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diff --git a/40617-h/40617-h.htm b/40617-h/40617-h.htm index 7f40e2d..16d1524 100644 --- a/40617-h/40617-h.htm +++ b/40617-h/40617-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> <title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Teaching and Cultivation of the French Language in England during Tudor and Stuart Times, by Kathleen Lambley @@ -139,48 +139,7 @@ li {margin-top: 0.25em; margin-bottom:0; </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Teaching and Cultivation of the French -Language in England during Tudor and Stuart Times, by Kathleen Lambley - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Teaching and Cultivation of the French Language in England during Tudor and Stuart Times - With an Introductory Chapter on the Preceding Period - -Author: Kathleen Lambley - -Release Date: August 29, 2012 [EBook #40617] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TEACHING AND CULTIVATION *** - - - - -Produced by Ian Deane, Ethan Kent, Eleni Christofaki and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive/American -Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40617 ***</div> <div class='tnote'><h3>Transcriber's Notes:</h3> @@ -325,7 +284,7 @@ official documents and correspondence—Decline in use of French.</p> <p class="right">26</p> <p class="noi">Triumph of continental French over Anglo-French—"Doux -françois de Paris" a foreign language—Standard of French +françois de Paris" a foreign language—Standard of French taught in England—<i>Femina</i>—Treatises on Grammar—Barton's <i>Donait</i>—Epistolaries—Books of conversation in French—The Cambridge manuscript in French and English—First printed @@ -350,11 +309,11 @@ holds the first place—Its use in correspondence and in official documents—The French of Henry VIII., his courtiers, and the ladies—Of Anne Boleyn and the other Queens—Of the royal family, Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth—French tutors—Bernard -André—French Grammars—Alexander Barclay's <i>Introductory</i>—Practice +André—French Grammars—Alexander Barclay's <i>Introductory</i>—Practice and Theory—Pierre Valence, tutor to the Earl of Lincoln—His <i>Introductions in French</i>—Fragment of a Grammar at Lambeth—French Humanists as Language masters—Bourbon -and Denisot—England and the <i>Pléiade</i>.</p> +and Denisot—England and the <i>Pléiade</i>.</p> <h3> <a href="#CHAPTER_II_PART_II">CHAPTER II</a></h3> @@ -453,7 +412,7 @@ from 'severer studies'—French tutors and French grammars—Morlet's <i>Janitrix</i>—French grammars written in Latin—Antonio de Corro—John Sanford—Wye Saltonstall—Henry Leighton—French grammarians and teachers at Oxford—Robert Farrear—Pierre -Bense—French teachers at Cambridge—Gabriel du Grès +Bense—French teachers at Cambridge—Gabriel du Grès at Cambridge and Oxford—On the teaching of French—French at the Universities at the time of the Restoration—The French of the Universities and of the fashionable world—French at the @@ -474,7 +433,7 @@ without a governor—Books on travel—'Methods' of travel—The study of French—Dallington and Moryson—Study of French before travel—French 'by rote'—Language masters for travellers—French grammars for travellers—Charles Maupas -of Blois and his son—Antoine Oudin—Other grammars—Père +of Blois and his son—Antoine Oudin—Other grammars—Père Chiflet—The 'exercises'—<ins title="original: Travelers">Travellers</ins> at the Universities—At the Protestant Academies—Geneva—Isaac Casaubon—The 'idle traveller'—The 'beau'—Affectations of newly returned travellers—Commendation @@ -543,7 +502,7 @@ French grammar—Its popularity and development—Mauger's Letters—Other writings—Life in London—Teaches English—Mauger's method of teaching—Mauger at Paris—The demand for his grammar abroad—Paul Festeau—His French and English -grammars—Editions and contents—Pierre Lainé—His French +grammars—Editions and contents—Pierre Lainé—His French grammar—Encouragement of the study of French literature.</p> <h3><a href="#CHAPTER_IV_PART_III">CHAPTER IV</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">-xii-</a></span></h3> @@ -554,7 +513,7 @@ studying the Language</span></h4> <p class="noi">Vogue of French romances in England—Dorothy Osborne—Pepys on French literature—His French books—French text-books -and the <i>précieux</i> spirit—William Herbert—His criticism of the +and the <i>précieux</i> spirit—William Herbert—His criticism of the French teaching profession—Rivalry among teachers—Need for protection—Herbert's later works—His early career in England—Quarrels with a minister of the French church—English @@ -601,10 +560,10 @@ in London.</p> Restoration</span></h4> <p class="right">381</p> -<p class="noi">French grammars after the Restoration—Pierre de Lainé, tutor +<p class="noi">French grammars after the Restoration—Pierre de Lainé, tutor to the children of the Duke of York—The <i>Princely Way to the -French Tongue</i>—Guy Miège—His Dictionaries—His French -Grammars—His method of teaching—Rote and grammar—Miège's +French Tongue</i>—Guy Miège—His Dictionaries—His French +Grammars—His method of teaching—Rote and grammar—Miège's other works—Other French Grammars—Pierre Berault—The universality of French—Supremacy over Latin in the world of fashion and diplomacy—Position of French in the educational @@ -649,7 +608,7 @@ of the Stuart Period</span></h4> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">-3-</a></span> printed in England and written by an Englishman. This enterprising student was John Palsgrave, "natyf de Londres -et gradué de Paris," whose work, entitled <i>L'Esclarcissement +et gradué de Paris," whose work, entitled <i>L'Esclarcissement de la langue francoyse</i>, was published in 1530. It is an enormous quarto of over a thousand pages, full of elaborate, detailed and often obscure rules, written in English in spite @@ -793,7 +752,7 @@ French was very popular on the Continent undoubtedly helped to make its position in England stronger. It was then that the Italian Brunetto Latini wrote his <i>Livres dou Tresor</i> (1265), in French rather than in his native tongue, because French -was "plus delitable et plus commune à toutes gens." During +was "plus delitable et plus commune à toutes gens." During the same century French came to be used in correspondence on both sides of the Channel.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> Little by little it was recognized as the most convenient medium for official uses, @@ -1071,12 +1030,12 @@ arrangements, ending with a description of an old English feast with its familiar dish, the boar's head:</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">Au primer fust apporté<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Au primer fust apporté<br /></span> <span class="i7"><i>a boris heued</i><br /></span> -<span class="i2">La teste de un sengler tot armé,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">La teste de un sengler tot armé,<br /></span> <span class="i4"><i>the snout</i> <i>wit baneres of flurs</i><br /></span> <span class="i2">E au groyn le colere en banere;<br /></span> -<span class="i2">E pus veneysoun, ou la fourmenté;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">E pus veneysoun, ou la fourmenté;<br /></span> <span class="i2">Assez par my la mesoun<br /></span> <span class="i6"><i>tahen of gres tyme</i><br /></span> <span class="i2">De treste du fermeyson.<br /></span> @@ -1085,19 +1044,19 @@ feast with its familiar dish, the boar's head:</p> <span class="i2"><i>Cranes</i>, <i>pokokes</i>, <i>swannes</i><br /></span> <span class="i2">Grues, pounes, e cygnes,<br /></span> <span class="i2"><i>Wilde ges</i>, <i>gryses</i> (<i>porceaus</i>), <i>hennes</i>,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Owes, rosées, porceus, gelyns;<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Au tercez cours avient conyns en gravé,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Et viaunde de Cypre enfundré,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">De maces, e quibibes, e clous de orré,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Vyn blanc e vermayl a graunt plenté.<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Owes, rosées, porceus, gelyns;<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Au tercez cours avient conyns en gravé,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Et viaunde de Cypre enfundré,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">De maces, e quibibes, e clous de orré,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Vyn blanc e vermayl a graunt plenté.<br /></span> <span class="i11"><i>wodekok</i><br /></span> <span class="i2">Pus avoyunt fesauns, assez, et perdriz,<br /></span> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">-15-</a></span><span class="i2"><i>Feldefares larkes</i><br /></span> <span class="i2">Grives, alowes, e pluviers ben rostez;<br /></span> <span class="i2">E braoun, e crispes, e fritune;<br /></span> <span class="i2">Ke soucre roset poudra la temprune.<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Apres manger avyunt a graunt plenté<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Blaunche poudre, ou la grosse dragé,<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Apres manger avyunt a graunt plenté<br /></span> +<span class="i2">Blaunche poudre, ou la grosse dragé,<br /></span> <span class="i2">Et d'autre nobleie a fusoun,<br /></span> <span class="i2">Ensi vous fynys ceo sermoun;<br /></span> <span class="i2">Kar de fraunceis i ad assez,<br /></span> @@ -1193,7 +1152,7 @@ century guides to letter-writing in French, in the form of epistolaries or collections of model letters, were produced.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> The letters themselves are given in French, but the accompanying rules and instructions for composing them are in -Latin. French and Latin have changed rôles; in earlier times +Latin. French and Latin have changed rôles; in earlier times Latin had been explained to school children by means of French. Forms for addressing members of the different grades of society are supplied, from epistles to the king and high @@ -1208,7 +1167,7 @@ of the day, but those of a more private nature possess a greater attraction, and throw light on the family life of the age. A letter from a mother to her son at school may be quoted:<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></p> -<div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">-18-</a></span>Salut avesque ma beniçon, tres chier filz. Sachiez que je desire grandement +<div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">-18-</a></span>Salut avesque ma beniçon, tres chier filz. Sachiez que je desire grandement de savoir bons nouelles de vous et de vostre estat: car vostre pere et moy estions a la faisance de ces lettres en bon poynt le Dieu merci. Et sachiez que je vous envoie par le portour de ces lettres demy marc pur @@ -1217,7 +1176,7 @@ Et vous pri cherement, beau tres doulz filz, que vous laissez tous mals et folyes et ne hantez mye mauvaise compagnie, car si vous le faitez il vous fera grant damage, avant que vous l'aperceiverez. Et je vous aiderai selon mon pooir oultre ce que vostre pere vous donnra. Dieus vous doint sa -beniçon, car je vous donne la mienne. . . .</p></div></div> +beniçon, car je vous donne la mienne. . . .</p></div></div> <p>From about the middle of the fourteenth century a feeling of discontent with the prerogative of the French language in @@ -1266,7 +1225,7 @@ who had received special educational advantages, or had travelled on the Continent, spoke and wrote French correctly; others used forms which contrasted pitiably with continental French. Moreover, the fourteenth century saw the triumph -of the Île de France dialect in France; the other dialects +of the ÃŽle de France dialect in France; the other dialects ceased, as a rule, to be used in literature,<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> and this change was not without effect on Anglo-French, which shared their degradation. Chaucer lets us know the poor opinion @@ -1286,22 +1245,22 @@ superfluous in many cases; William of Wadington, the author of the <i>Manuel des Pechiez</i>, for example, wrote:<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">De le françois ne del rimer<br /></span> +<span class="i0">De le françois ne del rimer<br /></span> <span class="i0">Ne me doit nuls hom blamer,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Car en Engleterre fu né<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Et nurri lenz et ordiné.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Car en Engleterre fu né<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Et nurri lenz et ordiné.<br /></span> </div></div> <p class="noi">Such apologies became all the more necessary as time went on. Even Gower, whose French was comparatively pure,<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> owing no doubt to travel in France in early life, deemed it advisable to explain that he wrote in French for "tout le monde en -general," and to ask pardon if he has not "de François la +general," and to ask pardon if he has not "de François la faconde":</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> <span class="i0">Jeo suis Englois si quier par tiele voie<br /></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">-20-</a></span> -<span class="i0">Estre excusé.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Estre excusé.<br /></span> </div></div> <p class="noi">At about the same time the anonymous author of the <i>Testament @@ -1320,7 +1279,7 @@ Edward III., many of the English nobility resided in that country with their families. Montaigne refers to traces of the English in Guyenne, which still remained in the sixteenth century: "Il est une nation," he writes in one of his Essays, -"a laquelle ceux de mon quartier ont eu autrefois si privée +"a laquelle ceux de mon quartier ont eu autrefois si privée accointance qu'il reste encore en ma maison aucune trace de leur ancien cousinage."<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> The opinions formed by the French of the English were naturally anything but flattering. We @@ -1332,8 +1291,8 @@ most other foreigners indiscriminately:</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> <span class="i0">Franche dogue dit un Anglois.<br /></span> <span class="i0">Vous ne faites que boire vin,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Si faisons bien dist le François,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Mais vous buvez le lunnequin. (bière.)<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a><br /></span> +<span class="i0">Si faisons bien dist le François,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Mais vous buvez le lunnequin. (bière.)<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a><br /></span> </div></div> <p class="noi">Even in the <i>Roman de Renart</i> we come across traces of @@ -1346,7 +1305,7 @@ already in the thirteenth century the provincial accents of the different parts of France herself had been the object of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">-21-</a></span>some considerable amount of raillery.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> The English, says Froissart, a good judge, for he spent many years in England, -"disoient bien que le françois que ils avoient apris chies eulx +"disoient bien que le françois que ils avoient apris chies eulx d'enfance n'estoit pas de telle nature et condition que celluy de France estoit."<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> And this 'condition' was soon recognized as a plentiful store for facetious remarks and parodies @@ -1367,7 +1326,7 @@ pretend he is an Englishman:<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> <span class="i0">Et dex saut vos, bau dous amis!<br /></span> <span class="i0">Dont estes vos? de quel pais?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Vous n'estes mie nés de France,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Vous n'estes mie nés de France,<br /></span> <span class="i0">Ne de la nostre connoissance.<br /></span> </div></div> @@ -1429,7 +1388,7 @@ Law:<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" c <p class="noi">At about the same time as Swift wrote, the 'frenchified' Lady, then in fashion, who prided herself on her knowledge of the -"language à la mode" is described as being able to "keep the +"language à la mode" is described as being able to "keep the field against a whole army of Lawyers, and that in their own language, French gibberish."<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> And long after French ceased to be used in the Law many law terms and legal and official @@ -1553,9 +1512,9 @@ Antiquities</i>, 1819, iii. p. 365.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> The grammar of Jacques Sylvius or Dubois appeared in 1531, a year after Palsgrave's. No attempt at a theoretical treatment of the French language appeared in -France in the Middle Ages. There are, however, two Provençal ones extant. (F. -Brunot, "Le Français à l'étranger," in L. Petit de Julleville's <i>Histoire de la langue -et de la littérature française</i>, ii. p. 528.)</p></div> +France in the Middle Ages. There are, however, two Provençal ones extant. (F. +Brunot, "Le Français à l'étranger," in L. Petit de Julleville's <i>Histoire de la langue +et de la littérature française</i>, ii. p. 528.)</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> One of the chief effects of the Conquest in the schools is said to have been the substitution of Norman for English schoolmasters (Leach, <i>Schools of Mediaeval England</i>, @@ -1572,16 +1531,16 @@ Europe in the Middle Ages</i>, Oxford, 1895, ii. p. 603.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Adam du Petit Pont (<i>d.</i> 1150) wrote an epistle in Latin, many words of which were glossed in French. But there is no evidence that it was used in England. It -was published by E. Scheler in his <i>Trois traités de lexicographie latine du 12<sup>e</sup> et 13<sup>e</sup> -siècles</i>, Leipzig, 1867.</p></div> +was published by E. Scheler in his <i>Trois traités de lexicographie latine du 12<sup>e</sup> et 13<sup>e</sup> +siècles</i>, Leipzig, 1867.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Ed. T. Wright, <i>Volume of Vocabularies</i>, i. 96, and Scheler, <i>op. cit.</i> Both editions are deemed unsatisfactory by Paul Meyer (<i>Romania</i>, xxxvi. 482).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> It has been published five times: (1) At Caen by Vincent Correr in 1508 (<i>Romania</i>, -<i>ut supra</i>); (2) H. Géraud, in <i>Documents inédits sur l'histoire de France</i>: "Paris sous -Philippe le Bel d'après les documents originaux," 1837; (3) Kervyn de Lettenhove, -1851; (4) T. Wright, <i>Volume of Vocabularies</i>, i. pp. 120 <i>sqq.