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diff --git a/40863-8.txt b/40863-0.txt index 76cae5b..22c9bdb 100644 --- a/40863-8.txt +++ b/40863-0.txt @@ -1,27 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, -Volume 15, Slice 6, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 15, Slice 6 - "Justinian II." to "Kells" - -Author: Various - -Release Date: September 25, 2012 [EBook #40863] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYC. BRITANNICA, VOL 15, SLICE 6 *** - - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40863 *** Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net @@ -63,7 +40,7 @@ Transcriber's notes: Lalladevi, is said to be the oldest work in the language which has survived." 'philosophy' amended from 'philosopy'. - ARTICLE KAZA: "Kaza lies 650 m. E. from Moscow by rail and 253 m. + ARTICLE KAZAÑ: "Kazañ lies 650 m. E. from Moscow by rail and 253 m. E. of Nizhniy-Novgorod by the Volga." 'm.' missing. ARTICLE KAZERUN: "... of the city on a huge mound are ruins of @@ -82,8 +59,8 @@ Transcriber's notes: ARTICLE KELLGREN, JOHAN HENRIK: "Of his minor poems written before that date the most important are the charming spring-song Vinterns - vlde lyktar, and the satirical Mina ljen and Man eger ej snille - fr det man r galen." 'satirical' amended from 'satrical'. + välde lyktar, and the satirical Mina löjen and Man eger ej snille + för det man är galen." 'satirical' amended from 'satrical'. ARTICLE KELLS: "The most notable is St Columbkille's house, originally an oratory, but afterwards converted into a church, the @@ -114,7 +91,7 @@ ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE: JUSTINIAN II. KARAMAN JUSTIN MARTYR KARAMANIA JUTE KARAMNASA - JTERBOG KARA MUSTAFA + JÜTERBOG KARA MUSTAFA JUTES KARAMZIN, NIKOLAI MIKHAILOVICH JUTIGALPA KARA SEA JUTLAND KARASU-BAZAR @@ -130,10 +107,10 @@ ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE: KABARDIA KARLSTAD KABBA KARLSTADT KABBABISH KARMA - KABBALAH KRMN, JZSEF + KABBALAH KÁRMÁN, JÓZSEF KABINDA KARNAK KABIR KARNAL - KABUL KROLYI, ALOYS + KABUL KÁROLYI, ALOYS KABUL RIVER KAROSS KABYLES KARR, JEAN BAPTISTE ALPHONSE KACH GANDAVA KARRER, FELIX @@ -149,7 +126,7 @@ ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE: KAHLUR KARWI KAHN, GUSTAVE KARYOGAMY KAHNIS, KARL FRIEDRICH AUGUST KASAI - K'AI-FNG FU KASBEK + K'AI-FÊNG FU KASBEK KAILAS KASHAN KAIN KASHGAR KAIRA KASHI @@ -191,10 +168,10 @@ ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE: KALK KAVADH KALKAS KAVALA KALKBRENNER, FRIEDRICH WILHELM KAVANAGH, ARTHUR MACMORROUGH - KLLAY, BENJAMIN VON KAVANAGH, JULIA + KÁLLAY, BENJAMIN VON KAVANAGH, JULIA KALMAR KAVASS KALMUCK KAVIRONDO - KALNKY, GUSTAV SIEGMUND KAW + KALNÓKY, GUSTAV SIEGMUND KAW KALOCSA KAWARDHA KALPI KAY, JOHN KALUGA (government of Russia) KAY, JOSEPH @@ -204,8 +181,8 @@ ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE: KAMALA KAYSER, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH EMANUEL KAMCHATKA KAY-SHUTTLEWORTH, SIR JAMES PHILLIPS KAME KAZALA - KAMENETS PODOLSKIY KAZA (government of Russia) - KAMENZ KAZA (town of Russia) + KAMENETS PODOLSKIY KAZAÑ (government of Russia) + KAMENZ KAZAÑ (town of Russia) KAMES, HENRY HOME KAZERUN KAMMIN KAZINCZY, FERENCZ KAMPEN KAZVIN @@ -218,7 +195,7 @@ ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE: KANARIS, CONSTANTINE KEATE, JOHN KANAUJ KEATS, JOHN KANDAHAR KEBLE, JOHN - KANDI KECSKEMT + KANDI KECSKEMÉT KANDY KEDDAH KANE, ELISHA KENT KEDGEREE KANE (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.) KEEL @@ -242,11 +219,11 @@ ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE: KAPURTHALA KEITH, GEORGE KEITH ELPHINSTONE KARACHI KEITH (burgh of Scotland) KARAGEORGE KEJ - KARA-HISSAR KEKUL, FRIEDRICH AUGUST + KARA-HISSAR KEKULÉ, FRIEDRICH AUGUST KARA-HISSAR SHARKI KELLER, ALBERT KARAISKAKIS, GEORGES KELLER, GOTTFRIED KARAJICH, VUK STEFANOVICH KELLER, HELEN ADAMS - KARA-KALPAKS KELLERMANN, FRANOIS CHRISTOPHE DE + KARA-KALPAKS KELLERMANN, FRANÇOIS CHRISTOPHE DE KARAKORUM KELLGREN, JOHAN HENRIK KARA-KUL KELLOGG, CLARA LOUISE KARA-KUM KELLS @@ -337,7 +314,7 @@ atheism and hostility to the state. He then draws a positive demonstration of the truth of his religion from the effects of the new faith, and especially from the excellence of its moral teaching, and concludes with a comparison of Christian and Pagan doctrines, in which -the latter are set down with nave confidence as the work of demons. As +the latter are set down with naïve confidence as the work of demons. As the main support of his proof of the truth of Christianity appears his detailed demonstration that the prophecies of the old dispensation, which are older than the Pagan poets and philosophers, have found their @@ -404,7 +381,7 @@ Justin's writings were not much read, and at the present time both the _Apology_ and the _Dialogue_ are preserved in but a single MS. (cod. Paris, 450, A.D. 1364). - BIBLIOGRAPHY.--The editions of Robert tienne (Stephanus) (1551); H. + BIBLIOGRAPHY.--The editions of Robert Étienne (Stephanus) (1551); H. Sylburg (1593); F. Morel (1615); Prudentius Maranuis (1742) are superseded by J. C. T. Otto, _Justini philosophi et martyris opera quae feruntur omnia_ (3rd ed. 5 vols., Jena, 1876-1881). This edition @@ -419,20 +396,20 @@ Paris, 450, A.D. 1364). the _Cohortatio_, which former critics ascribed to Justin, can be attributed to him. The authenticity of the _Dialogue_ has occasionally been disputed, but without reason. For a handy edition of the - _Apology_ see G. Krger, _Die Apologien Justins des Mrtyrers_ (3rd - ed. Tbingen, 1904). There is a good German translation with a + _Apology_ see G. Krüger, _Die Apologien Justins des Märtyrers_ (3rd + ed. Tübingen, 1904). There is a good German translation with a comprehensive commentary by H. Veil (1894). For English translations consult the "Oxford Library of the Fathers" and the "Ante-Nicene Library." Full information about Justin's history and views may be had - from the following monographs: C. Semisch, _Justin der Mrtyrer_ (2 + from the following monographs: C. Semisch, _Justin der Märtyrer_ (2 vols., 1840-1842); J. Donaldson, _A Critical History of Christian Literature and Doctrine_, vol. 2 (1866); C. E. Freppel, _St Justin_ (3rd ed., 1886); Moritz von Engelhardt, _Das Christentum Justins des - Mrtyrers_ (1878); T. M. Wehofer, _Die Apologie Justins des - Philosophen und Mrtyrers in litterarhistorischer Beziehung zum ersten - Male untersucht_ (1897); Alfred Leonhard Feder, _Justins des Mrtyrers + Märtyrers_ (1878); T. M. Wehofer, _Die Apologie Justins des + Philosophen und Märtyrers in litterarhistorischer Beziehung zum ersten + Male untersucht_ (1897); Alfred Leonhard Feder, _Justins des Märtyrers Lehre von Jesus Christus_ (1906). On the critical questions raised by - the spurious writings consult W. Gaul, _Die Abfassungsverhltnisse der + the spurious writings consult W. Gaul, _Die Abfassungsverhältnisse der pseudo-justinischen Cohortatio ad Graecos_ (1902); Adolf Harnack, _Diodor von Tarsus. Vier pseudo-justinische Schriften als Eigentum Diodors nachgewiesen_ (1901). (G. K.) @@ -470,7 +447,7 @@ very similar to each other, except in their fructification and the relatively greater size attained by _C. capsularis_. They are annual plants from 5 to 10 ft. high, with a cylindrical stalk as thick as a man's finger, and hardly branching except near the top. The light-green -leaves are from 4 to 5 in. long by 1 in. broad above the base, and +leaves are from 4 to 5 in. long by 1½ in. broad above the base, and taper upward into a fine point; the edges are serrated; the two lower teeth are drawn out into bristle-like points. The small whitish-yellow flowers are produced in clusters of two or three opposite the leaves. @@ -595,8 +572,8 @@ the 19th of September 1906 by Messrs. W. F. Souter & Co., Dundee:-- |1902--1st| 2,200,000 | 80% = | 5,280.000 | | | | | | | | Final | 2,200,000 | 80% = | 5,280,000 | 2,773,621 | 39,019 | 230,415 | 207,999 | 2,600,000 = | 5,851,054 | |1903--1st| 2,100,000 | 85% = | 5,400,000 | | | | | | | - | Final | 2,250,000 | 93% = | 6,500,000 | 3,161,791 | 59,562 | 329,048 | 236,959 | 3,650,000 = | 7,437,360 | - |1904--1st| 2,700,000 | 87% = | 7,100,000 | | | | | | | + | Final | 2,250,000 | 93¾% = | 6,500,000 | 3,161,791 | 59,562 | 329,048 | 236,959 | 3,650,000 = | 7,437,360 | + |1904--1st| 2,700,000 | 87½% = | 7,100,000 | | | | | | | | Final | 2,850,000 | 85% = | 7,400,000 | 2,939,940 | 44,002 | 253,882 | 290,854 | 3,475,782 = | 7,004,460 | |1905--1st| 3,163,500 | 87% = | 8,250,000 | | | | | | | | Final | 3,145,000 | 87% = | 8,200,000 \| | | | | \ | | @@ -731,9 +708,9 @@ conditions it will absorb as much as 23%. former is always considered inferior to the latter. It does not follow that a large crop of jute will result in low prices, for the year 1906-1907 was not only a record one for crops, but also for prices. R. - F. C. grade has been as high as 40 per ton, while its lowest recorded - price is 12. Similarly the price for First Marks reached 29, 15s. in - 1906 as compared with 9, 5s. per ton in 1897. The following table + F. C. grade has been as high as £40 per ton, while its lowest recorded + price is £12. Similarly the price for First Marks reached £29, 15s. in + 1906 as compared with £9, 5s. per ton in 1897. The following table shows a few well-known grades with the average prices during December for the years 1903, 1904, 1905 and 1906. @@ -741,7 +718,7 @@ conditions it will absorb as much as 23%. +-------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+ | Class. |Dec. 1903.|Dec. 1904.|Dec. 1905.|Dec. 1906.| +-------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+ - | | s. d. | s. d. | s. d. | s. d. | + | | £ s. d. | £ s. d. | £ s. d. | £ s. d. | | First marks | 12 15 0 | 16 0 0 | 19 15 0 | 27 15 0 | | Blacks S C C | 11 2 6 | 14 5 0 | 17 15 0 | 20 15 0 | | Red S C C | 12 0 0 | 14 17 6 | 18 15 0 | 23 15 0 | @@ -995,7 +972,7 @@ the early days of the trade. separated. The proximity of the weighted roller or rollers to the fixed ones depends upon the thickness of material passing through the machine. The fibre is delivered by what is called the delivery cloth, - and the batcher usually selects small streaks of about 1 lb. to 2 lb. + and the batcher usually selects small streaks of about 1½ lb. to 2 lb. weight each and passes them on to the attendant or feeder of the softening machine. These small streaks are now laid as regularly as possible upon the feed-cloth of the softening machine, a general view @@ -1021,7 +998,7 @@ the early days of the trade. important step in the practical solution of the difficulties of jute spinning. The relative quantities of oil and water depend upon the quality of the batch. Sometimes both whale and mineral oils are used, - but in most cases the whale oil is omitted. About 1 to 1 gallons of + but in most cases the whale oil is omitted. About 1 to 1¼ gallons of oil is the usual amount given per bale of 400 lb. of jute, while the quantity of water per bale varies from 3 to 7 gallons. The delivery attendants remove the streaks, give them a twist to facilitate future @@ -1107,7 +1084,7 @@ the early days of the trade. doubling threads or slivers is to minimize irregularities of thickness and of colour in the material. In an ordinary case, the total doublings in jute from the breaker card to the end of the second - drawing is ninety-six: 12 4 2 = 96; and if the slivers were made + drawing is ninety-six: 12 × 4 × 2 = 96; and if the slivers were made thinner and more of them used the ultimate result would naturally be improved. @@ -1137,7 +1114,7 @@ the early days of the trade. r = the revolutions per second of the bobbin; d = the diameter of bobbin shaft plus the material; L = the length of sliver delivered per second; - then (R - r) d[pi] = L. + then (R - r) d·[pi] = L. In the above expression R, [pi] and L are constant, therefore as d increases the term (R - r) must decrease; this can happen only when r @@ -1158,7 +1135,7 @@ the early days of the trade. The count of jute yarn is based upon the weight in pounds of 14,400 yds., such length receiving the name of "spyndle." The finest yarns - weigh 2 lb. to 3 lb. per spyndle, but the commonest kinds are 7 lb., + weigh 2¾ lb. to 3 lb. per spyndle, but the commonest kinds are 7 lb., 8 lb., 9 lb. and 10 lb. per spyndle. The sizes rise in pounds up to about 20 lb., then by 2 lb. up to about 50 lb. per spyndle, with much larger jumps above this weight. It is not uncommon to find 200 lb. to @@ -1192,19 +1169,19 @@ FOOTNOTE: -JTERBOG, or GTERBOG, a town of Germany in the Prussian province of +JÜTERBOG, or GÜTERBOG, a town of Germany in the Prussian province of Brandenburg, on the Nuthe, 39 m. S.W. of Berlin, at the junction of the main lines of railway from Berlin to Dresden and Leipzig. Pop. (1900), 7407. The town is surrounded by a medieval wall, with three gateways, and contains two Protestant churches, of which that of St Nicholas (14th century) is remarkable for its three fine aisles. There are also a Roman -Catholic church, an old town-hall and a modern school. Jterbog carries +Catholic church, an old town-hall and a modern school. Jüterbog carries on weaving and spinning both of flax and wool, and trades in the produce of those manufactures and in cattle. Vines are cultivated in the -neighbourhood. Jterbog belonged in the later middle ages to the +neighbourhood. Jüterbog belonged in the later middle ages to the archbishopric of Magdeburg, passing to electoral Saxony in 1648, and to Prussia in 1815. It was here that a treaty over the succession to the -duchy of Jlich was made in March 1611 between Saxony and Brandenburg, +duchy of Jülich was made in March 1611 between Saxony and Brandenburg, and here in November 1644 the Swedes defeated the Imperialists. Two miles S.W. of the town is the battlefield of Dennewitz where the Prussians defeated the French on the 6th of September 1813. @@ -1252,7 +1229,7 @@ sugar or cotton. JUTLAND (Danish _Jylland_), though embracing several islands as well as a peninsula, may be said to belong to the continental portion of the kingdom of Denmark. The peninsula (Chersonese or Cimbric peninsula of -ancient geography) extends northward, from a line between Lbeck and the +ancient geography) extends northward, from a line between Lübeck and the mouth of the Elbe, for 270 m. to the promontory of the Skaw (Skagen), thus preventing a natural communication directly east and west between the Baltic and North Seas. The northern portion only is Danish, and @@ -1260,24 +1237,24 @@ bears the name Jutland. The southern is German, belonging to Schleswig-Holstein. The peninsula is almost at its narrowest (36 m.) at the frontier, but Jutland has an extreme breadth of 110 m. and the extent from the south-western point (near Ribe) to the Skaw is 180 m. -Jutland embraces nine _amter_ (counties), namely, Hjrring, Thisted, -Aalborg, Ringkjbing, Viborg, Randers, Aarhus, Vejle and Ribe. The main +Jutland embraces nine _amter_ (counties), namely, Hjörring, Thisted, +Aalborg, Ringkjöbing, Viborg, Randers, Aarhus, Vejle and Ribe. The main watershed of the peninsula lies towards the east coast; therefore such elevated ground as exists is found on the east, while the western slope is gentle and consists of a low sandy plain of slight undulation. The North Sea coast (western) and Skagerrack coast (north-western) consist mainly of a sweeping line of dunes with wide lagoons behind them. In the -south the northernmost of the North Frisian Islands (Fan) is Danish. +south the northernmost of the North Frisian Islands (Fanö) is Danish. Towards the north a narrow mouth gives entry to the Limfjord, or Liimfjord, which, wide and ramifying among islands to the west, narrows to the east and pierces through to the Cattegat, thus isolating the -counties of Hjrring and Thisted (known together as Vendsyssel). It is, +counties of Hjörring and Thisted (known together as Vendsyssel). It is, however, bridged at Aalborg, and its depth rarely exceeds 12 ft. The seaward banks of the lagoons are frequently broken in storms, and the narrow channels through them are constantly shifting. The east coast is slightly bolder than the west, and indented with true estuaries and bays. From the south-east the chain of islands forming insular Denmark -extends towards Sweden, the strait between Jutland and Fnen having the +extends towards Sweden, the strait between Jutland and Fünen having the name of the Little Belt. The low and dangerous coasts, off which the seas are generally very shallow, are efficiently served by a series of lifeboat stations. The western coast region is well compared with the @@ -1316,7 +1293,7 @@ species of timber almost exclusively planted are the red fir (_Picea excelsa_) and the mountain pine (_Pinus montana_). This admirable work quickly caused the population to increase at a more rapid rate in the districts where it was practised than in any other part of the Danish -kingdom. The counties of Viborg, Ringkjbing and Ribe cover the +kingdom. The counties of Viborg, Ringkjöbing and Ribe cover the principal heath district. Jutland is well served by railways. Two lines cross the frontier from @@ -1324,10 +1301,10 @@ Germany on the east and west respectively and run northward near the coasts. The eastern touches the ports of Kolding, Fredericia, Vejle, Horsens, Aarhus, Randers, Aalborg on Limfjord, Frederikshavn and Skagen. On the west the only port of first importance is Esbjerg. The line runs -past Skjerne, Ringkjbing, Vemb and Holstebro to Thisted. Both throw off +past Skjerne, Ringkjöbing, Vemb and Holstebro to Thisted. Both throw off many branches and are connected by lines east and west between Kolding and Esbjerg, Skanderborg and Skjerne, Langaa and Struer on Limfjord via -Viborg. Of purely inland towns only Viborg in the midland and Hjrring +Viborg. Of purely inland towns only Viborg in the midland and Hjörring in the extreme north are of importance. @@ -1358,7 +1335,7 @@ gentes_ iii. 29) is alone responsible. See Virgil, _Aeneid_, xii. 139 and Servius _ad loc._; Ovid, _Fasti_, ii. 583-616; Valerius Maximus, i. 8. 1; L. Deubner, "Juturna und die - Ausgrabungen auf dem rmischen Forum," in _Neue Jahrb. f. das + Ausgrabungen auf dem römischen Forum," in _Neue Jahrb. f. das klassische Altertum_ (1902), p. 370. @@ -1492,7 +1469,7 @@ himself, the epithet _facundus_ is applied to him, equally applicable to his "eloquence" as satirist or rhetorician. In the last Martial imagines his friend wandering about discontentedly through the crowded streets of Rome, and undergoing all the discomforts incident to attendance on the -leves of the great. Two lines in the poem suggest that the satirist, +levées of the great. Two lines in the poem suggest that the satirist, who inveighed with just severity against the worst corruptions of Roman morals, was not too rigid a censor of the morals of his friend. Indeed, his intimacy with Martial is a ground for not attributing to him @@ -1737,7 +1714,7 @@ either in human life or nature. Whenever such sense is evoked it is only as a momentary relief to his prevailing sense of the hideousness of contemporary life, or in protest against what he regarded as the enervating influences of art. Even his references to the great poets of -the past indicate rather a _blas_ sense of indifference and weariness +the past indicate rather a _blasé_ sense of indifference and weariness than a fresh enjoyment of them. Yet his power of touching the springs of tragic awe and horror is a genuine poetical gift, of the same kind as that which is displayed by some of the early English dramatists. But he @@ -1815,7 +1792,7 @@ somewhat allayed the fierce rage which vexed his manhood. (Canon. Lat. 41), which contains a portion of Satire vi., the existence of which was unknown until E. O. Winstedt published it in the _Classical Review_ (1899), pp. 201 seq. Another fragment in the - Bibliothque Nationale was described by C. E. Stuart in the _Classical + Bibliothèque Nationale was described by C. E. Stuart in the _Classical Quarterly_ (Jan. 1909). Numerous scholia and glossaries attest the interest taken in Juvenal in post-classical times and the middle ages. There are two classes of scholia--the older or "Pithoeana," first @@ -1825,7 +1802,7 @@ somewhat allayed the fierce rage which vexed his manhood. 1585, in which P was first used for the text. Amongst later ones we may mention the commentaries of Ruperti (1819) and C. F. Heinrich (1839, with the old scholia), O. Jahn (1851, critical with the old - scholia), A. Weidner (1889), L. Friedlnder (1895, with a full verbal + scholia), A. Weidner (1889), L. Friedländer (1895, with a full verbal index). The most useful English commentaries are those of J. E. B. Mayor (a voluminous and learned commentary on thirteen of the _Satires_, ii., vi. and ix. being omitted), J. D. Lewis (1882, with a @@ -1842,8 +1819,8 @@ somewhat allayed the fierce rage which vexed his manhood. and C. Badham's (1814). Johnson's imitations of Satires iii. and x. are well known. For the numerous articles and contributions to the criticism and elucidation of the _Satires_, reference should be made - to Teuffel's _Geschichte der rmischen Litteratur_ (Eng. trans. by - Warre), 331, and Schanz, ditto (1901, ii. 2, 420a). + to Teuffel's _Geschichte der römischen Litteratur_ (Eng. trans. by + Warre), § 331, and Schanz, ditto (1901, ii. § 2, § 420a). (W. Y. S.; J. P. P.) @@ -1903,7 +1880,7 @@ _Life of Caesarius_, bishop of Arelate (Arles). See M. Manitius, _Geschichte der christlich-lateinischen Poesie_ (1891); A. Ebert, _Allgemeine Geschichte der Literatur des Mittelalters_, vol. i. (1889); editions of Juvencus by C. Marold - (1886); J. Hmer in _Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum_, + (1886); J. Hümer in _Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum_, vol. xxiv. (Vienna, 1891); J. T. Hatfield, _A Study of Juvencus_ (1890), dealing with syntax, metre and language; editions of the _Heptateuch_ by J. E. B. Mayor (1889; reviewed by W. Sanday in @@ -2156,7 +2133,7 @@ _Belgium._--The law of November 1891 places the whole mass of juveniles--those who are likely to give trouble and those who have already done so--at the disposal of the state. The system is very elastic, realizing the infinite variety of childish natures. The purely -paternal rgime would be wasted upon the really vicious; a severe +paternal régime would be wasted upon the really vicious; a severe discipline would press too heavily on the well-disposed. Accordingly, all juveniles, male and female, are divided into six principal classes with a corresponding treatment, it being strictly ruled that there is no @@ -2173,7 +2150,7 @@ Denmark in 1906, holding some 2000 inmates. In 1874, by the will of Countess Danner, a large female refuge was founded at Castle Jagerspris, which holds some 360 girls. Another of the same class is the Royal Vodrofsvei Bonnehjem at Copenhagen, founded in the same year by Mlle -Schneider. The rgime preferred in Denmark is that of the family or the +Schneider. The régime preferred in Denmark is that of the family or the very small school. The Jagerspris system is to divide the whole number of 360 into small parties of 20 each under a nurse or official mother. Employment in Danish schools is mainly agricultural, field labour and @@ -2184,7 +2161,7 @@ emigrate. _France._--There are five methods of disposing of juvenile offenders in France:-- - 1. The preliminary or preventative prison (_maisons d'arrt_ and _de + 1. The preliminary or preventative prison (_maisons d'arrêt_ and _de justice_) for those arrested and accused. 2. The ordinary prison for all sentenced to less than six months, @@ -2211,8 +2188,8 @@ other outlet for them. At that time the French law, while it acquitted minors shown to have acted without discretion, still consigned them for safe keeping and inevitable contamination to the common gaols. M. Demetz conceived the idea of an agricultural colony, and in 1840 organized a -small "_socit paternelle_," as it was called, of which he became -vice-president. Another philanthropist, the Vicomte de Bretignires de +small "_société paternelle_," as it was called, of which he became +vice-president. Another philanthropist, the Vicomte de Bretignières de Courteilles, a landed proprietor in Touraine, associated himself in the enterprise and endowed the institution with land at Mettray near Tours. The earliest labours at Mettray were in the development of the @@ -2231,7 +2208,7 @@ that were growing out of the system, soon made Mettray a model for imitation in France and beyond it. Many establishments were planned upon it, started by the state or private enterprise; penitentiary colonies were created for boys in connexion with some of the great central -prisons. The colony of Val de Yvre has a good record. It was started by +prisons. The colony of Val de Yèvre has a good record. It was started by a private philanthropist, Charles J. M. Lucas, (1803-1889) but after five-and-twenty years was handed over to the state. Other cognate establishments are those of Petit Quevilly near Rouen, Petit Bourg near @@ -2264,10 +2241,10 @@ correctional character. These last are generally very small, the largest taking barely a hundred, but are very numerous. Many private persons have devoted themselves to the work. Count A. von der Recke-Volmerstein (1791-1878) about 1821 founded a refuge for neglected children in -Dsselthal, between Dsseldorf and Elberstadt. Pastor T. F. Fliedner +Düsselthal, between Düsseldorf and Elberstadt. Pastor T. F. Fliedner (1800-1864) built up a fine establishment at Kaiserswerth from 1833, in which was an infant school, a penitentiary and an orphan asylum. Another -famous name is that of W. von Trk (1774-1846), who studied under +famous name is that of W. von Türk (1774-1846), who studied under Pestalozzi in Switzerland. A school which has largely influenced public opinion in Great Britain, @@ -2323,7 +2300,7 @@ child can be charged with an offence. The Italian schools are mostly planned on a large scale. That of Marchiondi Spagliardi accommodates 550, divided among three houses under one supreme head. The Turazza institution at Treviso holds 380, and there are eight others with from -200 to 300 inmates. The rgime is very various; the larger number of +200 to 300 inmates. The régime is very various; the larger number of schools are on the congregate system, with daily labour in association and isolation by night. The "family" method is also practised with small groups, divisions or companies, into which the children are formed @@ -2680,7 +2657,7 @@ through Latin influence, writing being almost entirely in the hands of ecclesiastics. As the sound-changes have been discussed under C it is necessary here only to refer to the palatalization of K followed earlier by a final _e_ as in _watch_ (Middle English _wacche_, Anglo-Saxon -_wcce_) by the side of _wake_ (M.E. _waken_, A.-S. _wacan_); batch, +_wæcce_) by the side of _wake_ (M.E. _waken_, A.-S. _wacan_); batch, bake, &c. Sometimes an older form of the substantive survives, as in the Elizabethan and Northern _make_ = _mate_ alongside _match_. (P. Gi.) @@ -2721,11 +2698,11 @@ forests, and some under perpetual snow. Excellent breeds of horses are reared, and the peasants own many cattle. The land is well cultivated in the lower parts, the chief crops being millet, maize, wheat and oats. Bee-keeping is extensively practised, and Kabardian honey is in repute. -Wood-cutting and the manufacture of wooden wares, the making of _brkas_ +Wood-cutting and the manufacture of wooden wares, the making of _búrkas_ (felt and fur cloaks), and saddlery are very general. Nalchik is the chief town. -The Kabardians are a branch of the Adygh (Circassians). The policy of +The Kabardians are a branch of the Adyghè (Circassians). The policy of Russia was always to be friendly with the Kabardian aristocracy, who were possessed of feudal rights over the Ossetes, the Ingushes, the Abkhasians and the mountain Tatars, and had command of the roads leading @@ -2753,8 +2730,8 @@ Imperial Guards at St Petersburg. KABBA, a province of the British protectorate of Northern Nigeria, -situated chiefly on the right bank of the Niger, between 7 5 and 8 -45 N. and 5 30 and 7 E. It has an area of 7800 sq. m. and an +situated chiefly on the right bank of the Niger, between 7° 5´ and 8° +45´ N. and 5° 30´ and 7° E. It has an area of 7800 sq. m. and an estimated population of about 70,000. The province consists of relatively healthy uplands interspersed with fertile valleys. It formed part at one time of the Nupe emirate, and under Fula rule the armies of @@ -2902,7 +2879,7 @@ the first, the third from the second, and so on up to ten. In their totality and unity the ten Sephiroth are not only denominated the World of Sephiroth, or the World of Emanations, but, owing to the above representation, are called the primordial or archetypal man (= -[Greek: prtogonos]) and the heavenly man. It is this form which, as we +[Greek: prôtogonos]) and the heavenly man. It is this form which, as we are assured, the prophet Ezekiel saw in the mysterious chariot (Ezek. i. 1-28), and of which the earthly man is a faint copy. @@ -3263,7 +3240,7 @@ history of European scholarship and thought. (1160-1238). It shows the influence of the _Sepher Yesirah_, is marked by the teaching of a celestial Trinity, is a rough outline of what the _Zohar_ was destined to be, and gave the first opening to a thorough - study of metaphysics among the Jews. (See further 1. Broyd, _Jew. + study of metaphysics among the Jews. (See further 1. Broydé, _Jew. Ency._ ii. 442 seq.). 3. The _Zohar_ ("shining," Dan. xii. 3) is a commentary on the @@ -3323,13 +3300,13 @@ history of European scholarship and thought. 