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diff --git a/40914-h/40914-h.htm b/40914-h/40914-h.htm index afb236b..b1d8f52 100644 --- a/40914-h/40914-h.htm +++ b/40914-h/40914-h.htm @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Behavior of Crowds, by Everett Dean Martin. @@ -135,46 +135,7 @@ span.locked {white-space: nowrap;} </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Behavior of Crowds, by Everett Dean Martin - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Behavior of Crowds - A Psychological Study - -Author: Everett Dean Martin - -Release Date: October 2, 2012 [EBook #40914] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BEHAVIOR OF CROWDS *** - - - - -Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Charlie Howard and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40914 ***</div> <hr class="chap" /> @@ -627,7 +588,7 @@ others.</p> <p>There is certainly nothing new in the discovery that our social behavior is not what it -ought to be. Mediæval thinkers were as +ought to be. Mediæval thinkers were as much aware of the fact as we are, but they dismissed the social problem with the simple declaration of the "sinfulness of human nature." @@ -903,7 +864,7 @@ instinct, impulse, are the dynamic of all mental life. The crowd doubtless inhibits as many emotions as it releases. Fear is conspicuously absent in battle, pity in a -lynching mob. Crowds are notoriously anæsthetic +lynching mob. Crowds are notoriously anæsthetic toward the finer values of art, music, and poetry. It may even be argued that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> feelings of the crowd are dulled, since it is @@ -1429,7 +1390,7 @@ be expected that the unconscious would on certain occasions make use of this same social in order to realize its primitive desires. There are certain mental abnormalities, such -as dementia præcox, in which the individual +as dementia præcox, in which the individual behaves in a wholly antisocial manner, simply withdrawing into himself. <i>In the crowd the primitive ego achieves its wish by actually @@ -2061,7 +2022,7 @@ If men deliberately set about to invent lies to justify their behavior I have little doubt that most of them would be clever enough to conjure up something a little more plausible. -These naïve and threadbare "hypocrisies" of +These naïve and threadbare "hypocrisies" of crowds are a commonplace mechanism of the unconscious. It is interesting to note that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> the delusions of the paranoiac likewise deceive @@ -2083,7 +2044,7 @@ wish, and keep the true meaning of the subjects acts and thoughts from conscious attention. In the story which Freud has here taken as his subject for study, a young -student of archæology has apparently conquered +student of archæology has apparently conquered all adolescent erotic interest and has devoted himself whole-heartedly to his science. While at the ruins of ancient Pompeii, @@ -2092,7 +2053,7 @@ young woman represented in the act of walking with peculiar grace. A cast of this figure he brings home. His interest is curiously aroused. At first this interest appears to be -scientific only, then æsthetic, and historical. +scientific only, then æsthetic, and historical. Finally he builds up about it a complete romance. He becomes restless and very much of a misogynist, and is driven, he knows not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> @@ -2263,7 +2224,7 @@ a deceptive appearance if interest in another person is thought to have caused the dream.</p></blockquote> <p>Freud then proceeds to give analyses of -several dreams in which the naïve egoism of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> +several dreams in which the naïve egoism of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> childhood which lies at the core of the unconscious psyche is apparently absent, and shows that in each and every case it is there. @@ -2677,7 +2638,7 @@ the "compulsive" character of the mechanisms developed frequently—especially in permanent crowds—well nigh reduces the individual to an automaton, the crowd is one of -the most naïve devices that can be employed +the most naïve devices that can be employed for enhancing ones ego consciousness. The individual has only to transfer his repressed self feeling to the idea of the crowd or group of @@ -2759,7 +2720,7 @@ else the revival may be, it provides the student of psychology with a delightful specimen for analysis. Every element of the mob or crowd-mind is present and the unconscious -manifests itself with an easy naïveté which is +manifests itself with an easy naïveté which is probably found nowhere else, not even in the psychiatric clinic. One striking fact, which has since provided me with food for a good deal @@ -4372,7 +4333,7 @@ hatred of crowds is nothing compared to their hatred for the renegade. To the crowd of true believers, the heretic or schismatic is "worse than the infidel." The moral crowd -will "bear with" the worst <i>roué</i> if only he +will "bear with" the worst <i>roué</i> if only he strives to keep up appearances, has a guilty conscience, asks forgiveness, and professes firm belief in the conventions against which he @@ -4593,14 +4554,14 @@ the crowd could really meet its obligations.