</i>; (5) Scheler, <i>Trois traités +<i>ut supra</i>); (2) H. Géraud, in <i>Documents inédits sur l'histoire de France</i>: "Paris sous +Philippe le Bel d'après les documents originaux," 1837; (3) Kervyn de Lettenhove, +1851; (4) T. Wright, <i>Volume of Vocabularies</i>, i. pp. 120 <i>sqq.</i>; (5) Scheler, <i>Trois traités de lexicographie latine</i>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Wright, <i>op. cit.</i> pp. 139-141.</p></div> @@ -1603,7 +1562,7 @@ the Statutes of the University of Cambridge</i>, 1841, p. 4.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Rashdall, <i>op. cit.</i> i. pp. 319 <i>et seq.</i> Later the English nation was known as the German; it included all students from the north and east of Europe. On the English in the University of Paris see Ch. Thurot, <i>De l'organisation de l'enseignement dans -l'Université de Paris</i>, Paris, 1850; and J. E. Sandys, "English Scholars of Paris, +l'Université de Paris</i>, Paris, 1850; and J. E. Sandys, "English Scholars of Paris, and Franciscans of Oxford," in <i>The Cambridge History of English Literature</i>, i., 1908, chap. x. pp. 183 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> @@ -1613,7 +1572,7 @@ et l'Angleterre</i>, Paris, 1856, p. 11.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> A writer of about 1180 says it was impossible to tell who were Normans and who English ("Dialogus de Scaccario": Stubbs, <i>Select Charters</i>, 4th ed., 1881, p. 168).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> "Discours sur l'état des lettres au 13<sup>e</sup> siècle," in the <i>Histoire littéraire de la +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> "Discours sur l'état des lettres au 13<sup>e</sup> siècle," in the <i>Histoire littéraire de la France</i>, xvi. p. 168.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> D. Behrens, in H. Paul's <i>Grundiss der germanischen Philologie</i>, Strassbourg, 1901, @@ -1628,8 +1587,8 @@ and petitions were often drawn up in French (Oxford Hist. Soc., <i>Collectanea</ <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Maitland, <i>Collected Papers</i>, 1911, ii. p. 437.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Such are Bozon's <i>Contes moralisés</i> (<i>c.</i> 1320), ed. P. Meyer, in the <i>Anciens Textes -Français</i>, 1889. In his Introduction Meyer lays stress on the widespread use of French +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Such are Bozon's <i>Contes moralisés</i> (<i>c.</i> 1320), ed. P. Meyer, in the <i>Anciens Textes +Français</i>, 1889. In his Introduction Meyer lays stress on the widespread use of French in England at this time, and its chance of becoming the national language of England, an eventuality which, he thinks, might have been a benefit to humanity.</p></div> @@ -1638,12 +1597,12 @@ an eventuality which, he thinks, might have been a benefit to humanity.</p></div <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Paul Meyer calls it the work of a true grammarian (<i>Romania</i>, xxxii. p. 65).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> There are four MSS. extant. These have been collated and published by J. -Sturzinger in the <i>Altfranzösische Bibliothek</i>, vol. viii., Heilbronn, 1884; cp. <i>Romania</i>, +Sturzinger in the <i>Altfranzösische Bibliothek</i>, vol. viii., Heilbronn, 1884; cp. <i>Romania</i>, xiv. p. 60. The earliest MS. is in the Record Office, and was published by T. Wright in Haupt and Hoffman's <i>Altdeutsche Blaetter</i> (ii. p. 193). Diez quoted from this edition in his <i>Grammaire des langues romanes</i>, 3rd ed. i. pp. 415, 418 <i>sqq.</i> The three other MSS. are in the Brit. Mus., Camb. Univ. Libr. and Magdalen Col. Oxon., and belong to the three succeeding centuries. -Portions of the Magdalen Col. MS. are quoted by A. J. Ellis, in his <i>Early English Pronunciation</i>, pp. 836-839, and by F. Génin, in his +Portions of the Magdalen Col. MS. are quoted by A. J. Ellis, in his <i>Early English Pronunciation</i>, pp. 836-839, and by F. Génin, in his preface to the French Government reprint of Palsgrave's Grammar, 1852. It is the British Museum copy, made in the reign of Edward III., which contains the French commentary.</p></div> @@ -1663,7 +1622,7 @@ when they come from the Latin <i>habet</i>, should be written without <i>d</i>; array</i> should be written without <i>e</i> in the middle, and sounded without <i>u</i>, as <i>aray</i>, <i>en array</i>, though the English include the <i>e</i>.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Published by Stengel, in the <i>Zeitschrift für neufranzösische Sprache und Literatur</i>, +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Published by Stengel, in the <i>Zeitschrift für neufranzösische Sprache und Literatur</i>, 1879, pp. 16-22.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Miss Pope, <i>ut supra</i>.</p></div> @@ -1690,7 +1649,7 @@ and one in the Library of Sir Th. Phillips at Cheltenham. The best-known edition of the vocabulary is that of T. Wright, <i>Volume of Vocabularies</i>, i. pp. 142-174, which is the one here quoted, and which reproduces Arundel MS. 220, collated with Sloane MS. 809. P. Meyer has given a critical edition of the first eighty-six lines in his <i>Recueil -d'anciens textes—partie française</i>, No. 367 (cp. <i>Romania</i>, xiii. p. 500).</p></div> +d'anciens textes—partie française</i>, No. 367 (cp. <i>Romania</i>, xiii. p. 500).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> In the vocabularies written in imitation of Bibbesworth at later dates, the English gloss is fuller, and in the latest one complete, as French became more and more a @@ -1753,8 +1712,8 @@ the difference in the meaning of some words according to their gender: <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> The earliest of these MSS. dates from the second decade of the fourteenth century. These epistolaries are found in the following MSS.: Harleian 4971 and 3988, Addit. 17716, in the Brit. Mus.; Ee 4, 20 in Cantab. Univ. Library; B 14. 39, 40 in Trinity -Col. Camb.; 182 at All Souls, Oxford, and 188 Magdalen Col. Oxford (cp. Stürzinger, -<i>Altfranzösiche Bibliothek</i>), viii. pp. xvii-xix. The Introductions to these letters were +Col. Camb.; 182 at All Souls, Oxford, and 188 Magdalen Col. Oxford (cp. Stürzinger, +<i>Altfranzösiche Bibliothek</i>), viii. pp. xvii-xix. The Introductions to these letters were edited in a Griefswald Dissertation (1898), by W. Uerkvitz.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> Stengel, <i>op. cit.</i> pp. 8-10.</p></div> @@ -1765,11 +1724,11 @@ edited in a Griefswald Dissertation (1898), by W. Uerkvitz.</p></div> pp. 635 <i>sqq.</i></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> L. Menger, <i>Anglo-Norman Dialect</i>; Behrens, <i>art. cit.</i> pp. 960 <i>sqq.</i>; Brunot, -<i>Histoire de la langue française</i>, i. pp. 319 <i>sqq.</i>, 369.</p></div> +<i>Histoire de la langue française</i>, i. pp. 319 <i>sqq.</i>, 369.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Brunot, <i>op. cit.</i> i. p. 331.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Jusserand, <i>Histoire littéraire du peuple anglais</i>, 1896. p. 240 n.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Jusserand, <i>Histoire littéraire du peuple anglais</i>, 1896. p. 240 n.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Brunot, <i>op. cit.</i> i. p. 369.</p></div> @@ -1795,7 +1754,7 @@ ridiculed in France, and Englishmen represented as talking a sort of gibberish; <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Ed. E. Martin, 1882, l. 2351 <i>sqq.</i></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> <i>Recueil général et complet des fabliaux</i>, ed. Montaiglon et Raynaud, ii. p. 178.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> <i>Recueil général et complet des fabliaux</i>, ed. Montaiglon et Raynaud, ii. p. 178.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Maitland, <i>Collected Papers</i>, 1911, ii. p. 436; Freeman, <i>op. cit.</i> p. 536; Brunot, <i>op. cit.</i> i. p. 373.</p></div> @@ -1807,15 +1766,15 @@ There are numerous entries of such works in the <i>Stationers' Register</i>.</p> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> [H. Dell], <i>The Frenchified Lady never in Paris</i>, London, 1757.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Pepys in his Diary notes the use of French in such phrases, and the Abbé Le -Blanc (<i>Lettres d'un Français sur les Anglais</i>, à la Haye, 1745) was also struck by +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Pepys in his Diary notes the use of French in such phrases, and the Abbé Le +Blanc (<i>Lettres d'un Français sur les Anglais</i>, à la Haye, 1745) was also struck by the custom.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> Bateson, <i>Mediaeval England</i>, p. 342; Warton, <i>History of English Poetry</i>, p. 10 n.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> Ellis, <i>Original Letters</i>, 3rd series, 1846, i. p. xi.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> M. A. E. Green (<i>née</i> Wood), <i>Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies</i>, London, 1846; +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> M. A. E. Green (<i>née</i> Wood), <i>Letters of Royal and Illustrious Ladies</i>, London, 1846; <i>The Paston Letters</i>, new edition by J. Gairdner, 3 vols., London, 1872-75; H. Ellis, <i>Original Letters</i>, 3rd series, London, 1846; J. O. Halliwell-Phillipps, <i>Letters of the Kings of England</i>, London, 1846; C. L. Kingsford, <i>English Historical Literature in @@ -1823,7 +1782,7 @@ the Fifteenth Century</i>, Oxford, 1893, pp. 193 <i>et seq.</i>; Hallam, <i>Lite 6th ed., London, 1860, i. p. 54.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> "Que tout seigneur, baron, chevalier et honestes hommes de bonnes villes mesissent -cure et dilligence de estruire et apprendre leurs enfans le langhe françoise, par quoy il en fuissent +cure et dilligence de estruire et apprendre leurs enfans le langhe françoise, par quoy il en fuissent plus avec et plus costumier ens leurs gherres" (Froissart, quoted by Behrens, <i>op. cit.</i> p. 957 n.).</p></div> @@ -1851,25 +1810,25 @@ of the invaders,<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footn becoming the language which the English loved and cultivated above all modern foreign tongues, and to which they devoted for a great many years more care than they did -to their own. "Doulz françois," writes an Englishman at +to their own. "Doulz françois," writes an Englishman at the end of the fourteenth century in a treatise for teaching the language,<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> is the most beautiful and gracious language in the world, after the Latin of the schools,<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> "et de tous gens -mieulx prisée et amée que nul autre; quar Dieu le fist se +mieulx prisée et amée que nul autre; quar Dieu le fist se doulce et amiable principalement a l'oneur et loenge de luy mesmes. Et pour ce il peut bien comparer au parler des -angels du ciel, pour la grant doulceur et biaultée d'icel"—a +angels du ciel, pour la grant doulceur et biaultée d'icel"—a more eloquent tribute even than the more famous lines of Brunetto Latini. Another writer of the same period informs <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">-27-</a></span>us that "les bones gens du Roiaume d'Engleterre sont embrasez a scavoir lire et escrire, entendre et parler droit -François," and that he himself thinks it is very necessary for -the English to know the "droict nature de François," for +François," and that he himself thinks it is very necessary for +the English to know the "droict nature de François," for many reasons.<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> For instance, that they may enjoy intercourse with their neighbours, the good folk of the kingdom of France; that they may better understand the laws of England, of which a great many are still written in French; and also -because "beaucoup de bones choses sont misez en François," +because "beaucoup de bones choses sont misez en François," and the lords and ladies of England are very fond of writing to each other in the same tongue.<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></p> @@ -1879,7 +1838,7 @@ change in the standard of the French which the manuals for teaching that language sought to attain. All the best text-books of the end of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries endeavour with few exceptions to impart a knowledge of the French of -Paris, "doux françois de Paris" or "la droite language de +Paris, "doux françois de Paris" or "la droite language de Paris," as it was called, in contrast with the French of Stratford-atte-Bowe and other parts of England. Those authors of treatises for teaching French of whose lives we have any @@ -1965,9 +1924,9 @@ learn French that he may speak fairly before wise men, for <div><span class="i0">Spekep alway as man ys tauth</span></div> <div><span class="i0">And not as man untauth.</span></div> </div><div> -<div lang="fr"><span class="i0">Parlez imprimer de tout assemblé</span></div> +<div lang="fr"><span class="i0">Parlez imprimer de tout assemblé</span></div> <div><span class="i2a"> n o </span></div> -<div lang="fr"><span class="i0">Dez bestez que Dieu ad formé.</span></div> +<div lang="fr"><span class="i0">Dez bestez que Dieu ad formé.</span></div> <div><span class="i0">Spekep fyrst of manere assemble alle</span></div> <div><span class="i0">Of bestes that God hath y maked.</span></div> </div></blockquote> @@ -2040,7 +1999,7 @@ The two most considerable of these works known add many verbs to the list mentioned above. Of these the first, the <i>Liber Donati</i>,<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> gives examples of law French rather than literary French;<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> but the other, written in French, endeavours -to teach "douce françois de Paris"—<i>cy comence le Donait +to teach "douce françois de Paris"—<i>cy comence le Donait <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">-31-</a></span>soloum douce franceis de Paris</i>.<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> The <i>Donait</i> belongs to the fifteenth century, and is the work of one R. Dove, who also wrote some <i>Regulae de Orthographia Gallica</i> in Latin,<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> which @@ -2093,7 +2052,7 @@ which includes observations on the orthography and pronunciation, on verbs and pronouns, and lists of adverbs, conjunctions, and numerals. But there appeared at the beginning of the fifteenth century, before 1409, a more comprehensive -treatise of some real value—the <i>Donait françois +treatise of some real value—the <i>Donait françois pur briefment entroduyr les Anglois en la droit langue du Paris et de pais la d'entour</i>,<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> a work which but for its very many anglicisms might be placed on a level with some of @@ -2109,7 +2068,7 @@ preface, the work was intended mainly for the use of young people—the "chers enfants" and "tres douces pucelles," 'hungering' to learn French: "Pur ce, mes chiers enfantz et tresdoulcez puselles," he writes, "que avez fam d'apprendre -cest Donait scachez qu'il est divisé en belcoup de chapiters si +cest Donait scachez qu'il est divisé en belcoup de chapiters si come il apperera cy avale." Barton then retires to make way for his 'clerks,' whose remarks are entirely confined to grammatical teaching and who, like Barton, write in French.</p> @@ -2155,10 +2114,10 @@ their pronunciation, set forth, like the rest of the grammar, in a series of questions and answers:</p> <div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>Quantez letters est il? Vint. Quellez? Cinq voielx et quinse consonantez. -Quelx sont les voielx et ou seroit ils sonnés? Le premier -vouyel est <i>a</i> et serra sonné en la poetrine, la seconde est <i>e</i> et serra sonné en -la gorge, le tiers est <i>i</i> et serra sonné entre les joues, le quart est <i>o</i> et serra -sonné du palat de la bouche, le quint est <i>u</i> et serra sonné entre les levres.</p></div> +Quelx sont les voielx et ou seroit ils sonnés? Le premier +vouyel est <i>a</i> et serra sonné en la poetrine, la seconde est <i>e</i> et serra sonné en +la gorge, le tiers est <i>i</i> et serra sonné entre les joues, le quart est <i>o</i> et serra +sonné du palat de la bouche, le quint est <i>u</i> et serra sonné entre les levres.</p></div> </div> <p class="noi"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">-34-</a></span>To these observations on the vowels are added a few on the consonants, and "belcoup de bones rieules" (six in all) @@ -2198,7 +2157,7 @@ these rules, we may surmise, were lost and soon forgotten.</p> <p>In the fifteenth century, instruction in French epistolary style of all degrees continued to be supplied in collections of model letters; and at the end of the fourteenth century a new -kind of book for teaching French appeared—the <i>Manière de +kind of book for teaching French appeared—the <i>Manière de Langage</i> or model conversation book, intended for the use of travellers, merchants, and others desiring a conversational and practical rather than a thorough and grammatical knowledge @@ -2225,37 +2184,37 @@ law students. He may have been Canon M. T. Coyfurelly, Doctor of Law of Orleans,<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> and author of the contemporary recasting of T. H.'s treatise on French orthography. The author tells us he undertook his task at the request of a -"tres honoré et tres gentil sire"; that he had learnt French +"tres honoré et tres gentil sire"; that he had learnt French "es parties la mere," and that he wrote according to the knowledge he acquired there, which, he admits, may not be <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">-36-</a></span>perfect. Indeed his French is full of anglicisms; <i>que homme</i> is written for 'that man'; <i>œuvrer</i> for 'worker'; <i>que</i> for 'why,' and so on; there are also many grammatical mistakes such as wrong genders, <i>au homme</i>, <i>de les</i> for <i>des</i>, <i>de le</i> for <i>du</i>. -This "manière" must have enjoyed a very considerable +This "manière" must have enjoyed a very considerable popularity, judging from the number of manuscripts, of various dates, still in existence. And, in modern times, it presents a greater interest to the reader than any of the -treatises mentioned before, partly from the naïveté and quaintness +treatises mentioned before, partly from the naïveté and quaintness of its style, partly owing to the vivid picture it gives us of the life of the time at which it was written.