1844); C. D. Ginsburg, _The Kabbalah, its Doctrines, Development and Literature_ (London, 1865); I. Meyer, _Qabbalah_ (Philadelphia, 1888); Rubin, _Kabbala und Agada_ (Vienna, 1895), _Heidentum und Kabbalah_ - (1893); Karppe, _t. sur les origines du Zohar_ (Paris, 1891); A. E. + (1893); Karppe, _Ét. sur les origines du Zohar_ (Paris, 1891); A. E. Waite, _Doctrine and Literature of the Kabbalah_ (London, 1902); - Flgel, _Philosophy, Kabbala, &c._ (Baltimore, 1902); D. Neumark, - _Gesch. d. Jd. Philosophie d. Mittelalters_ (Berlin, 1907); also S. + Flügel, _Philosophy, Kabbala, &c._ (Baltimore, 1902); D. Neumark, + _Gesch. d. Jüd. Philosophie d. Mittelalters_ (Berlin, 1907); also S. A. Binion, in C. D. Warner's _World's Best Literature_, 8425 sqq. See further the very full articles in the _Jewish Ency._ by K. Kohler and - L. Ginzberg ("Cabbala"), I. Broyd ("Bahir," "Zohar"), with the + L. Ginzberg ("Cabbala"), I. Broydé ("Bahir," "Zohar"), with the references. (C. D. G.; S. A. C.) @@ -3344,7 +3321,7 @@ FOOTNOTES: creation out of nothing, and that the mediate beings were emanations, was much influenced by Solomon ibn Gabirol (1021-1070). - [4] See F. Weber, _Jdische Theologie_ (1897), pp. 118 sqq. + [4] See F. Weber, _Jüdische Theologie_ (1897), pp. 118 sqq. [5] See C. A. Briggs, _Study of Holy Scripture_ (1899), pp. 427 sqq., 570. @@ -3372,7 +3349,7 @@ FOOTNOTES: [11] See, e.g., G. Margoliouth, "The Doctrine of Ether in the Kabbalah," _Jew. Quart. Rev._ xx. 828 sqq. On the influence of the - Kabbalah on the Reformation, see Stckl, _Gesch. d. Philosophie des + Kabbalah on the Reformation, see Stöckl, _Gesch. d. Philosophie des Mittelalters_, ii. 232-251. @@ -3386,9 +3363,9 @@ extends inland, at its greatest breadth, 70 m., and has an area of about resembles the coast region of French Congo (q.v.). The only considerable river is the Chiloango, which in part forms the boundary between Portuguese and Belgian territory, and in its lower course divides -Kabinda into two fairly even portions. The mouth of the river is in 5 -12 S., 12 5 E. The chief town, named Kabinda, is a seaport on the -right bank of the small river Bele, in 5 33 S., 12 10 E.; pop. about +Kabinda into two fairly even portions. The mouth of the river is in 5° +12´ S., 12° 5´ E. The chief town, named Kabinda, is a seaport on the +right bank of the small river Bele, in 5° 33´ S., 12° 10´ E.; pop. about 10,000. From the beauty of its situation, and the fertility of the adjacent country, it has been called the paradise of the coast. The harbour is sheltered and commodious, with anchorage in four fathoms. @@ -3403,7 +3380,7 @@ efforts made by that nation during the last quarter of the 19th century to obtain sovereignty over both banks of the lower Congo. Whilst Portugal succeeded in obtaining the southern bank of the river to the limit of navigability from the sea, the northern bank became part of the -Congo Free State (see AFRICA, 5). Portuguese claims to the north of +Congo Free State (see AFRICA, § 5). Portuguese claims to the north of the river were, however, to some extent met by the recognition of her right to Kabinda. The southernmost part of Kabinda is 25 m. (following the coast-line) north of the mouth of the Congo. This district as far @@ -3560,7 +3537,7 @@ FOOTNOTES: KABUL, the capital of Afghanistan, standing at an elevation of 6900 ft. -above the sea in 34 32 N. and 69 14 E. Estimated pop. (1901), +above the sea in 34° 32´ N. and 69° 14´ E. Estimated pop. (1901), 140,000. Lying at the foot of the bare and rocky mountains forming the western boundary of the Kabul valley, just below the gorge made by the Kabul River, the city extends a mile and a half east to west and one @@ -3582,7 +3559,7 @@ south-east angle, and rising about 150 ft. above the plain. The Amir's palace is situated outside the town about midway between it and the Sherpur cantonment which lies about a mile to the north-east. Formerly the greatest ornament of the city was the arcaded and roofed bazaar -called _Chihr Cht_, ascribed to Ali Mardan Khan, a noble of the 17th +called _Chihâr Châtâ_, ascribed to Ali Mardan Khan, a noble of the 17th century, who has left behind him many monuments of his munificent public spirit both in Kabul and in Hindustan. Its four arms had an aggregate length of about 600 ft., with a breadth of 30. The display of goods was @@ -3653,7 +3630,7 @@ ridge, is not uncared for. Kabul is believed to be the _Ortospanum_ or _Ortospana_ of the geographies of Alexander's march, a name conjectured to be a - corruption of _Urddhasthna_, "high place." This is the meaning of the + corruption of _Urddhasthâna_, "high place." This is the meaning of the name Bala Hissar. But the actual name is perhaps also found as that of a people in this position (Ptolemy's _Kabolitae_), if not in the name of a city apparently identical with Ortospana, _Carura_, in some @@ -3661,7 +3638,7 @@ ridge, is not uncared for. thirty-fifth year of the Hegira, but it was long before the Mahommedans effected any lasting settlement. In the early Mahommedan histories and geographies we find (according to a favourite Arabic - love of jingle) _Kbul_ and _Zbul_ constantly associated. Zbul + love of jingle) _Kâbul_ and _Zâbul_ constantly associated. Zâbul appears to have been the country about Ghazni. Kabul first became a capital when Baber made himself master of it in 1504, and here he reigned for fifteen years before his invasion of Hindustan. In modern @@ -3752,22 +3729,22 @@ the time of Ibn Khaldun; it is the principal basis of Hanoteau's _Essai de grammaire kabyle_ (Paris, 1858). Unlike their southern brethren, the Kabyles have no alphabet, and their literature is still in the stage of oral transmission, for the most part by professional reciters. -Hanoteau's _Posies populaires de la Kabylie du Jurjura_ (Paris, 1867) +Hanoteau's _Poésies populaires de la Kabylie du Jurjura_ (Paris, 1867) gives the text and translation of a considerable number of historical pieces, proverbial couplets and quatrains, dancing songs, &c. Consult General L. L. C. Faidherbe and Dr Paul Topinard, _Instructions - sur l'anthropologie de l'Algrie_ (Paris, 1874); Melchior Joseph - Eugne Daumas, _Le Sahara algrien_ (Paris, 1845) and _Moeurs et - coutumes de l'Algrie_ (1857); De Slane's translation of Ibn Khaldun's - _Hist. des Berbres_ (Algiers, 1852); Aucapitaine, _Les Kabyles et la - colonie de l'Algrie_ (Paris, 1864) and _Les Beni M'zab_ (1868); + sur l'anthropologie de l'Algérie_ (Paris, 1874); Melchior Joseph + Eugène Daumas, _Le Sahara algérien_ (Paris, 1845) and _Moeurs et + coutumes de l'Algérie_ (1857); De Slane's translation of Ibn Khaldun's + _Hist. des Berbères_ (Algiers, 1852); Aucapitaine, _Les Kabyles et la + colonie de l'Algérie_ (Paris, 1864) and _Les Beni M'zab_ (1868); L.J.A.C. Hanoteau and A. Letourneux, _La Kabylie et les coutumes - kabyles_ (Paris, 1893); Charmetant, in _Jahrbcher der Verbreitung des - Glaubens_ (1874); Masqueray, _Formation des cits ... de l'Algrie_ - (1886); Dugas, _La Kabylie et le peuple kabyle_ (Paris, 1878); Rcoux, - _La Dmographie de l'Algrie_ (Paris, 1880); J. Liorel, _Races - berbres: les Kabyles_ (Paris, 1893); MacIver and Wilkin, _Libyan + kabyles_ (Paris, 1893); Charmetant, in _Jahrbücher der Verbreitung des + Glaubens_ (1874); Masqueray, _Formation des cités ... de l'Algérie_ + (1886); Dugas, _La Kabylie et le peuple kabyle_ (Paris, 1878); Récoux, + _La Démographie de l'Algérie_ (Paris, 1880); J. Liorel, _Races + berbères: les Kabyles_ (Paris, 1893); MacIver and Wilkin, _Libyan Notes_ (1901). @@ -3806,7 +3783,7 @@ Owing to the great number of tribes, sub-tribes and clans of the Kachins, the part of the Kachin hills which has been taken under administration in the Myitkyina and Bhamo districts was divided into 40 Kachin hill tracts (recently reduced to five). Beyond these tracts there -are many Kachins in Katha, Mng Mit and the northern Shan States. The +are many Kachins in Katha, Möng Mit and the northern Shan States. The country within the Kachin hill tracts is roughly estimated at 19,177 sq. m., and consists of a series of ranges, for the most part running north and south, and intersected by valleys, all leading towards the @@ -3814,7 +3791,7 @@ Irrawaddy, which drains the country. There were 64,405 Kachins enumerated at the census of 1901. Philological investigations show that it is probable that the progenitors of the Kachins or Chingpaw were the Indo-Chinese race who, before the beginnings of history, but after the -Mn-Annam wave had covered Indo-China, forsook their home in western +Môn-Annam wave had covered Indo-China, forsook their home in western China to pour over the region where Tibet, Assam, Burma and China converge, and that the Chingpaw are the residue left round the headquarters of the Irrawaddy and the Chindwin after those branches, @@ -3899,9 +3876,9 @@ district is served by the Southern Mahratta railway. KAEMPFER, ENGELBRECHT (1651-1716), German traveller and physician, was born on the 16th of November 1651 at Lemgo in Lippe-Detmold, Westphalia, -where his father was a pastor. He studied at Hameln, Lneburg, Hamburg, -Lbeck and Danzig, and after graduating Ph.D. at Cracow, spent four -years at Knigsberg in Prussia, studying medicine and natural science. +where his father was a pastor. He studied at Hameln, Lüneburg, Hamburg, +Lübeck and Danzig, and after graduating Ph.D. at Cracow, spent four +years at Königsberg in Prussia, studying medicine and natural science. In 1681 he visited Upsala in Sweden, where he was offered inducements to settle; but his desire for foreign travel led him to become secretary to the embassy which Charles XI. sent through Russia to Persia in 1683. He @@ -3950,7 +3927,7 @@ KAFFA, a country of N.E. Africa, part of the Abyssinian empire. Kaffa proper (formerly known also as Gomara) has an area of little more than 5000 sq. m., but the name is used in a general sense to include the neighbouring territories of Gimirra, Jimma, Ennarea, &c. In this larger -acceptation Kaffa extends roughly from 6 to 9 N. and from 35 to 37 +acceptation Kaffa extends roughly from 6° to 9° N. and from 35° to 37½° E. It forms the S.W. part of the great Abyssinian plateau and consists of broken table-land deeply scored by mountain torrents and densely wooded. The general elevation is about 8000 ft., while several peaks are @@ -3958,7 +3935,7 @@ over 10,000 ft. From the western slopes of the plateau descend headstreams of the Sobat. The principal river however is the Omo, the chief feeder of Lake Rudolf. Kaffa proper is believed to be the native home of the coffee plant (whence the name), which grows in profusion on -the mountain sides. The principal town was Bonga, 7 N., 36 12 E., a +the mountain sides. The principal town was Bonga, 7½° N., 36° 12´ E., a great trading centre, but the Abyssinian headquarters are at Anderacha, about 12 m. S.S.W. of Bonga. Jiren, the capital of Jimma, 60 m. N.E. of Bonga, is a still more important town, its weekly market being attended @@ -3987,7 +3964,7 @@ mapped. KAFFIR BREAD, in botany, the popular name for a species of _Encephalartos_ (_E. caffra_), one of the cycads, a native of South Africa, so called from the farinaceous food-stuff which is found at the -apex of the stem (Gr. [Greek: en], in, [Greek: kephal], head, and +apex of the stem (Gr. [Greek: en], in, [Greek: kephalê], head, and [Greek: artos], bread). It is a tree reaching nearly 20 ft. in height, with very stiff, spreading pinnate leaves 3 to 4 ft. long and recurving at the tip. The species of _Encephalartos_, which are natives of @@ -4228,13 +4205,13 @@ even eighty. is very strong, and the power of chiefs is upheld by the imperial government, which exercises general supervision. - See Gustav Fritsch, _Die Eingeborenen Sdafrikas_, with atlas, 30 + See Gustav Fritsch, _Die Eingeborenen Südafrikas_, with atlas, 30 plates and 120 typical heads (Breslau, 1872); W. H. I. Bleek, _Comparative Grammar of the South African Languages_ (London and Cape - Town, pt. i., 1862; pt. ii., 1869); Theo. Hahn, _Grundzge einer + Town, pt. i., 1862; pt. ii., 1869); Theo. Hahn, _Grundzüge einer Grammatik des Herero_ (Berlin, 1857); Dr Colenso, _Grammar of the Zulu-Kafir Language_ (1855); Girard de Rialle, _Les Peuples de - l'Afrique et de l'Amrique_ (Paris, 1880); G. W. Stow, _The Native + l'Afrique et de l'Amérique_ (Paris, 1880); G. W. Stow, _The Native Races of South Africa_ (London, 1905); G. McC. Theal, _History and Ethnography of South Africa, 1505 to 1795_ (3 vols., London, 1907-1910) and _History of South Africa since 1795_ (5 vols., London, @@ -4320,8 +4297,8 @@ increased from 487,364 in 1891 to 631,887 in 1904. river banks, grass grows luxuriantly in the lower regions, and the lowlands and valleys are favourable to almost any kind of fruit, field and garden cultivation. The coast districts are very hot in summer, - the temperature from October to April on an average varying from 70 - to 90 F., while in winter the day temperature is seldom below 50, + the temperature from October to April on an average varying from 70° + to 90° F., while in winter the day temperature is seldom below 50°, though the nights are very cold. But the variation in altitude places climates of all grades within easy reach, from the burning coast to the often snow-clad mountain. Thunderstorms are frequent in summer; @@ -4508,11 +4485,11 @@ given to a tract of country enclosed between Chitral and Afghan territory. It was formerly peopled by pagan mountaineers, who maintained a wild independence until 1895, when they were finally subdued by Abdur Rahman, the amir of Kabul, who also compelled them to accept the -religion of Islam. The territory thus ill named is included between 34 -30 and 36 N., and from about 70 to 71 30 E. As the western and +religion of Islam. The territory thus ill named is included between 34° +30´ and 36° N., and from about 70° to 71° 30´ E. As the western and northern boundaries are imperfectly known, its size cannot be estimated -with any certainty. Its greatest extent is from east to west at 35 10 -N.; its greatest breadth is probably about 71 E. The total area +with any certainty. Its greatest extent is from east to west at 35° 10´ +N.; its greatest breadth is probably about 71° E. The total area approximates to 5000 sq. m. Along the N. the boundary is the province of Badakshan, on the N.E. the Lutkho valley of Chitral. Chitral and lower Chitral enclose it to the E., and the Kunar valley on the S.E. @@ -4630,7 +4607,7 @@ to rise in the very heart of Kafiristan. at all elevations. In the higher valleys the winter is rigorous. Snow falls heavily everywhere over 4000 ft. above the sea-level. During the winter of 1890-1891 at Kamdesh (elevation 6100 ft.) the thermometer - never fell below 17 F. In many of the valleys the absence of wind is + never fell below 17° F. In many of the valleys the absence of wind is remarkable. Consequently a great deal of cold can be borne without discomfort. The Kunar valley, which is wet and windy in winter, but where snow, if it falls, melts quickly, gives a much greater sensation @@ -4767,17 +4744,17 @@ Presungalis or Viron folk. spirits and fairies haunted forests, rivers, vales and great stones. Imra was the Creator, and all the other supernatural powers were subordinate to him. Of the inferior gods, Moni seemed to be the most - ancient; but Gsh, the war-god, was by far the most popular. It was + ancient; but Gísh, the war-god, was by far the most popular. It was his worship, doubtless, which kept the Kafirs so long independent. In life as a hero, and after death as a god, he symbolized hatred to the religion of Mahomet. Every village revered his shrine; some possessed - two. Imra, Gsh and Moni were honoured with separate little temples, - as was usually Dizni goddess; but three or four of the others would + two. Imra, Gísh and Moni were honoured with separate little temples, + as was usually Dizáni goddess; but three or four of the others would share one between them, each looking out of a small separate square window. The worshipped object was either a large fragment of stone or an image of wood conventionally carved, with round white stones for eyes. Different animals were sacrificed at different shrines: cows to - Imra, male goats and bulls to Gsh, sheep to the god of wealth; but + Imra, male goats and bulls to Gísh, sheep to the god of wealth; but goats were generally acceptable, and were also slain ceremonially to discover a complaisant god, to solemnize a vow, to end a quarrel, to ratify brotherhood. The ministers of religion were a hereditary @@ -4787,7 +4764,7 @@ Presungalis or Viron folk. also of understanding their wishes. The blood of the offering, together with flour, wine and butter, was cast on the shrine after the animal and the other gifts had been sanctified with water sprinkled by - the officiating priests, while he cried "Sch, sch!" ("Be pure!"). + the officiating priests, while he cried "Súch, súch!" ("Be pure!"). Dense clouds of smoke from burning juniper-cedar, which crackled and gave forth pungent incense, added to the spectacle, which was dignified by the bearing of the officials and solemnized by the devout @@ -4821,7 +4798,7 @@ Presungalis or Viron folk. punctuated at intervals by prodigious compulsory banquets, rich men could become elders or _jast_. Still further outlay and ostentation enabled the few who could sustain the cost to rank still higher as - chief or _Mr_. Theoretically, all the important and outside affairs + chief or _Mír_. Theoretically, all the important and outside affairs of the tribe were managed by the _jast_ in council; actually they were controlled by two or three of the most respected of that class. Very serious questions which inflamed the minds of the people would be @@ -4889,7 +4866,7 @@ Presungalis or Viron folk. about the shoulder muscles, the arms and the hand-grasp. In complexion they are purely Eastern. Some tribes, notably the Wai, are fairer than others, but the average colour is that of the natives of the Punjab. - Albinos, or red-haired people, number less than % of the population. + Albinos, or red-haired people, number less than ½% of the population. As a rule, the features are well-shaped, especially the nose. The glance is wild and bold, with the wide-lidded, restless gaze of the hawk; or the exact converse--a shifty, furtive peer under lowered @@ -5143,13 +5120,13 @@ KAGERA, a river of east equatorial Africa, the most remote headstream of the Nile. The sources of its principal upper branch, the Nyavarongo, rise in the hill country immediately east of Lake Kivu. After a course of over 400 m. the Kagera enters Victoria Nyanza on its western shore in -0 58 S. It is navigable by steamers for 70 m. from its mouth, being +0° 58´ S. It is navigable by steamers for 70 m. from its mouth, being obstructed by rapids above that point. The river was first heard of by J. H. Speke in 1858, and was first seen (by white men) by the same traveller (Jan. 16, 1862) on his journey to discover the Nile source. Speke was well aware that the Kagera was the chief river emptying into the Victoria Nyanza and in that sense _the_ headstream of the Nile. By -him the stream was called "Kitangul," _kagera_ being given as +him the stream was called "Kitangulé," _kagera_ being given as equivalent to "river." The exploration of the Kagera has been largely the work of German travellers. @@ -5167,7 +5144,7 @@ first Sikh war in 1846. The Gurkhas had overrun the country in the early part of the 19th century, and expelled the raja, who was, however, reinstated by the British in 1815. The state occupies part of the basin of the Sutlej amid the lower slopes of the Himalaya. Area, 448 sq. m. -Pop. (1901), 90,873; estimated gross revenue, 10,000; tribute, 530. +Pop. (1901), 90,873; estimated gross revenue, £10,000; tribute, £530. The chief, whose title is raja, is a Chandel Rajput. The town of Bilaspur is situated on the left bank of the Sutlej, 1465 ft. above sea-level; pop. (1901), 3192. @@ -5176,24 +5153,24 @@ sea-level; pop. (1901), 3192. KAHN, GUSTAVE (1859- ), French poet, was born at Metz on the 21st of -December 1859. He was educated in Paris at the cole des Chartes and the -cole des langues orientales, and began to contribute to obscure +December 1859. He was educated in Paris at the École des Chartes and the +École des langues orientales, and began to contribute to obscure Parisian reviews. After four years spent in Africa he returned to Paris in 1885, and founded in 1886 a weekly review, _La Vogue_, in which many of his early poems appeared. In the autumn of the same year he founded, -with Jean Moras and Paul Adam, a short-lived periodical, _Le +with Jean Moréas and Paul Adam, a short-lived periodical, _Le Symboliste_, in which they preached the nebulous poetic doctrine of -Stphane Mallarm; and in 1888 he became one of the editors of the -_Revue indpendante_. He contributed poetry and criticism to the French +Stéphane Mallarmé; and in 1888 he became one of the editors of the +_Revue indépendante_. He contributed poetry and criticism to the French and Belgian reviews favourable to the extreme symbolists, and, with -Catulle Mends, he founded at the Odon, the Thtre Antoine and the -Thtre Sarah Bernhardt, matines for the production of the plays of the +Catulle Mendès, he founded at the Odéon, the Théâtre Antoine and the +Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt, matinées for the production of the plays of the younger poets. He claimed to be the earliest writer of the _vers libre_, and explained his methods and the history of the movement in a preface -to his _Premiers pomes_ (1897). Later books are _Le Livre d'images_ +to his _Premiers poèmes_ (1897). Later books are _Le Livre d'images_ (1897); _Les Fleurs de la passion_ (1900); some novels; and a valuable contribution to the history of modern French verse in _Symbolistes et -dcadents_ (1902). +décadents_ (1902). @@ -5213,9 +5190,9 @@ attacking the idea of an infallible canon of Scripture and the conventional theory of inspiration, by laying stress on the human side of Scripture and insisting on the progressive character of revelation, brought him into conflict with his former friends. A. W. Diekhoff, Franz -Delitzsch (_Fr und wider Kahnis_, 1863) and Hengstenberg (_Evangelische +Delitzsch (_Für und wider Kahnis_, 1863) and Hengstenberg (_Evangelische Kirchenzeitung_, 1862) protested loudly against the heresy, and Kahnis -replied to Hengstenberg in a vigorous pamphlet, _Zeugniss fr die +replied to Hengstenberg in a vigorous pamphlet, _Zeugniss für die Grundwahrheiten des Protestantismus gegen Dr Hengstenberg_ (1862). Other works by Kahnis are _Lehre vom Abendmahl_ (1851), _Der innere @@ -5223,17 +5200,17 @@ Grundwahrheiten des Protestantismus gegen Dr Hengstenberg_ (1862). Jahrhunderts_ (1854; 3rd ed. in 2 vols., 1874; Eng. trans., 1856); _Christentum und Luthertum_ (1871); _Geschichte der deutschen Reformation_, vol. i. (1872); _Der Gang der Kirche in Lebensbildern_ - (1881, &c.); and _ber das Verhltnis der alten Philosophie zum + (1881, &c.); and _Über das Verhältnis der alten Philosophie zum Christentum_ (1884). -K'AI-FNG FU, the capital of the province of Honan, China. It is -situated in 34 52 N., 114 33 E., on a branch line of the +K'AI-FÊNG FU, the capital of the province of Honan, China. It is +situated in 34° 52´ N., 114° 33´ E., on a branch line of the Peking-Hankow railway, and forms also the district city of Siang-fu. A city on the present site was first built by Duke Chwang (774-700 B.C.) -to mark off (_k'ai_) the boundary of his fief (_fng_); hence its name. +to mark off (_k'ai_) the boundary of his fief (_fêng_); hence its name. It has, however, passed under several _aliases_ in Chinese history. During the Chow, Suy and T'ang dynasties (557-907) it was known as P'ien-chow. During the Wu-tai, or five dynasties (907-960), it was the @@ -5302,7 +5279,7 @@ Kain, Nimbuluk, Nehbandan, Khusf, Arab Khaneh or Momenabad. The town of Kain, the capital of the sub-province until 1740, when it was supplanted by Birjend, is situated 65 m. N. of Birjend on the eastern side of a broad valley, stretching from N. to S., at the base of -the mountain Abuzar, in 33 42 N. and 59 8 E., and at an elevation of +the mountain Abuzar, in 33° 42´ N. and 59° 8´ E., and at an elevation of 4500 ft. Its population is barely 5000. It is surrounded by a mud wall and bastions, and near it, on a hill rising 500 ft. above the plain, are the ruins of an ancient castle which, together with the old town, was @@ -5395,7 +5372,7 @@ of the building is that through divine inspiration the founder was enabled to set it absolutely true to Mecca. The mosque of Sidi Okba is the prototype of many other notable mosques (see MOSQUE). Of greater external beauty than that of Sidi Okba is the mosque of the Three Gates. -Cufic inscriptions on the faade record its erection in the 9th and its +Cufic inscriptions on the façade record its erection in the 9th and its restoration in the 15th century A.D. Internally the mosque is a single chamber supported by sixteen Roman columns. One of the finest specimens of Moorish architecture in Kairawan is the _zawia_ of Sidi @@ -5493,7 +5470,7 @@ Charles. It was one of the early stations of the Reformation, and in KAISERSWERTH, a town in the Prussian Rhine province, on the right bank -of the Rhine, 6 m. below Dsseldorf. Pop. (1905), 2462. It possesses a +of the Rhine, 6 m. below Düsseldorf. Pop. (1905), 2462. It possesses a Protestant and a large old Romanesque Roman Catholic church of the 12th or 13th century, with a valuable shrine, said to contain the bones of St Suitbert, and has several benevolent institutions, of which the chief is @@ -5664,7 +5641,7 @@ considerable item of local trade. Iron implements are manufactured. KALACH, also known as DONSKAYA, a village of S.E. Russia, in the territory of the Don Cossacks, and a river port on the Don, 31 m. N.E. -of Nizhne-Chirskaya, in 43 30 E. and 48 43 N. Its permanent +of Nizhne-Chirskaya, in 43° 30´ E. and 48° 43´ N. Its permanent population, only about 1200, increases greatly in summer. It is the terminus of the railway (45 m.) which connects the Don with Tsaritsyn on the Volga, and all the goods (especially fish, petroleum, cereals and @@ -5679,7 +5656,7 @@ KALAHANDI (formerly KAROND), a feudatory state of India, which was transferred from the Central Provinces to the Orissa division of Bengal in 1905. A range of the Eastern Ghats runs from N.E. to S.W. through the state, with open undulating country to the north. Area 3745 sq. m.; pop. -(1901), 350,529; estimated revenue, 8000; tribute, 800. The +(1901), 350,529; estimated revenue, £8000; tribute, £800. The inhabitants mostly belong to the aboriginal race of Khonds. A murderous outbreak against Hindu settlers called for armed intervention in 1882. The chief, Raghu Kishor Deo, was murdered by a servant in 1897, and @@ -5689,8 +5666,8 @@ charge of a British political agent. The capital is Bhawani Patna. -KALAHARI DESERT, a region of South Africa, lying mainly between 20 and -28 S. and 19 and 24 E., and covering fully 120,000 sq. m. The greater +KALAHARI DESERT, a region of South Africa, lying mainly between 20° and +28° S. and 19° and 24° E., and covering fully 120,000 sq. m. The greater part of this territory forms the western portion of the (British) Bechuanaland protectorate, but it extends south into that part of Bechuanaland annexed to the Cape and west into German South-West Africa. @@ -5866,7 +5843,7 @@ reservation, Oregon. -KALAT, the capital of Baluchistan, situated in 29 2 N. and 66 35 E., +KALAT, the capital of Baluchistan, situated in 29° 2´ N. and 66° 35´ E., about 6780 ft. above sea-level, 88 m. from Quetta. The town gives its name also to a native state with an area, including Makran and Kharan, of 71,593 m. and a population (1901) of 470,336. The word Kalat is @@ -5882,7 +5859,7 @@ citadel by the British troops at the close of the first Afghan War in surrounding the fortress are well cultivated and thickly inhabited, in spite of their elevation and the extremes of temperature to which they are exposed. Recent surveys of Baluchistan have determined the position -of Hozdar or Khozdar (27 48 N., 66 38 E.) to be about 50 m. S. of +of Hozdar or Khozdar (27° 48´ N., 66° 38´ E.) to be about 50 m. S. of Kalat. Khozdar was the former capital of Baluchistan, and is as directly connected with the southern branches of the Mulla Pass as Kalat is with the northern, the Mulla being the ancient trade route to Gandava @@ -5913,8 +5890,8 @@ belong to the Ahmadzai branch of the Mirwari clan, which originally emigrated from Oman to the Kolwa valley of Mekran. The khan of Kalat, Mir Mahmud Khan, who succeeded his father in 1893, is the leading chieftain in the Baluch Confederacy. The revenue of the khan is -estimated at nearly 60,000, including subsidies from the British -government; and an accrued surplus of 240,000 has been invested in +estimated at nearly £60,000, including subsidies from the British +government; and an accrued surplus of £240,000 has been invested in Indian securities. See G. P. Tate, _Kalat_ (Calcutta, 1896); _Baluchistan District @@ -5936,7 +5913,7 @@ Regiment," and carry a special colour with the motto "Invicta." KALB, JOHANN ("BARON DE KALB") (1721-1780), German soldier in the -American War of Independence, was born in Httendorf, near Bayreuth, on +American War of Independence, was born in Hüttendorf, near Bayreuth, on the 29th of June 1721. He was of peasant parentage, and left home when he was sixteen to become a butler; in 1743 he was a lieutenant in a German regiment in the French service, calling himself at this time Jean @@ -6000,14 +5977,14 @@ distinguished himself as a major-general in the invasion of Holland in Brunswick he took a conspicuous part in the campaign of Valmy in 1792, the siege and capture of Mainz in 1793, and the battle of Kaiserslautern in 1794. In the campaigns against Napoleon in 1806 he played a marked -part for good or evil, both at Auerstdt and in the miserable retreat of +part for good or evil, both at Auerstädt and in the miserable retreat of the beaten Prussians. In 1807 he defended Danzig for 78 days against the French under Marshal Lefebvre, with far greater skill and energy than he had shown in the previous year. He was promoted field marshal soon afterwards, and conducted many of the negotiations at Tilsit. He died as governor of Berlin in 1818. - The _Dictes du Feldmarchal Kalckreuth_ were published by his son + The _Dictées du Feldmaréchal Kalckreuth_ were published by his son (Paris, 1844). @@ -6015,7 +5992,7 @@ governor of Berlin in 1818. KALCKREUTH, LEOPOLD, COUNT VON (1855- ), German painter, a direct descendant of the famous field-marshal (see above), was born at -Dsseldorf, received his first training at Weimar from his father, the +Düsseldorf, received his first training at Weimar from his father, the landscape painter Count Stanislaus von Kalckreuth (1820-1894), and subsequently studied at the academies of Weimar and Munich. Although he painted some portraits remarkable for their power of expression, he @@ -6025,7 +6002,7 @@ peasants in the fields. His palette is joyless, and almost melancholy, and in his technique he is strongly influenced by the impressionists. He was one of the founders of the secessionist movement. From 1885 to 1890 Count von Kalckreuth was professor at the Weimar art school. In 1890 he -resigned his professorship and retired to his estate of Hckricht in +resigned his professorship and retired to his estate of Höckricht in Silesia, where he occupied himself in painting subjects drawn from the life of the country-folk. In 1895 he became a professor at the art school at Karlsruhe. The Munich Pinakothek has his "Rainbow" and the @@ -6053,7 +6030,7 @@ arrangement which seems to have passed into oblivion (_New Improvements of Planting and Gardening_, 1710). The instrument has been extensively used by designers. In its simplest form it consists of a tube about twelve inches long containing two glass plates, extending along its -whole length and inclined at an angle of 60. The eye-end of the tube is +whole length and inclined at an angle of 60°. The eye-end of the tube is closed by a metal plate having a small hole at its centre near the intersection of the glass plates. The other end is closed by a plate of muffed glass at the distance of distinct vision, and parallel to this is @@ -6105,8 +6082,8 @@ Prince George of Denmark to the Greek throne. KALEWALA, or KALEVALA, the name of the Finnish national epos. It takes its name from the three sons of Kalewa (or Finland), viz. the ancient -Winminen, the inventor of the sacred harp Kantele; the cunning -art-smith, Ilmarinen; and the gallant Lemminkinen, who is a sort of +Wäinämöinen, the inventor of the sacred harp Kantele; the cunning +art-smith, Ilmarinen; and the gallant Lemminkäinen, who is a sort of Arctic Don Juan. The adventures of