 <p>
 To this bitter trial was added another one, which was very severe,
 though merely connected with material matters, especially for a person
-who was no longer young. Half abandoned, and half <i>exploitée</i> by her
+who was no longer young. Half abandoned, and half <i>exploitÃ©e</i> by her
 family, Rahel had become poor. Valiant and strong, she had long
 succeeded in hiding from her friends the privations which she imposed
 upon herself, in order to maintain her household properly. She had
@@ -61389,7 +61353,7 @@ true: ten days later she married August Varnhagen, who having
 recovered from his hesitation, fulfilled his vows with a good will.
 </p>
 <p>
-"You will never repent marrying me," she wrote to him, with naïveté, a
+"You will never repent marrying me," she wrote to him, with naÃ¯vetÃ©, a
 little while before her marriage; "Love me, or love me not, as God
 wills; whatever happens I shall be yours for ever, you can rely on me:
 I am constant, as you have been constant. Rahel shall never fail you."
@@ -61423,7 +61387,7 @@ words.
 Do these women explain <i>the women of our times</i>? It is at least
 disputable; but we must recognize in them three interesting
 characters. We will not try to compare them; the differences between
-them are self-evident; and certainly though Eugénie de Guérin, the
+them are self-evident; and certainly though EugÃ©nie de GuÃ©rin, the
 Frenchwoman and the Catholic, played in a worldly sense the most
 obscure part, no person of elevated views can contest the fact that
 hers was the most beautiful life of the three.
@@ -61442,7 +61406,7 @@ age, Henri Perreyve was cut off. Had his life been prolonged he would
 doubtless have attained a high position in the diocese of Paris, and
 done a very great work. A memorial of him--for it can hardly be called
 a "Life"--has been recently given to the world by his friend and
-confidant, Pére Gratry of the French Oratory; and thus the record of
+confidant, PÃ©re Gratry of the French Oratory; and thus the record of
 this young priest is now made immortal by the eloquent pen of one of
 the greatest spiritual writers in France. Henri Perreyve was born in
 April, 1831, and died June, 1865. His was, therefore, but a brief
@@ -61458,7 +61422,7 @@ followed the standard of his Divine Master with a courage that could
 not be dismayed, with an ardor which was never cooled. He was a son of
 Christian parents, who early discerned his genius, and gave no
 opposition to the workings of God's grace in him. He was educated at
-the Lycée St. Louis; but he did not distinguish himself there. He was,
+the LycÃ©e St. Louis; but he did not distinguish himself there. He was,
 however, at the head of the catechism-class in St. Sulpice; for the
 child's heart was given to God, and he could not devote himself
 ardently to secular studies until he had learnt to consecrate even
@@ -61486,14 +61450,14 @@ many, proved such to him. In after-years he thus described it:
 As years passed on, he kept his faith with his Lord. Naturally seeking
 his friends from among those like-minded with himself, he became soon
 surrounded by and closely bound to some of the most remarkable and
-<a name="846">{846}</a> devoted men of the day. The Père Gratry was the guide of his
+<a name="846">{846}</a> devoted men of the day. The PÃ¨re Gratry was the guide of his
 youth; and among those who followed his direction were a group of
 young ardent men, burning to devote themselves to the cause of God and
-his Church. Meeting a little later on with the Père Pététot, they
+his Church. Meeting a little later on with the PÃ¨re PÃ©tÃ©tot, they
 became the foundation-stones of the newly-revived French Oratory of
 St. Philip Neri. Henri Perreyve was obliged, however, before long, by
 the feebleness of his health, to withdraw from the congregation; but
-he was ever linked to it by the ties of the closest affection. Père
+he was ever linked to it by the ties of the closest affection. PÃ¨re
 Charles Perraud, one of the Oratorians, was throughout life his bosom
 friend. They learnt together and prayed together, and were called
 together to serve God in the priesthood. Charles Perraud was the first
@@ -61501,7 +61465,7 @@ to attain this dignity; and on the occasion of his saying his first
 mass, Henri thus wrote to him.
 </p>
 <p class="cite">
-  "Hyères, Dec. 16, 1857.
+  "HyÃ¨res, Dec. 16, 1857.