</p> <p>It opens in a religious strain, with a prayer that the students of the book may have "sens naturel" to learn to speak, -pronounce, and write "doulz françois":</p> +pronounce, and write "doulz françois":</p> <div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>A noster commencement nous dirons ainsi: en nom du pere, filz et Saint Esperit, amen. Ci comence la Maniere de Language qui t'enseignera -bien a droit parler et escrire doulz françois selon l'usage et la coustume +bien a droit parler et escrire doulz françois selon l'usage et la coustume de France. Primiers, au commencement de nostre fait et besogne nous prierons Dieu devoutement et nostre Dame la benoite vierge Marie sa tres douce mere, et toute la glorieuse compaigne du Saint reaume de Paradis celeste, ou Dieux mette ses amis et ses eslus, de quoi vient toute science, sapience, grace et entendement et tous manieres vertuz, qu'il luy plaist de sa grande misericorde et grace tous les escoliers estudianz en cest livre -ainsi abruver et enluminer de la rousée de sa haute sapience et entendement, +ainsi abruver et enluminer de la rousée de sa haute sapience et entendement, qu'ils pouront avoir sens naturel d'aprendre a parler, bien soner et a droit -escrire doulz françois.</p></div></div> +escrire doulz françois.</p></div></div> <p>Then, because man is the noblest of all created things, the author proceeds to give a list of the parts of his body, which @@ -2279,10 +2238,10 @@ and his page through an imaginary journey in France. Dialogue and narrative alternate, and the lord talks<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">-37-</a></span> with his page Janyn or whiles away the time with songs:</p> -<div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>Et quant il aura achevée sa chanson il comencera a parler a son escuier +<div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>Et quant il aura achevée sa chanson il comencera a parler a son escuier ou a ses escuiers, ainsi disant: "Mes amys, il est bien pres de nuyt," vel sic: "Il sera par temps nuyt." Doncques respont Janyn au son signeur bien -gentilment en cest maniere: "Vrayement mon seigneur, vous ditez verité"; +gentilment en cest maniere: "Vrayement mon seigneur, vous ditez verité"; vel sic: "vous ditez voir"; vel sic: "vous dites vray"—"Je panse bien qu'il feroit mieux pour nous d'arester en ce ville que d'aller plus avant maishuy. Coment vous est avis?"—"Ainsi comme vous vuillez, mon @@ -2295,10 +2254,10 @@ en cest maniere. "Hosteler, hosteler," etc.</p></div></div> coming of his master to the inn, and we next assist at the arrival of the lord and his evening meal and diversions—another opportunity for the introduction of songs—and his -departure in the morning towards Étampes and Orleans.</p> +departure in the morning towards Étampes and Orleans.</p> <p>More humble characters appear in the next chapter: "Un -autre manière de parler de pietalle, comme des labourers et +autre manière de parler de pietalle, comme des labourers et œuvrers de mestiers." Here we have conversations between members of the working classes. A gardener and a ditcher discuss their respective earnings, describe their work, and @@ -2308,23 +2267,23 @@ just as the gardener gave a list of flowers and fruits. A merchant scolds his apprentice for various misdemeanours, and then sends him off to market:</p> -<div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>Doncques l'apprentiz s'en vait au marchié pour vendre les danrées de +<div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>Doncques l'apprentiz s'en vait au marchié pour vendre les danrées de son maistre et la vienment grant cop des gens de divers pais de les achater: et apprentiz leur dit tout courtoisement en cest maniere,—'Mes amis venez vous ciens et je vous monstrerai de aussi bon drap comme vous trouverez -en tout ce ville, et vous en aurez de aussi bon marché comme nul autre. +en tout ce ville, et vous en aurez de aussi bon marché comme nul autre. Ore regardez, biau sire, comment vous est avis; vel sic: comment vous plaist il;</p></div></div> <p class="noi">and after some bargaining he sells his goods.</p> -<p>In the next "manière de parler" a servant brings a torn +<p>In the next "manière de parler" a servant brings a torn doublet to a mender of old clothes, and enlists his services. A chapter of more interest and importance is that dealing with greetings and salutations to be used at different times of the day to members of the various ranks of society:</p> -<div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>Quant un homme encontrera aucun au matinée il luy dira tout courtoisement +<div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>Quant un homme encontrera aucun au matinée il luy dira tout courtoisement ainsi: "Mon signour Dieux vous donne boun matin et bonne aventure," vel sic: "Sire Dieux vous doint boun matin et bonne estraine, Mon amy, Dieux vous doint bon jour et bonne encontre." Et a midi vous parlerez @@ -2347,7 +2306,7 @@ tres volantiers. . . ."</p> <p>From this we return to subjects more suited to merchants and wayfarers—how to inquire the road, and to go on a -pilgrimage to the tomb of St. Thomas-à-Becket. The work +pilgrimage to the tomb of St. Thomas-à -Becket. The work closes with a gathering of companions in an inn, which, like the rest of the chapters, is full of life and interest. Last of all, a sort of supplement is added in the form of a short poem @@ -2362,7 +2321,7 @@ on the drawbacks of poverty:</p> <p>Another treatise of the same kind, written about three years later, was intended chiefly for the use of children, <i>Un petit livre pour enseigner les enfantz de leur entreparler comun -françois</i>.<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> It was not the first of its kind. The metrical +françois</i>.<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> It was not the first of its kind. The metrical vocabularies of Bibbesworth and his successors were chiefly intended for the use of children. There is also some evidence to show that the grammatical treatises were used by children; @@ -2374,11 +2333,11 @@ grammar particularly concerns.</p> <p>In the <i>Petit livre</i>, however, the teaching is of the simplest kind, and specially suited to children. The dialogue -lacks the interest of the earlier 'manière,' and inclines, in +lacks the interest of the earlier 'manière,' and inclines, in places, to become a list of phrases pure and simple. The work opens abruptly with the words: "Pour ce sachez -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">-39-</a></span>premierement que le an est divisé en deux, c'est asscavoir -le yver et la esté. Le yver a six mois et la esté atant, que +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">-39-</a></span>premierement que le an est divisé en deux, c'est asscavoir +le yver et la esté. Le yver a six mois et la esté atant, que vallent douse," and so on to the other divisions of the year and time. The children are then taught the numbers in French, the names of the coins, and those of the @@ -2395,15 +2354,15 @@ class. In the chatter on the events of the day there occurs a passage which enables us to date the work. The traveller tells the hostess of the captivity of Richard II. as a recent event:</p> -<div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>"Dieu, dame, j'ay ouy dire que le roy d'<ins title="original: Angliterre">Angleterre</ins> est osté."—"Quoy +<div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>"Dieu, dame, j'ay ouy dire que le roy d'<ins title="original: Angliterre">Angleterre</ins> est osté."—"Quoy desioie!"—"Par ma alme voir."—"Et les Anglois n'ont ils point de roy donques?"—"Marie, ouy, et que celuy que fust duc de Lancastre, que est -nepveu a celluy que est osté."—"Voire?"—"Voire vraiement."—"Et le -roygne que fera elle?"—"Par dieu dame, je ne sçay, je n'ay pas esté en -conceille."—"Et le roy d'Angleterre ou fust il coronné?"—"A Westmynstre."—"Fustez +nepveu a celluy que est osté."—"Voire?"—"Voire vraiement."—"Et le +roygne que fera elle?"—"Par dieu dame, je ne sçay, je n'ay pas esté en +conceille."—"Et le roy d'Angleterre ou fust il coronné?"—"A Westmynstre."—"Fustez vous la donques?"—"<ins title="original: Maris">Marie</ins>, oy, il y avoit tant de presse que par un pou que ne mouru quar a paine je eschapey a vie."—"Et -ou serra il a nouvel?"—"Par ma foy je ne sçay, mais l'en dit qu'il serra en +ou serra il a nouvel?"—"Par ma foy je ne sçay, mais l'en dit qu'il serra en Escoce."</p></div></div> <p>The authorship is not so easy to ascertain. The manual @@ -2453,18 +2412,18 @@ manuals supplanted, to a considerable extent, the earlier type of practical manual for teaching French—the metrical vocabulary—with which they had something in common. At any rate, there is no copy of such nomenclatures extant after -<i>Femina</i> (1415). The 'manières' provided in their dialogues +<i>Femina</i> (1415). The 'manières' provided in their dialogues much of the material found in the vocabularies, giving, wherever possible, groups of words on the same topics—the body, its clothing, houses, and men's occupations. Further, the vocabularies, which had never departed from the type instituted by Bibbesworth in the thirteenth century, dealt more with the feudal and agricultural life of the Middle -Ages, and so had fallen behind the times. The 'Manières +Ages, and so had fallen behind the times. The 'Manières de Langage' were more in keeping with the new conditions. Towards the end of the century (and perhaps at the beginning <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">-41-</a></span>of the sixteenth century) we come to a manual,<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> which, while -resembling the 'manières' in most points, reproduces some +resembling the 'manières' in most points, reproduces some of the distinctive external marks of the vocabularies. For instance, the French is arranged in short lines, which, however, do not rime, and vary considerably in the number of @@ -2536,7 +2495,7 @@ part of the scribe.</p> <p>Merchants thus appear to have been one of the chief classes among which there was a demand for instruction in French. -In addition to the large part assigned to them in the 'Manières +In addition to the large part assigned to them in the 'Manières de Langage,' and in the epistolaries, where letters of a commercial nature are a usual feature, there exist collections of model forms for drawing up bills, indentures, receipts and @@ -2555,7 +2514,7 @@ a de primes en Latyn et puis en Franceys."</p> French among the merchant class by the fact that the earliest printed text-books were designed chiefly for their use. The first of these may be classed with the new development of -the 'Manières de Langage,' comprising dialogues in French +the 'Manières de Langage,' comprising dialogues in French and English, although it does not exactly answer to this description.<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> It was issued from the press of William Caxton in about 1483, and at least one other edition appeared at a @@ -2600,7 +2559,7 @@ Briefment fransoys et engloys.</span></td> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Raysonnablement entendre</span></td> <td>Resonably understande</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Françoys et Anglois,</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Françoys et Anglois,</span></td> <td>Frenssh and Englissh,</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Du tant comme cest escript</span></td> @@ -2615,7 +2574,7 @@ Briefment fransoys et engloys.</span></td> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Mais ce qu'on n'y trouvera</span></td> <td>But that which cannot be founden</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Declairé en cestui</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Declairé en cestui</span></td> <td>Declared in this</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Pourra on trouver ailleurs</span></td> @@ -2648,10 +2607,10 @@ Briefment fransoys et engloys.</span></td> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Merchandises d'un pays a l'autre,</span></td> <td>Marchandise fro one land to anoothir,</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Et cognoistre maintes denrées</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Et cognoistre maintes denrées</span></td> <td>And to know many wares</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Que lui seroient bon achetés</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Que lui seroient bon achetés</span></td> <td>Which to him shall be good to be bought</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Ou vendues pour riche devenir.</span></td> @@ -2674,7 +2633,7 @@ degrees of kinship:</p> <span class="i0">Je vous dirai maintenant<br /></span> <span class="i0">Dune autre matere<br /></span> <span class="i0">La quele ie commence.<br /></span> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">-44-</a></span><span class="i0">Se vous estes mariés<br /></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">-44-</a></span><span class="i0">Se vous estes mariés<br /></span> <span class="i0">Et vous avez femme<br /></span> <span class="i0">Et vous ayez marye,<br /></span> <span class="i0">Se vous maintiens paisiblement<br /></span> @@ -2682,7 +2641,7 @@ degrees of kinship:</p> <span class="i0">De vous fors que bien:<br /></span> <span class="i0">Ce seroit vergoigne.<br /></span> <span class="i0">Se vous aves pere et mere,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Si les honnourés tousiours;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Si les honnourés tousiours;<br /></span> <span class="i0">Faictes leur honneur;. . .<br /></span> <span class="i0">Si vous aves enfans,<br /></span> <span class="i0">Si les instrues<br /></span> @@ -2697,7 +2656,7 @@ occupations, which affords an opportunity of bringing in the different shops to which they are sent and of specifying the meat and drink they purchase there. We then pass to buying, selling, and bargaining in general, and to merchandise of all -kinds, with a list of coins, popular fairs, and fête-days.</p> +kinds, with a list of coins, popular fairs, and fête-days.</p> <p>After an enumeration of the great persons of the earth comes the main chapter of the work, giving a fairly complete @@ -2753,10 +2712,10 @@ by it:</p> <span lang="fr">Cy fine ceste doctrine,</span></td><td>Here endeth this doctrine,</td></tr> <tr><td> </td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">A Westmestre les Loundres</span></td><td>At Westmestre by London</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">En formes impressée,</span></td><td>In fourmes enprinted,</td></tr> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">En formes impressée,</span></td><td>In fourmes enprinted,</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">En le quelle ung chaucun</span></td><td>In the whiche one everish</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Pourra briefment aprendre</span></td><td>May shortly lerne</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">François et Engloys.</span></td><td>French and English.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">François et Engloys.</span></td><td>French and English.</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">La grace de sainct esperit</span></td><td>The grace of the holy ghosst</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Veul enluminer les cures</span></td><td>Wylle enlyghte the hertes</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">De ceulx qui le aprendront,</span></td><td>Of them that shall lerne it,</td></tr> @@ -2806,7 +2765,7 @@ column to the <i>Livre des Mestiers</i>, his knowledge of French had not yet reached that state of thoroughness which was to enable him to translate such a remarkable number of French works into English. He himself tells us in the prologue -to the <i>Recuyell of the Histories of Troy</i> of Raoul le Fèvre +to the <i>Recuyell of the Histories of Troy</i> of Raoul le Fèvre (Bruges, 1475)—the first of his translations from the French, and, indeed, the first book to be printed in English—that his knowledge of French was not by any means perfect. With @@ -2829,12 +2788,12 @@ book, except that the English lines come before the French, and not the French before the English.<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> The four subjects <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">-47-</a></span>round which the dialogue turns, namely, salutations, buying and selling, inquiring the way, and conversation at the inn, -were all favourites in the early "Manières de Langage." +were all favourites in the early "Manières de Langage." For the rest it follows in the steps of its English predecessors in confining itself to dialogue pure and simple, while Caxton's 'doctrine' adopted the narrative form. In one point, however, the work differs from the latest development of the -old "Manière de Langage," as preserved in the Cambridge +old "Manière de Langage," as preserved in the Cambridge Dialogues in French and English; the dialogues are followed by a vocabulary, then a reprint of one of the old books on courtesy and demeanour for children, with a French version @@ -2902,19 +2861,19 @@ that written by Caxton for his work:</p> <blockquote class="interlinear"> <div><div> Here is a good boke to lerne to speke Frenshe.</div> -<div lang="fr">Vecy ung bon livre apprendre parler françoys.</div></div> +<div lang="fr">Vecy ung bon livre apprendre parler françoys.</div></div> <div><div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">-49-</a></span>In the name of the fader and the sone</div> <div lang="fr">En nom du pere et du filz</div></div> <div><div>And of the holy goost, I wyll begynne</div> <div lang="fr">Et du saint esperit, je vueil commencer</div></div> <div><div>To lerne to speke Frensshe,</div> -<div lang="fr">A apprendre a parler françoys,</div></div> +<div lang="fr">A apprendre a parler françoys,</div></div> <div><div>Soo that I maye doo my marchandise</div> <div lang="fr">Affin que je puisse faire ma marchandise</div></div> <div><div>In Fraunce & elles where in other londes,</div> <div lang="fr">En France et ailieurs en aultre pays,</div></div> <div><div>There as the folk speke Frensshe.</div> -<div lang="fr">La ou les gens parlent françoys.</div></div> +<div lang="fr">La ou les gens parlent françoys.</div></div> <div><div>And fyrst I wylle lerne to reken by lettre.</div> <div lang="fr">Et premierement je veux aprendre a compter par lettre. . . . </div></div></blockquote> @@ -2942,7 +2901,7 @@ salutations arranged in dialogue form:</p> <blockquote class="interlinear"> <div><div>Other maner of speche in frensshe.