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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of West Indian Fables by James Anthony Froude
+Explained by J. J. Thomas, by J. J. (John Jacob) Thomas
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: West Indian Fables by James Anthony Froude Explained by J. J. Thomas
+
+Author: J. J. (John Jacob) Thomas
+
+Posting Date: June 13, 2009 [EBook #4068]
+Release Date: May, 2003
+First Posted: November 1, 2001
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WEST INDIAN FABLES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Alfred J. Drake.  HTML version by Al Haines.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FROUDACITY (1889)
+
+J.J. Thomas
+
+
+WEST INDIAN FABLES BY JAMES ANTHONY FROUDE
+
+EXPLAINED BY J. J. THOMAS
+
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+
+Preface by J.J. Thomas
+
+BOOK I.
+
+  Introduction: 27-33
+  Voyage out: 34-41
+  Barbados: 41-44
+  St. Vincent: 44-48
+  Grenada: 48-50
+
+BOOK II.
+
+  Trinidad: 53-55
+  Reform in Trinidad: 55-80
+  Negro Felicity in the West Indies: 81-110
+
+BOOK III.
+
+  Social Revolution: 113-174
+  West Indian Confederation: 175-200
+  The Negro as a Worker: 201-206
+  Religion for Negroes: 207-230
+
+BOOK IV.
+
+  Historical Summary or Resume: 233-261, end
+
+
+
+
+FROUDACITY
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+[5] Last year had well advanced towards its middle--in fact it was
+already April, 1888--before Mr. Froude's book of travels in the West
+Indies became known and generally accessible to readers in those
+Colonies.
+
+My perusal of it in Grenada about the period above mentioned disclosed,
+thinly draped with rhetorical flowers, the dark outlines of a scheme to
+thwart political aspiration in the Antilles.  That project is sought to
+be realized by deterring the home authorities from granting an elective
+local legislature, however restricted in character, to any of the
+Colonies not yet enjoying such an advantage. An argument based on the
+composition of the inhabitants of those Colonies is confidently relied
+upon to confirm the inexorable mood of Downing Street.
+
+[6] Over-large and ever-increasing,--so runs the argument,--the African
+element in the population of the West Indies is, from its past history
+and its actual tendencies, a standing menace to the continuance of
+civilization and religion.  An immediate catastrophe, social,
+political, and moral, would most assuredly be brought about by the
+granting of full elective rights to dependencies thus inhabited.
+Enlightened statesmanship should at once perceive the immense benefit
+that would ultimately result from such refusal of the franchise.  The
+cardinal recommendation of that refusal is that it would avert
+definitively the political domination of the Blacks, which must
+inevitably be the outcome of any concession of the modicum of right so
+earnestly desired.  The exclusion of the Negro vote being inexpedient,
+if not impossible, the exercise of electoral powers by the Blacks must
+lead to their returning candidates of their own race to the local
+legislatures, and that, too, in numbers preponderating according to the
+majority of the Negro electors.  The Negro legislators thus supreme in
+the councils of the Colonies would straightway proceed to pass
+vindictive and retaliatory laws against their white fellow- [7]
+colonists.  For it is only fifty years since the White man and the
+Black man stood in the reciprocal relations of master and slave.
+Whilst those relations subsisted, the white masters inflicted, and the
+black slaves had to endure, the hideous atrocities that are inseparable
+from the system of slavery.  Since Emancipation, the enormous strides
+made in self-advancement by the ex-slaves have only had the effect of
+provoking a resentful uneasiness in the bosoms of the ex-masters.  The
+former bondsmen, on their side, and like their brethren of Hayti, are
+eaten up with implacable, blood-thirsty rancour against their former
+lords and owners.  The annals of Hayti form quite a cabinet of
+political and social object lessons which, in the eyes of British
+statesmen, should be invaluable in showing the true method of dealing
+with Ethiopic subjects of the Crown.  The Negro race in Hayti, in order
+to obtain and to guard what it calls its freedom, has outraged every
+humane instinct and falsified every benevolent hope.  The slave-owners
+there had not been a whit more cruel than slave-owners in the other
+islands.  But, in spite of this, how ferocious, how sanguinary, [8] how
+relentless against them has the vengeance of the Blacks been in their
+hour of mastery!  A century has passed away since then, and,
+notwithstanding that, the hatred of Whites still rankles in their
+souls, and is cherished and yielded to as a national creed and guide of
+conduct.  Colonial administrators of the mighty British Empire, the
+lesson which History has taught and yet continues to teach you in Hayti
+as to the best mode of dealing with your Ethiopic colonists lies
+patent, blood-stained and terrible before you, and should be taken
+definitively to heart.  But if you are willing that Civilization and
+Religion--in short, all the highest developments of individual and
+social life--should at once be swept away by a desolating vandalism of
+African birth; if you do not recoil from the blood-guiltiness that
+would stain your consciences through the massacre of our
+fellow-countrymen in the West Indies, on account of their race,
+complexion and enlightenment; finally, if you desire those modern
+Hesperides to revert into primeval jungle, horrent lairs wherein the
+Blacks, who, but a short while before, had been ostensibly civilized,
+shall be revellers, as high-priests and [9] devotees, in orgies of
+devil-worship, cannibalism, and obeah--dare to give the franchise to
+those West Indian Colonies, and then rue the consequences of your
+infatuation!...
+
+Alas, if the foregoing summary of the ghastly imaginings of Mr. Froude
+were true, in what a fool's paradise had the wisest and best amongst us
+been living, moving, and having our being!  Up to the date of the
+suggestion by him as above of the alleged facts and possibilities of
+West Indian life, we had believed (even granting the correctness of his
+gloomy account of the past and present positions of the two races) that
+to no well-thinking West Indian White, whose ancestors may have,
+innocently or culpably, participated in the gains as well as the guilt
+of slavery, would the remembrance of its palmy days be otherwise than
+one of regret.  We Negroes, on the other hand, after a lapse of time
+extending over nearly two generations, could be indebted only to
+precarious tradition or scarcely accessible documents for any knowledge
+we might chance upon of the sufferings endured in these Islands of the
+West by those of our race who have gone before us.  Death, with
+undiscriminating hand, had gathered [10] in the human harvest of
+masters and slaves alike, according to or out of the normal laws of
+nature; while Time had been letting down on the stage of our existence
+drop-scene after drop-scene of years, to the number of something like
+fifty, which had been curtaining off the tragic incidents of the past
+from the peaceful activities of the present.  Being thus circumstanced,
+thought we, what rational elements of mutual hatred should now continue
+to exist in the bosoms of the two races?
+
+With regard to the perpetual reference to Hayti, because of our oneness
+with its inhabitants in origin and complexion, as a criterion for the
+exact forecast of our future conduct under given circumstances, this
+appeared to us, looking at actual facts, perversity gone wild in the
+manufacture of analogies.  The founders of the Black Republic, we had
+all along understood, were not in any sense whatever equipped, as Mr.
+Froude assures us they were, when starting on their self-governing
+career, with the civil and intellectual advantages that had been
+transplanted from Europe.  On the contrary, we had been taught to
+regard them as most unfortunate in the circumstances under which [11]
+they so gloriously conquered their merited freedom.  We saw them free,
+but perfectly illiterate barbarians, impotent to use the intellectual
+resources of which their valour had made them possessors, in the shape
+of books on the spirit and technical details of a highly developed
+national existence.  We had learnt also, until this new interpreter of
+history had contradicted the accepted record, that the continued
+failure of Hayti to realize the dreams of Toussaint was due to the
+fatal want of confidence subsisting between the fairer and darker
+sections of the inhabitants, which had its sinister and disastrous
+origin in the action of the Mulattoes in attempting to secure freedom
+for themselves, in conjunction with the Whites, at the sacrifice of
+their darker-hued kinsmen.  Finally, it had been explained to us that
+the remembrance of this abnormal treason had been underlying and
+perniciously influencing the whole course of Haytian national history.
+All this established knowledge we are called upon to throw overboard,
+and accept the baseless assertions of this conjuror-up of inconceivable
+fables!  He calls upon us to believe that, in spite of being free,
+educated, progressive, and at peace with [12] all men, we West Indian
+Blacks, were we ever to become constitutionally dominant in our native
+islands, would emulate in savagery our Haytian fellow-Blacks who, at
+the time of retaliating upon their actual masters, were tortured
+slaves, bleeding and rendered desperate under the oppressors' lash--and
+all this simply and merely because of the sameness of our ancestry and
+the colour of our skin!  One would have thought that Liberia would have
+been a fitter standard of comparison in respect of a coloured
+population starting a national life, really and truly equipped with the
+requisites and essentials of civilized existence.  But such a reference
+would have been fatal to Mr. Froude's object: the annals of Liberia
+being a persistent refutation of the old pro-slavery prophecies which
+our author so feelingly rehearses.
+
+Let us revert, however, to Grenada and the newly-published "Bow of
+Ulysses," which had come into my hands in April, 1888.
+
+It seemed to me, on reading that book, and deducing therefrom the
+foregoing essential summary, that a critic would have little more to
+do, in order to effectually exorcise this negrophobic political
+hobgoblin, than to appeal to [13] impartial history, as well as to
+common sense, in its application to human nature in general, and to the
+actual facts of West Indian life in particular.
+
+History, as against the hard and fast White-master and Black-slave
+theory so recklessly invented and confidently built upon by Mr. Froude,
+would show incontestably--(a) that for upwards of two hundred years
+before the Negro Emancipation, in 1838, there had never existed in one
+of those then British Colonies, which had been originally discovered
+and settled for Spain by the great Columbus or by his successors, the
+Conquistadores, any prohibition whatsoever, on the ground of race or
+colour, against the owning of slaves by any free person possessing the
+necessary means, and desirous of doing so; (b) that, as a consequence
+of this non-restriction, and from causes notoriously historical,
+numbers of blacks, half-breeds, and other non-Europeans, besides such
+of them as had become possessed of their "property" by inheritance,
+availed themselves of this virtual license, and in course of time
+constituted a very considerable proportion of the slave-holding section
+of those communities; (c) that these [14] dusky plantation-owners
+enjoyed and used in every possible sense the identical rights and
+privileges which were enjoyed and used by their pure-blooded Caucasian
+brother-slaveowners.  The above statements are attested by written
+documents, oral tradition, and, better still perhaps, by the living
+presence in those islands of numerous lineal representatives of those
+once opulent and flourishing non-European planter-families.
+
+Common sense, here stepping in, must, from the above data, deduce some
+such conclusions as the following.  First that, on the hypothesis that
+the slaves who were freed in 1838--full fifty years ago--were all on an
+average fifteen years old, those vengeful ex-slaves of to-day will be
+all men of sixty-five years of age; and, allowing for the delay in
+getting the franchise, somewhat further advanced towards the human
+life-term of threescore and ten years. Again, in order to organize and
+carry out any scheme of legislative and social retaliation of the kind
+set forth in the "Bow of Ulysses," there must be (which unquestionably
+there is not) a considerable, well-educated, and very influential
+number surviving of those who had actually [15] been in bondage.
+Moreover, the vengeance of these people (also assuming the foregoing
+nonexistent condition) would have, in case of opportunity, to wreak
+itself far more largely and vigorously upon members of their own race
+than upon Whites, seeing that the increase of the Blacks, as correctly
+represented in the "Bow of Ulysses," is just as rapid as the diminution
+of the White population.  And therefore, Mr. Froude's
+"Danger-to-the-Whites" cry in support of his anti-reform manifesto
+would not appear, after all, to be quite so justifiable as he possibly
+thinks.
+
+Feeling keenly that something in the shape of the foregoing programme
+might be successfully worked up for a public defence of the maligned
+people, I disregarded the bodily and mental obstacles that have beset
+and clouded my career during the last twelve years, and cheerfully
+undertook the task, stimulated thereto by what I thought weighty
+considerations.  I saw that no representative of Her Majesty's Ethiopic
+West Indian subjects cared to come forward to perform this work in the
+more permanent shape that I felt to be not only desirable but essential
+for our self-vindication.  [16] I also realized the fact that the "Bow
+of Ulysses" was not likely to have the same ephemeral existence and
+effect as the newspaper and other periodical discussions of its
+contents, which had poured from the press in Great Britain, the United
+States, and very notably, of course, in all the English Colonies of the
+Western Hemisphere.  In the West Indian papers the best writers of our
+race had written masterly refutations, but it was clear how difficult
+the task would be in future to procure and refer to them whenever
+occasion should require.  Such productions, however, fully satisfied
+those qualified men of our people, because they were legitimately
+convinced (even as I myself am convinced) that the political destinies
+of the people of colour could not run one tittle of risk from anything
+that it pleased Mr. Froude to write or say on the subject.  But,
+meditating further on the question, the reflection forced itself upon
+me that, beyond the mere political personages in the circle more
+directly addressed by Mr. Froude's volume, there were individuals whose
+influence or possible sympathy we could not afford to disregard, or to
+esteem lightly.  So I deemed it right and a patriotic duty to attempt
+[17] the enterprise myself, in obedience to the above stated motives.
+
+At this point I must pause to express on behalf of the entire coloured
+population of the West Indies our most heartfelt acknowledgments to Mr.
+C. Salmon for the luminous and effective vindication of us, in his
+volume on "West Indian Confederation," against Mr. Froude's libels.
+The service thus rendered by Mr. Salmon possesses a double significance
+and value in my estimation.  In the first place, as being the work of a
+European of high position, quite independent of us (who testifies
+concerning Negroes, not through having gazed at them from balconies,
+decks of steamers, or the seats of moving carriages, but from actual
+and long personal intercourse with them, which the internal evidence of
+his book plainly proves to have been as sympathetic as it was
+familiar), and, secondly, as the work of an individual entirely outside
+of our race, it has been gratefully accepted by myself as an incentive
+to self-help, on the same more formal and permanent lines, in a matter
+so important to the status which we can justly claim as a progressive,
+law-abiding, and self-respecting section of Her Majesty's liege
+subjects.
+
+[18] It behoves me now to say a few words respecting this book as a
+mere literary production.
+
+Alexander Pope, who, next to Shakespeare and perhaps Butler, was the
+most copious contributor to the current stock of English maxims, says:
+
+     "True ease in writing comes from Art, not Chance,
+     As those move easiest who have learnt to dance."
+
+A whole dozen years of bodily sickness and mental tribulation have not
+been conducive to that regularity of practice in composition which
+alone can ensure the "true ease" spoken of by the poet; and therefore
+is it that my style leaves so much to be desired, and exhibits,
+perhaps, still, more to be pardoned.  Happily, a quarrel such as ours
+with the author of "The English in the West Indies" cannot be finally
+or even approximately settled on the score of superior literary
+competency, whether of aggressor or defender.  I feel free to ignore
+whatever verdict might be grounded on a consideration so purely
+artificial.  There ought to be enough, if not in these pages, at any
+rate in whatever else I have heretofore published, that should prove me
+not so hopelessly stupid and wanting in [19] self-respect, as would be
+implied by my undertaking a contest in artistic phrase-weaving with one
+who, even among the foremost of his literary countrymen, is confessedly
+a master in that craft.  The judges to whom I do submit our case are
+those Englishmen and others whose conscience blends with their
+judgment, and who determine such questions as this on their essential
+rightness which has claim to the first and decisive consideration.  For
+much that is irregular in the arrangement and sequence of the
+subject-matter, some blame fairly attaches to our assailant.  The
+erratic manner in which lie launches his injurious statements against
+the hapless Blacks, even in the course of passages which no more led up
+to them than to any other section of mankind, is a very notable feature
+of his anti-Negro production.  As he frequently repeats, very often
+with cynical aggravations, his charges and sinister prophecies against
+the sable objects of his aversion, I could see no other course open to
+me than to take him up on the points whereto I demurred, exactly how,
+when, and where I found them.
+
+My purpose could not be attained up without direct mention of, or
+reference to, certain public [20] employes in the Colonies whose
+official conduct has often been the subject of criticism in the public
+press of the West Indies.  Though fully aware that such criticism has
+on many occasions been much more severe than my own strictures, yet, it
+being possible that some special responsibility may attach to what I
+here reproduce in a more permanent shape, I most cheerfully accept, in
+the interests of public justice, any consequence which may result.
+
+A remark or two concerning the publication of this rejoinder.  It has
+been hinted to me that the issue of it has been too long delayed to
+secure for it any attention in England, owing to the fact that the West
+Indies are but little known, and of less interest, to the generality of
+English readers.  Whilst admitting, as in duty bound, the possible
+correctness of this forecast, and regretting the oft-recurring
+hindrances which occasioned such frequent and, sometimes, long
+suspension of my labour; and noting, too, the additional delay caused
+through my unacquaintance with English publishing usages, I must,
+notwithstanding, plead guilty to a lurking hope that some small
+fraction of Mr. Froude's readers will yet be found, [21] whose interest
+in the West Indies will be temporarily revived on behalf of this essay,
+owing to its direct bearing on Mr. Froude and his statements relative
+to these Islands, contained in his recent book of travels in them.
+This I am led to hope will be more particularly the case when it is
+borne in mind that the rejoinder has been attempted by a member of that
+very same race which he has, with such eloquent recklessness of all
+moral considerations, held up to public contempt and disfavour.  In
+short, I can scarcely permit myself to believe it possible that concern
+regarding a popular author, on his being questioned by an adverse
+critic of however restricted powers, can be so utterly dead within a
+twelvemonth as to be incapable of rekindling.  Mr. Froude's "Oceana,"
+which had been published long before its author voyaged to the West
+Indies, in order to treat the Queen's subjects there in the same more
+than questionable fashion as that in which he had treated those of the
+Southern Hemisphere, had what was in the main a formal rejoinder to its
+misrepresentations published only three months ago in this city.  I
+venture to believe that no serious work in defence of an [22] important
+cause or community can lose much, if anything, of its intrinsic value
+through some delay in its issue; especially when written in the
+vindication of Truth, whose eternal principles are beyond and above the
+influence of time and its changes.
+
+At any rate, this attempt to answer some of Mr. Froude's main
+allegations against the people of the West Indies cannot fail to be of
+grave importance and lively interest to the inhabitants of those
+Colonies.  In this opinion I am happy in being able to record the full
+concurrence of a numerous and influential body of my fellow-West
+Indians, men of various races, but united in detestation of falsehood
+and injustice.
+
+J.J.T.
+
+LONDON, June, 1889.
+
+
+
+BOOK I: INTRODUCTION
+
+[27] Like the ancient hero, one of whose warlike equipments furnishes
+the complementary title of his book, the author of "The English in the
+West Indies; or, The Bow of Ulysses," sallied forth from his home to
+study, if not cities, at least men (especially black men), and their
+manners in the British Antilles.
+
+James Anthony Froude is, beyond any doubt whatever, a very considerable
+figure in modern English literature.  It has, however, for some time
+ceased to be a question whether his acceptability, to the extent which
+it reaches, has not been due rather to the verbal attractiveness than
+to the intrinsic value and trustworthiness of his opinions and
+teachings.  In fact, so far as a judgment can be formed from examined
+specimens of his writings, it appears that our [28] author is the
+bond-slave of his own phrases.  To secure an artistic perfection of
+style, he disregards all obstacles, not only those presented by the
+requirements of verity, but such as spring from any other kind of
+consideration whatsoever.  The doubt may safely be entertained whether,
+among modern British men of letters, there be one of equal capability
+who, in the interest of the happiness of his sentences, so cynically
+sacrifices what is due not only to himself as a public instructor, but
+also to that public whom he professes to instruct.  Yet, as the too
+evident plaything of an over-permeable moral constitution, he might set
+up some plea in explanation of his ethical vagaries.  He might urge,
+for instance, that the high culture of which his books are all so
+redolent has utterly failed to imbue him with the nil admirari
+sentiment, which Horace commends as the sole specific for making men
+happy and keeping them so.  For, as a matter of fact, and with special
+reference to the work we have undertaken to discuss, Mr. Froude, though
+cynical in his general utterances regarding Negroes-of the male sex, be
+it noted-is, in the main, all extravagance and self-abandonment
+whenever he [29] brings an object of his arbitrary likes or dislikes
+under discussion.  At such times he is no observer, much less
+worshipper, of proportion in his delineations.  Thorough-paced,
+scarcely controllable, his enthusiasm for or against admits no degree
+in its expression, save and except the superlative.  Hence Mr. Froude's
+statement of facts or description of phenomena, whenever his feelings
+are enlisted either way, must be taken with the proverbial "grain of
+salt" by all when enjoying the luxury of perusing his books.  So
+complete is his self-identification with the sect or individual for the
+time being engrossing his sympathy, that even their personal
+antipathies are made his own; and the hostile language, often
+exaggerated and unjust, in which those antipathies find vent, secures
+in his more chastened mode of utterance an exact reproduction none the
+less injurious because divested of grossness.
+
+Of this special phase of self-manifestation a typical instance is
+afforded at page 164, under the heading of "Dominica," in a passage
+which at once embraces and accentuates the whole spirit and method of
+the work.  To a eulogium of the professional skill and successful [30]
+agricultural enterprise of Dr. Nichol, a medical officer of that
+Colony, with whom he became acquainted for the first time during his
+short stay there, our author travels out of his way to tack on a
+gratuitous and pointless sneer at the educational competency of all the
+elected members of the island legislature, among whom, he tells us, the
+worthy doctor had often tried in vain to obtain a place.  His want of
+success, our author informs his readers, was brought about through Dr.
+Nichol "being the only man in the Colony of superior attainments."
+Persons acquainted with the stormy politics of that lovely little
+island do not require to be informed that the bitterest animosity had
+for years been raging between Dr. Nichol and some of the elected
+members-a fact which our author chose characteristically to regard as
+justifying an onslaught by himself on the whole of that section of
+which the foes of his new friend formed a prominent part.
+
+Swayed by the above specified motives, our author also manages to see
+much that is, and always has been, invisible to mortal eye, and to fail
+to hear what is audible to and remarked upon by every other observer.
+
+[31] Thus we find him (p. 56) describing the Grenada Carenage as being
+surrounded by forest trees, causing its waters to present a violet
+tint; whilst every one familiar with that locality knows that there are
+no forest trees within two miles of the object which they are so
+ingeniously made to colour.  Again, and aptly illustrating the
+influence of his prejudices on his sense of hearing, we will notice
+somewhat more in detail the following assertion respecting the speech
+of the gentry of Barbados:--
+
+"The language of the Anglo-Barbadians was pure English, the voices
+without the smallest transatlantic intonation."
+
+Now it so happens that no Barbadian born and bred, be he gentle or
+simple, can, on opening his lips, avoid the fate of Peter of Galilee
+when skulking from the peril of a detected nationality: "Thy speech
+bewrayeth thee!"  It would, however, be prudent on this point to take
+the evidence of other Englishmen, whose testimony is above suspicion,
+seeing that they were free from the moral disturbance that affected Mr.
+Froude's auditory powers.  G. J. Chester, in his "Transatlantic
+Sketches" (page 95), deposes as follows--
+
+[32] "But worse, far worse than the colour, both of men and women, is
+their voice and accent.  Well may Coleridge enumerate among the pains
+of the West Indies, 'the yawny-drawny way in which men converse.' The
+soft, whining drawl is simply intolerable.  Resemble the worst Northern
+States woman's accent it may in some degree, but it has not a grain of
+its vigour.  A man tells you, 'if you can speer it, to send a beerer
+with a bottle of bare,' and the clergyman excruciates you by praying in
+church, 'Speer us, good Lord.'  The English pronunciation of A and E is
+in most words transposed.  Barbados has a considerable number of
+provincialisms of dialect.  Some of these, as the constant use of
+'Mistress' for 'Mrs.,' are interesting as archaisms, or words in use in
+the early days of the Colony, and which have never died out of use.
+Others are Yankeeisms or vulgarisms; others, again, such as the
+expression 'turning cuffums,' i.e. summersets, from cuffums, a species
+of fish, seem to be of local origin."
+
+In a note hereto appended, the author gives a list of English words of
+peculiar use and acceptation in Barbados.
+
+[33] To the same effect writes Anthony Trollope:
+
+"But if the black people differ from their brethren of the other
+islands, so certainly do the white people.  One soon learns to know--a
+Bim.  That is the name in which they themselves delight, and therefore,
+though there is a sound of slang about it, I give it here. One
+certainly soon learns to know a Bim.  The most peculiar distinction is
+in his voice.  There is always a nasal twang about it, but quite
+distinct from the nasality of a Yankee.  The Yankee's word rings sharp
+through his nose; not so that of the first-class Bim. There is a soft
+drawl about it, and the sound is seldom completely formed.  The effect
+on the ear is the same as that on the hand when a man gives you his to
+shake, and instead of shaking yours, holds his own still, &c., &c."
+("The West Indies," p. 207).
+
+From the above and scores of other authoritative testimonies which
+might have been cited to the direct contrary of our traveller's tale
+under this head, we can plainly perceive that Mr. Froude's love is not
+only blind, but adder-deaf as well.  We shall now contemplate him under
+circumstances where his feelings are quite other than those of a
+partisan.
+
+
+
+BOOK I: VOYAGE OUT
+
+[34] That Mr. Froude, despite his professions to the contrary, did not
+go out on his explorations unhampered by prejudices, seems clear enough
+from the following quotation:--
+
+"There was a small black boy among us, evidently of pure blood, for his
+hair was wool and his colour black as ink.  His parents must have been
+well-to-do, for the boy had been to Europe to be educated.  The
+officers on board and some of the ladies played with him as they would
+play with a monkey.  He had little more sense than a monkey, perhaps
+less, and the gestures of him grinning behind gratings and perching out
+his long thin arms between the bars were curiously suggestive of the
+original from whom we are told now that all of us came.  The worst of
+it was that, being lifted above his own people, he had been taught to
+despise them.  He was spoilt as a black and could not be made into a
+white, and this I found afterwards was the invariable and dangerous
+consequence whenever a superior negro contrived to raise himself.  He
+might do well enough himself, but his family feel their blood as
+degradation.  His [35] children will not marry among their own people,
+and not only will no white girl marry a negro, but hardly any dowry can
+be large enough to tempt a West Indian white to make a wife of a black
+lady.  This is one of the most sinister features in the present state
+of social life there."
+
+We may safely assume that the playing of "the officers on board and
+some of the ladies" with the boy, "as they would play with a monkey,"
+is evidently a suggestion of Mr. Froude's own soul, as well as the
+resemblance to the simian tribe which he makes out from the frolics of
+the lad.  Verily, it requires an eye rendered more than microscopic by
+prejudice to discern the difference between the gambols of juveniles of
+any colour under similar conditions.  It is true that it might just be
+the difference between the friskings of white lambs and the friskings
+of lambs that are not white.  That any black pupil should be taught to
+despise his own people through being lifted above them by education,
+seems a reckless statement, and far from patriotic withal; inasmuch as
+the education referred to here was European, and the place from which
+it was obtained presumably England.  At all events, [36] the difference
+among educated black men in deportment towards their unenlightened
+fellow-blacks, can be proved to have nothing of that cynicism which
+often marks the bearing of Englishmen in an analogous case with regard
+to their less favoured countrymen.  The statement that a black person
+can be "spoilt" for such by education, whilst he cannot be made white,
+is one of the silly conceits which the worship of the skin engenders in
+ill-conditioned minds.  No sympathy should be wasted on the negro
+sufferer from mortification at not being able to "change his skin." The
+Ethiopian of whatever shade of colour who is not satisfied with being
+such was never intended to be more than a mere living figure. Mr.
+Froude further confidently states that whilst a superior Negro "might
+do well himself," yet "his family feel their blood as a degradation."
+If there be some who so feel, they are indeed very much to be pitied;
+but their sentiments are not entitled to the serious importance with
+which our critic has invested them.  But is it at all conceivable that
+a people whose sanity has never in any way been questioned would strain
+every nerve to secure for their offspring a [37] distinction the
+consequence of which to themselves would be a feeling of their own
+abasement? The poor Irish peasant who toils and starves to secure for
+his eldest son admission into the Catholic priesthood, has a far other
+feeling than one of humiliation when contemplating that son eventually
+as the spiritual director of a congregation and parish.  Similarly, the
+laudable ambition which, in the case of a humble Scotch matron, is
+expressed in the wish and exertion to see her Jamie or Geordie "wag his
+pow in the pou'pit," produces, when realized, salutary effects in the
+whole family connection.  These effects, which Mr. Froude would
+doubtless allow and commend in their case, he finds it creditable to
+ignore the very possibility of in the experience of people whose
+cuticle is not white.  It is, however, but bare justice to say that, as
+Negroes are by no means deficient in self-love and the tenderness of
+natural affection, such gratifying fulfilment of a family's hopes
+exerts an elevating and, in many cases, an ennobling influence on every
+one connected with the fortunate household.  Nor, from the eminently
+sympathetic nature of the African race, are the near friends of a
+family [38] unbenefited in a similar way.  This is true, and
+distinctively human; but, naturally, no apologist of Negro depreciation
+would admit the reasonableness of applying to the affairs of Negroes
+the principles of common equity, or even of common sense.  To sum up
+practically our argument on this head, we shall suppose West Indians to
+be called upon to imagine that the less distinguished relations
+respectively of, say, the late Solicitor-General of Trinidad and the
+present Chief Justice of Barbados could be otherwise than legitimately
+elated at the conspicuous position won by a member of their own
+household.
