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diff --git a/40889-h/40889-h.htm b/40889-h/40889-h.htm index c557143..5675d41 100644 --- a/40889-h/40889-h.htm +++ b/40889-h/40889-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of Tyrol and its People, by Clive Holland. @@ -188,47 +188,7 @@ table { </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Tyrol and its People, by Clive Holland - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Tyrol and its People - -Author: Clive Holland - -Illustrator: Adrian Stokes - -Release Date: September 28, 2012 [EBook #40889] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TYROL AND ITS PEOPLE *** - - - - -Produced by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40889 ***</div> <div class="tnbox"> <p class="center"><b>Transcriber's Note:</b></p> @@ -300,7 +260,7 @@ both as regards scenery and general interest, greatly in favour of Tyrol. The tourist and holiday-maker who frequent Pontresina or St. Moritz will find in this comparatively new "playground for Europe" beautiful counterparts -of those places in Innsbruck, Meran, Botzen, Kitzbühel, +of those places in Innsbruck, Meran, Botzen, Kitzbühel, and other delightful towns; whilst the more strenuously inclined who delight in mountain ascents will find the Dolomite region especially attractive, and in many other @@ -333,7 +293,7 @@ Perini ("Castles of Tyrol"), Weber ("The Land of Tyrol"), an excellent and interesting anonymous guide to Salzburg, Scherer, Albert Wolff, V. Zingerle, Steub ("Die Verfassung Tirols"), Miller, and the excellent publications of the Tirol -and Salzburg Landesverbaende für Fremdenverkehr, and +and Salzburg Landesverbaende für Fremdenverkehr, and other organizations.</p> <p>The spelling of names has presented much the same @@ -450,7 +410,7 @@ MINES—SPECKBACHER'S OLD HOME—ST. MICHAEL</p></td> <tr> <td colspan="2"><p class="hanging">THE ENVIRONS OF SALZBURG—HELLBRUNN, ITS UNIQUE FOUNTAINS AND GARDENS—THE CASTLE OF ANIF—THE GAISBERG—THE -KAPUZINGERBERG—THE MOZART-HÄUSCHEN—THE MÖNCHSBERG—SALZBURG +KAPUZINGERBERG—THE MOZART-HÄUSCHEN—THE MÖNCHSBERG—SALZBURG CHURCHES</p></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_176">176</a> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_X" id="Page_X">x</a></span></td> @@ -560,7 +520,7 @@ OF THE MAID</p></td> <td>A SOUTH TYROL FARMSTEAD</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i_286">208</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td>SUMMER-TIME NEAR ST. ULRICH, GRÖDENERTHAL</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i_308">226</a></td> +<td>SUMMER-TIME NEAR ST. ULRICH, GRÖDENERTHAL</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i_308">226</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>ALPENWIESE, ON THE SEISER ALP</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i_340">256</a></td> @@ -777,7 +737,7 @@ still a much debated one, and appears to be as far off final settlement as ever; and this notwithstanding the enormous amount of interest which has been manifested in the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span> -subject by scientists, archæologists, and students during the +subject by scientists, archæologists, and students during the last two centuries. Whether they were Cimbri, Etruscans, or Celts is still doubtful, although many learned authorities—more especially linguists—incline to the view that the @@ -788,11 +748,11 @@ were followed by Illyrians and Etruscans.</p> characteristics of these early inhabitants, whoever they may have been, very little conclusive evidence is yet available. By both Greek and Roman writers they were -referred to as Rhætians, in common with the inhabitants +referred to as Rhætians, in common with the inhabitants of Eastern Switzerland; and Horace himself speaks of -"The Alpine Rhæti, long unmatched in battle." Thus +"The Alpine Rhæti, long unmatched in battle." Thus it is that the most ancient name by which Tyrol is known -is that of Rhætia.</p> +is that of Rhætia.</p> <p class="sidenote">INVASION OF THE CIMBRI</p> @@ -854,7 +814,7 @@ Bojorich, suffered a crushing defeat in one of the bloodiest battles ever fought, in which it is said 320,000 were slain, and were driven out of Italy.</p> -<p>The moral effect of this invasion upon the Rhætians, +<p>The moral effect of this invasion upon the Rhætians, through whose territory the Cimbri had passed, bore fruit a few years later, when they attempted the same tactics, making frequent raids into Roman territory. Some sixty @@ -869,12 +829,12 @@ as Trent was taken possession of by the Roman forces.</p> <p class="sidenote">ROMAN CONQUEST OF TYROL</p> -<p>The Rhætians, however, were a hardy, valorous, and +<p>The Rhætians, however, were a hardy, valorous, and pugnacious tribe, and so frequent were their attacks upon the Roman forces left to hold the conquered country that the Emperor Augustus, about twenty years after the subjection of the Trent district, decided as a measure of self-protection -on the conquest of the whole of Rhætia, as far +on the conquest of the whole of Rhætia, as far as the River Danube.</p> <p>And for this work he deputed his two stepsons, Drusus @@ -911,7 +871,7 @@ resulted in the complete and final conquest of Tyrol. The victory, won in the narrow gorge of the Eisack, was commemorated in the name of the bridge <i>Pons Drusi</i> spanning the river, hard by which now stands the interesting -mediæval town of Bozen.</p> +mediæval town of Bozen.</p> <p>Successful as Drusus' forces were, none the less so were those of Tiberius. There, however, is less record @@ -933,7 +893,7 @@ resistance offered by the inhabitants.</p> <p>Soon Veldidena, from a halting-place of armies, became a town with houses of considerable size, temples, baths, -and surrounding <i>vallæ</i>, or earthen fortifications formed +and surrounding <i>vallæ</i>, or earthen fortifications formed to defend the inhabitants from sudden attack. Although precautions of the nature we have indicated were taken wherever a Roman post or station was placed, there is @@ -943,7 +903,7 @@ sway did not very speedily accommodate themselves to the new condition of things and become good and peaceful citizens of Rome. It appears probable, however, that the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span> -Rhæti did not adapt themselves to the altered conditions as +Rhæti did not adapt themselves to the altered conditions as speedily as did their northern neighbours, the inhabitants of Noricum, with whom certain Roman habits and customs (including the system of municipal government) already @@ -976,7 +936,7 @@ proved that knowledge of the ground by the defenders and mountainous regions count heavily against successful attacks on the part of an invader. It can only therefore be supposed that the various tribes who formed the -inhabitants of Rhætia were either antagonistic to one +inhabitants of Rhætia were either antagonistic to one another or at least were not welded together in a common cause against the invading Roman hosts, and thus the country was conquered and kept in subjection with greater @@ -987,7 +947,7 @@ ease than would otherwise have been the case.</p> <p>As a result of the invasion by Drusus and Tiberius and the Roman legions the tract of country then and -for some considerable time afterwards known as Rhætia, +for some considerable time afterwards known as Rhætia, but now known as Tyrol and the Vorarlberg, ultimately became Romanized, and by the making of the Brenner Post Road, which was constructed by the direction of @@ -1002,7 +962,7 @@ until the present day.</p> <p class="sidenote">ROMAN OCCUPATION</p> -<p>The Roman occupation of Rhætia lasted for five +<p>The Roman occupation of Rhætia lasted for five centuries. Under the rule of Rome the inhabitants learned much of those arts which remained the heritage of conquered races long after the sway of the great @@ -1033,14 +993,14 @@ Upper Inn which runs from the frontier of Switzerland to Innsbruck.</p> <p>It was along the great military road leading from -Verona to Augsburg that the chief Rhæto-Roman stations +Verona to Augsburg that the chief Rhæto-Roman stations were placed. Amongst these were Tridentum (Trent), Pons Drusi (Bozen), Vilpetenum (Sterzing), Matrejum (Matrei), Scarbio (Scharnitz), Veldidena (Wilten).</p> <p>At first, doubtless, these outposts of Roman civilization were little more than isolated fortresses, or even perhaps -merely <i>speculæ</i> or watch towers, and of these many +merely <i>speculæ</i> or watch towers, and of these many examples still remain, from which not only could the road and its approaches be reconnoitred, but also signals both by day and by night could be made. In the first @@ -1095,12 +1055,12 @@ north than the southern slope of the Brenner.</p> Aquileia, one of the most flourishing and important seaport cities on the Adriatic, and Noricum. As did also another, then important but nowadays almost deserted -route, that of the Plöcken Pass, of which it is believed -Cæsar made frequent use. Along this several important +route, that of the Plöcken Pass, of which it is believed +Cæsar made frequent use. Along this several important stations were founded, amongst them Tricesimum, Julium Carnicum (Zuglio), Aguntum (Innichen), Lonicum (Lienz) and Sebatum (Schabs). Time, however, was destined to -divert the trade from the Plöcken Pass route to that of the +divert the trade from the Plöcken Pass route to that of the Brenner, and the settlements along the former gradually declined in importance.</p> @@ -1112,7 +1072,7 @@ importance as a military highway. Then the frequent incursions southward of various Germanic tribes caused <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span> the Romans to fully comprehend the strategical value of -northern Rhætia.</p> +northern Rhætia.</p> <p>Two decades at least were occupied in the reconstruction of the surface and bridges along the road which had @@ -1152,7 +1112,7 @@ charges would the Roman wayfarer of long ago.</p> <p>On the heels of Roman civilization, represented by commerce and travel, which was destined not only to -permeate conquered Rhætia, but to penetrate the regions +permeate conquered Rhætia, but to penetrate the regions beyond, in course of time there sprang into existence a fortress here and a castle there which not only served to hold the land, but also to encourage and initiate civilization @@ -1169,17 +1129,17 @@ which nowadays serve to render these rocky crags of undying interest, the stars must have looked down ere the dawn of the Christian Era.</p> -<p>Of the occupation of Rhætia by the Romans, unfortunately +<p>Of the occupation of Rhætia by the Romans, unfortunately comparatively few authentic details have come down to us. But long ere the power of Rome had waned, never to reassume its pristine greatness, the problem of resistance to the invasion from the Teutonic tribes to the north and north-east had become a very real one. Towards the end of the third century <span class="s08">A.D.</span> the Alemanni crossed the -Danube and threatened Rhætia, and through it Italy. +Danube and threatened Rhætia, and through it Italy. They were, it is true, defeated by the Emperor Maximianus, but the check inflicted was but temporary. About <span class="s08">A.D.</span> -260 Rhætia was invaded several times by the same +260 Rhætia was invaded several times by the same barbarian tribe, and on one occasion, at least, Tyrol was ravaged from end to end, and the invaders afterwards entered Italy, which they penetrated as far south as @@ -1187,7 +1147,7 @@ Ravenna, having first plundered and destroyed Verona. In the reign of Claudius (about 269) there was yet another invasion, and although the forces of Rome ultimately proved victorious in the struggle with the Teutonic hordes -in a battle fought at Naïssus on the borderland of Tyrol +in a battle fought at Naïssus on the borderland of Tyrol and Italy, when 320,000 are said to have been slain, there was no lasting peace.</p> @@ -1195,12 +1155,12 @@ was no lasting peace.</p> succeeding Emperor in the days when reigns were scarcely to be reckoned as frequently by years as by months, and it was not until the reign of Aurelianus that the Goths -were driven out of Rhætia and Vindelicia.</p> +were driven out of Rhætia and Vindelicia.</p> <p>Under succeeding Roman rulers there were other raids <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span> -by the Goths, and then at last along the roads of Rhætia -and over the passes of the Brenner and the Plöcken poured +by the Goths, and then at last along the roads of Rhætia +and over the passes of the Brenner and the Plöcken poured the invading hosts which were destined to bring about the eclipse of the powerful Empire which had for so many centuries controlled the destinies of the greater part of the @@ -1212,27 +1172,27 @@ legions, drawn off to save Rome, if possible, from the invading hosts of the Goths and Huns, so was it in Tyrol. Of the years of devastation by fire and sword which succeeded the withdrawal of the Roman forces from -Rhætia there have come down to us but very scanty +Rhætia there have come down to us but very scanty details. During this period much of Roman art and civilization was undoubtedly blotted out by the barbarian hordes; and, indeed, so far as can be ascertained, little of -either was ultimately left in Rhætia.</p> +either was ultimately left in Rhætia.</p> <p>Theodoric, the Ostrogothic leader, who had conquered -Italy in about 489, planned Rhætia and the Brenner as +Italy in about 489, planned Rhætia and the Brenner as a barrier against the attacks of northern invaders, a tribe of whom (the Baiovarii) ultimately possessed themselves -of Vindelicia and Rhætia as far as the southern slope of +of Vindelicia and Rhætia as far as the southern slope of the Brenner Pass. About this same period—the middle half of the sixth century—a very considerable portion of -north-eastern Italy and that part of Rhætia in the vicinity +north-eastern Italy and that part of Rhætia in the vicinity of Tridentum (Trent) was seized by the Longobards or Lombards. Their Italian Empire lasted for two centuries, and eventually included the larger portion of what is nowadays known as the Italian Tyrol.</p> <p>Meantime, the Baiovarii or Bavarians had conquered -the upper part of Rhætia, and in the beginning of the +the upper part of Rhætia, and in the beginning of the seventh century their Duke, Garibaldi II., succeeded in checking the frequent inroads of the Slavs, although he did not succeed in entirely excluding them from the @@ -1246,9 +1206,9 @@ in also subduing the Baiovarii.</p> <p>During the centuries of internecine warfare, with its concomitants of rapine and chaos, which succeeded the -evacuation of Rhætia by the Roman forces, most of the +evacuation of Rhætia by the Roman forces, most of the original inhabitants or peaceably disposed Romanized -Rhætians fled with other fugitives from the southern or +Rhætians fled with other fugitives from the southern or northern plains to the valleys and byways amid the mountains which hitherto probably had been almost if not entirely unpopulated. Here they settled, leaving the @@ -1261,7 +1221,7 @@ valleys and fastnesses.</p> <p>The result of this is seen in the circumstance that whilst in many cases the out-of-the-way places and villages -to this day preserve their original Romanized Rhætian +to this day preserve their original Romanized Rhætian names, those upon the main routes of travel have in many instances a purely Teutonic nomenclature.