</div> -<div lang="fr">Autre magniere de langage en françoys.</div></div> +<div lang="fr">Autre magniere de langage en françoys.</div></div> <div><div>Syr, God gyve you good daye.</div> <div lang="fr">Sire, Dieu vous doint bon iour.</div></div> <div><div>Syr, God gyve you goode evyn.</div> @@ -3029,7 +2988,7 @@ next "manner of speech," where, as in the first treatise of <div><div>There is a ryght good one.</div> <div lang="fr">Il en y a ung tres bon.</div></div> <div><div>Ye shall be there ryght well lodged,</div> -<div lang="fr">Vous serez tres bien logé,</div></div> +<div lang="fr">Vous serez tres bien logé,</div></div> <div><div>Ye & also your horse.</div> <div lang="fr">Vous et aussi vostre chevaul.</div></div> <div><div>My frende, God yelde it you,</div> @@ -3047,7 +3006,7 @@ there, and his departure:</p> <blockquote class="interlinear"> <div><div>Dame, shall I be here well lodged?</div> -<div lang="fr">Dame, seroy ie icy bien logé?</div></div> +<div lang="fr">Dame, seroy ie icy bien logé?</div></div> <div><div>Ye syr, ryght well.</div> <div lang="fr">Ouy sire, tres bien.</div></div> <div><div>Nowe doo me have a good chambre</div> @@ -3057,9 +3016,9 @@ there, and his departure:</p> <div><div>And doo that my horse</div> <div lang="fr">Et faites que mon chevaul</div></div> <div><div>Maye be well governed,</div> -<div lang="fr">Puisse estre bien gouverné,</div></div> +<div lang="fr">Puisse estre bien gouverné,</div></div> <div><div>And gyve hym good hay and good otes.</div> -<div lang="fr">Et lui donnés bon foin et bon avoine.</div></div> +<div lang="fr">Et lui donnés bon foin et bon avoine.</div></div> <div><div>Dame, is all redy for to dyne?</div> <div lang="fr">Dame, est tout prest pour aller digner?</div></div> <div><div>Ye syr, whan it please you.</div> @@ -3081,13 +3040,13 @@ there, and his departure:</p> <div><div>Do my horse come to me.</div> <div lang="fr">Or me faittz venir mon cheval.</div></div> <div><div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">-52-</a></span>Is he sadled and redy for to ryde?</div> -<div lang="fr">Est il sellé et appointé pour chevaucher?</div></div> +<div lang="fr">Est il sellé et appointé pour chevaucher?</div></div> <div><div>Ye syr, all redy.</div> <div lang="fr">Ouy sire, tout prest.</div></div> <div><div>Now fare well and gramercy.</div> <div lang="fr">Or adiu et grandmercy.</div></div></blockquote> -<p>Here the 'manière de langage' ends. It is followed by +<p>Here the 'manière de langage' ends. It is followed by a list of nouns arranged under headings. The enumeration begins with the parts of the body,<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> followed by the clothing and armour—a list containing valuable information on the @@ -3143,11 +3102,11 @@ with the grace of God I shalle do suche dylygence that I shall gete your hertes desyre. No more wryte I to you at this tyme but God have you in hys protectyon. Wryten hastely the XIX daye of this moneth.</p> -<p>Tres honnoré sire, ie me recommande a vous tant comme je puis, et -plaise vous savoir que ie suis en tres bonne santé la marcy Dieu au quel ie +<p>Tres honnoré sire, ie me recommande a vous tant comme je puis, et +plaise vous savoir que ie suis en tres bonne santé la marcy Dieu au quel ie prie que ainsi soit il de vous et de tous vos bons amys. Quant pour la matiere -pour la quelle vous me envoiastes a Parys, g'ay parlé avec l'advocat du roy -le quel m'a dit quil me fault aller au roy et advertir sa royalle maiesté de ce +pour la quelle vous me envoiastes a Parys, g'ay parlé avec l'advocat du roy +le quel m'a dit quil me fault aller au roy et advertir sa royalle maiesté de ce et ay un specyal commandement. Pource consyderant le temps que j'ay attendu a Paris en cest poursuite et lez granz costz et despens faitz par cause de ce. Plaise vous savoir que pour poursuir ceste matiere au roy, le @@ -3253,7 +3212,7 @@ supplements, added probably with the intention of increasing the public to which the book would appeal. The children who used it, we may assume, would probably be of the class of the boy, "John, enfant beal et sage," who appears in the -'manière' of 1415, and learns French that he may the more +'manière' of 1415, and learns French that he may the more quickly achieve his end of being apprenticed to a London merchant. To such children the apprentice's letter quoted above would be of much interest.</p> @@ -3283,7 +3242,7 @@ were written, when to speak French fluently was an all-important matter. The difficulty of this accomplishment was realised to the full. We find it expressed in a few disconnected sentences added in French probably at the beginning -of the sixteenth century, at the end of the 'manière de +of the sixteenth century, at the end of the 'manière de langage' of 1396: "We need very long practice before we are able to speak French perfectly," says the anonymous writer, evidently an Englishman, "for the French and English @@ -3292,9 +3251,9 @@ are difficult to seize." He proceeds to urge the necessity of a glib tongue in making progress in French, and quotes the case of an unfortunate man, good fellow though he might otherwise be, who lacked this faculty: "Il ne luy avient plus a -parler franceis qu'à une vache de porter une selle, a cause que -sa langue n'est pas bien afilée, et pour cela n'entremette il pas -à parler entre les fraunceis."</p> +parler franceis qu'à une vache de porter une selle, a cause que +sa langue n'est pas bien afilée, et pour cela n'entremette il pas +à parler entre les fraunceis."</p> <p>In the early part of the sixteenth century, however, French began to be studied with more thoroughness in England. @@ -3318,19 +3277,19 @@ oblivion.</p> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Freeman, <i>Norman Conquest</i>, ii., 1868, pp. 16 <i>sqq.</i>, 28 <i>sqq.</i></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> <i>Manière de Langage</i>, 1396; cp. <i>infra</i>, p. 35.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> <i>Manière de Langage</i>, 1396; cp. <i>infra</i>, p. 35.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> "Doulz françois qu'est la plus bel et la plus gracious language et plus noble +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> "Doulz françois qu'est la plus bel et la plus gracious language et plus noble parler, apres latin d'escole, qui soit au monde."</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Jehan Barton, <i>Donait François</i>, <i>c.</i> 1400.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Jehan Barton, <i>Donait François</i>, <i>c.</i> 1400.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> "Afin qu'ils puissent entrecomuner bonement ove lour voisin c'est a dire les bones gens du roiaume de France, et ainsi pour ce que les leys d'Engleterre pour le -graigneur partie et ainsi beaucoup de bones choses sont misez en François, et aussi +graigneur partie et ainsi beaucoup de bones choses sont misez en François, et aussi bien pres touz les sirs et toutes les dames en mesme roiaume d'Engleterre volentiers s'entrescrivent en romance—tresnecessaire je cuide estre aus Englois de scavoir la -nature de François."</p></div> +nature de François."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> Which no doubt became more numerous, as English, rather than Latin, became the medium through which French was learnt. Thus we find <i>pour honte</i> written for @@ -3350,7 +3309,7 @@ sic docet iste liber iuvenes rethorice loqui Gallicum prout infra patebit."</p>< <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> The English spelling, very corrupt in the original, is here modernized.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> These MSS. have been described and classified by J. Stürzinger, <i>Altfranzösische +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> These MSS. have been described and classified by J. Stürzinger, <i>Altfranzösische Bibliothek</i>, viii. pp. v-x.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Brit. Mus. Harl. MS. 4971; Addit. MS. 11716, and Camb. Univ. Libr. MS. Ee @@ -3380,15 +3339,15 @@ Magdalen College, MS. 188, and All Souls, MS. 182.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> Brunot, <i>op. cit.</i> i. p. 376.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> "A le honneur de Dieu et de sa tresdoulce miere et toutz les saintez de paradis, -je Johan Barton, escolier de Paris, née et nourie toutes foiez d'Engleterre en la conté -de Cestre, j'ey baillé aus avantdiz Anglois un Donait françois pur les briefment entroduyr +je Johan Barton, escolier de Paris, née et nourie toutes foiez d'Engleterre en la conté +de Cestre, j'ey baillé aus avantdiz Anglois un Donait françois pur les briefment entroduyr en la droit language du Paris et de pais la d'entour la quelle language en Engleterre on appelle doulce France. Et cest Donat je le fis la fair a mes despenses et tres grande peine par pluseurs bons clercs du language avantdite."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> Brunot, <i>op. cit.</i> i. p. 376.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> "Cy endroit il fault prendre garde qu'en parlant François on ne mette pas une +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> "Cy endroit il fault prendre garde qu'en parlant François on ne mette pas une personne pour une aultre si come font les sottez gens, disantz ainsi <i>je ferra</i> pour <i>je ferray</i>. . . ."</p></div> @@ -3400,7 +3359,7 @@ which we return to the verbs, and their moods and tenses. The following sections deal with the parts of speech; the four indeclinables (adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections) are merely mentioned. Nouns, adjectives, and pronouns receive some attention, but the chief subject is the verb: "Cy maintenant nous vous -baillerons un exemple coment vous fourmeres touz les verbs françois du monde, soient-ils +baillerons un exemple coment vous fourmeres touz les verbs françois du monde, soient-ils actifez, soient-ils passivez, en quelque meuf ou temps qu'ils soient. Et ceste exemple serra pour cest verbe <i>jeo aime</i>. . . ." But the verbs are not classified, and only a few of the best known are conjugated as examples. In the list of impersonal verbs @@ -3439,7 +3398,7 @@ and in the Brit. Mus. (Addit. 17716).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Such collections exist in MSS. Harl. 4971 and Addit. 17716, Brit. Mus.; and in Ee 4, 20, Camb. Univ. Libr.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Harl. 4971; cp. Stürzinger, <i>op. cit.</i> p. xvi.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> Harl. 4971; cp. Stürzinger, <i>op. cit.</i> p. xvi.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Early bibliographers seem to have been uncertain as to what category it belonged to: for some time it was called a <i>Book for Travellers</i>; then a <i>Vocabulary in French @@ -3454,8 +3413,8 @@ series lxxix.). The other edition, of which a fragment exists in the Bodleian, w probably printed by Wynkyn de Worde (W. C. Hazlitt, <i>Handbook ... to the Literature of Great Britain</i>, 1867, p. 631).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> Published from a MS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale, by M. Michelant: <i>Le Livre -des Mestiers, dialogues français-flamands, composés au 14<sup>e</sup> siècle par un maître d'école de +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> Published from a MS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale, by M. Michelant: <i>Le Livre +des Mestiers, dialogues français-flamands, composés au 14<sup>e</sup> siècle par un maître d'école de la ville de Bruges</i>. Paris, 1875.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> H. Bradley: Introduction to the edition of Caxton's <i>Dialogues</i>.</p></div> @@ -3561,7 +3520,7 @@ it was round the Court circles that developed the new and more serious study of the language which then arose—a study which led to the production of so important a work as John Palsgrave's <i>L'Esclarcissement de la langue -françoyse</i>. It will therefore be well to consider the extent +françoyse</i>. It will therefore be well to consider the extent to which French was used among the nobility and gentry of the time.</p> @@ -3720,7 +3679,7 @@ for the most part, the English use the French language, besides having a great admiration for everything else French—an observation which cannot safely be taken as referring to any other class than the nobility, as his relations would be almost -wholly restricted to that class. When the Duke of Württemberg +wholly restricted to that class. When the Duke of Württemberg visited the court of Elizabeth, where he found ample occasion to exercise his own admirable knowledge of French, he left on record the fact that many English courtiers understood @@ -3741,12 +3700,12 @@ Englishmen never wrote in their native tongue, Frenchmen did occasionally use their own language rather than Latin. Bacon wrote in French to the Marquis of Effiat, and Hotman, on the other hand, in French to Camden: "Me sentant -detraqué de l'usage de la langue latine, je vous escris cette -lettre en françois pour renouveller avec vous notre amitié +detraqué de l'usage de la langue latine, je vous escris cette +lettre en françois pour renouveller avec vous notre amitié ancienne et correspondance."<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> John Calvin corresponded with Edward VI. and Protector Somerset in French, and Henry IV. of France carried on a voluminous correspondence -in his own language with his "tres chere et tres aimée bonne +in his own language with his "tres chere et tres aimée bonne <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">-67-</a></span> <span class="sidenote">FRENCH REGARDED WITH SPECIAL FAVOUR</span>sœur," Elizabeth, as well as with her chief ministers.<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> French @@ -3789,7 +3748,7 @@ served when he is left alone.<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></ with much favour. The first king of this line had lived for <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">-68-</a></span>many years in France and was strongly imbued with French tastes.<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> He encouraged Frenchmen to visit England, and -appointed one of them, Bernard André, his Poet Laureate and +appointed one of them, Bernard André, his Poet Laureate and Historiographer as well as tutor to his sons. There were also troupes of French comedians and minstrels who performed at Court from time to time.<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> The king always received with @@ -3923,7 +3882,7 @@ inspire her with a still greater desire to speak French well.<a name="FNanchor_1 Anne stayed in France several years, first in the service of Mary during the few months she was Queen of France, then in that of her successor, Queen Claude, consort of Francis I., -and finally in the more lively household of Margaret of Alençon, +and finally in the more lively household of Margaret of Alençon, afterwards Queen of Navarre. On her return to the English Court she became maid of honour to Queen Katherine, and her skill in dress and her French manners<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> did much @@ -3940,16 +3899,16 @@ make from the Court:</p> <div class="blockquot"><p>Ma Maitresse et amie, moy et mon cœur s'en remettent en vos mains, vous suppliant les avoir pour recommander a votre bonne grace, et que par -absence votre affection ne leur soit diminué. Car pur augmenter leur peine -ce seroit grande pitié, car l'absence leur fait assez, et plus que jamais je -n'eusse pensé . . . vous asseurant que de ma part l'ennuye de l'absence +absence votre affection ne leur soit diminué. Car pur augmenter leur peine +ce seroit grande pitié, car l'absence leur fait assez, et plus que jamais je +n'eusse pensé . . . vous asseurant que de ma part l'ennuye de l'absence deja m'est trop grande. Et quand je pense a l'augmentation d'iceluy que par force faut que je soufre il m'est presque intollerable, s'il n'estoit le ferme espoir que j'aye de votre indissoluble affection vers moi, et pour le vous rementevoir alcune fois cela, et voyant que personellement je ne puis estre en votre presence, chose la plus approchante a cela qui m'est possible au present, je vous envoye, c'est-a-dire ma picture mise en braisselettes a toute la -devise que deja sçavez, me souhaitant en leur place quant il vous plairoit. +devise que deja sçavez, me souhaitant en leur place quant il vous plairoit. C'est de la main de—Votre serviteur et amy,</p> <p class="right"> @@ -4021,7 +3980,7 @@ Her accent is reported to have been harsh and unpleasing; she spoke with a drawl, and, according to M. Drizanval, resident in London for the French king,<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> she constantly repeated the phrase "<i>paar Dieu, paar maa foi</i>" in a -ridiculous tone. Another visitor, the Duke of Württemberg, +ridiculous tone. Another visitor, the Duke of Württemberg, records that he once heard her deliver an appropriate speech in French,<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a> which, as usual, was the language in which he addressed her. Towards the end of her reign the queen still @@ -4033,10 +3992,10 @@ to another (whether foreign ministers or those who attend for different reasons) in English, French, and Italian."<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> She also wrote French with some ease. One of her earliest literary efforts was a translation from the French of Margaret of -Navarre's <i>Miroir de l'Ame pécheresse</i>. She likewise composed +Navarre's <i>Miroir de l'Ame pécheresse</i>. She likewise composed devotions and prayers in French—a habit which she retained after she had been queen for many years. At the time when -her marriage with the Duke of Alençon, her "little frog," as +her marriage with the Duke of Alençon, her "little frog," as she calls him, was under discussion, the queen compiled a curious little volume, containing six prayers, written on vellum in a very neat hand; in addition to devotions in @@ -4062,7 +4021,7 @@ English social life, and the chief means of entering the service of the State, noblemen and gentlemen wishing to figure on the social stage endeavoured to adapt themselves to Court requirements. French tutors were to be found in all the chief -families of the time. Étienne Pasquier remarks that there +families of the time. Étienne Pasquier remarks that there was no noble family in England without its French tutor to instruct the children in the French language.<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a> This condition of things was still further developed a few years later when @@ -4074,7 +4033,7 @@ the most part, either the authors of manuals for teaching French, or had won repute as writers or Humanists before leaving their native land.