+
+Mr. Froude further ventures to declare, in this connection, that the
+children of educated coloured folk "will not marry among their own
+people."  Will he tell us, then, whom the daughters marry, or if they
+ever do marry at all, since he asserts, with regard to West Indian
+Whites, that "hardly any dowry can be large enough to tempt them to
+make a wife of a black lady"?  Our author evidently does not feel or
+care that the suggestion he here induces is a hideous slander against a
+large body of respectable people of whose affairs he is absolutely
+ignorant.  Full [39] of the "go" imparted to his talk by a
+consciousness of absolute license with regard to Negroes, our dignified
+narrator makes the parenthetical assertion that no white girl (in the
+West Indies) will "marry a Negro."  But has he been informed that cases
+upon cases have occurred in those Colonies, and in very high
+"Anglo-West Indian" families too, where the social degradation of being
+married to Negroes has been avoided by the alternative of forming base
+private connections even with menials of that race?
+
+The marrying of a black wife, on the other hand, by a West Indian White
+was an event of frequent occurrence at a period in regard to which our
+historian seems to be culpably uninformed.  In slavery days, when all
+planters, black and white alike, were fused in a common solidarity of
+interests, the skin-distinction which Mr. Froude so strenuously
+advocates, and would fain risk so much to promote, did not, so far as
+matrimony was concerned, exist in the degree that it now does.
+Self-interest often dictated such unions, especially on the part of
+in-coming Whites desiring to strengthen their position and to increase
+their influence in [40] the land of their adoption by means of
+advantageous Creole marriages.  Love, too, sheer uncalculating love,
+impelled not a few Whites to enter the hymeneal state with the dusky
+captivators of their affections.  When rich, the white planter not
+seldom paid for such gratification of his laudable impulse by accepting
+exclusion from "Society"--and when poor, he incurred almost invariably
+his dismissal from employment.  Of course, in all cases of the sort the
+dispensers of such penalties were actuated by high motives which,
+nevertheless, did not stand in the way of their meeting, in the
+households of the persons thus obnoxious to punishment, the same or
+even a lower class of Ethiopic damsels, under the title of
+"housekeeper," on whom they lavished a very plethora of caresses.
+Perhaps it may be wrong so to hint it, but, judging from indications in
+his own book, our author himself would have been liable in those days
+to enthralment by the piquant charms that proved irresistible to so
+many of his brother-Europeans.  It is almost superfluous to repeat that
+the skin-discriminating policy induced as regards the coloured subjects
+of the Queen since the [41] abolition of slavery did not, and could
+not, operate when coloured and white stood on the same high level as
+slave-owners and ruling potentates in the Colonies.  Of course, when
+the administrative power passed entirely into the hands of British
+officials, their colonial compatriots coalesced with them, and found no
+loss in being in the good books of the dominant personages.
+
+In conclusion of our remarks upon the above extracts, it may be stated
+that the blending of the races is not a burning question.  "It can
+keep," as Mr. Bright wittily said with regard to a subject of similar
+urgency.  Time and Nature might safely be left uninterfered with to
+work out whatever social development of this kind is in store for the
+world and its inhabitants.
+
+
+
+BOOK I: BARBADOS
+
+[41] Our distinguished voyager visited many of the British West Indies,
+landing first at Barbados, his social experience whereof is set forth
+in a very agreeable account.  Our immediate business, however, is not
+with what West Indian hospitality, especially among the well-to-do
+classes, can and does accomplish for [42] the entertainment of
+visitors, and particularly visitors so eminent as Mr. Froude.  We are
+concerned with what Mr. Froude has to say concerning our dusky brethren
+and sisters in those Colonies.  We have, thus, much pleasure in being
+able at the outset to extract the following favourable verdict of his
+respecting them--premising, at the same time, that the balcony from
+which Mr. Froude surveyed the teeming multitude in Bridgetown was that
+of a grand hotel at which he had, on invitation, partaken of the
+refreshing beverage mentioned in the citation:--
+
+"Cocktail over, and walking in the heat of the sun being a thing not to
+be thought of, I sat for two hours in the balcony, watching the people,
+who were as thick as bees in swarming time.  Nine-tenths of them were
+pure black.  You rarely saw a white face, but still less would you see
+a discontented one, imperturbable good humour and self-satisfaction
+being written on the features of every one.  The women struck me
+especially.  They were smartly dressed in white calico, scrupulously
+clean, and tricked out with ribands and feathers; but their figures
+were so good, and they carried themselves so [43] well and gracefully,
+that although they might make themselves absurd, they could not look
+vulgar.  Like the Greek and Etruscan women, they are trained from
+childhood to carry weights on their heads.  They are thus perfectly
+upright, and plant their feet firmly and naturally on the ground.  They
+might serve for sculptors' models, and are well aware of it."
+
+Regarding the other sex, Mr. Froude says:--
+
+"The men were active enough, driving carts, wheeling barrows, and
+selling flying-fish," &c.
+
+He also speaks with candour of the entire absence of drunkenness and
+quarrelling and the agreeable prevalence of good humour and
+light-heartedness among them.  Some critic might, on reading the above
+extract from our author's account of the men, be tempted to ask--"But
+what is the meaning of that little word 'enough' occurring therein?" We
+should be disposed to hazard a suggestion that Mr. Froude, being
+fair-minded and loyal to truth, as far as is compatible with his
+sympathy for his hapless "Anglo-West Indians," could not give an
+entirely ungrudging testimony in favour of the possible, nay probable,
+voters by whose suffrages the supremacy of the Dark [44] Parliament
+will be ensured, and the relapse into obeahism, devil-worship, and
+children-eating be inaugurated.  Nevertheless, Si sic omnia
+dixisset--if he had said all things thus!  Yes, if Mr. Froude had,
+throughout his volume, spoken in this strain, his occasional want of
+patience and fairness with regard to our male kindred might have found
+condonation in his even more than chivalrous appreciation of our
+womankind.  But it has been otherwise.  So we are forced to try
+conclusions with him in the arena of his own selection--unreflecting
+spokesman that he is of British colonialism, which, we grieve to learn
+through Mr. Froude's pages, has, like the Bourbon family, not only
+forgotten nothing, but, unfortunately for its own peace, learnt nothing
+also.
+
+
+
+BOOK I: ST. VINCENT
+
+[44] The following are the words in which our traveller embodies the
+main motive and purpose of his voyage:--
+
+"My own chief desire was to see the human inhabitants, to learn what
+they were doing, how they were living, and what they were thinking
+about...."
+
+[45] But, alas, with the mercurialism of temperament in which he has
+thought proper to indulge when only Negroes and Europeans not of
+"Anglo-West Indian" tendencies were concerned, he jauntily threw to the
+winds all the scruples and cautious minuteness which were essential to
+the proper execution of his project.  At Barbados, as we have seen, he
+satisfies himself with sitting aloft, at a balcony-window, to
+contemplate the movements of the sable throng below, of whose
+character, moral and political, he nevertheless professes to have
+become a trustworthy delineator.  From the above-quoted account of his
+impressions of the external traits and deportment of the Ethiopic folk
+thus superficially gazed at, our author passes on to an analysis of
+their mental and moral idiosyncrasies, and other intimate matters,
+which the very silence of the book as to his method of ascertaining
+them is a sufficient proof that his knowledge in their regard has not
+been acquired directly and at first hand.  Nor need we say that the
+generally adverse cast of his verdicts on what he had been at no pains
+to study for himself points to the "hostileness" of the witnesses whose
+[46] testimony alone has formed the basis of his conclusions.
+Throughout Mr. Froude's tour in the British Colonies his intercourse
+was exclusively with "Anglo-West Indians," whose aversion to the Blacks
+he has himself, perhaps they would think indiscreetly, placed on
+record.  In no instance do we find that he condescended to visit the
+abode of any Negro, whether it was the mansion of a gentleman or the
+hut of a peasant of that race.  The whole tenor of the book indicates
+his rigid adherence to this one-sided course, and suggests also that,
+as a traveller, Mr. Froude considers maligning on hearsay to be just as
+convenient as reporting facts elicited by personal investigation.
+Proceed we, however, to strengthen our statement regarding his
+definitive abandonment, and that without any apparent reason, of the
+plan he had professedly laid down for himself at starting, and failing
+which no trustworthy data could have been obtained concerning the
+character and disposition of the people about whom he undertakes to
+thoroughly enlighten his readers.  Speaking of St. Vincent, where he
+arrived immediately after leaving Barbados, our author says:--
+
+[47] "I did not land, for the time was short, and as a beautiful
+picture the island was best seen from the deck.  The characteristics of
+the people are the same in all the Antilles, and could be studied
+elsewhere."
+
+Now, it is a fact, patent and notorious, that "the characteristics of
+the people are" not "the same in all the Antilles."  A man of Mr.
+Froude's attainments, whose studies have made him familiar with
+ethnological facts, must be aware that difference of local surroundings
+and influences does, in the course of time, inevitably create
+difference of characteristic and deportment.  Hence there is in nearly
+every Colony a marked dissimilarity of native qualities amongst the
+Negro inhabitants, arising not only from the causes above indicated,
+but largely also from the great diversity of their African ancestry.
+We might as well be told that because the nations of Europe are
+generally white and descended from Japhet, they could be studied one by
+the light derived from acquaintance with another.  We venture to
+declare that, unless a common education from youth has been shared by
+them, the Hamitic inhabitants of one island have very little in common
+with [48] those of another, beyond the dusky skin and woolly hair.  In
+speech, character, and deportment, a coloured native of Trinidad
+differs as much from one of Barbados as a North American black does
+from either, in all the above respects.
+
+
+
+BOOK I: GRENADA
+
+[48] In Grenada, the next island he arrived at, our traveller's
+procedure with regard to the inhabitants was very similar.  There he
+landed in the afternoon, drove three or four miles inland to dine at
+the house of a "gentleman who was a passing resident," returned in the
+dark to his ship, and started for Trinidad.  In the course of this
+journey back, however, as he sped along in the carriage, Mr. Froude
+found opportunity to look into the people's houses along the way,
+where, he tells us, he "could see and was astonished to observe signs
+of comfort, and even signs of taste--armchairs, sofas, side-boards with
+cut-glass upon them, engravings and coloured prints upon the walls."
+As a result of this nocturnal examination, a vol d'oiseau, he has
+written paragraph upon paragraph about the people's character [49] and
+prospects in the island of Grenada.  To read the patronizing terms in
+which our historian-traveller has seen fit to comment on Grenada and
+its people, one would believe that his account is of some
+half-civilized, out-of-the-way region under British sway, and inhabited
+chiefly by a horde of semi-barbarian ignoramuses of African descent.
+If the world had not by this time thoroughly assessed the intrinsic
+value of Mr. Froude's utterances, one who knows Grenada might have felt
+inclined to resent his causeless depreciation of the intellectual
+capacity of its inhabitants; but considering the estimate which has
+been pretty generally formed of his historical judgment, Mr. Froude may
+be dismissed, as regards Grenada and its people, with a certain degree
+of scepticism.  Such scepticism, though lost upon himself, is
+unquestionably needful to protect his readers from the hallucination
+which the author's singular contempt for accuracy is but too liable to
+induce.
+
+Those who know Grenada and its affairs are perfectly familiar with the
+fact that all of its chief intellectual business, whether official
+(even in the highest degree, such as temporary [50] administration of
+the government), legal, commercial, municipal, educational, or
+journalistic, has been for years upon years carried on by men of
+colour.  And what, as a consequence of this fact, has the world ever
+heard in disparagement of Grenada throughout this long series of years?
+Assuredly not a syllable.  On the contrary, she has been the theme of
+praise, not only for the admirable foresight with which she avoided the
+sugar crisis, so disastrous to her sister islands, but also for the
+pluck and persistence shown in sustaining herself through an
+agricultural emergency brought about by commercial reverses, whereby
+the steady march of her sons in self-advancement was only checked for a
+time, but never definitively arrested.  In fine, as regards every
+branch of civilized employment pursued there, the good people of
+Grenada hold their own so well and worthily that any show of patronage,
+even from a source more entitled to confidence, would simply be a piece
+of obtrusive kindness, not acceptable to any, seeing that it is
+required by none.
+
+
+
+BOOK II: TRINIDAD / TRINIDAD AND REFORM+
+
+[53] Mr. Froude, crossing the ninety miles of the Caribbean Sea lying
+between Grenada and Trinidad, lands next morning in Port of Spain, the
+chief city of that "splendid colony," as Governor Irving, its worst
+ruler, truly calls it in his farewell message to the Legislature.
+Regarding Port of Spain in particular, Mr. Froude is positively
+exuberant in the display of the peculiar qualities that distinguish
+him, and which we have already admitted.  Ecstatic praise and
+groundless detraction go hand in hand, bewildering to any one not
+possessed of the key to the mystery of the art of blowing hot and cold,
+which Mr. Froude so startlingly exemplifies.  As it is our purpose to
+make what he says concerning this Colony the crucial test of his
+veracity as a writer of travels, [54] and also of the value of his
+judgments respecting men and things, we shall first invite the reader's
+attention to the following extracts, with our discussion thereof:--
+
+"On landing we found ourselves in a large foreign-looking town, Port of
+Spain having been built by French and Spaniards according to their
+national tendencies, and especially with a view to the temperature,
+which is that of a forcing house, and rarely falls below 80 deg..  The
+streets are broad, and are planted with trees for shade, each house
+where room permits having a garden of its own, with palms and mangoes
+and coffee-plants and creepers.  Of sanitary arrangements there seemed
+to be none.  There is abundance of rain, and the gutters which run down
+by the footway are flushed almost every day.  But they are all open.
+Dirt of every kind lies about freely, to be washed into them or left to
+putrify as fate shall direct" (p. 64).
+
+Lower down, on the same page, our author, luxuriating in his contempt
+for exactitude when the character of other folk only is at stake,
+continues:--"The town has between thirty and forty thousand people
+living in it, and the [55] rain and Johnny crows between them keep off
+pestilence."  On page 65 we have the following astounding statement
+with respect to one of the trees in the garden in front of the house in
+which Mr. Froude was sojourning:--"At the gate stood as sentinel a
+cabbage palm a hundred feet high."
+
+The above quotations, in which we have elected to be content with
+indicating by typographical differences the points on which attention
+should be mostly directed, will suffice, with any one knowing Trinidad,
+as examples of Mr. Froude's trustworthiness.  But as these are only on
+matters of mere detail, involving no question of principle, they are
+dismissed without any further comment.  It must not be so, however,
+with the following remarkable deliverances which occur on page 67 of
+his too picturesque work:--"The commonplace intrudes upon the
+imaginative.  At moments one can fancy that the world is an enchanted
+place after all, but then comes generally an absurd awakening.  On the
+first night of my arrival, before we went to bed, there came an
+invitation to me to attend a political meeting which was to be held in
+a few days on the Savannah.
+
+[56] "Trinidad is a purely Crown colony, and has escaped hitherto the
+introduction of the election virus.  The newspapers and certain busy
+gentlemen in Port of Spain had discovered that they were living under a
+'degrading tyranny,' and they demanded a constitution.  They did not
+complain that their affairs had been ill-managed.  On the contrary,
+they insisted that they were the most prosperous of the West Indian
+colonies, and alone had a surplus in their treasury.  If this was so,
+it seemed to me that they had better let well alone. The population,
+all told, was but 170,000, less by thirty thousand than that of
+Barbados.  They were a mixed and motley assemblage of all races and
+colours, busy each with their own affairs, and never hitherto troubling
+themselves about politics.  But it had pleased the Home Government to
+set up the beginning of a constitution again in Jamaica; no one knew
+why, but so it was; and Trinidad did not choose to be behindhand.  The
+official appointments were valuable, and had been hitherto given away
+by the Crown.  The local popularities very naturally wished to have
+them for themselves.  This was the [57] reality in the thing, so far as
+there was a reality.  It was dressed up in the phrases borrowed from
+the great English masters of the art, about privileges of manhood,
+moral dignity, the elevating influence of the suffrage, &c., intended
+for home consumption among the believers in the orthodox radical faith."
+
+The passages which we have signalized in the above quotation, and which
+occur with more elaboration and heedless assurance on a later page,
+will produce a feeling of wonder at the hardihood of him who not only
+conceived, but penned and dared to publish them as well, against the
+gentlemen whom we all know to be foremost in the political agitation at
+which Mr. Froude so flippantly sneers.  An emphatic denial may be
+opposed to his pretence that "they did not complain that their affairs
+had been ill-managed."  Why, the very gist and kernel of the whole
+agitation, set forth in print through long years of iteration, has been
+the scandalous mismanagement of the affairs of the Colony--especially
+under the baleful administration of Governor Irving.  The Augean
+Stable, miscalled by him "The Public Works Department," and whose
+officials he coolly [58] fastened upon the financial vitals of that
+long-suffering Colony, baffled even the resolute will of a Des Voeux to
+cleanse it.  Poor Sir Sanford Freeling attempted the cleansing, but
+foundered ignominiously almost as soon as he embarked on that Herculean
+enterprise.  Sir A. E. Havelock, who came after, must be mentioned by
+the historian of Trinidad merely as an incarnate accident in the
+succession of Governors to whom the destinies of that maltreated Colony
+have been successively intrusted since the departure of Sir Arthur
+Hamilton Gordon.  The present Governor of Trinidad, Sir William
+Robinson, is a man of spirit and intelligence, keenly alive to the
+grave responsibilities resting on him as a ruler of men and moulder of
+men's destinies.  Has he, with all his energy, his public spirit and
+indisputable devotion to the furtherance of the Colony's interests,
+been able to grapple successfully with the giant evil?  Has he
+effectually gained the ear of our masters in Downing Street regarding
+the inefficiency and wastefulness of Governor Irving's pet department?
+We presume that his success has been but very partial, for otherwise it
+is difficult to conceive the motive for [59] retaining the army of
+officials radiating from that office, with the chief under whose
+supervision so many architectural and other scandals have for so long
+been the order of the day.  The Public Works Department is costly
+enough to have been a warning to the whole of the West Indies.  It is
+true that the lavish squandering of the people's money by that
+department has been appreciably checked since the advent of the present
+head of the Government.  The papers no longer team with accounts, nor
+is even the humblest aesthetic sense, offended now, as formerly, with
+views of unsightly, useless and flimsy erections, the cost of which, on
+an average, was five times more than that of good and reputable
+structures.
+
+This, however, has been entirely due to the personal influence of the
+Governor.  Sir William Robinson, not being the tool, as Sir Henry
+Irving owned that he was, of the Director of Public Works, could not be
+expected to be his accomplice or screener in the cynical waste of the
+public funds.  Here, then, is the personal rectitude of a ruler
+operating as a safeguard to the people's interests; and we gladly
+confess our entire agreement with [60] Mr. Froude on the subject of the
+essential qualifications of a Crown Governor.  Mr. Froude contends, and
+we heartily coincide with him, that a ruler of high training and noble
+purposes would, as the embodiment of the administrative authority, be
+the very best provision for the government of Colonies constituted as
+ours are.  But he has also pointed out, and that in no equivocal terms,
+that the above are far from having been indispensable qualifications
+for the patronage of Downing Street.  He has shown that the Colonial
+Office is, more often than otherwise, swayed in the appointment of
+Colonial Governors by considerations among which the special fitness of
+the man appointed holds but a secondary place.  On this point we have
+much gratification in giving Mr. Froude's own words (p. 91):--"Among
+the public servants of Great Britain there are persons always to be
+found fit and willing for posts of honour and difficulty if a sincere
+effort be made to find them.  Alas! in times past we have sent persons
+to rule our Baratarias to whom Sancho Panza was a sage--troublesome
+members of Parliament, younger brothers of powerful families,
+impecunious peers; favourites, [61] with backstairs influence, for whom
+a provision was to be found; colonial clerks bred in the office who had
+been obsequious and useful!"  Now then, applying these facts to the
+political history of Trinidad, with which we are more particularly
+concerned at present, what do we find?  We find that in the person of
+Sir A. H. Gordon (1867-1870) that Colony at length chanced upon a ruler
+both competent and eager to advance her interests, not only materially,
+but in the nobler respects that give dignity to the existence of a
+community.  Of course, he was opposed--ably, strenuously, violently,
+virulently--but the metal of which the man was composed was only fused
+into greater firmness by being subjected to such fiery tests.  On
+leaving Trinidad, this eminent ruler left as legacies to the Colony he
+had loved and worked for so heartily, laws that placed the persons and
+belongings of the inhabitants beyond the reach of wanton aggression;
+the means by which honest and laborious industry could, through
+agriculture, benefit both itself and the general revenue.  He also left
+an educational system that opened (to even the humblest) a free pathway
+to knowledge, to [62] distinction, and, if the objects of its
+beneficence were worthy of the boon, to serviceableness to their native
+country.  Above all, he left peace among the jarring interests which,
+under the badge of Englishman and of Creole, under the badge of
+Catholic and under the badge of Protestant, and so many other forms of
+sectional divergence, had too long distracted Trinidad. This he had
+effected, not by constituting himself a partisan of either section, but
+by inquiring with statesmanlike appreciation, and allowing the
+legitimate claims of each to a certain scope of influence in the
+furtherance of the Colony's welfare.  Hence the bitter rivalry of
+jarring interests was transformed into harmonious co-operation on all
+sides, in advancing the common good of the common country.
+
+The Colonial Office, knowing little and caring less about that noble
+jewel in the British Crown, sent out as successor to so brilliant and
+successful an administrator--whom?  One Sir James Robert Longden, a
+gentleman without initiative, without courage, and, above all, with a
+slavish adherence to red-tape and a clerk-like dread of compromising
+his berth.  Having served for a long series of years in subordinate
+posts in [63] minor dependencies, the habit of being impressed and
+influenced by colonial magnates grew and gathered strength within him.
+Such a ruler, of course, the serpents that had only been "scotched, but
+not killed," by the stern procedures of Governor Gordon, could wind
+round, beguile, and finally cause to fall. Measure after measure of his
+predecessor which he could in any way neutralize in the interests of
+the colonial clique, was rendered of none effect.  In fact, he was
+subservient to the wishes of those who had all long objected to those
+measures, but had not dared even to hint their objections to the
+beneficent autocrat who had willed and given them effect for the
+general welfare.  After Governor Longden came Sir Henry Turner Irving,
+a personage who brought to Trinidad a reputation for all the vulgar
+colonial prejudices which, discreditable enough in ordinary folk, are,
+in the Governor of a mixed community, nothing less than calamitous.
+More than amply did he justify the evil reports with which rumour had
+heralded his coming.  Abler, more astute, more daring than Sir James
+Longden, who was, on the whole, only a constitutionally timid man,
+Governor Irving threw [64] himself heart and soul into the arms of the
+Sugar Interest, by whom he had been helped into his high office, and
+whose belief he evidently shared, that sugar-growers alone should be
+possessors of the lands of the West Indies.  It would be wearisome to
+detail the methods by which every act of Sir Arthur Gordon's to benefit
+the whole population was cynically and systematically undone by this
+his native-hating successor.  In short, the policy of reaction which
+Sir James Longden began, found in Governor Irving not only a consistent
+promoter, but, as it were, a sinister incarnation. It is true that he
+could not, at the bidding and on the advice of his planter-friends,
+shut up the Crown Lands of the Colony against purchasers of limited
+means, because they happened to be mostly natives of colour, but he
+could annul the provision by which every Warden in the rural districts,
+on the receipt of the statutory fees, had to supply a Government title
+on the spot to every one who purchased any acreage of Crown Lands.
+Every intending purchaser, therefore, whether living at Toco,
+Guayaguayare, Monos, or Icacos, the four extreme points of the Island
+of Trinidad, was compelled to go to Port of [65] Spain, forty or fifty
+miles distant, through an almost roadless country, to compete at the
+Sub-Intendant's auction sales, with every probability of being outbid
+in the end, and having his long-deposited money returned to him after
+all his pains. Lieutenant-Governor Des Voeux told the Legislature of
+Trinidad that the monstrous Excise imposts of the Colony were an
+incentive to smuggling, and he thought that the duties, licenses, &c.,
+should be lowered in the interest of good and equitable government.
+Sir Henry Turner Irving, however, besides raising the duties on
+spirituous liquors, also enacted that every distillery, however small,
+must pay a salary to a Government official stationed within it to
+supervise the manufacture of the spirits.  This, of course, was the
+death-blow to all the minor competition which had so long been
+disturbing the peace of mind of the mighty possessors of the great
+distilleries. Ahab was thus made glad with the vineyard of Naboth.
+
+In the matter of official appointments, too, Governor Irving was
+consistent in his ostentatious hostility to Creoles in general, and to
+coloured Creoles in particular.  Of the fifty-six appointments which
+that model Governor [66] made in 1876, only seven happened to be
+natives and coloured, out of a population in which the latter element
+is so preponderant as to excite the fears of Mr. Froude.  In
+educational matters, though he could not with any show of sense or
+decency re-enact the rule which excluded students of illegitimate birth
+from the advantages of the Royal College, he could, nevertheless,
+pander to the prejudices of himself and his friends by raising the
+standard of proficiency while reducing the limit of the age for free
+admission to that institution--boys of African descent having shown an
+irrepressible persistency in carrying off prizes.
+
+Every one acquainted with Trinidad politics knows very well the
+ineffably low dodges and subterfuges under which the Arima Railway was
+prevented from having its terminus in the centre of that town. The
+public was promised a saving of Eight Thousand Pounds by their
+high-minded Governor for a diversion of the line "by only a few yards"
+from the originally projected terminus.  In the end it was found out
+not only that the terminus of the railway was nearly a whole mile
+outside of the town of Arima, but also that Twenty [67] Thousand Pounds
+"Miscellaneous" had to be paid up by the good folk of Trinidad, in
+addition to gulping down their disappointment at saving no Eight
+Thousand Pounds, and having to find by bitter experience, especially in
+rainy weather, that their Governor's few yards were just his
+characteristic way of putting down yards which he well knew were to be
+counted by hundreds.  Then, again, we have the so-called San Fernando
+Waterworks, an abortion, a scandal for which there is no excuse, as the
+head of the Public Works Department went his own way despite the
+experience of those who knew better than he, and the protests of those
+who would have had to pay.  Seventeen Thousand Pounds represent the
+amount of debt with which Governor Irving's pet department has saddled
+the town of San Fernando for water, which half the inhabitants cannot
+get, and which few of the half who do get it dare venture to drink.
+Summa fastigia rerum secuti sumus.  If in the works that were so
+prominent before the public gaze these enormous abuses could flourish,
+defiant of protest and opposition, what shall we think of the nooks and
+corners of that same squandering department, which of [68] course must
+have been mere gnats in the eyes of a Governor who had swallowed so
+many monstrous camels!  The Governor was callous.  Trinidad was a
+battening ground for his friends; but she had in her bosom men who were
+her friends, and the struggle began, constitutionally of course, which,
+under the leadership of the Mayor of San Fernando, has continued up to
+now, culminating at last in the Reform movement which Mr. Froude
+decries, and which his pupil, Mr. S. H. Gatty, is, from what has
+appeared in the Trinidad papers, doing his "level best" to render
+abortive.
+
+Sir Sanford Freeling, by the will and pleasure of Downing Street, was
+the next successor, after Governor Irving, to the chief ruler-ship of
+Trinidad.  Incredible as it may sound, he was a yet more
+disadvantageous bargain for the Colony's L4000 a year.  A better man in
+many respects than his predecessor, he was in many more a much worse
+Governor.  The personal affability of a man can be known only to those
+who come into actual contact with him--the public measures of a ruler
+over a community touches it, mediately or immediately, throughout all
+its sections.  The bad boldness of [69] Governor Irving achieved much
+that the people, especially in the outlying districts, could see and
+appreciate.  For example, he erected Rest-houses all over the remoter
+and more sparsely peopled quarters of the Colony, after the manner of
+such provisions in Oriental lands.  The population who came in contact
+with these conveniences, and to whom access to them--for a
+consideration--had never been denied, saw with their own eyes tangible
+evidence of the Governor's activity, and inferred therefrom a
+solicitude on his part for the public welfare. Had they, however, been
+given a notion of the bill which had had to be paid for those frail,
+though welcome hostelries, they would have stood aghast at the
+imbecility, or, if not logically that, the something very much worse,
+through which five times the actual worth of these buildings had been
+extracted from the Treasury.  Sir Sanford Freeling, on the other hand,
+while being no screener of jobbery and peculation, had not the strength
+of mind whereof jobbers and peculators do stand in dread.  In evidence
+of that poor ruler's infirmity of purpose, we would only cite the
+double fact that, whereas in 1883 he was the first to enter a practical
+protest against the housing [70] of the diseased and destitute in the
+then newly finished, but most leaky, House of Refuge on the St. Clair
+Lands, by having the poor saturated inmates carried off in his presence
+to the Colonial Hospital, yet His Excellency was the very man who, in
+the very next year, 1884, not only sanctioned the shooting down of
+Indian immigrants at their festival, but actually directed the use of
+buck-shot for that purpose!  Evidently, if these two foregoing
+statements are true, Mr. Froude must join us in thinking that a man
+whose mind could be warped by external influences from the softest
+commiseration for the sufferings of his kind, one year, into being the
+cold-blooded deviser of the readiest method for slaughtering unarmed
+holiday-makers, the very next year, is not the kind of ruler whom he
+and we so cordially desiderate.  We have already mentioned above how
+ignominious Governor Freeling's failure was in attempting to meddle
+with the colossal abuses of the Public Works Department.
+
+Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock next had the privilege of enjoying the
+paradisaic sojourn at Queen's House, St. Ann's, as well as the four
+thousand pounds a year attached to the [71] right of occupying that
+princely residence.  Save as a dandy, however, and the harrier of
+subordinate officials, the writer of the annals of Trinidad may well
+pass him by.  So then it may be seen what, by mere freaks of
+Chance--the ruling deity at Downing Street--the administrative
+experience of Trinidad had been from the departure of that true king in
+Israel,--Sir Arthur Gordon, up to the visit of Mr. Froude.  First, a
+slave to red-tape, procrastination, and the caprices of pretentious
+colonialists; next, a daring schemer, confident of the support of the
+then dominant Sugar Interest, and regarding and treating the resources
+of the Island as free booty for his friends, sycophants, and
+favourites; then, an old woman, garbed in male attire, having an
+infirmity of purpose only too prone to be blown about by every wind of
+doctrine, alternating helplessly between tenderness and truculence, the
+charity of a Fry and the tragic atrocity of Medea. After this dismal
+ruler, Trinidad, by the grace of the Colonial Office, was subjected to
+the manipulation of an unctuous dandy.  This successor of Gordon, of
+Elliot, and of Cairns, durst not oppose high-placed official
+malfeasants, but [72] was inexorable with regard to minor delinquents.