 <br><br>
   "May the Lord be with thee! These are the sacramental words of the
   deacon, the only ones I have the right of addressing to you, my dear
@@ -61618,25 +61582,25 @@ incessant visits."
 <p>
 Frequent illness attacked him, and obliged him to withdraw for a time
 from his labors; but he returned to them with new zest. Of his
-literary works the one most generally admired is the "Journée des
+literary works the one most generally admired is the "JournÃ©e des
 Malades." Here his genius was aided by that personal experience of
 illness which enables a person so readily to enter into the feelings
 of another. But many can know and feel the weariness and temptations
 which beset a sick person, and be very incapable of putting it into
-words, while M. Perreyve's "Journée des Malades" will comfort many a
+words, while M. Perreyve's "JournÃ©e des Malades" will comfort many a
 heart.
 </p>
 <p>
 His "Rosa Ferrucci," an exquisitely written little biography, is
 already to some extent known to our readers. He likewise published
-"Méditations sur le Chemin de la Croix; Entretiens sur l'Eglise
+"MÃ©ditations sur le Chemin de la Croix; Entretiens sur l'Eglise
 Catholique;" and he edited with the greatest care, and wrote an
 introduction for, the celebrated Letters from Father Lacordaire to
 young people. He also wrote a "Station at the Sorbonne," and "Poland,"
 besides various little <i>brochures</i>.
 </p>
 <p>
-The chief work of the Abbé Perreyve was the guidance and influence
+The chief work of the AbbÃ© Perreyve was the guidance and influence
 over young men and boys.
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -61645,7 +61609,7 @@ auditory of this class, and his power over his hearers was large and
 increasing.
 </p>
 <p>
-"He possessed in a rare degree," says Père Gratry, "that sacred art of
+"He possessed in a rare degree," says PÃ¨re Gratry, "that sacred art of
 speaking to men, of speaking to each one, and yet speaking to all.
 Hence the universal success of his discourses."
 </p>
@@ -61658,11 +61622,11 @@ human eloquence can go."
 The Count de Montalembert was one day among the audience. He wrote
 afterward: "I have been touched and delighted in a way I have not been
 for twenty years; since the time when he of whom you are the worthy
-successor enchanted my youth at Nôtre Dame."
+successor enchanted my youth at NÃ´tre Dame."
 </p>
 <p>
-But as the Père Gratry justly observes, his success in colleges such
-as the Lycée St. Louis and St. Barbe is still more remarkable than
+But as the PÃ¨re Gratry justly observes, his success in colleges such
+as the LycÃ©e St. Louis and St. Barbe is still more remarkable than
 that at the Sorbonne. One secret of it might be found in an
 acknowledgment that he made to his friend. He had for these <a name="848">{848}</a>
 young people such a love, such a respect, such an idea of the
@@ -61714,7 +61678,7 @@ in the same fatal disease, busy in making plans for the future. He
 planned how he should resume his sermons at the Sorbonne, even while
 he was too weak to bear the fasting necessary for his Easter
 Communion; and it was with great difficulty, and leaning on the arm of
-his friend the Abbé Bernard, that he communicated on May 1st in the
+his friend the AbbÃ© Bernard, that he communicated on May 1st in the
 little chapel of our Lady of Sion, close to his home. He then went
 into the country, where he rallied for a short time, and then grew
 rapidly worse. The news of his change spread amongst those who loved
@@ -61747,7 +61711,7 @@ without communion, and then one feels God <i>also</i> by privation."
 <p>
 A love of solitude began to grow on him, for he was preparing himself
 to be alone with God. When begged to try a new treatment, he
-consented, saying, "I ask myself, as I often do, what would Père
+consented, saying, "I ask myself, as I often do, what would PÃ¨re
 Lacordaire have done in my place? It seems to me he would have thought
 it an indication of Providence."
 </p>
@@ -61755,7 +61719,7 @@ it an indication of Providence."
 He returned to Paris; and every effort of medical science was made to
 arrest the malady, but all in vain. An alarming fainting fit on the
 14th of June made his friends fear death was nearer to him than they
-had imagined, and the Abbé Bernard thought it right to warn him.
+had imagined, and the AbbÃ© Bernard thought it right to warn him.