</p> -<p>One of these Humanists was Bernard André, familiarly +<p>One of these Humanists was Bernard André, familiarly called "Master Barnard," the blind poet—an infirmity to which he frequently refers. He was a native of Toulouse, and probably came to England with Henry VII., his @@ -4082,12 +4041,12 @@ patron.<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_1 Henry appointed this Frenchman, author of verses in French and Latin but never a line in English, Poet Laureate of England. In addition to this he bestowed on him repeated -marks of favour. For a time André was engaged as a tutor +marks of favour. For a time André was engaged as a tutor at Oxford, and in 1496 was chosen as governor to Prince Arthur, and probably had much to do with the education of his brother, afterwards Henry VIII. Appointed Historiographer Royal, he began in this capacity to write his patron's -life. Like so many other men of education, André was in +life. Like so many other men of education, André was in Holy Orders; he received preferment from time to time, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">-76-</a></span>was finally presented to the living of Guisnes near Calais, which he resigned in 1521, having attained an "extreme old age."</p> @@ -4157,7 +4116,7 @@ excellent and myghty prynce, Th. duke of Northfolke</i>. The printer, Robert Coplande, himself a good French scholar, composed some lines on the coat of arms of the Duke in French, and printed them at the beginning of the book; at the -end he placed a translation of Lambert Danneau's <i>Traité des +end he placed a translation of Lambert Danneau's <i>Traité des Danses</i>, also from his own pen.<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a></p> <p>Barclay's endeavour is to make his grammar as short and @@ -4191,7 +4150,7 @@ the other hand, deals only with the French spoken between the Seine and the Loire, which he regarded as the only pure French. Barclay's attitude to dialectal forms may possibly be explained by the fact that he transcribed freely from the -mediaeval treatises, especially the <i>Donait françois</i> of John +mediaeval treatises, especially the <i>Donait françois</i> of John Barton. His debt was early noted by Palsgrave, who wrote: "I have sene an olde boke written in parchment, in all thynges lyke to his sayd <i>Introductory</i>, whiche, by conjecture, was not @@ -4268,9 +4227,9 @@ to have made good progress under his direction. Pierre <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">-81-</a></span> <span class="sidenote">PIERRE VALENCE, TEACHER OF FRENCH</span>Valence was one of the natives of Normandy, so numerous in England at this time that the fact was commented on by -Étienne Perlin, a French priest who visited England at the +Étienne Perlin, a French priest who visited England at the end of the reign of Edward VI. He describes them as being -"du tout tres mechans et mauditz François," worse than +"du tout tres mechans et mauditz François," worse than all the English, which, according to him, is a very grave charge.<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> The date at which Valence came to England is unknown, but he is said to have studied at Cambridge in or @@ -4288,7 +4247,7 @@ contemporary, John Palsgrave: both were students at Cambridge, possibly at the same time, though Palsgrave was the senior; both had as their pupil the son of Mr. Secretary Cromwell—the one for French and the other for Latin; -both were protégés of the Dowager Queen of France (sister +both were protégés of the Dowager Queen of France (sister of Henry VIII. and Palsgrave's pupil for French) and of her husband the Duke of Suffolk. In 1535 Valence received a grant of letters of denization,<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> and ultimately became domestic @@ -4383,7 +4342,7 @@ Boleyn.</p> Nicolas Denisot arrived in England, driven from Paris by an unfortunate love affair.<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a> His nephew, Jacques Denisot, declares he was "fort bien accueilliz dans la cour d'Angleterre -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">-84-</a></span>où son estime et sa reputation estoit deja cogneue." He mixed +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">-84-</a></span>où son estime et sa reputation estoit deja cogneue." He mixed with the writers and politicians<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a> of the day, and attracted the notice of the Court by writing verses in honour of the young king, Edward VI.<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> He soon found himself in the @@ -4410,7 +4369,7 @@ them in 1550. In the following year the verses appeared again, accompanied by French, Italian, and Greek translations, and verses from the pen of Ronsard, Du Bellay, and other literary friends of Denisot.<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a> It is a striking fact that before -the Pléiade was fully known in France, the fame of some of +the Pléiade was fully known in France, the fame of some of its members had reached England, where a particular interest would be taken in this development of the work of the three princesses. Ronsard, Denisot's intimate friend, wrote one @@ -4418,10 +4377,10 @@ of his earliest odes in honour of Denisot's pupils, in which he celebrates the intellectual union of France and England:</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"><span lang="fr"> -<span class="i0">Denisot se vante heuré<br /></span> -<span class="i0">D'avoir oublié sa terre<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Denisot se vante heuré<br /></span> +<span class="i0">D'avoir oublié sa terre<br /></span> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">-85-</a></span> -<span class="sidenote">THE PLÉIADE IN ENGLAND</span><span class="i0">Et passager demeuré<br /></span> +<span class="sidenote">THE PLÉIADE IN ENGLAND</span><span class="i0">Et passager demeuré<br /></span> <span class="i0">Trois ans en Angleterre.<br /></span> <span class="i0">. . . . les espritz<br /></span> <span class="i0">D'Angleterre et de la France<br /></span> @@ -4453,7 +4412,7 @@ till 1582, when his <i>Elementarie</i> was published.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> Translation of Sallust's <i>Bellum Jugurthinum</i>: Dedication to the Duke of Norfolk.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> <i>Remains</i>, Parker Society, p. 470. Quoted by J. J. Jusserand, <i>Histoire littéraire +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> <i>Remains</i>, Parker Society, p. 470. Quoted by J. J. Jusserand, <i>Histoire littéraire du peuple anglais</i>, Paris, 1904, p. 86, n. 3.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> <i>The Correspondence of Sir Philip Sidney and Hubert Languet</i>, ed. W. A. Bradly, @@ -4497,8 +4456,8 @@ witness, but also strangers, men of great learninge, in their books set out in L give honourable testimonye." Best known of these learned observers was Scaliger (<i>Scaligeriana</i>, Cologne, 1695, p. 134). Similar eulogies in verse were left by French poets: Ronsard, <i>Elegies, Mascarades et Bergeries</i> (1561), reproduced in <i>Le Bocage -royal</i> (1567); Jacques Grévin, <i>Chant du cygne</i>; Du Bartas, <i>Second Week</i>; and -Agrippa d'Aubigné; also by John Florio, <i>First Frutes</i>, 1578, ch. xiii.</p></div> +royal</i> (1567); Jacques Grévin, <i>Chant du cygne</i>; Du Bartas, <i>Second Week</i>; and +Agrippa d'Aubigné; also by John Florio, <i>First Frutes</i>, 1578, ch. xiii.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> <i>First Frutes</i>, 1578, ch. i.</p></div> @@ -4506,7 +4465,7 @@ Agrippa d'Aubigné; also by John Florio, <i>First Frutes</i>, 1578, ch. xiii.</p> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> <i>Merchant of Venice</i>, Act I. Scene 2.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> Cp. Brunot, <i>Histoire de la langue française</i>, ii. pp. 2 <i>sqq.</i> Dallington in his <i>View +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> Cp. Brunot, <i>Histoire de la langue française</i>, ii. pp. 2 <i>sqq.</i> Dallington in his <i>View of France</i> remarks on the same neglect. In <i>The Abbot and the Learned Woman</i>, Erasmus praises the latter for studying the classics and not, as was usual, confining herself to French (<i>Colloquia</i>, Leiden, 1519).</p></div> @@ -4515,11 +4474,11 @@ French (<i>Colloquia</i>, Leiden, 1519).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> <i>The Second Book of the Travels of Nicander Nucius</i>, Camden Soc., 1841, p. 14.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> <i>Dialogue de l'ortografe et pronunciacion françoese departi en deus livres</i>, Lyon, 1558.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> <i>Dialogue de l'ortografe et pronunciacion françoese departi en deus livres</i>, Lyon, 1558.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> Peiresc wrote in French to the scholars Selden and Camden, who answered in Latin. Other French scholars who maintained a correspondence with Englishmen -are de Thou, Jérôme Bignon, Duchesne, du Plessis Mornay, H. Estienne, Hubert +are de Thou, Jérôme Bignon, Duchesne, du Plessis Mornay, H. Estienne, Hubert Languet, Pibrac, and the Sainte-Marthe brothers.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> <i>Lettres missives de Henri IV</i>, 9 tom., Paris, 1843. For an example of Elizabeth's @@ -4550,7 +4509,7 @@ Rawdon Brown, <i>Four Years at the Court of Henry VIII.</i>, 1854, vol. i. pp. 7 1912. Barclay says in his <i>Eclogues</i> that French minstrels and singers were highly favoured at Court. Jamieson, <i>Life and Writings of Barclay</i>, 1874, p. 44.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> "Je serai à [vous] toujours et tant que je vivrai autre n'aimerai que vous."</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> "Je serai à [vous] toujours et tant que je vivrai autre n'aimerai que vous."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> <i>Henry VIII.</i>, Act I. Scene 4.</p></div> @@ -4583,20 +4542,20 @@ ii. pp. 179, 181.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> Ellis, <i>Orig. Letters</i>, 2nd series, vol. ii. p. 11. Anne's French spelling is curious and suggests that, like Henry VIII., she learnt French mainly by ear: "Mons. Je -antandue par v<sup>re</sup> lettre que aves envy que tout onnete feme quan je vindre à la courte +antandue par v<sup>re</sup> lettre que aves envy que tout onnete feme quan je vindre à la courte et ma vertisses que Rene prendra la pein de devisser a vecc moy, de quoy me regoy bien fort de pensser parler a vecc ung personne tante sage et onnete, cela me ferra a voyr plus grante anvy de continuer a parler bene franssais."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> A French poem of the time, preserved in MS. and quoted by Rathery, <i>op. cit.</i> -p. 21, celebrates Anne's French accomplishments—<i>Traité pour feue dame Anne de +p. 21, celebrates Anne's French accomplishments—<i>Traité pour feue dame Anne de Boulant, jadis royne d'Angleterre, l'an 1533</i>: </p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"><span lang="fr"> <span class="i0">"La tellement ses graces amenda<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Que ne l'eussiez oncques jugée Angloise<br /></span> -<span class="i0">En ses fachons, ains naïve Françhoise.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Elle sçavoit bien danser et chanter,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Que ne l'eussiez oncques jugée Angloise<br /></span> +<span class="i0">En ses fachons, ains naïve Françhoise.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Elle sçavoit bien danser et chanter,<br /></span> <span class="i0">Et ses propos sagement agencer,<br /></span> <span class="i0">Sonner du luth et d'autres instrumens<br /></span> <span class="i0">Pour divertir les tristes pensemens."<br /></span></span> @@ -4644,13 +4603,13 @@ Queen of England could speak Dutch (p. 341).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> The MS. was reproduced in facsimile in 1893. The prayers in French begin thus: "Mon Dieu et mon pere puis qu'il t'a pleu desployer les tresors de ta grande misericorde -envers moy ta tres humble servante, m'ayant de bon matin retirée des profonds abismes +envers moy ta tres humble servante, m'ayant de bon matin retirée des profonds abismes de l'ignorance naturelle et des superstitions damnables pour me faire iouir de ce grand soleil de justice . . . etc."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> <i>Lettres</i>, Amsterdam, 1723, liv. i. p. 5.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> An account of the little that is known of André's life is given in Gairdner's +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> An account of the little that is known of André's life is given in Gairdner's <i>Memorials of Henry VII.</i>, pp. viii <i>et seq.</i></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> Of foreign countries, the Netherlands seem to have come next to England in @@ -4668,11 +4627,11 @@ linguae gallicae</i>. This suggests that possibly the <i>Introductory</i> was fi written in Latin.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> Time after time he mentions the usages of different parts of the country, as -<i>piecha</i> for <i>pieça</i> in certain districts; <i>jeo</i> and <i>ceo</i> for <i>je</i> and <i>ce</i> in Picard and Gascon; the +<i>piecha</i> for <i>pieça</i> in certain districts; <i>jeo</i> and <i>ceo</i> for <i>je</i> and <i>ce</i> in Picard and Gascon; the writing of the names of dignitaries and officers in the plural instead of the singular, as <i>luy papes de Rome</i>.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> <i>L'Esclarcissement de la langue françoyse</i>, bk. i. ch. xxxv.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> <i>L'Esclarcissement de la langue françoyse</i>, bk. i. ch. xxxv.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> "There is a boke which goeth about in this realme, intitled <i>The Introductory to write and pronounce French</i>, compyled by Alexander Barclay. I suppose it is sufficient @@ -4691,7 +4650,7 @@ Engl. Text Soc., 1869, etc., pt. iii. pp. 804 <i>sqq.</i></p></div> Such is the rule for the formation of the plural. As for the genders, he gives a few isolated examples and converts them into rules.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> On folio 8vº.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> On folio 8vº.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> Folios 9-14. The vocabulary begins with the letter M, and after proceeding to the end of the alphabet, resumes at the beginning—an arrangement probably due to @@ -4707,7 +4666,7 @@ and the second may explain itself:</p> <div>And he the whiche it ledeth.</div></div> <div><div lang="fr">Primierement hairois la terre,</div> <div>Firste ere the grounde,</div></div> -<div><div lang="fr">Apres semer le blé ou l'orge.</div> +<div><div lang="fr">Apres semer le blé ou l'orge.</div> <div>After sow the whete or barley.</div></div> <div><div lang="fr">Les herces doivent venir apres,</div> <div>The harrowes must come after,</div></div> @@ -4741,8 +4700,8 @@ at Lambeth</i>, 1843, pp. 290 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> <i>habeo</i>, as hereafter ye may see."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> "Sur toultes choses doibuit noter gentz Englois que leur fault accustomer de -pronuncer la derniere lettre du mot françois quelque mot que ce soit (rime exceptée) -ce que la langue engleshe ne permet, car la ou l'anglois dit 'goode breade,' le françois +pronuncer la derniere lettre du mot françois quelque mot que ce soit (rime exceptée) +ce que la langue engleshe ne permet, car la ou l'anglois dit 'goode breade,' le françois diroit 'goode' iii sillebes et 'breade' iii sillebes."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> J. A. Jacquot, <i>Notice sur Nicolas Bourbon de Vandœuvre</i>, Troyes et Paris, 1857. @@ -4751,11 +4710,11 @@ him in his native town a reputation won by his Latin verses. On his return from England, Queen Margaret of Navarre entrusted to him the education of her daughter, Jeanne, who was the mother of Henry IV.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> <i>Nicolai Borbonii vandoperani Lingonenis</i> <span lang="el" title="Greek: Paidagôgeion">Παιδαγωγειον</span>, Lugduni, 1536.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> <i>Nicolai Borbonii vandoperani Lingonenis</i> <span lang="el" title="Greek: Paidagôgeion">Παιδαγωγειον</span>, Lugduni, 1536.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> J. H. Marsden, <i>Philomorus</i>, 2nd ed., 1878, p. 261.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> Clement Jugé, <i>Nicolas Denisot du Mans, 1515-1559</i>, Paris and Le Mans, 1907.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> Clement Jugé, <i>Nicolas Denisot du Mans, 1515-1559</i>, Paris and Le Mans, 1907.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> He also began his work as a secret agent in the service of France, and it is said that Calais was recovered by the French in 1558, from a plan which Denisot submitted @@ -4764,10 +4723,10 @@ to the Duc de Guise.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> There was a MS. copy of Latin poems by Denisot in the Library of Edward VI. (Nichols, <i>Literary Remains</i>, 1857.)</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> J. Bonnet, <i>Récits du seizième siècle</i>, 1864, p. 348.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> J. Bonnet, <i>Récits du seizième siècle</i>, 1864, p. 348.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> <i>Le Tombeau de Marguerite de Navarre faict premierement en Distiques latins par -les trois sœurs, Princesses en Angleterre: Depuis Traduits, en Grec, Italien et François +les trois sœurs, Princesses en Angleterre: Depuis Traduits, en Grec, Italien et François par plusieurs des excellentz Poetes de la France. Avecques plusieurs Odes, Hymnes, Cantiques, Epitaphes sur le mesme subiect.</i> Paris, 1551.