</p> <p>The classic illustration of the manner in which the crowd is led to discredit the witness to values contrary to its own, is the oration of -Mark Antony in Shakespeares "Julius Cæsar." +Mark Antony in Shakespeares "Julius Cæsar." It is by this means alone that Antony is able to turn the minds of the Roman citizens into the crowd state. It will be remembered that the address of Brutus, just before this, while not at all a bit of crowd-oratory, left a favorable impression. The citizens are convinced -that "This Cæsar was a tyrant."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> +that "This Cæsar was a tyrant."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> When Antony goes up to speak, he thanks them "for Brutus sake." They say, "Twere best he speak no harm of Brutus here." He @@ -4609,19 +4570,19 @@ destroy Brutus influence. This is precisely what he proceeds gradually to do.</p> <p>At first with great courtesy—"The noble -Brutus hath told you Cæsar was ambitious; +Brutus hath told you Cæsar was ambitious; if it were so it was a grievous fault ... for Brutus is an honorable man, so are they all, all honorable men." This sentence is repeated -four times in the first section; Cæsar +four times in the first section; Cæsar was a good faithful friend to Antony, "But ... and Brutus is an honorable man." Again -Cæsar refused the crown, but "Brutus is an -honorable man." Cæsar wept when the poor +Cæsar refused the crown, but "Brutus is an +honorable man." Cæsar wept when the poor cried, "sure, Brutus is an honorable man, I speak not to disprove what he says" but "men have lost their reason" and "my heart is in -the coffin there with Cæsar." The citizens +the coffin there with Cæsar." The citizens are sorry for the weeping Antony; they listen more intently now. Again—"If I were disposed to stir your hearts and minds to mutiny @@ -4632,7 +4593,7 @@ marked irony. Rather than wrong such honorable men, Antony prefers to "wrong the dead, to wrong myself—and you." That sentence sets Brutus squarely in opposition -to the speaker and his audience. Cæsars<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> +to the speaker and his audience. Cæsars<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> will is mentioned—if only the commons knew what was in it, but Antony will not read it, "you are not wood, you are not stones, but @@ -4640,7 +4601,7 @@ men." The speaker now resists their demand to hear the will, he ought not have mentioned it. He fears he has, after all, wronged "the honorable men whose daggers have stabbed -Cæsar." The citizens have caught the note +Cæsar." The citizens have caught the note of irony now; the honorable men are "traitors," "villains," "murderers."</p> @@ -5027,7 +4988,7 @@ that this writer is Plato.</p></blockquote> <p>According to this view reality may be found only by means of "pure knowledge," and, to -give a familiar quotation from the Phædo:</p> +give a familiar quotation from the Phædo:</p> <blockquote> @@ -5919,7 +5880,7 @@ in personal worth or in ability is hotly resented. The resentment is in no wise abated by the fact that in some cases this suggestion may be true. Compensations are at -once created by the unconscious. In mediæval +once created by the unconscious. In mediæval times "all men were brothers and were equal before the altars of the Church and in heaven." Thus distinctions of merit, other than those @@ -6486,9 +6447,9 @@ This was followed by the revolt of the Italian peasants, then again by the insurrection of Spartacus, and this in turn by the civil war between Marius and Sulla, the conspiracy of -Catiline, the brief triumph of Julius Cæsar +Catiline, the brief triumph of Julius Cæsar over the Senate, the revenge of the latter in -the assassination of Cæsar, and the years of +the assassination of Cæsar, and the years of turmoil during the Second Triumvirate.</p> <p>It is doubtful if there was at any time a @@ -6678,7 +6639,7 @@ ditch rather than risk dissolution, even with the promise of averting a revolution. Hence the Romans were willing to believe that the Christians worshiped the head of an ass. The -mediæval Catholics, even at Leos court, +mediæval Catholics, even at Leos court, failed to grasp the meaning of the outbreak in north Germany. Thousands saw in the Reformation only the alleged fact that the @@ -7974,7 +7935,7 @@ same preference of the charlatan for positions of leadership and authority. Machiavellis Prince, or Dostoievskys Grand Inquisitor, would serve just as well as the model for the -guidance of a Cæsar Borgia, a leader of +guidance of a Cæsar Borgia, a leader of Tammany Hall, a chairman of the National Committee of a political party, or a Nicolai Lenin.