 </p>
 <p>
 "You surprise me," he said quietly. "I thought myself very ill, but
@@ -61763,7 +61727,7 @@ not so near death; but it is so much the better; you must give me the
 holy viaticum and extreme unction."
 </p>
 <p>
-The abbé went to fetch the blessed sacrament and holy oils from St.
+The abbÃ© went to fetch the blessed sacrament and holy oils from St.
 Sulpice, the parish church of their childhood, of their first
 communion, where they had prayed and wept together, where they had
 asked many things from God, where they had together been consecrated
@@ -61772,7 +61736,7 @@ come to fetch for the other divine succor for his last hours.
 </p>
 <p>
 The invalid insisted on rising, and was dressed in his cassock to
-receive the holy sacraments. Père Gratry and other friends were
+receive the holy sacraments. PÃ¨re Gratry and other friends were
 present. "I can see him now," says the former, "as full of grace and
 energy as ever, smiling as usual, and saying, 'I am in perfect peace,
 dear father--in perfect peace.' I shall remember that sight all my
@@ -61793,8 +61757,8 @@ bishop's blessing. He then had a long private conversation with him.
 </p>
 <p>
 To this dying chamber came some of the most celebrated names in Paris:
-Père Pététot, the Count do Montalembert, the Prince de Broglie,
-Augustin Cochin, Mgr. Buguet, the Vicar-general, the curé of St.
+PÃ¨re PÃ©tÃ©tot, the Count do Montalembert, the Prince de Broglie,
+Augustin Cochin, Mgr. Buguet, the Vicar-general, the curÃ© of St.
 Sulpice, General Zamoiski, and a hundred others. One of them said, "We
 are a long way off from knowing now what he is. We shall know it one
 day." "Dear friend," said he to Father Adolphe Perreud of the Oratory,
@@ -61819,7 +61783,7 @@ am afraid."
 </p>
 <a name="850">{850}</a>
 <p>
-The Abbé Bernard said, "You most not fear God; abandon yourself to his
+The AbbÃ© Bernard said, "You most not fear God; abandon yourself to his
 mercy, and say, In thee, Lord, have I hoped; let me not be confounded
 for ever."
 </p>
@@ -61828,7 +61792,7 @@ He looked at him and said, "It is not God whom I fear; oh! no. I fear
 that they will prevent my dying." Then he grew calm.
 </p>
 <p>
-The abbé brought him the cross of Père Lacordaire, and said, "My God,
+The abbÃ© brought him the cross of PÃ¨re Lacordaire, and said, "My God,
 I love thee with all my heart in time and in eternity."
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -61840,7 +61804,7 @@ It was his last act and his last words.
 Perreud.
 </p>
 <p>
-"I absolve thee from all thy sins," said the Abbé Bernard; and in a
+"I absolve thee from all thy sins," said the AbbÃ© Bernard; and in a
 few minutes the last struggle was over, and his soul was set free.
 </p>
 <p>
@@ -62075,7 +62039,7 @@ ague districts is free from these bodies.
 that owing to the insoluble nature of the compound formed of lime with
 sugar, the former substance would be a most valuable agent in the
 manufacture of the latter. Peligot's suggestion is now being carried
-out on a large scale in MM. Schrötter and Wellman's sugar-factory at
+out on a large scale in MM. SchrÃ¶tter and Wellman's sugar-factory at
 Berlin. The molasses is mixed with the requisite quantity of hydrate
 of lime and alcohol in a large vat, and intimately stirred for more
 than half an hour. The lime compound of sugar which separates is then
@@ -62161,7 +62125,7 @@ was especially so to those who were placed in responsible executive
 positions at the front, while the authority in the rear remained bound
 to its old ideas, and incapable of understanding the great issues
 involved, and the expenditure of independent intelligence and
-<i>matérial</i> necessary to accomplish any adequate result. The immediate
+<i>matÃ©rial</i> necessary to accomplish any adequate result. The immediate
 consequence was an unnecessary waste of life, of national strength and
 resources, and an amount of misery inflicted and suffering endured
 which can never be computed and had best now be dismissed for ever.