</p> @@ -1384,7 +1344,7 @@ to the See is enshrined in Tyrol history and legend.</p> originally by no means the most important, was destined to outlast the other two, and eventually to become possessed of most of the country and give its name to -ancient Rhætia. Although even in the days of the +ancient Rhætia. Although even in the days of the Roman occupation there appears to have been a Castle Tyrol, which was the residence of a centurion, the family, as it is generally known, is supposed to have taken its @@ -1408,7 +1368,7 @@ other nobles in Tyrol were taken from them or became <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span> absorbed by marriage in that of the Counts of Tyrol. Until about 1240 the then reigning Count Albert was -able to style himself Prince Count (or gefürsteter Graf) +able to style himself Prince Count (or gefürsteter Graf) of Tyrol so widespread and rich were his possessions.</p> <p>The Principality thus formed remained a fief of the @@ -1421,7 +1381,7 @@ in 1248, in obtaining from the Counts of Andechs the district of the Inn Valley, once the site of Roman Veldidena, which place tradition asserts was destroyed about <span class="s08">A.D.</span> 452 by the Huns under the leadership of Attila on -their return through Tyrol after their defeat by Aëtius at +their return through Tyrol after their defeat by Aëtius at the battle of Chalons.</p> <p>During the early Middle Ages the Premonstratensian @@ -1717,7 +1677,7 @@ Albert.</p> Margaret made frequent incursions into the country, especially in the neighbourhood of the Unter-Innthal, and in 1369 succeeded in obtaining a large sum from the -Habsburgs at a temporary peace made at Schärding. +Habsburgs at a temporary peace made at Schärding. Ten years later the dual sovereignty came to an end, the two brothers dividing the inheritance, Leopold taking Tyrol as his share. He was killed at the Battle of @@ -1822,7 +1782,7 @@ Sigismund, then a mere lad of eleven or twelve years of age. The latter lived for some seven years at the Court of Vienna under the control of his guardian the Emperor Frederick III. Whilst in Vienna he became acquainted -with one Æneas Silvius de Piccolomini, afterwards Pope +with one Æneas Silvius de Piccolomini, afterwards Pope Pius II., a widely travelled, able but licentious man who had journeyed so far afield as Scotland, and who poured such glowing descriptions of the beauty of the ladies of @@ -1835,7 +1795,7 @@ the young Duke Sigismund wooed and won Eleanor, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span> daughter of ill-fated James I. of Scotland, to whom as dowry the Duke gave the historic castles of Ambras, -Imst, and Hörtenburg for life. This gifted princess lived +Imst, and Hörtenburg for life. This gifted princess lived in Tyrol for a period of more than thirty years, and by her gentle manners, love of sport, especially hawking and hunting, and social accomplishments made herself @@ -1943,7 +1903,7 @@ princes."</p> <p>During the reign of Maximilian to Tyrol was added other and considerable new territory, including the Ampezzo district; Rovereto; the three lordships of -Rattenberg, Kitzbühel, and Kufstein; the towns of Riva +Rattenberg, Kitzbühel, and Kufstein; the towns of Riva and Arco; a portion of the present Vorarlberg; and a portion of the Pusterthal. Maximilian also did something for education in his capital of Innsbruck, where he built @@ -2516,7 +2476,7 @@ as considerable territory to Saxony and Bavaria. But it was not until the French, Bavarian, and Saxon troops, straight from their victory at Wagram, to the number of some 50,000 men, entered Tyrol under the command of -Marshal Lefèbre, and the Austrian army marched away +Marshal Lefèbre, and the Austrian army marched away out of Innsbruck in full retreat before the advancing enemy, that Hofer realized that he and his cause once more were abandoned by the Emperor and his advisers.</p> @@ -2538,7 +2498,7 @@ Gathering his forces together in a gorge of the Mittewald he awaited the enemy's advance. We cannot do better than draw in part, for a description of what followed, from the stirring and vivid narrative of Albert Wolff. The -vanguard of Marshal Lefèbre under the command of +vanguard of Marshal Lefèbre under the command of General Rouyer advanced to Sterzing; and then a column of Saxon troops to the number of about 4000 was thrown out beyond the village towards the gorge of Stilfes with @@ -2581,7 +2541,7 @@ cut down as they fled along the road back to Innsbruck.</p> <p>In little more than a week Hofer, by a vigorous following up of his victory in the Pass of Stilfes, had once more repulsed the invader, retaken the position on Berg Isel, -and established his headquarters at Schönberg. These +and established his headquarters at Schönberg. These historic eight days of fighting and victory are known in Tyrolese history as "the great week."</p> @@ -2611,9 +2571,9 @@ With his long beard, which had gained him the nickname of General Barbonne amongst the French, flowing in the wind, and his war cry of "Onward for your country and your Emperor! God will protect the right!" he led his -forces so irresistibly that the troops of Marshal Lefèbre +forces so irresistibly that the troops of Marshal Lefèbre gave way and evacuated the town. On the following day, -August 15th, which was the fête of the Blessed Virgin, +August 15th, which was the fête of the Blessed Virgin, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span> Hofer, at the head of his victorious peasants, made his third entry as victor into the capital.</p> @@ -2679,7 +2639,7 @@ handful of men, and after remaining in hiding for some time and escaping capture by a miracle he succeeded in getting to Vienna. The Capuchin Haspinger afterwards joined him there, and was ultimately made curate of -Hietzing, near Schönbrunn. It then became clear to +Hietzing, near Schönbrunn. It then became clear to Hofer that to continue the struggle for freedom just then was useless and, indeed, impossible; so he dispersed his own handful of faithful friends and supporters, telling @@ -2917,10 +2877,10 @@ or other of these dialects which so survive, scholars and philologists of former times have thought the key to the ancient language of Etruria might be discovered; and in more modern days there has been the same hope expressed, -but as yet it is unfulfilled. Müller,<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> for one, thought that +but as yet it is unfulfilled. Müller,<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> for one, thought that in some secluded valley of the Tyrol or Grisons the key to -the riddle in the form of "a remnant of the old Rhætian -dialect might be discovered." Müller's hope has since then +the riddle in the form of "a remnant of the old Rhætian +dialect might be discovered." Müller's hope has since then in a measure been realized through the efforts and researches of Steub, who, whilst travelling in Tyrol in Alpine districts in 1842, found some fragmentary remains of a dialect @@ -2935,7 +2895,7 @@ collected these, and we are told set to work "testing them with Celtic, but discovering no analogy he tried other tests, and with the Etruscan met with some considerable success," which was chiefly valuable, however, as confirming -the theory and ancient traditions of a Rhæto-Etruria. +the theory and ancient traditions of a Rhæto-Etruria. Many of his conclusions, however, have never been accepted by philologists either of his own day or of later times; and some of the word examples he gives as @@ -2948,7 +2908,7 @@ ordinary student.</p> languages spoken throughout Tyrol, a knowledge of which will be sufficient for all ordinary purposes of travel. The former prevailing in the Vorarlberg and North Tyrol; the -latter in South Tyrol and Wälsch Tyrol, though German +latter in South Tyrol and Wälsch Tyrol, though German is found in both of these districts, and in South Tyrol very considerably.</p> @@ -2956,10 +2916,10 @@ considerably.</p> words and expressions which are undoubtedly of Italian origin, and are remaining evidences of the periods when the Venetian Republic ruled over a district now a part of -Tyrol. The Italian word <i>gútto</i>, a can or feeding-bottle, +Tyrol. The Italian word <i>gútto</i>, a can or feeding-bottle, for example, has its counterpart in <i>guttera</i>; whilst from -<i>fazzolétto</i>, a handkerchief, one has <i>fazanedle</i>; and from -<i>gaudio</i>, joy, we have <i>gaude</i>; and from <i>cappéllo</i>, a hat, has +<i>fazzolétto</i>, a handkerchief, one has <i>fazanedle</i>; and from +<i>gaudio</i>, joy, we have <i>gaude</i>; and from <i>cappéllo</i>, a hat, has probably come <i>schapel</i>.</p> <div class="figcenter"><a name="i_090" id="i_090"></a> @@ -2971,7 +2931,7 @@ probably come <i>schapel</i>.</p> or of marked similarity to French words are found in parts of the Vorarlberg. <i>Gespousa</i>, a bride, has a distinct <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span> -philological affinity to <i>épouse</i>; and <i>au</i>, water, pronounced +philological affinity to <i>épouse</i>; and <i>au</i>, water, pronounced very similarly, can be traced to <i>eau</i>, and is found common to both North Tyrol and the Vorarlberg. <i>Shesa</i>, a trap or gig, bears a marked resemblance to the French @@ -3069,14 +3029,14 @@ of the priest's hand branded into it, beneath which is written an account of the miracle, with the date February, 1660.</p> -<p>In Wälsch Tyrol, especially, there are many folk-lore +<p>In Wälsch Tyrol, especially, there are many folk-lore tales having a distinctly Biblical origin or suggestion. Possibly they are oral versions of Bible incidents handed down from generation to generation in the early years of Christianity and during the Middle Ages, until they have gradually in process of time and varied repetition lost their strictly Biblical character. One of the most usually -met with (it is told by most Wälsch Tyrol mothers to their +met with (it is told by most Wälsch Tyrol mothers to their children, and is a favourite on account of its dramatic end, and because virtue triumphs) bears a very strong resemblance to the story of Joseph and his Brethren. The @@ -3166,7 +3126,7 @@ of the reigning Count of Tyrol and the Prince Bishop of Trent exempt from the toll which would otherwise have been levied.</p> -<p>In Wälsch Tyrol there is a curious Christmas custom +<p>In Wälsch Tyrol there is a curious Christmas custom still to be met with which consists of the arrangement, by the father of the family, of a number of heaps of flour upon a table or shelf. In these are hidden various little @@ -3206,11 +3166,11 @@ valleys.</p> <p>As showing the almost universal prevalence of certain ideas underlying customs, though often varying in details, -one may quote the observance of All Souls in Wälsch +one may quote the observance of All Souls in Wälsch Tyrol, which bears a marked resemblance to the beautiful and even more pathetic ceremonials connected with the Feast of Bon Matsuri in far-off Japan. In parts of -Wälsch Tyrol, although the graves of the departed are +Wälsch Tyrol, although the graves of the departed are not decorated nowadays, as is so much the practice in Germany, the parish priests gather their parishioners together in the churchyards and recite the Rosary whilst @@ -3253,7 +3213,7 @@ for the merry-making.</p> "banns" published the betrothed maiden is known as the "Pulpit Bride" or <i>Kansel-Braut</i>. These village wedding festivities are often rendered picturesque and -even mediæval in effect, as the peasants frequently wear +even mediæval in effect, as the peasants frequently wear the costumes of former times, and the barn is lighted by pine torches or equally primitive methods. The dancing is kept up till early morning, in fact often until @@ -3298,7 +3258,7 @@ that reason highly valued.</p> <p class="sidenote">COSTUMES</p> <p>Very frequently a Tyrolese bride wears no special -bridal dress, but her holiday or <i>fête</i> dress, which has +bridal dress, but her holiday or <i>fête</i> dress, which has perhaps been retrimmed or additionally embellished for the occasion. This was the case at a wedding at which <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span> @@ -3446,7 +3406,7 @@ drinking on these occasions, and cases of actual drunkenness are very few and far between.</p> <p>Several of the valleys—the Zillerthal, Iselthal, and -Grödenerthal in particular—have their own peculiar +Grödenerthal in particular—have their own peculiar wedding customs. And in several, as in parts of Germany, the old custom of stealing one of the garters of the bride whilst she is seated at the wedding feast @@ -3725,7 +3685,7 @@ Martinswand with their romantic traditions and memories, the Seegrubenspitzen, and Rumerjoch and Brandjoch. In fine weather they appear but a stone's throw from the bottom of the Maria-Theresien-Strasse, or from the -Ferdinands Allée which runs along the south bank of +Ferdinands Allée which runs along the south bank of the Inn, with its maples and poplars graceful and shady.</p> <p>Situated amid so much beauty of scenery, favoured @@ -3828,7 +3788,7 @@ at first—had taken place at this crossing or ford of the Inn, brought into existence by the growing and profitable commerce between Germany and Italy by way of the Brenner. Both the travelling merchants and the Tyrolese -themselves soon found the place a convenient depôt for +themselves soon found the place a convenient depôt for the heavier goods and articles of merchandise, such as skins, wines, cloths, and metal ware; and as the years went by it gradually grew to be more than a convenient @@ -3844,7 +3804,7 @@ watch-towers, and also built himself a palace.</p> <p>The rise of Innsbruck was from the middle of the thirteenth century a steady one. At that period it was -made the sole depôt for the storage of goods between +made the sole depôt for the storage of goods between the Zillerthal and the Melach; and as the years went by other privileges were granted to the steadily growing town, which not only served to maintain but also to @@ -3980,9 +3940,9 @@ the house which was then the Furstenburg or princely dwelling, now very ordinary looking and far less imposing and ornate in character than say the Heblinghaus hard by, he in 1425 erected over the two-storied balcony the -"Goldne Dachl," on which piece of mediæval display of +"Goldne Dachl," on which piece of mediæval display of wealth he is stated to have expended 30,000 ducats or -about £14,000. In it there are 3450 gilt upon copper +about £14,000. In it there are 3450 gilt upon copper tiles, which have several times since Frederick's day been regilded. The last occasion on which this was done is upwards of twenty years ago.</p> @@ -4039,7 +3999,7 @@ and mountaineering.</p> <p class="sidenote">ANCIENT INNS</p> -<p>Amongst the many interesting mediæval buildings +<p>Amongst the many interesting mediæval buildings which have happily survived in Innsbruck there are several in the immediate neighbourhood of the famous "Goldne Dachl." One of the oldest, if not the oldest, @@ -4094,7 +4054,7 @@ the Inn.</p> <p>One of the most delightful vistas of the old town is to be obtained from the corner where stand the three well-known Inns, the Goldener Hirsch, Rother Adler, and -Goldener Löwe; whilst from the balcony of the old +Goldener Löwe; whilst from the balcony of the old Stadtthurm or belfry a fine view over the town and of the environing mountain summits rewards the adventurous climber.