</p> @@ -7990,11 +7951,11 @@ the tyrant is merely the instrument and official symbol of a dominant crowd. His acts are his crowds acts, and without his crowd to support him he very soon goes the way of the -late Sultan of Turkey. The Cæsars were +late Sultan of Turkey. The Cæsars were hardly more than "walking delegates," representing the ancient Roman Soldiers soviet. They were made and unmade by the army -which, though Cæsars might come and Cæsars +which, though Cæsars might come and Cæsars might go, continued to lord it over the Roman world. While the army was pagan, even the mild Marcus Aurelius followed Neros example @@ -8601,7 +8562,7 @@ fall evenly on all classes, upon club, restaurant and hotel as upon public house. Could anything be more absurd? Lest a gunmaker or a shipbuilder in Glasgow should drink too much, Mr. Asquith must not take a -glass of sherry with his lunch at the Athenæum!...</p> +glass of sherry with his lunch at the Athenæum!...</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span></p> <p>We live in days when crowd dominion over individuals has been advancing at a headlong pace.... If he @@ -9203,7 +9164,7 @@ and Wagner were exiled; Beethoven and Schubert were left to starve; Darwin was condemned to hell fire; Huxley was denied his professorship; Schopenhauer was ostracized by -the élite; Nietzsche ate his heart out in solitude; +the élite; Nietzsche ate his heart out in solitude; Walt Whitman had to be fed by a few English admirers, while his poems were prohibited as obscene in free America; Emerson @@ -9230,7 +9191,7 @@ be the dominant and most sincere interest in democratic society, when one seeks for spiritual values to counterbalance this weight of materialism, one finds in the prevailing -spirit little more than a cult of naïve sentimentality.</p> +spirit little more than a cult of naïve sentimentality.</p> <p>It can hardly be denied that if Shakespeare, Boccaccio, Rabelais, Montaigne, Cassanova, @@ -9922,7 +9883,7 @@ He would become an independent-thinker and therefore an enemy of crowds. Scholars of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span> Renaissance knew this well, and that is why in their revolt against the crowd-mindedness -of their day they made use of the <i>litteræ humanores</i> +of their day they made use of the <i>litteræ humanores</i> to smash to pieces the whole dogmatic system of the Middle Ages.</p> @@ -10455,7 +10416,7 @@ Butler, Samuel, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.<br /> Byron, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.<br /> <br /> <br /> -Cæsar Borgia, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.<br /> +Cæsar Borgia, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.<br /> <br /> Calvin, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -11200,7 +11161,7 @@ Jericho, fall of a Revolutionary symbol, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.<br /> <br /> Judgment Day, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br /> <br /> -Julius Cæsar, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br /> +Julius Cæsar, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br /> <br /> Julius II, Pope, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -11321,7 +11282,7 @@ Mechanisms, of compensation, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br /> <br /> Mechanistic theories, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.<br /> <br /> -Mediæval thinkers, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br /> +Mediæval thinkers, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br /> <br /> Mental habits, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -11734,7 +11695,7 @@ Sexuality, repressed, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.<br /> <br /> Shakespeare, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.<br /> <br /> -Shakespeares "Julius Cæsar," <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br /> +Shakespeares "Julius Cæsar," <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.<br /> <br /> Shelley, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>.<br /> <br /> @@ -11988,387 +11949,6 @@ Young Mens Christian Association, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_25 </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Behavior of Crowds, by Everett Dean Martin - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BEHAVIOR OF CROWDS *** - -***** This file should be named 40914-h.htm or 40914-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/0/9/1/40914/ - -Produced by Jonathan Ingram, Charlie Howard and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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