</p></div> </div> @@ -4788,11 +4747,11 @@ teaching French at the English Court for over ten years when Palsgrave received his first appointment there, as French tutor to the king's "most dere and entierly beloved" sister Mary, afterwards Queen of France. Both teachers were -protégés of Henry VIII., and taught in the royal family—Duwes +protégés of Henry VIII., and taught in the royal family—Duwes was tutor to the king himself; and both were authors of grammars of the French language. That of Palsgrave has been mentioned already. It appeared in 1530 under the title -of <i>L'Esclarcissement de la langue françoyse</i>. Duwes's was not +of <i>L'Esclarcissement de la langue françoyse</i>. Duwes's was not published till three years later approximately, at the request of his pupil, Princess Mary, afterwards Queen of England. It was called <i>An Introductorie for to learne to rede, to prononce and to @@ -5114,7 +5073,7 @@ had planned the whole of the three books, for in that year he made a contract with the printer, Richard Pynson, in which it is stipulated that "the sayd Richarde, his executors and assignes shall imprint or cause to be imprynted on boke callyd 'lez -lesclarcissement de la langue Françoys,' contayning iii sondrye +lesclarcissement de la langue Françoys,' contayning iii sondrye bokes, where in is shewyd howe the saide tong schould be pronownsyd in reding and speking, and allso syche gramaticall rules as concerne the perfection of the saide tong, with ii @@ -5426,21 +5385,21 @@ appears to have become impatient when his gout or any other reason kept him from her. In one of the dialogues she is shown rebuking him for his absence one evening:</p> -<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Mary.</i> Comment Giles, vous montrés bien qu'avés grant cure et soing -de m'aprendre quand vous vous absentés ainsy de moy.</p> +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Mary.</i> Comment Giles, vous montrés bien qu'avés grant cure et soing +de m'aprendre quand vous vous absentés ainsy de moy.</p> <p><i>Gyles.</i> Certes madame, il me semble que suis continuellement ici.</p> -<p><i>Mary.</i> Voire, et ou estiés vous hier a soupper je vous prie.</p> +<p><i>Mary.</i> Voire, et ou estiés vous hier a soupper je vous prie.</p> <p><i>Gyles.</i> Veritablement, madame, vous avez raison, car je m'entroubliay ersoir a cause de compagnie et de communication.</p> -<p><i>Mary.</i> Je vous prie, beau sire, faictes nous parçonniere de vostre communication, +<p><i>Mary.</i> Je vous prie, beau sire, faictes nous parçonniere de vostre communication, car j'estime quelle estoit de quelque bon purpos.</p> <p><i>Gyles.</i> Certes, madame, elle estoit de la paix, laquelle (come on disoit) -est proclamée par tout ce royaume. . . .</p></div> +est proclamée par tout ce royaume. . . .</p></div> <p class="noi">Then master and pupil are pictured discussing at length the subject of peace. Love, the nature of the soul, and the meaning @@ -5516,7 +5475,7 @@ the Queen of France wrote to Wolsey to beg his favour on behalf of Palsgrave that he may continue at "school."<a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a> From this we may conclude that Palsgrave was continuing the studies he had begun at an earlier date at the University -of Paris. He calls himself "gradué de Paris" in +of Paris. He calls himself "gradué de Paris" in 1530, and no doubt also, his work on the French language was making headway.</p> @@ -5536,7 +5495,7 @@ when his "worldly jewel," as Henry called the young duke, was made Lieutenant-General of the North, the king entrusted Palsgrave with the charge of bringing him up "in virtue & learning."<a name="FNanchor_255_255" id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a> Palsgrave was allowed three servants and an -annual stipend of £13:6:8. He took great pains with his +annual stipend of £13:6:8. He took great pains with his young pupil's education, and the king seems to have approved of his method.<a name="FNanchor_256_256" id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a> Such was not the case with Gregory Cromwell, who, it appears, shared the lessons of the duke. When @@ -5551,7 +5510,7 @@ help him to "tread underfoot" that horrible monster poverty. He also petitions his constant patroness the Dowager Queen of France and her husband the Duke of Suffolk. All he has to live by and pay his debts and maintain his poor mother is -little more than £50.<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a></p> +little more than £50.<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a></p> <p>Among Palsgrave's other pupils of note were Thomas Howard, brother to the Earl of Surrey; my Lord Gerald, @@ -5685,7 +5644,7 @@ is to Elizabeth, who, it appears, had written to him in French, inviting him to reply in the same language. He takes her advice:</p> -<div class="blockquot"><p>Puisque vous a pleu me rescrire, tres chere et bien aymée sœur, je vous +<div class="blockquot"><p>Puisque vous a pleu me rescrire, tres chere et bien aymée sœur, je vous mercie de bien bon cuer, et non seullement de vostre lettre, mais aussy de vostre bonne exhortation et example, laquelle, ainsy que j'espere, me servira d'esperon pour vous suivre en apprenant. Priant Dieu vous avoir @@ -5696,13 +5655,13 @@ en sa garde. De Titenhanger, 18 jour de decembre et l'an de nostre seigneur, <span class="i8"><span class="smcap">Edwardus. Prince</span>.</span></p> <p class="noi"> a ma treschere et bien<br /> -aymée sœur Elizabeth.<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a> +aymée sœur Elizabeth.<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a> </p></div> <p class="noi">We see from the date of this letter that Edward had been learning French nearly three months when it was written.</p> -<p>Bellemain's salary as French tutor to the king was £6:12:4 +<p>Bellemain's salary as French tutor to the king was £6:12:4 per quarter. In 1546 he received an annuity of fifty marks for life; in 1550 a lease for twenty-one years of the parsonages of Minehead and Cotcombe, county Somerset; in 1553 a @@ -5766,7 +5725,7 @@ extremely likely that Bellemain had been teaching her for several years before he was appointed French tutor to Edward, perhaps owing to his success with Elizabeth. At any rate there does not seem to be any trace of any other French tutor to -the princess, and the fact that he received an annuity of £50 +the princess, and the fact that he received an annuity of £50 for life suggests that he had already rendered some service in the royal family.</p> @@ -5793,9 +5752,9 @@ Latin, French, and Italian, and dedicated them to her father.<a name="FNanchor_2 Of greater interest is a little book the princess wrote in French, and also offered to the king—a translation into French of the <i>Dialogus Fidei</i> of Erasmus, thus inscribed: -"A Treshaut Trespuissant et Redoubté Prince Henry VIII +"A Treshaut Trespuissant et Redoubté Prince Henry VIII de ce nom, Roy d'Angleterre, de France et d'Irlande, -défenseur de la foy, Elizabeth sa Treshumble fille rend +défenseur de la foy, Elizabeth sa Treshumble fille rend salut et obedience." This treatise, composed before the death of the king in 1547,<a name="FNanchor_285_285" id="FNanchor_285_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a> was preserved in the Library at Whitehall, and often attracted the attention of foreign visitors @@ -5839,19 +5798,19 @@ their pupils.</p> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> First edition. Printed at London, by Th. Godfray, <i>c.</i> 1534. Sig. A-Ea in fours.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> Both these grammars were reprinted by Génin, in the <i>Collection des documents -inédits sur l'Histoire de France</i>. II. <i>Histoire des lettres et sciences</i>. Paris, 1852.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> Both these grammars were reprinted by Génin, in the <i>Collection des documents +inédits sur l'Histoire de France</i>. II. <i>Histoire des lettres et sciences</i>. Paris, 1852.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> By Andrew Baynton, in a letter prefixed to Palsgrave's grammar.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> Palsgrave in his grammar.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> Both Palsgrave's and Duwes's observations on the pronunciation of French are -utilized by M. Thurot: <i>De la prononciation française depuis le commencement du</i> 16<sup>e</sup> -<i>siècle d'après les témoignages des grammairiens</i>. 2 tom. Paris, 1881. +utilized by M. Thurot: <i>De la prononciation française depuis le commencement du</i> 16<sup>e</sup> +<i>siècle d'après les témoignages des grammairiens</i>. 2 tom. Paris, 1881. </p><p> For further treatment of Palsgrave's grammar, see A. Benoist, <i>De la syntaxe -française entre Palsgrave et Vaugelas</i>. Paris, 1877.</p></div> +française entre Palsgrave et Vaugelas</i>. Paris, 1877.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> The second book begins on folio xxxi. and ends on folio lix. In the third book the pagination begins anew: folio 1 to folio 473.</p></div> @@ -5866,7 +5825,7 @@ followeth the tenses of <i>Je ay</i>, it is not ever generall that he shall rema but ... yf the tenses of <i>Je ay</i> have a relatyve before them or governe an accusative case eyther of a pronoune or substantyve, the participle for the most part shall agree with the sayd accusatyve cases in gendre and nombre, and in such sentences not -remayne unchaunged. Helas, I have loved her, <i>helas je l'ay aimée</i> ..." etc.</p></div> +remayne unchaunged. Helas, I have loved her, <i>helas je l'ay aimée</i> ..." etc.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> Duwes's plan is as comprehensive as Palsgrave's, as is seen by the following table: @@ -5891,22 +5850,22 @@ ioinyng 2 verbes together."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> iv. 4560.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> ". . . m'a comandé et enchargé de reduire et mectre en escript la maniere -coment g'ay procedé envers ses dictz progeniteurs et predecesseurs, coe celle aussi y +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> ". . . m'a comandé et enchargé de reduire et mectre en escript la maniere +coment g'ay procedé envers ses dictz progeniteurs et predecesseurs, coe celle aussi y la quelle ie l'ay (tellement quellement) instruit et instruis iournellment. . . ."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> <i>Privy purse expenses of the Princess Mary</i>, ed. F. Madden, 1831, pp. xli-xliii.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> "Duwes avait d'une main leste et sure esquissé la petite grammaire de Lhomond: -Palsgrave avait laborieusement compilé la grammaire des grammaires: L'in-folio -fut étouffé par l'in-8vo. Cela se voit souvent dans la littérature où le quatrain de St. -Aulaire triomphe de la Pucelle de Chapelain" (Génin's Introduction). +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> "Duwes avait d'une main leste et sure esquissé la petite grammaire de Lhomond: +Palsgrave avait laborieusement compilé la grammaire des grammaires: L'in-folio +fut étouffé par l'in-8vo. Cela se voit souvent dans la littérature où le quatrain de St. +Aulaire triomphe de la Pucelle de Chapelain" (Génin's Introduction). </p><p> -It seems an exaggeration to use the word "étouffer." At any rate the victory was +It seems an exaggeration to use the word "étouffer." At any rate the victory was not final. Palsgrave's work is not forgotten to-day, like that of Duwes.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> There are copies of all three editions in the Bodleian. The British Museum -contains one copy of Bourman's edition, and two of Waley's (the third). Génin used +contains one copy of Bourman's edition, and two of Waley's (the third). Génin used Godfray's edition in his reprint.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> E. G. Duff, <i>A Century of the English Book Trade</i>, Bibliog. Society, 1905.</p></div> @@ -5914,7 +5873,7 @@ Godfray's edition in his reprint.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> There are, however, a larger number of Palsgrave's one edition extant than of Duwes's three. This is, no doubt, because its size and value prevented it from being used with the lack of respect with which school-books are usually treated. There is -a copy of the <i>Esclarcissement</i> in the Bibliothèque Mazarine at Paris; two in the British +a copy of the <i>Esclarcissement</i> in the Bibliothèque Mazarine at Paris; two in the British Museum; one in the Bodleian, one in Cambridge University Library, and one in the Rylands Library.</p></div> @@ -5941,18 +5900,18 @@ asseyed here and my little knowledge of French well exercised" (Brussels, Nov. 2 1538), <i>Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII.</i> xiii. pt. ii. No. 882.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> "O devotz amateurs de bonnes lettres pleust a Dieu que quelque noble cœur -s'employast a mettre et ordonner par regle nostre langaige françois! Ce seroit moyen +s'employast a mettre et ordonner par regle nostre langaige françois! Ce seroit moyen que maints milliers d'hommes se evertueroient a souvent user de belles et bonnes -paroles. S'il n'y est mis et ordonné on trouvera que de cinquante en cinquante ans la -langue françoise pour la plus grande part sera changée et pervertie" (folio 1, verso). +paroles. S'il n'y est mis et ordonné on trouvera que de cinquante en cinquante ans la +langue françoise pour la plus grande part sera changée et pervertie" (folio 1, verso). Tory sketched a plan of a great work on the language to which his <i>Champ fleury</i> was intended only as an introduction.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> Génin is 'certain' that the date given on the frontispiece of Palsgrave's work +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> Génin is 'certain' that the date given on the frontispiece of Palsgrave's work is a year earlier than that on which it actually appeared. He draws this conclusion from the date of the king's privilege, twenty-second year of Henry VIII., who came to the throne in 1509; 9 + 22 = 31. This leaves Palsgrave a longer period to gather -what he could from Tory's work, says Génin. But the twenty-second year of the +what he could from Tory's work, says Génin. But the twenty-second year of the reign of Henry VIII. began in April 1530, and the printing of Palsgrave's work was completed on the 18th of July.</p></div> @@ -6011,13 +5970,13 @@ The MS. of the first is at Trin. Col. Cantab. R 7, 31, of the second in the Brit Addit. MS. 9000, and of the third at Biblio. Pub. Cantab. Dd 12, 59, and Brit. Mus. Addit. 5464. Nichols uses the text of the first of these.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> "Apres avoir noté en ma Bible en Anglois plusieurs sentences qui contredisent -a toute ydolatrie, a celle fin de m'apprendre et exercer en l'ecriture Françoise, je me -suis amusé a les translater en ladite langue Françoise, puis les ay fait rescrire en ce +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> "Apres avoir noté en ma Bible en Anglois plusieurs sentences qui contredisent +a toute ydolatrie, a celle fin de m'apprendre et exercer en l'ecriture Françoise, je me +suis amusé a les translater en ladite langue Françoise, puis les ay fait rescrire en ce petit livret, lequel de tres bon cœur je vous offre" (<i>Literary Remains ...</i>, p. 144).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> "Lettre inédite de Bellemain": <i>Bulletin de la Soc. de l'Hist. du Protestantisme -Français</i>, vol. xv., 1866, pp. 203-5.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> "Lettre inédite de Bellemain": <i>Bulletin de la Soc. de l'Hist. du Protestantisme +Français</i>, vol. xv., 1866, pp. 203-5.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> It was, however, translated into English and published in 1681 (two copies in the Brit. Mus.), and reprinted by Rev. J. Duncan in 1811 (no copy known), and by @@ -6047,7 +6006,7 @@ continues: ". . . S'ainsy estoit (Tresnoble et Tresillustre Dame) que i'attendisse le temps auquel ie peusse trouver et inventer chose digne de presenter a vostre excellence, certes, madame, i'estime que ce ne seroit de long temps: car quelle chose est ce qu'on pourroit -monstrer de nouveau a celle a qui rien n'est caché, soit en langue grecque ou latine ou +monstrer de nouveau a celle a qui rien n'est caché, soit en langue grecque ou latine ou en la plus part des autres langues vulgaires de l'Europe: soit en la congnoissance des histoires ecrites en icelles ou en philosophie et autres liberales sciences. Puis donc qu'ainsy est que peu de livres antiques se peuent trouver que n'ayez leuz ou au moins @@ -6061,15 +6020,15 @@ estans les causes qui plus nous donnent occasion de bien vivre. . . ."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_277_277" id="Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> Sylvius (1530) had proposed a new system of orthography based on etymology and pronunciation. Meigret, however, was the chief exponent of the reformers, who -sought to make orthography tally with pronunciation (in his <i>Traité touchant le comun -usage de l'escriture françoise</i>, 1542 and 1545, and other works). Meigret was supported -by Peletier du Mans (<i>Dialogue de l'ortografe et prononciation françoese</i>, 1549) and others, +sought to make orthography tally with pronunciation (in his <i>Traité touchant le comun +usage de l'escriture françoise</i>, 1542 and 1545, and other works). Meigret was supported +by Peletier du Mans (<i>Dialogue de l'ortografe et prononciation françoese</i>, 1549) and others, and bitterly attacked by the opposing party. The question, once opened, continued to be discussed until the decision of the Academy (founded 1649) settled the matter. Brunot, <i>op. cit.</i> ii. pp. 93 <i>sqq.</i></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_278_278" id="Footnote_278_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> "Ie vous ay escrit ce petit avertissement de paour que paraventure, en lisant -tant de diversitéz d'impressions comme pourriez faire en ceste langue, ne sceussiez +tant de diversitéz d'impressions comme pourriez faire en ceste langue, ne sceussiez laquelle devriez suivre en ecrivant; mais il sera bon de suivre la plus part des modernes qui s'accordent quant a cela."</p></div> @@ -6078,7 +6037,7 @@ that Bellemain was Elizabeth's tutor in French.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_280_280" id="Footnote_280_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280_280"><span class="label">[280]</span></a> Strickland, <i>Lives of the Queens of England</i>, 1884: Life of Elizabeth, iii. pp. 9, 13.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_281_281" id="Footnote_281_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281_281"><span class="label">[281]</span></a> First printed at Alençon, 1531.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_281_281" id="Footnote_281_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281_281"><span class="label">[281]</span></a> First printed at Alençon, 1531.