</p> @@ -4192,14 +4152,14 @@ causes of the town becoming the capital of Tyrol.</p> <p>Close by is the church of the Sevites, with its famous dome decorated by the paintings of the well-known -Tyrolean artist, Joseph Schöpf, depicting the death of +Tyrolean artist, Joseph Schöpf, depicting the death of St. Joseph and his entry into paradise.</p> <p>The University, which stands in the street of that name, has undergone some considerable vicissitudes. Founded by the Emperor Leopold I. in 1677, it was, by the Emperor Joseph II., reduced to the standing of -a Lycée, but was once more accorded the dignity of a +a Lycée, but was once more accorded the dignity of a University in 1826. In the valuable library of upwards of 75,000 volumes there are many illuminated MSS. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span> @@ -4214,7 +4174,7 @@ which it would take many months and perhaps even years to study and discover on one's own initiative in their native habitats. The University is, however, about to be transferred to a more convenient home on the -Fürstenweg near the Inn, and the old building will, alas! +Fürstenweg near the Inn, and the old building will, alas! probably be pulled down and the site used for modern houses.</p> @@ -4293,7 +4253,7 @@ the then Burgomaster took a vow to see that the building was erected. From the time of which vow, tradition tells us, "the pestilence at once began to abate."</p> -<p>An altar-piece, the artist of which was Stötzl, was +<p>An altar-piece, the artist of which was Stötzl, was given by Maximilian himself. It represented the three patron saints against sickness: St. Sebastian, who stayed a plague in Rome by his intercession; St. Martha, who @@ -4336,12 +4296,12 @@ of art, science, and industry, the collections have gradually been enlarged and expanded so as to contain examples of art by members of well known foreign schools. The present museum is a comparatively modern building, -with a façade in the Italian Renaissance style. The +with a façade in the Italian Renaissance style. The ground floor was commenced in 1842, and the upper story added in 1886.</p> <p>On the ground floor are some most interesting -archæological remains, including several ancient Roman +archæological remains, including several ancient Roman milestones from the Brenner road and elsewhere; burial urns from Matrei; bronze statuettes of Roman days from Brixen and Innicherberg; many ornaments of the @@ -4350,13 +4310,13 @@ other places. From Salurn, in the valley of the Eisack, there are some Roman tombs, with the ornaments of the dead, and household and toilet utensils and articles of great value and interest. One of the most important -objects in the archæological section of the Museum is +objects in the archæological section of the Museum is the sarcophagus, arms and ornaments of a Lombardian prince disinterred at Civezzano, near Trent. The coffin was richly ornamented by gold bands, and in it was found a gold cross.</p> -<p>Zoology, Geognosy, Palæology, and Mineralogy are +<p>Zoology, Geognosy, Palæology, and Mineralogy are represented with remarkable fulness, and in the last-named section of the Museum is to be found almost every Tyrolese mineral discovered up to the present time. @@ -4411,7 +4371,7 @@ the student as well as the ordinary visitor an astonishingly complete survey of Tyrolese painting from the earliest times, including the work of the schools of Brixen-Neustift, and the Pusterthal, with representative work by -such masters as Andrä Haller and Michael Pacher; and +such masters as Andrä Haller and Michael Pacher; and also examples of the old Flemish and German masters, including Lucas Cranach, St. Jerome, Altdorfer, Pateiner, etc., Innsbruck painters being represented by Sebastian @@ -4422,10 +4382,10 @@ and its development as an Art are the works of the Tyrolese masters covering the period from the seventeenth <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span> century to the present day, which are well represented by -pictures of the Unterberger family, Joseph Schöph, John +pictures of the Unterberger family, Joseph Schöph, John Baptist Lampi, Angelica Kaufmann, Gebhard Flatz (Fra Angelico), Joseph A. Koch, Mathias Schmidt, E. von -Wörndle, Karl Blaas and others. Amongst the more +Wörndle, Karl Blaas and others. Amongst the more notable pictures of the modern school are the "Chancellor Wilhelm Biener at the Innsbruck Landtag," of Karl Anrathers, and the historical masterpieces of Franz @@ -4486,7 +4446,7 @@ from the Ferdinandeum along Museum-strasse and the Burggraben, which may be said to form the boundary line dividing the old town from the new. The archway, through which one reaches both the Palace and the -Church, formed, in mediæval times, one of the city gates; +Church, formed, in mediæval times, one of the city gates; and in those far-off times was crowned by a watch-tower upon which the many escutcheons of the Habsburgs were emblazoned. It was taken down in the time of Maria @@ -4528,7 +4488,7 @@ ultimately brought into being in accordance with his will. The architect of the church, which is in the Italian Renaissance style, was Thuring of Innsbruck,<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> and the ground plan follows the lines of a columnar basilica. -Lübke, however, states that it was the tomb and not the +Lübke, however, states that it was the tomb and not the building which Maximilian himself planned in collaboration with Gilg Sesselschreiber, a Munich artist, who occupied the position of painter to the Court.</p> @@ -4580,7 +4540,7 @@ erected during the sixteenth century, and that it was necessarily the work of several designers as well as many different hands. The tomb is a wonderful, perhaps even unequalled, example of the German art of a period which -marked the blending of the mediæval and the modern. +marked the blending of the mediæval and the modern. To the Imperial designer of the tomb the chivalric figures he chose to surround it were no mere abstractions but living, breathing entities; just as the old feudal Empires @@ -4598,11 +4558,11 @@ capital of Tyrol, are by several hands. The two of surpassing beauty of design and execution are those of King Arthur of England, and King Theodoric. They are nowadays pretty generally supposed to have been -the work of Peter Vischer of Nüremberg.</p> +the work of Peter Vischer of Nüremberg.</p> <p>These two statues have a particularly interesting history which has been brought to light of recent years. -Though cast at Nüremberg in 1513, and costing no less +Though cast at Nüremberg in 1513, and costing no less than one thousand florins, it was not until nearly twenty years had elapsed that they reached Innsbruck. In the meantime, owing to Maximilian's need of ready money, @@ -4721,15 +4681,15 @@ western side of the Sill Gorge above Innsbruck.</p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span></p> <p>The casting of the statues was largely done by the -famous Gregor Löffler, who established a bronze foundry -near Innsbruck, and also built the Castle of Büchsenhausen, +famous Gregor Löffler, who established a bronze foundry +near Innsbruck, and also built the Castle of Büchsenhausen, although some of the statues were undoubtedly cast by Stephen and Melchior Godl and Hans Lendenstreich -who worked at the Mühlau foundry on the outskirts of +who worked at the Mühlau foundry on the outskirts of Innsbruck. Although the designing and casting of the statues is now generally accepted as being the work of the men we have named, it is more than possible that the idea -of the whole complete piece of mediæval and historical +of the whole complete piece of mediæval and historical symbolism was that of some comparatively unknown brother of the Franciscan order. Originally the scheme was designed to include, in addition to the figures we have @@ -4913,7 +4873,7 @@ Ludovico Sforza kneels before the throne; on the waving standard, the symbol or investiture, the ducal arms are <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">101</a></span> plainly discernible. (12) The marriage at Brussels, in -1496, of Philip der Schöne, Maximilian's eldest son, with +1496, of Philip der Schöne, Maximilian's eldest son, with Johanna, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, by the Archbishop of Cambrai.</p> @@ -5010,7 +4970,7 @@ Doda, wife of St. Arnulf, Duke of the Moselle. (4) St. Hermelinda, daughter of Witger, Count of Brabant. (5) St. Guy, Duke of Lotharingia. (6) St. Simpert, Bishop of Augsburg, son of Charlemagne's sister Symporiana, -who rebuilt the monastery of St. Magnus at Füssen. +who rebuilt the monastery of St. Magnus at Füssen. (7) St. Jodok, son of a king of Great Britain, wearing a Palmer's dress. (8) St. Landerich, Bishop of Metz, son of St. Vincent, Count of Hainault, and St. Waltruda. @@ -5220,7 +5180,7 @@ giants is kept alive by the huge wooden statues representing them, which are placed at the entrance of the church. The interior of the building is in the form of a basilica, and contains not only frescoes by Caspar Waldmann, -but also some good pictures by Grasmayr, Busjäger, +but also some good pictures by Grasmayr, Busjäger, Andersag, Egid Schor, and other artists.</p> <p>The Abbey of Wilten in those days was one of the @@ -5265,7 +5225,7 @@ built as a secular church in conformity with the decree of the Emperor Joseph II., by Franz Penz of Telfs, in the Rococo style of architecture. On the high altar of the church is a very ancient and quaint Madonna known as -"Mutter Gottes unter den vier Saülen" carved in sandstone, +"Mutter Gottes unter den vier Saülen" carved in sandstone, the legend relating to which is as follows: The "Thundering Legion" of Marcus Aurelius, when stationed at Veldidena about the year 137, brought this image with @@ -5281,7 +5241,7 @@ which was supported by four pillars, where it has always been an object of much veneration. Amongst its many famous devotees was Frederick of the Empty Purse, who, during his wanderings through Tyrol with his trusty Hans -Von Müllinen, when under the ban of the church, came +Von Müllinen, when under the ban of the church, came and knelt before the shrine and prayed for a blessing. Afterwards, when he had regained his possessions, he attributed his success to the intervention of the Madonna @@ -5444,7 +5404,7 @@ until the Terriolis became Counts of Tyrol they were the most powerful of the three great temporal territorial lords, and previous to their extinction in the male line in the middle half of the thirteenth century had acquired vast -possessions. They were a typical mediæval and feudal +possessions. They were a typical mediæval and feudal family, distinguished alike in the council and upon the stricken field. In turn it provided officers of the Roman Empire, pilgrims to sacred shrines, and to Rome itself, @@ -5484,7 +5444,7 @@ bound up with Tyrolese history. Not unnaturally the idyllic and romantic circumstances surrounding the marriage have been much overlaid by tradition and the possible desire of historians to make this Royal -mésalliance yet more astonishing. Therefore it is impossible +mésalliance yet more astonishing. Therefore it is impossible to vouch for the entire accuracy of the story that has come down to us, which we give as it may be gathered from contemporary and more modern writers.</p> @@ -5727,7 +5687,7 @@ Court Library at Vienna.</p> of the Archduke. Not only did he give her the magnificent Schloss Ambras, Stubai Valley, and all it contained, several villages, and vast sums of money, but -also the estates of Königsberg, Salurn, and Hörtenberg.</p> +also the estates of Königsberg, Salurn, and Hörtenberg.</p> <p class="sidenote">COURT AT CASTLE AMBRAS</p> @@ -5735,7 +5695,7 @@ also the estates of Königsberg, Salurn, and Hörtenberg.</p> a gay one, and numerous brilliant entertainments were <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">121</a></span> given during the married life of Ferdinand and Philippine. -Amongst the many <i>fêtes</i> which took place at various +Amongst the many <i>fêtes</i> which took place at various times one finds a record of one in the diary of James von Payersberg bearing the date of July 13, 1570, in which there is a record of Philippine having won the @@ -5743,7 +5703,7 @@ first prize, which was a silver gilt cup of great value, for shooting with a crossbow; whilst her aunt, Madame De Loxan, who on Philippine's marriage had been appointed as her Mistress of the Robes, won the second. -An interesting circumstance in connection with this <i>fête</i> +An interesting circumstance in connection with this <i>fête</i> is that the gentlemen and ladies competed together in the shooting match, with the result that the former were defeated in the manner we have stated.</p> @@ -5851,7 +5811,7 @@ and Philippine Welser, etc.</p> <p>On the ground floor of the Hoch Schloss or "upper castle" is an interesting and well-restored fifteenth-century -Gothic chapel, with some frescoes by Wörndle; +Gothic chapel, with some frescoes by Wörndle; and a bathroom, said to be that of Philippine, is on the same floor. It was around this little room that tradition wove the tragic story (since disproved and altogether @@ -5993,7 +5953,7 @@ of a house in the main street.</p> <p>One of the most beautiful walks hereabouts is that by <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">127</a></span> -the path which leads down through the woods to Gärberbach +the path which leads down through the woods to Gärberbach inn on the great Brenner High Road, from which point Berg Isel can be reached on foot in less than half an hour.</p> @@ -6239,7 +6199,7 @@ is well worth a visit. Lying on the north or opposite side of the Inn to Igls, and to the east of Innsbruck, it can be reached either by the prosaic post-road which traverses the Valley, or from Igls by the beautiful -Ellbögen road—a branch of the Brenner road dating +Ellbögen road—a branch of the Brenner road dating from Roman times—passing over the Mittelgebirge and through Igls, Lans, Aldrans, Ampass, across the bridge over the Inn to Hall, which is somewhat longer. Equally @@ -6253,7 +6213,7 @@ poor walkers or are pressed for time.</p> <p class="sidenote">SOME PRETTY VILLAGES</p> -<p>From Mühlau onwards one has most exquisite views +<p>From Mühlau onwards one has most exquisite views of the broad and fertile valley, and the magnificent mountains which tower above the wooded slopes, swelling gently upward from the Inn, in wild and craggy peaks @@ -6344,7 +6304,7 @@ and Arz.</p> <p class="caption">THE MARKET PLACE, HALL</p> </div> -<p class="sidenote">HALL AND ITS MÜNSTERTURM</p> +<p class="sidenote">HALL AND ITS MÃœNSTERTURM</p> <p>Hall, which is one of the most picturesque, busy, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">135</a></span> @@ -6357,13 +6317,13 @@ for such derivation from an unlikely language he does not, however, in any way seek to explain. As one enters the town one is at once struck by the strange and quaint mingling of the picturesque with the utilitarian, the rural -with the mediæval. Long before one reaches the town +with the mediæval. Long before one reaches the town one sees in the distance the greenish copper cupolas of the Pfaarkirche or Parish Church which has so fine a Gothic portal and interesting relics, around whose walls shops are grouped; and rising above the other less lofty and less time-mellowed buildings, the massive -Gothic tower known as the Münsterturm with its red +Gothic tower known as the Münsterturm with its red "pepper-box" roof of Roman origin, although the present tower was built by Duke Sigismund, the famous son of Frederick of the Empty Purse. A steeply ascending @@ -6390,7 +6350,7 @@ the smoke hangs in the clear and fresh Alpine air which sweeps along the Inn valley down from the environing hills.