these three heroes are wound about a plot for securing in marriage the hand of the daughter of Louhi, a hero from Pohjola, a land of the cold north. Ilmarinen is set to construct a @@ -6118,9 +6095,9 @@ atmosphere, Luonnotar, wanders for seven hundred years in space, until she bethinks her to invoke Ukko, the northern Zeus, who sends his eagle to her; this bird makes its nest on the knees of Luonnotar and lays in it seven eggs. Oat of the substance of these eggs the visible world is -made. But it is empty and sterile until Winminen descends upon it +made. But it is empty and sterile until Wäinämöinen descends upon it and woos the exquisite Aino. She disappears into space, and it is to -recover from his loss and to find another bride that Winminen makes +recover from his loss and to find another bride that Wäinämöinen makes his series of epical adventures in the dismal country of Pohjola. Various episodes of great strangeness and beauty accompany the lengthy recital of the struggle to acquire the magical Sanpo, which gives @@ -6128,7 +6105,7 @@ prosperity to whoever possesses it. In the midst of a battle the Sanpo is broken and falls into the sea, but one fragment floats on the waves, and, being stranded on the shores of Finland, secures eternal felicity for that country. At the very close of the poem a virgin, Mariatta, -brings forth a king who drives Winminen out of the country, and this +brings forth a king who drives Wäinämöinen out of the country, and this is understood to refer to the ultimate conquest of Paganism by Christianity. @@ -6149,14 +6126,14 @@ pretty true imitation of the Finnish epic. these scattered songs was published in 1822 by Dr Zacharius Topelius, but it was not until 1835 that anything like a complete and systematically arranged collection was given to the world by Dr Elias - Lnnrot. For years Dr Lnnrot wandered from place to place in the most + Lönnrot. For years Dr Lönnrot wandered from place to place in the most remote districts, living with the peasantry, and taking down from their lips all that they knew of their popular songs. Some of the most valuable were discovered in the governments of Archangel and Olonetz. - After unwearied diligence Lnnrot was successful in collecting 12,000 + After unwearied diligence Lönnrot was successful in collecting 12,000 lines. These he arranged as methodically as he could into thirty-two runes or cantos, which he published exactly as he heard them sung or - chanted. Continuing his researches, Dr Lnnrot published in 1849 a new + chanted. Continuing his researches, Dr Lönnrot published in 1849 a new edition of 22,793 verses in fifty runes. A still more complete text was published by A. V. Forsman in 1887. The importance of this indigenous epic was at once recognized in Europe, and translations @@ -6173,7 +6150,7 @@ KALGAN (CHANG-CHIA K'OW), a city of China, in the province of Chih-li, with a population estimated at from 70,000 to 100,000. It lies in the line of the Great Wall, 122 m. by rail N.W. of Peking, commanding an important pass between China and Mongolia. Its position is stated as in -40 50 N. and 114 54 E., and its height above the sea as 2810 ft. The +40° 50´ N. and 114° 54´ E., and its height above the sea as 2810 ft. The valley amid the mountains in which it is situated is under excellent cultivation, and thickly studded with villages. Kalgan consists of a walled town or fortress and suburbs 3 m. long. The streets are wide, and @@ -6289,14 +6266,14 @@ distinguished as an epic and a lyric poet. who used the Bengali recension. It was soon after translated into German by G. Forster (1791; new ed. Leipzig, 1879). An edition of the Sanskrit original, with French translation, was published by A. L. - Chzy at Paris in 1830. This formed the basis of a translation by B. - Hirzel (Zrich, 1830); later trans. by L. Fritze (Chemnitz, 1876). + Chézy at Paris in 1830. This formed the basis of a translation by B. + Hirzel (Zürich, 1830); later trans. by L. Fritze (Chemnitz, 1876). Other editions of the Bengali recension were published by Prema Chandra (Calcutta, 1860) for the use of European students and by R. Pischel (2nd ed., Kiel, 1886). The Devanagari recension was first - edited by O. Bhtlingk (Bonn, 1842), with a German translation. On + edited by O. Böhtlingk (Bonn, 1842), with a German translation. On this were based the successive German translations of E. Meier - (Tbingen, 1851) and E. Lobedanz (8th ed., Leipzig, 1892). The same + (Tübingen, 1851) and E. Lobedanz (8th ed., Leipzig, 1892). The same recension has been edited by Dr C. Burkhard with a Sanskrit-Latin vocabulary and short Prakrit grammar (Breslau, 1872), and by Professor Monier Williams (Oxford, 2nd ed. 1876), who also translated the drama @@ -6307,7 +6284,7 @@ distinguished as an epic and a lyric poet. The _Vikramorvasi_, or _Urvasi won by Valour_, abounds with fine lyrical passages, and is of all Indian dramas second only to _Sakuntala_ in poetic beauty. It was edited by R. Lenz (Berlin, 1833) - and translated into German by C. G. A. Hfer (Berlin, 1837), by B. + and translated into German by C. G. A. Höfer (Berlin, 1837), by B. Hirzel (1838), by E. Lobedanz (Leipzig, 1861) and F. Bollensen (Petersburg, 1845). There is also an English edition by Monier Williams, a metrical and prose version by Professor H. H. Wilson, and @@ -6343,8 +6320,8 @@ distinguished as an epic and a lyric poet. full of deep feeling, and abounds with fine descriptions of the beauties of nature. It was edited with free English translation by H. H. Wilson (Calcutta, 1813), and by J. Gildemeister (Bonn, 1841); a - German adaptation by M. Mller appeared at Knigsberg (1847), and one - by C. Schtz at Bielefeld (1859). It was edited by F. Johnson, with + German adaptation by M. Müller appeared at Königsberg (1847), and one + by C. Schütz at Bielefeld (1859). It was edited by F. Johnson, with vocabulary and Wilson's metrical translation (London, 1867); later editions by K. P. Parab (Bombay, 1891) and K. B. Pathak (Poona, 1894). The _Ritusamhara_, or Collection of the Seasons, is a short poem, of @@ -6393,10 +6370,10 @@ to the Eastern Ghats. The name at one time had a wider and vaguer meaning, comprehending Orissa, and possibly extending to the Ganges valley. The Kalinga of Pliny certainly included Orissa, but latterly it seems to have been confined to the Telugu-speaking country; and in the -time of Hsan Tsang (630 A.D.) it was distinguished on the south and +time of Hsüan Tsang (630 A.D.) it was distinguished on the south and west from Andhra, and on the north from Odra or Orissa. Taranatha, the Tibetan historian, speaks of Kalinga as one division of the country of -Telinga. Hsan Tsang speaks of Kalinga ("Kie-ling-kia") having its +Telinga. Hsüan Tsang speaks of Kalinga ("Kie-ling-kia") having its capital at what has been identified with the site either of Rajahmundry or Coringa. Both these towns, as well as Singapur, Calingapatam and Chicacole, share the honour of having been the chief cities of Kalinga @@ -6446,7 +6423,7 @@ Milwaukee, Detroit and Newark, New Jersey. At Newark from 1875 he gave himself entirely to literary work, and exercised a strong influence as leader of the radical and reforming Jewish party. - Among his works are _Wegweisen fr rationelle Forschungen in den + Among his works are _Wegweisen für rationelle Forschungen in den biblischen Schriften_ (1853); and translations of _Nathan der Weise_ (1869); _Sepher Jezirah_ (1877); and Munz's _History of Philosophy among the Jews_ (1881). He also wrote a good deal of German and Hebrew @@ -6484,7 +6461,7 @@ in Montana. KALISZ, a government of Russian Poland, having Prussia on the W., and -the governments of Warsaw and Piotrkw on the E. Its area is 4390 sq. m. +the governments of Warsaw and Piotrków on the E. Its area is 4390 sq. m. Its surface is a lowland, sloping towards the west, and is drained by the Prosna and the Warta and their tributaries, and also by the Bzura. It was formerly covered with countless small lakes and thick forests; @@ -6505,8 +6482,8 @@ Leczyca (8863), Slupec (3758), Sieradz (7019), Turek (8141) and Wielun -KALISZ, the chief town of the above government, situated in 51 46 N. -and 18 E., 147 m. by rail W.S.W. of Warsaw, on the banks of the Prosna, +KALISZ, the chief town of the above government, situated in 51° 46´ N. +and 18° E., 147 m. by rail W.S.W. of Warsaw, on the banks of the Prosna, which there forms the boundary of Prussia. Pop. (1871), 18,088; (1897), 21,680, of whom 37% were Jews. It is one of the oldest and finest cities of Poland, is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop, and possesses a @@ -6565,37 +6542,37 @@ considerable vogue among pianists. -KLLAY, BENJAMIN VON (1839-1903), Austro-Hungarian statesman, was born +KÁLLAY, BENJAMIN VON (1839-1903), Austro-Hungarian statesman, was born at Budapest on the 22nd of December 1839. His family derived their name -from their estates at Ngy Kallo, in Szabolcs, and claimed descent from +from their estates at Nágy Kallo, in Szabolcs, and claimed descent from the Balogh Semjen tribe, which colonized the counties of Borsod, -Szabolcs, and Szatmr, at the close of the 9th century, when the Magyars +Szabolcs, and Szatmár, at the close of the 9th century, when the Magyars conquered Hungary. They played a prominent part in Hungarian history as early as the reign of Koloman (1095-1114); and from King Matthias -Corvinus (1458-1490) they received their estates at Mez Tur, near -Kecskemt, granted to Michael Kllay for his heroic defence of Jajce in +Corvinus (1458-1490) they received their estates at Mezö Tur, near +Kecskemét, granted to Michael Kállay for his heroic defence of Jajce in Bosnia, and still held by his descendants. The father of Benjamin von -Kllay, a superior official of the Hungarian Government, died in 1845, +Kállay, a superior official of the Hungarian Government, died in 1845, and his widow, who survived until 1903, devoted herself to the education -of her son. At an early age Kllay manifested a deep interest in +of her son. At an early age Kállay manifested a deep interest in politics, and especially in the Eastern Question. He travelled in Russia, European Turkey and Asia Minor, gaining a thorough knowledge of Greek, Turkish and several Slavonic languages. He became as proficient in Servian as in his native tongue. In 1867 he entered the Hungarian -Diet as Conservative deputy for Mhlbach (Szsy-Szebes); in 1869 he was +Diet as Conservative deputy for Mühlbach (Szásy-Szebes); in 1869 he was appointed consul-general at Belgrade; and in 1872 he visited Bosnia for the first time. His views on Balkan questions strongly influenced Count -Andrssy, the Austro-Hungarian minister for foreign affairs. Leaving +Andrássy, the Austro-Hungarian minister for foreign affairs. Leaving Belgrade in 1875, he resumed his seat in the Diet, and shortly -afterwards founded the journal _Klet Nepe_, or _Eastern Folk_, in which -he defended the vigorous policy of Andrssy. After the Russo-Turkish War +afterwards founded the journal _Kélet Nepe_, or _Eastern Folk_, in which +he defended the vigorous policy of Andrássy. After the Russo-Turkish War of 1878 he went to Philippopolis as Austro-Hungarian envoy extraordinary on the International Eastern Rumelian Commission. In 1879 he became second, and soon afterwards first, departmental chief at the foreign office in Vienna. On the 4th of June 1882 he was appointed Imperial minister of finance and administrator of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the distinction with which he filled this office, for a period of 21 years, -is his chief title of fame (see BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA). Kllay was an +is his chief title of fame (see BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA). Kállay was an honorary member of the Budapest and Vienna academies of science, and attained some eminence as a writer. He translated J. S. Mill's _Liberty_ into Hungarian, adding an introductory critique; while his version of @@ -6606,7 +6583,7 @@ history (_Geschichte der Serben_) and on the Oriental ambition of Russia Schwicker, and published at Leipzig in 1878. But, in his own opinion, his masterpiece was an academic oration on the political and geographical position of Hungary as a link between East and West. In -1873 Kllay married the countess Vilma Bethlen, who bore him two +1873 Kállay married the countess Vilma Bethlen, who bore him two daughters and a son. His popularity in Bosnia was partly due to the tact and personal charm of his wife. He died on the 13th of July 1903. @@ -6614,12 +6591,12 @@ and personal charm of his wife. He died on the 13th of July 1903. KALMAR (CALMAR), a seaport of Sweden on the Baltic coast, chief town of -the district (_ln_) of Kalmar, 250 m. S.S.W. of Stockholm by rail. Pop. -(1900), 12,715. It lies opposite the island of land, mainly on two +the district (_län_) of Kalmar, 250 m. S.S.W. of Stockholm by rail. Pop. +(1900), 12,715. It lies opposite the island of Öland, mainly on two small islands, but partly on the mainland, where there is a pleasant park. The streets are regular, and most of the houses are of wood. The principal public edifices, however, are constructed of limestone from -land, including the cathedral, built by Nicodemus Tessin and his son +Öland, including the cathedral, built by Nicodemus Tessin and his son Nicodemus in the second half of the 17th century. Kalmar, a town of great antiquity, was formerly strongly fortified, and there remains the island-fortress of Kalmarnahus, dating partly from the 12th century, but @@ -6685,7 +6662,7 @@ the women, are the principal sources of maintenance. -KALNKY, GUSTAV SIEGMUND, COUNT (1832-1898), Austro-Hungarian statesman, +KALNÓKY, GUSTAV SIEGMUND, COUNT (1832-1898), Austro-Hungarian statesman, was born at Lettowitz, in Moravia, on the 29th of December 1832, of an old Transylvanian family which had held countly rank in Hungary from the 17th century. After spending some years in a hussar regiment, in 1854 he @@ -6703,7 +6680,7 @@ Delegations. His management of the affairs of his department was, however, very successful; he confirmed and maintained the alliance with Germany, which had been formed by his predecessors, and co-operated with Bismarck in the arrangements by which Italy joined the alliance. -Kalnky's special influence was seen in the improvement of Austrian +Kalnóky's special influence was seen in the improvement of Austrian relations with Russia, following on the meeting of the three emperors in September 1884 at Skiernevice, at which he was present. His Russophile policy caused some adverse criticism in Hungary. His friendliness for @@ -6713,7 +6690,7 @@ of a closer political and commercial understanding with Servia and Rumania. In 1885 he interfered after the battle of Slivnitza to arrest the advance of the Bulgarians on Belgrade, but he lost influence in Servia after the abdication of King Milan. Though he kept aloof from the -Clerical party, Kalnky was a strong Catholic; and his sympathy for the +Clerical party, Kalnóky was a strong Catholic; and his sympathy for the difficulties of the Church caused adverse comment in Italy, when, in 1891, he stated in a speech before the Delegations that the question of the position of the pope was still unsettled. He subsequently explained @@ -6722,9 +6699,9 @@ permanently settled, but to the possibility of the pope leaving Rome. The jealousy felt in Hungary against the Ultramontanes led to his fall. In 1895 a case of clerical interference in the internal affairs of Hungary by the nuncio Agliardi aroused a strong protest in the Hungarian -parliament, and consequent differences between Bnffy, the Hungarian -minister, and the minister for foreign affairs led to Kalnky's -resignation. He died on the 13th of February 1898 at Prdlitz in +parliament, and consequent differences between Bánffy, the Hungarian +minister, and the minister for foreign affairs led to Kalnóky's +resignation. He died on the 13th of February 1898 at Prödlitz in Moravia. @@ -6789,7 +6766,7 @@ of boulder clay in the north, with vast ridges and fields of boulders brought during the Glacial Period from Finland and the government of Olonets; large areas in the middle are strewn with flint boulders and patches of loess are seen farther south. The mean annual temperature is -41 F. Iron ores are the chief mineral wealth, nearly 40,000 persons +41° F. Iron ores are the chief mineral wealth, nearly 40,000 persons being engaged in mining. Beds of coal occur in several places, and some of them are worked. Fireclay, china-clay, chalk, grindstone, pure quartz sand, phosphorite and copper are also extracted. Forests cover 20% of @@ -6822,7 +6799,7 @@ their populations in 1897, are: Kaluga (49,728), Borovsk (8407), Kozelsk KALUGA, the chief town of the above government, situated on the left -bank of the Oka, 117 m. S.W. of Moscow by rail, in 54 31 N. and 36 6 +bank of the Oka, 117 m. S.W. of Moscow by rail, in 54° 31´ N. and 36° 6´ E. Pop. (1870), 36,880; (1897) 49,728. It is the see of a Greek Orthodox bishop. The public buildings include the cathedral of the Trinity (rebuilt in the 19th century in place of an older edifice dating from @@ -6876,14 +6853,14 @@ or sparrow, emblematic of lubricity. KAMALA, a red powder formerly used in medicine as an anthelmintic and employed in India as a yellow dye. It is obtained from _Mallotus -philippinensis_, Mll., a small euphorbiaceous tree from 20 to 45 ft. in +philippinensis_, Müll., a small euphorbiaceous tree from 20 to 45 ft. in height, distributed from southern Arabia in the west to north Australia and the Philippines in the east. In India kamala has several ancient Sanskrit names, one of which, kapila, signifies dusky or tawny red. Under the name of wars, kanbil, or qinbil, kamala appears to have been known to the Arabian physicians as a remedy for tapeworm and skin diseases as early as the 10th century, and indeed is mentioned by Paulus -gineta still earlier. The drug was formerly in the British +Ægineta still earlier. The drug was formerly in the British Pharmacopoeia, but is inferior to many other anthelmintics and is not now employed. @@ -6891,13 +6868,13 @@ now employed. KAMCHATKA, a peninsula of N.-E. Siberia, stretching from the land of the -Chukchis S.S.W. for 750 m., with a width of from 80 to 300 m. (51 to -62 N., and 156 to 163 E.), between the Sea of Okhotsk and Bering Sea. +Chukchis S.S.W. for 750 m., with a width of from 80 to 300 m. (51° to +62° N., and 156° to 163° E.), between the Sea of Okhotsk and Bering Sea. It forms part of the Russian Maritime Province. Area, 104,260 sq. m. The isthmus which connects the peninsula with the mainland is a flat _tundra_, sloping gently both ways. The mountain chain, which Ditmar -calls central, seems to be interrupted under 57 N. by a deep +calls central, seems to be interrupted under 57° N. by a deep indentation corresponding to the valley of the Tighil. There too the hydrographical network, as well as the south-west to north-east strike of the clay-slates and metamorphic schists on Ditmar's map, seem to @@ -6916,14 +6893,14 @@ Tertiary deposits. Amber is found in them. Very extensive layers of melaphyre and andesite, as also of conglomerates and volcanic tuffs, cover the middle portions of the peninsula. The south-eastern portion is occupied by a chain of volcanoes, running along the indented coast, from -Cape Lopatka to Cape Kronotskiy (54 25 N.), and separated from the +Cape Lopatka to Cape Kronotskiy (54° 25´ N.), and separated from the rest of the peninsula by the valleys of the Bystraya (an affluent of the Bolstraya, on the west coast) and Kamchatka rivers. Another chain of volcanoes runs from Ichinskaya (which burst into activity several times in the 18th and 19th centuries) to Shiveluch, seemingly parallel to the above but farther north. The two chains contain twelve active and twenty-six extinct volcanoes, from 7000 to more than 15,000 ft. high. -The highest volcanoes are grouped under 56 N., and the highest of them, +The highest volcanoes are grouped under 56° N., and the highest of them, Kluchevskaya (16,990 ft.), is in a state of almost incessant activity (notable outbreaks in 1729, 1737, 1841, 1853-1854, and 1896-1897), a flow of its lava having reached to Kamchatka river in 1853. The active @@ -6940,11 +6917,11 @@ Pacific. The floating ice which accumulates in the northern parts of the Sea of Okhotsk and the cold current which flows along the east coast of the peninsula render its summers chilly, but the winter is relatively warm, -and temperatures below -40 F. are experienced only in the highlands of +and temperatures below -40° F. are experienced only in the highlands of the interior and on the Okhotsk littoral. The average temperatures at -Petropavlovsk (53 N.) are: year 37 F., January 17, July 58; while in +Petropavlovsk (53° N.) are: year 37° F., January 17°, July 58°; while in the valley of the Kamchatka the average temperature of the winter is -16, and of the summer as high as 58 and 64. Rain and snow are +16°, and of the summer as high as 58° and 64°. Rain and snow are copious, and dense fogs enshroud the coast in summer; consequently the mountains are well clothed with timber and the meadows with grass, except in the _tundras_ of the north. The natives eat extensively the @@ -6962,7 +6939,7 @@ means of communication. The efforts of the government to introduce cattle-breeding have failed. The Kamchadale language cannot be assigned to any known group; its vocabulary is extremely poor. The purity of the tongue is best preserved by the people of the Penzhinsk district on the -W. coast. North of 57 N. the peninsula is peopled with Koryaks, settled +W. coast. North of 57° N. the peninsula is peopled with Koryaks, settled and nomad, and Lamuts (Tunguses), who came from the W. coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. The principal Russian settlements are: Petropavlovsk, on the E. coast, on Avacha Bay, with an excellent roadstead; Verkhne-Kamchatsk @@ -7004,8 +6981,8 @@ bunched mound at its mouth. KAMENETS PODOLSKIY, or PODOLIAN KAMENETS (Polish Kamieniec), a town of -S.W. Russia, chief town of the government of Podolia. It stands in 48 -40 N. and 26 30 E., on a high, rocky bluff of the river Smotrich, a +S.W. Russia, chief town of the government of Podolia. It stands in 48° +40´ N. and 26° 30´ E., on a high, rocky bluff of the river Smotrich, a left-hand tributary of the Dniester, and near the Austrian frontier. Pop. (1863), 20,699; (1900) 39,113, of whom 50% were Jews and 30% Poles. Round the town lies a cluster of suburban villages, Polish Folwark, @@ -7109,7 +7086,7 @@ his death at Edinburgh on the 27th of December 1782. -KAMMIN, or CAMMIN, a town in the Prussian province of Pomerania, 2 m. +KAMMIN, or CAMMIN, a town in the Prussian province of Pomerania, 2½ m. from the Baltic, on the Kamminsche Bodden, a lake connected with the sea by the Dievenow. Pop. (1905), 5923. Among its four Evangelical churches, the cathedral and the church of St Mary are noteworthy. Iron-founding @@ -7120,13 +7097,13 @@ S.S.W. Kammin is of Wendish origin, and obtained municipal privileges in the latter date became a secular principality, being in 1648 incorporated with Brandenburg. - See Kchen, _Geschichte der Stadt Kammin_ (Kammin, 1885). + See Küchen, _Geschichte der Stadt Kammin_ (Kammin, 1885). KAMPEN, a town in the province of Overysel, Holland, on the left bank of -the Ysel, 3 m. above its mouth, and a terminal railway station 8 m. +the Ysel, 3½ m. above its mouth, and a terminal railway station 8 m. N.W. of Zwolle. It has regular steamboat communication with Zwolle, Deventer, Amsterdam, and Enkhuizen. Pop. (1900), 19,664. Kampen is surrounded by beautiful gardens and promenades in the place of the old @@ -7187,8 +7164,8 @@ by river steamers throughout the year, and receives several tributaries navigable by large native boats in the rainy season. The chief of these are the Manas, Chaul Khoya and Barnadi on the north, and the Kulsi and Dibru on the south bank. There is a government forest preserve in the -district and also a plantation where seedlings of teak, _sl_, _sissu_, -_sm_, and _nahor_ are reared, and experiments are being made with the +district and also a plantation where seedlings of teak, _sál_, _sissu_, +_súm_, and _nahor_ are reared, and experiments are being made with the caoutchouc tree. The population is entirely rural, the only town with upwards of 5000 inhabitants being Gauhati (11,661). The temples of Hajo and Kamakhya attract many pilgrims from all quarters. The staple crop of @@ -7369,8 +7346,8 @@ distilling of scents. -KANDAHAR, the largest city in Afghanistan, situated in 31 37 N. lat. -and 65 43 E. long., 3400 ft. above the sea. It is 370 m. distant from +KANDAHAR, the largest city in Afghanistan, situated in 31° 37´ N. lat. +and 65° 43´ E. long., 3400 ft. above the sea. It is 370 m. distant from Herat on the N.W., by Girishk and Farah--Girishk being 75 m., and Farah 225 m. from Kandahar. From Kabul, on the N.E., it is distant 315 m., by Kalat-i-Ghilzai and Ghazni--Kalat-i-Ghilzai being 85 m., and Ghazni 225 @@ -7432,7 +7409,7 @@ one hand to trade between Hindustan and Herat, and on the other it lends to Kabul security from invasion by way of Herat. Kandahar is approximately a square-built city, surrounded by a wall of -about 3 m. circuit, and from 25 to 30 ft. high, with an average breadth +about 3¾ m. circuit, and from 25 to 30 ft. high, with an average breadth of 15 ft. Outside the wall is a ditch 10 ft. deep. The city and its defences are entirely mud-built. There are four main streets crossing each other nearly at right angles, the central "chouk" being covered @@ -7616,7 +7593,7 @@ Singh, the banyan or agent of Warren Hastings, who was born at Kandi, and retired hither in his old age with an immense fortune. His name has acquired celebrity for the most magnificent _sraddha_, or funeral obsequies, ever performed in Bengal, celebrated in honour of his mother, -at a cost, it is said, of 200,000. +at a cost, it is said, of £200,000. @@ -7651,7 +7628,7 @@ electric lighting have been introduced. Roman Catholic missions are active in the work of education, for which a large block of buildings has been erected. Church of England, Wesleyan and Baptist missions are also at work. The population of the town in 1900 was 26,386; of the -district, 377,591. Average annual rainfall, 81 in.; average +district, 377,591. Average annual rainfall, 81½ in.; average temperature, 75.3. There is a branch railway from Kandy, north to Matale, 17 m. @@ -7699,10 +7676,10 @@ name of Kane Basin, thus establishing the Polar route of many future Arctic expeditions. Here, off the coast of Greenland, the expedition passed two winters, accomplishing much useful geographical, as well as scientific, work, including the attainment of what was to remain for -sixteen years the highest northern latitude, 80 35 N. (June 1854). +sixteen years the highest northern latitude, 80° 35´ N. (June 1854). From this point a large area of open water was seen which was believed to be an "open Polar Sea," a chimera which played an important and -delusive rle in subsequent explorations. After enduring the greatest +delusive rôle in subsequent explorations. After enduring the greatest hardships it was resolved to abandon the ship, Upernivik being reached on the 5th of August 1855, whence a relief expedition brought the explorers home. Medals were authorized by Congress, and in the following @@ -8002,7 +7979,7 @@ other plants. KANGAVAR, a small district of Persia, situated between Hamadan and Kermanshah, and, being held in fief by the family of a deceased court official, forming a separate government. The district is very fertile -and contains 30 villages. Its revenues amount to about 500 per annum, +and contains 30 villages. Its revenues amount to about £500 per annum, and its chief place is the large village of Kangavar, which has a population of about 2500 and is 47 m. from Hamadan on the high road to Kermanshah. @@ -8087,7 +8064,7 @@ were felt there somewhat sooner. AUTHORITIES.