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_282_282" id="Footnote_282_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282_282"><span class="label">[282]</span></a> This is at present in the Bodleian Library. It has an embroidered cover, probably by the princess herself. See Cyril Davenport, <i>English Embroidered Bookbindings</i>, @@ -6239,10 +6198,10 @@ were directed mainly against foreign traders, but all foreigners, especially Frenchmen, were a continual butt for the insults of the mob. Nicander Nucius remarks that the common people in England do not entertain one kindly sentiment -towards the French. "Ennemis du françois" is one of the +towards the French. "Ennemis du françois" is one of the epithets applied to the English by De la Porte in his collection of epithets (Paris, 1571) on the different nations. The -French priest, Étienne Perlin, who was in England during +French priest, Étienne Perlin, who was in England during the last two years of the reign of Edward VI., and thoroughly hated the country, calling it "la peste d'un pays et ruine," speaks bitterly of the contrast between the courteous reception @@ -6298,7 +6257,7 @@ measures demanded from time to time by the English <p>One French teacher of the time, G. de la Mothe, says that so great was the affection of the English nobility and gentry for the French that few of them were without a Frenchman -in their houses. Thus Pierre Baro, a native of Étampes and +in their houses. Thus Pierre Baro, a native of Étampes and student of civil law who came to England at the time of the St. Bartholomew massacre, was "kindly entertained in the family of Lord Burghley, who admitted him to eat at his own @@ -6381,8 +6340,8 @@ out, it is of great interest as showing what were the subjects most likely to be taught. Gilbert's plan is very extensive. French, of course, is included in the curriculum—"also there shall be one Teacher of the French tongue which shall be -yearly allowed for the same £26. Also he shall be allowed -one usher, of the yearly wage of £10." Gilbert urges also the +yearly allowed for the same £26. Also he shall be allowed +one usher, of the yearly wage of £10." Gilbert urges also the teaching of other modern languages—Italian, to which he assigns about as large a place as to French, and Spanish and High Dutch, to which less importance is attached.<a name="FNanchor_317_317" id="FNanchor_317_317"></a><a href="#Footnote_317_317" class="fnanchor">[317]</a></p> @@ -6432,7 +6391,7 @@ interest in the teaching of Latin and French by publishing a Latin, French, and English dictionary in 1552, the first dictionary, published in England, in which a place is given to French. It is based on the Latin-French Dictionary of -Robert Éstienne,<a name="FNanchor_322_322" id="FNanchor_322_322"></a><a href="#Footnote_322_322" class="fnanchor">[322]</a> with the addition of a column in English, +Robert Éstienne,<a name="FNanchor_322_322" id="FNanchor_322_322"></a><a href="#Footnote_322_322" class="fnanchor">[322]</a> with the addition of a column in English, and entitled <i>Dictionariolum puerorum tribus linguis Latina, Anglica, et Gallica conscriptum cui anglicam interpretionem adjecit Joannes Veron</i>.<a name="FNanchor_323_323" id="FNanchor_323_323"></a><a href="#Footnote_323_323" class="fnanchor">[323]</a></p> @@ -6465,10 +6424,10 @@ his tutor, the author, was a very good form of self-advertisement, freely used by the French teachers of the time. Among patrons of French grammars were Edward VI. and particularly Elizabeth, who is, says one of these writers, "le vray port de -retraite et asyle asseuré de ceux qui, faisans profession de +retraite et asyle asseuré de ceux qui, faisans profession de l'Evangile, souffrent ores persecution soubs la Tyrannie de l'Antichrist"; another adds that she has "des estrangers -les cœurs a volonté." Lord Burghley, Sir Henry Wallop, +les cœurs a volonté." Lord Burghley, Sir Henry Wallop, Sir Philip Wharton, and other influential men of the time also figure among the patrons of French teachers.</p> @@ -6515,7 +6474,7 @@ a share in the intellectual distinctions of their social betters. writes Sir Thomas Smith,<a name="FNanchor_326_326" id="FNanchor_326_326"></a><a href="#Footnote_326_326" class="fnanchor">[326]</a> in reference to the democratic movement. In this new class of Englishman, the teachers of French recruited a large number of their pupils. And so -the French teacher who visited a clientèle of pupils became +the French teacher who visited a clientèle of pupils became a familiar figure in the London of the later sixteenth century.</p> <p>The numerous French-speaking inhabitants of London, @@ -6555,14 +6514,14 @@ convenience' sake:<a name="FNanchor_332_332" id="FNanchor_332_332"></a><a href=" <div class="blockquot"><p>(Enter <i>Katharine</i> and <i>Alice</i>.)</p> -<p><i>Kath.</i> Alice, tu as esté en Angleterre, et tu parles bien le langage.</p> +<p><i>Kath.</i> Alice, tu as esté en Angleterre, et tu parles bien le langage.</p> <p><i>Alice.</i> Un peu, madame.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">-126-</a></span><i>Kath.</i> Je te prie, m'enseignez; il fault que j'apprenne à parler. +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">-126-</a></span><i>Kath.</i> Je te prie, m'enseignez; il fault que j'apprenne à parler. Comment appellez-vous la main en Anglois?</p> -<p><i>Alice.</i> La main? elle est appellée de hand.</p> +<p><i>Alice.</i> La main? elle est appellée de hand.</p> <p><i>Kath.</i> De hand. Et les doigts?</p> @@ -6570,7 +6529,7 @@ Comment appellez-vous la main en Anglois?</p> Les doigts? je pense y qu'ils sont appellez de fingres; ouy, de fingres.</p> <p><i>Kath.</i> La main, de hand; les doigts, de fingres. Je pense que je suis -le bon escholier. J'ay gagné deux mots d'Anglois vistement. Comment +le bon escholier. J'ay gagné deux mots d'Anglois vistement. Comment appellez-vous les ongles?</p> <p><i>Alice.</i> Les ongles? nous les appellons, de nails.</p> @@ -6588,8 +6547,8 @@ fingres, et de nails.</p> <p><i>Alice.</i> D'elbow.</p> -<p><i>Kath.</i> D'elbow. Je m'en fais la répétition de tous les mots que vous -m'avez appris dès à present.</p> +<p><i>Kath.</i> D'elbow. Je m'en fais la répétition de tous les mots que vous +m'avez appris dès à present.</p> <p><i>Alice.</i> Il est trop difficile, madame, comme je pense.</p> @@ -6609,15 +6568,15 @@ le col?</p> <p><i>Kath.</i> De sin. Le col, de nick: le menton, de sin.</p> -<p><i>Alice.</i> Ouy. Saulve vostre honneur, en vérité vous prononcez les mots +<p><i>Alice.</i> Ouy. Saulve vostre honneur, en vérité vous prononcez les mots aussi droict que les natifs d'Angleterre.</p> <p><i>Kath.</i> Je ne doubte poinct d'apprendre, par la grace Dieu, et en peu de temps.</p> -<p><i>Alice.</i> N'avez vous pas desjà oublié ce que je vous ay enseigné?</p> +<p><i>Alice.</i> N'avez vous pas desjà oublié ce que je vous ay enseigné?</p> -<p><i>Kath.</i> Non, je réciteray a vous promptement. De hand, de fingre, de +<p><i>Kath.</i> Non, je réciteray a vous promptement. De hand, de fingre, de mails—</p> <p><i>Alice.</i> De nails, madame.</p> @@ -6635,12 +6594,12 @@ le pied and la robbe?</p> maulvais, corruptible, gros, et impudique, et non pour les dames d'honneur d'user. Je ne vouldrois prononcer cez mots devant les Seigneurs de France, pour tout le monde. Il fault de foot, et de coun, neant-moins. Je reciteray -une aultre fois ma leçon ensemble: de hand, de fingre, de nails, de nick, +une aultre fois ma leçon ensemble: de hand, de fingre, de nails, de nick, de sin, de foot, de coun.</p> <p><i>Alice.</i> Excellent, madame!</p> -<p><i>Kath.</i> C'est assez pour une fois; allons-nous à disner.</p></div> +<p><i>Kath.</i> C'est assez pour une fois; allons-nous à disner.</p></div> <p>It is not surprising, remembering Shakespeare's friendship with the Huguenots, to find him quoting from the Genevan @@ -6725,7 +6684,7 @@ received special attention. The earliest of these owed their origin to the refugees, both professional schoolmasters and others. St. Paul's Churchyard, the busy centre of city life, was the quarter round which many of these schools were -grouped. There they were most likely to get a good clientèle, +grouped. There they were most likely to get a good clientèle, partly, it may be, among those boys attending St. Paul's School who desired, like Sir Philip Sidney, to extend their studies. In St. Paul's Churchyard, also, lived the chief @@ -6798,7 +6757,7 @@ interfere with the joviality and conviviality of the host.</p> </tr> <tr><td>What sholde I say?</td><td><span lang="fr">Que diroys-ie?</span></td></tr> <tr><td>I cannot speake frenche.</td> -<td><span lang="fr">Je ne sais pas parler françois.</span></td> +<td><span lang="fr">Je ne sais pas parler françois.</span></td> </tr> <tr><td>I understande you not.</td> <td><span lang="fr">Je ne vous entens pas.</span></td> @@ -6883,7 +6842,7 @@ without any English rendering, "pour gens de finance":</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> <span lang="fr"><span class="i0">Toy qui est receveur du Roy<br /></span> <span class="i0">Je te prie entens et me croy.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Reçoy avant que tu escripves,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Reçoy avant que tu escripves,<br /></span> <span class="i0">Escriptz avant que tu delivres,<br /></span> <span class="i0">De recevoir faitz diligence<br /></span> <span class="i0">Et fais tardifve delivrance.<br /></span> @@ -6902,7 +6861,7 @@ a Genevan "A B C," or book of elementary instruction and prayers for children, such as was common in France as well as in England. The next section of his treatise treats of the French A B C in words identical with those of an <i>A B C -françois</i> printed at Geneva in 1551. This is followed by a few +françois</i> printed at Geneva in 1551. This is followed by a few very slight rules in English, which tell us not to pronounce the last letter of a French word, except <i>s</i>, <i>t</i>, and <i>p</i>, when the next word begins with a consonant; to neglect a vowel at the end of @@ -7038,8 +6997,8 @@ to school:</p> <div class="table"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" summary="Holyband's treatise"> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Hau François, levez vous et allez a l'eschole: vous serez battu, car il est -sept heures passées: abillez vous vistement.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Hau François, levez vous et allez a l'eschole: vous serez battu, car il est +sept heures passées: abillez vous vistement.</span></td> <td>Ho Francis, arise and go to schoole: you shall be beaten, for it is past seven: make you ready quickly.</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Dites voz prieres, puis vous aurez vostre desiuner: sus, remuez vous.</span></td> @@ -7047,11 +7006,11 @@ sept heures passées: abillez vous vistement.</span></td> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Marguerite, baillez moy mes chausses.</span></td> <td>Margaret, give me my hosen.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Despeschez vous ie vous prie: où est mon pourpoint? apportez me iartieres +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Despeschez vous ie vous prie: où est mon pourpoint? apportez me iartieres et mes souliers: donnez moy ce chausse-pied.</span></td> <td>Dispatch I pray you: where is my doublet? bring my garters and my shoes: give me that shooing-horne.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Que faites vous là? que ne vous hastez vous?</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Que faites vous là ? que ne vous hastez vous?</span></td> <td>What do you there? why make you no haste?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Prenez premierement une chemise blanche, car la vostre est trop sale: n'est elle pas?</span></td> <td>Take first a cleane shirt, for yours is too foule: is it not?</td></tr> @@ -7119,7 +7078,7 @@ we do not forget, as we were inclined to do in the earlier book, that we are reading exercises intended for school use. Then follow proverbs, golden sayings, prayers, the creed, the fifth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, a treatise on the iniquity -of dancing (<i>Traité des Danses</i>), and finally a vocabulary less +of dancing (<i>Traité des Danses</i>), and finally a vocabulary less comprehensive and of less value than that of the <i>French Schoolemaister</i>.</p> @@ -7146,30 +7105,30 @@ his method:</p> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Monsieur ou pikez<span class="belowb">x</span> vous si bellement?</span></td> <td>Sir whither ride you so softly?</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">A Londres à la foire de la Berth<span class="belowb">x</span>elemy.</span> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">A Londres à la foire de la Berth<span class="belowb">x</span>elemy.</span> </td> <td>To London to Barthelomews faire.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Je vay au Landi à Paris, je vay à Rouen.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Je vay au Landi à Paris, je vay à Rouen.</span></td> <td>I go to Landi to Paris, to Rouen.</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Et<span class="belowb">x</span> moy aussi: allons ensemble: je suy</span></td> <td>And I also: let us go together: I am</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">bien aise d'avoir trouvé compagnie.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">bien aise d'avoir trouvé compagnie.</span></td> <td>very glad to have found company.</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Allons<span class="belowb">x</span> de par Dieu: picquons un peu,</span></td> <td>Let us go in God's name: let us pricke a littell,</td></tr> <tr> -<td><span lang="fr">j'ay pour que nous<span class="belowb">x</span> ne venions<span class="belowb">x</span> pas<span class="belowb">x</span> là</span></td> +<td><span lang="fr">j'ay pour que nous<span class="belowb">x</span> ne venions<span class="belowb">x</span> pas<span class="belowb">x</span> là </span></td> <td>I fear we shall not come thither</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">de jour, car le sol<span class="belowb">x</span>eil s'en va coucher.</span></td> <td>by daylight: the sunne goeth downe.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Mais où logerons<span class="belowb">x</span> nous? où e<span class="belowb">x</span>st<span class="belowb">x</span> le</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Mais où logerons<span class="belowb">x</span> nous? où e<span class="belowb">x</span>st<span class="belowb">x</span> le</span></td> <td>But where shall we lodge? where is the</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">meilleur logis? la meilleure<span class="belowb">x</span> hostelerie?</span></td> @@ -7178,18 +7137,18 @@ his method:</p> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Ne vous souciez<span class="belowb">x</span> pas<span class="belowb">x</span> de cela:</span></td> <td>Care you not for that: it is</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">c'es<span class="belowb">x</span>t au grand<span class="belowb">x</span> marché a l'enseigne de la</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">c'es<span class="belowb">x</span>t au grand<span class="belowb">x</span> marché a l'enseigne de la</span></td> <td>at the great market, at the sign of the</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">fleur de lis, vis à vis de la croix.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">fleur de lis, vis à vis de la croix.</span></td> <td>flower Deluce, right over against the crosse.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Je suy joyeux<span class="belowb">x</span> d'es<span class="belowb">x</span>tre arrivé, car</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Je suy joyeux<span class="belowb">x</span> d'es<span class="belowb">x</span>tre arrivé, car</span></td> <td>I am glad that I am arrived, for</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">certes g'ay bon appetit: J'espère de</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">certes g'ay bon appetit: J'espère de</span></td> <td>truly I have a good stomacke: I hope to</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">faire<span class="belowb">x</span> à ce soir souper de marchant.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">faire<span class="belowb">x</span> à ce soir souper de marchant.</span></td> <td>make to-night a marchauntes supper.</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Nous<span class="belowb">x</span> disons en nos<span class="belowb">x</span>tre pais que desiuner</span></td> @@ -7213,7 +7172,7 @@ his method:</p> <tr><td><span lang="fr">medecins font<span class="belowb">x</span> les cymetieres bossus</span></td> <td>phisitions make the churchardes crooked</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">et<span class="belowb">x</span> vieux<span class="belowb">x</span> procureurs, procès tortus: mais</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">et<span class="belowb">x</span> vieux<span class="belowb">x</span> procureurs, procès tortus: mais</span></td> <td>and old attornies sutes to go awry, but</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">au contraire que jeunes<span class="belowb">x</span> procureurs et</span></td> @@ -7271,7 +7230,7 @@ one of the many offences which called it into action was <span class="sidenote">HOLYBAND'S FRENCH SCHOOL</span>In this little school of his, Holyband appears to have laboured at the task he set himself of leading the English nation "comme par la main au -cabinet de (nostre) langue françoyse," under excellent conditions. +cabinet de (nostre) langue françoyse," under excellent conditions. The whole atmosphere seems to have been French. The curriculum, however, was not confined to this one language. Holyband had to safeguard his interests by instructing @@ -7408,7 +7367,7 @@ and thence to Vienna (1591), and on to Verona, returning to England in 1593.<a name="FNanchor_367_367" id="FNanchor_367_367"></a><a href="#Footnote_367_367" class="fnanchor">[367]</a></p> <p>After the publication of this last of his works in 1593, we -lose sight of Holyband in his rôle of teacher of French. He +lose sight of Holyband in his rôle of teacher of French. He was, however, still in England in 1597, when he dedicated a new edition of his <i>French Littleton</i> to a new patron, Lord Herbert of Swansea. Thereafter he is not mentioned, and @@ -7617,7 +7576,7 @@ Church. They had to be appointed by the minister and presented to the bishop. They also were required to give the minister an account of the books they read to the children, and of the methods followed, and be willing to adopt the -advice of their superiors "sans rien entreprendre à leur +advice of their superiors "sans rien entreprendre à leur fantaisie." Further, it was their duty to conduct the children to church on Sunday for the catechism.