</p> -<p>The Münsterturm, mint tower, which, as we have said, +<p>The Münsterturm, mint tower, which, as we have said, is so prominent an object on approaching the town, is of historical interest from the fact that it was built to enable Duke Sigismund, known as the Rich, to turn into coin @@ -6622,7 +6582,7 @@ of Innsbruck himself heard of it, and resolved to investigate the story. After he had visited the place a committee of inquiry was formed, amongst the members of which were two learned professors of chemistry and the -well-known artist, Joseph Schöpf.</p> +well-known artist, Joseph Schöpf.</p> <p>After considerable investigation and the examination of witnesses the committee declared that the glass had @@ -6694,7 +6654,7 @@ saline in character. Following up this clue, he discovered the Salzberg itself with its practically inexhaustible supply. Ever since Rohrbach's time the mountain has been worked for its salt, and until recent years, when blasting came -into common use, much in the same way as in mediæval +into common use, much in the same way as in mediæval times, viz. by hewing huge caverns in the rock, which are then filled with water and sealed up. After a considerable period has elapsed this water is run off into conduits @@ -6918,7 +6878,7 @@ to the height of 800 feet, and the second, on the western side, to a height of nearly 450 feet above the city. It is between these two that the greater part of the old town <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">149</a></span> -lies. The steep sides of the Mönchsberg and the +lies. The steep sides of the Mönchsberg and the Gibraltar-like rock on which the old, grey fortress of Hohen-Salzburg stands are ivy-clad, and in the crevices and fissures wall-flowers, valerian, stone-crop, houseleek, @@ -7044,7 +7004,7 @@ height. From Golling onwards, however, the western side of the valley is shut in by great peaks, some of which spread out their lower and rounded emerald green slopes towards the river. Of these impressive and beautiful -mountains the Hohe Göll, 8275 feet, the majestic +mountains the Hohe Göll, 8275 feet, the majestic Watzmann, 9050 feet, the chief of the Berchtesgaden group, are the most noticeable. The cave-pierced and lofty, dome-shaped Untersberg, the highest point of which @@ -7076,7 +7036,7 @@ comparatively recent times been of great commercial importance, were not only worked in the days of the Roman occupation, but also even in pre-historic times. There is little reason for doubt, indeed, that the Celts -knew of, and used, the famous salt mines of the Dürnberg +knew of, and used, the famous salt mines of the Dürnberg and the copper mines of the Mitterberg; whilst there is abundant evidence of various kinds of the working of the gold and silver mines of the Tauern district by the @@ -7123,7 +7083,7 @@ through Noricum, with which country Salzburg had been incorporated by the Romans, found numerous Christian churches and minsters established. A relic of these times still exists set in the perpendicular walls of -the Mönchsberg, where high up, with some of its windows +the Mönchsberg, where high up, with some of its windows overshadowed by creepers and trees, is a very small church built into the mountain itself; reached by a dark, steep flight of steps cut in the rock, worn by the feet of @@ -7178,7 +7138,7 @@ Oping (Upper Innsbruck), and a third part of the famous Hall Salt Spring. The Bishop set to work, and on the ruins of the old Roman settlement he soon established a town, building a convent and a church under the -steep rocks of the Mönchsberg, where now the large +steep rocks of the Mönchsberg, where now the large Benedictine Convent and St. Peter's Church stand, in the latter of which the bones of the saint are said to lie buried.</p> @@ -7292,7 +7252,7 @@ and tranquillity once more reigned.</p> <p>During the next century Salzburg was involved in political disputes and took part in the Battle of Muhldorf, on September 28, 1322, fighting on the side of Frederick -the Schöne, Duke of Austria, who was taken prisoner. In +the Schöne, Duke of Austria, who was taken prisoner. In <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">158</a></span> consequence of which the principality not only lost large numbers of its chief nobles and knights, but also was @@ -7303,14 +7263,14 @@ share of a war indemnity.</p> another distinguished by the erection of new and handsome buildings and the enlargement of the bounds of the city, and also strengthening of the Castle on the -Mönchsberg. To Archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach +Mönchsberg. To Archbishop Leonhard von Keutschach (1495 to 1519) must be given the credit of attaining absolute supremacy, and with his occupation of the See may be said to have commenced the most distinguished period in the history of the city. Leonhard did not attain to this position, however, entirely without guile, for to tell the truth the Salzburg citizens, who seemed even in -those mediæval times to have possessed a love of freedom +those mediæval times to have possessed a love of freedom and spirit of independence which did them credit, having become restive under the ecclesiastical domination and tyranny wished to make the town a free imperial city. @@ -7336,7 +7296,7 @@ to encourage art and agriculture. <p class="sidenote">THE REFORMATION</p> -<p>During the Archiepiscopate of his successor Mathäus +<p>During the Archiepiscopate of his successor Mathäus Lang von Wellenburg, from 1519 to 1540, many stirring events took place, not only in the city of Salzburg but throughout the length and breadth of the principality as @@ -7470,7 +7430,7 @@ and the principality. Workshops, which had hitherto been busy hives of industry, deserted by their former occupants, failed to find new tenants, and fell into gradual decay, or were turned to other less remunerative uses. As had been -the case with the Huguenots so was it with the <i>émigrés</i> of +the case with the Huguenots so was it with the <i>émigrés</i> of Salzburg; their places could not be filled nor their loss replaced.</p> @@ -7596,7 +7556,7 @@ IN THE FORTRESS, SALZBURG</p> <p>During the period of which we speak the character and appearance of the city was almost entirely changed. -The ancient mediæval buildings were pulled down, and +The ancient mediæval buildings were pulled down, and replaced by magnificent palaces in which the nobility and ecclesiastical dignitaries dwelt in splendour and ease. Churches were erected in such numbers as to be almost @@ -7605,7 +7565,7 @@ these still remain, making Salzburg a place of spires and domes and handsome churches strangely picturesque and deeply interesting.</p> -<p>Seen either from the ridge of the Mönchsberg, the +<p>Seen either from the ridge of the Mönchsberg, the Kapuzingerberg, or from the castle walls, especially at sundown on a summer's evening, Salzburg presents a picture of great beauty and colour, and one which is not @@ -7653,7 +7613,7 @@ of the best hotels, but the Kurhaus with its pleasant gardens (closely adjoining the Mirabell Garden), the fine Theatre, and the imposing church of St. Andreas in the Gothic style. Opposite the railway station, set -in a recess of foliage in the garden adjoining the Hôtel +in a recess of foliage in the garden adjoining the Hôtel de l'Europe, is the famous statue of the Kaiserin Elizabeth, a pilgrimage shrine for most visitors to the town. The statue itself has been described as "simple but beautiful." @@ -7685,14 +7645,14 @@ to bloom a profusion of flowers all the year round.</p> <p>The position and future prosperity of the town as a tourist resort was assured when Salzburg became the starting-point of a second main line of railway leading -to Innsbruck via Kitzbühel, and the picturesque Unter-Inn +to Innsbruck via Kitzbühel, and the picturesque Unter-Inn Thal, and the centre of a number of branch lines.</p> <p>It is through these modern developments that the life of Salzburg has so materially changed even within the memory of those who first visited it but, comparatively speaking, a few years ago. From a town of ecclesiastical -and almost mediæval aloofness from the outside world, +and almost mediæval aloofness from the outside world, and from one which had for a considerable period seen its growth arrested and its life stagnant, it has sprung into being as a favourite summer and winter resort not @@ -7706,7 +7666,7 @@ and fine churches, proves attractive.</p> the one which has for most visitors the greatest attraction, is the fine old fortress of Hohen-Salzburg set high above the older town upon a tree-enshrouded and rocky spur -of the Mönchsberg.</p> +of the Mönchsberg.</p> <p>The ancient fortress, which has witnessed so many stirring events within its walls, and from which past @@ -7743,7 +7703,7 @@ strong bulwark of defence, truly "ein feste burg" dominating the town and plain, but also a palace. Although the castle has been stripped of much of its magnificence there happily still remain traces of it in the so-called -Fürstenzimmer (state apartments), which formerly occupied +Fürstenzimmer (state apartments), which formerly occupied by the rulers of the Province were furnished and decorated with all the splendour which marked the most lavish period of Renaissance influence. Chief amongst @@ -7766,7 +7726,7 @@ ceramic art.</p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">169</a></span> the triple line of walls, which shut off access to the castle and proved so useful on many an occasion in former -times, united with the fortifications of the Mönchsberg +times, united with the fortifications of the Mönchsberg known as the <i>Burgerwehr</i>; but few excel in picturesqueness the old courtyard with its shady and famous Linden tree, ancient well, and time-worn walls. Here, as one @@ -7864,7 +7824,7 @@ laid.</p> restless disposition, his shameful intrigue with the beautiful Salome Alt, the city of Salzburg owes a great deal, for he did much to transform an unpicturesque and dirty town -with narrow mediæval streets into one of the finest cities of +with narrow mediæval streets into one of the finest cities of Germany. Many of the beautiful buildings, including the Gabriel Chapel, the Chapter House, the Neubau, and the arcades of the Sebastian Cemetery, owed their existence to @@ -7893,7 +7853,7 @@ of Florence), assisted by others in the late Renaissance style, is one of the most magnificent churches in Austria, although the stucco ornamentation is of a rather florid character. From the exterior, which is rather plain and -severe, although it possesses a fine façade built of Unterberg +severe, although it possesses a fine façade built of Unterberg marble, it is impossible to gain any conception of the charm and even splendour of the building. But immediately upon entering it, one is impressed with its beautiful proportions, @@ -7936,7 +7896,7 @@ was at its height. The ceilings and wall of the principal salons and halls are especially notable, and in some cases are most elaborately decorated. The Government Offices which are opposite the Residenz although known as the -Neugebäude (possibly because they included the Post and +Neugebäude (possibly because they included the Post and Telegraph office), in reality date, at any rate in part, from the reign of Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau, although they have been modernized, altered, and added @@ -7952,11 +7912,11 @@ ages ecclesiastics and diplomatists but also sportsmen. Most, indeed, seem to have been great lovers of horses. Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau, Salzburg, built some magnificent stables adorned with marble on the slopes of the -Mönchsberg; attached to them were a covered riding +Mönchsberg; attached to them were a covered riding school for use in winter, and another open-air one for summer use. Though the stables themselves are now barracks, the open-air school is still one of the sights of -the town. In the side of the Mönchsberg were hewn in +the town. In the side of the Mönchsberg were hewn in 1693 three great galleries for the accommodation of spectators of the sports in the summer riding school; they have long ago been overgrown with ivy and creepers @@ -7976,7 +7936,7 @@ the latter half of the eighteenth century, in 1767 to be precise, he constructed the Neuthor, a tunnel through the solid rock some four hundred and fifty feet in length, which it took two years to make. It pierced through the -Mönchsberg and thus united the suburb of Riedenberg +Mönchsberg and thus united the suburb of Riedenberg with the rest of the town. At the Riedenberg end is a statue to St. Sigismund in commemoration of the Archbishop, who placed his own medallion at the town end of @@ -8037,20 +7997,20 @@ older rooms. THE ENVIRONS OF SALZBURG—HELLBRUNN, ITS UNIQUE FOUNTAINS AND GARDENS—THE CASTLE OF ANIF—THE GAISBERG—THE -KAPUZINGERBERG—THE MOZART-HÄUSCHEN—THE -MÖNCHSBERG—SALZBURG +KAPUZINGERBERG—THE MOZART-HÄUSCHEN—THE +MÖNCHSBERG—SALZBURG CHURCHES </p> <p class="p2">In the neighbourhood of Salzburg there are several beautiful castles erected by various holders of the See. Amongst them the charmingly situated -Leopoldskron, lying to the south of the Mönchsberg, overlooking +Leopoldskron, lying to the south of the Mönchsberg, overlooking a lake covered in early summer with a profusion of water lilies and other water plants, and embracing a magnificent prospect of the environing mountains. The drive to Leopoldskron is one not to be missed. As one -passes along the magnificent avenue, or <i>allée</i>, of trees, +passes along the magnificent avenue, or <i>allée</i>, of trees, through flower-bedecked fields, and with the fresh air from off the river and mountains perfumed by the carpet of blossoms which lies stretched on either side of the road, @@ -8137,7 +8097,7 @@ and there are also the Rainbow, Fairy, and Orpheus grottoes, each one bringing into play some fresh piece of mechanical or other ingenuity.</p> -<p>In the deer park is situated the famous Monatsschlösschen +<p>In the deer park is situated the famous Monatsschlösschen upon a wooded knoll, from which a fine view is obtainable. This building was erected (some say for a bet) within a month's time by Archbishop Marcus Sittich. @@ -8251,7 +8211,7 @@ monkish custom women are shut out of one more <p class="sidenote">THE MOZART MEMORIAL</p> <p>But to music lovers and many others who ascend -the Kapuzingerberg the Mozart-Häuschen, situated in a +the Kapuzingerberg the Mozart-Häuschen, situated in a charming little garden near the Monastery, will be the chief object of interest. This memorial to the master was presented to the city by Prince Camillo zu Starhemberg, @@ -8260,7 +8220,7 @@ to the public six weeks later, on July 18th, on the occasion of the first musical festival. This cottage, which formerly stood in the courtyard of the so-called old "Freihaus" in Vienna, has an added interest from the fact that in it -was composed the opera "Die Zauberflöte."</p> +was composed the opera "Die Zauberflöte."</p> <p>The furniture, it should be noted, is not the original but a clever and exact copy of the articles comprising @@ -8289,20 +8249,20 @@ selected for a memorial to a musical genius of Mozart's nature. Far better is it, indeed, than some more pretentious place nearer the haunts of men.