+In the above retrospect we have purposely omitted mentioning such
+transient rulers as Mr. Rennie, Sir G. W. Des Voeux, and last, but by
+no means least, Sir F. Barlee, a high-minded Governor, whom death so
+suddenly and inscrutably snatched away from the good work he had
+loyally begun.  Every one of the above temporary administrators was a
+right good man for a post in which brain power and moral back-bone are
+essential qualifications.  But the Fates so willed it that Trinidad
+should never enjoy the permanent governance of either.  In view of the
+above facts; in view also of the lessons taught the inhabitants of
+Trinidad so frequently, so cruelly, what wonder is there that, failing
+of faith in a probability, which stands one against four, of their
+getting another worthy ruler when Governor Robinson shall have left
+them, they should seek to make hay while the sun shines, by providing
+against the contingency of such Governors as they know from bitter
+experience that Downing Street would place over their destinies, should
+the considerations detailed by Mr. Froude or any other equally [73]
+unworthy counsellor supervene?  That the leading minds of Trinidad
+should believe in an elective legislature is a logical consequence of
+the teachings of the past, when the Colony was under the manipulation
+of the sort of Governors above mentioned as immediately succeeding Sir
+Arthur Gordon.
+
+This brings us to the motives, the sordid motives, which Mr. Froude,
+oblivious of the responsibility of his high literary status, has
+permitted himself gratuitously, and we may add scandalously, to impute
+to the heads of the Reform movement in Trinidad.  It was perfectly
+competent that our author should decline, as he did decline, to have
+anything to do, even as a spectator, at a meeting with the object of
+which he had no sympathy.  But our opinion is equally decided that Mr.
+Froude has transgressed the bounds of decent political antagonism, nay,
+even of common sense, when he presumes to state that it was not for any
+other object than the large salaries of the Crown appointments, which
+they covet for themselves, that the Reform leaders are contending.
+This is not criticism: it is slander. To make culpatory statements
+against others, [74] without ability to prove them, is, to say the
+least, hazardous; but to make accusations to formulate which the
+accuser is forced, not only to ignore facts, but actually to deny them,
+is, to our mind, nothing short of rank defamation.
+
+Mr. Froude is not likely to impress the world (of the West Indies, at
+any rate) with the transparently silly, if not intentionally malicious,
+ravings which he has indulged in on the subject of Trinidad and its
+politics.  Here are some of the things which this "champion of
+Anglo-West Indians" attempts to force down the throats of his readers.
+He would have us believe that Mr. Francis Damian, the Mayor of Port of
+Spain, and one of the wealthiest of the native inhabitants of Trinidad,
+a man who has retired from an honourable and lucrative legal practice,
+and devotes his time, his talents, and his money to the service of his
+native country; that Mr. Robert Guppy, the venerable and venerated
+Mayor of San Fernando, with his weight of years and his sufficing
+competence, and with his long record of self-denying services to the
+public; that Mr. George Goodwille, one of the most successful merchants
+in the Colonies; that Mr. Conrad [75] F. Stollmeyer, a gentleman
+retired, in the evening of his days, on his well-earned ample means,
+are open to the above sordid accusation.  In short, that those and
+such-like individuals who, on account of their private resources and
+mental capabilities, as well as the public influence resulting
+therefrom, are, by the sheer logic of circumstances, forced to be at
+the head of public movements, are actuated by a craving for the few
+hundred pounds a year for which there is such a scramble at Downing
+Street among the future official grandees of the West Indies!  But
+granting that this allegation of Mr. Froude's was not as baseless as we
+have shown it to be, and that the leaders of the Reform agitation were
+impelled by the desire which our author seeks to discredit them with,
+what then?  Have they who have borne the heat and the burden of the day
+in making the Colonies what they are no right to the enjoyment of the
+fruits of their labours?  The local knowledge, the confidence and
+respect of the population, which such men enjoy, and can wield for good
+or evil in the community, are these matters of small account in the
+efficient government of the Colony?  Our author, in [76] specifying the
+immunities of his ideal Governor, who is also ours, recommends, amongst
+other things, that His Excellency should be allowed to choose his own
+advisers.  By this Mr. Froude certainly does not mean that the advisers
+so chosen must be all pure-blooded Englishmen who have rushed from the
+destitution of home to batten on the cheaply obtained flesh-pots of the
+Colonies.
+
+At any rate, whatever political fate Mr. Froude may desire for the
+Colonies in general, and for Trinidad in particular, it is nevertheless
+unquestionable that he and the scheme that he may have for our future
+governance, in this year of grace 1888, have both come into view
+entirely out of season.  The spirit of the times has rendered
+impossible any further toleration of the arrogance which is based on
+historical self-glorification.  The gentlemen of Trinidad, who are
+struggling for political enfranchisement, are not likely to heed,
+except as a matter for indignant contempt, the obtrusion by our author
+of his opinion that "they had best let well alone."  On his own
+showing, the persons appointed to supreme authority in the Colonies
+are, more usually than not, entirely unfit for [77] holding any
+responsible position whatever over their fellows.  Now, can it be
+doubted that less care, less scruple, less consideration, would be
+exercised in the choice of the satellites appointed to revolve, in
+these far-off latitudes, around the central luminaries?  Have we not
+found, are we not still finding every day, that the
+brain-dizziness--Xenophon calls it kephalalgeia+--induced by sudden
+promotion has transformed the abject suppliants at the Downing Street
+backstairs into the arrogant defiers of the opinions, and violators of
+the rights, of the populations whose subjection to the British Crown
+alone could have rendered possible the elevation of such folk and their
+impunity in malfeasance?  The cup of loyal forbearance reached the
+overflowing point since the trickstering days of Governor Irving, and
+it is useless now to believe in the possibility of a return of the
+leading minds of Trinidad to a tame acquiescence as regards the
+probabilities of their government according to the Crown system.  Mr.
+Froude's own remarks point out definitely enough that a community so
+governed is absolutely at the mercy, for good or for evil, of the man
+who happens to be invested with [78] the supreme authority.  He has
+also shown that in our case that supreme authority is very often
+disastrously entrusted.  Yet has he nothing but sneers for the efforts
+of those who strive to be emancipated from liability to such
+subjection.  Mr. Froude's deftly-worded sarcasms about "degrading
+tyranny," "the dignity of manhood," &c., are powerless to alter the
+facts.  Crown Colony Government--denying, as it does to even the wisest
+and most interested in a community cursed with it all participation in
+the conduct of their own affairs, while investing irresponsible and
+uninterested "birds of passage" (as our author aptly describes them)
+with the right of making ducks and drakes of the resources wrung from
+the inhabitants--is a degrading tyranny, which the sneers of Mr. Froude
+cannot make otherwise.  The dignity of manhood, on the other hand, we
+are forced to admit, runs scanty chance of recognition by any being,
+however masculine his name, who could perpetrate such a literary and
+moral scandal as "The Bow of Ulysses."  Yet the dignity of manhood
+stands venerable there, and whilst the world lasts shall gain for its
+possessors the right of record on the roll of [79] those whom the
+worthy of the world delight to honour.
+
+All of a piece, as regards veracity and prudence, is the further
+allegation of Mr. Froude's, to the effect that there was never any
+agitation for Reform in Trinidad before that which he passes under
+review.  It is, however, a melancholy fact, which we are ashamed to
+state, that Mr. Froude has written characteristically here also, either
+through crass ignorance or through deliberate malice.  Any respectable,
+well-informed inhabitant of Trinidad, who happened not to be an
+official "bird of passage," might, on our author's honest inquiry, have
+informed him that Trinidad is the land of chronic agitation for Reform.
+Mr. Froude might also have been informed that, even forty-five years
+ago, that is in 1843, an elective constitution, with all the electoral
+districts duly marked out, was formulated and transmitted by the
+leading inhabitants of Trinidad to the then Secretary of State for the
+Colonies.  He might also have learnt that on every occasion that any of
+the shady Governors, whom he has so well depicted, manifested any
+excess of his undesirable qualities, there has been a movement [80]
+among the educated people in behalf of changing their country's
+political condition.
+
+We close this part of our review by reiterating our conviction that,
+come what will, the Crown Colony system, as at present managed, is
+doomed.  Britain may, in deference to the alleged wishes of her
+impalpable "Anglo-West Indians"--whose existence rests on the authority
+of Mr. Froude alone--deny to Trinidad and other Colonies even the small
+modicum prayed for of autonomy, but in doing so the Mother Country will
+have to sternly revise her present methods of selecting and appointing
+Governors.  As to the subordinate lot, they will have to be worth their
+salt when there is at the head of the Government a man who is truly
+deserving of his.
+
+NOTES
+
+53. +It is not clear from the original text exactly where the brief
+chapter "Trinidad" ends and where the longer one entitled "Reform in
+Trinidad" begins.  (The copy indicates that the "Trinidad" chapter ends
+at page 54, but the relevant page contains no subheading.)  I have,
+therefore, chosen to fuse the two chapters since they form a logical
+unit.
+
+77. +Since there is little Greek in this work, I have simply
+transliterated it.
+
+
+
+BOOK II: NEGRO FELICITY IN THE WEST INDIES
+
+[81] We come now to the ingenious and novel fashion in which Mr. Froude
+carries out his investigations among the black population, and to his
+dogmatic conclusions concerning them.  He says:--
+
+"In Trinidad, as everywhere else, my own chief desire was to see the
+human inhabitants, to learn what they were doing, how they were living,
+and what they were thinking about, and this could best be done by
+drives about the town and neighbourhood."
+
+"Drives about the town and neighbourhood," indeed!  To learn and be
+able to depict with faithful accuracy what people "were doing, how they
+were living, and what they were thinking about"--all this being best
+done (domestic circumstances, nay, soul-workings and all!) through
+fleeting glimpses of shifting [82] panoramas of intelligent human
+beings!  What a bright notion!  We have here the suggestion of a
+capacity too superhuman to be accepted on trust, especially when, as in
+this case, it is by implication self-arrogated.  The modesty of this
+thaumaturgic traveller in confining the execution of his detailed
+scrutiny of a whole community to the moderate progression of some
+conventional vehicle, drawn by some conventional quadruped or the
+other, does injustice to powers which, if possessed at all, might have
+compassed the same achievement in the swifter transit of an express
+train, or, better still perhaps, from the empyrean elevation of a
+balloon!  Yet is Mr. Froude confident that data professed to be thus
+collected would easily pass muster with the readers of his book! A
+confidence of this kind is abnormal, and illustrates, we think most
+fully, all the special characteristics of the man.  With his passion
+for repeating, our author tells us in continuation of a strange
+rhapsody on Negro felicity:--
+
+"Once more, the earth does not contain any peasantry so well off, so
+well-cared for, so happy, so sleek and contented, as the sons [83] and
+daughters of the emancipated slaves in the English West Indian Islands."
+
+Again:--
+
+"Under the rule of England, in these islands, the two millions of these
+brothers-in-law of ours are the most perfectly contented specimens of
+the human race to be found upon the planet.... If happiness be the
+satisfaction of every conscious desire, theirs is a condition that
+admits of no improvement: were they independent, they might quarrel
+among themselves, and the weaker become the bondsmen of the stronger;
+under the beneficent despotism of the English Government, which knows
+no difference of colour and permits no oppression, they can sleep,
+lounge, and laugh away their lives as they please, fearing no danger,"
+&c.
+
+Now, then, let us examine for a while this roseate picture of Arcadian
+blissfulness said to be enjoyed by British West Indian Negroes in
+general, and by the Negroes of Trinidad in particular. "No distinction
+of colour" under the British rule, and, better still, absolute
+protection of the weaker against the stronger!  This latter
+consummation especially, [84] Mr. Froude tells us, has been happily
+secured "under the beneficent despotism" of the Crown Colony system.
+However, let the above vague hyperboles be submitted to the test of
+practical experience, and the abstract government analysed in its
+concrete relations with the people.
+
+Unquestionably the actual and direct interposition of the shielding
+authority above referred to, between man and man, is the immediate
+province of the MAGISTRACY.  All other branches of the Government,
+having in themselves no coercive power, must, from the supreme
+executive downwards, in cases of irreconcilable clashing of interests,
+have ultimate recourse to the magisterial jurisdiction. Putting aside,
+then, whatever culpable remissness may have been manifested by
+magistrates in favour of powerful malfeasants, we would submit that the
+fact of stipendiary justices converting the tremendous, far-reaching
+powers which they wield into an engine of systematic oppression, ought
+to dim by many a shade the glowing lustre of Mr. Froude's encomiums.
+Facts, authentic and notorious, might be adduced in hundreds,
+especially with respect to [85] the Port of Spain and San Fernando
+magistracies (both of which, since the administration of Sir J. R.
+Longden, have been exclusively the prizes of briefless English
+barristers*), to prove that these gentry, far from being bulwarks to
+the weaker as against the stronger, have, in their own persons, been
+the direst scourges that the poor, particularly when coloured, have
+been afflicted by in aggravation of the difficulties of their lot.
+Only typical examples can here be given out of hundreds upon hundreds
+which might easily be cited and proved against the incumbents of the
+abovementioned chief stipendiary magistracies.  One such example was a
+matter of everyday discussion at the time of Mr. Froude's visit.  The
+inhabitants were even backed in their complaints by the Governor, who
+had, in response to their cry of distress, forwarded their prayer [86]
+to the home authorities for relief from the hard treatment which they
+alleged themselves to be suffering at the hands of the then magistrate.
+Our allusion here is to the chief town, Port of Spain, the magistracy
+of which embraces also the surrounding districts, containing a total
+population of between 60,000 and 70,000 souls.  Mr. R. D. Mayne filled
+this responsible office during the latter years of Sir J. R. Longden's
+governorship.  He was reputed, soon after his arrival, to have
+announced from the bench that in every case he would take the word of a
+constable in preference to the testimony of any one else.  The
+Barbadian rowdies who then formed the major part of the constabulary of
+Trinidad, and whose bitter hatred of the older residents had been not
+only plainly expressed, but often brutally exemplified, rejoiced in the
+opportunity thus afforded for giving effect to their truculent
+sentiments.  At that time the bulk of the immigrants from Barbados were
+habitual offenders whom the Government there had provided with a free
+passage to wherever they elected to betake themselves.  The more
+intelligent of the men flocked to the Trinidad [87] police ranks, into
+which they were admitted generally without much inquiry into their
+antecedents.  On this account they were shunned by the decent
+inhabitants, a course which they repaid with savage animosity.
+Perjuries the most atrocious and crushing, especially to the
+respectable poor, became the order of the day.  Hundreds of innocent
+persons were committed to gaol and the infamy of convict servitude,
+without the possibility of escape from, or even mitigation of, their
+ignominious doom.  A respectable woman (a native of Barbados, too, who
+in the time of the first immigration of the better sort of her
+compatriots had made Trinidad her home) was one of the first victims of
+this iniquitous state of affairs.
+
+The class of people to which she belonged was noted as orderly,
+industrious and law-abiding, and, being so, it had identified itself
+entirely with the natives of the land of its adoption.  This fact alone
+was sufficient to involve these immigrants in the same lot of
+persecution which their newly arrived countrymen had organized and were
+carrying out against the Trinidadians proper.  It happened that, on the
+occasion to which we wish particularly [88] to refer, the woman in
+question was at home, engaged in her usual occupation of ironing for
+her honest livelihood.  Suddenly she heard a heavy blow in the street
+before her door, and almost simultaneously a loud scream, which, on
+looking hastily out, she perceived to be the cry of a boy of some ten
+or twelve years of age, who had been violently struck with the fist by
+another youth of larger size and evidently his senior in age.  The
+smaller fellow had laid fast hold of his antagonist by the collar, and
+would not let go, despite the blows which, to extricate himself and in
+retaliation of the puny buffets of his youthful detainer, he "showered
+thick as wintry rain."
+
+The woman, seeing the posture of affairs, shouted to the combatants to
+desist, but to no purpose, rage and absorption in their wrathful
+occupation having deafened both to all external sounds.  Seized with
+pity for the younger lad, who was getting so mercilessly the worst of
+it, the woman, hastily throwing a shawl over her shoulders, sprang into
+the street and rushed between the juvenile belligerents. Dexterously
+extricating the hand of the little fellow from the collar of his
+antagonist, she hurried the former [89] into her gateway, shouting out
+to him at the same time to fasten the door on the inside.  This the
+little fellow did, and no doubt gladly, as this surcease from actual
+conflict, short though it was, must have afforded space for the natural
+instinct of self-preservation to reassert itself.  Hereupon the elder
+of the two lads, like a tiger robbed of his prey, sprang furiously to
+the gate, and began to use frantic efforts to force an entrance.
+Perceiving this, the woman (who meanwhile had not been idle with
+earnest dissuasions and remonstrances, which had all proved futile)
+pulled the irate youngster back, and interposed her body between him
+and the gate, warding him off with her hands every time that he rushed
+forward to renew the assault.  At length a Barbadian policeman hove in
+sight, and was hastily beckoned to by the poor ironer, who, by this
+time, had nearly come to the end of her strength.  The uniformed "Bim"
+was soon on the spot; but, without asking or waiting to hear the cause
+of the disturbance, he shouted to the volunteer peacemaker, "I see you
+are fighting: you are my prisoner!"  Saying this, he clutched the poor
+thunderstruck creature by the wrist, and there [90] and then set about
+hurrying her off towards the police station.  It happened, however,
+that the whole affair had occurred in the sight of a gentleman of
+well-known integrity.  He, seated at a window overlooking the street,
+had witnessed the whole squabble, from its beginning in words to its
+culmination in blows; so, seeing that the woman was most unjustly
+arrested, he went out and explained the circumstances to the guardian
+of order.  But to no purpose; the poor creature was taken to the
+station, accompanied by the gentleman, who most properly volunteered
+that neighbourly turn.  There she was charged with "obstructing the
+policeman in the lawful execution of his duty."  She was let out on
+bail, and next day appeared to answer the charge.
+
+Mr. Mayne, the magistrate, presided.  The constable told his tale
+without any material deviation from the truth, probably confident, from
+previous experience, that his accusation was sufficient to secure a
+conviction.  On the defendant's behalf, the gentleman referred to, who
+was well known to the magistrate himself, was called, and he related
+the facts as we have above given them.  Even Mr. Mayne [91] could see
+no proof of the information, and this he confessed in the following
+qualified judgment:--
+
+"You are indeed very lucky, my good woman, that the constable has
+failed to prove his case against you; otherwise you would have been
+sent to hard labour, as the ordinance provides, without the option of a
+fine.  But as the case stands, you must pay a fine of L2"!!!
+
+Comment on this worse than scandalous decision would be superfluous.
+
+Another typical case, illustrative of the truth of Mr. Froude's boast
+of the eminent fair play, nay, even the stout protection, that Negroes,
+and generally, "the weaker," have been wont to receive from British
+magistrates, may be related.
+
+An honest, hard-working couple, living in one of the outlying
+districts, cultivated a plot of ground, upon the produce of which they
+depended for their livelihood.  After a time these worthy folk, on
+getting to their holding in the morning, used to find exasperating
+evidence of the plunder overnight of their marketable provisions.
+Determined to discover the depredator, they concealed themselves [92]
+in the garden late one night, and awaited the result.  By that means
+they succeeded in capturing the thief, a female, who, not suspecting
+their presence, had entered the garden, dug out some of the provisions,
+and was about to make off with her booty.  In spite of desperate
+resistance, she was taken to the police station and there duly charged
+with larceny.  Meanwhile her son, on hearing of his mother's
+incarceration, hastened to find her in her cell, and, after briefly
+consulting with her, he decided on entering a countercharge of assault
+and battery against both her captors. Whether or not this bold
+proceeding was prompted by the knowledge that the dispensing of justice
+in the magistrate's court was a mere game of cross-purposes, a cynical
+disregard of common sense and elementary equity, we cannot say; but the
+ultimate result fully justified this abnormal hardihood of filial
+championship.
+
+On the day of the trial, the magistrate heard the evidence on both
+sides, the case of larceny having been gone into first.  For her
+defence, the accused confined herself to simple denials of the
+allegations against her, at the [93] same time entertaining the court
+with a lachrymose harangue about her rough treatment at the hands of
+the accusing parties.  Finally, the decision of the magistrate was:
+that the prisoner be discharged, and the plundered goods restored to
+her; and, as to the countercharge, that the husband and wife be
+imprisoned, the former for three and the latter for two months, with
+hard labour!  When we add that there was, at that time, no Governor or
+Chief Justice accessible to the poorer and less intelligent classes, as
+is now the case (Sir Henry T. Irving and Sir Joseph Needham having been
+respectively superseded by Sir William Robinson and Sir John Gorrie),
+one can imagine what scope there was for similar exhibitions of the
+protecting energy of British rule.
+
+As we have already said, during Mr. Froude's sojourn in Trinidad the
+"sleek, happy, and contented" people, whose condition "admitted of no
+improvement," were yet groaning in bitter sorrow, nay, in absolute
+despair, under the crushing weight of such magisterial decisions as
+those which I have just recorded.  Let me add two more [94] typical
+cases which occurred during Mr. Mayne's tenure of office in the island.
+
+L. B. was a member of one of those brawling sisterhoods that frequently
+disturbed the peace of the town of Port of Spain.  She had a "pal" or
+intimate chum familiarly known as "Lady," who staunchly stood by her in
+all the squabbles that occurred with their adversaries.  One particular
+night, the police were called to a street in the east of the town, in
+consequence of an affray between some women of the sort referred to.
+Arriving on the spot, they found the fight already over, but a war of
+words was still proceeding among the late combatants, of whom the
+aforesaid "Lady" was one of the most conspicuous.  A list was duly made
+out of the parties found so engaged, and it included the name of L. B.,
+who happened not to be there, or even in Port of Spain at all, she
+having some days before gone into the country to spend a little time
+with some relatives. The inserting of her name was an inferential
+mistake on the part of the police, arising from the presence of "Lady"
+at the brawl, she being well known by them to be the inseparable ally
+of L. B. on such occasions.
+
+[95] It was not unnatural that in the obscurity they should have
+concluded that the latter was present with her altera ego, when in
+reality she was not there.
+
+The participants in the brawl were charged at the station, and
+summonses, including one to L. B., were duly issued.  On her return to
+Port of Spain a day or two after the occurrence, the wrongly
+incriminated woman received from the landlady her key, along with the
+magisterial summons that had resulted from the error of the constables.
+The day of the trial came on, and L. B. stood before Mr. Mayne, strong
+in her innocence, and supported by the sworn testimony of her landlady
+as well as of her uncle from the country, with whom and with his family
+she had been uninterruptedly staying up to one or two days after the
+occurrence in which she had been thus implicated. The evidence of the
+old lady, who, like thousands of her advanced age in the Colony, had
+never even once had occasion to be present in any court of justice, was
+to the following effect: That the defendant, who was a tenant of hers,
+had, on a certain morning (naming days before the affray occurred),
+[96] come up to her door well dressed, and followed by a porter
+carrying her luggage.  L. B., she continued, then handed her the key of
+the apartment, informing her at the same time that she was going for
+some days into the country to her relatives, for a change, and
+requesting also that the witness should on no account deliver the key
+to any person who should ask for it during her absence.  This witness
+further deposed to receiving the summons from the police, which she
+placed along with the key for delivery to L. B. on the latter's return
+home.
+
+The testimony of the uncle was also decisively corroborative of that of
+the preceding witness, as to the absence from Port of Spain of L. B.
+during the days embraced in the defence.  The alibi was therefore
+unquestionably made out, especially as none of the police witnesses
+would venture to swear to having actually seen L. B. at the brawl. The
+magistrate had no alternative but that of acquiescing in the proof of
+her innocence; so he dismissed the charge against the accused, who
+stood down from among the rest, radiant with satisfaction.  The other
+defendants were duly [97] convicted, and sentenced to a term of
+imprisonment with hard labour.  All this was quite correct; but here
+comes matter for consideration with regard to the immaculate
+dispensation of justice as vaunted so confidently by Mr. Froude.
+
+On receiving their sentence the women all stood down from the dock, to
+be escorted to prison, except "Lady," who, by the way, had preserved a
+rigid silence, while some of the other defendants had voluntarily and,
+it may be added, generously protested that L. B. was not present on the
+occasion of this particular row.  "Lady," whether out of affection or
+from a less respectable motive, cried out to the stipendiary justice.
+"But, sir, it ain't fair.  How is it every time that L. B. and me come
+up before you, you either fine or send up the two of us together, and
+to-day you are sending me up alone?"  Moved either by the logic or the
+pathos of this objurgation, the magistrate, turning towards L. B., who
+had lingered after her narrow escape to watch the issue of the
+proceedings, thus addressed her:--"L. B., upon second thoughts I order
+you to the same term of hard labour at the Royal Gaol with the [98]
+others."  The poor girl, having neither money nor friends intelligent
+enough to interfere on her behalf, had to submit, and she underwent the
+whole of this iniquitous sentence.
+
+The last typical case that we shall give illustrates the singular
+application by this more than singular judge of the legal maxim caveat
+emptor.  A free coolie possessed of a donkey resolved to utilize the
+animal in carting grass to the market.  He therefore called on another
+coolie living at some distance from him, whom he knew to own two carts,
+a small donkey-cart and an ordinary cart for mule or horse.  He
+proposed the purchase of the smaller cart, stating his reason for
+wishing to have it.  The donkey-cart was then shown to the intending
+purchaser, who, along with two Creole witnesses brought by him to make
+out and attest the receipt on the occasion, found some of the iron
+fittings defective, and drew the vendor's attention thereto.  He, on
+his side, engaged, on receiving the amount agreed to for the cart, to
+send it off to the blacksmith for immediate repairs, to be delivered to
+the purchaser next morning at the latest.  On this understanding the
+purchase money was paid down, and the [99] receipt, specifying that the
+sum therein mentioned was for a donkey-cart, passed from the vendor to
+the purchaser of the little vehicle.  Next day at about noon the man
+went with his donkey for the cart.  Arrived there, his countryman had
+the larger of the two carts brought out, and in pretended innocence
+said to the purchaser of the donkey-cart, "Here is your cart."  On this
+a warm dispute arose, which was not abated by the presence and protests
+of the two witnesses of the day before, who had hastily been summoned
+by the victim to bear out his contention that it was the donkey-cart
+and not the larger cart which had been examined, bargained for,
+purchased, and promised to be delivered, the day before.
+
+The matter, on account of the sturdiness of the rascal's denials, had
+to be referred to a court of law.  The complainant engaged an able
+solicitor, who laid the case before Mr. Mayne in all its transparent
+simplicity and strength.  The defendant, although he had, and as a
+matter of fact could have, no means of invalidating the evidence of the
+two witnesses, and above all of his receipt with his signature, relied
+upon the fact that the cart which he [100] offered was much larger than
+the one the complainant had actually bought, and that therefore
+complainant would be the gainer by the transaction. Incredible as it
+may sound, this view of the case commended itself to the magistrate,
+who adopted it in giving his judgment against the complainant.  In vain
+did the solicitor protest that all the facts of the case were centred
+in the desire and intention of the prosecutor to have specifically a
+donkey-cart, which was abundantly proved by everything that had come
+out in the proceedings.  In vain also was his endeavour to show that a
+man having only a donkey would be hopelessly embarrassed by having a
+cart for it which was entirely intended for animals of much larger
+size.  The magistrate solemnly reiterated his decision, and wound up by
+saying that the victim had lost his case through disregard of the legal
+maxim caveat emptor--let the purchaser be careful.  The rascally
+defendant thus gained his case, and left the court in defiant triumph.
+
+The four preceding cases are thoroughly significant of the original
+method in which thousands of cases were decided by this model
+magistrate, to the great detriment, pecuniary, [101] social, and moral,
+during more than ten years, of between 60,000 and 70,000 of the
+population within the circle of his judicial authority.  What shall we
+think, therefore, of the fairness of Mr. Froude or his informants, who,
+prompt and eager in imputing unworthy motives to gentlemen with
+characters above reproach, have yet been so silent with regard to the
+flagrant and frequent abuses of more than one of their countrymen by
+whom the honour and fair fame of their nation were for years draggled
+in the mire, and whose misdeeds were the theme of every tongue and
+thousands of newspaper-articles in the West Indian Colonies?
+
+     MR. ARTHUR CHILD, S.J.P.
+
+We now take San Fernando, the next most important magisterial district
+after Port of Spain.  At the time of Mr. Froude's visit, and for some
+time before, the duties of the magistracy there were discharged by Mr.
+Arthur Child, an "English barrister" who, of course, had possessed the
+requisite qualification of being hopelessly briefless.  For the ideal
+justice which Mr. Froude would have Britons believe is meted out to the
+weaker classes by their fellow-countrymen [102] in the West Indies, we
+may refer the reader to the conduct of the above-named functionary on
+the memorable occasion of the slaughter of the coolies under Governor
+Freeling, in October, 1884.  Mr. Child, as Stipendiary justice, had the
+duty of reading the Riot Act to the immigrants, who were marching in
+procession to the town of San Fernando, contrary, indeed, to the
+Government proclamation which had forbidden it; and he it was who gave
+the order to "fire," which resulted fatally to many of the unfortunate
+devotees of Hosein.  This mandate and its lethal consequences
+anticipated by some minutes the similar but far more death-dealing
+action of the Chief of Police, who was stationed at another post in the
+vicinity of San Fernando.  The day after the shooting down of a total
+of more than one hundred immigrants, the protecting action of this
+magistrate towards the weaker folk under his jurisdiction had a
+striking exemplification, to which Mr. Froude is hereby made welcome.