--Vincent A. Smith, _The Early History of India_ (Oxford, 1908); "The Kushan Period of Indian History," in _J.R.A.S._ (1903); M. - Boyer, "L'poque de Kaniska," in _Journal Asiatique_ (1900); T. + Boyer, "L'Époque de Kaniska," in _Journal Asiatique_ (1900); T. Watters, _On Yuan Chwang_ (London, 1904, 1905); J. Takakusu, "The Sarvastivadin Abhidharma Books," in _Jour. of the Pali Text Soc._ (1905), esp. pp. 118-130; Rhys Davids, _Buddhist India_ (London, @@ -8123,7 +8100,7 @@ re-chartered in 1892. KANKER, a feudatory state of India, within the Central Provinces; area, -1429 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 103,536; estimated revenue, 10,000. It is a +1429 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 103,536; estimated revenue, £10,000. It is a hilly tract, containing the headwaters of the Mahanadi. The extensive forests have recently been made profitable by the opening of a branch railway. The residence of the raja, who is of an old Rajput family @@ -8155,13 +8132,13 @@ law, would in itself be sufficient proof that this was not the case. But the annals of Kano distinctly record the introduction and describe the development of Mahommedanism at an early period of local history. -The capital is the city of Kano, situated in 12 N. and 8 20 E., 220 +The capital is the city of Kano, situated in 12° N. and 8° 20´ E., 220 m. S.S.E. of Sokoto and 500 N.E. of Lagos. It is built on an open plain, and is encompassed by a wall 11 m. in perimeter and pierced by thirteen gates. The wall is from 30 to 50 ft. high and about 40 ft. thick at the base. Round the wall is a deep double ditch, a dwarf wall running along its centre. The gates are simply cow-hide, but are set in massive -entrance towers. Only about a third of the area (7 sq. m.) enclosed by +entrance towers. Only about a third of the area (7¼ sq. m.) enclosed by the walls is inhabited nor was the whole space ever occupied by buildings, the intention of the founders of the city being to wall in ground sufficient to grow food for the inhabitants during a siege. The @@ -8169,7 +8146,7 @@ arable land within the city is mainly on the west and north; only to the south-east do the houses come right to the walls. Within the walls are two steep hills, one, Dala, about 120 ft. high being the most ancient quarter of the town. Dala lies north-west. To its east is a great pond, -the Jakara, 1 m. long, and by its north-east shore is the market of the +the Jakara, 1½ m. long, and by its north-east shore is the market of the Arab merchants. Here also was the slave market. The palace of the emir, in front of which is a large open space, is in the Fula quarter in the south-east of the city. The palace consists of a number of buildings @@ -8280,8 +8257,8 @@ residence, but since 1902 the British Residency and barracks. KANSAS (known as the "Sunflower State"), the central commonwealth of the -United States of America, lying between 37 and 40 N. lat. and between -94 38 and 102 1 34 W. long. (i.e. 25 W. long, from Washington). +United States of America, lying between 37° and 40° N. lat. and between +94° 38´ and 102° 1´ 34´´ W. long. (i.e. 25° W. long, from Washington). It is bounded on the N. by Nebraska, on the E. by Missouri, on the S. by Oklahoma, and on the W. by Colorado. The state is nearly rectangular in shape, with a breadth of about 210 m. from N. to S. and a length of @@ -8338,11 +8315,11 @@ rivers. The west part is more elevated and water is less abundant. mild, while the summer heats are tempered by the perpetual prairie breezes, and the summer nights are usually cool and refreshing. The average annual temperature of the state for seventeen years preceding - 1903 was 54.3 F., the warmest mean being 56.0, the coldest 52.6. + 1903 was 54.3° F., the warmest mean being 56.0°, the coldest 52.6°. The extreme variation of yearly means throughout the east, west and - middle sections during the same period was very slight, 51.6 to - 56.6, and the greatest variation for any one section was 3.7. The - absolute extremes were 116 and -34. The dryness of the air tempers + middle sections during the same period was very slight, 51.6° to + 56.6°, and the greatest variation for any one section was 3.7°. The + absolute extremes were 116° and -34°. The dryness of the air tempers exceedingly to the senses the cold of winter and the heat of summer. The temperature over the state is much more uniform than is the precipitation, which diminishes somewhat regularly westward. In the @@ -8369,7 +8346,7 @@ rivers. The west part is more elevated and water is less abundant. _Fauna and Flora._--The fauna and flora of the state are those which are characteristic of the plain region generally of which Kansas is a part. The state lies partly in the humid, or Carolinian, and partly in - the arid, or Upper Sonoran, area of the Upper Austral life-zone; 100 + the arid, or Upper Sonoran, area of the Upper Austral life-zone; 100° W. long. is approximately the dividing line between these areas. The bison and elk have disappeared. A very great variety of birds is found within the state, either as residents or as visitants from the @@ -8602,12 +8579,12 @@ rivers. The west part is more elevated and water is less abundant. _Communications._--Kansas is excellently provided with railways, with an aggregate length in January 1909 of 8914.77 m. (in 1870, 1880, 1890 respectively, 1,501, 3,244 and 8,710 m.). The most important systems - are the Atchison, Topeka & Santa F, the Missouri Pacific, the + are the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé, the Missouri Pacific, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Union Pacific, the Missouri, Kansas & Texas, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the St Louis & San Francisco systems. The first train entered Kansas on the Union Pacific in 1860. During the following decade the lines of the Missouri - Pacific, the Missouri, Kansas & Texas and the Santa F were well under + Pacific, the Missouri, Kansas & Texas and the Santa Fé were well under construction. These roads give excellent connexions with Chicago, the Gulf and the Pacific. Kansas has an eastern river front of 150 m. on the Missouri, which is navigable for steamboats of good size. The @@ -8657,7 +8634,7 @@ whose immigration became notable about 1874, furnished at first many examples of communal economy, but these were later abandoned. In 1906 the total number of Mennonites was 7445, of whom 3581 were members of the General Conference of Mennonites of North America, 1825 belonged to -the Schellenberger Brder-gemeinde, and the others were distributed +the Schellenberger Brüder-gemeinde, and the others were distributed among seven other sects. _Government._--The constitution is that adopted at Wyandotte on the 29th @@ -8860,16 +8837,16 @@ of the Great Bend of the Arkansas. Thereafter, save for a brief French occupation, 1719-1725, and possibly slight explorations equally inconsequential, Kansas remained in undisturbed possession of the Indians until in 1803 it passed to the United States (all save the part -west of 100 long. and south of the Arkansas river) as part of the +west of 100° long. and south of the Arkansas river) as part of the Louisiana Purchase. The explorations for the United States of Z. M. Pike (1807) and S. H. Long (1819) tended to confirm old ideas of sandy wastes west of the Mississippi. But with the establishment of prairie commerce -to Santa F (New Mexico), the waves of emigration to the Mormon land and +to Santa Fé (New Mexico), the waves of emigration to the Mormon land and to California, the growth of traffic to Salt Lake, and the explorations for a transcontinental railway, Kansas became well known, and was taken out of that mythical "Great American Desert," in which, thanks especially to Pike and to Washington Irving, it had been supposed to -lie. The trade with Santa F began about 1804, although regular caravans +lie. The trade with Santa Fé began about 1804, although regular caravans were begun only about 1825. This trade is one of the most picturesque chapters in border history, and picturesque in retrospect, too, is the army of emigrants crossing the continent in "prairie schooners" to @@ -8893,7 +8870,7 @@ By that Act Kansas (which from 1854 to 1861 included a large part of Colorado) became, for almost a decade, the storm centre of national political passion, and her history of prime significance in the unfolding prologue of the Civil War. Despite the Missouri Compromise, -which had prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Purchase N. of 36 30 N. +which had prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Purchase N. of 36° 30´ N. lat. (except in Missouri), slaves were living at the missions and elsewhere, among Indians and whites, in 1854. The "popular sovereignty" principle of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill involved a sectional struggle for @@ -9261,7 +9238,7 @@ of park commissioners, consisting of three members, was appointed by the mayor. The city has been divided into the South Park District and the North Park District, and at the close of 1908 there were 10 m. of boulevards and parks aggregating 160 acres. A massive steel and concrete -toll viaduct, about 1 m. in length, extends from the bluffs of Kansas +toll viaduct, about 1¾ m. in length, extends from the bluffs of Kansas City, Kan., across the Kansas valley to the bluffs of Kansas City, Mo., and is used by pedestrians, vehicles and street cars. There is a fine public library building given by Andrew Carnegie. The charities of the @@ -9329,7 +9306,7 @@ and 17,567 were negroes; (1910 census) 248,381. Kansas City, the gateway to the South-west, is one of the leading railway centres of the United States. It is served by the Union Pacific, the Missouri Pacific, the 'Frisco System, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the Atchison, Topeka & -Santa F, the Chicago Great Western, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul, +Santa Fé, the Chicago Great Western, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul, the Chicago & Alton, the Wabash, the Kansas City Southern, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Missouri, Kansas & Texas, the Leavenworth, Kansas & Western, the Kansas City, Mexico & Orient, the St Louis, Kansas @@ -9342,7 +9319,7 @@ constructed. South and west of this highland, along the Kansas river, is a low, level tract occupied chiefly by railway yards, stock yards, wholesale houses and manufacturing establishments; north and east of the highland is a flat section, the Missouri River bottoms, occupied largely -by manufactories, railway yards, grain elevators and homes of employs. +by manufactories, railway yards, grain elevators and homes of employés. Much high and dry "made" land has been reclaimed from the river flood-plain. Two great railway bridges across the Missouri, many smaller bridges across the Kansas, and a great inter-state toll viaduct @@ -9371,7 +9348,7 @@ distributed with a design to give each section a recreation ground within easy walking distance, and all (including Swope) are connected by parkways, boulevards and street-car lines. The Paseo Parkway, 250 ft. wide, extends from N. to S. through the centre of the city for a -distance of 2 m., and adjoining it near its middle is the Parade, or +distance of 2½ m., and adjoining it near its middle is the Parade, or principal playground. The city has eight cemeteries, the largest of which are Union, Elmwood, Mt Washington, St Mary's and Forest Hill. The charitable institutions and professional schools included in 1908 about @@ -9438,7 +9415,7 @@ The first permanent settlement within the present limits of Kansas City, which took its name from Kansas river,[1] was established by French fur traders about 1821. Westport, a little inland town--platted 1833, a city 1857, merged in Kansas City in 1899--now a fashionable residence -district of Kansas City--was a rival of Independence in the Santa F +district of Kansas City--was a rival of Independence in the Santa Fé trade which she gained almost _in toto_ in 1844 when the great Missouri flood (the greatest the river has known) destroyed the river landing utilized by Independence. Meanwhile, what is now Kansas City, and was @@ -9448,13 +9425,13 @@ But in 1838 lots were surveyed and the name changed to the Town of Kansas. It was officially organized in part in 1847, formally incorporated as a town in 1850, chartered under its present name in 1853, re-chartered in 1875, in 1889 and in 1908. Before 1850 it was -practically the exclusive eastern terminus on the river for the Santa F +practically the exclusive eastern terminus on the river for the Santa Fé trade,[2] and a great outfitting point for Californian emigrants. The history of this border trade is full of picturesque colour. During the Civil War both Independence and Westport were the scene of battles; Kansas City escaped, but her trade went to Leavenworth, where it had the protection of an army post and a quiet frontier. After the war the -railways came, taking away the traffic to Santa F, and other cities +railways came, taking away the traffic to Santa Fé, and other cities farther up the Missouri river took over the trade to its upper valley. In 1866 Kansas City was entered by the first railway from St Louis; 1867 saw the beginning of the packing industry; in 1869 a railway bridge @@ -9481,7 +9458,7 @@ FOOTNOTES: Ft. Osage, Liberty, Sibley, Lexington, Independence and Westport had successively been abandoned as terminals, as the transfer-point from boat to prairie caravan was moved steadily up the Missouri. Whisky, - groceries, prints and notions were staples sent to Santa F; wool, + groceries, prints and notions were staples sent to Santa Fé; wool, buffalo robes and dried buffalo meat, Mexican silver coin, gold and silver dust and ore came in return. In 1860 the trade employed 3000 wagons and 7000 men, and amounted to millions of dollars in value. @@ -9501,7 +9478,7 @@ inundation by the river. KAN-SUH, a north-western province of China, bounded N. by Mongolia, E. by Shen-si, S. by Szech'uen, W. by Tibet and N.W. by Turkestan. The boundary on the N. remains undefined, but the province may be said to -occupy the territory lying between 32 3040 N., and 108 and 98 20 +occupy the territory lying between 32° 30´40° N., and 108° and 98° 20´ E., and to contain about 260,000 sq. m. The population is estimated at 9,800,000. Western Kan-suh is mountainous, and largely a wilderness of sand and snow, but east of the Hwang-ho the country is cultivated. The @@ -9515,11 +9492,11 @@ medicines. (See CHINA.) -KANT, IMMANUEL (1724-1804), German philosopher, was born at Knigsberg +KANT, IMMANUEL (1724-1804), German philosopher, was born at Königsberg on the 22nd of April 1724. His grandfather was an emigrant from Scotland, and the name Cant is not uncommon in the north of Scotland, whence the family is said to have come. His father was a saddler in -Knigsberg, then a stronghold of Pietism, to the strong influence of +Königsberg, then a stronghold of Pietism, to the strong influence of which Kant was subjected in his early years. In his tenth year he was entered at the Collegium Fredericianum with the definite view of studying theology. His inclination at this time was towards classics, @@ -9537,7 +9514,7 @@ university studies were much disturbed by poverty. His father died in 1746, and for nine years he was compelled to earn his own living as a private tutor. Although he disliked the life and was not specially qualified for it--as he used to say regarding the excellent precepts of -his _Pdagogik_, he was never able to apply them--yet he added to his +his _Pädagogik_, he was never able to apply them--yet he added to his other accomplishments a grace and polish which he displayed ever afterwards to a degree somewhat unusual in a philosopher by profession. @@ -9546,14 +9523,14 @@ kindness of a friend named Richter, he was enabled to resume his university career, and in the autumn of that year he graduated as doctor and qualified as privatdocent. For fifteen years he continued to labour in this position, his fame as writer and lecturer steadily increasing. -Though twice he failed to obtain a professorship at Knigsberg, he +Though twice he failed to obtain a professorship at Königsberg, he steadily refused appointments elsewhere. The only academic preferment received by him during the lengthy probation was the post of under-librarian (1766). His lectures, at first mainly upon physics, gradually expanded until nearly all descriptions of philosophy were included under them. -In 1770 he obtained the chair of logic and metaphysics at Knigsberg, +In 1770 he obtained the chair of logic and metaphysics at Königsberg, and delivered as his inaugural address the dissertation _De mundi sensibilis et intelligibilis forma et principiis_. Eleven years later appeared the _Kritik of Pure Reason_, the work towards which he had been @@ -9568,13 +9545,13 @@ declared opposition to prevailing systems, the Kantian philosophy made rapid progress in Germany. In the course of ten or twelve years from the publication of the _Kritik of Pure Reason_, it was expounded in all the leading universities, and it even penetrated into the schools of the -Church of Rome. Such men as J. Schulz in Knigsberg, J. G. Kiesewetter +Church of Rome. Such men as J. Schulz in Königsberg, J. G. Kiesewetter in Berlin, Jakob in Halle, Born and A. L. Heydenreich in Leipzig, K. L. -Reinhold and E. Schmid in Jena, Buhle in Gttingen, Tennemann in +Reinhold and E. Schmid in Jena, Buhle in Göttingen, Tennemann in Marburg, and Snell in Giessen, with many others, made it the basis of their philosophical teaching, while theologians like Tieftrunk, -Studlin, and Ammon eagerly applied it to Christian doctrine and -morality. Young men flocked to Knigsberg as to a shrine of philosophy. +Stäudlin, and Ammon eagerly applied it to Christian doctrine and +morality. Young men flocked to Königsberg as to a shrine of philosophy. The Prussian Government even undertook the expense of their support. Kant was hailed by some as a second Messiah. He was consulted as an oracle on all questions of casuistry--as, for example, on the lawfulness @@ -9606,7 +9583,7 @@ Journal_, the publication of the remainder, which treats in a more rationalizing style of the peculiarities of Christianity, was forbidden. Kant, thus shut out from Berlin, availed himself of his local privilege, and, with the sanction of the theological faculty of his own university, -published the full work in Knigsberg. The Government, probably +published the full work in Königsberg. The Government, probably influenced as much by hatred and fear of the French Revolution, of which Kant was supposed to be a partisan, as by love of orthodoxy, resented the act; and a secret cabinet order was received by him intimating the @@ -9705,7 +9682,7 @@ Simple, honourable, truthful, kind-hearted and high-minded as Kant was in all moral respects, he was somewhat deficient in the region of sentiment. He had little enthusiasm for the beauties of nature, and indeed never sailed out into the Baltic, or travelled more than 40 miles -from Knigsberg. Music he disregarded, and all poetry that was more than +from Königsberg. Music he disregarded, and all poetry that was more than sententious prose. His ethics have been reproached with some justice as setting up too low an ideal for the female sex. Though faithful in a high degree to the duties of friendship, he could not bear to visit his @@ -9738,7 +9715,7 @@ THE WRITINGS OF KANT his literary activity was turned towards them. The following are the most important of the works which bear directly on physical science. - 1. _Gedanken von der wahren Schtzung der lebendigen Krfte_ (1747); + 1. _Gedanken von der wahren Schätzung der lebendigen Kräfte_ (1747); an essay dealing with the famous dispute between the Cartesians and Leibnitzians regarding the expression for the _amount of a force_. According to the Cartesians, this quantity was directly proportional @@ -9797,7 +9774,7 @@ THE WRITINGS OF KANT key to the phenomena of periodic winds. His theory is in almost entire agreement with that now received. See the parallel statements from Kant's tract and Dove's essay on the influence of the rotation of the - earth on the flow of its atmosphere (1835), given in Zllner's work, + earth on the flow of its atmosphere (1835), given in Zöllner's work, _Ueber die Natur der Cometen_, pp. 477-482. 7. _On the Different Races of Men_ (1775); _Determination of the @@ -9822,7 +9799,7 @@ THE WRITINGS OF KANT of the science of his time was complete and thorough, and that his philosophy is to be dealt with as having throughout a reference to general scientific conceptions. For more detailed treatment of his - importance in science, reference may be made to Zllner's essay on + importance in science, reference may be made to Zöllner's essay on "Kant and his Merits on Natural Science" contained in the work on the _Nature of Comets_ (pp. 426-484); to Dietrich, _Kant and Newton_; Schultze, _Kant and Darwin_; Reuschle's careful analysis of the @@ -9847,22 +9824,22 @@ THE WRITINGS OF KANT Abbott, _Kant's Introduction to Logic and his Essay on the Mistaken Subtilty of the Figures_, 1885). - 1763. _Versuch den Begriff der negativen Grssen in die Weltweisheit - einzufhren_, "Attempt to introduce the Notion of Negative Quantities + 1763. _Versuch den Begriff der negativen Grössen in die Weltweisheit + einzuführen_, "Attempt to introduce the Notion of Negative Quantities into Philosophy." - 1763. _Der einzig mgliche Beweisgrund zu einer Demonstration des + 1763. _Der einzig mögliche Beweisgrund zu einer Demonstration des Daseins Gottes_, "The only possible Foundation for a Demonstration of the Existence of God." - 1764. _Beobachtungen ber das Gefhl des Schnen und Erhabenen_ (Riga, - 1771; Knigsberg, 1776). + 1764. _Beobachtungen über das Gefühl des Schönen und Erhabenen_ (Riga, + 1771; Königsberg, 1776). - 1764. _Untersuchung ber die Deutlichkeit der Grundstze der - natrlichen Theologie und Moral_, "Essay on the Evidence (Clearness) + 1764. _Untersuchung über die Deutlichkeit der Grundsätze der + natürlichen Theologie und Moral_, "Essay on the Evidence (Clearness) of the Fundamental Propositions of Natural Theology and Ethics." - 1766. _Trume eines Geistersehers, erlutert durch Trume der + 1766. _Träume eines Geistersehers, erläutert durch Träume der Metaphysik_, "Dreams of a Ghost-seer (or Clairvoyant), explained by the Dreams of Metaphysic" (Eng. trans. E. F. Goerwitz, with introd. by F. Sewall, 1900). @@ -9878,16 +9855,16 @@ THE WRITINGS OF KANT 1781. _Kritik der reinen Vernunft_, "Kritik of Pure Reason" (revised ed. 1787; ed. Vaihinger, 1881 foll. and B. Erdmann, 1900; Eng. trans., - F. Max Mller, 1896, 2nd ed. 1907, and J. M. D. Meiklejohn, 1854). + F. Max Müller, 1896, 2nd ed. 1907, and J. M. D. Meiklejohn, 1854). - 1783. _Prolegomena zu einer jeden knftigen Metaphysik die als - Wissenschaft wird auftreten knnen_, "Prolegomena to all Future + 1783. _Prolegomena zu einer jeden künftigen Metaphysik die als + Wissenschaft wird auftreten können_, "Prolegomena to all Future Metaphysic which may present itself as Science" (ed. B. Erdmann, 1878; Eng. trans. J. P. Mahaffy and J. H. Bernard, 2nd ed. 1889; Belfort Bax, 1883 and Paul Carus, 1902; and cf. M. Apel, _Kommentar zu Kants Prolegomena_, 1908). - 1784. _Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte im weltbrgerlicher + 1784. _Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte im weltbürgerlicher Absicht_, "Notion of a Universal History in a Cosmopolitan Sense." With this may be coupled the review of Herder in 1785. @@ -9895,8 +9872,8 @@ THE WRITINGS OF KANT Metaphysic of Ethics" (see T. K. Abbott, _Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Ethics_, 3rd ed. 1907). - 1786. _Metaphysische Anfangsgrnde der Naturwissenschaft_, - "Metaphysical Elements of Natural Science" (ed. A. Hfler, 1900; + 1786. _Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Naturwissenschaft_, + "Metaphysical Elements of Natural Science" (ed. A. Höfler, 1900; trans. Belfort Bax, _Prolegomena and Metaphysical Foundations_, 1883). 1788. _Ueber den Gebrauch teleologischer Prinzipien in der @@ -9910,7 +9887,7 @@ THE WRITINGS OF KANT notes J. H. Bernard, 1892). 1790. _Ueber eine Entdeckung, nach der alle neue Kritik der reinen - Vernunft durch eine ltere entbehrlich gemacht werden soll_, "On a + Vernunft durch eine ältere entbehrlich gemacht werden soll_, "On a Discovery by which all the recent Critique of Pure Reason is superseded by a more ancient" (i.e. by Leibnitz's philosophy). @@ -9923,15 +9900,15 @@ THE WRITINGS OF KANT "Religion within the Bounds of Reason only" (Eng. trans. J. W. Semple, 1838). - 1794. _Ueber Philosophie berhaupt_, "On Philosophy generally," and + 1794. _Ueber Philosophie überhaupt_, "On Philosophy generally," and _Das Ende aller Dinge_. 1795. _Zum ewigen Frieden_ (Eng. trans., M. Campbell Smith, 1903). - 1797. _Metaphysische Anfangsgrnde der Rechtslehre_ (trans. W. - Hastie), and _Metaphysische Anfangsgrnde der Tugendlehre_. + 1797. _Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Rechtslehre_ (trans. W. + Hastie), and _Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Tugendlehre_. - 1798. _Der Streit der Facultten_, "Contest of the Faculties." + 1798. _Der Streit der Facultäten_, "Contest of the Faculties." 1798. _Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht_. @@ -10289,7 +10266,7 @@ THE WRITINGS OF KANT very precise and definite formulation of the slowly growing opposition to the Leibnitzian doctrines. That the pure intellectual notions should be defended as springing from the nature of intellect is not - out of harmony with the statement of the _Trume eines Geistersehers_, + out of harmony with the statement of the _Träume eines Geistersehers_, for there the pure notions were allowed to exist, but were not held to have validity for actual things except on grounds of experience. Here they are supposed to exist, dissevered from experience, and are @@ -11136,13 +11113,13 @@ THE WRITINGS OF KANT history of the Kantian school); (3) G. Hartenstein, "in chronological order" (Leipzig, 1867-1869, 8 vols.); (4) Kirchmann (in the "Philosophische Bibliothek," Berlin, 1868-1873, 8 vols, and - supplement); (5) under the auspices of the Kniglich Preussische + supplement); (5) under the auspices of the Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, a new collected edition was begun in 1900 (vol. ii., 1906) in charge of a number of editors. It was planned in four sections: Works, Letters, MSS. Remains and _Vorlesungen_. There are also useful editions of the three _Kritiks_ by Kehrbach, and critical editions of the _Prolegomena_ and _Kritik der reinen - Vernunft_ by B. Erdmann (see also his _Beitrge zur Geschichte und + Vernunft_ by B. Erdmann (see also his _Beiträge zur Geschichte und Revision des Textes von Kants Kritik der reinen Vernunft_ (1900). A useful selection (in English) is that of John Watson, _The Philosophy of Kant_ (Glasgow, 1888). @@ -11153,8 +11130,8 @@ THE WRITINGS OF KANT mentioned in the section on "Works" above. BIOGRAPHICAL.--Schubert in the 11th vol. of Rosenkranz's edition; - Borowski, _Darstellung des Lebens und Charakters Kants_ (Knigsberg, - 1804); Wasianski, _Kant in seinen letzten Lebensjahren_ (Knigsberg, + Borowski, _Darstellung des Lebens und Charakters Kants_ (Königsberg, + 1804); Wasianski, _Kant in seinen letzten Lebensjahren_ (Königsberg, 1804); Stuckenberg, _The Life of Immanuel Kant_ (1882); Rudolf Reicke, _Kants Briefwechsel_ (1900). See also several of the critical works below. On Kant's portraits see D. Minden, _Ueber Portraits und @@ -11167,38 +11144,38 @@ THE WRITINGS OF KANT verglichen mit dem des Aristoteles_ (1907); M. Apel, _Immanuel Kant: Ein Bild seines Lebens und Denkens_ (1904); Arnoldt, _Kritische Exkurse im Gebiete der Kantforschung_ (1894); C. Bache, "_Kants - Prinzip der Autonomie im Verhltnis zur Idee des Reichs der Zwecke_" + Prinzip der Autonomie im Verhältnis zur Idee des Reichs der Zwecke_" (_Kantstudien_, 1909); B. Bauch, _Luther und Kant_ (1904); Paul Boehm, _Die vorkritischen Schriften Kants_ (1906); E. Caird, _Critical - Philosophy of Kant_ (2 vols., 1889); Chalybus, _Historische + Philosophy of Kant_ (2 vols., 1889); Chalybäus, _Historische Entwickelung der spekulativen Philosophie von Kant bis Hegel_ (5th - ed., 1860); H. S. Chamberlain, _Immanuel Kant_ (1909); Cousin, _Leons + ed., 1860); H. S. Chamberlain, _Immanuel Kant_ (1909); Cousin, _Leçons sur la philosophie de Kant_ (4th ed., 1864); B. Erdmann, _Immanuel Kant, Kants Kritizismus in der 1 und 2 Auflage der "Kritik der reinen Vernunft_" (1877); O. Ewald, _Kants kritischer Idealismus als Grundlage von Erkenntnistheorie und Ethik_ (1908) and _Kants - Methodologie in ihren Grundzgen_ (1906); Kuno Fischer, _Immanuel + Methodologie in ihren Grundzügen_ (1906); Kuno Fischer, _Immanuel Kant_ (4th ed., 1898-1899), _Die beiden Kantischen Schulen in Jena_ (1862), and _Commentary on Kant's Kritik of Pure Reason_ (1878); F. - Frster, _Der Entwicklungsgang der Kantischen Ethik bis zur Kritik der - reinen Vernunft_ (1893); A. Fouille, _Le Moralisme de Kant et + Förster, _Der Entwicklungsgang der Kantischen Ethik bis zur Kritik der + reinen Vernunft_ (1893); A. Fouillée, _Le Moralisme de Kant et l'amoralisme contemporaine_ (1905); C. R. E. von Hartmann, _Kants Erkenntnistheorie und Metaphysik in den vier Perioden ihrer Entwickelung_ (1894); A. Hegler, _Die Psychologie in Kants Ethik_ - (1891); G. D. Hicks, _Die Begriffe Phnomenon und Noumenon in ihrem - Verhltniss zu einander bei Kant_ (1897); G. Jacoby, _Herders und + (1891); G. D. Hicks, _Die Begriffe Phänomenon und Noumenon in ihrem + Verhältniss zu einander bei Kant_ (1897); G. Jacoby, _Herders und Kants Aesthetik_ (1907); W. Kabitz, _Studien zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Fichteschen Wissenschaftslehre aus der Kantischen Philosophie_ (1902); M. Kelly, _Kant's Philosophy as rectified by Schopenhauer_ (1909); W. Koppelmann, _I. Kant und die Grundlagen der christlichen Religion_ (1890); M. Kronenberg, _Kant: - Sein Leben und seine Lehre_ (1897; 3rd ed., 1905); E. Khnemann, - _Kants und Schillers Begrndung der Aesthetik_ (1895) and _Die + Sein Leben und seine Lehre_ (1897; 3rd ed., 1905); E. Kühnemann, + _Kants und Schillers Begründung der Aesthetik_ (1895) and _Die Kantischen Studien Schillers und die Komposition des Wallenstein_ (1889); H. Levy, _Kants Lehre vom Schematismus der reinen Verstandesbegriffe_ (1901); Arthur O. Lovejoy, _Kant and the English Platonists_ (1908); J. P. Mahaffy, _Kant's Critical Philosophy for - English Readers_ (1872-1874); W. Mengel, _Kants Begrndung der + English Readers_ (1872-1874); W. Mengel, _Kants Begründung der Religion_ (1900); A. Messer, _Kants Ethik_ (1904); H. Meyer-Benfey, _Herder und Kant_ (1904); Morris, _Kant's Critique of Pure Reason_ (Chicago, 1882); C. Oesterreich, _Kant und die Metaphysik_ (1906); F. @@ -11213,24 +11190,24 @@ THE WRITINGS OF KANT Religionslehre eine Frucht der gesammten Vernunftkritik_ (1902); T. Ruyssen, _Kant_ (1900); E. Saenger, _Kants Lehre vom Glauben_ (1903); O. Schapp, _Kants Lehre vom Genie und die Entstehung der "Kritik der - Urteilskraft"_ (1901); Carl Schmidt, _Beitrge zur Entwickelung der + Urteilskraft"_ (1901); Carl Schmidt, _Beiträge zur Entwickelung der Kant'schen Ethik_ (1900); A. Schweitzer, _Die Religionsphilosophie Kants_ (1899); H. Sidgwick, _Lectures on the Philosophy of Kant_ (1905); J. H. Stirling, _Text Book to Kant_ (1881); G. Simmel, _Kant und Goethe_ (1906); L. Staehlin, _Kant, Lotze und Ritschl_ (1889); O. Thon, _Die Grundprinzipien der Kantischen Moralphilosophie_ (1895); T. Valentiner, _Kant und die platonische Philosophie_ (1904); C. - Vorlnder, _Kant, Schiller, Goethe_ (1907); G. C. Uphues, _Kant und - sein Vorgnger_ (1906); W. Wallace, _Kant_ (1905); M. Wartenberg, - _Kants Theorie der Kausalitt_ (1899); John Watson, _Philosophy of + Vorländer, _Kant, Schiller, Goethe_ (1907); G. C. Uphues, _Kant und + sein Vorgänger_ (1906); W. Wallace, _Kant_ (1905); M. Wartenberg, + _Kants Theorie der Kausalität_ (1899); John Watson, _Philosophy of Kant Explained_ (1908), _Kant and his English Critics_ (1881); A. Weir, _A Student's Introduction to Critical Philosophy_ (1906); G. A. Wyneken, _Hegel's Kritik Kants_ (1898); W. Windelband, _Kuno Fischer und sein Kant_ (1897). - On Kant's theory of education, see E. F. Bchner, _The Educational + On Kant's theory of education, see E. F. Büchner, _The Educational Theory of Immanuel Kant_ (trans., ed., intro., 1904); trans. of _Ueber - Pdagogik_ by Annette Churton (1899); J. Geluk, _Kant_ (1883). + Pädagogik_ by Annette Churton (1899); J. Geluk, _Kant_ (1883). (R. Ad.; X.) @@ -11255,9 +11232,9 @@ essential ingredient in the manufacture of china, or porcelain. The word kaolin, formerly written by some authors caulin, is said to be a corruption of the Chinese _Kau-ling_, meaning "High Ridge," the name of a hill east of King-te-chen, whence the earliest samples of the clay -sent to Europe were obtained by the Pre d'Entrecolles, a French Jesuit +sent to Europe were obtained by the Père d'Entrecolles, a French Jesuit missionary in China in the early part of the 18th century. His -specimens, examined in Paris by R. A. Raumur, showed that true +specimens, examined in Paris by R. A. Réaumur, showed that true porcelain, the composition of which had not previously been known in Europe, contained two essential ingredients, which came to be known--though it now appears incorrectly--as kaolin and petuntse, @@ -11346,7 +11323,7 @@ largely used in the Houses of Parliament at Adelaide. KAPURTHALA, a native state of India, within the Punjab. Area, 652 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 314,341, showing an increase of 5% in the decade; -estimated gross revenue, 178,000; tribute, 8700. The Kapurthala family +estimated gross revenue, £178,000; tribute, £8700. The Kapurthala family is descended from Jassa Singh, a contemporary of Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah, who by his intelligence and bravery made himself the leading Sikh of his day. At one time it held possessions on both sides of the Sutlej, @@ -11356,7 +11333,7 @@ the first Sikh war; but the latter were afterwards restored in recognition of the loyalty of Raja Randhir Singh during the mutiny of 1857, when he led a contingent to Oudh which did good service. He also received a grant of land in Oudh, 700 sq. m. in extent, yielding a gross -rental