</p> -<p class="sidenote">ON THE MÖNCHSBERG</p> +<p class="sidenote">ON THE MÖNCHSBERG</p> -<p>The Mönchsberg and a walk along its ridge should +<p>The Mönchsberg and a walk along its ridge should not be missed by any one who has a little time to spare whilst at Salzburg. The explorer will be well rewarded -for his toil. One is apt to estimate the Mönchsberg by +for his toil. One is apt to estimate the Mönchsberg by its Hohen-Salzburg end, which so dominates the city. It is difficult, indeed, from down below in the narrow streets to believe that some 300 feet above one lie not only woods and tree-shaded walks, but even green, flower-bedecked fields. The most direct and interesting way -up the Mönchsberg is by the Sigmund Haffnergasse +up the Mönchsberg is by the Sigmund Haffnergasse and Hofstallgasse bearing to the left of the Fischbrunnen, -and thence over the Mönchsbergstiege. On reaching the +and thence over the Mönchsbergstiege. On reaching the top of the flight of steps the way lies in the direction of Hohen-Salzburg as far as the passage leading into the Nonnthal and to Leopoldskron, then one climbs to the @@ -8314,7 +8274,7 @@ Lookout.</p> beautiful, embracing as it does the villas on the other side of the town, and the villages and farms of the valley with their picturesque background of mountain ranges, -including nearer in the Göll and Untersberg.</p> +including nearer in the Göll and Untersberg.</p> <div class="figcenter"><a name="i_248" id="i_248"></a> <img src="images/i_248.jpg" width="550" height="431" alt="HOHEN-SALZBURG AND THE NONNBERG" /> @@ -8326,11 +8286,11 @@ fortress is situated the beautiful villa of the famous singer Bianca Bianchi, and from the projecting bastion in the same direction one obtains a fine view of the town below, and valley of the Salzach. Both in the -direction of Mülln to the right, and of Hohen-Salzburg +direction of Mülln to the right, and of Hohen-Salzburg <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">183</a></span> to the left, there are many fine views as one takes one's way either by shaded paths or through the fields which -lead to the Bürgerwehrsöller, where there is an ancient +lead to the Bürgerwehrsöller, where there is an ancient watch-tower on the slope of the hill from whence one has a wonderful panoramic view of the city and its environs. From the opposite end of the rampart one @@ -8339,11 +8299,11 @@ Marzoll, Maxglan, and the Bavarian plain, which is not easily surpassed from the neighbourhood of any other town of the size in western Austria.</p> -<p>One can then either descend to the Marketenderschlössl +<p>One can then either descend to the Marketenderschlössl through the beautiful woods by one of the -well-kept paths, and thence reach Mülln, or retrace one's +well-kept paths, and thence reach Mülln, or retrace one's steps, and walk right along to the Hohen-Salzburg end of -the Mönchsberg, from whence by entering the fortress and +the Mönchsberg, from whence by entering the fortress and descending by way of the Nonnberg one obtains a fine view of the other portion of the Salzach valley in the direction of the Gaisberg, Hellbrunn, and Anif.</p> @@ -8371,7 +8331,7 @@ narrow, picturesque old Getreidegasse; the Franciscan, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">184</a></span> formerly the Parish Church; the Church of St. Peter, with its ancient and picturesque burial-ground beneath the -shadow of the towering fern- and flower-clothed Mönchsberg, +shadow of the towering fern- and flower-clothed Mönchsberg, and the Caroline Augustus Museum. There are, of course, also the Dreifaltigkeits Kirche, with fine frescoes and carvings, and the University Church, both worth a visit.</p> @@ -8405,7 +8365,7 @@ some years lived and ultimately, on January 5, 1791, died. Salzburg has well-honoured her famous son's memory by the several memorials of him within her gates, including the fine though simply conceived bronze statue in the -Mozart-Platz which cost nearly £2000, and was erected +Mozart-Platz which cost nearly £2000, and was erected by voluntary subscriptions in 1842. By the foundation of the Mozarteum or "Society for the Cultivation of Mozart," <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">185</a></span> @@ -8457,7 +8417,7 @@ connected with the city's life in the past. which, with its crumbling tombs of the great dead, interesting and quaint mural tablets, and arcaded vaults belonging to some of the most important and famous -Salzburg families, lies at the foot of the Mönchsberg, is, +Salzburg families, lies at the foot of the Mönchsberg, is, as well as the most picturesque, the oldest cemetery in Salzburg. It is difficult to exaggerate the interest and charm of the spot; always still, although set in the midst @@ -8498,7 +8458,7 @@ of a century ago the Museum has already become a repository of the deepest interest, much frequented by students of all types, the antiquarian and the man of science. It was due to the initiative of Vicenza Maria -Süss, one of the leading town officials at the period of its +Süss, one of the leading town officials at the period of its foundation in 1834. The work which he began was well continued and supplemented by that of Jost Schiffmann, the well-known Swiss painter, and an enthusiastic committee, @@ -8535,7 +8495,7 @@ the industrious and skilful fingers of past generations of women, "old" with the dignity, grace, and charm which the "new" woman so sadly lacks.</p> -<p>On the same floor are the interesting Mediæval +<p>On the same floor are the interesting Mediæval <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">188</a></span> Kitchen, with its ancient and carefully kept copper and other utensils glinting at one from their hooks in @@ -8771,10 +8731,10 @@ and cosmopolitan air somewhat out of character with its general old-world look.</p> <p>Just off this interesting thoroughfare stands the Burg, -or, to give it its fuller and ancient name, the Landesfürstliche +or, to give it its fuller and ancient name, the Landesfürstliche Burg, in ancient times the town residence of the Counts of Tyrol. Retired as it is in the courtyard of -the Magistrats Gebäude it is often overlooked by the +the Magistrats Gebäude it is often overlooked by the passing tourist, although of great antiquarian and historical interest. Dating from the fifteenth century, the building has been admirably and sympathetically restored, @@ -8819,7 +8779,7 @@ for some years, happy in the pursuit of learning, the enjoyment of sport, and in the affection of the townsfolk.</p> <p>In the Burg it is possible to obtain a very good -conception of what a mediæval nobleman's house really +conception of what a mediæval nobleman's house really <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">195</a></span> was like, for not only have many interesting specimens of furniture, presses, chairs and other fittings been @@ -8842,11 +8802,11 @@ Gisela Promenade with its old and feathery poplar trees fringing the bank of the Passer, and in other similar resorts, is probably a regulation distasteful to many.</p> -<p>Of "gartens" and cafés there is no lack. On the left +<p>Of "gartens" and cafés there is no lack. On the left bank of the river is the pleasant Maria-Valerie Garten, where—as is the case with other similar places—an -excellent band frequently plays. Of the cafés at least -the Café Gilf should be visited, on account of its beautiful +excellent band frequently plays. Of the cafés at least +the Café Gilf should be visited, on account of its beautiful vegetation and fine view of the Passer gorge and surrounding mountain slopes which one obtains from the "look out."</p> @@ -9073,7 +9033,7 @@ thing, to eat a reasonable quantity of fully ripe and freshly gathered fruit is by no means a disagreeable task for most people, and because it can be taken anywhere.</p> -<p>In the cafés one sees crowds undergoing the cure; on +<p>In the cafés one sees crowds undergoing the cure; on the numerous and shady seats of the Gisela Promenade one sees folks eating grapes. And practically in every street and alley, and along the mountain paths in the @@ -9168,7 +9128,7 @@ arms, strenuous living, and chivalry on a rocky ridge or spur of the mountains above the vineyards, which climb upwards towards the white and imposing castle walls. Behind and above rise the pine forests running upwards to -meet the rocky slopes of the Kückelberg and Vintschgau +meet the rocky slopes of the Kückelberg and Vintschgau <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">203</a></span> range. The most ancient portions of the present building are some of the walls, a porch, and two marble @@ -9188,7 +9148,7 @@ wonderful pictorial beauty and charm.</p> delightful places in the Meran valley which invite exploration, or to mention the numerous walks which tempt the pedestrian, we must give a passing word or two to the -Château or Castle of Schönna, which lies nearly two +Château or Castle of Schönna, which lies nearly two thousand feet above sea-level like a hoary and time-worn sentinel at the entrance to the Passeier Valley. It is easily reached from Obermais by an excellent road suitable @@ -9197,7 +9157,7 @@ the representative collection of old weapons gathered within it, and its picturesque situation. Dating from the early years of the twelfth century, it is an excellent example of the ancient feudal fortress-residence of those -far-off times. A mention of the Château Lebenberg, +far-off times. A mention of the Château Lebenberg, distant about an hour and a half's walk from Meran, is justified—although it is now a pension—by reason of its excellent state of preservation, and the historical paintings @@ -9283,7 +9243,7 @@ with historic memories, of the gallant doings of the patriot and his companions. Near Schloss Tyrol itself was fought one of the most notable engagements, and a victory won when the French, driven from their position -on the Küchelberg, were surrounded by the peasant +on the Küchelberg, were surrounded by the peasant forces; whilst just outside Meran another skirmish took place, as a result of which the French troops were forced to evacuate the town.</p> @@ -9363,7 +9323,7 @@ the Middle Ages.</p> <p>In those long back times Bozen was a place of even greater commercial importance than now. To its four annual markets or fairs people from many lands came, -and it became the depôt and centre of the great transport +and it became the depôt and centre of the great transport trade by the two chief passes leading from Italy into Tyrol and thence to Germany and Austria. As was not unnatural Bozen merchants had a standing of their own, @@ -9493,7 +9453,7 @@ occasions.</p> <p>The Museum, in which there are many interesting exhibits, including some old peasant costumes well worth the attention of artists, is an imposing building or "block" -in the Königin Elizabethstrasse, with corner turrets and +in the Königin Elizabethstrasse, with corner turrets and an imposing central tower.</p> <p>Of the more picturesque and older buildings none @@ -9506,7 +9466,7 @@ and the dreamer of dreams; who there, amid the quietude of ancient things, can the better conjure up visions of other days when Bozen streets rang to the passing of armies, and men at arms, and in them were heard the -cries of mediæval merchants selling their wares drawn +cries of mediæval merchants selling their wares drawn from north and south. In the Franciscan Church there is a fine altar, and belonging to the Monastery there are some beautiful cloisters. The library, too, should not be @@ -9562,7 +9522,7 @@ evolution. The figures, which are black with a pea-green background, are, as an American girl said, "Noah's arkical and too funny for words," though we are bound to confess that the irreverence of the remark deeply -offended a worshipper of mediæval art who was of the +offended a worshipper of mediæval art who was of the party. The paintings in the first room depict a German version of the story of Tristan and Isolde, which would appear to diverge materially from the one of Sir Thomas @@ -9582,13 +9542,13 @@ is not absolutely conclusive. To English people the fine fresco of the famous Knights of the Round Table sitting in company with King Arthur and Queen Guinevere will naturally be of the greatest interest, although each of -the quaint drawings to illustrate the mediæval legend +the quaint drawings to illustrate the mediæval legend has an abiding fascination for all to whom the past is of moment.</p> <p>Nor are the outside walls of this quaint pavilion left unadorned. On them are single figures and others in -groups of two and three depicting well-known mediæval +groups of two and three depicting well-known mediæval personages of historical and legendary note: Tristan and Isolde; William of Orleans and Amelie; William, Duke of Austria, and Aglei; pairs of lovers whose fame has @@ -9721,7 +9681,7 @@ Adige, and some one thousand seven hundred feet above sea-level, stands the little, though somewhat important, town of Klausen, with its long, narrow street following the configuration of the gorge in which most of the houses lie, -dominated by the great Benedictine monastery of Säben +dominated by the great Benedictine monastery of Säben perched upon a steep vine-clad promontory overlooking the town and river, and six hundred feet above it. A castle till the end of the seventeenth century, the convent @@ -9762,7 +9722,7 @@ red-tiled roof perched high above the pine forest which clothes the steep sides of the rocky spur upon which it stands, and with a patch of vineyard clinging to the wall of its upper square and solid-looking keep. The climb up to it -is a steep one, but the view one obtains into the Grödener +is a steep one, but the view one obtains into the Grödener Thal and of the surrounding heights well repays one.</p> <p class="sidenote">OSWALD v. WOLKENSTEIN</p> @@ -9952,7 +9912,7 @@ adventurous and knightly doings.</p> <p class="sidenote">ST. ULRICH</p> <p>On the way to Klausen one is wise to make a diversion -down the narrow but picturesque Grödener Thal to St. +down the narrow but picturesque Grödener Thal to St. Ulrich, which charming village, situated in a basin and almost surrounded by thickly wooded slopes, and beyond them stupendous and rocky peaks with the serrated @@ -10013,7 +9973,7 @@ and there are some figures of the Virgin and Saints still extant in churches of the district bearing dates of that period, and other images of apparently much earlier date, which show that even in those remote times the carvers of -St. Ulrich and the Grödener Thal possessed considerable +St. Ulrich and the Grödener Thal possessed considerable skill and reputation. It was, however, one Johann von Metz who at the commencement of the eighteenth century appears to not only have raised the standard of the work @@ -10026,9 +9986,9 @@ were in the habit of themselves setting out into other lands with stocks of their work for sale; and some at least, according to tradition, found their way to England, and even across the Atlantic, where they abandoned the active -work of carving for that of establishing trading depôts in +work of carving for that of establishing trading depôts in connection with St. Ulrich, and thus they distributed the -work done in the far-off and almost then unknown Grödener +work done in the far-off and almost then unknown Grödener Thal throughout the commercial world.