+Of course there was a general cry of horror throughout the Colony, and
+especially in the San Fernando district, at the fatal outcome of the
+proclamation, which had mentioned only "fine" and "imprisonment," [103]
+but not Death, as the penalty of disregarding its prohibitions. For
+nearly forty years, namely from their very first arrival in the Colony,
+the East Indian immigrants had, according to specific agreement with
+the Government, invariably been allowed the privilege of celebrating
+their annual feast of Hosein, by walking in procession with their
+Pagodas through the public roads and streets of the island, without
+prohibition or hindrance of any kind from the authorities, save and
+except in cases where rival estate pagodas were in danger of getting
+into collision on the question of precedence. On such occasions the
+police, who always attended the processions, usually gave the lead to
+the pagodas of the labourers of estates according to their seniority as
+immigrants.
+
+In no case up to 1884, after thirty odd years' inauguration in the
+Colony, was the Hosein festival ever pretended to be any cause of
+danger, actual or prospective, to any town or building.  On the
+contrary, business grew brisker and solidly improved at the approach of
+the commemoration, owing to the very considerable sale of
+parti-coloured paper, velvet, calico, and similar articles used in the
+construction [104] of the pagodas.  Governor Freeling, however, was, it
+may be presumed, compelled to see danger in an institution which had
+had nearly forty years' trial, without a single accident happening to
+warrant any sudden interposition of the Government tending to its
+suppression.  At all events, the only action taken in 1884, in prospect
+of their usual festival, was to notify the immigrants by proclamation,
+and, it is said, also through authorized agents, that the details of
+their fete were not to be conducted in the usual manner; and that their
+appearance with pagodas in any public road or any town, without special
+license from some competent local authority, would entail the penalty
+of so many pounds fine, or imprisonment for so many months with hard
+labour.  The immigrants, to whom this unexpected change on the part of
+the authorities was utterly incomprehensible, both petitioned and sent
+deputations to the Governor, offering guarantees for the, if possible,
+more secure celebration of the Hosein, and praying His Excellency to
+cancel the prohibition as to the use of the roads, inasmuch as it
+interfered with the essential part of their religious rite, which was
+the "drowning," or casting into [105] the sea, of the pagodas.  Having
+utterly failed in their efforts with the Governor, the coolies resolved
+to carry out their religious duty according to prescriptive forms,
+accepting, at the same time, the responsibility in the way of fine or
+imprisonment which they would thus inevitably incur.  A rumour was also
+current at the time that, pursuant to this resolution, the head men of
+the various plantations had authorized a general subscription amongst
+their countrymen, for meeting the contingency of fines in the police
+courts.  All these things were the current talk of the population of
+San Fernando, in which town the leading immigrants, free as well as
+indentured, had begun to raise funds for this purpose.
+
+All that the public, therefore, expected would have resulted from the
+intended infringement of the Proclamation was an enormous influx of
+money in the shape of fines into the Colonial Treasury; as no one
+doubted the extreme facility which existed for ascertaining exactly, in
+the case of persons registered and indentured to specific plantations,
+the names and abodes of at least the chief offenders against the
+proclamation.  Accordingly, on the [106] occurrence of the bloody
+catastrophe related above, every one felt that the mere persistence in
+marching all unarmed towards the town, without actually attempting to
+force their way into it, was exorbitantly visited upon the coolies by a
+violent death or a life-long mutilation.  This sentiment few were at
+any pains to conceal; but as the poorer and more ignorant classes can
+be handled with greater impunity than those who are intelligent and
+have the means of self-defence, Mr. Justice Child, the very day after
+the tragedy, and without waiting for the pro forma official inquiry
+into the tragedy in which he bore so conspicuous a part, actually
+caused to be arrested, sat to try and sent to hard labour, persons whom
+the police, in obedience to his positive injunctions, had reported to
+him as having condemned the shooting down of the immigrants!  Those who
+were arrested and thus summarily punished had, of course, no means of
+self-protection; and as the case is typical of others, as illustrative
+of "justice-made law" applied to "subject races" in a British colony,
+Mr. Froude is free to accept it, or not, in corroboration of his
+unqualified panegyrics.
+
+[107]
+
+     MR. GROVE HUMPHREY CHAPMAN, S.J.P.
+
+As Stipendary Magistrate of this self-same San Fernando district, Grove
+Humphrey Chapman, Esquire (another English barrister), was the
+immediate predecessor of Mr. Child.  More humane than Mr. Mayne, his
+colleague and contemporary in Port of Spain, this young magistrate
+began his career fairly well.  But he speedily fell a victim to the
+influences immediately surrounding him in his new position.  His head,
+which later events proved never to have been naturally strong, began to
+be turned by the unaccustomed deference which he met with on all hands,
+from high and low, official and non-official, and he himself soon
+consummated the addling of his brain by persistent practical revolts
+against every maxim of the ancient Nazarenes in the matter of
+potations.  His decisions at the court, therefore, became perfect
+emulations of those of Mr. Mayne, as well in perversity as in
+harshness, and many in his case also were the appeals for relief made
+to the head of the executive by the inhabitants of the district--but of
+course in vain.  Governor Irving was at this time in office, and the
+unfortunate [108] victims of perverse judgments--occasionally
+pronounced by this magistrate in his cups--were only poor Negroes,
+coolies, or other persons whose worldly circumstances placed them in
+the category of the "weaker" in the community.  To these classes of
+people that excellent ruler unhappily denied--we dare not say his
+personal sympathy, but--the official protection which, even through
+self-respect, he might have perfunctorily accorded.  Bent, however, on
+running through the whole gamut of extravagance, Mr. Chapman--by
+interpreting official impunity into implying a direct license for the
+wildest of his caprices--plunged headlong with ever accelerating speed,
+till the deliverance of the Naparimas became the welcome consequence of
+his own personal action.  On one occasion it was credibly reported in
+the Colony that this infatuated dispenser of British justice actually
+stretched his official complaisance so far as to permit a lady not only
+to be seated near him on the judicial bench, but also to take a
+part--loud, boisterous and abusive--in the legal proceedings of the
+day.  Meanwhile, as the Governor could not be induced to interfere,
+things went [109] on from bad to worse, till one day, as above hinted,
+the unfortunate magistrate so publicly committed himself as to be
+obliged to be borne for temporary refuge to the Lunatic Asylum, whence
+he was clandestinely shipped from the Colony on "six months' leave of
+absence," never more to resume his official station.
+
+The removal of two such magistrates as those whose careers we have so
+briefly sketched out--Mr. Mayne having died, still a magistrate, since
+Mr. Froude's departure--has afforded opportunity for the restoration of
+British protecting influence.  In the person of Mr. Llewellyn Lewis, as
+magistrate of Port of Spain, this opportunity has been secured.  He, it
+is generally rumoured, strives to justify the expectations of fair play
+and even-handed justice which are generally entertained concerning
+Englishmen.  It is, however, certain that with a Governor so prompt to
+hear the cry of the poor as Sir William Robinson has proved himself to
+be, and with a Chief Justice so vigilant, fearless, and painstaking as
+Sir John Gorrie, the entire magistracy of the Colony must be so
+beneficially influenced as to preclude [110] the frequency of appeals
+being made to the higher courts, or it may be to the Executive, on
+account of scandalously unjust and senseless decisions.
+
+So long, too, as the names of T. S. Warner, Captain Larcom, and F. H.
+Hamblin abide in the grateful remembrance of the entire population, as
+ideally upright, just, and impartial dispensers of justice, each in his
+own jurisdiction, we can only sigh at the temporal dispensation which
+renders practicable the appointment and retention in office of such
+administrators of the Law as were Mr. Mayne and Mr. Chapman.  The
+widespread and irreparable mischiefs wrought by these men still affect
+disastrously many an unfortunate household; and the execration by the
+weaker in the community of their memory, particularly that of Robert
+Dawson Mayne, is only a fitting retribution for their abuse of power.
+
+NOTES
+
+85. *A West Indian official superstition professes to believe that a
+British barrister must make an exceptionally good colonial S.J.P.,
+seeing that he is ignorant of everything, save general English law,
+that would qualify him for the post!  In this, to acquit oneself
+tolerably, some acquaintance with the language, customs, and habits of
+thought of the population is everywhere else held to be of prime
+importance,--native conscientiousness and honesty of purpose being
+definitively presupposed.
+
+
+
+BOOK III: SOCIAL REVOLUTION
+
+[113] Never was the Knight of La Mancha more convinced of his imaginary
+mission to redress the wrongs of the world than Mr. James Anthony
+Froude seems to be of his ability to alter the course of events,
+especially those bearing on the destinies of the Negro in the British
+West Indies.  The doctrinaire style of his utterances, his sublime
+indifference as to what Negro opinion and feelings may be, on account
+of his revelations, are uniquely charming.  In that portion of his book
+headed "Social Revolution" our author, with that mixture of frankness
+and cynicism which is so dear to the soul of the British esprit fort of
+to-day, has challenged a comparison between British Colonial policy on
+the [114] one hand, and the Colonial policy of France and Spain on the
+other.  This he does with an evident recklessness that his approval of
+Spain and France involves a definite condemnation of his own country.
+However, let us hear him:--
+
+"The English West Indies, like other parts of the world, are going
+through a silent revolution.  Elsewhere the revolution, as we hope, is
+a transition state, a new birth; a passing away of what is old and worn
+out, that a fresh and healthier order may rise in its place.  In the
+West Indies the most sanguine of mortals will find it difficult to
+entertain any such hope at all."
+
+As Mr. Froude is speaking dogmatically here of his, or rather our, West
+Indies, let us hear him as he proceeds:--
+
+"We have been a ruling power there for two hundred and fifty years; the
+whites whom we planted as our representatives are drifting into ruin,
+and they regard England and England's policy as the principal cause of
+it.  The blacks whom, in a fit of virtuous benevolence, we emancipated,
+do not feel particularly obliged to us.  They think, if they think at
+all, that they were [115] ill-treated originally, and have received no
+more than was due to them."
+
+Thus far.  Now, as to "the whites whom we planted as our
+representatives," and who, Mr. Froude avers, are drifting into ruin, we
+confess to a total ignorance of their whereabouts in these islands in
+this jubilee year of Negro Emancipation.  Of the representatives of
+Britain immediately before and after Emancipation we happen to know
+something, which, on the testimony of Englishmen, Mr. Froude will be
+made quite welcome to before our task is ended.  With respect to Mr.
+Froude's statement as to the ingratitude of the emancipated Blacks, if
+it is aimed at the slaves who were actually set free, it is utterly
+untrue; for no class of persons, in their humble and artless way, are
+more attached to the Queen's majesty, whom they regard as incarnating
+in her gracious person the benevolence which Mr. Froude so jauntily
+scoffs at.  But if our censor's remark under this head is intended for
+the present generation of Blacks, it is a pure and simple absurdity.
+What are we Negroes of the present day to be grateful for to the US,
+personified by Mr. Froude and the Colonial [116] Office exportations?
+We really believe, from what we know of Englishmen, that very few
+indeed would regard Mr. Froude's reproach otherwise than as a palpable
+adding of insult to injury.  Obliged to "us," indeed!  Why, Mr. Froude,
+who speaks of us as dogs and horses, suggests that the same kindliness
+of treatment that secures the attachment of those noble brutes would
+have the same result in our case.  With the same consistency that marks
+his utterances throughout his book, he tells his readers "that there is
+no original or congenital difference between the capacity of the White
+and the Negro races."  He adds, too, significantly: "With the same
+chances and with the same treatment, I believe that distinguished men
+would be produced equally from both races."  After this truthful
+testimony, which Pelion upon Ossa of evidence has confirmed, does Mr.
+Froude, in the fatuity of his skin-pride, believe that educated men,
+worthy of the name, would be otherwise than resentful, if not
+disgusted, at being shunted out of bread in their own native land,
+which their parents' labours and taxes have made desirable, in order to
+afford room to blockheads, vulgarians, [117] or worse, imported from
+beyond the seas?  Does Mr. Froude's scorn of the Negroes' skin extend,
+inconsistently on his part, to their intelligence and feelings also?
+And if so, what has the Negro to care--if let alone and not wantonly
+thwarted in his aspirations?  It sounds queer, not to say unnatural and
+scandalous, that Englishmen should in these days of light be the
+champions of injustice towards their fellow-subjects, not for any
+intellectual or moral disqualification, but on the simple account of
+the darker skin of those who are to be assailed and thwarted in their
+life's career and aspirations.  Really, are we to be grateful that the
+colour difference should be made the basis and justification of the
+dastardly denials of justice, social, intellectual, and moral, which
+have characterized the regime of those who Mr. Froude boasts were left
+to be the representatives of Britain's morality and fair play?  Are the
+Negroes under the French flag not intensely French? Are the Negroes
+under the Spanish flag not intensely Spanish? Wherefore are they so?
+It is because the French and Spanish nations, who are neither of them
+inferior in origin or the [118] nobility of the part they have each
+played on the historic stage, have had the dignity and sense to
+understand the lowness of moral and intellectual consciousness implied
+in the subordination of questions of an imperial nature to the
+slaveholder's anxiety about the hue of those who are to be benefited or
+not in the long run.  By Spain and France every loyal and law-abiding
+subject of the Mother Country has been a citizen deemed worthy all the
+rights, immunities, and privileges flowing from good and creditable
+citizenship.  Those meriting such distinction were taken into the bosom
+of the society which their qualifications recommended them to share,
+and no office under the Government has been thought too good or too
+elevated for men of their stamp.  No wonder, then, that Mr. Froude is
+silent regarding the scores of brilliant coloured officials who adorn
+the civil service of France and Spain, and whose appointment, in
+contrast with what has usually been the case in British Colonies,
+reflects an abiding lustre on those countries, and establishes their
+right to a foremost place among nations.
+
+Mr. Froude, in speaking of Chief Justice [119] Reeves, ventures upon a
+smart truism which we can discuss for him, but of course not in the
+sense in which he has meant it.  "Exceptions," our author remarks, "are
+supposed proverbially to prove nothing, or to prove the very opposite
+of what they appear to prove.  When a particular phenomenon occurs
+rarely, the probabilities are strong against the recurrence of it."
+Now, is it in ignorance, or through disingenuousness, that Mr. Froude
+has penned this argument regarding exceptions?  Surely, in the vast
+area of American life, it is not possible that he could see Frederick
+Douglass alone out of the cluster of prominent Black Americans who are
+doing the work of their country so worthily and so well in every
+official department.  Anyhow, Mr. Froude's history of the Emancipation
+may here be amended for him by a reminder that, in the British
+Colonies, it was not Whites as masters, and Blacks as slaves, who were
+affected by that momentous measure.  In fact, 1838 found in the British
+Colonies very nearly as many Negro and Mulatto slave-owners as there
+were white.  Well then, these black and yellow planters received their
+quota, it may be presumed, of [120] the L20,000,000 sterling indemnity.
+They were part and parcel of the proprietary body in the Colonies, and
+had to meet the crisis like the rest.  They were very wealthy, some of
+these Ethiopic accomplices of the oppressors of their own race.  Their
+sons and daughters were sent, like the white planter's children, across
+the Atlantic for a European education.  These young folk returned to
+their various native Colonies as lawyers and doctors.  Many of them
+were also wealthy planters.  The daughters, of course, became in time
+the mothers of the new generation of prominent inhabitants.  Now, in
+America all this was different.  No "nigger," however alabaster fair,
+was ever allowed the privileges of common citizenship, let alone the
+right to hold property in others.  If possessed by a weakness to pass
+for white men, as very many of them could easily have contrived to do,
+woe unto the poor impostors!  They were hunted down from city to city
+as few felons would be, and finally done to death--"serve them right!"
+being the grim commentary regarding their fate for having sought to
+usurp the ineffable privilege of whitemanship!  All this, Mr. Froude,
+was [121] the rule, the practice, in America, with regard to persons of
+colour up to twenty-five years ago.  Now, sir, what is the phenomenon
+which strikes your vision in that mighty Republic to-day, with regard
+to those self-same despised, discountenanced, persecuted and harried
+descendants of Ham?  We shall tell you of the change that has taken
+place in their condition, and also some of the reasons of that
+beneficent revolution.
+
+The Proclamation of Emancipation on January 1st, 1863, was, by
+President Lincoln, frankly admitted to have been a war necessity.  No
+abstract principle of justice or of morals was of primary consideration
+in the matter.  The saving of the Union at any cost,--that is, the
+stern political emergency forced forth the document which was to be the
+social salvation of every descendant of Ham in the United States of
+America.  Close upon the heels of their emancipation, the
+enfranchisement of the Negroes was pushed forward by the thorough-going
+American statesmen.  They had no sentimentality to defer to.  The logic
+of events--the fact not only of the coloured race being freedmen, but
+also of their having been effective [122] comrades on the fields of
+battle, where the blood of eager thousands of them had flowed on the
+Union side, pointed out too plainly that men with such claims should
+also be partners in the resulting triumph.
+
+Mr. Froude, being so deferential to skin prejudice, will doubtless find
+it strange that such a measure as the Civil Rights Bill should have
+passed a Congress of Americans.  Assuredly with the feeling against the
+coloured race which custom and law had engrafted into the very nature
+of the vast majority, this was a tremendous call to make on the
+national susceptibilities.  But it has been exactly this that has
+brought out into such vivid contrast the conduct of the British
+statesman, loudly professing to be unprejudiced as to colour, and fair
+and humane, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the dealings of
+the politicians of America, who had, as a matter of fact, sucked in
+aversion and contempt towards the Negro together with their mother's
+milk.  Of course no sane being could expect that feelings so deeply
+ingrained and nourished could be rooted out by logic or by any
+legislative enactment.  But, indeed, it is sublimely creditable to
+[123] the American Government that, whatever might be the personal and
+private sentiments of its individual members as regards race, palmam
+ferat qui meruit--"let him bear the palm who has deserved it"--has been
+their motto in dealing generally with the claims of their Ethiopic
+fellow-citizens.  Hence it is that in only twenty-five years America
+can show Negro public officers as thick as blackberries, while Mr.
+Froude can mention only Mr. Justice Reeves in FIFTY years as a sample
+of the "exceptional" progress under British auspices of a man of
+African descent!  Verily, if in fifty long years British policy can
+recognize only one single exception in a race between which and the
+white race there is no original or congenital difference of capacity,
+the inference must be that British policy has been not only
+systematically, but also too successfully, hostile to the advancement
+of the Ethiopians subject thereto; while the "fair field and no favour"
+management of the strong-minded Americans has, by its results,
+confirmed the culpability of the English policy in its relation to
+"subject races."
+
+The very suggestive section of "the English [124] in the West Indies,"
+from which we have already given extracts, and which bears the title
+"Social Revolution," thus proceeds:--
+
+"But it does not follow that what can be done eventually can be done
+immediately, and the gulf which divides the colours is no arbitrary
+prejudice, but has been opened by the centuries of training and
+discipline which have given us the start in the race" (p. 125 [Froude]).
+
+The reference in the opening clause of the above citation, as to what
+is eventually possible not being immediately feasible, is to the
+elevation of Blacks to high official posts, such as those occupied by
+Judge Reeves in Barbados, and by Mr. F. Douglass in the United States.
+We have already disposed by anticipation of the above contention of Mr.
+Froude's, by showing that in only twenty-five years America has found
+hundreds of eminent Blacks to fill high posts under her government.
+Our author's futile mixture of Judge Reeves' exceptional case with that
+of Fred. Douglass, which he cunningly singles out from among so many in
+the United States, is nothing but a subterfuge, of the same queer and
+flimsy description with which the literature of the cause now
+championed [125] by his eloquence has made the world only too familiar.
+What can Mr. Froude conceive any sane man should see in common between
+the action of British and of American statesmanship in the matter now
+under discussion?  If his utterance on this point is that of a British
+spokesman, let him abide by his own verdict against his own case, as
+embodied in the words, "the gulf which divides the two COLOURS is no
+arbitrary prejudice," which, coupled with his contention that the
+elevation of the Blacks is not immediately feasible, discloses the
+wideness of divergence between British and American political opinion
+on this identical subject.
+
+Mr. Froude is pathetically eloquent on the colour question.  He tells
+of the wide gulf between the two colours--we suppose it is as wide as
+exists between his white horse and his black horse.  Seriously,
+however, does not this kind of talk savour only too much of the
+slave-pen and the auction-block of the rice-swamp and the cotton-field;
+of the sugar-plantation and the driver's lash?  In the United States
+alone, among all the slave-holding Powers, was the difference of race
+and colour invoked openly and boldly to justify all the enormities that
+[126] were the natural accompaniments of those "institutions" of the
+Past.  But is Mr. Froude serious in invoking the ostracizing of
+innocent, loyal, and meritorious British subjects on account of their
+mere colour?  Physical slavery--which was no crime per se, Mr. Froude
+tells us--had at least overwhelming brute power, and that silent,
+passive force which is even more potential as an auxiliary, viz.,
+unenlightened public opinion, whose neutrality is too often a positive
+support to the empire of wrong.
+
+But has Mr. Froude, in his present wild propaganda on behalf of
+political and, therefore, of social repression, anything analogous to
+those two above-specified auxiliaries to rely on?  We trow not.  Then
+why this frantic bluster and shouting forth of indiscreet aspirations
+on be half of a minority to whom accomplished facts, when not agreeable
+to or manipulated by themselves, are a perpetual grievance, generating
+life-long impotent protestations?  Presumably there are possibilities
+the thoughts of which fascinate our author and his congeners in this,
+to our mind, vain campaign in the cause of social retrogression.  But,
+be the incentives what they may, it might not be amiss on our [127]
+part to suggest to those impelled by them that the ignoring of Negro
+opinion in their calculations, though not only possible but easily
+practised fifty years ago, is a portentous blunder at the present time.
+Verbum sapienti.
+
+Mr. Froude must see that he has set about his Negro-repression campaign
+in too blundering a fashion.  He evidently expects to be able to throw
+dust into the eyes of the intelligent world, juggler-wise, through the
+agency of the mighty pronoun US, as representing the entire Anglo-Saxon
+race, in his advocacy of the now scarcely intelligible pretensions of a
+little coterie of Her Majesty's subjects in the West Indies.  These
+gentry are hostile, he urges, to the presence of progressive Negroes on
+the soil of the tropics!  Yet are these self-same Negroes not only
+natives, but active improvers and embellishers of that very soil.  We
+cannot help concluding that this impotent grudge has sprung out of the
+additional fact that these identical Negroes constitute also a living
+refutation of the sinister predictions ventured upon generally against
+their race, with frantic recklessness, even within the last three
+decades, by affrighted slave-holders, of whose ravings Mr. Froude's
+book is only a [128] diluted echo, out of season and outrageous to the
+conscience of modern civilization.
+
+It is patent, then, that the matters which Mr. Froude has sought to
+force up to the dignity of genetic rivalship, has nothing of that
+importance about it.  His US, between whom and the Negro subjects of
+Great Britain the gulf of colour lies, comprises, as he himself owns,
+an outnumbered and, as we hope to prove later on, a not over-creditable
+little clique of Anglo-Saxon lineage.  The real US who have started
+ahead of the Negroes, "through the training and discipline of
+centuries," are assuredly not anything like "represented" by the few
+pretentious incapables who, instead of conquering predominance, as they
+who deserve it always do, like men, are whimpering like babies after
+dearly coveted but utterly unattainable enjoyments--to be had at the
+expense of the interests of the Negroes whom they, rather amusingly,
+affect to despise.  When Mr. Froude shall have become able to present
+for the world's contemplation a question respecting which the
+Anglo-Saxon family, in its grand world-wide predominance, and the
+African family, in its yet feeble, albeit promising, incipience of
+self-adjustment, shall [129] actually be competitors, then, and only
+then, will it be time to accept the outlook as serious.  But when, as
+in the present case, he invokes the whole prestige of the Anglo-Saxon
+race in favour of the untenable pretensions of a few blases of that
+race, and that to the social and political detriment of tens of
+thousands of black fellow-subjects, it is high time that the common
+sense of civilization should laugh him out of court.  The US who are
+flourishing, or pining, as the case may be, in the British West
+Indies--by favour of the Colonial Office on the former hypothesis, or,
+on the second, through the misdirection of their own faculties--do not,
+and, in the very nature of things, cannot in any race take the lead of
+any set of men endowed with virile attributes, the conditions of the
+contest being on all sides identical.
+
+Pass we onward to extract and comment on other passages in this very
+engaging section of Mr. Froude's book.  On the same page (125) he
+says:--
+
+"The African Blacks have been free enough for thousands, perhaps for
+ten thousands of years, and it has been the absence of restraint which
+has prevented them from becoming civilized."
+
+[130] All this, perhaps, is quite true, and, in the absence of positive
+evidence to the contrary of our author's dogmatic assertions, we save
+time by allowing him all the benefit he can derive from whatever weight
+they might carry.
+
+"Generation has followed generation, and the children are as like their
+fathers as the successive generations of apes."
+
+To this we can have nothing to object; especially in view of what the
+writer goes on to say, and that on his own side of the hedge--somewhat
+qualified though his admission may be:--"The whites, it is likely
+enough, succeeded one another with the same similarity for a series of
+ages."  Our speculator grows profoundly philosophic here; and in this
+mood thus entertains his readers in a strain which, though deep, we
+shall strive to find clear:--
+
+"It is now supposed that human race has been on the planet for a
+hundred thousand years at least; and the first traces of civilization
+cannot be thrown back at furthest beyond six thousand.  During all this
+time mankind went on treading in the same steps, century after century
+making no more advance than the birds and beasts."
+
+[131] In all this there is nothing that can usefully be taken exception
+to; for speculation and conjecture, if plausible and attractive, are
+free to revel whenever written documents and the unmistakable
+indications of the earth's crust are both entirely at fault.  Warming
+up with his theme, Mr. Froude gets somewhat ambiguous in the very next
+sentence.  Says he:--
+
+"In Egypt or India or one knows not where, accident or natural
+development quickened into life our moral and intellectual faculties;
+and these faculties have grown into what we now experience, not in the
+freedom in which the modern takes delight, but under the sharp rule of
+the strong over the weak, of the wise over the unwise."
+
+Our author, as we see, begins his above quoted deliverance quite at a
+loss with regard to the agency to which the incipience, growth, and
+fructification of man's faculties should be attributed.  "Accident,"
+"natural development," he suggests, quickened the human faculties into
+the progressive achievements which they have accomplished.  But then,
+wherefore is this writer so forcible, so confident in his prophecies
+regarding Negroes and their future temporal condition [132] and
+proceedings, since it is "accident," and "accident" only, that must
+determine their fulfilment?  Has he so securely bound the fickle
+divinity to his service as to be certain of its agency in the
+realization of his forecasts?  And if so, where then would be the
+fortuitousness that is the very essence of occurrences that glide,
+undesigned, unexpected, unforeseen, into the domain of Fact, and become
+material for History?  So far as we feel capable of intelligently
+meditating on questions of this inscrutable nature, we are forced to
+conclude that since "natural development" could be so regular, so
+continuous, and withal so efficient, in the production of the
+marvellous results that we daily contemplate, there must be existent
+and in operation--as, for instance, in the case of the uniformity
+characterizing for ages successive generations of mankind, as above
+adduced by our philosopher himself--some controlling LAW, according and
+subject to which no check has marred the harmonious progression, or
+prevented the consummations that have crowned the normal exercise of
+human energy, intellectual as well as physical.
+
+The sharp rule of the strong over the [133] weak, is the first clause
+of the Carlylean-sounding phrase which embodies the requisite
+conditions for satisfactory human development.  The terms expressive of
+these conditions, however, while certainly suggesting and embracing the
+beneficent, elevating influence and discipline of European
+civilization, such as we know and appreciate it, do not by any means
+exclude the domination of Mr. Legree or any other typical man-monster,
+whose power over his fellow-creatures is at once a calamity to the
+victims and a disgrace to the community tolerating not only its
+exercise, but the very possibility of its existence. The sharp rule of
+"the wise over the unwise," is the closing section of the
+recommendation to ensure man's effective development.  Not even savages
+hesitate to defer in all their important designs to the sought-for
+guidance of superior judgments.  But in the case of us West Indian
+Blacks, to whom Mr. Froude's doctrine here has a special reference, is
+it suggested by him that the bidders for predominance over us on the
+purely epidermal, the white skin, ground, are ipso facto the
+monopolists of directing wisdom?  It surely cannot be so; for Mr.
+Froude's own chapters regarding both the [134] nomination by Downing
+Street of future Colonial office-holders and the disorganized mental
+and moral condition of the indigenous representatives--as he calls
+them!--of his country in these climes, preclude the possibility that
+the reference regarding the wise can be to them.  Now since this is so,
+we really cannot see why the pains should have been taken to indite the
+above truism, to the truth whereof, under every normal or legitimate
+circumstance, the veriest barbarian, by spontaneously resorting to and
+cheerfully abiding by it, is among the first to secure practical effect.