of 89,000. In Oudh, however, he exercises no sovereign powers, +rental of £89,000. In Oudh, however, he exercises no sovereign powers, occupying only the status of a large landholder, with the title of Raja-i-Rajagan. Raja Sir Jagatjit Singh, K.C.S.I., was born in 1872, succeeded his father in 1877, and attained his majority in 1890. During @@ -11575,7 +11552,7 @@ of No. 1. Docimium was a Macedonian colony established on an older site. It was a self-governing municipality, striking its own coins, and stood on the Apamea-Synnada-Pessinus road, by which the celebrated marble called Synnadic, Docimian and Phrygian was conveyed to the coast. The -quarries are 2 m. from the village, and the marble was carried thence +quarries are 2½ m. from the village, and the marble was carried thence direct to Synnada (Chifut Kassaba). Some of the marble has the rich purple veins in which poets saw the blood of Atys. @@ -11736,7 +11713,7 @@ much from their fierce nomad neighbours. -KARAKORUM (Turkish, "black stone dbris"), the name of two cities in +KARAKORUM (Turkish, "black stone débris"), the name of two cities in Mongolia. One of these, according to G. Potanin, was the capital of the Uighur kingdom in the 8th century, and the other was in the 13th century a capital of the steppe monarchy of Mongolia. The same name seems also @@ -11762,13 +11739,13 @@ distinguish two cities of this name. The Russian traveller Paderin in 1871 visited the Uighur capital (see TURKS), named now by the Mongols Kara Balghasun ("black city") or Khara-kherem ("black wall"), of which only the wall and a tower are in existence, while the streets and ruins -outside the wall are seen at a distance of 1 m. Paderin's belief that +outside the wall are seen at a distance of 1¾ m. Paderin's belief that this was the old Mongol capital has been shown to be incorrect. As to the Mongolian Karakorum, it is identified by several authorities with a site on which towards the close of the 16th century the Buddhist monastery of Erdeni Tsu was built. This monastery lies about 25 m. south by east of the Uighur capital. North and north-east of the monastery are -ruins of ancient buildings. Professor D. Pozdnev, who visited Erdeni +ruins of ancient buildings. Professor D. Pozdnéev, who visited Erdeni Tsu for a second time in 1892, stated that the earthen wall surrounding the monastery might well be part of the wall of the old city. The proper position of the two Karakorums was determined by the expedition of N. @@ -11779,7 +11756,7 @@ W. Radlov (1891), which were sent out to study Yadrintsev's discovery. See _Works (Trudy) of the Orkhon Expedition_ (St Petersburg, 1892); Yule's _Marco Polo_, edition revised by Henri Cordier (of Paris), vol. i. ch. xlvi. (London, 1903). Cordier confines the use of Karakorum to - the Mongol capital; Pozdnev, _Mongolia and the Mongols_, vol. i. (St + the Mongol capital; Pozdnéev, _Mongolia and the Mongols_, vol. i. (St Petersburg, 1896); C. W. Campbell, "Journeys in Mongolia," _Geog. Journ._ vol. xx. (1903), with map. Campbell's report was printed as a parliamentary paper (_China No. 1, 1904_). @@ -11789,7 +11766,7 @@ W. Radlov (1891), which were sent out to study Yadrintsev's discovery. KARA-KUL, the name of two lakes ("Great" and "Little ") of Russian Turkestan, in the province of Ferghana, and on the Pamir plateau. Great -Kara-kul, 12 m. long and 10 m. wide (formerly much larger), is under 39 +Kara-kul, 12 m. long and 10 m. wide (formerly much larger), is under 39° N., to the south of the Trans-Alai range, and lies at an altitude of 13,200 ft.; it is surrounded by high mountains, and is reached from the north over the Kyzyl-art pass (14,015 ft.). A peninsula projecting from @@ -11820,7 +11797,7 @@ remainder is occupied with sand, which, according to V. Mainov, assumes five different forms. (1) _Barkhans_, chiefly in the east, which are mounds of loose sand, 15 to 35 ft. high, hoof-shaped, having their gently sloping convex sides turned towards the prevailing winds, and a -concave side, 30 to 40 steep, on the opposite slope. They are disposed +concave side, 30° to 40° steep, on the opposite slope. They are disposed in groups or chains, and the winds drive them at an average rate of 20 ft. annually towards the south and south-east. Some grass (_Stipa pennata_) and bushes of _saksaul_ (_Haloxylon ammodendron_) and other @@ -11912,7 +11889,7 @@ His greed and ostentation were equalled by his incapacity, and he behaved with characteristic insolence to the foreign ambassadors, from whom he extorted large bribes. After conducting a campaign in Poland which terminated unfortunately, he gave a ready response to the appeal -for aid made by the Hungarians under Imre Thkly (q.v.) when they rose +for aid made by the Hungarians under Imre Thököly (q.v.) when they rose against Austria, his hope being to form out of the Habsburg dominions a Mussulman empire of the West, of which he should be the sultan. The plan was foiled in part by his own lack of military skill, but chiefly @@ -11957,7 +11934,7 @@ a miscellany in two volumes, entitled _Aglaia_, in which appeared, among other things, "The Island of Bornholm" and "Ilia Mourometz," a story based upon the adventures of the well-known hero of many a Russian legend. In 1797-1799 he issued another miscellany or poetical almanac, -_The Aonides_, in conjunction with Derzhvin and Dmitriev. In 1798 he +_The Aonides_, in conjunction with Derzhávin and Dmitriev. In 1798 he compiled _The Pantheon_, a collection of pieces from the works of the most celebrated authors ancient and modern, translated into Russian. Many of his lighter productions were subsequently printed by him in a @@ -11971,7 +11948,7 @@ where he read to the emperor the first eight volumes of his history. In 1816 he removed to St Petersburg, where he spent the happiest days of his life, enjoying the favour of Alexander, and submitting to him the sheets of his great work, which the emperor read over with him in the -gardens of the palace of Tzarsko Selo. He did not, however, live to +gardens of the palace of Tzarskoë Selo. He did not, however, live to carry his work further than the eleventh volume, terminating it at the accession of Michael Romanov in 1613. He died on the 22nd of May (old style) 1826, in the Taurida palace. A monument was erected to his memory @@ -12017,7 +11994,7 @@ of this the short Kara river enters the sea. The sea is all shallow, the deepest parts lying off Vaygach Island and the northern part of Novaya Zemlya. It had long the reputation of being almost constantly ice-bound, but after the Norwegian captain Johannesen had demonstrated its -accessibility in 1869, and Nordenskild had crossed it to the mouth of +accessibility in 1869, and Nordenskiöld had crossed it to the mouth of the Yenisei in 1875, it was considered by many to offer a possible trade route between European Russia and the north of Siberia. But the open season is in any case very short, and the western straits are sometimes @@ -12027,7 +12004,7 @@ ice-bound during the entire year. KARASU-BAZAR, a town of Russia, in the Crimea and government of Taurida, -in 45 3 N. and 34 26 E., 25 m. E.N.E. of Simferopol. Pop. (1897), +in 45° 3´ N. and 34° 26´ E., 25 m. E.N.E. of Simferopol. Pop. (1897), 12,961, consisting of Tatars, Armenians, Greeks, Qaraite Jews, and about 200 so-called Krymchaki, i.e. Jews who have adopted the Tatar language and dress, and who live chiefly by making morocco leather goods, knives, @@ -12083,7 +12060,7 @@ in 1877. KARAULI, or KEROWLEE, a native state of India, in the Rajputana agency. Area, 1242 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 156,786; estimated revenue about -330,000. Almost the entire territory is composed of hills and broken +£330,000. Almost the entire territory is composed of hills and broken ground, but there are no lofty peaks, the highest having an elevation of less than 1400 ft. above sea-level. The Chambal river flows along the south-east boundary of the state. Iron ore and building stone comprise @@ -12116,7 +12093,7 @@ Salween, and the eastern slopes of the Arakan Yoma mountains to the west of the Irrawaddy delta. They are supposed to be the descendants of Chinese tribes driven southwards by the pressure of the Shan races, before they were again made to retire into the hills by the expansion of -the Mn power. Their own traditions ascribe their original home to the +the Môn power. Their own traditions ascribe their original home to the west of the sandy desert of Gobi stretching between China and Tibet. According to the census of 1901 they numbered in all 727,235 persons within British India, divided into the Sgaw, 86,434, the Pwo, 174,070, @@ -12157,8 +12134,8 @@ branch of the Indo-Chinese family. KAREN-NI, the country of the Red Karens, a collection of small states, formerly independent, but now feudatory to Burma. It is situated -approximately between 18 50 and 19 55 N. and between 97 10 and 97 -50 E. The tract is bounded on the N. by the Shan states of Mng Pai, +approximately between 18° 50´ and 19° 55´ N. and between 97° 10´ and 97° +50´ E. The tract is bounded on the N. by the Shan states of Möng Pai, Hsatung and Mawkmai; on the E. by Siam; on the S. by the Papun district of Lower Burma; and on the W. a stretch of mountainous country, inhabited by the Bre and various other small tribes, formerly in a state @@ -12182,7 +12159,7 @@ and only flow freely during the rains. The whole country being hilly, the most conspicuous ridge is that lying between the Pawn and the Salween, which has an average altitude of 5000 ft. It is crossed by several tracks, passable for pack-animals, the most in use being the -road between Sawlon, the capital of Gantarawadi and Man Ma. The +road between Sawlon, the capital of Gantarawadi and Man Maü. The principal peak east of the Salween is on the Loi Lan ridge, 7109 ft. above mean sea-level. Parts of this ridge form the boundary between eastern Karen-ni and Mawkmai on the west and Siam on the east. It falls @@ -12237,7 +12214,7 @@ otherwise retain nearly all their customary law. Rice, areca-nuts, and betel-vine leaf are the chief agricultural products. The Red Karen women weave their own and their husbands' clothing. A characteristic manufacture is the _pa-si_ or Karen metal - drum, which is made at Ngwedaung. These drums are from 2 to 3 ft. + drum, which is made at Ngwedaung. These drums are from 2½ to 3 ft. across the boss, with sides of about the same depth. The sound is out of proportion to the metal used, and is inferior to that of the Shan and Burmese gongs. It is thought that the population of Karen-ni is @@ -12281,7 +12258,7 @@ ants, the state of preservation of this roof is remarkable. -KARLOWITZ, or CARLOWITZ (Hungarian, _Karleza_; Croatian, Karlovci), a +KARLOWITZ, or CARLOWITZ (Hungarian, _Karlóeza_; Croatian, Karlovci), a city of Croatia-Slavonia, in the county of Syrmia; on the right bank of the Danube, and on the railway from Peterwardein, 6 m. N.W. to Belgrade. Pop. (1900), 5643. Karlowitz is the seat of an Orthodox metropolitan, @@ -12298,13 +12275,13 @@ Frontier. KARLSKRONA [CARLSCRONA,] a seaport of Sweden, on the Baltic coast, chief -town of the district (_ln_) of Blekinge, and headquarters of the +town of the district (_län_) of Blekinge, and headquarters of the Swedish navy. Pop. (1900), 23,955. It is pleasantly situated upon islands and the mainland, 290 m. S.S.W. of Stockholm by rail. The harbour is capacious and secure, with a sufficient depth of water for the largest vessels. It has three entrances; the principal, and the only one practicable for large vessels, is to the south of the town, and is -defended by two strong forts, at Drottningskr on the island of Asp, +defended by two strong forts, at Drottningskär on the island of Aspö, and on the islet of Kungsholm. The dry docks, of great extent, are cut out of the solid granite. There is slip-accommodation for large vessels. Karlskrona is the seat of the Royal Naval Society, and has a @@ -12355,7 +12332,7 @@ machinery; the new law courts; and the hall of fine arts, which shelters a good picture gallery. The city has six Evangelical and four Roman Catholic Churches. The most noteworthy of these are the Evangelical town church, the burial-place of the margraves of Baden; the Christuskirche, -and the Bernharduskirche. Karlsruhe possesses further the Zhringen +and the Bernharduskirche. Karlsruhe possesses further the Zähringen museum of curiosities, which is in the left wing of the Schloss; an architectural school (1891); industrial art school and museum; cadet school (1892); botanical and electro-technical institutes; and @@ -12381,7 +12358,7 @@ a canal finished in 1901. KARLSTAD [CARLSTAD], a town of Sweden, the capital of the district -(_ln_) of Vermland, on the island of Tingvalla under the northern shore +(_län_) of Vermland, on the island of Tingvalla under the northern shore of Lake Vener, 205 m. W. of Stockholm by the Christiania railway. Pop. (1900), 11,869. The fine Klar River here enters the lake, descending from the mountains of the frontier. To the north-west lies the Fryksdal @@ -12389,7 +12366,7 @@ or valley of the Nors River, containing three beautiful lakes and fancifully named the "Swedish Switzerland." In this and other parts of the district are numerous iron-works. Karlstad was founded in 1584. It is the seat of a bishop and has a cathedral. Trade is carried on by way -of the lake and the Gta canal. There are mechanical works, match +of the lake and the Göta canal. There are mechanical works, match factories and stockinet factories, and a mineral spring rich in iron, the water of which is bottled for export. Under the constitution of united Sweden and Norway, in the event of the necessity of electing a @@ -12402,7 +12379,7 @@ concluding their work on the 23rd of September. -KARLSTADT or CARLSTADT (Hungarian, _Krolyvros_; Croatian, _Karlovac_), +KARLSTADT or CARLSTADT (Hungarian, _Károlyváros_; Croatian, _Karlovac_), a royal free city, municipality and garrison town in the county of Agram, Croatia-Slavonia; standing on hilly ground beside the river Kulpa, which here receives the Korana and the Dobra. Pop. (1900), 7396. @@ -12453,34 +12430,34 @@ BUDDHISM). -KRMN, JZSEF (1769-1795), Hungarian author, was born at Losoncz on the +KÁRMÁN, JÓZSEF (1769-1795), Hungarian author, was born at Losoncz on the 14th of March 1769, the son of a Calvinist pastor. He was educated at Losoncz and Pest, whence he migrated to Vienna. There he made the acquaintance of the beautiful and eccentric Countess Markovics, who was for a time his mistress, but she was not, as has often been supposed, -the heroine of his famous novel _Fanni Hagyomnai_ (Fanny's testament). +the heroine of his famous novel _Fanni Hagyománai_ (Fanny's testament). Subsequently he settled in Pest as a lawyer. His sensibility, social charm, liberal ideas (he was one of the earliest of the Magyar freemasons) and personal beauty, opened the doors of the best houses to him. He was generally known as the Pest Alcibiades, and was especially at home in the salons of the Protestant magnates. In 1792, together with -Count Rday, he founded the first theatrical society at Buda. He +Count Ráday, he founded the first theatrical society at Buda. He maintained that Pest, not Pressburg, should be the literary centre of Hungary, and in 1794 founded the first Hungarian quarterly, _Urania_, but it met with little support and ceased to exist in 1795, after three -volumes had appeared. Krmn, who had long been suffering from an +volumes had appeared. Kármán, who had long been suffering from an incurable disease, died in the same year. The most important -contribution to _Urania_ was his sentimental novel, _Fanni Hagyomnai_, -much in the style of _La nouvelle Hlose_ and _Werther_, the most +contribution to _Urania_ was his sentimental novel, _Fanni Hagyománai_, +much in the style of _La nouvelle Héloïse_ and _Werther_, the most exquisite product of Hungarian prose in the 18th century and one of the -finest psychological romances in the literature. Krmn also wrote two +finest psychological romances in the literature. Kármán also wrote two satires and fragments of an historical novel, while his literary -programme is set forth in his dissertation _Anemzet csinosodsa_. +programme is set forth in his dissertation _Anemzet csinosodása_. - Krmn's collected works were published in Abafi's _Nemzeti Knyvtr_ - (Pest, 1878), &c., preceded by a life of Krmn. See F. Barth, - _Joseph Krmn_ (Hung., Vas. Ujs, 1874); Zsolt Bethy, article on - Krmn in _Kpes Irodalomtrtenet_ (Budapest, 1894). (R. N. B.) + Kármán's collected works were published in Abafi's _Nemzeti Könyvtár_ + (Pest, 1878), &c., preceded by a life of Kármán. See F. Baráth, + _Joseph Kármán_ (Hung., Vas. Ujs, 1874); Zsolt Beöthy, article on + Kármán in _Képes Irodalomtörtenet_ (Budapest, 1894). (R. N. B.) @@ -12580,7 +12557,7 @@ enclosing part of this temple and a smaller triple shrine built by Seti II. In the centre of the court Tirhaka (Tirhaka, Dynasty XXV.) set up huge columns 64 ft. high, rivalling those of the central aisle in the Hall of Columns, for some building now destroyed. A vast unfinished -pylon at the west end (No. I.), 370 ft. wide and 142 ft. high, is of +pylon at the west end (No. I.), 370 ft. wide and 142½ ft. high, is of later date than the court, and is usually attributed to the Ptolemaic age. It will be observed that the successive pylons diminish in size from the outside inwards. Portions of the solid crude-brick scaffolding @@ -12635,12 +12612,12 @@ opposite S.E. corner have revealed flint weapons and other sepulchral remains of the earliest periods, proving that the history of Thebes goes back to a remote antiquity. - See Baedeker's _Handbook for Egypt_; also _Description de l'gypte. - Atlas, Antiquits_ (tome iii.); A. Mariette, _Karnak, tude - topographique et archologique_; L. Borchardt, _Zur Baugeschichte des - Ammontempels von Karnak_; G. Legrain in _Recueil des travaux rlatifs - l'arch. gypt._, vol. xxvii. &c.; and reports in _Annales du service - des antiquits de l'gypte_. (F. Ll. G.) + See Baedeker's _Handbook for Egypt_; also _Description de l'Égypte. + Atlas, Antiquités_ (tome iii.); A. Mariette, _Karnak, Étude + topographique et archéologique_; L. Borchardt, _Zur Baugeschichte des + Ammontempels von Karnak_; G. Legrain in _Recueil des travaux rélatifs + à l'arch. Égypt._, vol. xxvii. &c.; and reports in _Annales du service + des antiquités de l'Égypte_. (F. Ll. G.) @@ -12686,13 +12663,13 @@ lapsed from time to time into the hands of the British. -KROLYI, ALOYS, COUNT (1825-1889), Austro-Hungarian diplomatist, was +KÁROLYI, ALOYS, COUNT (1825-1889), Austro-Hungarian diplomatist, was born in Vienna on the 8th of August 1825. The greatness of the Hungarian -family of Krolyi dates from the time of Alexander Krolyi (1668-1743), -one of the generals of Francis Rkczy II., who in 1711 negotiated the -peace of Szatmr between the insurgent Hungarians and the new king, the +family of Károlyi dates from the time of Alexander Károlyi (1668-1743), +one of the generals of Francis Rákóczy II., who in 1711 negotiated the +peace of Szatmár between the insurgent Hungarians and the new king, the emperor Charles VI., was made a count of the Empire in 1712, and -subsequently became a field marshal in the imperial army. Aloys Krolyi +subsequently became a field marshal in the imperial army. Aloys Károlyi entered the Austrian diplomatic service, and was attached successively to embassies at various European capitals. In 1858 he was sent to St Petersburg on a special mission to seek the support of Russia against @@ -12702,7 +12679,7 @@ charged with the negotiation of the preliminaries of peace at Nikolsburg. He was again sent to Berlin in 1871, acted as second plenipotentiary at the Berlin congress of 1878, and was sent in the same year to London, where he represented Austria for ten years. He died on -the 2nd of December 1889 at Ttmegyer. +the 2nd of December 1889 at Tótmegyer. @@ -12715,7 +12692,7 @@ of the skin of the wild cat, leopard or caracal. The word is also loosely applied to the cloaks of leopard-skin worn by the chiefs and principal men of the Kaffir tribes. Kaross is probably either a genuine Hottentot word, or else an adaptation of the Dutch _kuras_ (Portuguese -_couraa_), a cuirass. In a vocabulary dated 1673 _karos_ is described +_couraça_), a cuirass. In a vocabulary dated 1673 _karos_ is described as a "corrupt Dutch word." @@ -12723,30 +12700,30 @@ as a "corrupt Dutch word." KARR, JEAN BAPTISTE ALPHONSE (1808-1890), French critic and novelist, was born in Paris, on the 24th of November 1808, and after being -educated at the Collge Bourbon, became a teacher there. In 1832 he +educated at the Collège Bourbon, became a teacher there. In 1832 he published a novel, _Sous les tilleuls_, characterized by an attractive originality and a delightful freshness of personal sentiment. A second novel, _Une heure trop tard_, followed next year, and was succeeded by many other popular works. His _Vendredi soir_ (1835) and _Le Chemin le plus court_ (1836) continued the vein of autobiographical romance with -which he had made his first success. _Gnevive_ (1838) is one of his +which he had made his first success. _Géneviève_ (1838) is one of his best stories, and his _Voyage autour de mon jardin_ (1845) was deservedly popular. Others were _Feu Bressier_ (1848), and _Fort en -thme_ (1853), which had some influence in stimulating educational +thème_ (1853), which had some influence in stimulating educational reform. In 1839 Alphonse Karr, who was essentially a brilliant journalist, became editor of _Le Figaro_, to which he had been a constant contributor; and he also started a monthly journal, _Les -Gupes_, of a keenly satirical tone, a publication which brought him the +Guêpes_, of a keenly satirical tone, a publication which brought him the reputation of a somewhat bitter wit. His epigrams were frequently -quoted; e.g. "plus a change, plus c'est la mme chose," and, on the +quoted; e.g. "plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose," and, on the proposal to abolish capital punishment, "je veux bien que messieurs les assassins commencent." In 1848 he founded _Le Journal_. In 1855 he went to live at Nice, where he indulged his predilections for floriculture, and gave his name to more than one new variety. Indeed he practically founded the trade in cut flowers on the Riviera. He was also devoted to -fishing, and in _Les Soires de Sainte-Adresse_ (1853) and _Au bord de +fishing, and in _Les Soirées de Sainte-Adresse_ (1853) and _Au bord de la mer_ (1860) he made use of his experiences. His reminiscences, _Livre -de bord_, were published in 1879-1880. He died at St Raphal (Var), on +de bord_, were published in 1879-1880. He died at St Raphaël (Var), on the 29th of September 1890. @@ -12760,7 +12737,7 @@ the Tertiary formations and fossils of the Vienna Basin, and investigated the geological relations of the thermal and other springs in that region. He became an authority on the foraminifera, on which subject he published numerous papers. He wrote also a little book -entitled _Der Boden der Hauptstdte Europas_ (1881). He died in Vienna +entitled _Der Boden der Hauptstädte Europas_ (1881). He died in Vienna on the 19th of April 1903. @@ -12805,9 +12782,9 @@ numerous ostrich farms, in particular in the districts of Oudtshoorn and Ladismith in the Little Karroo, where lucerne grows with extraordinary luxuriance. The Karroo is admirably adapted to sufferers from pulmonary complaints. The dryness of the air tempers the heat of summer, which -reaches in January a mean maximum of 87 F., whilst July, the coldest -month, has a mean minimum of 36 F. A marked feature of the climate is -the great daily range (nearly 30) in temperature; the Karroo towns are +reaches in January a mean maximum of 87° F., whilst July, the coldest +month, has a mean minimum of 36° F. A marked feature of the climate is +the great daily range (nearly 30°) in temperature; the Karroo towns are also subject to violent dust storms. Game, formerly plentiful, has been, with the exception of buck, almost exterminated. In a looser sense the term Karroo is also used of the vast northern plains of the Cape which @@ -12836,10 +12813,10 @@ the Kysyr-dagh and flows across it westwards, then eastwards and north-eastwards, quitting it in the north-east. The winters are very severe. The towns of Kaghyshman (4620 ft.) and Sarykamish (7800 ft.) have a winter temperature like that of Finland, and at the latter place, -with an annual mean (35 F.) equal to that of Hammerfest in the extreme -north of Norway, the thermometer goes down in winter to 40 below zero -and rises in summer to 99. The annual mean temperature at Kars is 40.5 -and at Ardahan, farther north, 37. The Alpine meadows (_yailas_) reach +with an annual mean (35° F.) equal to that of Hammerfest in the extreme +north of Norway, the thermometer goes down in winter to 40° below zero +and rises in summer to 99°. The annual mean temperature at Kars is 40.5° +and at Ardahan, farther north, 37°. The Alpine meadows (_yailas_) reach up to 1000 ft. and afford excellent pasturage in spring and summer. The province is almost everywhere heavily forested. Firs and birches flourish as high as 7000 ft., and the vine up to above 3000 ft. Cereals @@ -12867,7 +12844,7 @@ towns of which are Kars (q.v.), Ardahan (pop. 800 in 1897), Kaghyshman KARS, a fortified town of Russian Transcaucasia, in the province of Kars, formerly at the head of a sanjak in the Turkish vilayet of -Erzerum. It is situated in 40 37 N. and 43 6 E., 185 m. by rail S.W. +Erzerum. It is situated in 40° 37´ N. and 43° 6´ E., 185 m. by rail S.W. of Tiflis, on a dark basalt spur of the Soghanli-dagh, above the deep ravine of the Kars-chai, a sub-tributary of the Aras. Pop. (1878), 8672; (1897), 20,891. There are three considerable suburbs--Orta-kapi to the @@ -12951,14 +12928,14 @@ of the "bad lands" of America, though due to a different cause. KARSTEN, KARL JOHANN BERNHARD (1782-1853), German mineralogist, was born -at Btzow in Mecklenburg, on the 26th of November 1782. He was author of -several comprehensive works, including _Handbuch der Eisenhttenkunde_ +at Bützow in Mecklenburg, on the 26th of November 1782. He was author of +several comprehensive works, including _Handbuch der Eisenhüttenkunde_ (2 vols., 1816; 3rd ed., 1841); _System der Metallurgie geschichtlich, statistisch, theoretisch und technisch_ (5 vols. with atlas, 1831-1832); _Lehrbuch der Salinenkunde_ (2 vols., 1846-1847). He was well known as -editor of the _Archiv fr Bergbau und Httenwesen_ (20 vols., -1818-1831); and (with H. von Dechen) of the _Archiv fr Mineralogie, -Geognosie, Bergbau und Httenkunde_ (26 vols., 1820-1854). He died at +editor of the _Archiv für Bergbau und Hüttenwesen_ (20 vols., +1818-1831); and (with H. von Dechen) of the _Archiv für Mineralogie, +Geognosie, Bergbau und Hüttenkunde_ (26 vols., 1820-1854). He died at Berlin on the 22nd of August 1853. His son, Dr Hermann Karsten (1809-1877), was professor of mathematics and physics in the university of Rostock. @@ -13085,8 +13062,8 @@ famous as "the Kirwee and Banda Prize Money." -KARYOGAMY (Gr. [Greek: kruon], nut or kernel, thus "nucleus," and -[Greek: gmos], marriage), in biology: (1) the fusion of nuclei to form +KARYOGAMY (Gr. [Greek: káruon], nut or kernel, thus "nucleus," and +[Greek: gámos], marriage), in biology: (1) the fusion of nuclei to form a single nucleus in syngamic processes (see REPRODUCTION); (2) the process of pairing in Infusoria (q.v.), in which two migratory nuclei are interchanged and fuse with two stationary nuclei, while the @@ -13096,40 +13073,40 @@ cytoplasmic bodies of the two mates are in intimate temporary union. KASAI, or CASSAI, a river of Africa, the chief southern affluent of the -Congo. It enters the main stream in 3 10 S., 16 16 E. after a course +Congo. It enters the main stream in 3° 10´ S., 16° 16´ E. after a course of over 800 m. from its source in the highlands which form the south-western edge of the Congo basin--separating the Congo and Zambezi systems. The Kasai and its many tributaries cover a very large part of -the Congo basin. The Kasai rises in about 12 S., 19 E. and flows first -in a north-easterly direction. About 10 35 S., 22 15 E. it makes a +the Congo basin. The Kasai rises in about 12° S., 19° E. and flows first +in a north-easterly direction. About 10° 35´ S., 22° 15´ E. it makes a rectangular bend northward and then takes a north-westerly direction. Five rivers--the Luembo, Chiumbo, Luijimo or Luashimo, Chikapa and Lovua or Lowo--rise west of the Kasai and run in parallel courses for a considerable distance, falling successively into the parent stream -(between 7 and 6 S.) as it bends westward in its northern course. The +(between 7° and 6° S.) as it bends westward in its northern course. The Luembo and Chiumbo join and enter the Kasai as one river. A number of rapids occur in these streams. A few miles below the confluence of the Lowo, the last of the five rivers named to join the Kasai, the main stream is interrupted by the Wissmann Falls which, though not very high, bar further navigation from the north. Below this point the river receives several right-hand (eastern) tributaries. These also have their -source in the Zambezi-Congo watershed, rising just north of 12 S., +source in the Zambezi-Congo watershed, rising just north of 12° S., flowing north in parallel lines, and in their lower course bending west to join the Kasai. The chief of these affluents are the Lulua and the Sankuru, the Lulua running between the Kasai and the Sankuru. The -Sankuru makes a bold curve westward on reaching 4 S., following that +Sankuru makes a bold curve westward on reaching 4° S., following that parallel of latitude a considerable distance. Its waters are of a bright -yellow colour. After the junction of the two rivers (in 4 17 S., 20 -15 E.), the united stream of the Kasai flows N.W. to the Congo. From +yellow colour. After the junction of the two rivers (in 4° 17´ S., 20° +15´ E.), the united stream of the Kasai flows N.W. to the Congo. From the south it is joined by the Loange and the Kwango. The Kwango is a -large river rising a little north of 12 S., and west of the source of +large river rising a little north of 12° S., and west of the source of the Kasai. Without any marked bends it flows north--is joined from the east by the Juma, Wamba and other streams--and has a course of 600 m. -before joining the Kasai in 3 S., 18 E. The lower reaches of the +before joining the Kasai in 3° S., 18´ E. The lower reaches of the Kwango are navigable; the upper course is interrupted by rapids. On the -north (in 3 8 S., 17 E.) the lower Kasai is joined by the Lukenye or +north (in 3° 8´ S., 17° E.) the lower Kasai is joined by the Lukenye or Ikatta. This river, the most northerly affluent of the Kasai, rises -between 24 and 25 E., and about 3 S. in swampy land through which the +between 24° and 25° E., and about 3° S. in swampy land through which the Lomami (another Congo affluent) flows northward. The Lukenye has an east to west direction flowing across a level country once occupied by a lake, of which Lake Leopold II. (q.v.), connected with the lower course @@ -13180,7 +13157,7 @@ for over 1500 m. by steamer. KASBEK (Georgian, _Mkin-vari_; Ossetian, _Urs-khokh_), one of the chief -summits of the Caucasus, situated in 42 42 N. and 44 30 E., 7 m. as +summits of the Caucasus, situated in 42° 42´ N. and 44° 30´ E., 7 m. as the crow flies from a station of the same name on the high road to Tiflis. Its altitude is 16,545 ft. It rises on the range which runs north of the main range (main water-parting), and which is pierced by @@ -13212,8 +13189,8 @@ KASHAN, a small province of Persia, situated between Isfahan and Kum. It is divided into the two districts _germsir_, the "warm," and _sardsir_, the "cold," the former with the city of Kashan in the plains, the latter in the hills. It has a population of 75,000 to 80,000, and pays a yearly -revenue of about 18,000. KASHAN (Cashan) is the provincial capital, in -34 0 N. and 51 27 E., at an elevation of 3190 ft., 150 m. from +revenue of about £18,000. KASHAN (Cashan) is the provincial capital, in +34° 0´ N. and 51° 27´ E., at an elevation of 3190 ft., 150 m. from Teheran; pop. 35,000, including a few hundred Jews occupied as silk-winders, and a few Zoroastrians engaged in trade. Great quantities of silk stuffs, from raw material imported from Gilan, and copper @@ -13229,8 +13206,8 @@ that Persia has had in modern times. -KASHGAR, an important city of Chinese Turkestan, in 39 24 26 N. -lat., 76 6 47 E. long., 4043 ft. above sea-level. It consists of two +KASHGAR, an important city of Chinese Turkestan, in 39° 24´ 26´´ N. +lat., 76° 6´ 47´´ E. long., 4043 ft. above sea-level. It consists of two towns, Kuhna Shahr or "old city," and Yangi Shahr or "new city," about five miles apart, and separated from one another by the Kyzyl Su, a tributary of the Tarim river. It is called Su-leh by the Chinese, which @@ -13299,7 +13276,7 @@ on his head, recall exactly similar itinerant traders further west. which is in a _Kasia Regio_, possibly exhibiting the name whence Kashgar and Kashgaria (often applied to the district) are formed. Next ensues a long epoch of obscurity. The country was converted to - Buddhism and probably ruled by Indo-Scythian or Kushan kings. Hsan + Buddhism and probably ruled by Indo-Scythian or Kushan kings. Hsüan Tswang passed through Kashgar (which he calls Ka-sha) on his return journey from India to China. The Buddhist religion, then beginning to decay in India, was working its way to a new growth in China, and @@ -13314,7 +13291,7 @@ on his head, recall exactly similar itinerant traders further west. east, and thus acquired a steadily growing influence. It was not, however, till the 10th century that Islam was established at Kashgar, under the Uighur kingdom (see TURKS). The Uighurs appear to have been - the descendants of the people called Tlas and to have been one of the + the descendants of the people called Tölas and to have been one of the many Turkish tribes who migrated westwards from China. Boghra Khan, the most celebrated prince of this line, was converted to Mahommedanism late in the 10th century and the Uighur kingdom lasted @@ -13400,7 +13377,7 @@ manufactured in Persia and parts of Mahommedan India, chiefly during the Undoubtedly originating in the Semitic word for glass, _kas_, it is quite possible that the name _kashi_ is immediately derived from Kashan, -a town in Persia noted for its _faence_. This ancient pottery site, in +a town in Persia noted for its _faïence_. This ancient pottery site, in turn, probably receives its name from the old-time industry; as a "city of the plain" it would obviously have no claim to the farther-eastern suffix _shan_, meaning a mountain. Sir George Birdwood wisely considers @@ -13417,9 +13394,9 @@ names for glass, _kanch_ and _shisha_, common to Persia and India, are, seemingly, modifications of kashi. The Indian tradition of Chinese potters settling in bygone days at Lahore and Hala respectively, still lingers in the Punjab and Sind provinces, and evidently travelled -eastward from Persia with the Moguls. Howbeit in Lahore the name Chn +eastward from Persia with the Moguls. Howbeit in Lahore the name Chíní is sometimes wrongly applied to _kashi_ work; and the so-called -Chn-ka-Rauza mausoleum at Agra is an instance of this misuse. It now +Chíní-ka-Rauza mausoleum at Agra is an instance of this misuse. It now seems an established fact that a colony of Chinese ceramic experts migrated to Isfahan during the 16th century (probably in the reign, and at the invitation, of Shah Abbas I.), and there helped to revive the @@ -13465,12 +13442,12 @@ jaded pottery industry of that district. during the reigns of Akbar and Jahangir (A.D. 1556-1628). In Persia, at Isfahan, Kashan, Meshed and Kerman are a few buildings - and ruins showing the old _kashi_ work; the palace of Chehel Sitn in + and ruins showing the old _kashi_ work; the palace of Chehel Sitùn in Isfahan, built during the reign of Shah Abbas I. (c. A.D. 1600), is a magnificent specimen of this art. Occasional revivals of the manufacture have taken place both in India - and Persia. Mahommed Sharf, a potter of Jullundur in the Punjab, + and Persia. Mahommed Sharíf, a potter of Jullundur in the Punjab, reproduced the Mogul enamelled tile-work in 1885, and there is a manuscript record of a certain Ustad Ali Mahommed, of Isfahan, who revived the Persian processes in 1887. (W. B.*; C. S. C.) @@ -13478,7 +13455,7 @@ jaded pottery industry of that district. FOOTNOTE: - [1] Ksh, the Hindu name for the sacred city of Benares, has no + [1] Káshí, the Hindu name for the sacred city of Benares, has no ceramic significance. @@ -13575,7 +13552,7 @@ and embracing Ladakh, Baltistan and Gilgit. of Greek historians and geographers--flows north-westward through the middle of the valley. After a slow and winding course it expands about 25 m. below Srinagar, over a slight depression in the plain, and forms - the Wular lake and marsh, which is about 12 m. by 5 m. in extent, and + the Wular lake and marsh, which is about 12½ m. by 5 m. in extent, and surrounded by the lofty mountains which tower over the north and north-east of the valley. Leaving the lake on the south-west side, near the town of Sopur, the river pursues its sluggish course @@ -13586,7 +13563,7 @@ and embracing Ladakh, Baltistan and Gilgit. river is 5400 ft. above sea-level, and at Srinagar 5235 ft. It has thus a fall of about 4 ft. per mile in this part of its course. For the next 24 m. to the Wular lake, and thence to Baramulla, its fall is - only about 2 ft. in the mile. On the 80 m. of the river in the flat + only about 2¼ ft. in the mile. On the 80 m. of the river in the flat valley between Islamabad and Baramulla, there is much boat traffic; but none below Baramulla, till the river comes out into the plains. @@ -13604,7 +13581,7 @@ and embracing Ladakh, Baltistan and Gilgit. affluents the whole valley of Kashmir is watered abundantly. Around the foot of many spurs of the hills which run down on the - Kashmir plain are pieces of low table-land, called karwa. These + Kashmir plain are pieces of low table-land, called karéwa. These terraces vary in height at different parts of the valley from 100 to 300 ft. above the alluvial plain. Those which are near each other are mostly about the same level, and separated by deep ravines. The level @@ -13671,10 +13648,10 @@ and embracing Ladakh, Baltistan and Gilgit. from October to March. In the valley the first snow generally falls about the end of December, but never to any great amount. The hottest months are July, August and the greater part of September, during - which the noon shade temperature varies from 85 to 90 and - occasionally 95 at Srinagar, probably the hottest place in the + which the noon shade temperature varies from 85° to 90° and + occasionally 95° at Srinagar, probably the hottest place in the valley. The coldest months are January and February, when for several - weeks the average minimum temperature is about 15 below freezing. As + weeks the average minimum temperature is about 15° below freezing. As a health resort the province, excluding Srinagar, which is insanitary and relaxing, has no rival anywhere in the neighbourhood of India. Its climate is admirably adapted to the European constitution, and in @@ -13780,12 +13757,12 @@ is written in a special character (see KASHMIRI). _Industries._--The chief industry of Srinagar was formerly the weaving of the celebrated Kashmir shawl, which dates back to the days of the emperor Baber. These shawls first became fashionable in Europe in the - reign of Napoleon, when they fetched from 10 to 100; but the + reign of Napoleon, when they fetched from £10 to £100; but the industry received a blow at the time of the Franco-German War, and the famine of 1877 scattered the weavers. The place of the Kashmir shawl has to some extent been taken by the Kashmir carpet, but the most thriving industry now is that of silk-weaving. Srinagar is also - celebrated for its silver-work, papier mch and wood-carving. The + celebrated for its silver-work, papier mâché and wood-carving. The minerals and metals of the Jammu district are promising, and a company has been formed to work them. Coal of fair quality has been found, but the difficulties of transport interfere with its working. @@ -13797,7 +13774,7 @@ with any propriety be applied. It first became known to the Mahommedans when, on Akbar's invasion of Kashmir in 1588, a copy was presented to the emperor. A translation into Persian was made by his order, and a summary of its contents, from this Persian translation, is given by -Abu'l Fazl in the _'in-i-Akbari_. The _Rajatarangini_, the first of a +Abu'l Fazl in the _Á'in-i-Akbari_. The _Rajatarangini_, the first of a series of four Sanskrit histories, was written about the middle of the 12th century by P. Kalhana. His work, in six books, makes use of earlier writings now lost. Commencing with traditional history of very early @@ -13822,14 +13799,14 @@ town or collection of dwellings in the valley was called Kasyapa-pur--a name which has been plausibly identified with the [Greek: Kaspapyros] of Hecataeus (Steph. Byz., _s.v._) and [Greek: Kaspatyros] of Herodotus (iii. 102, iv. 44). Kashmir is the country meant also by Ptolemy's -[Greek: Kaspria]. The ancient name Kasyapa-pur was applied to the +[Greek: Kaspêria]. The ancient name Kasyapa-pur was applied to the kingdom of Kashmir when it comprehended great part of the Punjab and extended beyond the Indus. In the 7th century Kashmir is said by the -Chinese traveller Hsan Tsang to have included Kabul and the Punjab, and +Chinese traveller Hsüan Tsang to have included Kabul and the Punjab, and the hill region of Gandhara, the country of the Gandarae of classical geography. -At an early date the Sanskrit name of the country became _Ksmr_. The +At an early date the Sanskrit name of the country became _KásmÍr_. The earliest inhabitants, according to the _Rajatarangini_, were the people called Naga, a word which signifies "snake." The history shows the prevalence in early times of tree and serpent worship, of which some @@ -13846,7 +13823,7 @@ people after they had reached the Punjab from the north-west, appears to require an answer in favour of the latter view (see vol. ii. of Dr J. Muir's _Sanskrit Texts_). The Aryan races of Kashmir and surrounding hills, which have at the present time separate geographical -distribution, are given by Mr Drew as _Kashmr_ (mostly Mahommedan), in +distribution, are given by Mr Drew as _Kashmírí_ (mostly Mahommedan), in the Kashmir basin and a few scattered places outside; _Dard_ (mostly Mahommedan) in Gilgit and hills north of Kashmir; _Dogra_ (Hindu) in Jamma; _Dogra_ (Mahommedan, called _Chibali_) in Punch and hill country @@ -13866,8 +13843,8 @@ the Christian era, were erected the Hindu temples in Kashmir. In the 6th and 7th centuries Kashmir was visited by some of the Chinese Buddhist pilgrims to India. The country is called _Shie-mi_ in the narrative of To Yeng and Sung Yun (578). One of the Chinese travellers of the next -century was for a time an elephant-tamer to the king of Kashmir. Hsan -Tsang spent two years (631-633) in Kashmir (_Kia-ch-m-lo_). He entered +century was for a time an elephant-tamer to the king of Kashmir. Hsüan +Tsang spent two years (631-633) in Kashmir (_Kia-chí-mí-lo_). He entered by Baramula and left by the Pir Panjal pass. He describes the hill-girt valley, and the abundance of flowers and fruits, and he mentions the tradition about the lake. He found in Kashmir many Buddhists as well as @@ -13899,7 +13876,7 @@ of Jammu. On the final defeat of the Sikhs at Sobraon (February 1846), Gulab Singh was called to take a leading part in arranging conditions of peace. The treaty of Lahore (March 9, 1846) sets forth that, the British Government having demanded, in addition to a certain assignment of -territory, a payment of a crore and a half of rupees (1 millions +territory, a payment of a crore and a half of rupees (1½ millions sterling), and the Sikh government being unable to pay the whole, the maharaja (Dhulip Singh) cedes, as equivalent for one crore, the hill country belonging to the Punjab between the Beas and the Indus, @@ -13923,7 +13900,7 @@ already described. His rule was remarkable for the reassertion of the Kashmir sovereignty over Gilgit (q.v.). Kashmir imperial service troops participated in the Black Mountain expedition of 1891, the Hunza Nagar operations of 1891, and the Tirah campaign of 1897-1898. The total -revenue of the state is about 666,000. +revenue of the state is about £666,000. See Drew, _Jammu and Kashmir_ (1875); M. A. Stein, _Kalhana's Rajatarangini_ (1900); W. R. Lawrence, _The Valley of Kashmir_ (1895); @@ -14048,7 +14025,7 @@ Indo-Aryan vernaculars.[1] system. Not only does Ksh. possess the vowels _a_, _a_, _i_, _i_, _u_, _u_, _r_, _e_, _ai_, _o_, _au_, and the _anunasika_ or nasal symbol ~, but it has also a flat _a_ (like the _a_ in "hat") a flat _e_ (like - the _e_ in "met"), a short _o_ (like the _o_ in "hot") and a broad __ + the _e_ in "met"), a short _o_ (like the _o_ in "hot") and a broad _å_ (like the _a_ in "all"). It also has a series of what natives call "_matra_-vowels," which are represented in the Roman character by small letters above the line, viz. _^a_, _^i_, _^u_, _^u_. Of these, @@ -14060,7 +14037,7 @@ Indo-Aryan vernaculars.[1] generally and _^u_ always becomes a full _i_ or _u_ respectively and is so pronounced. On the other hand, in similar circumstances, _^u_ remains unchanged in writing, but is pronounced like a short German - __. It should be observed that this _^u_ always represents an older + _ü_. It should be observed that this _^u_ always represents an older _i_, and is still considered to be a palatal, not, like _^u_, a labial vowel. Although these matra-vowels are so slightly heard, they exercise a great influence on the sound of a preceding syllable. We @@ -14086,20 +14063,20 @@ Indo-Aryan vernaculars.[1] |ceding+----------------+----------------+-----------------+----------------+ |Vowel.| _a-matra_ | _i-matra_ | _u-matra_ | _u-matra_ | +------+----------------+----------------+-----------------+----------------+ - | a. | a (ad^ar, | a^i (kar^i, pr.| (as in German:| o (like first | - | | be moist) (some| ka^ir^i, made, | kar^u, pr. kr, | o in "promote";| + | a. | a (ad^ar, | a^i (kar^i, pr.| ü (as in German:| o (like first | + | | be moist) (some| ka^ir^i, made, | kar^u, pr. kür, | o in "promote";| | | thing like a | plural masc.) | made, fem. | kar^u, pr. kor,| - | | short German )| | sing.) | made, masc. | + | | short German ö)| | sing.) | made, masc. | | | | | | sing.) | | | | | | | - | /a. | (ka^ar, | ^i (German ; | (mar^u, pr. | (mar^u, pr. | - | | pr. k^ar, | mar^i, pr. | mr, killed, | mr, written, | - | | make one-eyed) | m^ir^i, | fem. sing.) | mor^u, killed, | + | /a. | ö (kañ^ar, | ö^i (German ö; | ö (mar^u, pr. | å (mar^u, pr. | + | | pr. köñ^ar, | mar^i, pr. | mör, killed, | mår, written, | + | | make one-eyed) | mö^ir^i, | fem. sing.) | mor^u, killed, | | | (like a long | killed, masc. | | masc. sing.) | - | | German ) | plur.) | | | + | | German ö) | plur.) | | | | | | | | | - | i. | -- | -- | y (liv^u, pr. | yu (liv^u, pr. | - | | | | lyv, plastered,| lyuv, written | + | i. | -- | -- | yü (liv^u, pr. | yu (liv^u, pr. | + | | | | lyüv, plastered,| lyuv, written | | | | | fem. sing.) | lyuv^u, plas- | | | | | | tered, masc. | | | | | | sing.) | @@ -14117,8 +14094,8 @@ Indo-Aryan vernaculars.[1] | | | gu^ir^i, | | | | | | cowherds) | | | | | | | | | - | )e. | i (led^ar, | -- | y (tsel^u, pr. | yu (tsel^u, pr.| - | | pr. lid^ar, | | tsyl, squeezed,| tsyul, written | + | )e. | i (led^ar, | -- | yü (tsel^u, pr. | yu (tsel^u, pr.| + | | pr. lid^ar, | | tsyül, squeezed,| tsyul, written | | | be yellow) | | fem. sing.) | tsyul^u, | | | | | | squeezed, | | | | | | masc. sing.) | @@ -14130,7 +14107,7 @@ Indo-Aryan vernaculars.[1] | | | | | sing.) | | | | | | | | )o. | u (hokh^ar, | o^i (woth^i, | u (woth^u, pr. | o (woth^u pr. | - | | pr. hukh^ar, | pr. (woth^u, | wth, arisen, | woth, arisen, | + | | pr. hukh^ar, | pr. (woth^u, | wüth, arisen, | woth, arisen, | | | make dry) | arisen, masc. | fem. sing.) | masc. sing.) | | | | plur.) | | | | | | | | | @@ -14142,12 +14119,12 @@ Indo-Aryan vernaculars.[1] +------+----------------+----------------+-----------------+----------------+ The letters _u_ and _i_, even when not _u_-matra or _i_-matra, often - change a preceding long _a_ to __, which is usually written _o_, and + change a preceding long _a_ to _å_, which is usually written _o_, and _a_ respectively. Thus _rawukh_, they have lost, is pronounced - _rwukh_, and, in the native character, is written _rowukh_. - Similarly _malis_ becomes _malis_ (_mlis_). The diphthong _ai_ is - pronounced __ when it commences a word; thus, _aith_, eight, is - pronounced _th_. When _i_ and _u_ commence a word they are pronounced + _råwukh_, and, in the native character, is written _rowukh_. + Similarly _malis_ becomes _malis_ (_mölis_). The diphthong _ai_ is + pronounced _ö_ when it commences a word; thus, _aith_, eight, is + pronounced _öth_. When _i_ and _u_ commence a word they are pronounced _yi_ and _wu_ respectively. With one important exception, common to all Pisaca languages, Kashmiri employs every consonant found in the Sanskrit alphabet. The exception is the series of aspirated @@ -14179,7 +14156,7 @@ Indo-Aryan vernaculars.[1] preceding consonant. The modifications will be seen from the following examples: _rat-_, night; nom. plur. _rats^u_; _woth_, arise; _wotsh^u_, she arose: _lad_, build; _laz^u_, she was built: _ran_, - cook; _ra^u_, she was cooked; _pat^u_, a tablet; Ag. sing. _paci_: + cook; _rañ^u_, she was cooked; _pat^u_, a tablet; Ag. sing. _paci_: _kath-_, a stalk; nom. plur. _kache: bad-_, great; nom. plur. fem. _baje_: _batuk^u_, a duck; fem. _bat^ac^u_: _hokh^u_, dry; fem. _hoch^u; srog^u_, cheap; _srojyar_, cheapness: _wal^u_, a ring; fem. @@ -14208,14 +14185,14 @@ Indo-Aryan vernaculars.[1] living beings, and a third (or neuter) to all inanimate things whether they are grammatically masculine or feminine. Nouns ending in _^u_ are masculine, and most, but not all, of those ending in _^i_, _^u_, _e_ - or __ are feminine. Of nouns ending in consonants, some are + or _ñ_ are feminine. Of nouns ending in consonants, some are masculine, and some are feminine. No rule can be formulated regarding these, except that all abstract nouns ending in _ar_ (a very numerous class) are masculine. There are four declensions. The first consists of masculine nouns ending in a consonant, in _a_, _e_ or _^u_ (very few of these last two). The second consists of the important class of masculine nouns in _^u_; the third of feminine nouns in _^i_, _^u_, or - __ (being the feminines corresponding to the masculine nouns of the + _ñ_ (being the feminines corresponding to the masculine nouns of the second declension); and the fourth of feminine nouns ending in _^a_, _e_ or a consonant. @@ -14234,16 +14211,16 @@ Indo-Aryan vernaculars.[1] | | Declension.| Declension. | Declension.| a. b. | +------+------------+----------------+------------+-------+-----------------+ |Sing.:| | | | | | - | Nom. | tsur | mal^u (pr. ml)| maj^u (mj)| mal | rath | - | Acc. | tsuras | malis (mlis) | maje | mali | rats^u (rts) | - | Ag. | tsuran | mal^i (m^il^i)| maji | mali | rats^u (rts) | - | Abl. | tsura | mali | maji | mali | rats^u (rts) | + | Nom. | tsur | mal^u (pr. mål)| maj^u (möj)| mal | rath | + | Acc. | tsuras | malis (mölis) | maje | mali | rats^u (röts) | + | Ag. | tsuran | mal^i (mö^il^i)| maji | mali | rats^u (röts) | + | Abl. | tsura | mali | maji | mali | rats^u (röts) | |Plur.:| | | | | | - | Nom | tsur | mal^i (m^il^i)| maje | mala | rats^u (rts) | - | Acc. | tsuran | malen | majen | malan | rats^un (rtsn)| + | Nom | tsur | mal^i (mö^il^i)| maje | mala | rats^u (röts) | + | Acc. | tsuran | malen | majen | malan | rats^un (rötsün)| | Ag. | | | | | | | and | | | | | | - | Abl. | tsurau | malyau | majyau | malau | rats^uv (rtsv)| + | Abl. | tsurau | malyau | majyau | malau | rats^uv (rötsüv)| +------+------------+----------------+------------+-------+-----------------+ @@ -14275,9 +14252,9 @@ Indo-Aryan vernaculars.[1] lang_, a bough of the tree; _kulic^u land^u_, a twig of the tree. _Sand^u_, has fem. sing. _sanz^u_, masc. plur. _sand^i_, fem. plur. _sanza_. Similarly _hand^u_. _K^u_ has fem. sing. _c^u_, masc. plur. - _k^i_, fem. plur. _ce_; _n^u_, fem. sing. __, masc. plur. _n^i_, fem. - plur. _e_. Similarly for the dative we have the following forms: - _malis kit^u pa^u_, water (masc.) for the father; _malis kits^u gav_, + _k^i_, fem. plur. _ce_; _n^u_, fem. sing. _ñ_, masc. plur. _n^i_, fem. + plur. _ñe_. Similarly for the dative we have the following forms: + _malis kit^u pañ^u_, water (masc.) for the father; _malis kits^u gav_, a cow for the father; _malis kit^i rav_, blankets (masc. plur.) for the father; _malis kitsa pothe_, books (fem. plur.) for the father. All these postpositions of the genitive and _kit^u_ of the dative are @@ -14288,7 +14265,7 @@ Indo-Aryan vernaculars.[1] Adjectives ending in _^u_ (second declension) form the feminine in _^u_, with the usual changes of the preceding consonant. Thus _tat^u_, - hot, fem. _tats^u_ (pronounced _tts_). Other adjectives do not change + hot, fem. _tats^u_ (pronounced _tüts_). Other adjectives do not change for gender. All adjectives agree with the qualified noun in gender, number and case, the postposition, if any, being added to the latter word of the two. Take, for example, _chat^u_, white, and _gur^u_, a @@ -14398,9 +14375,9 @@ Indo-Aryan vernaculars.[1] | +------------+-------------+-----------------+--------------------+ | | _Singular_ | _Plural_ | _Singular_ | _Plural_ | +---+------------+-------------+-----------------+--------------------+ - | 1 | kara | karav | karah | karahv | - | 2 | karakh | kariv | karahkh | kar^ihiv | - | 3 | kari | karan | karihe | karahn | + | 1 | kara | karav | karahå | karahåv | + | 2 | karakh | kariv | karahåkh | kar^ihiv | + | 3 | kari | karan | karihe | karahån | +---+------------+-------------+-----------------+--------------------+ For the imperative we have 2nd person singular, _kar_, plur. _kariv_; @@ -14474,7 +14451,7 @@ Indo-Aryan vernaculars.[1] past participles of intransitive verbs are not passive, and hence the suffix indicating the subject must be in the nominative form. Thus _tsal^u_, escaped (second conjugation); _tsalu-s_, escaped-I, I - (masculine) escaped; _tsaj^-s_, I (feminine) escaped, and so on. + (masculine) escaped; _tsaj^ü-s_, I (feminine) escaped, and so on. Similarly for the third conjugation, _wuphyov_, flew; _wuphyo-s_, I (masculine) flew; _wuphyeya-s_, I (feminine) flew, &c. @@ -14547,18 +14524,18 @@ known about the dates of most of the authors. (reprinted as a separate publication, Bombay, 1897). T. R. Wade's Grammar (London, 1888) is the merest sketch, and the only attempt at a complete work of the kind in English is G. A. Grierson's _Essays on - Kamiri Grammar_ (London and Calcutta, 1899). A valuable native + Kaçmiri Grammar_ (London and Calcutta, 1899). A valuable native grammar in Sanskrit, the _Kasmirasabdamrta_ of Isvara Kaula, has been edited by the same writer (Calcutta, 1888). For an examination of the origin of Kashmiri grammatical forms and the Pisaca question generally, see G. A. Grierson's "On Certain Suffixes in the Modern - Indo-Aryan Vernaculars" in the _Zeitschrift fr Vergleichende + Indo-Aryan Vernaculars" in the _Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen_ for 1903 and _The Pisaca Languages of North-Western India_ (London, 1906). The only important text which has been published is Burkhard's edition, with a partial translation, of Mahmud Gami's "Yusuf and - Zulaikha" in the _Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlndischen + Zulaikha" in the _Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft_ for 1895 and 1899. The text of the _Siva Parinaya_, edited by G. A. Grierson, is in course of publication by the Asiatic Society of Bengal. (G. A. Gr.) @@ -14566,7 +14543,7 @@ known about the dates of most of the authors. FOOTNOTE: - [1] See G. A. Grierson, "On Pronominal Suffixes in the Kamiri + [1] See G. A. Grierson, "On Pronominal Suffixes in the Kaçmiri Languages," and "On the Radical and Participial Tenses of the Modern Indo-Aryan Languages," in _Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, vol. lxiv. (1895), pt. i. pp. 336 and 352. @@ -14589,14 +14566,14 @@ assimilating it. Lorentz calls the western dialect a language, and distinguishes 38 vowels. The chief points of Kashube as against Polish are that all its vowels can be nasal instead of a and e only, that it has preserved quantity and a free accent, has developed several special -vowels, e.g. _, oe, _, and has preserved the original order, e.g. +vowels, e.g. _ö, oe, ü_, and has preserved the original order, e.g. _gard_ as against _grod_. The consonants are very like Polish. (See also SLAVS.) AUTHORITIES.--F. Lorentz, _Slovinzische Grammatik_ (St Petersburg, - 1903) and "Die gegenseitigen Verhltnisse der sogen. Lechischen + 1903) and "Die gegenseitigen Verhältnisse der sogen. Lechischen Sprachen," in _Arch. f. Slav. Phil._ xxiv. (1902); J. Baudouin de - Courtenay, "Kurzes Resum der Kaschubischen Frage," ibid. xxvi. + Courtenay, "Kurzes Resumé der Kaschubischen Frage," ibid. xxvi. (1904); G. Bronisch, _Kaschubische Dialektstudien_ (Leipzig, 1896-1898); S. Ramult, _Stownik jezyka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego_, i.e. "Dictionary of the Seacoast (Pomeranian) or @@ -14605,8 +14582,8 @@ SLAVS.) -KASIMOV, a town of Russia, in the government of Ryaza, on the Oka -river, in 54 56 N. and 41 3 E., 75 m. E.N.E. of Ryaza. Pop. (1897), +KASIMOV, a town of Russia, in the government of Ryazañ, on the Oka +river, in 54° 56´ N. and 41° 3´ E., 75 m. E.N.E. of Ryazañ. Pop. (1897), 13,545, of whom about 1000 were Tatars. It is famed for its tanneries and leather goods, sheepskins and post-horse bells. Founded in 1152, it was formerly known as Meshcherski Gorodets. In the 15th century it @@ -14626,9 +14603,9 @@ waiters in the best hotels of St Petersburg are mostly Kasimov Tatars. KASSA (Germ. _Kaschau_; Lat. _Cassovia_), the capital of the county of Abauj-Torna, in Hungary, 170 m. N.E. of Budapest by rail. Pop. (1900), 35,856. Kassa is one of the oldest and handsomest towns of Hungary, and -is pleasantly situated on the right bank of the Hernd. It is surrounded +is pleasantly situated on the right bank of the Hernád. It is surrounded on three sides by hills covered with forests and vineyards, and opens to -the S.E. towards a pretty valley watered by the Hernd and the Tarcza. +the S.E. towards a pretty valley watered by the Hernád and the Tarcza. Kassa consists of the inner town, which was the former old town surrounded with walls, and of three suburbs separated from it by a broad glacis. The most remarkable building, considered the grandest @@ -14644,18 +14621,18 @@ golden bull of King Leopold I. in 1660, has an extensive library; there are also a museum, a Roman Catholic upper gymnasium and seminary for priests, and other schools and benevolent institutions. Kassa is the see of a Roman Catholic bishopric. It is the chief political and commercial -town of Upper Hungary, and the principal _entrept_ for the commerce +town of Upper Hungary, and the principal _entrepôt_ for the commerce between Hungary and Galicia. Its most important manufactures are tobacco, machinery, iron, furniture, textiles and milling. About 3 m. -N.W. of the town are the baths of Bank, with alkaline and ferruginous -springs, and about 12 m. N.E. lies Rnk-Herlein, with an intermittent +N.W. of the town are the baths of Bankó, with alkaline and ferruginous +springs, and about 12 m. N.E. lies Ránk-Herlein, with an intermittent chalybeate spring. About 20 m. W. of Kassa lies the famous -Premonstratensian abbey of Jsz, founded in the 12th century. The abbey +Premonstratensian abbey of Jászó, founded in the 12th century. The abbey contains a rich library and valuable archives. In the neighbourhood is a fine stalactite grotto, which often served as a place of refuge to the inhabitants in war time. -Kassa was created a town and granted special privileges by Bla IV. in +Kassa was created a town and granted special privileges by Béla IV. in 1235, and was raised to the rank of a royal free town by Stephen V. in 1270. In 1290 it was surrounded with walls. The subsequent history presents a long record of revolts, sieges and disastrous conflagrations. @@ -14672,7 +14649,7 @@ the Austrians, Hungarians and Russians. KASSALA, a town and _mudiria_ of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The town, a military station of some importance, lies on the river Gash (Mareb) in -15 28 N., 36 24 E., 260 m. E.S.E. of Khartum and 240 m. W. of +15° 28´ N., 36° 24´ E., 260 m. E.S.E. of Khartum and 240 m. W. of Massawa, the nearest seaport. Pop. about 20,000. It is built on a plain, 1700 ft. above the sea, at the foot of the Abyssinian highlands 15 m. W. of the frontier of the Italian colony of Eritrea. Two dome-shaped @@ -14719,7 +14696,7 @@ of Babylonia. They still inhabited the north-western mountains of Elam, immediately south of Holwan, when Sennacherib attacked them in 702 B.C. They are the Kossaeans of Ptolemy, who divides Susiana between them and the Elymaeans; according to Strabo (xi. 13, 3, 6) they were the -neighbours of the Medes. Th. Nldeke (_Gtt. G. G._, 1874, pp. 173 seq.) +neighbours of the Medes. Th. Nöldeke (_Gött. G. G._, 1874, pp. 173 seq.) has shown that they are the Kissians of the older Greek authors who are identified with the Susians by Aeschylus (_Choeph._ 424, Pers. 17, 120) and Herodotus (v. 49, 52). We already hear of them as attacking @@ -14736,7 +14713,7 @@ been supposed. Some of the Kassite deities were introduced into the Babylonian pantheon, and the Kassite tribe of Khabira seems to have settled in the Babylonian plain. - See Fr. Delitzsch, _Die Sprache der Kosser_ (1884). (A. H. S.) + See Fr. Delitzsch, _Die Sprache der Kossäer_ (1884). (A. H. S.) @@ -14801,8 +14778,8 @@ in grain and cotton, and manufactures of cotton and leather goods. KATAGUM, the sub-province of the double province of Kano in the British -protectorate of Northern Nigeria. It lies approximately between 11 and -13 N. and 8 20 and 10 40 E. It is bounded N. by the