</p> <p>Nowadays to sally forth with their stock-in-trade on @@ -10041,7 +10001,7 @@ St. Christina, for example, making a speciality of "lay figures" and hobby horses.</p> <p>Not only are most of the men of the villages in the -Grödener Thal thus employed, but also many of the women +Grödener Thal thus employed, but also many of the women and children. And it is no uncommon sight to see quite mites cutting away at blocks of the softer kinds of wood by the roadside or on the doorsteps of the cottages; and @@ -10077,7 +10037,7 @@ and it is chiefly in the white chalets on the mountain side that the toys and smaller articles are made.</p> <p>The goods are stored principally in the larger houses of -the villages. One of the chief depôts bears the name of +the villages. One of the chief depôts bears the name of the man who developed the industry, whilst other well-known merchants are Insam, Purger, and Prinoth. In these warehouses one sees shelf upon shelf laden with toys, @@ -10134,7 +10094,7 @@ the work of Deschwanden.</p> <p class="sidenote">CONCERNING DIALECT</p> <p>There is a distinct dialect in the villages of the -Grödener Thal, locally known as Ladin, which is said by +Grödener Thal, locally known as Ladin, which is said by philologists to be directly derived from the Latin tongue, and to date from the days of the Roman occupation. It is certainly so different from the dialects of modern Italy @@ -10149,7 +10109,7 @@ Certainly one would be inclined to think that this peculiar <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">226</a></span> dialect has an Etruscan origin, for it is well-known that considerable remains of that people have from time to -time been unearthed in the Grödener Thal, and, indeed, in +time been unearthed in the Grödener Thal, and, indeed, in the immediate neighbourhood of St. Ulrich itself.</p> <p>St. Ulrich is charming in winter, when the village is @@ -10165,7 +10125,7 @@ parties, and swift ski-ing." By "high-flying parties" one should doubtless understand those who wish to ascend the higher slopes.</p> -<p>Costume still survives at St. Ulrich and in the Grödener +<p>Costume still survives at St. Ulrich and in the Grödener Thal, where (although less worn than even a decade ago) one still meets with women wearing the old style dress, with huge broad-brimmed felt hats trimmed with wide @@ -10188,8 +10148,8 @@ in the centre of the picture at once catches the eye from whatever point one approaches the town.</p> <div class="figcenter"><a name="i_308" id="i_308"></a> -<img src="images/i_308.jpg" width="550" height="364" alt="SUMMER TIME NEAR ST. ULRICH, GRÖDENER THAL" /> -<p class="caption">SUMMER TIME NEAR ST. ULRICH, GRÖDENER THAL</p> +<img src="images/i_308.jpg" width="550" height="364" alt="SUMMER TIME NEAR ST. ULRICH, GRÖDENER THAL" /> +<p class="caption">SUMMER TIME NEAR ST. ULRICH, GRÖDENER THAL</p> </div> <p>Brixen, though little more in size and population than @@ -10352,7 +10312,7 @@ size.</p> well restored. It dates from the sixteenth century, and has a Gothic choir of note, and nave and aisles restored in the Rococo style, the ceiling paintings of which are -by Adam Mölckh. The general effect of the interior is +by Adam Mölckh. The general effect of the interior is good, and the church has some interesting architectural details.</p> @@ -10426,7 +10386,7 @@ whoever designed Trent seized upon a beautiful situation, and the builders have left behind them in the quaint town, broad streets, handsome palaces of dead and gone nobles, and a forest of towers and spires, delightful survivals of -mediæval days. Surrounded by limestone crags, the city +mediæval days. Surrounded by limestone crags, the city itself, notwithstanding its Italian character and fine atmosphere, gives one at first sight an impression of lack of colour which is not usually the case with Italian towns.</p> @@ -10463,7 +10423,7 @@ foliage and delightful climate, but also because on the 26th of the month falls the Festival of Saint Vigilius, the patron saint of Trent, and the martyr missionary who anciently did much to Christianize the country. At this -<i>fête</i> the ancient city, whose by-ways and narrower streets +<i>fête</i> the ancient city, whose by-ways and narrower streets are full of interest, picturesqueness, and charm, is seen at its gayest and best. All the many churches are crowded with worshippers, thousands of whom have flocked down @@ -10857,7 +10817,7 @@ maid should marry a Tyrolese man. It was in pursuance of this idea, when at last her lover pressed her strongly for an answer, that she told him she would never marry a man who lived so far away from her beloved home, and that she -wondered how any one who did not possess a tiny <i>pied à +wondered how any one who did not possess a tiny <i>pied à terre</i> in Trent, should for a moment think that he could have any claim upon her affections. This reply to his suit might, one would think, have discouraged most people, but @@ -11095,7 +11055,7 @@ San Marco, which was destroyed by a landslip that took place at the beginning of the ninth century, lies buried under the gigantic rocks. At any rate, in the Middle Ages this belief prevailed, with the result that the peasants of -the district were for ever digging amidst the <i>débris</i> in the +the district were for ever digging amidst the <i>débris</i> in the hope of finding some of the vast treasure which tradition said had been buried with the city. The story, which possesses an almost Boccaccian touch of humour, goes on @@ -11189,7 +11149,7 @@ above the town. This castle was bombarded by the French, and destroyed during the War of the Spanish Succession in 1703. The church, a prominent object of the pretty town, is of considerable interest, and amongst -other places worthy of note is the château of the late +other places worthy of note is the château of the late Archduke Albert, which has a remarkably fine winter garden. Arco has of recent years gained some note as <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">252</a></span> @@ -11319,7 +11279,7 @@ increasing, one can yet happily meet with comfortable hotels, which are not overrun by the type of tourist for whom a good dinner is more than fresh air and scenery, and dress clothes and gorgeous costumes of an evening -a <i>sine quâ non</i>. In a word, we have found that the Dolomite +a <i>sine quâ non</i>. In a word, we have found that the Dolomite region is free from many of the disadvantages of Switzerland—that most exploited of European countries, and the one in which nowadays perhaps the least quietude @@ -11341,7 +11301,7 @@ Dolomites, except in the hotels at the most frequented tourist resorts, such as Toblach, Cortina, Karer See, Bozen, etc., Italian and German being generally spoken—the former almost everywhere in the region; the latter chiefly -in the Gader Thal, Grödener Thal, and the district north of +in the Gader Thal, Grödener Thal, and the district north of the Ampezzo Thal; although in scattered hamlets south of the latter, here and there one finds peasants speaking both.</p> @@ -11457,7 +11417,7 @@ district in which they stand is delightful and invigorating.</p> scenery unsurpassed by any, so far as we know, on the Continent of Europe. Within the confines of the Dolomite region one has the wide range of lofty mountains and -terrific cliffs, in places reminding the traveller of the cañons +terrific cliffs, in places reminding the traveller of the cañons of the Rocky Mountains, with pinnacles, battlements, and towers, rearing themselves on every hand like ruined and Titanic fortresses, yet with their wildness softened in a @@ -11593,7 +11553,7 @@ groups, running from east to west.<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20" href="# Dolomites, the most important summits amongst which are the Drei Schuster Spitz, 10,375 feet, which is ascended generally from the Fischelein Boden; the Elferkofel, -10,220 feet; the Zwölferkofel, 10,150 feet; Oberbacher Spitz, +10,220 feet; the Zwölferkofel, 10,150 feet; Oberbacher Spitz, 8700 feet, and the Drei Zinnen, 7897 feet, two absolutely bare peaks of sulphurous limestone, streaked with pale orange, rising grandly and boldly from behind the Monte @@ -11602,7 +11562,7 @@ Piana plateau like two huge scored and fissured fingers of a Titanic hand. (2) The Ampezzaner Dolomites, with Monte Cristallo, 10,495 feet, with its many peaks veiled by snows, glassing itself in the agate green waters of -the lovely pine-environed Dürren See. Monte Antelao, +the lovely pine-environed Dürren See. Monte Antelao, 10,710 feet; the three Tofanas, ranging in height from 8565 feet to 10,635 feet; and the Sorapis, 10,520 feet. (3) The Agordinischen Dolomites, with the Nuvolau, 8685 feet; @@ -11610,7 +11570,7 @@ Monte Pelmo, 10,395 feet; and Monte Civetta, 10,565 feet, whose western face from Caprile was unascended till as recently as 1895, when Messrs. Raynor and Phillimore, with two Ampezzo guides, made the ascent. (4) The -Grödener Dolomites, which embrace the beautiful Rosengarten, +Grödener Dolomites, which embrace the beautiful Rosengarten, the Schlern, 8415 feet; the Sella-group, including the Sellajoch, 7275 feet; Rodella, 8155 feet, and other lesser peaks; and the Geislerspitzen, with its highest peak, @@ -11658,11 +11618,11 @@ hour Fischlein Boden, by way of Moos, along a beautiful path through the pine woods, from whence one obtains an admirable view of the head of the valley, with the Drei Schuster Spitze, the Oberbacher Spitze, Drei Zinnen, -Elferkofel, Zwölferkofel, and Rothwand, and an almost +Elferkofel, Zwölferkofel, and Rothwand, and an almost unrivalled vista of snow peaks. From this point, passing the Zsigmondy Hut, 7320 feet, one comes to the Bacherjoch. From the Zsigmondy Hut, the Elferkofel and the -Zwölferkofel may be ascended, both of which are, however, +Zwölferkofel may be ascended, both of which are, however, very difficult. Over the Bacherjoch a footpath leads to the Drei Zinnen Hut on the Toblinger Riedel, 7895 feet, on past the celebrated Drei Zinnen to the pretty Misurina @@ -11702,10 +11662,10 @@ twilight.</p> and romantically situated Toblach Lake; and thence one passes on to Landro at the head of the valley of the Schwarze Rienz, where rise the lofty and snow-clad Drei -Zinnen with the waters of the Dürren See, jade green and +Zinnen with the waters of the Dürren See, jade green and beautiful in colour, with Monte Cristallo with its cap of eternal snow and its glacier, the Piz Popena and Monte -Cristallino, rising in the background. From the Dürren +Cristallino, rising in the background. From the Dürren See to Schluderbach, 4730 feet, is a distance of less than two miles; and here, too, one finds a beautifully situated village surrounded by fine scenery, and provided with @@ -11858,16 +11818,16 @@ easily accomplished, none who have taken the road by way of Misurina will regret its greater length because of its greater interest.</p> -<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Schluderbach—Plätz Wiese—Pragser +<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Schluderbach—Plätz Wiese—Pragser Wildsee—Niederdorf</span></p> <p>From Schluderbach, too, there is another road branching northward from the Imperial Road to Niederdorf on -the Bruneck-Innichen-Toblach line, leading over the Plätz +the Bruneck-Innichen-Toblach line, leading over the Plätz Wiese, upwards of 6500 feet above sea-level. There is -a fine hotel on the Plätz Wiese, about two hours from +a fine hotel on the Plätz Wiese, about two hours from Schluderbach, and it is from thence that one ascends the -Dürrenstein, 9320 feet. This easily climbed mountain, +Dürrenstein, 9320 feet. This easily climbed mountain, although not providing much excitement for the expert Alpinist, is one of those which amply reward the climber for the fatigue and trouble of the ascent. As one stands @@ -11884,7 +11844,7 @@ the region.</p> <p class="sidenote">PRAGSER WILDSEE</p> -<p>The road from Plätz Wiese continues past the little +<p>The road from Plätz Wiese continues past the little watering-place Alt-Prags to Niederdorf, to reach which occupies about three and a half hours. There is from this road another, branching off and leading past the @@ -11975,7 +11935,7 @@ makers.</p> <p class="caption">A PEEP OF THE DOLOMITES</p> </div> -<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Buchenstein—Caprile—Alleghe See—Arába.</span></p> +<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Buchenstein—Caprile—Alleghe See—Arába.</span></p> <p>Near it a little road branches off to the south-east, which, leading through Italian territory and crossing a @@ -11996,11 +11956,11 @@ stay.</p> <p>From Caprile the road leads to the Lake, which lies at the foot of Monte Civetta. The high road, however, which is fairly level, leads first of all to the village of -Arába at the foot of the Pordoijoch, 7355 feet.</p> +Arába at the foot of the Pordoijoch, 7355 feet.</p> -<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Bruneck—Enneberg—Arába.</span></p> +<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Bruneck—Enneberg—Arába.</span></p> -<p>On the way to Arába one can also reach, direct from +<p>On the way to Arába one can also reach, direct from the Puster Thal station, St. Lorenzen, through the wildly beautiful and romantic Enneberg Thal, which forms the shortest route to the middle division of the great Dolomite @@ -12018,17 +11978,17 @@ valleys, and Italian of the more Italian.</p> <p>The carriage-road, which is 45 kilometres (28 miles) in length, is not suitable for motors; it leads past Pedrazes, -4350 feet high, and Corvara, 5110 feet, to Arába. Near -Corvara lies the way over the Grödener-Joch, 7010 feet, -into the beautiful Grödener Thal, often sung by the poet +4350 feet high, and Corvara, 5110 feet, to Arába. Near +Corvara lies the way over the Grödener-Joch, 7010 feet, +into the beautiful Grödener Thal, often sung by the poet Walther von der Vogelweide.</p> -<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Waidbruck—Grödener Thal—Arába.</span></p> +<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Waidbruck—Grödener Thal—Arába.</span></p> <p>The usual starting-point, however, for the latter is Waidbruck, to the south of the Brenner road between Franzenfeste and Bozen. From Waidbruck, 1545 feet, -which lies at the head of the Grödener Thal, with the +which lies at the head of the Grödener Thal, with the Trostburg, 2040 feet, towering above it, the road goes to St. Ulrich, 4055 feet, distant eight miles, the chief village in the wide valley, prettily situated and surrounded by tree-clad @@ -12036,7 +11996,7 @@ slopes, beyond which rise some magnificent rocky Dolomite peaks. The church, dating from the end of the eighteenth century, has a beautiful interior, containing some excellent examples of the woodcarving for which -the Grödener Thal has for ages been and still is famous.</p> +the Grödener Thal has for ages been and still is famous.</p> <div class="figcenter"><a name="i_364" id="i_364"></a> <img src="images/i_364.jpg" width="362" height="550" alt="THE LANGKOFEL" /> @@ -12049,22 +12009,22 @@ the Grödener Thal has for ages been and still is famous.