+
+"Our own Anglo-Saxon race," continues our author, "has been capable of
+self-government only after a thousand years of civil and spiritual
+authority.  European government, European instruction, continued
+steadily till his natural tendencies are superseded by higher
+instincts, may shorten the probation period of the negro.  Individual
+blacks of exceptional quality, like Frederick Douglass in America, or
+the Chief Justice of Barbados, will avail themselves of opportunities
+to rise, and the freest opportunity OUGHT TO BE offered them."  Here we
+are reminded of the dogma laid down by a certain [135] class of
+ethnologists, to the effect that intellectuality, when displayed by a
+person of mixed European and African blood, must always be assigned to
+the European side of the parentage; and in the foregoing citation our
+author speaks of two personages undoubtedly belonging to the class
+embraced in the above dogma.  Three specific objections may, therefore,
+be urged against the statements which we have indicated in the above
+quotation.  First and foremost, neither Judge Reeves nor Mr. Fred
+Douglass is a black man, as Mr. Froude inaccurately represents each of
+them to be.  The former is of mixed blood, to what degree we are not
+adepts enough to determine; and the latter, if his portrait and those
+who have personally seen him mislead us not, is a decidedly fair man.
+
+We, of course, do not for a moment imagine that either of those eminent
+descendants of Ham cares a jot about the settlement of this question,
+which doubtless would appear very trivial to both.  But as our author's
+crusade is against the Negro--by which we understand the undiluted
+African descendant, the pure Negro, as he singularly describes Chief
+Justice Reeves--our anxiety is to show that there exist, both [136] in
+the West Indies and in the United States, scores of genuine black men
+to whom neither of these two distinguished patriots would, for one
+instant, hesitate to concede any claim to equality in intellectual and
+social excellence.  The second exception which we take is, as we have
+already shown in a previous page, to the persistent lugging in of
+America by Mr. Froude, doubtless to keep his political countrymen in
+countenance with regard to the Negro question.  We have already pointed
+out the futility of this proceeding on our author's part, and suggested
+how damaging it might prove to the cause he is striving to uphold.
+"Blacks of exceptional quality," like the two gentlemen he has
+specially mentioned, "will avail themselves of opportunities to rise."
+Most certainly they will, Mr. Froude--but, for the present, only in
+America, where those opportunities are really free and open to all.
+There no parasitical non-workers are to be found, eager to eat bread,
+but in the sweat of other people's brows; no impecunious title-bearers;
+no importunate bores, nor other similar characters whom the Government
+there would regard it as their duty  "to provide for"--by quartering
+them on the revenues [137] of Colonial dependencies.  But in the
+British Crown--or rather "Anglo-West Indian"--governed Colonies, has it
+ever been, can it ever be, thus ordered?  Our author's description of
+the exigencies that compel injustice to be done in order to requite, or
+perhaps to secure, Parliamentary support, coupled with his account of
+the bitter animus against the coloured race that rankles in the bosom
+of his "Englishmen in the West Indies," sufficiently proves the utter
+hypocrisy of his recommendation, that the freest opportunities should
+be offered to Blacks of the said exceptional order.  The very wording
+of Mr. Froude's recommendation is disingenuous.  It is one stone sped
+at two birds, and which, most naturally, has missed them both.
+
+Mr. Froude knew perfectly well that, twenty-five years before he wrote
+his book, America had thrown open the way to public advancement to the
+Blacks, as it had been previously free to Whites alone.  His use of
+"should be offered," instead of "are offered," betrays his
+consciousness that, at the time he was writing, the offering of any
+opportunities of the kind he suggests was a thing still to be desired
+under British jurisdiction.  The third objection [138] which we shall
+take to Mr. Froude's bracketing of the cases of Mr. Fred Douglass and
+of Judge Reeves together, is that, when closely examined, the two cases
+can be distinctly seen to be not in any way parallel.  The applause
+which our author indirectly bids for on behalf of British Colonial
+liberality in the instance of Mr. Reeves would be the grossest mockery,
+if accorded in any sense other than we shall proceed to show.  Fred
+Douglass was born and bred a slave in one of the Southern States of the
+Union, and regained his freedom by flight from bondage, a grown man,
+and, of course, under the circumstances, solitary and destitute.  He
+reached the North at a period when the prejudice of the Whites against
+men of his race was so rampant as to constitute a positive mania.
+
+The stern and cruelly logical doctrine, that a Negro had no rights
+which white men were bound to respect, was in full blast and practical
+exemplification.  Yet amidst it all, and despite of it all, this gifted
+fugitive conquered his way into the Temple of Knowledge, and became
+eminent as an orator, a writer, and a lecturer on political and general
+subjects.  Hailed abroad [139] as a prodigy, and received with
+acclamation into the brotherhood of intelligence, abstract justice and
+moral congruity demanded that such a man should no longer be subject to
+the shame and abasement of social, legal, and political proscription.
+The land of his birth proved herself equal to this imperative call of
+civilized Duty, regardless of customs and the laws, written as well as
+unwritten, which had doomed to life-long degradation every member of
+the progeny of Ham.  Recognizing in the erewhile bondman a born leader
+of men, America, with the unflinching directness that has marked her
+course, whether in good or in evil, responded with spontaneous loyalty
+to the inspiration of her highest instincts.  Shamed into compunction
+and remorse at the solid fame and general sympathy secured for himself
+by a son of her soil, whom, in the wantonness of pride and power, she
+had denied all fostering care (not, indeed, for any conscious offending
+on his part, but by reason of a natural peculiarity which she had
+decreed penal), America, like a repentant mother, stooped from her
+august seat, and giving with enthusiasm both hands to the outcast, she
+helped him to stand forward and erect, [140] in the dignity of
+untrammeled manhood, making him, at the same time, welcome to a place
+of honour amongst the most gifted, the worthiest and most favoured of
+her children.
+
+Chief Justice Reeves, on the other hand, did not enter the world, as
+Douglass had done, heir to a lot of intellectual darkness and legalized
+social and political proscription.  Associated from adolescence with S.
+J. Prescod, the greatest leader of popular opinion whom Barbados has
+yet produced, Mr. Reeves possessed in his nature the material to
+assimilate and reflect in his own principles and conduct the salient
+characteristics of his distinguished Mentor. Arrived in England to
+study law, he had there the privilege of the personal acquaintance of
+Lord Brougham, then one of the Nestors of the great Emancipation
+conflict.  On returning to his native island, which he did immediately
+after his call to the bar, Mr. Reeves sprung at once into the foremost
+place, and retained his precedence till his labours and aspirations
+were crowned by his obtaining the highest judicial post in that Colony.
+For long years before becoming Chief Justice, Mr. Reeves had conquered
+for himself the respect and confidence [141] of all Barbadians--even
+including the ultra exclusive "Anglo-West-Indians" of Mr. Froude--by
+the manful constitutional stand which, sacrificing official place, he
+had successfully made against the threatened abrogation of the Charter
+of the Colony, which every class and colour of natives cherish and
+revere as a most precious, almost sacred, inheritance.  The successful
+champion of their menaced liberties found clustering around him the
+grateful hearts of all his countrymen, who, in their hour of dread at
+the danger of their time-honoured constitution, had clung in despair to
+him as the only leader capable of heading the struggle and leading the
+people, by wise and constitutional guidance, to the victory which they
+desired but could not achieve for themselves.
+
+Sir William Robinson, who was sent out as pacificator, saw and took in
+at a glance the whole significance of the condition of affairs,
+especially in their relation to Mr. Reeves, and vice versa.  With the
+unrivalled pre-eminence and predominant personal influence of the
+latter, the Colonial Office had possessed more than ample means of
+being perfectly familiar.  What, then, could be more natural and
+consonant with [142] sound policy than that the then acknowledged, but
+officially unattached, head of the people (being an eminent lawyer),
+should, on the occurrence of a vacancy in the highest juridical post,
+be appointed to co-operate with the supreme head of the Executive?  Mr.
+Reeves was already the chief of the legal body of the Colony; his
+appointment, therefore, as Chief Justice amounted to nothing more than
+an official ratification of an accomplished and unalterable fact.  Of
+course, it was no fault of England's that the eminent culture,
+political influence, and unapproached legal status of Mr. Reeves should
+have coincided exactly with her political requirements at that crisis,
+nor yet that she should have utilized a coincidence which had the
+double advantage of securing the permanent services, whilst realizing
+at the same time the life's aspiration, of a distinguished British
+subject.  But that Mr. Froude should be dinning in our ears this case
+of benefited self-interest, gaining the amplest reciprocity, both as to
+service and serviceableness, with the disinterested spontaneity of
+America's elevation of Mr. Douglass, is but another proof of the
+obliquity of the moral medium through [143] which he is wont to survey
+mankind and their concerns.
+
+The distinction between the two marvellous careers which we have been
+discussing demands, as it is susceptible of, still sharper
+accentuation.  In the final success of Reeves, it is the man himself
+who confronts one in the unique transcendency and victoriousness of
+personal merit.  On the other hand, a million times the personal merit
+of Reeves combined with his own could have availed Douglass absolutely
+nothing in the United States, legal and social proscript that he was,
+with public opinion generally on the side of the laws and usages
+against him.  The very little countries of the world are proverbial for
+the production of very great men.  But, on the other hand, narrowness
+of space favours the concentration and coherence of the adverse forces
+that might impede, if they fail of utterly thwarting, the success which
+may happen to be grudged by those possessing the will and the power for
+its obstruction.  In Barbados, so far as we have heard, read, and seen
+ourselves of the social ins and outs of that little sister-colony, the
+operation of the above mentioned [144] influences has been, may still
+be, to a certain extent, distinctly appreciable.  Although in English
+jurisprudence there is no law ordaining the proscription, on the ground
+of race or colour, of any eligible candidate for social or political
+advancement, yet is it notorious that the ethics and practices of the
+"Anglo-West Indians"--who, our author has dared to say, represent the
+higher type of Englishmen--have, throughout successive generations,
+effectually and of course detrimentally operated, as though by a
+positive Medo-Persian edict, in a proscriptive sense.  It therefore
+demanded extraordinary toughness of constitutional fibre, moral,
+mental, and, let us add, physical too, to overcome the obstacles
+opposed to the progress of merit, too often by persons in intelligence
+below contempt, but, in prosperity and accepted pretension, formidable
+indeed to fight against and overcome.  We shudder to think of the petty
+cabals, the underbred indignities, direct and indirect, which the
+present eminent Judge had to watch against, to brush aside, to smile
+at, in course of his epic strides towards the highest local pinnacle of
+his profession.  But [145] with him, as Time has shown, it was all sure
+and safe.
+
+Providence had endowed him with the powers and temperament that break
+down, when opportunity offers, every barrier to the progress of the
+gifted and strong and brave.  That opportunity, in his particular case,
+offered itself in the Confederation crisis.  Distracted and helpless
+"Anglo-West Indians" thronged to him in imploring crowds, praying that
+their beloved Charter should be saved by the exertion of his
+incomparable abilities.  Save and except Dr. Carrington, there was not
+a single member of the dominant section in Barbados whom it would not
+be absurd to name even as a near second to him whom all hailed as the
+Champion of their Liberties.  In the contest to be waged the victory
+was not, as it never once has been, reserved to the SKIN or pedigree of
+the combatants.  The above two matters, which in the eyes of the ruling
+"Bims" had, throughout long decades of undisturbed security, been
+placed before and above all possible considerations, gravitated down to
+their inherent insignificance when Intellect and Worth were destined to
+fight out the issue.  Mr. [146] Reeves, whose possession of the
+essential qualifications was admittedly greater than that of every
+colleague, stood, therefore, in unquestioned supremacy, lord of the
+political situation, with the result above stated.
+
+To what we have already pointed out regarding the absolute
+impossibility of such an opportunity ever presenting itself in America
+to Mr. Douglass, in a political sense, we may now add that, whereas, in
+Barbados, for the intellectual equipment needed at the crisis, Mr.
+Reeves stood quite alone, there could, in the bosom of the Union, even
+in respect of the gifts in which Mr. Douglass was most brilliant, be no
+"walking over the course" by him.  It was in the country and time of
+Bancroft, Irving, Whittier, Longfellow, Holmes, Bryant, Motley, Henry
+Clay, Dan Webster, and others of the laureled phalanx which has added
+so great and imperishable a lustre to the literature of the English
+tongue.
+
+We proceed here another step, and take up a fresh deliverance of our
+author's in reference to the granting of the franchise to the black
+population of these Colonies.  "It is," says Mr. James Anthony Froude,
+who is just as prophetic [147] as his prototypes, the slave-owners of
+the last half-century, "it is as certain as anything future can be,
+that if we give the negroes as a body the political privileges which we
+claim for ourselves, they will use them only to their own injury."  The
+forepart of the above citation reads very much as if its author wrote
+it on the principle of raising a ghost for the mere purpose of laying
+it.  What visionary, what dreamer of impossible dreams, has ever asked
+for the Negroes as a body the same political privileges which are
+claimed for themselves by Mr. Froude and others of his countrymen, who
+are presumably capable of exercising them?  No one in the West Indies
+has ever done so silly a thing as to ask for the Negroes as a body that
+which has not, as everybody knows, and never will be, conceded to the
+people of Great Britain as a body.  The demand for Reform in the Crown
+Colonies--a demand which our author deliberately misrepresents--is made
+neither by nor for the Negro, Mulatto, White, Chinese, nor East Indian.
+It is a petition put forward by prominent responsible colonists--the
+majority of whom are Whites, and mostly Britons besides.
+
+[148] Their prayer, in which the whole population in these Colonies
+most heartily join, is simply and most reasonably that we, the said
+Colonies, being an integral portion of the British Empire, and having,
+in intelligence and every form of civilized progress, outgrown the
+stage of political tutelage, should be accorded some measure of
+emancipation therefrom.  And thereby we--White, Black, Mulatto, and all
+other inhabitants and tax-payers--shall be able to protect ourselves
+against the self-seeking and bold indifference to our interests which
+seem to be the most cherished expression of our rulers' official
+existence.  It may be possible (for he has attempted it), that our new
+instructor in Colonial ethics and politics, under the impulsion of
+skin-superiority, and also of confidence in the probable success of
+experiments successfully tried fifty years before, does really believe
+in the sensibleness of separating COLOURS, and representing the wearers
+of them as being generally antagonistic to one another in Her Majesty's
+West Indian Dominions. How is it then, we may be permitted to ask Mr.
+Froude, that no complaint of the sort formulated by him as against the
+Blacks has ever been put [149] forward by the thousands of Englishmen,
+Scotchmen, Irishmen, and other Europeans who are permanent inhabitants,
+proprietors, and tax-payers of these Colonies?  The reason is that
+Anglo-West Indianism, or rather Colonialism, is the creed of a few
+residents sharply divisible into two classes in the West Indies.
+Labouring conjointly under race-madness, the first believes that, as
+being of the Anglo-Saxon race, they have a right to crow and dominate
+in whatever land they chance to find themselves, though in their own
+country they or their forefathers had had to be very dumb dogs indeed.
+The Colonial Office has for a long time been responsible for the
+presence in superior posts of highly salaried gentry of this category,
+who have delighted in showing themselves off as the unquestionable
+masters of those who supply them with the pay that gives them the
+livelihood and position they so ungratefully requite. These fortunate
+folk, Mr. Froude avers, are likely to leave our shores in a huff,
+bearing off with them the civilizing influences which their presence so
+surely guarantees.  Go tell to the marines that the seed of Israel
+flourishing in the borders of [150] Misraim will abandon their
+flourishing district of Goshen through sensitiveness on account of the
+idolatry of the devotees of Isis and Osiris!
+
+The second and less placable class of "Englishmen in the West Indies,"
+whose final departure our author would have us to believe would
+complete the catastrophe to progress in the British Antilles, is very
+impalpable indeed.  We cannot feel them.  We have failed to even see
+them.  True, Mr. Froude scouts on their behalf the bare notion of their
+condescending to meet, on anything like equality, us, whom he and they
+pretend (rather anachronistically, at least) to have been their former
+slaves, or servants.  But where, in the name of Heaven, where are these
+sortis de la cuisse de Jupiter, Mr. Froude? If they are invisible,
+mourning in impenetrable seclusion over the impossibility of having, as
+their fathers had before them, the luxury of living at the Negroes'
+expense, shall we Negroes who are in the sunshine of heaven, prepared
+to work and win our way, be anywise troubled in our Jubilee by the
+drivelling ineptitude which insanely reminds us of the miseries of
+those who went before us?  We have thus arrived at the cardinal, [151]
+essential misrepresentation, out of scores which compose "The Bow of
+Ulysses," and upon which its phrases mainly hinge.  Semper
+eadem--"Always the same"--has been the proud motto of the mightiest
+hierarchy that has controlled human action and shaped the destinies of
+mankind, no less in material than in ghostly concerns.  Yet is a vast
+and very beneficial change, due to the imperious spirit of the times,
+manifest in the Roman Church.  No longer do the stake, the sword, and
+the dismal horrors of the interdict figure as instruments for assuring
+conformity and submission to her dogmas.  She is now content to rest
+her claims on herbeneficence in the past, as attested by noble and
+imperishable memorials of her solicitude for the poor and the ignorant,
+and in proclaiming the gospel without those ghastly coercives to its
+acceptance.  Surely such a change, however unpalatable to those who
+have been compelled to make it, is most welcome to the outside world at
+large.  "Always the same" is also, or should be, the device of the
+discredited herd whose spokesman Mr. Froude is so proud to be.  In
+nothing has their historical character, as shown in the published
+literature of their [152] cause up to 1838, exhibited any sign of
+amelioration.  It cannot be affected by the spirit and the lessons of
+the times.  Mendacity and a sort of judicial blindness seem to be the
+two most salient characteristics by which are to be distinguished these
+implacable foes and would-be robbers of human rights and liberty.  But,
+gracious heavens! what can tempt mortals to incur this weight of
+infamy?  Wealth and Power?  To be (very improbably) a Croesus or (still
+more improbably) a Bonaparte, and to perish at the conventional age,
+and of vulgar disease, like both?  Turpitudes on the part of sane men,
+involving the sacrifice of the priceless attributes of humanity, can be
+rendered intelligible by the supreme temporal gains above indicated,
+but only if exemption from the common lot of mankind--in the shape of
+care, disease, and death--were accompaniments of those prizes.
+
+In favour of slavery, which has for so many centuries desolated the
+African family and blighted its every chance of indigenous progress--of
+slavery whose abolition our author so ostentatiously regrets--only one
+solitary permanent result, extending in every case over [153] a natural
+human life, has been paraded by him as a respectable justification.  At
+page 246, speaking of Negroes met by him during a stroll which he took
+at Mandeville, Jamaica, he tells us:--
+
+"The people had black faces; but even they had shaped their manners in
+the old English models.  The men touched their hats respectfully (as
+they eminently did not in Kingston and its environs).  The women smiled
+and curtsied, and the children looked shy when one spoke to them.  The
+name of slavery is a horror to us; but there must have been something
+human and kindly about it, too, when it left upon the character the
+marks of courtesy and good breeding"!
+
+Alas for Africa and the sufferings of her desolated millions, in view
+of so light-hearted an assessment as this!  Only think of the ages of
+outrage, misery, and slaughter--of the countless hecatombs that Mammon
+is hereby absolved from having directly exacted, since the sufficing
+expiatory outcome of it all has been only "marks of courtesy and good
+breeding"!  Marks that are displayed, forsooth, by the survivors of the
+ghastly experiences or by [154] their descendants!  And yet, granting
+the appreciable ethical value of the hat-touching, the smirking and
+curtseyings of those Blacks to persons whom they had no reason to
+suspect of unfriendliness, or whose white face they may in the white
+man's country have greeted with a civility perhaps only prudential, we
+fail to discover the necessity of the dreadful agency we have adverted
+to, for securing the results on manners which are so warmly commended.
+African explorers, from Mungo Park to Livingstone and Stanley, have all
+borne sufficient testimony to the world regarding the natural
+friendliness of the Negro in his ancestral home, when not under the
+influence of suspicion, anger, or dread.
+
+It behoves us to repeat (for our detractor is a persistent repeater)
+that the cardinal dodge by which Mr. Froude and his few adherents
+expect to succeed in obtaining the reversal of the progress of the
+coloured population is by misrepresenting the elements, and their real
+attitude towards one another, of the sections composing the British
+West Indian communities.  Everybody knows full well that Englishmen,
+Scotchmen, and Irishmen (who are not officials), as [155] well as
+Germans, Spaniards, Italians, Portuguese, and other nationalities, work
+in unbroken harmony and, more or less, prosper in these Islands.  These
+are no cherishers of any vain hankering after a state of things in
+which men felt not the infamy of living not only on the unpaid labour,
+but at the expense of the sufferings, the blood, and even the life of
+their fellow-men.  These men, honourable by instinct and of independent
+spirit, depend on their own resources for self-advancement in the
+world--on their capital either of money in their pockets or of
+serviceable brains in their heads, energy in their limbs, and on these
+alone, either singly or more or less in combination.  These reputable
+specimens of manhood have created homes dear to them in these favoured
+climes; and they, at any rate, being on the very best terms with all
+sections of the community in which their lot is cast, have a common
+cause as fellow-sufferers under the regime of Mr. Froude's official
+"birds of passage."  The agitation in Trinidad tells its own tale.
+There is not a single black man--though there should have been
+many--among the leaders of the movement for Reform.  Nevertheless the
+honourable [156] and truthful author of "The English in the West
+Indies," in order to invent a plausible pretext for his sinister
+labours of love on behalf of the poor pro-slavery survivals, and
+despite his knowledge that sturdy Britons are at the head of the
+agitation, coolly tells the world that it is a struggle to secure
+"negro domination."
+
+The further allegation of our author respecting the black man is
+curious and, of course, dismally prophetic.  As the reader may perhaps
+recollect, it is to the effect that granting political power to the
+Negroes as a body, equal in scope "to that claimed by Us" (i.e., Mr.
+Froude and his friends), would certainly result in the use of these
+powers by the Negroes to their own injury.  And wherefore? If Mr.
+Froude professes to believe--what is a fact--that there is "no original
+or congenital difference of capacity" between the white and the African
+races, where is the consistency of his urging a contention which
+implies inferiority in natural shrewdness, as regards their own
+affairs, on the part of black men?  Does this blower of the two
+extremes of temperature in the same breath pretend that the average
+British voter is better informed, can see more clearly what is for his
+own advantage, [157] is better able to assess the relative merits of
+persons to be entrusted with the spending of his taxes, and the general
+management of his interests? If Mr. Froude means all this, he is at
+issue not only with his own specific declaration to the contrary, but
+with facts of overwhelming weight and number showing precisely the
+reverse.  We have personally had frequent opportunities of coming into
+contact, both in and out of England, with natives of Great Britain, not
+of the agricultural order alone, but very often of the artisan class,
+whose ignorance of the commonest matters was as dense as it was
+discreditable to the land of their birth and breeding.  Are these
+people included (on account of having his favourite sine qua non of a
+fair skin) in the US of this apostle of skin-worship, in the
+indefeasible right to political power which is denied to Blacks by
+reason, or rather non-reason, of their complexion?
+
+The fact is, that, judging by his own sentiments and those of his
+Anglo-West Indian friends, Mr. Froude calculated on producing an
+impression in favour of their discreditable views by purposely keeping
+out of sight the numerous European and other sufferers under the yoke
+[158] which he sneers at seeing described by its proper appellation of
+"a degrading tyranny."  The prescriptive unfavourable forecast of our
+author respecting political power in the hands of the Blacks may, in
+our opinion, be hailed as a warrant for its bestowal by those in whose
+power that bestowal may be.  As a pro-slavery prophecy, equally dismal
+and equally confident with the hundreds that preceded it, this new
+vaticination may safely be left to be practically dealt with by the
+Race, victimized and maligned, whose real genius and character are
+purposely belied by those who expect to be gainers by the process.
+Invested with political power, the Negroes, Mr. Froude goes on to
+assure his readers, "will slide back into their old condition, and the
+chance will be gone of lifting them to the level to which we have no
+right to say they are incapable of rising."  How touchingly
+sympathetic!  How transcendently liberal and righteous!  But, to speak
+the truth, is not this solicitude of our cynical defamer on our behalf,
+after all, a useless waste of emotion on his part?  Timeo Danaos et
+dona ferentes.+  The tears of the crocodile are most copious in close
+view of the banquet on his prey. This [159] reiterated twaddle of Mr.
+Froude, in futile and unseasonable echo of the congenial predictions of
+his predecessors in the same line, might be left to receive not only
+the answer of his own book to the selfsame talk of the slavers fifty
+years ago, but also that of the accumulated refutations which America
+has furnished for the last twenty-five years as to the retrograde
+tendency so falsely imputed.  But, taking it as a serious contention,
+we find that it involves a suggestion that the according of electoral
+votes to citizens of a certain complexion would, per se and ipso facto,
+produce a revulsion and collapse of the entire prevailing organization
+and order of a civilized community.
+
+What talismanic virtue this prophet of evil attributes to a vote in the
+hand of a Negro out of Barbados, where for years the black man's vote
+has been operating, harmlessly enough, Heaven knows, we cannot imagine.
+At all events, as sliding back on the part of a community is a matter
+which would require some appreciable time, however brief, let us hope
+that the authorities charged "to see that the state receive no
+detriment" would be vigilant enough and in time to arrest the evil and
+vindicate [160] the efficiency of the civilized methods of
+self-preservation.
+
+Our author concludes by another reference to Chief Justice Reeves: "Let
+British authority die away, and the average black nature, such as it
+now is, be left free to assert itself, there will be no more negroes
+like him in Barbadoes or anywhere."  How the dying away of British
+authority in a British Colony is to come to pass, Mr. Froude does not
+condescend here explicitly to state.  But we are left free to infer
+from the whole drift of "The English in the West Indies" that it will
+come through the exodus en masse said to be threatened by his
+"Anglo-West Indians."  Mr. Froude sympathetically justifies the disgust
+and exasperation of these reputable folk at the presence and progress
+of the race for whose freedom and ultimate elevation Britain was so
+lavish of the wealth of her noblest intellects, besides paying the
+prodigious money-ransom of TWENTY MILLION pounds sterling.  With regard
+to our author's talk about "the average black nature, such as it now
+exists, being left free to assert itself," and the dire consequences
+therefrom to result, we can only feel pity at the desperate straits to
+[161] which, in his search for a pretext for gratuitous slander, a man
+of our author's capacity has been so ignominiously reduced.  All we can
+say to him with reference to this portion of his violent suppositions
+is that "the average black nature, such as it now exists," should NOT,
+in a civilized community, be left free to assert itself, any more than
+the average white, the average brown, the average red, or indeed any
+average colour of human nature whatsoever.  As self-defence is the
+first law of nature, it has followed that every condition of organized
+society, however simple or primitive, is furnished with some recognized
+means of self-protection against the free assertion of itself by the
+average nature of any of its members.
+
+Of course, if things should ever turn out according to Mr. Froude's
+desperate hypothesis, it may also happen that there will be no more
+Negroes like Mr. justice Reeves in Barbados.  But the addition of the
+words "or anywhere" to the above statement is just another of those
+suppressions of the truth which, absolutely futile though they are,
+constitute the only means by which the policy he writes to promote can
+possibly be made to [162] appear even tolerable.  The assertion of our
+author, therefore, standing as it actually does, embracing the whole
+world, is nothing less than an audacious absurdity, for there stand the
+United States, the French and Spanish islands--not to speak of the
+Central and South American Republics, Mexico, and Brazil--all thronged
+with black, mixed blood, and even half-breed high officials, staring
+him and the whole world in the face.
+
+The above noted suppression of the truth to the detriment of the
+obnoxious population recalls a passage wherein the suggestion of what
+is not the truth has been resorted to for the same purpose.  At page
+123 we read: "The disproportion of the two races--always dangerously
+large--has increased with ever-gathering velocity since the
+emancipation.  It is now beyond control on the old lines."  The use of
+the expletive "dangerously," as suggestive of the truculence of the
+people to whom it refers, is critically allowable in view of the main
+intention of the author.  But what shall we say of the suggestion
+contained in the very next sentence, which we have italicized?  We are
+required by it to understand that in slavery-time the [163] planters
+had some organized method, rendered impracticable by the Emancipation,
+of checking, for their own personal safety, the growth of the coloured
+population.  If we, in deference to the superior mental capacity of our
+author, admit that self-interest was no irresistible motive for
+promoting the growth of the human "property" on which their prosperity
+depended, we are yet at liberty to ask what was the nature of the "old
+lines" followed for controlling the increase under discussion.  Was it
+suffocation of the babes by means of sulphur fumes, the use of
+beetle-paste, or exposure on the banks of the Caribbean rivers?  In the
+later case History evidently lost a chance of self-repetition in the
+person of some leader like Moses, the Hebra-Egyptian Spartacus, arising
+to avenge and deliver his people.
+
+We now shall note how he proceeds to descant on slavery
+itself:--"Slavery," says he, "was a survival from a social order which
+had passed away, and slavery could not be continued.  IT DOES NOT
+FOLLOW THAT per se IT WAS A CRIME.  The negroes who were sold to the
+dealers in the factories were most of them either slaves already to
+worse masters or were servi, servants [164] in the old meaning of the
+word, or else criminals, servati or reserved from death.  They would
+otherwise have been killed, and since the slave trade has been
+abolished, are again killed in the too celebrated customs...."
+
+Slavery, as Mr. Froude and the rest of us are bound to discuss it at
+present, is by no means susceptible of the gloss which he has
+endeavoured, in the above extract, to put on it.  The British nation,
+in 1834, had to confront and deal with the only species of slavery
+which was then within the cognizance of public morals and practical
+politics.  Doubtless our author, learned and erudite as he is, would
+like to transport us to those patriarchal ages when, under theocratic
+decrees, the chosen people were authorized to purchase (not to kidnap)
+slaves, and keep them as an everlasting inheritance in their posterity.