@@ -62269,7 +62233,7 @@ supposes the author might say to these last, if he were disposed. One
 of these remarks is an assertion that the Paulists and their brethren
 of the Catholic clergy do not preach Christ. Does the writer really
 know nothing of the Catholic system of practical religion except what
-he has read in D'Aubigné and the "Schönberg-Cotta" romance? If not, we
+he has read in D'AubignÃ© and the "SchÃ¶nberg-Cotta" romance? If not, we
 recommend him to acquire more correct information from our best
 writers. If he has it already, we cannot understand how he could make
 such a statement. His winding-up apostrophe to the Paulists, "O
@@ -62297,13 +62261,13 @@ authenticity and credibility of the sacred books, the fundamental
 doctrines of philosophy and religion, pressing on the attention of
 every man who thinks and cares about God and his fellow-men. The
 people around us are drifting rapidly into infidelity and sin. There
-is no remedy for this but a reëstablishment of first principles; and
+is no remedy for this but a reÃ«stablishment of first principles; and
 we would like to see our learned friends apply themselves to this
 work. It may justly be expected from such an old and world-renowned
 university as Yale College, that it should produce the most solid
 works, not merely in classic lore and physical science, but in the
 higher branches of metaphysics and theology. Dr. Dwight was a great
-theologian, and is so styled by Döllinger. Drs. Taylor and Fitch were,
+theologian, and is so styled by DÃ¶llinger. Drs. Taylor and Fitch were,
 both, able and acute metaphysicians. Since their day, we are afraid
 that our friends have fallen asleep in these departments. They set out
 to reform Calvinism, to reconcile orthodox Protestantism with reason,
@@ -62429,7 +62393,7 @@ present need a more exact classification.
 </p>
 <br>
 <p>
-COSAS DE ESPAÑA.<br>
+COSAS DE ESPAÃ‘A.<br>
 Illustrative of Spain and the Spaniards as they are. By Mrs. Wm. Pitt
 Byrne, author of "Flemish Interiors," etc. 2 vols. 12mo. Alexander
 Strahan, London and New York. 1866.
@@ -62464,11 +62428,11 @@ p. 26. "The cathedral rather disappointed us, <i>quoad</i> its outward
 aspect, and offers nothing <i>very</i> remarkable within," p. 27. "There
 are, it is true, some districts which present a very curious and
 interesting picture <i>en</i> bird's eye," p. 28. "One day it was a
-<i>fiesta</i>, on which we made sure of admission, because the <i>entrée</i> is
+<i>fiesta</i>, on which we made sure of admission, because the <i>entrÃ©e</i> is
 <i>libre</i> on Sundays, and in all <i>else</i>, a <i>fiesta</i> is synonymous with a
 Sunday; and finally, at the last attempt we made, on the <i>right</i> day,
 hour, etc.," p. 41, vol. ii. "Boleros and Fandangos are national
-dances, but they are among the <i>délassements</i> of the <i>plebs</i>," p. 145,
+dances, but they are among the <i>dÃ©lassements</i> of the <i>plebs</i>," p. 145,
 vol. ii. Scattered here and there through these intolerable pages we
 find numerous examples of wit unequalled in dreariness. Speaking of
 Spanish authoresses the writer facetiously remarks, "One or two have
@@ -62497,13 +62461,13 @@ sufficient to prove the justice of our opinion concerning it.
 </p>
 <br>
 <p>
-LETTERS OF EUGÉNIE DE GUÉRIN.<br>
+LETTERS OF EUGÃ‰NIE DE GUÃ‰RIN.<br>
 Edited by G. S. Trebutien. 12mo, pp. 453. London: Alexander Strahan;
 New York: Lawrence Kehoe. 1866.
 </p>
 <p>
 Our readers have already been presented in our pages with several
-articles and notices of Eugénie de Guérin's character and writings,
+articles and notices of EugÃ©nie de GuÃ©rin's character and writings,
 and they are doubtless sufficiently familiar with both to waive any
 further reflections upon either in this place. The volume of letters
 before us is, like her journal, a delicious literary repast, from
@@ -62676,381 +62640,7 @@ for a school-book. The copy sent us would be in tatters in the hand of
 a school boy before he had studied one tenth of it.
 </p>
 
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-<pre>
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+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41032 ***</div>
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