French Sudan, +protectorate of Northern Nigeria. It lies approximately between 11° and +13° N. and 8° 20´ and 10° 40´ E. It is bounded N. by the French Sudan, E. by Bornu, S. by Bauchi, and W. by Kano. Katagum consists of several small but ancient Mahommedan emirates--Katagum, Messau, Gummel, Hadeija, Machena, with a fringe of Bedde pagans on its eastern frontier towards @@ -14924,11 +14901,11 @@ KATHA, a district in the northern division of Upper Burma, with an area of 6994 sq. m., 3730 of which consists of the former separate state of Wuntho. It is bounded N. by the Upper Chindwin, Bhamo and Myitkyina districts, E. by the Kaukkwe River as far as the Irrawaddy, thence east -of the Irrawaddy by the Shan State of Mng Mit (Momeik), and by the +of the Irrawaddy by the Shan State of Möng Mit (Momeik), and by the Shweli River, S. by the Ruby Mines district and Shwebo, and W. by the Upper Chindwin district. Three ranges of hills run through the district, known as the Minwun, Gangaw and Mangin ranges. They separate the three -main rivers--the Irrawaddy, the Mza and the Mu. The Minwun range runs +main rivers--the Irrawaddy, the Mèza and the Mu. The Minwun range runs from north to south, and forms for a considerable part of its length the dividing line between the Katha district proper and what formerly was the Wuntho state. Its average altitude is between 1500 and 2000 ft. The @@ -14938,7 +14915,7 @@ as far as Tigyaing, where the Myatheindan pagoda gives its name to the last point. Its highest point is 4400 ft., but the average is between 1500 and 2000 ft. The Katha branch of the railway crosses it at Petsut, a village 12 miles west of Katha town. The Mangin range runs through -Wuntho (highest peak, Maingthn, 5450 ft.). +Wuntho (highest peak, Maingthôn, 5450 ft.). Gold, copper, iron and lead are found in considerable quantities in the district. The Kyaukpazat gold-mines, worked by an English company, gave @@ -14950,7 +14927,7 @@ population in 1901 was 176,223, an increase of 32% in the decade. The number of Shans is about half that of Burmese, and of Kadus half that of Shans. The Shans are mostly in the Wuntho sub-division. Rice is the chief crop in the plains, tea, cotton, sesamum and hill rice in the -hills. The valley of the Mza, which is very malarious, was used as a +hills. The valley of the Mèza, which is very malarious, was used as a convict settlement under Burmese rule. The district was first occupied by British troops in 1886, but it was not finally quieted till 1890, when the Wuntho sawbwa was deposed and his state incorporated in Katha @@ -14999,8 +14976,8 @@ Girnar and at Palitana. The political agency of Kathiawar has an area of 20,882 sq. m. In 1901 the population was 2,329,196, showing a decrease of 15% in the decade due to the results of famine. The estimated gross revenue of the several -states is 1,278,000; total tribute (payable to the British, the gaekwar -of Baroda and the nawab of Junagarh), 70,000. There are altogether 193 +states is £1,278,000; total tribute (payable to the British, the gaekwar +of Baroda and the nawab of Junagarh), £70,000. There are altogether 193 states of varying size and importance, of which 14 exercise independent jurisdiction, while the rest are more or less under British administration. The eight states of the first class are Junagaw, @@ -15012,7 +14989,7 @@ _girasias_, or chiefs of lower rank, at Gondal. An excellent system of metre-gauge railways has been provided at the cost of the leading states. Maritime trade is also very active, the chief ports being Porbandar, Mangrol and Verawal. In 1903-1904 the total sea-borne exports -were valued at 1,300,000, and the imports at 1,120,000. The +were valued at £1,300,000, and the imports at £1,120,000. The progressive prosperity of Kathiawar received a shock from the famine of 1899-1900, which was felt everywhere with extreme severity. @@ -15057,7 +15034,7 @@ alliance. KATMANDU (less correctly KHATMANDU), the capital of the state of Nepal, India, situated on the bank of the Vishnumati river at its confluence -with the Baghmati, in 27 36 N., 85 24 E. The town, which is said to +with the Baghmati, in 27° 36´ N., 85° 24´ E. The town, which is said to have been founded about 723, contains a population estimated at 70,000, occupying 5000 houses made of brick, and usually from two to four storeys high. Many of the houses have large projecting wooden windows or @@ -15095,17 +15072,17 @@ from Glengyle, at the head of the lake, down the centre to a point opposite Stronachlachar from which it strikes to the south-western shore towards Loch Arklet. The loch, which has a south-easterly trend, is about 8 m. long, and its greatest breadth is 1 m. It lies 364 ft. above -the sea-level. It occupies an area of 4 square miles and has a drainage -basin of 37 square miles. The average depth is 142 ft., the greatest +the sea-level. It occupies an area of 4¾ square miles and has a drainage +basin of 37½ square miles. The average depth is 142 ft., the greatest depth being 495 ft. The average annual rainfall is 78 inches. The mean -temperature at the surface is 56.4 F., and at the bottom 41 F. The +temperature at the surface is 56.4° F., and at the bottom 41° F. The scenery has been immortalized in Sir Walter Scott's _Lady of the Lake_. The surrounding hills are of considerable altitude, the most remarkable being the head of Ben A'an (1750 ft.) and the grassy craigs and broken contour of Ben Venue (2393 ft.). It is fed by the Gyle and numerous burns, and drained by the Achray to Loch Achray and thence by the Black Avon to Loch Vennacher. Since 1859 it has formed the chief source of the -water-supply of Glasgow, the aqueduct leaving the lake about 1 m. S.E. +water-supply of Glasgow, the aqueduct leaving the lake about 1½ m. S.E. of Stronachlachar. By powers obtained in 1885 the level of the lake was increased by 5 ft. by a system of sluices regulating the outflow of the Achray. One result of this damming up has been to submerge the Silver @@ -15118,7 +15095,7 @@ Trossachs for nearly six miles along the northern shore. During summer steamers ply between the Trossachs and Stronachlachar and there is a daily service of coaches from the Trossachs to Callander (about 10 m.) and to Aberfoyle (9 m.), and between Stronachlachar, to Inversnaid on -Loch Lomond (about 4 m.). The road to Inversnaid runs through the +Loch Lomond (about 4½ m.). The road to Inversnaid runs through the Macgregors' country referred to in Scott's _Rob Roy_. @@ -15138,7 +15115,7 @@ government. These were in many respects highly developed and included elaborate systems of taxation and justice. The capital of the administrative district is a town of the same name, -in 13 N., 7 41 E., being 160 m. E. by S. of the city of Sokoto, and +in 13° N., 7° 41´ E., being 160 m. E. by S. of the city of Sokoto, and 84 m. N.W. of Kano. The walls of Katsena have a circuit of between 13 and 14 miles, but only a small part of the enclosed space is inhabited. In the 17th and 18th centuries it appears to have been the largest town @@ -15271,7 +15248,7 @@ was formerly a resort of pilgrims, and Roman coins have been found in the vicinity. See F. Stieve, _Die Reichsstadt Kaufbeuren und die bayrische - Restaurationspolitik_ (Munich, 1870); and Schrder, _Geschichte der + Restaurationspolitik_ (Munich, 1870); and Schröder, _Geschichte der Stadt und Katholischen Pfarrei Kaufbeuren_ (Augsburg, 1903). @@ -15288,7 +15265,7 @@ become a notability, with bishops and nobles for her sitters. In 1754 her father took her to Milan. Later visits to Italy of long duration appear to have succeeded this excursion; in 1763 she visited Rome, returning to it again in 1764. From Rome she passed to Bologna and -Venice, being everywhere fted and caressed, as much for her talents as +Venice, being everywhere fêted and caressed, as much for her talents as for her personal charms. Writing from Rome in August 1764 to his friend Franke, Winckelmann refers to her exceptional popularity. She was then painting his picture, a half-length, of which she also made an etching. @@ -15358,7 +15335,7 @@ carried in procession. Schiavonetti, Bartolozzi and others. Those by Bartolozzi especially still find considerable favour with collectors. Her life was written in 1810 by Giovanni de Rossi. It has also been used as the basis of a - romance by Lon de Wailly, 1838; and it prompted the charming novel + romance by Léon de Wailly, 1838; and it prompted the charming novel contributed by Mrs Richmond Ritchie to the _Cornhill Magazine_ in 1875 under the title of "Miss Angel." (A. D.) @@ -15387,7 +15364,7 @@ brought Russia into close proximity to Afghanistan, and the reception of Kaufmann's emissaries by the Amir was a main cause of the British war with Afghanistan in 1878. Although Kaufmann was unable to induce his government to support all his ambitious schemes of further conquest, he -sent Skobeleff in 1880 and 1881 against the Akhal Tekks, and was +sent Skobeleff in 1880 and 1881 against the Akhal Tekkés, and was arranging to add Merv to his annexations when he died suddenly at Tashkend on the 15th of May 1882. @@ -15413,7 +15390,7 @@ until 1885. KAULBACH, WILHELM VON (1805-1874), German painter, was born in Westphalia on the 15th of October 1805. His father, who was poor, combined painting with the goldsmith's trade, but means were found to -place Wilhelm, a youth of seventeen, in the art academy of Dsseldorf, +place Wilhelm, a youth of seventeen, in the art academy of Düsseldorf, then becoming renowned under the directorship of Peter von Cornelius. Young Kaulbach contended against hardships, even hunger. But his courage never failed; and, uniting genius with industry, he was ere long @@ -15422,7 +15399,7 @@ of Germany. The ambitious work by which Louis I. sought to transform Munich into a German Athens afforded the young painter an appropriate sphere. Cornelius had been commissioned to execute the enormous frescoes in the Glyptothek, and his custom was in the winters, with the aid of -Kaulbach and others, to complete the cartoons at Dsseldorf, and in the +Kaulbach and others, to complete the cartoons at Düsseldorf, and in the summers, accompanied by his best scholars, to carry out the designs in colour on the museum walls in Munich. But in 1824 Cornelius became director of the Bavarian academy. Kaulbach, not yet twenty, followed, @@ -15438,7 +15415,7 @@ painting with architecture, and displayed a creative fertility and readiness of resource scarcely found since the era of Raphael and Michelangelo. Early in the series of his multitudinous works came the famous Narrenhaus, the appalling memories of a certain madhouse near -Dsseldorf; the composition all the more deserves mention for points of +Düsseldorf; the composition all the more deserves mention for points of contact with Hogarth. Somewhat to the same category belong the illustrations to _Reineke Fuchs_. These, together with occasional figures or passages in complex pictorial dramas, show how dominant and @@ -15450,7 +15427,7 @@ the ridiculous, as in the satire on "the Pigtail Age" in a fresco outside the New Pinakothek. Yet these exceptional extravagances came not of weakness but from excess of power. Kaulbach tried hard to become Grecian and Italian; but he never reached Phidias or Raphael; in short -the blood of Drer, Holbein and Martin Schongauer ran strong in his +the blood of Dürer, Holbein and Martin Schongauer ran strong in his veins. The art products in Munich during the middle of the 19th century were of a quantity to preclude first-rate quality, and Kaulbach contracted a fatal facility in covering wall and canvas by the acre. He @@ -15582,7 +15559,7 @@ only exercise was riding under glass, which he did every morning for exactly the same number of minutes. He relaxed from his work in the company of a small dependent society of sycophants and buffoons. He was consumed by a solemn, garrulous and pedantic vanity. When in 1770 he met -Frederick the Great at Mhrisch-Neustadt, he came with a summary of +Frederick the Great at Mährisch-Neustadt, he came with a summary of political principles, which he called a catechism, in his pocket, and assured the king that he must be allowed to speak without interruption. When Frederick, whose interest it was to humour him, promised to listen @@ -15627,11 +15604,11 @@ September 1754. Four sons were born of the marriage. KAUP, JOHANN JAKOB (1803-1873), German naturalist, was born at Darmstadt -on the 10th of April 1803. After studying at Gttingen and Heidelberg he +on the 10th of April 1803. After studying at Göttingen and Heidelberg he spent two years at Leiden, where his attention was specially devoted to the amphibians and fishes. He then returned to Darmstadt as an assistant in the grand ducal museum, of which in 1840 he became inspector. In 1829 -he published _Skizze zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der europischen +he published _Skizze zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der europäischen Thierwelt_, in which he regarded the animal world as developed from lower to higher forms, from the amphibians through the birds to the beasts of prey; but subsequently he repudiated this work as a youthful @@ -15639,8 +15616,8 @@ indiscretion, and on the publication of Darwin's _Origin of Species_ he declared himself against its doctrines. The extensive fossil deposits in the neighbourhood of Darmstadt gave him ample opportunities for palaeontological inquiries, and he gained considerable reputation by his -_Beitrge zur nheren Kenntniss der urweltlichen Sugethiere_ -(1855-1862). He also wrote _Classification der Sugethiere und Vgel_ +_Beiträge zur näheren Kenntniss der urweltlichen Säugethiere_ +(1855-1862). He also wrote _Classification der Säugethiere und Vögel_ (1844), and, with H. G. Brown (1800-1862) of Heidelberg, _Die Gavial-artigen Reste aus dem Lias_ (1842-1844). He died at Darmstadt on the 4th of July 1873. @@ -15650,15 +15627,15 @@ the 4th of July 1873. KAURI PINE, in botany, _Agathis australis_, a conifer native of New Zealand where it is abundant in forests in the North Island between the -North Cape and 38 south latitude. The forests are rapidly disappearing +North Cape and 38° south latitude. The forests are rapidly disappearing owing to use as timber and to destruction by fires. It is a tall resiniferous tree, usually ranging from 80 to 100 ft. in height, with a trunk 4 to 10 ft. in diameter, but reaching 150 ft., with a diameter of 15 to 22 ft.; it has a straight columnar trunk and a rounded bushy head. The thick resiniferous bark falls off in large flat flakes. The leaves, which persist for several years, are very thick and leathery; on young -trees they are lance-shaped 2 to 4 in. long and to in. broad, -becoming on mature trees linear-oblong or obovate-oblong and to 1 in. +trees they are lance-shaped 2 to 4 in. long and ¼ to ½ in. broad, +becoming on mature trees linear-oblong or obovate-oblong and ¾ to 1½ in. long. The ripe cones are almost spherical, erect, and 2 to 3 in. in diameter; the broad, flat, rather thin cone-scales fall from the axis when ripe. Each scale bears a single compressed seed with a membranous @@ -15682,7 +15659,7 @@ this operation. The chewed material is then placed in a bowl, and water or coco-nut milk is poured over it, the whole is well stirred, and subsequently the woody matter is removed by an ingenious but simple mechanical manipulation. The resulting liquid, which has a muddy or -_caf-au-lait_ appearance, or is of a greenish hue if made from leaves, +_café-au-lait_ appearance, or is of a greenish hue if made from leaves, is now ready for consumption. The taste of the liquid is at first sweet, and then pungent and acrid. The usual dose corresponds to about two mouthfuls of the root. Intoxication (but this apparently only applies to @@ -15770,7 +15747,7 @@ harbour on each side of the promontory. The resident population is increased in summer by an influx of peasantry, of whom during the season 5000 to 6000 are employed in curing tobacco and preparing it for export. The finest Turkish tobacco is grown in the district, and shipped to all -parts of Europe and America, to the annual value of about 1,250,000. +parts of Europe and America, to the annual value of about £1,250,000. Mehemet Ali was born here in 1769, and founded a Turkish school which still exists. His birthplace, an unpretentious little house in one of the tortuous older streets, can be distinguished by the tablet which the @@ -15832,7 +15809,7 @@ France during the 18th Century_ (1850); and _Women of Christianity_ she handles her French themes with fidelity and skill. Her style is simple and pleasing rather than striking; and her characters are interesting without being strongly individualized. Her most popular -novels were perhaps _Adle_ (1857), _Queen Mab_ (1863), and _John +novels were perhaps _Adèle_ (1857), _Queen Mab_ (1863), and _John Dorrien_ (1875). On the outbreak of the Franco-German War Julia Kavanagh removed with her mother from Paris to Rouen. She died at Nice on the 28th of October 1877. @@ -16051,7 +16028,7 @@ some 200. KAWARDHA, a feudatory state of India, within the Central Provinces; area, 798 sq. m.; pop. (1901), 57,474, showing a decrease of 37% in the -decade, due to famine; estimated revenue, 7000. Half the state consists +decade, due to famine; estimated revenue, £7000. Half the state consists of hill and forest. The residence of the chief, who is a Raj Gond, is at Kawardha (pop. 4772), which is also the headquarters of the Kabirpanthi sect (see KABIR). @@ -16155,7 +16132,7 @@ several works dealing with Indian affairs; wrote _Essays of an Optimist_ KAYSER, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH EMANUEL (1845- ), German geologist and -palaeontologist, was born at Knigsberg, on the 26th of March 1845. He +palaeontologist, was born at Königsberg, on the 26th of March 1845. He was educated at Berlin where he took his degree of Ph.D. in 1870. In 1882 he became professor of geology in the university at Marburg. He investigated fossils of various ages and from all parts of the world, @@ -16167,7 +16144,7 @@ Germany, Bohemia and other parts of Europe. _Geologische Formationskunde_ 1891 (2nd ed., 1902), and i. _Allgemeine Geologie_ (1893), vol. ii. (the volume first issued) was translated and edited by P. Lake, 1893, under the title _Textbook of Comparative - Geology_. Another work is _Beitrge zur Kenntniss der Fauna der + Geology_. Another work is _Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Fauna der Siegenschen Grauwacke_ (1892). @@ -16212,8 +16189,8 @@ duchy of Lancaster in 1886, and secretary to the Admiralty in 1892-1895. KAZALA, or KAZALINSK, a fort and town in the Russian province of Syr-darya in West Turkestan, at the point where the Kazala River falls -into the Syr-darya, about 50 m. from its mouth in Lake Aral, in 45 45 -N. and 62 7 E., "at the junction," to quote Schuyler, "of all the +into the Syr-darya, about 50 m. from its mouth in Lake Aral, in 45° 45´ +N. and 62° 7´ E., "at the junction," to quote Schuyler, "of all the trade routes in Central Asia, as the road from Orenburg meets here with the Khiva, Bokhara and Tashkent roads." Besides carrying on an active trade with the Kirghiz of the surrounding country, it is of growing @@ -16226,7 +16203,7 @@ built of mud bricks. -KAZA, a government of middle Russia, surrounded by the governments of +KAZAÑ, a government of middle Russia, surrounded by the governments of Vyatka, Ufa, Samara, Simbirsk, Nizhniy-Novgorod and Kostroma. Area 24,601 sq. m. It belongs to the basins of the Volga and its tributary the Kama, and by these streams the government is divided into three @@ -16238,17 +16215,17 @@ Kama, is an open steppe; and the third, between the left bank of the Volga and the right bank of the Kama, resembles in its eastern part the first region, and in its western part is covered with forest. Marls, limestones and sandstones, of Permian or Triassic age, are the principal -rocks; the Jurassic formation appears in a small part of the Tetyshi +rocks; the Jurassic formation appears in a small part of the Tetyúshi district in the south; and Tertiary rocks stretch along the left bank of the Volga. Mineral springs (iron, sulphur and petroleum) exist in several places. The Volga is navigable throughout its course of 200 m. -through Kaza, as well as the Kama (120 m.); and the Vyatka, Kazanka, +through Kazañ, as well as the Kama (120 m.); and the Vyatka, Kazanka, Rutka, Tsivyl, Greater Kokshaga, Ilet, Vetluga and Mesha, are not without value as waterways. About four hundred small lakes are enumerated within the government; the upper and lower Kaban supply the -city of Kaza with water. +city of Kazañ with water. -The climate is severe, the annual mean temperature being 37.8 F. The +The climate is severe, the annual mean temperature being 37.8° F. The rainfall amounts to 16 in. Agriculture is the chief occupation, and 82% of the population are peasants. Out of 7,672,600 acres of arable land, 4,516,500 are under crops--chiefly rye and oats, with some wheat, @@ -16260,8 +16237,8 @@ flour-mills, distilleries, factories for soap, candles and tallow, and tanneries. A great variety of petty trades, especially those connected with wood, are carried on in the villages, partly for export. The fairs are well attended. There is considerable shipping on the Volga, Kama, -Vyatka and their tributaries. Kaza is divided into twelve districts. -The chief town is Kaza (q.v.). The district capitals, with their +Vyatka and their tributaries. Kazañ is divided into twelve districts. +The chief town is Kazañ (q.v.). The district capitals, with their populations in 1897 are: Cheboksary (4568), Chistopol (20,161), Kozmodemyansk (5212), Laishev (5439), Mamadyzh (4213), Spask (2779), Sviyazhsk (2363), Tetyushi (4754). Tsarevokokshaisk (1654), Tsivylsk @@ -16279,25 +16256,25 @@ Nonconformists, 1%; Mussulmans, 28.8%. (P. A. K.; J. T. Be.) -KAZA (called by the Cheremisses _Ozon_), a town of eastern Russia, -capital of the government of the same name, situated in 55 48 N. and -49 26 E., on the river Kazanka, 3 m. from the Volga, which however -reaches the city when it overflows its banks every spring. Kaza lies +KAZAÑ (called by the Cheremisses _Ozon_), a town of eastern Russia, +capital of the government of the same name, situated in 55° 48´ N. and +49° 26´´ E., on the river Kazanka, 3 m. from the Volga, which however +reaches the city when it overflows its banks every spring. Kazañ lies 650 m. E. from Moscow by rail and 253 m. E. of Nizhniy-Novgorod by the Volga. Pop. (1883), 140,726; (1900), 143,707, all Russians except for some 20,000 Tatars. The most striking feature of the city is the _kreml_ or citadel, founded in 1437, which crowns a low hill on the N.W. Within its wall, capped with five towers, it contains several churches, amongst them the cathedral of the Annunciation, founded in 1562 by Gury, the -first archbishop of Kaza, Kaza being an archiepiscopal see of the +first archbishop of Kazañ, Kazañ being an archiepiscopal see of the Orthodox Greek Church. Other buildings in the kreml are a magnificent monastery, built in 1556; an arsenal; the modern castle in which the governor resides; and the red brick Suyumbeka tower, 246 ft. high, which is an object of great veneration to the Tatars as the reputed burial-place of one of their saints. A little E. of the kreml is the Bogoroditski convent, built in 1579 for the reception of the Black -Virgin of Kaza, a miracle-working image transferred to Moscow in 1612, -and in St Petersburg since 1710. Kaza is the intellectual capital of +Virgin of Kazañ, a miracle-working image transferred to Moscow in 1612, +and in St Petersburg since 1710. Kazañ is the intellectual capital of eastern Russia, and an important seat of Oriental scholarship. Its university, founded in 1804, is attended by nearly 1000 students. Attached to it are an excellent library of 220,000 vols., an @@ -16307,10 +16284,10 @@ Solovetsk (Solovki) monastery, which is of importance for the history of Russian religious sects. The city is adorned with bronze statues of Tsar Alexander II., set up facing the kreml in 1895, and of the poet G. R. Derzhavin (1743-1816); also with a monument commemorating the capture of -Kaza by Ivan the Terrible. The central parts of the city consist +Kazañ by Ivan the Terrible. The central parts of the city consist principally of small one-storeyed houses, surrounded by gardens, and are inhabited chiefly by Russians, while some 20,000 Tatars dwell in the -suburbs. Kaza is, further, the intellectual centre of the Russian +suburbs. Kazañ is, further, the intellectual centre of the Russian Mahommedans, who have here their more important schools and their printing-presses. Between the city and the Volga is the Admiralty suburb, where Peter the Great had his Caspian fleet built for his @@ -16318,16 +16295,16 @@ campaigns against Persia. The more important manufactures are leather goods, soap, wax candles, sacred images, cloth, cottons, spirits and bells. A considerable trade is carried on with eastern Russia, and with Turkestan and Persia. Previous to the 13th century, the present -government of Kaza formed part of the territory of the Bulgarians, the +government of Kazañ formed part of the territory of the Bulgarians, the ruins of whose ancient capital, Bolgari or Bolgary, lie 60 m. S. of -Kaza. The city of Kaza itself stood, down to the 13th century, 30 m. +Kazañ. The city of Kazañ itself stood, down to the 13th century, 30 m. to the N.E., where traces of it can still be seen. In 1438 Ulugh Mahommed (or Ulu Makhmet), khan of the Golden Horde of the Mongols, -founded, on the ruins of the Bulgarian state, the kingdom of Kaza, +founded, on the ruins of the Bulgarian state, the kingdom of Kazañ, which in its turn was destroyed by Ivan the Terrible of Russia in 1552 and its territory annexed to Russia. In 1774 the city was laid waste by the rebel Pugachev. It has suffered repeatedly from fires, especially in -1815 and 1825. The Kaza Tatars, from having lived so long amongst +1815 and 1825. The Kazañ Tatars, from having lived so long amongst Russians and Finnish tribes, have lost a good many of the characteristic features of their Tatar (Mongol) ancestry, and bear now the stamp of a distinct ethnographic type. They are found also in the neighbouring @@ -16335,16 +16312,16 @@ governments of Vyatka, Ufa, Orenburg, Samara, Saratov, Simbirsk, Tambov and Nizhniy-Novgorod. They are intelligent and enterprising, and are engaged principally in trade. - See Pineghin's _Kaza Old and New_ (in Russian); Velyaminov-Zernov's + See Pineghin's _Kazañ Old and New_ (in Russian); Velyaminov-Zernov's _Kasimov Tsars_ (3 vols., St Petersburg, 1863-1866); Zarinsky's - _Sketches of Old Kaza_ (Kaza, 1877); Trofimov's _Siege of Kaza in_ - 1552 (Kaza, 1890); Firsov's books on the history of the native - population (Kaza, 1864 and 1869); and Shpilevski, on the antiquities - of the town and government, in _Izvestia i Zapiski_ of the Kaza + _Sketches of Old Kazañ_ (Kazañ, 1877); Trofimov's _Siege of Kazañ in_ + 1552 (Kazañ, 1890); Firsov's books on the history of the native + population (Kazañ, 1864 and 1869); and Shpilevski, on the antiquities + of the town and government, in _Izvestia i Zapiski_ of the Kazañ University (1877). A bibliography of the Oriental books published in the city is printed in _Bulletins_ of the St Petersburg Academy - (1867). Compare also L. Leger's "Kaza et les tartares," in _Bibl. - Univ. de Genve_ (1874). (P. A. K.; J. T. Be.) + (1867). Compare also L. Leger's "Kazañ et les tartares," in _Bibl. + Univ. de Genève_ (1874). (P. A. K.; J. T. Be.) @@ -16367,7 +16344,7 @@ flour of acorns is a staple of food in many villages. Wild almonds are exported. Kazerun, the chief place of the district, is an unwalled town situated -in the midst of the central plain, in 29 37 N., 51 43 E. at an +in the midst of the central plain, in 29° 37´ N., 51° 43´ E. at an elevation of 2800 ft., 70 m. from Shiraz, and 96 m. from Bushire. It has a population of about 8000, and is divided into four quarters separated by open spaces. Adjoining it on the W. is the famous Nazar garden, with @@ -16385,46 +16362,46 @@ buildings with underground chambers, popularly known as Kal'eh i Gabr, KAZINCZY, FERENCZ (1750-1831), Hungarian author, the most indefatigable agent in the regeneration of the Magyar language and literature at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century, was born on the 27th -of October 1759, at r-Semlyn, in the county of Bihar, Hungary. He +of October 1759, at Ér-Semlyén, in the county of Bihar, Hungary. He studied law at Kassa and Eperies, and in Pest, where he also obtained a thorough knowledge of French and German literature, and made the -acquaintance of Gideon Rday, who allowed him the use of his library. In -1784 Kazinczy became subnotary for the county of Abaj; and in 1786 he +acquaintance of Gideon Ráday, who allowed him the use of his library. In +1784 Kazinczy became subnotary for the county of Abaúj; and in 1786 he was nominated inspector of schools at Kassa. There he began to devote himself to the restoration of the Magyar language and literature by translations from classical foreign works, and by the augmentation of the native vocabulary from ancient Magyar sources. In 1788, with the -assistance of Barti Szab and John Bacsnyi, he started at Kassa the +assistance of Baróti Szabó and John Bacsányi, he started at Kassa the first Magyar literary magazine, _Magyar Muzeum_; the _Orpheus_, which succeeded it in 1790, was his own creation. Although, upon the accession of Leopold II, Kazinczy, as a non-Catholic, was obliged to resign his post at Kassa, his literary activity in no way decreased. He not only -assisted Gideon Rday in the establishment and direction of the first +assisted Gideon Ráday in the establishment and direction of the first Magyar dramatic society, but enriched the repertoire with several translations from foreign authors. His _Hamlet_, which first appeared at -Kassa in 1790, is a rendering from the German version of Schrder. +Kassa in 1790, is a rendering from the German version of Schröder. Implicated in the democratic conspiracy of the abbot Martinovics, Kazinczy was arrested on the 14th of December 1794, and condemned to death; but the sentence was commuted to imprisonment. He was released in -1801, and shortly afterwards married Sophia Trk, daughter of his -former patron, and retired to his small estate at Szphalom or -"Fairhill," near Stor-Ujhely, in the county of Zempln. In 1828 he took +1801, and shortly afterwards married Sophia Török, daughter of his +former patron, and retired to his small estate at Széphalom or +"Fairhill," near Sátor-Ujhely, in the county of Zemplén. In 1828 he took an active part in the conferences held for the establishment of the Hungarian academy in the historical section of which he became the first -corresponding member. He died of Asiatic cholera, at Szphalom, on the +corresponding member. He died of Asiatic cholera, at Széphalom, on the 22nd of August 1831. Kazinczy, although possessing great beauty of style, cannot be regarded as a powerful and original thinker; his fame is chiefly due to the felicity of his translations from the masterpieces of Lessing, Goethe, Wieland, Klopstock, Ossian, La Rochefoucauld, Marmontel, - Molire, Metastasio, Shakespeare, Sterne, Cicero, Sallust, Anacreon, - and many others. He also edited the works of Barczy (Pest, 1812, 8 + Molière, Metastasio, Shakespeare, Sterne, Cicero, Sallust, Anacreon, + and many others. He also edited the works of Baróczy (Pest, 1812, 8 vols.) and of the poet Zrinyi (1817, 2 vols.), and the poems of Dayka (1813, 3 vols.) and of John Kis, (1815, 3 vols.). A collective edition - of his works (_Szp Literatura_), consisting for the most part of + of his works (_Szép Literatura_), consisting for the most part of translations, was published at Pest, 1814-1816, in 9 vols. His - original productions (_Eredeti Muki_), largely made up of letters, + original productions (_Eredeti Mukái_), largely made up of letters, were edited by Joseph Bajza and Francis Toldy at Pest, 1836-1845, in 5 vols. Editions of his poems appeared in 1858 and in 1863. @@ -16433,12 +16410,12 @@ corresponding member. He died of Asiatic cholera, at Szphalom, on the KAZVIN, a province and town of Persia. The province is situated N.W. of Teheran and S. of Gilan. On the W. it is bounded by Khamseh. It pays a -yearly revenue of about 22,000, and contains many rich villages which +yearly revenue of about £22,000, and contains many rich villages which produce much grain and fruit, great quantities of the latter being dried and exported. Kazvin, the capital of the province, is situated at an elevation of 4165 -ft., in 36 15 N. and 50 E., and 92 m. by road from Teheran. The city +ft., in 36° 15´ N. and 50° E., and 92 m. by road from Teheran. The city is said to have been founded in the 4th century by the Sassanian king Shapur II (309-379). It has been repeatedly damaged by earthquakes. Many of its streets and most of the magnificent buildings seen there by @@ -16446,7 +16423,7 @@ Chardin in 1674 and other travellers during the 17th century are in ruins. The most remarkable remains are the palace of the Safawid shahs and the mosque with its large blue dome. In the 16th century Shah Tahmasp I. (1524-1576) made Kazvin his capital, and it remained so till -Shah Abbas I. (1587-1629) transferred the seat of government to Isfahn. +Shah Abbas I. (1587-1629) transferred the seat of government to Isfahán. The town still bears the title Dar es Salteneh, "the seat of government." Kazvin has many baths and cisterns fed by underground canals. The system of irrigation formerly carried on by these canals @@ -16533,7 +16510,7 @@ insults and endangered his life by the violence of their disapproval. In Quebec he was much impressed with the kindness of some Huron Indians who attended his performances, and he was made chief of the tribe, receiving the name Alanienouidet. Kean's last appearance in New York was on the -5th of December 1826 in Richard III., the rle in which he was first +5th of December 1826 in Richard III., the rôle in which he was first seen in America. He returned to England and was ultimately received with all the old favour, but the contest had made him so dependent on the use of stimulants that the gradual deterioration of his gifts was @@ -16590,10 +16567,10 @@ impressed by Kean's Richard III. and met the actor at supper, speaks of his "unassuming manner ... partaking in some degree of shyness" and of the "touching grace" of his singing. Kean's delivery of the three words "I answer--NO!" in the part of Sir Edward Mortimer in _The Iron Chest_, -cast Macready into an abyss of despair at rivalling him in this rle. So +cast Macready into an abyss of despair at rivalling him in this rôle. So full of dramatic interest is the life of Edmund Kean that it formed the -subject for a play by the elder Dumas, entitled _Kean on dsordre et -gnie_, in which Frederick-Lematre achieved one of his greatest +subject for a play by the elder Dumas, entitled _Kean on désordre et +génie_, in which Frederick-Lemaître achieved one of his greatest triumphs. See Francis Phippen, _Authentic Memoirs of Edmund Kean_ (1814); B. W. @@ -16607,7 +16584,7 @@ on the 18th of January 1811. After preparatory education at Worplesdon and at Greenford, near Harrow, he was sent to Eton College, where he remained three years. In 1827 he was offered a cadetship in the East India Company's service, which he was prepared to accept if his father -would settle an income of 400 on his mother. The elder Kean refused to +would settle an income of £400 on his mother. The elder Kean refused to do this, and his son determined to become an actor. He made his first appearance at Drury Lane on the 1st of October 1827 as Norval in Home's _Douglas_, but his continued failure to achieve popularity led him to @@ -17122,7 +17099,7 @@ near the pyramid of Cestius. 