+The slaves so purchased, we know, became members of the families to
+which their lot was attached, and were hedged in from cruel usage by
+distinct and salutary regulations.  This is the only species of slavery
+which--with the addition of the old Germanic self-enslavements and the
+generally prevailing ancient custom of pledging one's personal services
+[165] in liquidation of indebtedness--can be covered by the singular
+verdict of noncriminality which our author has pronounced.  He, of
+course, knows much better than we do what the condition of slaves was
+in Greece as well as in Rome.  He knows, too, that the "wild and guilty
+phantasy that man could hold property in man," lost nothing of its
+guilt or its wildness with the lapse of time and the changes of
+circumstances which overtook and affected those reciprocal relations.
+Every possibility of deterioration, every circumstance wherein man's
+fallen nature could revel in its worst inspirations, reached
+culmination at the period when the interference of the world, decreed
+by Providence, was rendered imperative by the sufferings of the
+bondsmen.  It is this crisis of the history of human enslavement that
+Mr. Froude must talk about, if he wishes to talk to any purpose on the
+subject at all.  His scoffs at British "virtuous benevolence," and his
+imputation of ingratitude to the Negro in respect of that self-same
+benevolence, do not refer to any theocratic, self-contracted, abstract,
+or idyllic condition of servitude.  They pin his meaning down [166] to
+that particular phase when slavery had become not only "the sum," but
+the very quintessence, "of all human villainies."
+
+At its then phase, slavery had culminated into being a menace,
+portentous and far encroaching, to not only the moral life but the very
+civilization of the higher types of the human family, so debasing and
+blighting were its effects on those who came into even tolerating
+contact with its details.  The indescribable atrocities practised on
+the slaves, the deplorable sapping of even respectable principles in
+owners of both sexes--all these stood forth in their ineffable
+hideousness before the uncorrupted gaze of the moral heroes, sons of
+Britain and America, and also of other countries, who, buckling on the
+armour of civilization and right, fought for the vindication of them
+both, through every stern vicissitude, and won the first grand,
+ever-memorable victory of 1838, whereof we so recently celebrated the
+welcome Jubilee!  Oh! it was a combat of archangels against the legions
+that Mammon had banded together and incited to the conflict.  But
+though it was Sharp, Clarkson, Wilberforce, and the rest [167] of that
+illustrious host of cultured, lofty-souled, just, merciful, and
+beneficent men, who were thus the saviours, as well as the servants, of
+society, yet have we seen it possible for an Englishman of to-day to
+mouth against their memory the ineptitudes of their long-vanquished
+foes, and to flout the consecrated dead in their graves, as the
+Boeotian did the living Pericles in the market-place of Athens!
+
+Why waste words and time on this defamer of his own countrymen, who, on
+account of the material gain and the questionable martial glory of the
+conquest, eulogizes Warren Hastings, the viceregal plunderer of India,
+whilst, in the same breath, he denounces Edmund Burke for upholding the
+immutable principles of right and justice!  These principles once, and
+indubitably now, so precious in their fullest integrity to the normal
+British conscience, must henceforth, say Mr. Froude and his
+fellow-colonialists, be scored off the moral code of Britain, since
+they "do not pay" in tangible pelf, in self-aggrandisement, or in
+dazzling prestige.
+
+The statement that many negroes who were sold to the dealers in the
+factories were "slaves [168] already to worse masters" is, in the face
+of facts which could not possibly have been unknown to him, a piece of
+very daring assertion.  But this should excite no wonder, considering
+that precise and scrupulous accuracy would be fatal to the
+discreditable cause to which he so shamelessly proclaims his adhesion.
+As being familiar since early childhood with members of almost every
+tribe of Africans (mainly from or arriving by way of the West Coast)
+who were brought to our West Indies, we are in a position to contradict
+the above assertion of Mr. Froude's, its unfaltering confidence
+notwithstanding.  We have had the Madingoes, Foulahs, Houssas, Calvers,
+Gallahs, Karamenties, Yorubas, Aradas, Cangas, Kroos, Timnehs, Veis,
+Eboes, Mokoes, Bibis, and Congoes, as the most numerous and important
+of the tribal contribution of Africa to the population of these
+Colonies.  Now, from what we have intimately learned of these people
+(excepting the Congoes, who always appeared to us an inferior tribe to
+all the others), we unhesitatingly deny that even three in ten of the
+whole number were ever slaves in their own country, in the sense of
+having been born under any organized [169] system of servitude.  The
+authentic records relating to the enslavement of Africans, as a regular
+systematized traffic, do not date further back than five centuries ago.
+It is true that a great portion of ancient literature and many
+monuments bear distinct evidence, all the more impressive because
+frequently only casual, that, from the earliest ages, the Africans had
+shared, in common with other less civilized peoples, the doom of having
+to furnish the menial and servile contingents of the more favoured
+sections of the human family.  Now, dating from, say, five hundred
+years ago, which was long indeed after the disappearance of the old
+leading empires of the world, we have (save and except in the case of
+Arab incursionists into the Eastern and Northern coasts) no reliable
+authority for saying, or even for supposing, that the tribes of the
+African interior suffered from the molestations of professional
+man-hunters.
+
+It was the organization of the West Coast slave traffic towards the
+close of the sixteenth century, and the extermination of the Caribbean
+aborigines by Spain, soon after Columbus had discovered the Western
+Continent, which [170] gave cohesion, system, impetus, and
+aggressiveness to the trade in African flesh and blood.  Then the
+factory dealers did not wait at their seaboard mart, as our author
+would have us suppose, for the human merchandize to be brought down to
+them.  The auri sacra fames, the accursed craving for gain, was too
+imperious for that.  From the Atlantic border to as far inland as their
+emissaries could penetrate, their bribes, in every species of
+exchangeable commodities, were scattered among the rapacious chiefs on
+the river banks; while these latter, incited as well by native ferocity
+as by lust of gain, rushed forth to "make war" on their neighbours, and
+to kidnap, for sale to the white purchaser, every man, woman, and child
+they could capture amidst the nocturnal flames, confusion, tumult, and
+terror resulting from their unexpected irruption.  That the poor people
+thus captured and sold into foreign on age were under worse masters
+than those under whom they, on being actually bought and becoming
+slaves, were doomed to experience all the atrocities that have thrilled
+with horror the conscience of the civilized Christian world, is a
+statement of worse than [171] childish absurdity.  Every one, except
+Mr. Froude and his fellow-apologists for slavery, knows that the
+cruelty of savage potentates is summary, uncalculating, and, therefore,
+merciful in its ebullitions.  A head whisked off, brains dashed out, or
+some other short form of savage dispatch, is the preferential method of
+destruction.  With our author's better masters, there was the long,
+dreary vicissitude, beginning from the horrors of the capture, and
+ending perhaps years upon years after, in some bush or under the lash
+of the driver.  The intermediate stages of the starvation life of
+hunger, chains, and hideous exposure at the barancoon, the stowing away
+like herrings on board the noisome ship, the suffocation, the
+deck-sores wrought into the body by the attrition of the bonier parts
+of the system against the unyielding wood--all these, says Mr. Froude,
+were more tolerable than the swift doing away with life under an
+African master!  Under such, at all events, the care and comfort
+suitable to age were strictly provided for, and cheered the advanced
+years of the faithful bondsman.
+
+After a good deal of talk, having the same logical value, our author,
+in his enthusiasm for [172] slavery, delivers himself thus: "For
+myself, I would rather be the slave of a Shakespeare or a Burghley,
+than the slave of a majority in the House of Commons, or the slave of
+my own folly."  Of the four above specified alternatives of
+enslavement, it is to be regretted that temperament, or what is more
+likely, perhaps, self-interest, has driven him to accept the fourth, or
+the latter of the two deprecated yokes, his book being an irrefutable
+testimony to the fact.  For, most assuredly, it has not been at the
+prompting of wisdom that a learned man of unquestionably brilliant
+talents and some measure of accorded fame could have prostituted those
+talents and tarnished that fame by condescending to be the literary
+spokesman of the set for whose miserable benefit he recommends the
+statesmen of his country to perjure and compromise themselves,
+regardless of inevitable consequences, which the value of the sectional
+satisfaction to be thereby given would but very poorly compensate.
+Possibly a House of Commons majority, whom this dermatophilist
+evidently rates far lower than his "Anglo-West Indians," might, if he
+were their Slave, have protected their own self- [173] respect by
+restraining him from vicariously scandalizing them by his effusions.
+
+After this curious boast about his preferences as a hypothetic
+bondsman, Mr. Froude proceeds gravely to inform his readers that "there
+may be authority yet not slavery; a soldier is not a slave, a wife is
+not a slave..." and he continues, with a view of utilizing these
+platitudes against the obnoxious Negro, by telling us that persons
+sustaining the above specified and similar relations "may not live by
+their own wills, or emancipate themselves at their own pleasure from
+positions in which nature has placed them, or into which they have
+themselves voluntarily entered.  The negroes of the West Indies are
+children, and not yet disobedient children.... If you enforce
+self-government upon them when they are not asking for it, you may ...
+wilfully drive them back into the condition of their ancestors, from
+which the slave-trade was the beginning of their emancipation."!  The
+words which we have signalized by italics in the above extract could
+have been conceived only by a bigot--such an atrocious sentiment being
+possible only as the product of mind or morals [174] wrenched
+hopelessly out of normal action.  All the remainder of this hashing up
+of pointless commonplaces has for its double object a suggestio falsi
+against us Negroes as a body, and a diverting of attention, as we have
+proved before, from the numerous British claimants of Reform, whose
+personality Mr. Froude and his friends would keep out of view, provided
+their crafty policy has the result of effectually repressing the
+hitherto irrepressible, and, as such, to the "Anglo-West Indian," truly
+detestable Negro.
+
+NOTES
+
+158. +Translation: "I fear the Greeks even when they bear gifts."
+
+
+
+BOOK III: WEST INDIAN CONFEDERATION
+
+[175] In heedless formulation of his reasons, if such they should be
+termed, for urging tooth and nail the non-according of reform to the
+Crown-governed Colonies, our author puts forth this dogmatic
+deliverance (p. 123):--
+
+"A West Indian self-governing dominion is possible only with a full
+Negro vote.  If the whites are to combine, so will the blacks.  It will
+be a rule by the blacks and for the blacks."
+
+That a constitution for any of our diversely populated Colonies which
+may be fit for it is possible only with "a full Negro vote" (to the
+extent within the competence of such voting), goes without saying, as
+must be the case with every section of the Queen's subjects eligible
+for the franchise.  The duly qualified Spaniard, [176] Coolie,
+Portuguese, or man of any other non-British race, will each thus have a
+vote, the same as every Englishman or any other Briton.  Why, then,
+should the vote of the Negro be so especially a bugbear?  It is because
+the Negro is the game which our political sportsman is in full chase
+of, and determined to hunt down at any cost.  Granted, however, for the
+sake of argument, that black voters should preponderate at any
+election, what then?  We are gravely told by this latter-day Balaam
+that "If the whites are to combine, so will the blacks," but he does
+not say for what purpose.
+
+His sentence, therefore, may be legitimately constructed in full for
+him in the only sense which is applicable to the mutual relations
+actually existing between those two directly specified sections of
+British subjects who he would fain have the world believe live in a
+state of active hostility:--"If the whites are to combine for the
+Promotion of the general welfare, as many of the foremost of them have
+done before and are doing now, so will the blacks also combine in the
+support of such whites, and as staunch auxiliaries equally interested
+in the furtherance of the same ameliorative [177] objects."  Except in
+the sense embodied in the foregoing sentence, we cannot, in these days,
+conceive with what intent persons of one section should so specially
+combine as to compel combination on the part of persons of any other.
+The further statement that a confederation having a full black
+voting-power would be a government "by the blacks and for the blacks,"
+is the logical converse of the now obsolete doctrine of Mr. Froude's
+inspirers--"a government by whites should be only for whites."  But
+this formula, however strenuously insisted on by those who gave it
+shape, could never, since even before three decades from the first
+introduction of African slaves, be thoroughly put in practice, so
+completely had circumstances beyond man's devising or control compelled
+the altering of men's minds and methods with regard to the new
+interests which had irresistibly forced themselves into importance as
+vital items in political arrangements.  Nowadays, therefore, that Mr.
+Froude should desire to create a state of feeling which had, and could
+have had, no existence with regard to the common interests of the
+inhabitants for upwards of two full centuries, is [178] evidently an
+excess of confidence which can only be truly described as amazing.
+But, after all, what does our author mean by the words "a government by
+the blacks?"  Are we to understand him as suggesting that voting by
+black electors would be synonymous with electing black representatives?
+If so, he has clearly to learn much more than he has shown that he
+lacks, in order to understand and appreciate the vital influences at
+work in West Indian affairs.  Undoubtedly, being the spokesman of few
+who (secretly) avow themselves to be particularly hostile to
+Ethiopians, he has done no more than reproduce their sentiments. For,
+conscious, as these hankerers after the old "institutions" are, of
+being utterly ineligible for the furthering of modern progressive
+ideas, they revenge themselves for their supersession on everybody and
+everything, save and except their own arrogant stolidity.  White
+individuals who have part and lot in the various Colonies, with their
+hearts and feelings swayed by affections natural to their birth and
+earliest associations; and Whites who have come to think the land of
+their adoption as dear to themselves as the land of their birth,
+entertain no such dread of [179] their fellow-citizens of any other
+section, whom they estimate according to intelligence and probity, and
+not according to any accident of exterior physique.  Every intelligent
+black is as shrewd regarding his own interests as our author himself
+would be regarding his in the following hypothetical case: Some fine
+day, being a youth and a bachelor, he gets wedded, sets up an
+establishment, and becomes the owner of a clipper yacht. For his own
+service in the above circumstances we give him the credit to believe
+that, on the persons specified below applying among others to him for
+employment, as chamber-maid and house-servant, and also as hands for
+the vessel, he would, in preference to any ordinarily recommended white
+applicants, at once engage the two black servant-girls at President
+Churchill's in Dominica, the droghermen there as able seamen, and as
+cabin-boy the lad amongst them whose precocious marine skill he has so
+warmly and justly extolled.  It is not because all these persons are
+black, but because of the soul-consciousness of the selector, that they
+each (were they even blue) had a title to preferential consideration,
+his experience and sense of fitness being [180] their most effectual
+supporters.  Similarly, the Negro voter would elect representatives
+whom he knew he could trust for competency in the management of his
+affairs, and not persons whose sole recommendation to him would be the
+possession of the same kind of skin.  Nor, from what we know of matters
+in the West Indies, do we believe that any white man of the class we
+have eulogized would hesitate to give his warmest suffrage to any black
+candidate who he knew would be a fitting representative of his
+interests.  We could give examples from almost every West Indian island
+of white and coloured men who would be indiscriminately chosen as their
+candidate by either section.  But the enumeration is needless, as the
+fact of the existence of such men is too notorious to require proof.
+
+Mr. Froude states plainly enough (p. 123) that, whereas a whole
+thousand years were needed to train and discipline the Anglo-Saxon
+race, yet "European government, European instruction, continued
+steadily till his natural tendencies are superseded by a higher
+instinct, may shorten the probation period of the negro."  Let it be
+supposed that this period of probation [181] for the Negro should
+extend, under such exceptionally favourable circumstances, to any
+period less than that which is alleged to have been needed by the
+Anglo-Saxon to attain his political manhood--what then are the
+prospects held out by Mr. Froude to us and our posterity on our
+mastering the training and discipline which he specially recommends for
+Blacks?  Our author, in view, doubtless, of the rapidity of our onward
+progress, and indeed our actual advancement in every respect, thus
+answers (pp. 123-4):--"Let a generation or two pass by and carry away
+with them the old traditions, and an English governor-general will be
+found presiding over a black council, delivering the speeches made for
+him by a black prime minister; and how long could this endure?  No
+English gentleman would consent to occupy so absurd a situation."
+
+And again, more emphatically, on the same point (p. 285):--"No
+Englishman, not even a bankrupt peer, would consent to occupy such
+position; the blacks themselves would despise him if he did; and if the
+governor is to be one of their own race and colour, how long would such
+a connection endure?"
+
+[182] It is plainly to be seen from the above two extracts that the
+political ethics of our author, being based on race and colour
+exclusively, would admit of no conceivable chance of real elevation to
+any descendant of Africa, who, being Ethiopian, could not possibly
+change his skin.  The "old traditions" which Mr. Froude supposes to be
+carried away by his hypothetical (white) generations who have "passed
+by," we readily infer from his language, rendered impossible such
+incarnations of political absurdity as those he depicts.  But what
+should be thought of the sense, if not indeed the sanity, of a grave
+political teacher who prescribes "European government" and "European
+education" as the specifics to qualify the Negro for political
+emancipation, and who, when these qualifications are conspicuously
+mastered by the Negro who has undergone the training, refuses him the
+prize, because he is a Negro?  We see further that, in spite of being
+fit for election to council, and even to be prime ministers competent
+to indite governors' messages, the pigment under our epidermis dooms us
+to eventual disappointment and a life-long condition of contempt.  Even
+so is it [183] desired by Mr. Froude and his clients, and not without a
+spice of piquancy is their opinion that for a white ruler to preside
+and rule over and accept the best assistance of coloured men, qualified
+as above stated, would be a self-degradation too unspeakable for
+toleration by any Englishman--"even a bankrupt peer."  Unfortunately
+for Mr. Froude, we can point him to page 56 of this his very book,
+where, speaking of Grenada and deprecating the notion of its official
+abandonment, our author says:--
+
+"Otherwise they [Negroes] were quiet fellows, and if the politicians
+would only let them alone, they would be perfectly contented, and might
+eventually, if wisely managed, come to some good.... Black the island
+was, and black it would remain.  The conditions were never likely to
+arise which would bring back a European population; but a governor who
+was a sensible man, who would reside and use his natural influence,
+could manage it with perfect ease."
+
+Here, then, we see that the governor of an entirely black population
+may be a sensible man, and yet hold the post.  Our author, indeed,
+gives the Blacks over whom this sensible governor would hold rule as
+being in number [184] just 40,000 souls; and we are therefore bound to
+accept the implied suggestion that the dishonour of holding supremacy
+over persons of the odious colour begins just as their number begins to
+count onward from 40,000!  There is quite enough in the above verbal
+vagaries of our philosopher to provoke a volume of comment.  But we
+must pass on to further clauses of this precious paragraph.  Mr.
+Froude's talent for eating his own words never had a more striking
+illustration than here, in his denial of the utility of native
+experience as the safest guide a governor could have in the
+administration of Colonial affairs.  At page 91 he says:--"Among the
+public servants of Great Britain there are persons always to be found
+fit and willing for posts of honour and difficulty, if a sincere effort
+be made to find them."
+
+A post of honour and difficulty, we and all other persons in the
+British dominions had all along understood was regarded as such in the
+case of functionaries called upon to contend with adverse forces in the
+accomplishment of great ends conceived by their superiors. But we find
+that, according to Mr. Froude, all the credit that has hitherto
+redounded to those [185] who had succeeded in such tasks has been in
+reality nothing more than a gilding over of disgrace, whenever the
+exertions of such officials had been put forth amongst persons not
+wearing a European epidermis.  The extension of British influence and
+dominion over regions inhabited by races not white is therefore, on the
+part of those who promote it, a perverse opening of arenas for the
+humiliation and disgrace of British gentlemen, nay, even of those
+titled members of the "black sheep" family--bankrupt peers!  As we have
+seen, however, ample contradiction and refutation have been
+considerately furnished by the same objector in this same volume, as in
+his praises of the governor just quoted.
+
+The cavil of Mr. Froude about English gentlemen reading messages penned
+by black prime ministers applies with double force to English
+barristers (who are gentlemen by statute) receiving the law from the
+lips of black Judges.
+
+For all that, however, an emergency arose so pressing as to compel even
+the colonialism of Barbados to practically and completely refute this
+doctrine, by praying for, and submitting with gratitude to, the supreme
+headship of a [186] man of the race which our author so finically
+depreciates.  In addition it may be observed that for a governor to
+even consult his prime minister in the matter of preparing his messages
+might conceivably be optional, whilst it is obligatory on all
+barristers, whether English or otherwise, to defer to the judge's
+interpretation of the law in every case--appeal afterwards being the
+only remedy.  As to the dictum that "the two races are not equal and
+will not blend," it is open to the fatal objection that, having himself
+proved, with sympathizing pathos, how the West Indies are now well-nigh
+denuded of their Anglo-Saxon inhabitants, Mr. Froude would have us also
+understand that the miserable remnant who still complainingly inhabit
+those islands must, by doing violence to the understanding, be taken as
+the whole of the world-pervading Anglo-Saxon family.  The Negroes of
+the West Indies number a good deal more than two million souls.  Does
+this suggester of extravagances mean that the prejudices and vain
+conceit of the few dozens whom he champions should be made to override
+and overbear, in political arrangements, the serious and solid
+interests of so many [187] hundreds of thousands?  That "the two races
+are not equal" is a statement which no sane man would dispute, but
+acquiescence in its truth involves also a distinct understanding that
+the word race, as applied in the present case by our author, is a
+simple accommodation of terms--a fashion of speech having a very
+restricted meaning in this serious discussion.
+
+The Anglo-Saxon race pervades Great Britain, its cradle, and the
+Greater Britain extending almost all over the face of the earth, which
+is the arena of its activities and marvellous achievements.  To tell
+us, therefore, as Mr. Froude does, that the handful of malcontents
+whose unrespectable grievance he holds up to public sympathy represents
+the Anglo-Saxon race, is a grotesque facon de parler.  Taking our
+author's "Anglo-West Indians" and the people of Ethiopian descent
+respectively, it would not be too much to assert, nor in anywise
+difficult to prove by facts and figures, that for every competent
+individual of the former section in active civilized employments, the
+coloured section can put forward at least twenty thoroughly competent
+rivals.  Yet are these latter the people whom the classic Mr. [188]
+Froude wishes to be immolated, root and branch, in all their highest
+and dearest interests, in order to secure the maintenance of "old
+traditions" which, he tells us, guaranteed for the dominant cuticle the
+sacrifice of the happiness of down-trodden thousands!  Referring to his
+hypothetical confederation with its black officeholders, our author
+scornfully asks:--
+
+"And how long would this endure?"
+
+The answer must be that, granting the existence of such a state of
+things, its duration would be not more nor less than under white
+functionaries.  For according to himself (p. 124): "There is no
+original or congenital difference of capacity between" the white and
+black races, and "with the same chances and the same treatment, ...
+distinguished men would be produced equally from both races."
+
+If, therefore, the black ministers whose hue he so much despises do
+possess the training and influence rendering them eligible and securing
+their election to the situations we are considering, it must follow
+that their tenure of office would be of equal duration with that of
+individuals of the white race under the same conditions.  Not content
+with making himself [189] the mouthpiece of English gentlemen in this
+matter, our author, with characteristic hardihood, obtrudes himself
+into the same post on behalf of Negroes; saying that, in the event of
+even a bankrupt peer accepting the situation of governor-general over
+them, "The blacks themselves would despise him"!
+
+Mr. Froude may pertinently be asked here the source whence he derived
+his certainty on this point, inasmuch as it is absolutely at variance
+with all that is sensible and natural; for surely it is both foolish
+and monstrous to suppose that educated men would infer the degradation
+of any one from the fact of such a one consenting to govern and
+co-operate with themselves for their own welfare.  He further asks on
+the same subject:--
+
+"And if the governor is to be one of their own race and colour, how
+long could such a connection endure?"
+
+Our answer must be the same as with regard to the duration of the black
+council and black prime minister carrying out the government under the
+same conditions.  It must be regretted that no indication in his book,
+so far as it professes to deal with facts and with [190] persons not
+within the circle of his clients, would justify a belief that its
+wanton misstatements have filtrated through a mind entitled to declare,
+with the authority of self-consciousness, what a gentleman would or
+would not do under given circumstances.
+
+In reiteration of his favourite doctrine of the antagonism between the
+black and white races, our author continues on the same page to say:--
+
+"No one, I presume, would advise that the whites of the island should
+govern.  The relations between the two populations are too embittered,
+and equality once established by law, the exclusive privilege of colour
+over colour cannot be restored.  While slavery continued, the whites
+ruled effectively and economically; the blacks are now as they."
+
+As far as could possibly be endeavoured, every proof has been crowded
+into this book in refutation of this favourite allegation of Mr.
+Froude's.  It is only an idle waste of time to be thus harping on his
+colour topic.  No one can deserve to govern simply because he is white,
+and no one is bound to be subject simply because he is black. The whole
+of West [191] Indian history, even after the advent of the
+attorney-class, proves this, in spite of the efforts to secure
+exclusive white domination at a time when crude political power might
+have secured it.
+
+"The relations between the two populations are too embittered," says
+Mr. Froude.  No doubt his talk on this point would be true, had any
+such skin-dominancy as he contemplates been officially established; but
+as at present most officials are appointed (locally at least) according
+to their merit, and not to their epidermis, nothing is known of the
+embittered relations so constantly dinned into our ears. Whatever
+bitterness exists is in the minds of those gentry who would like to be
+dominant on the cheap condition of showing a simple bodily accident
+erected by themselves into an evidence and proof of superiority.
+
+"The exclusive privilege of colour over colour cannot be restored."
+Never in the history of the British West Indies--must we again
+state--was there any law or usage establishing superiority in
+privileges for any section of the community on account of colour.  This
+statement of fact is also and again an answer to, and refutation of,
+the succeeding allegation [192] that, "While slavery continued, the
+whites ruled effectively and economically."  It will be yet more
+clearly shown in a later part of this essay that during slavery, in
+fact for upwards of two centuries after its introduction, the West
+Indies were ruled by slave-owners, who happened to be of all colours,
+the means of purchasing slaves and having a plantation being the one
+exclusive consideration in the case.  It is, therefore, contrary to
+fact to represent the Whites exclusively as ruling, and the Blacks
+indiscriminately as subject.
+
+He goes on to say, "There are two classes in the community; their
+interests are opposite as they are now understood."  As regards the
+above, Mr. Froude's attention may be called to the fact that
+classification in no department of science has ever been based on
+colour, but on relative affinity in certain salient qualities.  To use
+his own figure, no horse or dog is more or less a horse or dog because
+it happens to be white or black.  No teacher marshals his pupils into
+classes according to any outward physical distinction, but according to
+intellectual approximation.  In like manner there has been wealth for
+hundreds of men of Ethiopic origin, [193] and poverty for hundreds of
+men of Caucasian origin, and the reverse in both cases.  We have,
+therefore, had hundreds of black as well as white men who, under
+providential dispensation, belonged to the class, rich men; while, on
+the other hand, we have had hundreds of white men who, under
+providential dispensation, belonged to the class, poor men.  Similarly,
+in the composition of a free mixed community, we have hundreds of both
+races belonging to the class, competent and eligible; and hundreds of
+both races belonging to the class, incompetent and ineligible: to both
+of which classes all possible colours might belong.  It is from the
+first mentioned that are selected those who are to bear the rule, to
+which the latter class is, in the very nature of things, bound to be
+subject.  There is no government by reason merely of skins.  The
+diversity of individual intelligence and circumstances is large enough
+to embrace the possibility of even children being, in emergencies, the
+most competent influencers of opinion and action.
+
+But let us analyse this matter for just a while more.  The fatal
+objection to all Mr. Froude's advocacy of colour-domination is that
+[194] it is futile from being morally unreasonable.  In view of the
+natural and absolute impossibility of reviving the same external
+conditions under which the inordinate deference and submission to white
+persons were both logically and inevitably engendered and maintained,
+his efforts to talk people into a frame of mind favourable to his views
+on this subject are but a melancholy waste of well-turned sentences.
+Man's estimate of his fellow-man has not and never can have any other
+standard, save and except what is the outcome of actual circumstances
+influencing his sentiment.  In the primitive ages, when the fruits of
+the earth formed the absorbing object of attention and interest, the
+men most distinguished for successful culture of the soil enjoyed, as a
+consequence, a larger share than others of popular admiration and
+esteem.  Similarly, among nomadic tribes, the hunters whose courage
+coped victoriously with the wild and ferocious denizens of the forest
+became the idols of those who witnessed and were preserved by such
+sylvan exploits.  When men came at length to venture in ships over the
+trackless deep in pursuit of commerce and its gains, the mariner grew
+important in [195] public estimation.  The pursuit of commerce and its
+gains led naturally to the possession of wealth.  This, from the
+quasi-omnipotence with which it invests men--enabling them not only to
+command the best energies, but also, in many cases, to subvert the very
+principles of their fellows--has, in the vast majority of cases, an
+overpowering sway on human opinion: a sway that will endure till the
+Millennium shall have secured for the righteous alone the sovereignty
+of the world.  Likewise, as cities were founded and constitutions
+established, those who were foremost as defenders of the national
+interests, on the field of bodily conflict or in the intellectual
+arena, became in the eyes of their contemporaries worthiest of
+appreciation--and so on of other circumstances through which particular
+personal distinctions created claims to preference.
+
+In the special case of the Negroes kidnapped out of Africa into foreign
+bondage, the crowning item in their assessment of their alien enslavers
+was the utter superiority, over their most redoubtable "big men," which
+those enslavers displayed.  They actually subjugated and put in chains,
+like the commonest peasants, native [196] potentates at whose very
+names even the warriorhood of their tribes had been wont to blench.