</p> which at each step becomes more beautiful and more magnificent, to St. Christina, 4685 feet, with its mountain pastures dominated by the huge Langkofel-Joch, 8800 -feet, and many other impressive heights, such as Secéda, +feet, and many other impressive heights, such as Secéda, 8270 feet, Geislerspitzen, 9930 feet, to the north, and the Plattkofel, 9740 feet, to the south; the Stella Group to -the south-east, with the Col dalla Piëres, 9055 feet; and +the south-east, with the Col dalla Piëres, 9055 feet; and the Pitzberg, 6020 feet, Puflatsch, 7140 feet, and the more distant Rosengarten and the Schlern to the south-west. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">273</a></span></p> <p>From St. Christina the road continues over the hill to St. Maria in Wolkenstein, to Plan, 5290 feet; from whence -mule tracks lead over the magnificent Grödener-Joch, with +mule tracks lead over the magnificent Grödener-Joch, with its protection hut, or hospice, 7010 feet, into the Enneberg -Valley to Arába; and also over the great Sella-Joch, 7275 +Valley to Arába; and also over the great Sella-Joch, 7275 feet, to Canazei, in the Fassa Valley, which lies southward of Pordoi. There are several excellent and interesting -ascents which can be made from the Grödener Valley. +ascents which can be made from the Grödener Valley. First of all there is the romantic Geislerspitzen, which, however, should only be attempted by the skilled climber, as it is both a laborious and difficult ascent. In the same @@ -12073,15 +12033,15 @@ mountaineers, are the Grosse Furchetta, with its highest point 9930 feet; Kleine Furchetta, a few feet less; the Fermeda-Thurm, 9440 feet; and the Gross Nadel, 9250 feet. Starting from the Sella-Joch, the magnificent Sella, with -the Boè Spitz, 10,340 feet, as well as the wildly rugged +the Boè Spitz, 10,340 feet, as well as the wildly rugged Langkofel, can be ascended. From the Sella-Joch also one can easily ascend the Col Rodella, 8155 feet, which lies to the south-west of the former, from which summit one obtains a very fine and extensive panoramic view.</p> -<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Arába—Pordoi—Canazei.</span></p> +<p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Arába—Pordoi—Canazei.</span></p> -<p>In Arába, the second part of the new Dolomite high +<p>In Arába, the second part of the new Dolomite high road, which comes over the Pordoi-Joch to Canazei, in the Fassa Thal, the way ascends in wide zig-zags through a beautiful and broad Alpine valley, in which those interested @@ -12090,7 +12050,7 @@ by that of any portion of Tyrol, up to the heights of the Pordoi-Joch, where there is an inn at which meals can be obtained, and from which a most magnificent circular panoramic view extends. From this place well-made -tourist paths extend in many directions to the Boè-Spitz +tourist paths extend in many directions to the Boè-Spitz as well as to the Fedaja Pass, 6710 feet, and the frontier between Tyrol and Italy; a most attractive road, with the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">274</a></span> @@ -12105,7 +12065,7 @@ curve of the Fassa Thal.</p> <p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Canazei—Fassa Thal—Neumarkt—Tramin.</span></p> -<p>This little town, 4790 feet, distant from Arába just +<p>This little town, 4790 feet, distant from Arába just over twelve miles, is charmingly situated, and much resorted to by tourists as a centre from which to make numerous interesting short tours in the Dolomites. The @@ -12113,7 +12073,7 @@ inns are simple in character though comfortable, and for that reason many will find that they possess an attractiveness exceeding that which one finds in hotels of a more pretentious class. The high road leads near Canazei, past -Gries, Campitello, Vigo, and Möena, to Predazzo, the chief +Gries, Campitello, Vigo, and Möena, to Predazzo, the chief town in the Fassa Thal, 3340 feet, about nineteen miles from Canazei.</p> @@ -12184,7 +12144,7 @@ not appear absolutely certain.</p> <p>The road leads on through the Fleimse-Thal, past Cavalese, where there is an ancient palace of the Bishops -of Trent, which has a painted façade. The building is now +of Trent, which has a painted façade. The building is now used as a jail. There is here a fine Gothic parish church, standing on a hill, with an old marble entrance porch, and some interesting pictures by native artists. The road then @@ -12229,8 +12189,8 @@ climbers can take is that from Karer See, by the Rosengarten, past the Ostertag and Ciampedie hut, 6530 feet, to the Vajolet hut; or past the Kolner hut, 7630 feet, over the Tschager-Joch, to the Vajolet hut, 7430 feet. Starting -from the Vajolet hut, one can ascend the Vajolet Thürme -through a ravine filled with <i>débris</i> and a steep slope usually +from the Vajolet hut, one can ascend the Vajolet Thürme +through a ravine filled with <i>débris</i> and a steep slope usually covered with snow; the Rosengarten Spitz, 9780 feet, and the Kesselkogel, 9845 feet; Cima di Laura, 9440 feet, and several others. All of those mentioned are difficult ascents, @@ -12242,7 +12202,7 @@ over the Grasleiten Pass, 7100 feet, to the hut which occupies a magnificent position with an extensive view of the giant Dolomites in the immediate vicinity, and towards the west a fine prospect of the Presanella and Ortler -Group. From this point the path leads through the Bärenschlucht +Group. From this point the path leads through the Bärenschlucht up the Schlern.</p> <p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Waidbruck—Seis-Schlern.</span></p> @@ -12268,7 +12228,7 @@ usually Waidbruck, already referred to, and from thence a carriage-road leads by way of Kastelruth and the charmingly situated summer resort Seis, 3285 feet, to Bad Ratzes, 3950 feet, situated in the wild but well-wooded -gorge of the Frötschbach. Between Seis and Bad Ratzes, +gorge of the Frötschbach. Between Seis and Bad Ratzes, set in the forest, are the ruins of the ancient home of the Minnesinger Oswald von Wolkenstein. From Bad Ratzes the peaks of the Schlern can be easily reached by a mule @@ -12287,7 +12247,7 @@ scenery in about two and a half hours to the little village of Tiers, and then on to Weisslahn-Bad, 3818 feet, from whence tourists' paths have been made leading up the Schlern to the Grasleiten hut, and over the Niger to the -Kölner hut, from which one can then either ascend +Kölner hut, from which one can then either ascend the Rosengarten, or proceed through beautiful flower-bedecked Alpine meadows to the charming Karer See.</p> @@ -12316,7 +12276,7 @@ towards Trent. This fine high road threads its way through a splendid forest to Paneveggio, 5055 feet, a pleasantly situated village—set amid pine woods—from which one can return over the Lusia Pass, 6745 feet, to -Möena, and ultimately to Karer See, with magnificent +Möena, and ultimately to Karer See, with magnificent views of the Colbricon, the Cimon della Pala, and the Oetz Thal Alps in the background. From Paneveggio, too, the road climbs up the Rolle Pass, which forms the @@ -12390,7 +12350,7 @@ Indeed, the parallel is not an inapt one, for the partially tree-clad and rocky eminence on which the last stronghold held by the Bavarians at the end of the invasion of 1809 stands bears considerable resemblance -to the greater Mönchsberg with the town spread out at +to the greater Mönchsberg with the town spread out at its feet.</p> <p>The river Inn has narrowed ere it reaches Kufstein, @@ -12419,7 +12379,7 @@ taken by force of arms, then by stealthy surprise, now mortgaged, then redeemed or exchanged for some other possessions by its whilom owners."<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> And its general fate and varying fortunes were similar to those of other -frontier fortresses, such as Kitzbühel during the Middle +frontier fortresses, such as Kitzbühel during the Middle Ages.</p> <p>The grim fortress upon the rock, somehow or other, @@ -12437,7 +12397,7 @@ commence with its cession to Bavaria in or about 1363 by the Duchess Margaret, the last of Count Albert's successors as rulers of Tyrol, when she found herself unable to govern the country. She had acquired the estates of Kufstein, -Rattenberg, and Kitzbühel on her marriage with Louis of +Rattenberg, and Kitzbühel on her marriage with Louis of Brandenburg; and when she ceded Tyrol to Austria it was stipulated that these properties should revert to Bavaria.</p> @@ -12452,7 +12412,7 @@ and so in 1504 Maximilian appeared before it, and commenced a siege. This event is particularly interesting, as some authorities state it constituted the first occasion on which proof was given that the introduction of artillery -meant the death-knell of mediæval fortresses, however +meant the death-knell of mediæval fortresses, however strong and hitherto regarded as inaccessible they might be. We are told, however, that the guns brought to bear upon the Castle by the Emperor in the first instance were @@ -12607,8 +12567,8 @@ knight eventually married (and, let us hope, lived happily with) the brave girl who had compassed his deliverance.</p> <div class="figcenter"><a name="i_382" id="i_382"></a> -<img src="images/i_382.jpg" width="550" height="353" alt="A PEEP OF KITZBÜHEL" /> -<p class="caption">A PEEP OF KITZBÜHEL</p> +<img src="images/i_382.jpg" width="550" height="353" alt="A PEEP OF KITZBÃœHEL" /> +<p class="caption">A PEEP OF KITZBÃœHEL</p> </div> <p>The town of Kufstein itself does not call for extended @@ -12622,16 +12582,16 @@ picturesque Kiengraben. None should fail to visit the Calvarienberg, from which there are delightful and extensive views of the Castle, town, and valley.</p> -<p class="sidenote">KUFSTEIN TO KITZBÜHEL</p> +<p class="sidenote">KUFSTEIN TO KITZBÃœHEL</p> -<p>To reach Kitzbühel from Kufstein it is necessary to -change trains at Wörgl, eight and a half miles down the +<p>To reach Kitzbühel from Kufstein it is necessary to +change trains at Wörgl, eight and a half miles down the Unter-Innthal, and proceed up the Brixen Thal by the -Staatsbahn past Hopfgarten to Kitzbühel. The town is +Staatsbahn past Hopfgarten to Kitzbühel. The town is a charming one, surrounded by gardens where once there ran a moat, and containing some interesting houses along -the banks of the Kitzbühler Ache. Many of them still -have Gothic roofs and gables, which give them a mediæval +the banks of the Kitzbühler Ache. Many of them still +have Gothic roofs and gables, which give them a mediæval appearance, and one of great charm. The town has of late years become a favourite summer resort, and its fine situation in a wide valley nearly 2500 feet above sea-level @@ -12641,14 +12601,14 @@ equally resorted to for winter sports of tobogganing, ski-ing, and skating, and may be, in fact, called the Tyrolese Grindelwald or Adelboden. Then the snow-clad valley is indeed beautiful, more like fairyland than aught -else, with only the church spires of Kitzbühel and the +else, with only the church spires of Kitzbühel and the pines on the hillsides to break the wide white expanse.</p> -<p>The Kitzbühelhorn is a favourite ascent, from which +<p>The Kitzbühelhorn is a favourite ascent, from which very fine views are to be obtained, especially of the giants of the Tauern range, the Chiemsee, and the rocky and impressive Kaiser Gebirge. The pasturage and the Alpine -flora in the neighbourhood of Kitzbühel are especially +flora in the neighbourhood of Kitzbühel are especially rich, and there are many beautiful excursions to be made in the district round about. In the Brixen Thal, indeed, the artist and the student of costumes and ancient customs, @@ -12658,9 +12618,9 @@ consisting of wrestling and other sports—which anciently were often so strenuous as to lead to serious injury to the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">288</a></span> combatants and competitors, and even bloodshed—still -take place. At Kitzbühel there is an athletic gathering +take place. At Kitzbühel there is an athletic gathering in June, which is held on a plateau near the inn on the -Kitzbühelhorn, and partakes of the character of the Grasmere +Kitzbühelhorn, and partakes of the character of the Grasmere Sports of our own land, and the Braemar gathering in Scotland.</p> @@ -12694,7 +12654,7 @@ and of ever changing interest.</p> <p class="sidenote">MONKISH MIRACLES</p> <p>Kundl is a small village some four miles south-west -from Wörgl, and it would attract little attention from +from Wörgl, and it would attract little attention from travellers were it not for the curious church of St. Leonard auf der Wiese (St. Leonard in the Meadow) and the quaint legend attached to it. The story goes that early in the @@ -12934,7 +12894,7 @@ dramatic plays.</p> <p>Just after leaving Brixlegg, on the left-hand side of the road stand three castles of note—Matzen, Lichtwer, and Kropfsberg. The first named is one of the most interesting -and well-preserved examples of the mediæval schloss +and well-preserved examples of the mediæval schloss in Tyrol. A whole volume might be devoted to a description of its beauty of situation, architecture, romantic history and sieges, and yet leave much unsaid. Its huge round @@ -13055,7 +13015,7 @@ portion of this miraculous blood was preserved in a phial, which was set in a reliquary and placed upon the altar. In former times this precious relic, we are told, has worked many miracles, and is venerated almost as -much to-day as in mediæval times.</p> +much to-day as in mediæval times.</p> <p class="sidenote">A WOODLAND SHRINE</p> @@ -13171,7 +13131,7 @@ hundred years—it was decided to remove the monastic institutions to Fiecht.</p> <p>Vast funds were needed, for the then abbot, named -Celestin Böhmen, who was a native of Vienna, and had +Celestin Böhmen, who was a native of Vienna, and had formerly been an officer of artillery, projected the new monastery and buildings upon a lavish and colossal scale. There was, however, no lack of funds. St. @@ -13192,7 +13152,7 @@ work being continued under the direction of Abbot Lambert. The result was the present handsome late Renaissance building; which, however, comprises but a small portion of the first magnificent scheme. The -renegade Abbot, Celestin Böhmen, some years after his +renegade Abbot, Celestin Böhmen, some years after his flight and crime, once more became enamoured of a life of contemplation, and suddenly appeared at the monastery, confessing his wrong-doing and throwing himself upon @@ -13234,9 +13194,9 @@ it contains are those which were generally occupied by Maximilian on his visits, and the fine apartment known as the Queen's room, with beautiful presses, interesting portraits, and magnificent panelled ceiling. The armoury, -too, full of mediæval cannon, pikes, lances and other +too, full of mediæval cannon, pikes, lances and other ancient weapons, never fails to interest the student and -archæologist, who, whilst wandering through these ancient +archæologist, who, whilst wandering through these ancient and wonderfully well-preserved rooms, gains a more vivid idea of the conditions of life in the Middle Ages than much "book learning" could give him. In the great @@ -13313,7 +13273,7 @@ to this famous castle, which is one of the several buildings in Europe making a claim to possess exactly as many windows as there are days in the year; but for these stories, interesting though they are as exhibiting the -credulity, barbarism, and imaginativeness of mediæval +credulity, barbarism, and imaginativeness of mediæval times, we have not space.