1889). Of the many other editions of Keats's poems may be mentioned that in the Muses' Library, _The Poems of John Keats_ (1896), edited by G. Thorn Drury with an introduction by Robert Bridges, and another - by E. de Slincourt, 1905. _The Letters of John Keats to Fanny Brawne_ + by E. de Sélincourt, 1905. _The Letters of John Keats to Fanny Brawne_ (1889) were edited with introduction and notes by H. Buxton Forman, and the _Letters of John Keats to his Family and Friends_ (1891) by Sidney Colvin, who is also the author of the monograph, _Keats_ @@ -17132,7 +17109,7 @@ near the pyramid of Cestius. particulars of MS. sources the "Editor's Preface," &c. to a reprint edited by H. Buxton Forman (Glasgow, 1900). A facsimile of Keats's autograph MS. of "Hyperion," purchased by the British Museum in 1904, - was published by E. de Slincourt (Oxford, 1905). (M. Br.) + was published by E. de Sélincourt (Oxford, 1905). (M. Br.) @@ -17348,18 +17325,18 @@ little more than a month his wife was laid by her husband's side. -KECSKEMT, a town of Hungary, in the county of Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun, -65 m. S.S.E. of Budapest by rail. Pop. (1900), 56,786. Kecskemt is a -poorly built and straggling town, situated in the extensive Kecskemt +KECSKEMÉT, a town of Hungary, in the county of Pest-Pilis-Solt-Kiskun, +65 m. S.S.E. of Budapest by rail. Pop. (1900), 56,786. Kecskemét is a +poorly built and straggling town, situated in the extensive Kecskemét plain. It contains monasteries belonging to the Piarist and Franciscan orders, a Catholic (founded in 1714), a Calvinistic and a Lutheran school. The manufacture of soap and leather are the principal industries. Besides the raising of cereals, fruit is extensively cultivated in the surrounding district; its apples and apricots are largely exported, large quantities of wine are produced, and -cattle-rearing constitutes another great source of revenue. Kecskemt -was the birthplace of the Hungarian dramatist Jzsef Katona (1792-1830), -author of the historical drama, _Bnk-Bn_ (1815). +cattle-rearing constitutes another great source of revenue. Kecskemét +was the birthplace of the Hungarian dramatist József Katona (1792-1830), +author of the historical drama, _Bánk-Bán_ (1815). @@ -17386,19 +17363,19 @@ usually made with fish. KEEL, the bottom timber or combination of plates of a ship or boat, extending longitudinally from bow to stern, and supporting the framework (see SHIP-BUILDING). The origin of the word has been obscured by -confusion of two words, the Old Norwegian _kjole_ (cf. Swedish _kl_) +confusion of two words, the Old Norwegian _kjole_ (cf. Swedish _köl_) and a Dutch and German _kiel_. The first had the meaning of the English "keel," the other of ship, boat. The modern usage in Dutch and German has approximated to the English. The word _kiel_ is represented in old -English by _col_, a word applied to the long war galleys of the +English by _céol_, a word applied to the long war galleys of the Vikings, in which sense "keel" or "keele" is still used by archaeologists. On the Tyne "keel" is the name given to a flat-bottomed vessel used to carry coals to the colliers. There is another word "keel," meaning to cool, familiar in Shakespeare (_Love's Labour Lost_, v. ii. 930), "while greasy Joan doth keel the pot," i.e. prevents a pot from boiling over by pouring in cold water, &c., stirring or skimming. -This is from the Old English _clan_, to cool, a common Teutonic word, -cf. German _khlen_. +This is from the Old English _célan_, to cool, a common Teutonic word, +cf. German _kühlen_. @@ -17438,11 +17415,11 @@ birthday. She died on the 12th of March 1899. KEELING ISLANDS (often called COCOS and COCOS-KEELING ISLANDS), a group -of coral islands in the Indian Ocean, between 12 4 and 12 13 S., and -96 49-57 E., but including a smaller island in 11 50 N. and 96 50 +of coral islands in the Indian Ocean, between 12° 4´ and 12° 13´ S., and +96° 49´-57´ E., but including a smaller island in 11° 50´ N. and 96° 50´ E. The group furnished Charles Darwin with the typical example of an atoll or lagoon island. There are altogether twenty-three small islands, -9 m. being the greatest width of the whole atoll. The lagoon is very +9½ m. being the greatest width of the whole atoll. The lagoon is very shallow and the passages between many of the islands are fordable on foot. An opening on the northern side of the reef permits the entrance of vessels into the northern part of the lagoon, which forms a good @@ -17479,8 +17456,8 @@ upheaval or of subsidence in either of the Keeling groups. The atoll has an exceedingly healthy climate, and might well be used as a sanatorium for phthisical patients, the temperature never reaching extremes. The highest annual reading of the thermometer hardly ever -exceeds 89 F. or falls beneath 70. The mean temperature for the year -is 78.5 F., and as the rainfall rarely exceeds 40 in. the atmosphere +exceeds 89° F. or falls beneath 70°. The mean temperature for the year +is 78.5° F., and as the rainfall rarely exceeds 40 in. the atmosphere never becomes unpleasantly moist. The south-east trade blows almost ceaselessly for ten months of the year. Terrific storms sometimes break over the island; and it has been more than once visited by earthquakes. @@ -17689,7 +17666,7 @@ the White Tower in London, those at Rochester Arundel and Newcastle, Castle Hedingham, &c. When the keep was circular, as at Conisborough and Windsor, it was called a "shell-keep" (see CASTLE). The verb "to keep," from which the noun with its particular meaning here treated was formed, -appears in O.E. as _cpan_, of which the derivation is unknown; no words +appears in O.E. as _cépan_, of which the derivation is unknown; no words related to it are found in cognate languages. The earliest meaning (c. 1000) appears to have been to lay hold of, to seize, from which its common uses of to guard, observe, retain possession of, have developed. @@ -17703,7 +17680,7 @@ English rivers, Manitoba, Lake Winnipeg, and Nelson river, W. by the 100th meridian, and N. by Simpson and Rae straits and gulf and peninsula of Boothia; thus including an area of 445,000 sq. m. Its surface is in general barren and rocky, studded with innumerable lakes with -intervening elevations, forest-clad below 60 N., but usually bare or +intervening elevations, forest-clad below 60° N., but usually bare or covered with moss or lichens, forming the so-called "barren lands" of the north. With the exception of a strip of Silurian and Devonian rocks, 40 to 80 m. wide, extending from the vicinity of the Severn river to the @@ -17769,14 +17746,14 @@ than the Roman colony. Pop. about 6000, including about 100 Europeans (chiefly Maltese). The Roman colony of Sicca Veneria appears from the character of its - worship of Venus (Val. Max. ii. 6, 15) to have been a Phoenician + worship of Venus (Val. Max. ii. 6, § 15) to have been a Phoenician settlement. It was afterwards a Numidian stronghold, and under the Caesars became a fashionable residential city and one of the chief centres of Christianity in North Africa. The Christian apologist Arnobius the Elder lived here. - See H. Barth, _Die Kstenlnder des Mittelmeeres_ (1849); _Corpus - Inscript. Lat._, vol. viii.; Sombrun in _Bull. de la soc. de gog. de + See H. Barth, _Die Küstenländer des Mittelmeeres_ (1849); _Corpus + Inscript. Lat._, vol. viii.; Sombrun in _Bull. de la soc. de géog. de Bordeaux_ (1878). Also Cardinal Newman's Callista: _a Sketch of the Third Century_ (1856), for a "reconstruction" of the manner of life of the early Christians and their oppressors. @@ -17826,8 +17803,8 @@ councillors. KEI ISLANDS [_Ke_, _Key_, _Kii_, &c.; native, _Ewab_], a group in the -Dutch East Indies, in the residency of Amboyna, between 5 and 6 5 S. -and 131 50 and 133 15 E., and consisting of four parts: Nuhu-Iut or +Dutch East Indies, in the residency of Amboyna, between 5° and 6° 5´ S. +and 131° 50´ and 133° 15´ E., and consisting of four parts: Nuhu-Iut or Great Kei, Roa or Little Kei, the Tayanda, and the Kur group. Great Kei differs physically in every respect from the other groups. It is of Tertiary formation (Miocene), and has a chain of volcanic elevations @@ -17855,8 +17832,8 @@ carving and celebrated boat-builders. See C. M. Kan, "Onze geographische kennis der Keij-Eilanden," in _Tijdschrift Aardrijkskundig Genootschap_ (1887); Martin, "Die - Kei-inseln u. ihr Verhltniss zur Australisch-Asiatischen Grenzlinie," - ibid. part vii. (1890); W. R. van Hovell, "De Kei-Eilanden," in + Kei-inseln u. ihr Verhältniss zur Australisch-Asiatischen Grenzlinie," + ibid. part vii. (1890); W. R. van Hoëvell, "De Kei-Eilanden," in _Tijdschr. Batavian. Gen._ (1889); "Verslagen van de wetenschappelijke opnemingen en onderzoekingen op de Keij-Eilanden" (1889-1890), by Planten and Wertheim (1893), with map and ethnographical atlas of the @@ -17870,26 +17847,26 @@ KEIM, KARL THEODOR (1825-1878), German Protestant theologian, was born at Stuttgart on the 17th of December 1825. His father, Johann Christian Keim, was headmaster of a gymnasium. Here Karl Theodor received his early education, and then proceeded to the Stuttgart Obergymnasium. In -1843 he went to the university of Tbingen, where he studied philosophy +1843 he went to the university of Tübingen, where he studied philosophy under J. F. Reiff, a follower of Hegel, and Oriental languages under Heinrich Ewald and Heinrich Meier. F. C. Baur, the leader of the new -Tbingen school, was lecturing on the New Testament and on the history +Tübingen school, was lecturing on the New Testament and on the history of the church and of dogma, and by him in particular Keim was greatly impressed. The special bent of Keim's mind is seen in his prize essay, -_Verhltniss der Christen in den ersten drei Jahrhunderten bis -Konstantin zum rmischen Reiche_ (1847). His first published work was +_Verhältniss der Christen in den ersten drei Jahrhunderten bis +Konstantin zum römischen Reiche_ (1847). His first published work was _Die Reformation der Reichstadt Ulm_ (1851). In 1850 he visited the university of Bonn, where he attended some of the lectures of Friedrich Bleek, Richard Rothe, C. M. Arndt and Isaak Dorner. He taught at -Tbingen from June 1851 until 1856, when, having become a pastor, he was -made deacon at Esslingen, Wrttemberg. In 1859 he was appointed +Tübingen from June 1851 until 1856, when, having become a pastor, he was +made deacon at Esslingen, Württemberg. In 1859 he was appointed archdeacon; but a few months later he was called to the university of -Zrich as professor of theology (1859-1873), where he produced his +Zürich as professor of theology (1859-1873), where he produced his important works. Before this he had written on church history (e.g. -_Schwbische Reformationsgeschichte bis zum Augsburger Reichstag_, -1855). His inaugural address at Zrich on the human development of +_Schwäbische Reformationsgeschichte bis zum Augsburger Reichstag_, +1855). His inaugural address at Zürich on the human development of Jesus, _Die menschliche Entwicklung Jesu Christi_ (1861), and his _Die -geschichtliche Wrde Jesu_ (1864) were preparatory to his chief work, +geschichtliche Würde Jesu_ (1864) were preparatory to his chief work, _Die Geschichte Jesu von Nazara in ihrer Verkettung mit dem Gesamtleben seines Volkes_ (3 vols., 1867-1872; Eng. trans., _Jesus of Nazareth, and the National Life of Israel_, 6 vols.), 1873-1882. In 1873 Keim was @@ -17897,14 +17874,14 @@ appointed professor of theology at Giessen. This post he resigned, through ill-health, shortly before his death on the 17th of November 1878. He belonged to the "mediation" school of theology. - Chief works, besides the above: _Reformationsbltter der Reichsstadt - Esslingen_ (1860); _Ambrosius Blarer, der Schwbische Reformator_ - (1860); _Der bertritt Konstantins d. Gr. zum Christenthum_ (1862); + Chief works, besides the above: _Reformationsblätter der Reichsstadt + Esslingen_ (1860); _Ambrosius Blarer, der Schwäbische Reformator_ + (1860); _Der Übertritt Konstantins d. Gr. zum Christenthum_ (1862); his sermons, _Freundesworte zur Gemeinde_ (2 vols., 1861-1862); and _Celsus' wahres Wort_ (1873). In 1881 H. Ziegler published one of Keim's earliest works, _Rom und das Christenthum_, with a biographical sketch. See also Ziegler's article in Herzog-Hauck, - _Realencyklopdie_. + _Realencyklopädie_. @@ -18118,7 +18095,7 @@ near Stirling, on the 7th of January 1746. Two of his brothers went to sea, and he followed their example by entering the navy in 1761, in the "Gosport," then commanded by Captain Jervis, afterwards Earl St Vincent. In 1767 he made a voyage to the East Indies in the Company's service, -and put 2000 lent him by an uncle to such good purpose in a private +and put £2000 lent him by an uncle to such good purpose in a private trading venture that he laid the foundation of a handsome fortune. He became lieutenant in 1770, commander in 1772, and post captain in 1775. During the war in America he was employed against the privateers, and @@ -18194,7 +18171,7 @@ on her death. -KEITH, a police burgh of Banffshire, Scotland, on the Isla, 53 m. N.W. +KEITH, a police burgh of Banffshire, Scotland, on the Isla, 53¼ m. N.W. of Aberdeen by the Great North of Scotland railway. Pop. (1901), 4753. A branch of the Highland railway also gives access to Elgin, and there is a line to Buckie and Portessie on the Moray Firth. The burgh includes @@ -18244,7 +18221,7 @@ in the surrounding districts. -KEKUL, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1829-1896), German chemist, was born at +KEKULÉ, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1829-1896), German chemist, was born at Darmstadt on the 7th of September 1829. While studying architecture at Giessen he came under the influence of Liebig and was induced to take up chemistry. From Giessen he went to Paris, and then, after a short @@ -18254,11 +18231,11 @@ On his return to Germany he started a small chemical laboratory at Heidelberg, where, with a very slender equipment, he carried out several important researches. In 1858 he was appointed professor of chemistry at Ghent, and in 1865 was called to Bonn to fill a similar position, which -he held till his death in that town on the 13th of June 1896. Kekul's +he held till his death in that town on the 13th of June 1896. Kekulé's main importance lies in the far-reaching contributions which he made to chemical theory, especially in regard to the constitution of the carbon compounds. The doctrine of atomicity had already been enunciated by E. -Frankland, when in 1858 Kekul published a paper in which, after giving +Frankland, when in 1858 Kekulé published a paper in which, after giving reasons for regarding carbon as a tetravalent element, he set forth the essential features of his famous doctrine of the linking of atoms. He explained that in substances containing several carbon atoms it must be @@ -18270,7 +18247,7 @@ affinity of the one is tied to one affinity of the other; two, therefore, of the affinities of the two atoms are occupied in keeping the two atoms together, and only the remaining six are available for atoms of other elements. The next simplest case consists in the mutual -interchange of two affinity units, and so on. This conception led Kekul +interchange of two affinity units, and so on. This conception led Kekulé to his "closed-chain" or "ring" theory of the constitution of benzene which has been called the "most brilliant piece of prediction to be found in the whole range of organic chemistry," and this in turn led in @@ -18278,15 +18255,15 @@ particular to the elucidation of the constitution of the "aromatic compounds," and in general to new methods of chemical synthesis and decomposition, and to a deeper insight into the composition of numberless organic bodies and their mutual relations. Professor F. R. -Japp, in the Kekul memorial lecture he delivered before the London +Japp, in the Kekulé memorial lecture he delivered before the London Chemical Society on the 15th of December 1897, declared that three-fourths of modern organic chemistry is directly or indirectly the -product of Kekul's benzene theory, and that without its guidance and +product of Kekulé's benzene theory, and that without its guidance and inspiration the industries of the coal-tar colours and artificial therapeutic agents in their present form and extension would have been inconceivable. - Many of Kekul's papers appeared in the _Annalen der Chemie_, of which + Many of Kekulé's papers appeared in the _Annalen der Chemie_, of which he was editor, and he also published an important work, _Lehrbuch der organischen Chemie_, of which the first three volumes are dated 1861, 1866 and 1882, while of the fourth only one small section was issued @@ -18306,8 +18283,8 @@ thoroughly Parisian _esprit_, and his portraits are marked by the same elegant distinction. He is particularly successful in the rendering of rustling silk and satin dresses and draperies. His historical and imaginative works are as modern in spirit and as unacademical as his -portraits. At the Munich Pinakothek is his painting "Jairi Tchterlein" -(1886), whilst the Knigsberg Museum contains his "Roman Bath," and the +portraits. At the Munich Pinakothek is his painting "Jairi Töchterlein" +(1886), whilst the Königsberg Museum contains his "Roman Bath," and the Liebieg collection in Reichenberg the "Audience with Louis XV.," the first picture that drew attention to his talent. Among other important works he painted "Faustina in the Temple of Juno at Praeneste," "The @@ -18319,7 +18296,7 @@ Crucifixion." KELLER, GOTTFRIED (1819-1890), German poet and novelist, was born at -Zrich on the 19th of July 1819. His father, a master joiner, dying +Zürich on the 19th of July 1819. His father, a master joiner, dying while Gottfried was young, his early education was neglected; he, however, was in 1835 apprenticed to a landscape painter, and subsequently spent two years (1840-1842) in Munich learning to paint. @@ -18328,7 +18305,7 @@ first disclosed in a volume of short poems, _Gedichte_ (1846). This obtained him recognition from the government of his native canton, and he was in 1848 enabled to take a short course of philosophical study at the university of Heidelberg. From 1850 to 1855 he lived in Berlin, -where he wrote his most important novel, _Der grne Heinrich_ +where he wrote his most important novel, _Der grüne Heinrich_ (1851-1853; revised edition 1879-1880), remarkable for its delicate autographic portraiture and the beautiful episodes interwoven with the action. This was followed by _Die Leute von Seldwyla_ (1856), studies of @@ -18341,7 +18318,7 @@ his creative faculty seemed paralysed by his public duties, but in 1872 appeared _Sieben Legenden_, and in 1874 a second series of _Die Leute von Seldwyla_, in both of which books he displayed no abatement of power and originality. He retired from the public service in 1876 and employed -his leisure in the production of _Zricher Novellen_ (1878), _Das +his leisure in the production of _Züricher Novellen_ (1878), _Das Sinngedicht_, a collection of short stories (1881), and a novel, _Martin Salander_ (Berlin, 1886). He died on the 15th of July 1890 at Hottingen. Keller's place among German novelists is very high. Few have united such @@ -18359,7 +18336,7 @@ in the second half of the 19th century. nach seinem Leben und Dichten_ (1892); F. Baldensperger, _G. Keller; sa vie et ses oeuvres_ (1893); A. Frey, _Erinnerungen an Gottfried Keller_ (1893); J. Baechtold, _Kellers Leben. Seine Briefe und - Tagebcher_ (Berlin, 1894-1897); A. Kster, _G. Keller_ (1900; 2nd + Tagebücher_ (Berlin, 1894-1897); A. Köster, _G. Keller_ (1900; 2nd ed., 1907); and for his work as a painter, H. E. von Berlepsch, _Gottfried Keller als Maler_ (1895). @@ -18394,13 +18371,13 @@ who have been so handicapped by natural disabilities. -KELLERMANN, FRANOIS CHRISTOPHE DE (1735-1820), duke of Valmy and +KELLERMANN, FRANÇOIS CHRISTOPHE DE (1735-1820), duke of Valmy and marshal of France, came of a Saxon family, long settled in Strassburg and ennobled, and was born there on the 28th of May 1735. He entered the French army as a volunteer, and served in the Seven Years' War and in Louis XV.'s Polish expedition of 1771, on returning from which he was made a lieutenant-colonel. He became brigadier in 1784, and in the -following year _marchal-de-camp_. In 1789 Kellermann enthusiastically +following year _maréchal-de-camp_. In 1789 Kellermann enthusiastically embraced the cause of the Revolution, and in 1791 became general of the army in Alsace. In April 1792 he was made a lieutenant-general, and in August of the same year there came to him the opportunity of his @@ -18431,11 +18408,11 @@ of the emperor and became a peer under the royal government. After the "Hundred Days" he sat in the Chamber of Peers and voted with the Liberals. He died at Paris on the 23rd of September 1820. - See J. G. P. de Salve, _Fragments historiques sur M. le marchal de - Kellermann_ (Paris, 1807), and De Botidoux, _Esquisse de la carrire + See J. G. P. de Salve, _Fragments historiques sur M. le maréchal de + Kellermann_ (Paris, 1807), and De Botidoux, _Esquisse de la carrière militaire de F. C. Kellermann, duc de Valmy_ (Paris, 1817). -His son, FRANOIS TIENNE DE KELLERMANN, duke of Valmy (1770-1835), +His son, FRANÇOIS ÉTIENNE DE KELLERMANN, duke of Valmy (1770-1835), French cavalry general, was born at Metz and served for a short time in his father's regiment of Hussars previous to entering the diplomatic service in 1791. In 1793 he again joined the army, serving chiefly under @@ -18471,13 +18448,13 @@ and leading were as conspicuous as ever. He retained his rank under the first Restoration, but joined Napoleon during the Hundred Days, and commanded a cavalry corps in the Waterloo campaign. At Quatre Bras he personally led his squadrons in the famous cavalry charge, and almost -lost his life in the mle, and at Waterloo he was again wounded. He was +lost his life in the mêlée, and at Waterloo he was again wounded. He was disgraced at the second Restoration, and, on succeeding to his father's title and seat in the Chamber of Peers in 1820, at once took up and maintained till the fall of Charles X. in 1830 an attitude of determined opposition to the Bourbons. He died on the 2nd of June 1835. -His son FRANOIS CHRISTOPHE EDMOND DE KELLERMANN, duke of Valmy +His son FRANÇOIS CHRISTOPHE EDMOND DE KELLERMANN, duke of Valmy (1802-1868), was a distinguished statesman, political historian, and diplomatist under the July Monarchy. @@ -18486,7 +18463,7 @@ diplomatist under the July Monarchy. KELLGREN, JOHAN HENRIK (1751-1795), Swedish poet and critic, was born at Floby in West Gothland, on the 1st of December 1751. He studied at the -university of bo, and had already some reputation as a poet when in +university of Åbo, and had already some reputation as a poet when in 1774 he there became a "docent" in aesthetics. Three years later he removed to Stockholm, where in conjunction with Assessor Carl Lenngren he began in 1778 the publication of the journal _Stockholmsposten_, of @@ -18496,7 +18473,7 @@ institution of the Swedish Academy in 1786 he was appointed one of its first members. He died at Stockholm on the 20th of April 1795. His strong satiric tendency led him into numerous controversies, the chief that with the critic Thomas Thorild, against whom he directed his satire -_Nyt frsk till orimmad vers_, where he sneers at the "raving of +_Nyt försök till orimmad vers_, where he sneers at the "raving of Shakespeare" and "the convulsions of Goethe." His lack of humour detracts from the interest of his polemical writings. His poetical works are partly lyrical, partly dramatic; of the plays the versification @@ -18508,8 +18485,8 @@ year 1788 a higher and graver feeling pervades Kellgren's verses, partly owing to the influence of the works of Lessing and Goethe, but probably more directly due to his controversy with Thorild. Of his minor poems written before that date the most important are the charming spring-song -_Vinterns vlde lyktar_, and the satirical _Mina ljen_ and _Man eger ej -snille fr det man r galen_. The best productions of what is called his +_Vinterns välde lyktar_, and the satirical _Mina löjen_ and _Man eger ej +snille för det man är galen_. The best productions of what is called his later period are the satire _Ljusets fiender_, the comic poem _Dumboms lefverne_, the warmly patriotic _Kantat d._ 1. _jan._ 1789, the ode _Till Kristina_, the fragment _Sigwart och Hilma_, and the beautiful @@ -18523,11 +18500,11 @@ human sympathies in felicitous and melodius verse. His _Samlade skrifter_ (3 vols., 1796; a later edition, 1884-1885) were revised by himself. His correspondence with Rosenstein and with - Clewberg was edited by H. Schck (1886-1887 and 1894). See Wieselgren, - _Sveriges skna litteratur_ (1833-1849); Atterbom, _Svenska siare och - skalder_ (1841-1855); C. W. Bttiger in _Transactions of the Swedish + Clewberg was edited by H. Schück (1886-1887 and 1894). See Wieselgren, + _Sveriges sköna litteratur_ (1833-1849); Atterbom, _Svenska siare och + skalder_ (1841-1855); C. W. Böttiger in _Transactions of the Swedish Academy_, xlv. 107 seq. (1870); and Gustaf Ljunggren's _Kellgren, - Leopold, och Thorild, and his Svenska vitterhetens hfder_ + Leopold, och Thorild, and his Svenska vitterhetens häfder_ (1873-1877). @@ -18548,7 +18525,7 @@ retired from the profession. -KELLS, a market town of county Meath, Ireland, on the Blackwater, 9 m. +KELLS, a market town of county Meath, Ireland, on the Blackwater, 9¾ m. N.W. of Navan on a branch of the Great Northern railway. Pop. of urban district (1901), 2428. The prosperity of the town depends chiefly upon its antiquarian remains. The most notable is St Columbkille's house, @@ -18588,359 +18565,4 @@ to the Irish parliament before the Union. End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 15, Slice 6, by Various -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYC. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 15, Slice 6 - "Justinian II." to "Kells" - -Author: Various - -Release Date: September 25, 2012 [EBook #40863] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYC. BRITANNICA, VOL 15, SLICE 6 *** - - - - -Produced by Marius Masi, Don Kretz and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> @@ -20344,375 +20309,8 @@ members to the Irish parliament before the Union.</p> -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th -Edition, Volume 15, Slice 6, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENCYC. 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