+But far surpassing even this in awful effect was the doom meted out to
+the bush-handlers, the medicine-men, the rain-compellers, erewhile so
+inscrutably potent for working out the bliss or the bale of friend or
+enemy.  "Lo, from no mountain-top, from no ceiba-hollow in the forest
+recesses, has issued any interposing sign, any avenging portent, to
+vindicate the Spirit of Darkness so foully outraged in the hitherto
+inviolate person of his chosen minister! Verily, even the powers of the
+midnight are impotent against these invaders from beyond the mighty
+salt-water!  Here, huddled together in confused, hopeless misery and
+ruin, lie, fettered and prostrate, even priest as well as potentate,
+undistinguishable victims of crude, unblenching violence, with its
+climax of nefarious sacrilege.  We, common mortals, therefore, can hope
+for no deliverance from, or even succour in, the woful plight thus
+dismally contrived for us all by the fair-skinned race who have now
+become our masters."  Such was naturally the train of thought that ran
+through those forlorn bosoms. The formidable death-dealing guns [197]
+of the invaders, the ships which had brought them to the African
+shores, and much besides in startling contrast to their own condition
+of utter helplessness, the Africans at once interpreted to themselves
+as the manifestation and inherent attributes of beings of a higher
+order than man.  Their skin, too, the difference whereof from their own
+had been accentuated by many calamitous incidents, was hit upon as the
+reason of so crushing an ascendency.
+
+White skin therefore became, in those disconsolate eyes, the symbol of
+fearful irresistible power: which impression was not at all weakened
+afterwards by the ineffable atrocities of the "middle-passage."  Backed
+ultimately by their absolute and irresponsible masterhood at home over
+the deported Blacks, the European abductors could easily render
+permanent in the minds of their captives the abject terror struck into
+them by the enormities of which they had been the victims.  Now, the
+impressions we touched upon before bringing forward the case of the
+Negro slaves were mainly produced by pleasurable circumstances.  But of
+a contrary nature and much more deeply graven are those sentiments
+which are the outcome of hopeless terror [198] and pain.  For whilst
+impressions of the former character glide into the consciousness
+through accesses no less normal than agreeable, the infusion of fear by
+means of bodily suffering is a process too violent to be forgotten by
+minds tortured and strained to unnatural tension thereby.  Such
+tension, oft-recurrent and scarcely endurable, leaves behind it
+recollections which are in themselves a source of sadness.  But time,
+favoured by a succession of pleasurable experiences, is a sovereign
+anodyne to remembrances of this poignant class.  No wonder, then, from
+our foregoing detail of facts, that whiteness of skin was both
+redoubted and tremblingly crouched to by Negroes on whom Europeans had
+wrought such unspeakable calamities.  Time, however, and the action of
+circumstances, especially in countries subject to Catholic dominion,
+soon began to modify the conditions under which this sentiment of
+terror had been maintained, and, with those conditions, the very
+sentiment itself.  For it was not long in the life of many of the
+expatriated Africans before numbers of their own race obtained freedom,
+and, eventually, wealth sufficient for purchasing black slaves on their
+[199] own account.  In other respects, too (outwardly at least), the
+prosperous career of such individual Blacks could not fail to induce a
+revulsion of thought, whereby the attribution of unapproachable powers
+exclusively to the Whites became a matter earnestly reconsidered by the
+Africans.  Centuries of such reconsideration have produced the natural
+result in the West Indies. With the daily competition in intelligence,
+refinement, and social and moral distinction, which time and events
+have brought about between individuals of the two races, nothing,
+surely, has resulted, nor has even been indicated, to re-infuse the
+ancient colour-dread into minds which had formerly been forced to
+entertain it; and still less to engender it in bosoms to which such a
+feeling cannot, in the very nature of things, be an inborn emotion.
+Now, can Mr. Froude show us by what process he would be able to infuse
+in the soul of an entire population a sentiment which is both unnatural
+and beyond compulsion?
+
+The foregoing remarks roughly apply to preeminence given to outward
+distinction, and the conditions under which mainly it impresses and is
+accepted by men not yet arrived at the [200] essentially intellectual
+stage.  In the spiritual domain the conditions have ever been quite
+different.  A belief in the supernatural being inborn in man, the
+professors of knowledge and powers beyond natural attainment were by
+common consent accorded a distinct and superior consideration, deemed
+proper to the sacredness of their progression. Hence the supremacy of
+the priestly caste in every age and country of the world.  Potentate as
+well as peasant have bowed in reverence before it, as representing and
+declaring with authority the counsels of that Being whom all, priest,
+potentate and peasant alike, acknowledge and adore, each according to
+the measure of his inward illumination.
+
+
+
+BOOK III: THE NEGRO AS WORKER
+
+[201] The laziness, the incurable idleness, of the Negro, was, both
+immediately before their emancipation in 1838, and for long years after
+that event, the cuckoo-cry of their white detractors.  It was laziness,
+pure and simple, which hindered the Negro from exhausting himself under
+a tropical sun, toiling at starvation wages to ensure for his quondam
+master the means of being an idler himself, with the additional luxury
+of rolling in easily come-by wealth.  Within the last twenty years,
+however, the history of the Black Man, both in the West Indies and,
+better still, in the United States of America, has been a succession of
+achievements which have converted the charge of laziness into a
+baseless and absurd calumny.  The repetition of the charge referred to
+is, in these [202] waning days of the nineteenth century, a discredited
+anachronism, which, however, has no deterring features for Mr. Froude.
+As the running down of the Negro was his cue, he went in boldly for the
+game, with what result we shall presently see.  At page 239, our
+author, speaking of the Negro garden-farms in Jamaica, says:--
+
+"The male proprietors were lounging about smoking.  Their wives, as it
+was market-day, were tramping into Kingston with their baskets on their
+heads.  We met them literally in thousands, all merry and
+light-hearted, their little ones with little baskets trudging at their
+side.  Of the lords of the creation we saw, perhaps, one to each
+hundred of the women, and he would be riding on mule or donkey, pipe in
+mouth and carrying nothing.  He would be generally sulky too, while the
+ladies, young and old, had a civil word for us, and curtsied under
+their loads.  Decidedly if there is to be a black constitution I will
+give my vote to the women."
+
+To the above direct imputation of indolence, heartlessness, and
+moroseness, Mr. Froude appends the following remarks on other moral
+characteristics of certain sable peasants at [203] Mandeville, Jamaica,
+given on the authority of a police official, who, our author says,
+described them as--
+
+"Good-humoured, but not universally honest.  They stole cattle, and
+would not give evidence against each other.  If brought into Court,
+they held a pebble in their mouth, being under the impression that when
+they were so provided, perjury did not count.  Their education was only
+skin-deep, and the schools which the Government provided had not
+touched their characters at all."
+
+But how could the education so provided be otherwise than futile when
+the administration of its details is entirely in the hands of persons
+unsympathizing with and utterly despising the Negro?  But of this more
+anon and elsewhere.  We resume Mr. Froude's evidence respecting the
+black peasantry.  Our author proceeds to admit, on the same subject,
+that his informant's duties (as a police official) "brought him in
+contact with the unfavourable specimens."  He adds:--
+
+"I received a far pleasanter impression from a Moravian minister.... I
+was particularly glad to see this gentleman, for of the Moravians [204]
+every one had spoken well to me.  He was not the least enthusiastic
+about his poor black sheep, but he said that if they were not better
+than the average English labourer, he did not think them worse.  They
+were called idle; they would work well enough if they had fair wages
+and if the wages were paid regularly; but what could be expected when
+women servants had but three shillings a week and found themselves,
+when the men had but a shilling a day and the pay was kept in arrear in
+order that if they came late to work, or if they came irregularly, it
+may be kept back or cut down to what the employer choose to give?
+Under such conditions ANY man of ANY colour would prefer to work for
+himself if he had a garden, or would be idle if he had none."
+
+Take, again, the following extract regarding the heroism of the
+emigrants to the Canal:--
+
+"I walked forward" (on the steamer bound to Jamaica), "after we had
+done talking.  We had five hundred of the poor creatures on their way
+to the Darien pandemonium.  The vessel was rolling with a heavy beam
+sea.  I found the whole mass of them reduced to the condition of the
+pigs who used to occupy the fore decks on the Cork and Bristol packets.
+They were [205] lying in a confused heap together, helpless, miserable,
+without consciousness, apparently, save a sense in each that he was
+wretched.  Unfortunate brothers-in-law! following the laws of political
+economy, and carrying their labour to the dearest market, where, before
+a year was out, half of them were to die.  They had souls, too, some of
+them, and honest and kindly hearts."
+
+It surely is refreshing to read the revelation of his first learning of
+the possession of a soul by a fellow-human being, thus artlessly
+described by one who is said to be an ex-parson.  But piquancy is Mr.
+Froude's strong point, whatever else he may be found wanting in.
+
+Still, apart from Mr. Froude's direct testimony to the fact that from
+year to year, during a long series of years, there has been a
+continuous, scarcely ever interrupted emigration of Negroes to the
+Spanish mainland, in search of work for a sufficing livelihood for
+themselves and their families--and that in the teeth of physical
+danger, pestilence, and death--there would be enough indirect
+exoneration of the Black Man from that indictment in the wail of Mr.
+Froude and his friends regarding the alarming absorption of the lands
+of Grenada [206] and Trinidad by sable proprietors.  Land cannot be
+bought without money, nor can money be possessed except through labour,
+and the fact that so many tens of thousand Blacks are now the happy
+owners of the soil whereon, in the days so bitterly regretted by our
+author, their forefathers' tears, nay, very hearts' blood, had been
+caused to flow, ought to silence for ever an accusation, which, were it
+even true, would be futile, and, being false, is worse than
+disgraceful, coming from the lips of the Eumolpids who would fain
+impose a not-to-be-questioned yoke on us poor helots of Ethiopia.  It
+is said that lying is the vice of slaves; but the ethics of West Indian
+would-be mastership assert, on its behalf, that they alone should enjoy
+the privilege of resorting to misrepresentation to give colour, if not
+solidity, to their pretensions.
+
+
+
+BOOK III: RELIGION FOR NEGROES
+
+[207] Mr. Froude's passing on from matters secular to matters spiritual
+and sacred was a transition to be expected in the course of the grave
+and complicated discussion which he had volunteered to initiate.  It
+was, therefore, not without curiosity that his views in the direction
+above indicated were sought for and earnestly scrutinized by us.  But
+worse than in his treatment of purely mundane subjects, his attitude
+here is marked by a nonchalant levity which excites our wonder that
+even he should have touched upon the spiritual side of his thesis at
+all.  The idea of the dove sent forth from the ark fluttering over the
+heaving swells of the deluge, in vain endeavour to secure a rest for
+the soles of its feet, represents not inaptly the unfortunate
+predicament of his spirit with regard to a solid [208] faith on which
+to repose amid the surges of doubt by which it is so evidently beset.
+Yet although this is his obvious plight with regard to a satisfying
+belief, he nevertheless undertakes, with characteristic confidence, to
+suggest a creed for the moralization of West Indian Negroes.  His
+language is:--
+
+"A religion, at any rate, which will keep the West Indian blacks from
+falling back into devil-worship is still to seek.  In spite of the
+priests, child-murder and cannibalism have re-appeared in Hayti, but
+without them things might have been much worse than they are, and the
+preservation of white authority and influence in any form at all may be
+better than none."
+
+We discern in the foregoing citation the exercise of a charity that is
+unquestionably born of fetish-worship, which, whether it be obeah
+generally, or restricted to a mere human skin, can be so powerful an
+agent in the formation and retention of beliefs.  Hence we see that our
+philosopher relies here, in the domain of morals and spiritual ethics,
+on a white skin as implicitly as he does on its sovereign potency in
+secular politics.  The curiousness of the matter lies mainly in its
+application to natives [209] of Hayti, of all people in the world.  As
+a matter of fact we have had our author declaring as follows, in climax
+to his oft-repeated predictions about West Indian Negroes degenerating
+into the condition of their fellow-Negroes in the "Black Republic" (p.
+285):--
+
+"Were it worth while, one  might draw a picture of an English governor,
+with a black parliament and a black ministry, recommending, by advice
+of his constitutional ministers, some measure like the Haytian Land
+Law."
+
+Now, as the West Indies degenerating into so many white-folk-detesting
+Haytis, under our prophet's dreaded supremacy of the Blacks, is the
+burden of his book; and as the Land Law in question distinctly forbids
+the owning by any white person of even one inch of the soil of the
+Republic, it might, but for the above explanation, have seemed
+unaccountable, in view of the implacable distrust, not to say hatred,
+which this stern prohibition so clearly discloses, that our author
+should, nevertheless, rely on the efficacy of white authority and
+influence over Haytians.
+
+In continuation of his religious suggestions, he goes on to descant
+upon slavery in the [210] fashion which we have elsewhere noticed, but
+it may still be proper to add a word or two here regarding this
+particular disquisition of his.  This we are happy in being able to do
+under the guidance of an anterior and more reliable exponent of
+ecclesiastical as well as secular obedience on the part of all free and
+enlightened men in the present epoch of the world's history:--
+
+               "Dogma and Descent, potential twin
+     Which erst could rein submissive millions in,
+     Are now spent forces on the eddying surge
+     Of Thought enfranchised.  Agencies emerge
+     Unhampered by the incubus of dread
+     Which cramped men's hearts and clogged their onward tread.
+     Dynasty, Prescription! spectral in these days
+     When Science points to Thought its surest ways,
+     And men who scorn obedience when not free
+     Demand the logic of Authority!
+     The day of manhood to the world is here,
+     And ancient homage waxes faint and drear.
+        .      .      .      .      .      .
+     Vision of rapture!  See Salvation's plan
+     'Tis serving God through ceaseless toil for man!"
+
+The lines above quoted are by a West Indian Negro, and explain in very
+concise form the attitude of the educated African mind [211] with
+reference to the matters they deal with.  Mr. Froude is free to
+perceive that no special religion patched up from obsolete creeds could
+be acceptable to those with whose sentiments the thoughts of the writer
+just quoted are in true racial unison.  It is preposterous to expect
+that the same superstition regarding skin ascendency, which is now so
+markedly played out in our Colonies in temporal matters, could have any
+weight whatsoever in matters so momentous as morals and religion.  But
+granting even the possibility of any code of worldly ethics or of
+religion being acceptable on the dermal score so strenuously insisted
+on by him, it is to be feared that, through sheer respect for the
+fitness of things, the intelligent Negro in search of guidance in faith
+and morals would fail to recognize in our author a guide, philosopher,
+and friend, to be followed without the most painful misgivings.  The
+Catholic and the Dissenting Churches which have done so much for the
+temporal and spiritual advancement of the Negro, in spite of hindrance
+and active persecution wherever these were possible, are, so far as is
+visible, maintaining their hold on the adhesion of those who belong to
+them.
+
+[212] And it cannot be pretended that, among enlightened Africans as
+compared with other enlightened people, there have been more grievous
+failings off from the scriptural standard of deportment.  Possible it
+certainly is that considerations akin to, or even identical with, those
+relied upon by Mr. Froude might, on the first reception of Christianity
+in their exile, have operated effectually upon the minds of the
+children of Africa.  At that time the evangelizers whose converts they
+so readily became possessed the recommendation of belonging to the
+dominant caste.  Therefore, with the humility proper to their forlorn
+condition, the poor bondsmen requited with intense gratitude such
+beneficent interest on their behalf, as a condescension to which people
+in their hapless situation could have had no right.  But for many long
+years, the distinction whether of temporal or of spiritual superiority
+has ceased to be the monopoly of any particular class.  The master and
+employer has for far more than a century and a half been often
+represented in the West Indies by some born African or his descendant;
+and so also has the teacher and preacher.  It is not too much to say
+that [213] the behaviour of the liberated slaves throughout the British
+Antilles, as well as the deportment of the manumitted four million
+slaves of the Southern United States later on, bore glorious testimony
+to the humanizing effects which the religion of charity, clutched at
+and grasped in fragments, and understood with childlike incompleteness,
+had produced within those suffering bosoms.
+
+Nothing has occurred to call for a remodelling of the ordinary moral
+and spiritual machinery for the special behoof of Negroes.  Religion,
+as understood by the best of men, is purely a matter of feeling and
+action between man and man--the doing unto others as we would they
+should do unto us; and any creed or any doctrine which directly or
+indirectly subverts or even weakens this basis is in itself a danger to
+the highest welfare of mankind.  The simple conventional faith in God,
+in Jesus, and in a future state, however modified nowadays, has still a
+vitality which can restrain and ennoble its votaries, provided it be
+inculcated and received in a befitting spirit.  Our critic, in the
+plenitude of his familiarity with such matters, confidently asks:--
+
+[214] "Who is now made wretched by the fear of hell?"
+
+Possibly the belief in the material hell, the decadence of which he
+here triumphantly assumes to be so general, may have considerably
+diminished; but experience has shown that, with the advance of
+refinement, there is a concurrent growth in the intensity of moral
+sensibility, whereby the waning terrors of a future material hell are
+more than replaced by the agonies of a conscience self-convicted of
+wilful violation of the right.  The same simple faith has, in its
+practical results, been rich in the records of the humble whom it has
+exalted; of the poor to whom it has been better than wealth; of the
+rich whose stewardship of worldly prosperity it has sanctified; of the
+timid whom it has rendered bold; and of the valiant whom it has raised
+to a divine heroism--in fine, of miracles of transformation that have
+impelled to higher and nobler tendencies and uses the powers and gifts
+inherited or acquired by man in his natural state. They who possess
+this faith, and cherish it as a priceless possession, may calmly oppose
+to the philosophic reasoning against the existence of [215] a Deity and
+the rationalness of entreating Him in prayer, the simple and sufficient
+declaration, "I believe." Normal-minded men, sensible of the
+limitations of human faculties, never aspire to be wise beyond what is
+revealed.  Whatever might exist beyond the grave is, so far as man and
+man in their mutual relations are concerned, not a subject that
+discussion can affect or speculation unravel.  To believers it cannot
+matter whether the Sermon on the Mount embodies or does not embody the
+quality of ethics that the esoteric votaries of Mr. Froude's "new
+creed" do accept or even can tolerate.  Under the old creed man's sense
+of duty kindled in sympathy towards his brother, urging him to achieve
+by self-sacrifice every possibility of beneficence; hence the old creed
+insured an inward joy as well as "the peace which passeth all
+understanding."  There can be no room for desiring left, when
+receptiveness of blessings overflows; and it is the worthiest direction
+of human energy to secure for others that fulness of fruition.  Is not
+Duty the first, the highest item of moral consciousness; and is not
+promoting, according to our best ability, the welfare of our fellow
+creatures, the first and [216] most urgent call of human duty?  Can the
+urgency of such responsibility ever cease but with the capacity, on our
+own or on our brother's part, to do or be done by respectively?
+Contemptuously ignoring his share of this solemn
+responsibility--solemn, whether regarded from a religious or a purely
+secular point of view--to observe at least the negative obligation
+never to wantonly do or even devise any harm to his fellows, or indeed
+any sentient creature, our new apostle affords, in his light-hearted
+reversal of the prescriptive methods of civilized ethics, a woful
+foretaste of the moral results of the "new, not as yet crystallized"
+belief, whose trusted instruments of spiritual investigation are the
+telescope and mental analysis, in order to satisfy the carpings of
+those who so impress the world with their superhuman strong-mindedness.
+
+The following is a profound reflection presenting, doubtless, quite a
+new revelation to an unsophisticated world, which had so long submitted
+in reverential tameness to the self-evident impossibility of exploring
+the Infinite:--
+
+"The tendency of popular thought is against [217] the supernatural in
+any shape.  Far into space as the telescope can search, deep as
+analysis can penetrate into mind and consciousness or the forces which
+govern natural things, popular thought finds only uniformity and
+connection of cause and effect; no sign anywhere of a personal will
+which is influenced by prayer or moral motives."
+
+How much to be pitied are the gifted esoterics who, in such a quest,
+vainly point their telescopes into the star-thronged firmament, and
+plunge their reasoning powers into the abyss of consciousness and
+such-like mysteries!  The commonplace intellect of the author of "Night
+Thoughts" was, if we may so speak, awed into an adoring rapture which
+forced from him the exclamation (may believers hail it as a dogma!)--
+
+"An undevout astronomer is mad!"
+
+Most probably it was in weak submission to some such sentiment as this
+that Isaac Newton nowhere in his writings suggests even the ghost of a
+doubt of there being a Great Architect of the Universe as the outcome
+of his telescopic explorations into the illimitable heavens.
+
+[218] It is quite possible, too, that he was, "on insufficient
+grounds," perhaps, perfectly satisfied, as a host of other intellectual
+mediocrities like himself have been, and even up to now rather
+provokingly continue to be, with the very "uniformity and connection of
+cause and effect" as visible evidence of there being not only "a
+personal will," but a creative and controlling Power as well.  In this
+connection comes to mind a certain old Book which, whatever damage
+Semitic Scholarship and Modern Criticism may succeed in inflicting on
+its contents, will always retain for the spiritual guidance of the
+world enough and to spare of divine suggestions. With the prescience
+which has been the heritage of the inspired in all ages, one of the
+writers in that Book, whom we shall now quote, foresaw, no doubt, the
+deplorable industry of Mr. Froude and his protege "popular thought,"
+whose mouth-piece he has so characteristically constituted himself, and
+asks in a tone wherein solemn warning blends with inquiry: "Canst thou
+by searching find out God; canst thou find out the Almighty unto
+perfection!"  The rational among the most loftily endowed of mankind
+have grasped [219] the sublime significance of this query, acquiescing
+reverently in its scarcely veiled intimation of man's impotence in
+presence of the task to which it refers.
+
+But though Mr. Froude's spiritual plight be such as we have just
+allowed him to state it, with regard to an object of faith and a motive
+of worship, yet let us hear him, in his anxiety to furbish up a special
+Negro creed, setting forth the motive for being in a hurry to
+anticipate the "crystallization" of his new belief:--
+
+"The new creed, however, not having crystallized as yet into a shape
+which can be openly professed, and as without any creed at all the
+flesh and the devil might become too powerful, we maintain the old
+names, as we maintain the monarchy."
+
+The allusion to the monarchy seems not a very obvious one, as it
+parallels the definitive rejection of a spiritual creed with the
+theoretical change of ancient notions regarding a concrete fact.  At
+any rate we have it that his special religion, when concocted and
+disseminated, will have the effect of preventing the flesh and the
+devil from having too much power over Negroes.  The objection to the
+[220] devil's sway seems to us to come with queer grace from one who
+owes his celebrity chiefly to the production of works teeming with that
+peculiar usage of language of which the Enemy of Souls is credited with
+the special fatherhood.
+
+No, sir, in the name of the Being regarding whose existence you and
+your alleged "popular thought" are so painfully in doubt, we protest
+against your right, or that of any other created worm, to formulate for
+the special behoof of Negroes any sort of artificial creed unbelieved
+in by yourself, having the function and effect of detective
+"shadowings" of their souls.  Away with your criminal suggestion of
+toleration of the hideous orgies of heathenism in Hayti for the benefit
+of our future morals in the West Indies, when the political supremacy
+which you predict and dread and deprecate shall have become an
+accomplished fact.  Were any special standard of spiritual excellence
+required, our race has, in Josiah Henson and Sojourner Truth, sufficing
+models for our men and our women respectively.  Their ideal of
+Christian life, which we take to be the true one, is not to be judged
+of with direct reference to the Deity whom we cannot [221] see,
+interrogate, or comprehend, but to its practical bearing in and on man,
+whom we can see and have cognizance of, not only with our physical
+senses, but by the intimations of the divinity which abides within us.*
+We can see, feel, and appreciate the virtue of a fellow-mortal who
+consecrates himself to the Divine idea through untiring exertion for
+the bettering of the condition of the world around him, whose agony he
+makes it his duty, only to satisfy his burning desire, to mitigate.
+The fact in its ghastly reality lies before us that the majority of
+mankind labour and are being crushed under the tremendous trinity of
+Ignorance, Vice, and Poverty.
+
+It is mainly in the succouring of those who thus suffer that the
+vitality of the old creed is manifested in the person of its
+professors.  Under this aspect we behold it moulding men, of all
+nations, countries, and tongues, whose virtues have challenged and
+should command on its behalf the unquestioning faith and adhesion of
+every rational observer.  "Evidences of Christianity," "Controversies,"
+"Exegetical Commentaries," have all proved [222] more or less
+futile--as perhaps they ought--with the Science and Modern Criticism
+which perverts religion into a matter of dialectics. But there is a
+hope for mankind in the fact that Science itself shall have ultimately
+to admit the limitations of human inquiry into the details of the
+Infinite.  Meanwhile it requires no technical proficiency to recognize
+the criminality of those who waste their brief threescore and ten years
+in abstract speculations, while the tangible, visible, and hideous
+soul-destroying trinity of Vice, Ignorance, and Poverty, above
+mentioned, are desolating the world in their very sight.  There are
+possessors of personal virtue, enlightenment, and wealth, who dare
+stand neutral with regard to these dire exigencies among their fellows.
+And yet they are the logical helpers, as holders of the special
+antidote to each of those banes!  Infinitely more deserving of
+execration are such folk than the callous owner of some specific, who
+allows a suffering neighbour to perish for want of it.
+
+We who believe in the ultimate development of the Christian notion of
+duty towards God, as manifested in untiring beneficence to man, cling
+to this faith--starting from the [223] beginning of the New Testament
+dispensation--because Saul of Tarsus, transformed into Paul the Apostle
+through his whole-souled acceptance of this very creed with its
+practical responsibilities, has, in his ardent, indefatigable labours
+for the enlightenment and elevation of his fellows, left us a lesson
+which is an enduring inspiration; because Augustine, Bishop of Hippo,
+benefited, in a manner which has borne, and ever will bear, priceless
+fruit, enormous sections of the human family, after his definite
+submission to the benign yoke of the same old creed; because Vincent de
+Paul has, through the identical inspiration, endowed the world with his
+everlasting legacy of organized beneficence; because it impelled
+Francis Xavier with yearning heart and eager footsteps through
+thousands of miles of peril, to proclaim to the darkling millions of
+India what he had experienced to be tidings of great joy to himself;
+because Matthew Hale, a lawyer, and of first prominence in a pursuit
+which materializes the mind and nips its native candour and tenderness,
+escaped unblighted, through the saving influence of his faith,
+approving himself in the sight of all [224] an ideal judge, even
+according to the highest conception; because John Howard, opulent and
+free to enjoy his opulence and repose, was drawn thereby throughout the
+whole continent of Europe in quest of the hidden miseries that torture
+those whom the law has shut out, in dungeons, from the light and
+sympathy of the world; because Thomas Clarkson, animated by the spirit
+of its teachings, consecrated wealth, luxury, and the quiet of an
+entire lifetime on the altar of voluntary sacrifice for the salvation
+of an alien people; because Samuel Johnson, shut out from mirthfulness
+by disease and suffering, and endowed with an intellectual pride
+intolerant of froward ignorance, was, through the chastening power of
+that belief, transformed into the cheerful minister and willing slave
+of the weaklings whom he gathered into his home, and around whom the
+tendrils of his heart had entwined themselves, waxing closer and
+stronger in the moisture of his never-failing charity; because Henry
+Havelock, a man of the sword, whose duties have never been too
+propitious to the cultivation and fostering of the gentler virtues,
+lived and died a blameless hero, constrained by that faith to be one of
+its most illustrious exemplars; [225] because David Livingstone looms
+great and reverend in our mental sight in his devotion to a land and
+race embraced in his boundless fellow-feeling, and whose miseries he
+has commended to the sympathy of the civilized world in words the
+pathos whereof has melted thousands of once obdurate hearts to crave a
+share in applying a balm to the "open sore of Africa"--that slave-trade
+whose numberless horrors beggar description; and finally--one more
+example out of the countless varieties of types that blend into a
+unique solidarity in the active manifestation of the Christian life--we
+believe because Charles Gordon, the martyr-soldier of Khartoum, in
+trusting faith a very child, but in heroism more notable than any mere
+man of whom history contains a record, gathered around himself, through
+the sublime attractiveness of his faith-directed life, the united
+suffrages of all nations, and now enjoys, as the recompense and seal of
+his life's labours, an apotheosis in homage to which the heathen of
+Africa, the man-hunting Arab, the Egyptian, the Turk, all jostle each
+other to blend with the exulting children of Britain who are directly
+glorified by his life and history.
+
+[226] Here, then, are speaking evidences of the believers' grounds.
+Verily they are of the kind that are to be seen in our midst, touched,
+heard, listened to, respected, beloved--nay, honoured, too, with the
+glad worship our inward spirit springs forth to render to goodness so
+largely plenished from the Source of all Good.  Can Modern Science and
+Criticism explain them away, or persuade us of their insufficiency as
+incentives to the hearty acceptance of the religion that has received
+such glorious, yet simply logical, incarnation in the persons of weak,
+erring men who welcomed its responsibilities conjointly with its
+teachings, and thereby raised themselves to the spiritual level
+pictured to ourselves in our conception of angels who have been given
+the Divine charge concerning mankind.  Religion for Negroes, indeed!
+White priests, forsooth! This sort of arrogance might, possibly, avail
+in quarters where the person and pretensions of Mr. Froude could be
+impressive and influential--but here, in the momentous concern of man
+with Him who "is no respecter of persons," his interference, mentally
+disposed as he tells us he is with reference to such a matter, is
+nothing less than profane intrusion.