</p> <p>Not far from Tratzberg is the quaint, interesting, and @@ -13417,7 +13377,7 @@ miracle by the Catholic population, concerning these disputes, which sometimes were not confined to words and arguments alone, is as follows. A leader amongst the reformers is stated to have exclaimed during a heated -discussion, "If Pastor Söll (one of the priests who had +discussion, "If Pastor Söll (one of the priests who had accepted Luther's doctrines) does not preach the true doctrine, may the Devil carry me up into the Steinjoch." Hardly, we are told, were the words out of his mouth @@ -13430,7 +13390,7 @@ true faith, was further increased when the unfortunate man who had thus been so suddenly spirited away returned some time afterwards, confessing his transportation to the Steinjoch, with a bruised body, and shattered faith in -Pastor Söll.</p> +Pastor Söll.</p> <p>Later on the mining industry was brought almost to a standstill owing to religious disputes, and an invasion @@ -13495,7 +13455,7 @@ depicted not only the metal-worker, but his three wives and children, who are habited as knights, all being under the protection of St. John the Baptist. This remarkable work is by the famous founders Alexander Colin of -Malines, and the even more famous Hans Löffler. There +Malines, and the even more famous Hans Löffler. There <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">308</a></span> are, too, nine altar pieces by Tyrolese painters which should be carefully noted.</p> @@ -13673,7 +13633,7 @@ vivid and even startling representation of a rainbow (which gives it its name) painted over the arched doorway.</p> <p>The church of Zirl is chiefly interesting from the frescoes -it contains, which are the work of Schöpf. The churchyard +it contains, which are the work of Schöpf. The churchyard is a spot in which to linger. It is instinct with the pathos which comes in a measure from partial neglect, and picturesqueness of environment.</p> @@ -13816,7 +13776,7 @@ of Zirl and the district were determined to make the perilous descent to the little cave which had afforded him shelter and foothold, employed some of the Schwaz miners to cut a path down to it and to enlarge the cavity, which -became known as the Max-Höhle. In the cave was +became known as the Max-Höhle. In the cave was placed a crucifix, with figures of the Virgin and St. John on either side, of sufficiently large size to be visible from the valley below. The cavern can be reached by this @@ -14058,7 +14018,7 @@ and the Inn Thal in greater respect than they had done before. The victory of July 1st, as it is known amongst the many other successes of the peasants' campaign against the invaders of their land, is celebrated every -year by a procession and <i>fête</i>.</p> +year by a procession and <i>fête</i>.</p> <p>Besides being a most interesting little town, Landeck is yearly growing more popular with holiday makers and @@ -14107,7 +14067,7 @@ included in the itinerary we are describing. The little town, which has a bustling and prosperous air, though it is decidedly hot in summer, still possesses a considerable number of its older buildings and houses. The -ancient château or castle of Gayenhofen is now used for +ancient château or castle of Gayenhofen is now used for Government purposes; it forms a picturesque landmark in the town.</p> @@ -14208,7 +14168,7 @@ and highly romantic tale.</p> <p>It would appear from this story that Charlemagne was of a more than usually suspicious nature, and by no means -one of those complaisant husbands with which the Mediæval +one of those complaisant husbands with which the Mediæval tales have familiarized us. An old lover of Hildegarde, having seen her married to the Emperor with great distress of mind, in his wrath against her for preferring even an @@ -14428,7 +14388,7 @@ and again. <li>Giants, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> <li>Leipsic, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> <li>Marengo and Hohenlinden, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> -<li>Naïssus, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li>Naïssus, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> <li>near the Brenner, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> <li>Sadowa, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> <li>Spinges, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> @@ -14499,7 +14459,7 @@ and again. <li>Buchenstein, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></li> -<li>Büchsenhausen, castle of, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Büchsenhausen, castle of, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> <li>Burg, the, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li> </ul> @@ -14526,7 +14486,7 @@ and again. <ul class="none"> <li>siege of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li></ul></li> -<li>Castle of Büchsenhausen, <a href="#Page_97">97</a> +<li>Castle of Büchsenhausen, <a href="#Page_97">97</a> <ul class="none"> <li>Frundsberg, <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li> <li>Lizzana, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> @@ -14796,7 +14756,7 @@ and again. <li>"Great Week" in Tyrolese history, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> -<li>Grödenerthal, ascents in, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> +<li>Grödenerthal, ascents in, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> </ul> <ul class="none"> <li class="i6">H</li> @@ -14808,7 +14768,7 @@ and again. <li>Hall, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>-<a href="#Page_138">138</a> <ul class="none"> <li>interesting church of, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> -<li>Münsterturm at, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> +<li>Münsterturm at, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li> <li>St. Saviour's church, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li> <li>salt mines, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li></ul></li> @@ -14822,7 +14782,7 @@ and again. <ul class="none"> <li>gardens and fountains, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> <li>mechanical theatre at, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> -<li>Monatsschlösschen at, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> +<li>Monatsschlösschen at, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> <li>stone theatre at, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li></ul></li> <li>Henry, youngest son of Meinhard II., <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> @@ -14914,7 +14874,7 @@ and again. <li>Marktgraben, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> <li>Maximilian's Tomb, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> <li>Maximilian's, description of, Cenotaph, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> -<li>mediæval buildings in, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> +<li>mediæval buildings in, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> <li>museum treasures, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> <li>National Museum, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> <li>plague, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> @@ -14953,11 +14913,11 @@ and again. <li>King Arthur of England, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> -<li>Kitzbühel, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a> +<li>Kitzbühel, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a> <ul class="none"> <li>sports at, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li></ul></li> -<li>Kitzbühlerhorn, ascent of, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> +<li>Kitzbühlerhorn, ascent of, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></li> <li>Klausen, <a href="#Page_215">215</a> <ul class="none"> @@ -14973,7 +14933,7 @@ and again. </ul> <ul class="none"> <li class="i6">L</li> -<li>Ladin, the dialect of the Grödenerthal, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> +<li>Ladin, the dialect of the Grödenerthal, <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> <li>Lake Missurina, <a href="#Page_262">262</a></li> @@ -15018,7 +14978,7 @@ and again. <li>Lizzana, Castle, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> -<li>Löffler, Gregor, and Castle of Büchsenhausen, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> +<li>Löffler, Gregor, and Castle of Büchsenhausen, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> <li>Lonicum (Lienz) station, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> @@ -15076,7 +15036,7 @@ and again. <li>Maurice of Saxony, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> -<li>Max-Höhle at Zirl, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li> +<li>Max-Höhle at Zirl, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></li> <li>Maximilian, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> @@ -15095,7 +15055,7 @@ and again. <ul class="none"> <li>architecture of, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> <li>the Burg, <a href="#Page_193">193</a></li> -<li>the Landesfürstliche Burg, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> +<li>the Landesfürstliche Burg, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></li> <li>gardens of, <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> <li>"Hero Plays" at, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> <li>costumes at, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> @@ -15118,7 +15078,7 @@ and again. <li>Monasteries, suppression of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> -<li>Mönchsberg, early church in, <a href="#Page_153">153</a> +<li>Mönchsberg, early church in, <a href="#Page_153">153</a> <ul class="none"> <li>walk along the, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li></ul></li> @@ -15126,11 +15086,11 @@ and again. <ul class="none"> <li>relics in, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li></ul></li> -<li>Mozart-Häuschen on the Kapuzingerberg, <a href="#Page_181">181</a> +<li>Mozart-Häuschen on the Kapuzingerberg, <a href="#Page_181">181</a> <ul class="none"> <li>furniture and relics in, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li></ul></li> -<li>Mozart-Häuschen, beautiful garden of, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> +<li>Mozart-Häuschen, beautiful garden of, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li> <li>Muhldorf, battle of, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> @@ -15145,7 +15105,7 @@ and again. <ul class="none"> <li class="i6">N</li> -<li>Naïssus, battle of, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> +<li>Naïssus, battle of, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> <li>Napoleonic wars and Salzburg, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> @@ -15203,7 +15163,7 @@ and again. <li>Plancus, Munatius, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> -<li>Plätz-Wiese, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> +<li>Plätz-Wiese, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> <li>Pliny, quotation from, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> @@ -15256,11 +15216,11 @@ and again. <li>Revolution, French, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li> -<li>Rhætians, the, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> +<li>Rhætians, the, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> <ul class="none"> <li>their dialect, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li></ul></li> -<li>Rhæto-Roman stations, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> +<li>Rhæto-Roman stations, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> <li>Riva, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a> <ul class="none"> @@ -15268,8 +15228,8 @@ and again. <li>Roman conquest of the country, <a href="#Page_6">6</a> <ul class="none"> -<li>occupation of Rhætia, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> -<li>Rhæto-, stations, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li></ul></li> +<li>occupation of Rhætia, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> +<li>Rhæto-, stations, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rome, power of, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> @@ -15446,13 +15406,13 @@ and again. <li>Sports, Tyrolese, <a href="#Page_67">67</a> <ul class="none"> -<li>at Kitzbühel, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> +<li>at Kitzbühel, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> <li>at Meran, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> <li>winter, at Innsbruck, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li></ul></li> <li>Starkenberg, Castle of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> -<li>Stations, Rhæto-Roman, <a href="#Page_8">8</a> +<li>Stations, Rhæto-Roman, <a href="#Page_8">8</a> <ul class="none"> <li>Tricesimum, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> <li>Julium Carnicum (Zuglio), <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> @@ -15482,7 +15442,7 @@ and again. <li>Heilig Wasser, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> <li>Oswald Milser, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li> <li>Oswald von Wolkenstein, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>-<a href="#Page_220">220</a></li> -<li>Pastor Söll, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li> +<li>Pastor Söll, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li> <li>Philippine Welser, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>-<a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> <li>St. Romedius and the Bear, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li> <li>Teufelspalast, Trent, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>-<a href="#Page_246">246</a></li> @@ -15597,7 +15557,7 @@ and again. <li>Germanization of, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> <li>the language of, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> <li>legends, superstitions, and myths of, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li> -<li>Wälsch, <a href="#Page_57">57</a> +<li>Wälsch, <a href="#Page_57">57</a> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">336</a></span></li></ul></li> <li>Tyrol folk-lore, tales of, <a href="#Page_57">57</a> @@ -15759,7 +15719,7 @@ case.—C. H.</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> In "Etrusker," Einl. 3, 10 <i>et seq.</i></p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> "Über die Urbewohner Rätiens und ihren Zusammenhang mit den +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> "Ãœber die Urbewohner Rätiens und ihren Zusammenhang mit den Etruskern."</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Or ornament.</p> @@ -15769,7 +15729,7 @@ Etruskern."</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> By some authorities the work is stated to have been carried out by Andrea Crivelli of Trent.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> See Klöppel's "Maximilian."</p> +<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> See Klöppel's "Maximilian."</p> <p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> This is as stated in Baedeker, and is the view of several authorities, though by no means certain.-C. H.</p> @@ -15820,387 +15780,6 @@ Appenzellers some time during the early part of the fifteenth century.—C. </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Tyrol and its People, by Clive Holland - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TYROL AND ITS PEOPLE *** - -***** This file should be named 40889-h.htm or 40889-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/0/8/8/40889/ - -Produced by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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