+
+[227] We will conclude by stating in a few words our notion of the only
+agency by which, not Blacks alone, but every race of mankind, might be
+uplifted to the moral level which the thousands of examples, of which
+we have glanced at but a few, prove so indubitably the capacity of man
+to attain--each to a degree limited by the scope of his individual
+powers.  The priesthood whereof the world stands in such dire need is
+not at all the confederacy of augurs which Mr. Froude, perhaps in
+recollection of his former profession, so glibly suggests, with an
+esoteric creed of their own, "crystallized into shape" for profession
+before the public.  The day of priestcraft being now numbered with the
+things that were, the exploitation of those outside of the sacerdotal
+circle is no longer possible. Therefore the religion of mere talk,
+however metaphysical and profound; the religion of scenic display,
+except such display be symbolic of living and active verities, has lost
+whatever of efficacy it may once have possessed, through the very
+spirit and tendency of To-day.  The reason why those few whom we have
+mentioned, and the thousands who cannot possibly be recalled, have, as
+[228] typical Christians, impressed themselves on the moral sense and
+sympathy of the ages, is simply that they lived the faith which they
+professed. Whatever words they may have employed to express their
+serious thoughts were never otherwise than, incidentally, a spoken
+fragment of their own interior biography. In fine, success must
+infallibly attend this special priesthood (whether episcopally
+"ordained" or not) of all races, all colours, all tongues whatsoever,
+since their lives reflect their teachings and their teachings reflect
+their lives.  Then, truly, they, "the righteous, shall inherit the
+earth," leading mankind along the highest and noblest paths of temporal
+existence.  Then, of course, the obeah, the cannibalism, the
+devil-worship of the whole world, including that of Hayti, which Mr.
+Froude predicts will be adopted by us Blacks in the West Indies, shall
+no more encumber and scandalize the earth.
+
+But Mr. Froude should, at the same time, be reminded that cannibalism
+and the hideous concomitants which he mentions are, after all,
+relatively minor and restricted dangers to man's civilization and moral
+soundness.  They can [229] neither operate freely nor expand easily.
+The paralysis of horrified popular sentiment obstructs their
+propagation, and the blight of the death-penalty which hangs over the
+heads of their votaries is an additional guarantee of their being kept
+within bounds that minimize their perniciousness. But there are more
+fatal and further-reaching dangers to public morality and happiness of
+which the regenerated current opinion of the future will take prompt
+and remedial cognizance. Foremost among these will be the circulation
+of malevolent writings whereby the equilibrium of sympathy between good
+men of different races is sought to be destroyed, through misleading
+appeals to the weaknesses and prejudices of readers; writings in which
+the violation of actual truth cannot, save by stark stupidity, be
+attributed to innocent error; writings that scoff at humanitarian
+feeling and belittle the importance of achievements resulting
+therefrom; writings which strike at the root of national manliness, by
+eulogizing brute force directed against weaker folk as a fit and
+legitimate mode of securing the wishes of a mighty and enlightened
+people; writings, in fine, which ignore the divine principle [230] in
+man, and implicitly deny the possibility of a Divine Power existing
+outside of and above man, thus materializing the mind, and tending to
+render the earth a worse hell than it ever could have been with faith
+in the supremacy of a beneficent Power.
+
+NOTES
+
+221. *"Est deus in nobis, agitante calescimus illo."--Ovid.
+
+
+
+BOOK IV: HISTORICAL SUMMARY
+
+[233] Thus far we have dealt with the main questions raised by Mr.
+Froude on the lines of his own choosing; lines which demonstrate to the
+fullest how unsuited his capacity is for appreciating--still less
+grappling with--the political and social issues he has so confidently
+undertaken to determine.  In vain have we sought throughout his bastard
+philosophizing for any phrase giving promise of an adequate treatment
+of this important subject.  We find paraded ostentatiously enough the
+doctrine that in the adjustment of human affairs the possession of a
+white skin should be the strongest recommendation. Wonder might fairly
+be felt that there is no suggestion of a corresponding advantage being
+accorded to the possession of a long nose or of auburn hair.  Indeed,
+little [234] or no attention that can be deemed serious is given to the
+interest of the Blacks, as a large and (out of Africa) no longer
+despicable section of the human family, in the great world-problems
+which are so visibly preparing and press for definitive solutions.  The
+intra-African Negro is clearly powerless to struggle successfully
+against personal enslavement, annexation, or volunteer forcible
+"protection" of his territory.  What, we ask, will in the coming ages
+be the opinion and attitude of the extra-African millions--ten millions
+in the Western Hemisphere--dispersed so widely over the surface of the
+globe, apt apprentices in every conceivable department of civilized
+culture? Will these men remain for ever too poor, too isolated from one
+another for grand racial combinations?  Or will the naturally opulent
+cradle of their people, too long a prey to violence and unholy greed,
+become at length the sacred watchword of a generation willing and able
+to conquer or perish under its inspiration?  Such large and interesting
+questions it was within the province and duty of a famous historian,
+laying confident claim to prophetic insight, not to propound alone, but
+also definitely to solve.  The sacred power [235] of forecast, however,
+has been confined to finical pronouncements regarding those for whose
+special benefit he has exercised it, and to childish insults of the
+Blacks whose doom must be sealed to secure the precious result which is
+aimed at.  In view of this ill-intentioned omission, we shall offer a
+few cursory remarks bearing on, but not attempting to answer, those
+grave inquiries concerning the African people.  As in our humble
+opinion these are questions paramount to all the petty local issues
+finically dilated on by the confident prophet of "The Bow of Ulysses,"
+we will here briefly devote ourselves to its discussion.
+
+Accepting the theory of human development propounded by our author, let
+us apply it to the African race.  Except, of course, to intelligences
+having a share in the Councils of Eternity, there can be no attainable
+knowledge respecting the laws which regulate the growth and progress of
+civilization among the races of the earth. That in the existence of the
+human family every age has been marked by its own essential
+characteristics with regard to manifestations of intellectual life,
+however circumscribed, is a proposition too self-evident [236] to
+require more than the stating.  But investigation beyond such evidence
+as we possess concerning the past--whether recorded by man himself in
+the written pages of history, or by the Creator on the tablets of
+nature--would be worse than futile.  We see that in the past different
+races have successively come to the front, as prominent actors on the
+world's stage.  The years of civilized development have dawned in turn
+on many sections of the human family, and the Anglo-Saxons, who now
+enjoy preeminence, got their turn only after Egypt, Assyria, Babylon,
+Greece, Rome, and others had successively held the palm of supremacy.
+And since these mighty empires have all passed away, may we not then,
+if the past teaches aught, confidently expect that other racial
+hegemonies will arise in the future to keep up the ceaseless
+progression of temporal existence towards the existence that is
+eternal?  What is it in the nature of things that will oust the African
+race from the right to participate, in times to come, in the high
+destinies that have been assigned in times past to so many races that
+have not been in anywise superior to us in the qualifications,
+physical, moral, and intellectual, [237] that mark out a race for
+prominence amongst other races?
+
+The normal composition of the typical Negro has the testimony of ages
+to its essential soundness and nobility.  Physically, as an active
+labourer, he is capable of the most protracted exertion under climatic
+conditions the most exhausting.  By the mere strain of his brawn and
+sinew he has converted waste tracts of earth into fertile regions of
+agricultural bountifulness.  On the scenes of strife he has in his
+savage state been known to be indomitable save by the stress of
+irresistible forces, whether of men or of circumstances. Staunch in his
+friendship and tender towards the weak directly under his protection,
+the unvitiated African furnishes in himself the combination of native
+virtue which in the land of his exile was so prolific of good results
+for the welfare of the whole slave-class. But distracted at home by the
+sudden irruptions of skulking foes, he has been robbed, both
+intellectually and morally, of the immense advantage of Peace, which is
+the mother of Progress.  Transplanted to alien climes, and through
+centuries of desolating trials, this irrepressible race has [238] bated
+not one throb of its energy, nor one jot of its heart or hope.  In
+modern times, after his expatriation into dismal bondage, both Britain
+and America have had occasion to see that even in the paralysing
+fetters of political and social degradation the right arm of the Ethiop
+can be a valuable auxiliary on the field of battle.  Britain, in her
+conflict with France for supremacy in the West Indies, did not disdain
+the aid of the sable arms that struck together with those of Britons
+for the trophies that furnished the motives for those epic contests.
+
+Later on, the unparalleled struggle between the Northern and Southern
+States of the American Union put to the test the indestructible fibres
+of the Negro's nature, moral as well as physical.  The Northern States,
+after months of hesitating repugnance, and when taught at last by dire
+defeats that colour did not in any way help to victory, at length
+sullenly acquiesced in the comradeship, hitherto disdained, of the
+eager African contingent.  The records of Port Hudson, Vicksburg,
+Morris Island, and elsewhere, stand forth in imperishable attestation
+of the fact that the distinction of being laurelled during life as
+victor, or filling [239] in death a hero's grave, is reserved for no
+colour, but for the heart that can dare and the hand that can strike
+boldly in a righteous cause.  The experience of the Southern
+slave-holders, on the other hand, was no less striking and worthy of
+admiration.  Every man of the twelve seceding States forming the
+Southern Confederacy, then fighting desperately for the avowed purpose
+of perpetuating slavery, was called into the field, as no available
+male arm could be spared from the conflict on their side.  Plantation
+owner, overseer, and every one in authority, had to be drafted away
+from the scene of their usual occupation to the stage whereon the
+bloody drama of internecine strife was being enacted.  Not only the
+plantation, but the home and the household, including the mistress and
+her children, had to be left, not unprotected, it is glorious to
+observe, but, with confident assurance in their loyalty and good faith,
+under the protection of the four million of bondsmen, who, through the
+laws and customs of these very States, had been doomed to lifelong
+ignorance and exclusion from all moralizing influences.  With what
+result?  The protraction of the conflict on the part of the South would
+[240] have been impossible but for the admirable management and
+realization of their resources by those benighted slaves.  On the other
+hand, not one of the thousands of Northern prisoners escaping from the
+durance of a Southern captivity ever appealed in vain for the
+assistance and protection of a Negro.  Clearly the head and heart of
+those bondsmen were each in its proper place.  The moral effect of
+these experiences of the Negroes' sterling qualities was not lost on
+either North or South.  In the North it effaced from thousands of
+repugnant hearts the adverse feelings which had devised and
+accomplished so much to the Negro's detriment.  In the South--but for
+the blunders of the Reconstructionists--it would have considerably
+facilitated the final readjustment of affairs between the erewhile
+master and slave in their new-born relations of employer and employed.
+
+Reverting to the Africans who were conveyed to places other than the
+States, it will be seen that circumstances amongst them and in their
+favour came into play, modifying and lightening their unhappy
+condition.  First, attention must be paid to the patriotic solidarity
+existing [241] amongst the bondsmen, a solidarity which, in the case of
+those who had been deported in the same ship, had all the sanctity of
+blood-relationship.  Those who had thus travelled to the "white man's
+country" addressed and considered each other as brothers and sisters.
+Hence their descendants for many generations upheld, as if
+consanguineous, the modes of address and treatment which became
+hereditary in families whose originals had travelled in the same ship.
+These adopted uncles, aunts, nephews, nieces, were so united by common
+sympathies, that good or ill befalling any one of them intensely
+affected the whole connection.  Mutual support commensurate with the
+area of their location thus became the order among these people.  At
+the time of the first deportation of Africans to the West Indies to
+replace the aborigines who had been decimated in the mines at Santo
+Domingo and in the pearl fisheries of the South Caribbean, the
+circumstances of the Spanish settlers in the Antilles were of singular,
+even romantic, interest.
+
+The enthusiasm which overflowed from the crusades and the Moorish wars,
+upon the discovery and conquest of America, had occasioned [242]  the
+peopling of the Western Archipelago by a race of men in whom the daring
+of freebooters was strangely blended with a fierce sort of
+religiousness.  As holders of slaves, these men recognized, and
+endeavoured to their best to give effect to, the humane injunctions of
+Bishop Las Casas.  The Negroes, therefore, male and female, were
+promptly presented for admission by baptism into the Catholic Church,
+which always had stood open and ready to welcome them.  The relations
+of god-father and god-mother resulting from these baptismal functions
+had a most important bearing on the reciprocal stations of master and
+slave.  The god-children were, according to ecclesiastical custom,
+considered in every sense entitled to all the protection and assistance
+which were within the competence of the god-parents, who, in their
+turn, received from the former the most absolute submission.  It is
+easy to see that the planters, as well as those intimately connected
+with them, in assuming such obligations with their concomitant
+responsibilities, practically entered into bonds which they all
+regarded as, if possible, more solemn than the natural ties of secular
+parentage. The duty [243] of providing for these dependents usually
+took the shape of their being apprenticed to, and trained in the
+various arts and vocations that constitute the life of civilization.
+In many cases, at the death of their patrons, the bondsmen who were
+deemed most worthy were, according to the means of the testator,
+provided for in a manner lifting them above the necessity of future
+dependence.  Manumission, too, either by favour or through purchase,
+was allowed the fullest operation.  Here then was the active influence
+of higher motives than mere greed of gain or the pride of racial power
+mellowing the lot and gilding the future prospects of the dwellers in
+the tropical house of bondage.
+
+The next, and even more effectual agency in modifying and harmonizing
+the relations between owner and bondspeople was the inevitable
+attraction of one race to the other by the sentiment of natural
+affection.  Out of this sprang living ties far more intimate and
+binding on the moral sense than even obligations contracted in
+deference to the Church.  Natural impulses have often diviner sources
+than ecclesiastical mandates.  Obedience to the former not seldom
+brings down the penalties of the Church; but [244] the culprit finds
+solace in the consciousness that the offence might in itself be a
+protection from the thunders it has provoked.  Under these
+circumstances the general body of planters, who were in the main
+adventurers of the freest type, were fain to establish connections with
+such of the slave-women as attracted their sympathy, through personal
+comeliness or aptitude in domestic affairs, or, usually, both combined.
+There was ordinarily in this beginning of the seventeenth century no
+Vashti that needed expulsion from the abode of a plantation Ahasuerus
+to make room for the African Esther to be admitted to the chief place
+within the portals.  One great natural consequence of this was the
+extension to the relatives or guardians of the bondswoman so preferred
+of an amount of favour which, in the case of the more capable males,
+completes the parallel we have been drawing by securing for each of
+them the precedence and responsibilities of a Mordecai.  The offspring
+of these natural alliances came in therefore to cement more intimately
+the union of interests which previous relations had generated.  Beloved
+by their fathers, and in many cases destined by them to a lot superior
+[245] to that whereto they were entitled by formal law and social
+prescription, these young procreations--Mulattos, as they were
+called--were made the objects of special and careful provisions on the
+fathers' part.  They were, according to the means of their fathers in
+the majority of cases, sent for education and training to European or
+other superior institutions.  After this course they were either
+formally acknowledged by their fathers, or, if that was impracticable,
+amply and suitably provided for in a career out of their native colony.
+To a reflecting mind there is something that interests, not to say
+fascinates, in studying the action and reaction upon one another of
+circumstances in the existence of the Mulatto. As a matter of fact, he
+had much more to complain of under the slave system than his
+pure-blooded African relations.  The law, by decreeing that every child
+of a freeman and a slave woman must follow the fortune of the womb,
+thus making him the property of his mother exclusively, practically
+robbed him before his very birth of the nurture and protection of a
+father.  His reputed father had no obligation to be even aware of his
+procreation, and nevertheless [246] --so inscrutable are the ways of
+Providence!--the Mulatto was the centre around which clustered the
+outraged instincts of nature in rebellion against the desecrating
+mandates that prescribed treason to herself.  Law and society may
+decree; but in our normal humanity there throbs a sentiment which
+neutralizes every external impulse contrary to its promptings.
+
+In meditating on the varied history of the Negro in the United States,
+since his first landing on the banks of the James River in 1619 till
+the Emancipation Act of President Lincoln in 1865, it is curious to
+observe that the elevation of the race, though in a great measure
+secured, proceeded from circumstances almost the reverse of those that
+operated so favourably in the same direction elsewhere. The men of the
+slave-holding States, chiefly Puritans or influenced by Puritanic
+surroundings, were not under the ecclesiastical sway which rendered
+possible in the West Indies and other Catholic countries the
+establishment of the reciprocal bonds of god-parents and god-children.
+The self-same causes operated to prevent any large blending of the two
+races, inasmuch as the immigrant from Britain who [247] had gone forth
+from his country to better his fortune had not left behind him his
+attachment to the institutions of the mother-land, among which
+marrying, whenever practicable, was one of the most cherished.  Above
+all, too, as another powerful check at first to such alliances between
+the ruling and servile races of the States, there existed the native
+idiosyncracy of the Anglo-Saxon.  That class of them who had left
+Britain were likelier than the more refined of their nation to exhibit
+in its crudest and cruellest form the innate jealousy and contempt of
+other races that pervades the Anglo-Saxon bosom.  It is but a simple
+fact that, whenever he condescended thereto, familiarity with even the
+loveliest of the subject people was regarded as a mighty self-unbending
+for which the object should be correspondingly grateful.  So there
+could, in the beginning, be no frequent instances of the romantic
+chivalry that gilded the quasi-marital relations of the more fervid and
+humane members of the Latin stock.
+
+But this kind of intercourse, which in the earlier generation was
+undoubtedly restricted in North America by the checks above adverted
+to, and, presumably, also by the mutual unintelligibility [248] in
+speech, gradually expanded with the natural increase of the slave
+population.  The American-born, English-speaking Negro girl, who had in
+many cases been the playmate of her owner, was naturally more
+intelligible, more accessible, more attractive--and the inevitable
+consequence was the extension apace of that intercourse, the offspring
+whereof became at length so visibly numerous.
+
+Among the Romans, the grandest of all colonizers, the individual's
+Civis Romanus sum--I am a Roman citizen--was something more than verbal
+vapouring; it was a protective talisman--a buckler no less than a
+sword.  Yet was the possession of this noble and singular privilege no
+barrier to Roman citizens meeting on a broad humanitarian level any
+alien race, either allied to or under the protection of that
+world-famous commonwealth.  In the speeches of the foremost orators and
+statesmen among the conquerors of the then known world, the allusions
+to subject or allied aliens are distinguished by a decorous observance
+of the proprieties which should mark any reference to those who had the
+dignity of Rome's [249] friendship, or the privilege of her august
+protection.  Observations, therefore, regarding individuals of rank in
+these alien countries had the same sobriety and deference which marked
+allusions to born Romans of analogous degree.  Such magnanimity, we
+grieve to say, is not characteristic of the race which now replaces the
+Romans in the colonizing leadership of the world.  We read with
+feelings akin to despair of the cheap, not to say derogatory, manner in
+which, in both Houses of Parliament, native potentates, especially of
+non-European countries, are frequently spoken of by the hereditary
+aristocracy and the first gentlemen of the British Empire.  The inborn
+racial contempt thus manifested in quarters where rigid self-control
+and decorum should form the very essence of normal deportment, was not
+likely, as we have before hinted, to find any mollifying ingredient in
+the settlers on the banks of the Mississippi.  Therefore should we not
+be surprised to find, with regard to many an illicit issue of "down
+South," the arrogance of race so overmastering the promptings of nature
+as to render not unfrequent at the auction-block the sight of many a
+chattel of mixed blood, the offspring [250] of some planter whom
+business exigency had forced to this commercial transaction as the
+readiest mode of self-release.  Yet were the exceptions to this rule
+enough to contribute appreciably to the weight and influence of the
+mixed race in the North, where education and a fair standing had been
+clandestinely secured for their children by parents to whom law and
+society had made it impossible to do more, and whom conscience rendered
+incapable of stopping at less.
+
+From this comparative sketch of the history of the slaves in the
+States, in the West Indies and countries adjacent, it will be perceived
+that in the latter scenes of bondage everything had conspired to render
+a fusion of interests between the ruling and the servile classes not
+only easy, but inevitable.  In the very first generation after their
+introduction, the Africans began to press upward, a movement which
+every decade has accelerated, in spite of the changes which supervened
+as each of the Colonies fell under British sway.  Nearly two centuries
+had by this time elapsed, and the coloured influence, which had grown
+with their wealth, education, numbers, and unity, though [251]
+circumscribed by the emancipation of the slaves, and the consequent
+depression in fortune of all slave-owners, never was or could be
+annihilated.  In the Government service there were many for whom the
+patronage of god-parents or the sheer influence of their family had
+effected an entrance.  The prevalence and potency of the influences we
+have been dilating upon may be gauged by the fact that personages no
+less exalted than Governors of various Colonies--of Trinidad in three
+authentic cases--have been sharers in the prevailing usages, in the
+matter of standing sponsors (by proxy), and also of relaxing in the
+society of some fascinating daughter of the sun from the tension and
+wear of official duty.  In the three cases just referred to, the most
+careful provision was made for the suitable education and starting in
+life of the issues.  For the god-children of Governors there were
+places in the public service, and so from the highest to the lowest the
+humanitarian intercourse of the classes was confirmed.
+
+Consequent on the frequent abandonment of their plantations by many
+owners who despaired of being able to get along by paying [252] their
+way, an opening was made for the insinuation of Absenteeism into our
+agricultural, in short, our economic existence.  The powerful sugar
+lords, who had invested largely in the cane plantations, were fain to
+take over and cultivate the properties which their debtors doggedly
+refused to continue working, under pretext of the entire absence, or at
+any rate unreliability, of labour.  The representatives of those new
+transatlantic estate proprietors displaced, but never could replace,
+the original cultivators, who were mostly gentlemen as well as
+agriculturists.  It was from this overseer class that the vituperations
+and slanders went forth that soon became stereotyped, concerning the
+Negro's incorrigible laziness and want of ambition--those gentry
+adjusting the scale of wages, not according to the importance and value
+of the labour done, but according to the scornful estimate which they
+had formed of the Negro personally.  And when the wages were fixed
+fairly, they almost invariably sought to indemnify themselves for their
+enforced justice by the insulting license of their tongues, addressed
+to males and females alike.  The influence of such men on local
+legislation, in which they [253] had a preponderating share, either as
+actual proprietors or as the attorneys of absentees, was not in the
+direction of refinement or liberality.  Indeed, the kind of laws which
+they enacted, especially during the apprenticeship (1834-8), is thus
+summarized by one, and him an English officer, who was a visitor in
+those agitated days of the Colonies:--
+
+"It is demonstrated that the laws which were to come into operation
+immediately on expiration of the apprenticeship are of the most
+objectionable character, and fully established the fact not only of a
+future intention to infringe the rights of the emancipated classes, but
+of the actual commencement and extensive progress of a Colonial system
+for that purpose.  The object of the laws is to circumscribe the market
+for free labour--to prohibit the possession or sale of ordinary
+articles of produce on sale, the obvious intention of which is to
+confine the emancipated classes to a course of agricultural
+servitude--to give the employers a monopoly of labour, and to keep down
+a free competition for wages--to create new and various modes of
+apprenticeship for the purpose of prolonging predial service, together
+with many evils of the [254] late system--to introduce unnecessary
+restraint and coercion, the design of which is to create a perpetual
+surveillance over the liberated negroes, and to establish a legislative
+despotism.  The several laws passed are based upon the most vicious
+principles of legislation, and in their operation will be found
+intolerably oppressive and entirely subversive of the just intentions
+of the British Legislature."
+
+These liberal-souled gentry were, in sooth, Mr. Froude's
+"representatives" of Britain, whose traditions steadily followed in
+their families, he has so well and sympathetically set forth.
+
+We thus see that the irritation and rancour seething in the breast of
+the new plantocracy, of whom the majority was of the type that then
+also flourished in Barbados, Jamaica, and Demerara, were nourished and
+kept acute in order to crush the African element.  Harm was done,
+certainly; but not to the ruinous extent sometimes declared.  It was
+too late for perfect success, as, according to the Negroes' own phrase,
+people of colour had by that time already "passed the lock-jaw"* stage
+(at which trifling misadventures [255] might have nipped the germ of
+their progress in the bud.)  In spite of adverse legislation, and in
+spite of the scandalous subservience of certain Governors to the
+Colonial Legislatures, the Race can point with thankfulness and pride
+to the visible records of their success wherever they have permanently
+sojourned.
+
+Primary education of a more general and undiscriminating character,
+especially as to race and colour, was secured for the bulk of the West
+Indies by voluntary undertakings, and notably through the munificent
+provision of Lady Mico, which extended to the whole of the principal
+islands.
+
+Thanks to Lord Harris for introducing, and to Sir Arthur Gordon for
+extending to the secondary stage, the public education of Trinidad,
+there has been since Emancipation, that is, during the last
+thirty-seven years, a more effective bringing together in public
+schools of various grades, of children of all races and ranks.  Rivals
+at home, at school and college, in books as well as on the playground,
+they have very frequently gone abroad together to learn the professions
+they have selected.  In this way there is an intercommunion between all
+the [256] intelligent sections of the inhabitants, based on a common
+training and the subtle sympathies usually generated in enlightened
+breasts by intimate personal knowledge.  In mixed communities thus
+circumstanced, there is no possibility of maintaining distinctions
+based on mere colour, as advocated by Mr. Froude.
+
+The following brief summary by the Rev. P. H. Doughlin, Rector of St.
+Clement's, Trinidad, a brilliant star among the sons of Ham, embodies
+this fact in language which, so far as it goes, is as comprehensive as
+it is weighty:--
+
+"Who could, without seeming to insult the intelligence of men, have
+predicted on the day of Emancipation that the Negroes then released
+from the blight and withering influence of ten generations of cruel
+bondage, so weakened and half-destroyed--so denationalized and
+demoralized--so despoiled and naked, would be in the position they are
+now?  In spite of the proud, supercilious, and dictatorial bearing of
+their teachers, in spite of the hampering of unsympathetic, alien
+oversight, in spite of the spirit of dependence and servility
+engendered by slavery, not only have individual members of the race
+entered into all the offices of dignity in [257] Church and State, as
+subalterns--as hewers of wood and drawers of water--but they have
+attained to the very highest places.  Here in the West Indies, and on
+the West Coast of Africa, are to be found Surgeons of the Negro Race,
+Solicitors, Barristers, Mayors, Councillors, Principals and Founders of
+High Schools and Colleges, Editors and Proprietors of Newspapers,
+Archdeacons, Bishops, Judges, and Authors--men who not only teach those
+immediately around them, but also teach the world.  Members of the race
+have even been entrusted with the administration of Governments.  And
+it is not mere commonplace men that the Negro Race has produced.  Not
+only have the British Universities thought them worthy of their
+honorary degrees and conferred them on them, but members of the race
+have won these University degrees.  A few years back a full-blooded
+Negro took the highest degree Oxford has to give to a young man.  The
+European world is looking with wonder and admiration at the progress
+made by the Negro Race--a progress unparalleled in the annals of the
+history of any race."
+
+To this we may add that in the domain [258] of high literature the
+Blacks of the United States, for the twenty-five years of social
+emancipation, and despite the lingering obstructions of caste
+prejudice, have positively achieved wonders.  Leaving aside the
+writings of men of such high calibre as F. Douglass, Dr. Hyland Garnet,
+Prof. Crummell, Prof. E. Blyden, Dr. Tanner, and others, it is
+gratifying to be able to chronicle the Ethiopic women of North America
+as moving shoulder to shoulder with the men in the highest spheres of
+literary activity.  Among a brilliant band of these our sisters,
+conspicuous no less in poetry than in prose, we single out but a
+solitary name for the double purpose of preserving brevity and of
+giving in one embodiment the ideal Afro-American woman of letters. The
+allusion here can scarcely fail to point to Mrs. S. Harper.  This
+lady's philosophical subtlety of reasoning on grave questions finds
+effective expression in a prose of singular precision and vigour. But
+it is as a poet that posterity will hail her in the coming ages of our
+Race.  For pathos, depth of spiritual insight, and magical exercise of
+a rare power of self-utterance, it will hardly be questioned that she
+has surpassed every competitor [259] among females--white or
+black--save and except Elizabeth Barett Browning, with whom the gifted
+African stands on much the same plane of poetic excellence.
+
+The above summary of our past vicissitudes and actual position shows
+that there is nothing in our political circumstances to occasion
+uneasiness.  The miserable skin and race doctrine we have been
+discussing does not at all prefigure the destinies at all events of the
+West Indies, or determine the motives that will affect them. With the
+exception of those belonging to the Southern states of the Union, the
+vast body of African descendants now dispersed in various countries of
+the Western Hemisphere are at sufficient peace to begin occupying
+themselves, according to some fixed programme, about matters of racial
+importance.  More than ten millions of Africans are scattered over the
+wide area indicated, and possess amongst them instances of mental and
+other qualifications which render them remarkable among their
+fellow-men.  But like the essential parts of a complicated albeit
+perfect machine, these attainments and qualifications so widely
+dispersed await, it is evident, some potential [260] agency to collect
+and adjust them into the vast engine essential for executing the true
+purposes of the civilized African Race.  Already, especially since the
+late Emancipation Jubilee, are signs manifest of a desire for
+intercommunion and intercomprehension amongst the more distinguished of
+our people. With intercourse and unity of purpose will be secured the
+means to carry out the obvious duties which are sure to devolve upon
+us, especially with reference to the cradle of our Race, which is most
+probably destined to be the ultimate resting-place and headquarters of
+millions of our posterity.  Within the short time that we had to
+compass all that we have achieved, there could not have arisen
+opportunities for doing more than we have effected.  Meanwhile our
+present device is: "Work, Hope, and Wait!"
+
+Finally, it must be borne in mind that the abolition of physical
+bondage did not by any means secure all the requisite conditions of "a
+fair field and no favour" for the future career of the freedmen. The
+remnant of Jacob, on their return from the Captivity, were compelled,
+whilst rebuilding their Temple, literally to labour with the working
+tool in one hand [261] and the sword for personal defence in the other.
+Even so have the conditions, figuratively, presented themselves under
+which the Blacks have been obliged to rear the fabric of self-elevation
+since 1838, whilst combating ceaselessly the obstacles opposed to the
+realizing of their legitimate aspirations. Mental and, in many cases,
+material success has been gained, but the machinery for accumulating
+and applying the means required for comprehensive racial enterprises is
+waiting on Providence, time, and circumstances for its establishment
+and successful working.
+
+NOTES
+
+254. *"Yo te'ja passe mal machoe"--in metaphorical allusion to new-born
+infants who have lived beyond a certain number of days.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of West Indian Fables by James Anthony
+Froude Explained by J. J. Thomas, by J. J. (John Jacob) Thomas
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