<a name="FNanchor_381_381" id="FNanchor_381_381"></a><a href="#Footnote_381_381" class="fnanchor">[381]</a> Such were the regulations laid down in the second Discipline, drawn up on @@ -7762,7 +7721,7 @@ fool's cap at meals, and continue to wear it until he caught became well known as translators, acquired their knowledge of French in this school. One was Joshua Sylvester, famous for his translation of Du Bartas, and the other Robert Ashley, -who turned Louis le Roy's <i>De la Vicissitude ou Variété des +who turned Louis le Roy's <i>De la Vicissitude ou Variété des choses de l'univers</i> (1579) into English (1594). Sylvester informs us that he learnt his French at Saravia's school "in three poor years, at three times three years old"; "I have @@ -7783,20 +7742,20 @@ for whom the king had a great admiration, will show his skill in a difficult art:</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span lang="fr"><span class="i0">Voy, sire, ton Saluste habillé en Anglois<br /></span> +<span lang="fr"><span class="i0">Voy, sire, ton Saluste habillé en Anglois<br /></span> <span class="i0">(Anglois, encore plus de cœur que de langage:)<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Qui, connaissant loyall ton Royale héritage,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Qui, connaissant loyall ton Royale héritage,<br /></span> <span class="i0">En ces beaux Liz Dorez au sceptre des Gaulois<br /></span> -<span class="i0">(Comme au vray souverain des vrays subjects françois),<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Cy à tes pieds sacrez te fait ton sainct Hommage<br /></span> -<span class="i0">(De ton Heur et Grandeur éternal temoinage).<br /></span> +<span class="i0">(Comme au vray souverain des vrays subjects françois),<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Cy à tes pieds sacrez te fait ton sainct Hommage<br /></span> +<span class="i0">(De ton Heur et Grandeur éternal temoinage).<br /></span> <span class="i0">Miroir de touts Heros, miracle de tous Roys,<br /></span> <span class="i0">Voy (sire) ton Saluste, ou (pour le moins) son ombre,<br /></span> <span class="i0">Ou l'ombre (pour le moins) de ses Traicts plus divins<br /></span> <span class="i0">Qui, ores trop noyrcis par mon pinceau trop sombre,<br /></span> <span class="i0">S'esclairciront aux Raiz de tes yeux plus benins.<br /></span> <span class="i0">Doncques d'œil benin et d'un accueil auguste,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Reçoy ton cher Bartas, et Voy, sire, Saluste.<a name="FNanchor_400_400" id="FNanchor_400_400"></a><a href="#Footnote_400_400" class="fnanchor">[400]</a><br /></span> +<span class="i0">Reçoy ton cher Bartas, et Voy, sire, Saluste.<a name="FNanchor_400_400" id="FNanchor_400_400"></a><a href="#Footnote_400_400" class="fnanchor">[400]</a><br /></span> </span></div></div> <p>Another of Sylvester's contemporaries at Saravia's school @@ -7945,7 +7904,7 @@ Huguenot Church at Canterbury</i> (Introduction).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_292_292" id="Footnote_292_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_292_292"><span class="label">[292]</span></a> L. Humphrey, <i>The Nobles or of Nobilitye</i>, London, 1563, 2nd book.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_293_293" id="Footnote_293_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293_293"><span class="label">[293]</span></a> See A. Rahlenbeck, "Les Réfugiés belges au 16<sup>me</sup> siècle en Angleterre," in the +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_293_293" id="Footnote_293_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293_293"><span class="label">[293]</span></a> See A. Rahlenbeck, "Les Réfugiés belges au 16<sup>me</sup> siècle en Angleterre," in the <i>Revue Trimestrielle</i>, Oct. 1865.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_294_294" id="Footnote_294_294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_294_294"><span class="label">[294]</span></a> The following numbers show the proportion of the Netherlanders to the French: @@ -7966,12 +7925,12 @@ Aliens in England</i>, 1509-1603, ed. W. Page.</p></div> of succession to and bequeathment of real property, was in general of more advantage to Englishmen born abroad than to foreigners.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_300_300" id="Footnote_300_300"></a><a href="#FNanchor_300_300"><span class="label">[300]</span></a> On the French churches in England, see F. de Schickler, <i>Les Églises du refuge en +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_300_300" id="Footnote_300_300"></a><a href="#FNanchor_300_300"><span class="label">[300]</span></a> On the French churches in England, see F. de Schickler, <i>Les Églises du refuge en Angleterre</i>, 3 tom., Paris, 1892.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_301_301" id="Footnote_301_301"></a><a href="#FNanchor_301_301"><span class="label">[301]</span></a> The first ministers appointed to the French church were François Pérussel, dit -la Rivière, and Richard Vauville. Perlin visited the French church: "La prechoit un -nommé maistre Françoys homme blond, et un autre nommé maistre Richard, homme +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_301_301" id="Footnote_301_301"></a><a href="#FNanchor_301_301"><span class="label">[301]</span></a> The first ministers appointed to the French church were François Pérussel, dit +la Rivière, and Richard Vauville. Perlin visited the French church: "La prechoit un +nommé maistre Françoys homme blond, et un autre nommé maistre Richard, homme ayant barbe noire" (<i>Description des royaulmes d'Angleterre et d'Escosse</i>, Paris, 1558, p. 11). Perlin was one of the few Frenchmen who came to England at this time.</p></div> @@ -8031,7 +7990,7 @@ Literature in England of the Tudors</i>, New York, 1899.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_323_323" id="Footnote_323_323"></a><a href="#FNanchor_323_323"><span class="label">[323]</span></a> Printed by T. Wolfe.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_324_324" id="Footnote_324_324"></a><a href="#FNanchor_324_324"><span class="label">[324]</span></a> The first French grammar for teaching French to the Germans, mentioned in -Stengel's <i>Chronologisches Verzeichniss französischer Grammatiken</i> (Oppeln, 1890), +Stengel's <i>Chronologisches Verzeichniss französischer Grammatiken</i> (Oppeln, 1890), was the work of a Frenchman Du Vivier, schoolmaster at Cologne, and was published in 1566.</p></div> @@ -8064,7 +8023,7 @@ Berlin, 1904, p. 203.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_334_334" id="Footnote_334_334"></a><a href="#FNanchor_334_334"><span class="label">[334]</span></a> Often what appear to be mistakes to-day are due to change in pronunciation; as when Pistol takes the French soldier's "bras" ('arm') for English 'brass,' a possibility at this period when the final <i>s</i> was still sounded (Thurot, <i>Prononciation -française</i>, ii. pp. 35-36; Anders, <i>op. cit.</i> pp. 50-51.)</p></div> +française</i>, ii. pp. 35-36; Anders, <i>op. cit.</i> pp. 50-51.)</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_335_335" id="Footnote_335_335"></a><a href="#FNanchor_335_335"><span class="label">[335]</span></a> Anders, <i>op. cit.</i> p. 51 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> @@ -8117,7 +8076,7 @@ signature A3.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_353_353" id="Footnote_353_353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_353_353"><span class="label">[353]</span></a> "Et je ne suis pas si presumptueux de vouloir dire que celuy livre je soye suffissant a translater du tout en englois, a cause que je ne l'ay de nature. Mais a mon -simple entendement, ayant l'opportunité et le loisir, l'ensuivray au plus pres que ie +simple entendement, ayant l'opportunité et le loisir, l'ensuivray au plus pres que ie pourray."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_354_354" id="Footnote_354_354"></a><a href="#FNanchor_354_354"><span class="label">[354]</span></a> <i>Returns of Aliens in London</i>, Hug. Soc. Pub. x.</p></div> @@ -8146,7 +8105,7 @@ in St. Mary Alchurch Parish, when he is said to have been five years in England, to be a native of Barowe in Brabant and nineteen years old. In 1582 one of the same name was living in Blackfriars and had two servants (Hug. Soc. Pub. x. pt i. p. 322; pt. ii. pp. 91, 253). In 1579 a John Hendricke from the dominion of the Bishop of -Liége received letters of denization (Hug. Soc. Pub. viii. ad nom.). It does not seem +Liége received letters of denization (Hug. Soc. Pub. viii. ad nom.). It does not seem likely that Holyband employed one of the Walloons, whose accent he taught his pupils to avoid.</p></div> @@ -8154,12 +8113,12 @@ to avoid.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_363_363" id="Footnote_363_363"></a><a href="#FNanchor_363_363"><span class="label">[363]</span></a> Farrer, <i>op. cit.</i> p. 1.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_364_364" id="Footnote_364_364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_364_364"><span class="label">[364]</span></a> C. Livet, <i>La Grammaire française et les grammairiens du 16e siècle</i>, Paris, 1859, +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_364_364" id="Footnote_364_364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_364_364"><span class="label">[364]</span></a> C. Livet, <i>La Grammaire française et les grammairiens du 16e siècle</i>, Paris, 1859, pp. 500 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_365_365" id="Footnote_365_365"></a><a href="#FNanchor_365_365"><span class="label">[365]</span></a> For his sources, etc., see Farrer, <i>op. cit.</i> pp. 73 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_366_366" id="Footnote_366_366"></a><a href="#FNanchor_366_366"><span class="label">[366]</span></a> Schickler, <i>Églises du Refuge</i>, i. p. 358.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_366_366" id="Footnote_366_366"></a><a href="#FNanchor_366_366"><span class="label">[366]</span></a> Schickler, <i>Églises du Refuge</i>, i. p. 358.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_367_367" id="Footnote_367_367"></a><a href="#FNanchor_367_367"><span class="label">[367]</span></a> <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>, ad nom.</p></div> @@ -8180,7 +8139,7 @@ only less quaintly worded.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_373_373" id="Footnote_373_373"></a><a href="#FNanchor_373_373"><span class="label">[373]</span></a> Holyband was the author of a work for teaching Italian: <i>The Italian Schoolmaster</i>, 1583, and again in 1591, 1597, and 1608.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_374_374" id="Footnote_374_374"></a><a href="#FNanchor_374_374"><span class="label">[374]</span></a> Schickler, <i>Églises du Refuge</i>, iii. pp. 167-171. The members of the Church attended +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_374_374" id="Footnote_374_374"></a><a href="#FNanchor_374_374"><span class="label">[374]</span></a> Schickler, <i>Églises du Refuge</i>, iii. pp. 167-171. The members of the Church attended to the interests of the schools, and donations were made from time to time. Cp. for instance, Schickler, <i>op. cit.</i> i. p. 123.</p></div> @@ -8190,10 +8149,10 @@ instance, Schickler, <i>op. cit.</i> i. p. 123.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_377_377" id="Footnote_377_377"></a><a href="#FNanchor_377_377"><span class="label">[377]</span></a> <i>Registers of Threadneedle Street, London</i>, Hug. Soc. Pub. ix.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_378_378" id="Footnote_378_378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_378_378"><span class="label">[378]</span></a> <i>Registre de l'Église wallonne de Southampton</i>, Hug. Soc. Pub. iv., 1890. In 1584 +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_378_378" id="Footnote_378_378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_378_378"><span class="label">[378]</span></a> <i>Registre de l'Église wallonne de Southampton</i>, Hug. Soc. Pub. iv., 1890. In 1584 three baptisms were performed by Mr. Hopkins, an English minister.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_379_379" id="Footnote_379_379"></a><a href="#FNanchor_379_379"><span class="label">[379]</span></a> <i>Registre de l'Église de Cantorbéry</i>, Hug. Soc. Pub. v. pt. i., 1890.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_379_379" id="Footnote_379_379"></a><a href="#FNanchor_379_379"><span class="label">[379]</span></a> <i>Registre de l'Église de Cantorbéry</i>, Hug. Soc. Pub. v. pt. i., 1890.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_380_380" id="Footnote_380_380"></a><a href="#FNanchor_380_380"><span class="label">[380]</span></a> W. J. C. Moens (<i>The Walloons and their Church at Norwich</i>, Hug. Soc. Pub. i., 1887-8, p. 58) enumerates eighteen sons of strangers at Norwich who went to the @@ -8227,7 +8186,7 @@ of Foreign Protestants and Aliens resident in England, 1618-1688</i>, Camden Soc <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_392_392" id="Footnote_392_392"></a><a href="#FNanchor_392_392"><span class="label">[392]</span></a> G. H. Overend, <i>Strangers at Dover</i>, p. 166; and D. Cooper, <i>Lists of Foreign Protestants</i>.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_393_393" id="Footnote_393_393"></a><a href="#FNanchor_393_393"><span class="label">[393]</span></a> <i>Registre de l'Église wallonne de Southampton</i>, Hug. Soc. Pub. iv.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_393_393" id="Footnote_393_393"></a><a href="#FNanchor_393_393"><span class="label">[393]</span></a> <i>Registre de l'Église wallonne de Southampton</i>, Hug. Soc. Pub. iv.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_394_394" id="Footnote_394_394"></a><a href="#FNanchor_394_394"><span class="label">[394]</span></a> Schickler, <i>op. cit.</i> i. 25.</p></div> @@ -8246,7 +8205,7 @@ Protestants</i>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_401_401" id="Footnote_401_401"></a><a href="#FNanchor_401_401"><span class="label">[401]</span></a> 1567?-1630. <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>, ad nom.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_402_402" id="Footnote_402_402"></a><a href="#FNanchor_402_402"><span class="label">[402]</span></a> <i>Registre de l'Église wallonne de Southampton</i>, Hug. Soc. Pub. iv., 1890.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_402_402" id="Footnote_402_402"></a><a href="#FNanchor_402_402"><span class="label">[402]</span></a> <i>Registre de l'Église wallonne de Southampton</i>, Hug. Soc. Pub. iv., 1890.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_403_403" id="Footnote_403_403"></a><a href="#FNanchor_403_403"><span class="label">[403]</span></a> J. S. Davids, <i>History of Southampton</i>, Southampton, 1883, p. 311.</p></div> @@ -8256,9 +8215,9 @@ But there is nothing to show that he encouraged the study of French.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_405_405" id="Footnote_405_405"></a><a href="#FNanchor_405_405"><span class="label">[405]</span></a> Authorities for the use of French in Scotch schools are: J. Strong, <i>Secondary Education in Scotland</i>, Oxford, 1909, pp. 44 <i>et seq.</i>, 76, 142; T. P. Young, <i>Histoire de l'enseignement -primaire et secondaire en Écosse</i>, Paris, 1907, pp. 12 <i>et seq.</i>, pp. 64 <i>et seq.</i>; +primaire et secondaire en Écosse</i>, Paris, 1907, pp. 12 <i>et seq.</i>, pp. 64 <i>et seq.</i>; J. Grant, <i>Burgh Schools of Scotland</i>, London and Glasgow, 1876, pp. 64, 404; F. Michel, -<i>Les Écossais en France et les Français en Écosse</i>, 1862, ii. p. 78.</p></div> +<i>Les Écossais en France et les Français en Écosse</i>, 1862, ii. p. 78.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_406_406" id="Footnote_406_406"></a><a href="#FNanchor_406_406"><span class="label">[406]</span></a> <i>Autobiography and Diary of Mr. James Melville, minister of Kilrenny and Professor of Theology in the University of St. Andrews</i>, ed. R. Pitcairn (Wodrow @@ -8291,7 +8250,7 @@ on their arrival, through force of circumstances, or as a means of repaying hospitality. The lot of such teachers varied considerably. Some lived and taught in gentlemen's families; others thrived by waiting on a private aristocratic -clientèle; others gained a more precarious livelihood under +clientèle; others gained a more precarious livelihood under less powerful patronage; and yet others opened private schools, often with decided success. Many of these teachers<a name="FNanchor_410_410" id="FNanchor_410_410"></a><a href="#Footnote_410_410" class="fnanchor">[410]</a> were denizens, and had long teaching careers, chiefly in London; @@ -8391,17 +8350,17 @@ of syntax with the following warning:</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> <span lang="fr"><span class="i0">Dire, <i>sy ay</i> (quoy qu'usage on en face)<br /></span> -<span class="i0">N'est point parlé en courtois et bien nay:<br /></span> +<span class="i0">N'est point parlé en courtois et bien nay:<br /></span> <span class="i0">Bien seant n'est aussy, dire, <i>non ay</i>:<br /></span> <span class="i0"><i>Sauf votre honneur</i>, ou bien <i>sauf votre grace</i><br /></span> -<span class="i0">Seroient trouvéz de trop meilleure grace.<br /></span> -<span class="i0"><i>Je ne l'ay fait</i>, est trop desordonné:<br /></span> -<span class="i0"><i>Pardonnez moy</i>, seroit mieux ordonné,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Seroient trouvéz de trop meilleure grace.<br /></span> +<span class="i0"><i>Je ne l'ay fait</i>, est trop desordonné:<br /></span> +<span class="i0"><i>Pardonnez moy</i>, seroit mieux ordonné,<br /></span> <span class="i0">Car grand fureur douce parolle efface.<br /></span> <span class="i0"><i>Nous estions</i>, <i>Nous y pensons</i>, faut dire,<br /></span> <span class="i0">Non, <i>J'estions</i>, on ne s'en fait que rire,<br /></span> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">-158-</a></span><span class="i0">Ne <i>J'y pensons</i>, tout cela est repris.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Les bons François ne parlent point ainsy.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Les bons François ne parlent point ainsy.<br /></span> <span class="i0">Acunement pris ne doit estre aussy<br /></span> <span class="i0"><i>Petit</i>, pour <i>peu</i>, ny <i>peu</i> pour <i>petit</i> pris.<br /></span></span> </div></div> @@ -8418,14 +8377,14 @@ of poems, such as the "chant royal," the "ballade," the sonnet, rondeau, "dixain," and so on, each accompanied by an example, by way of illustration. The various forms of rime are next described and exemplified; and some of the complicated -forms dear to the "rhétoriqueurs" find a place +forms dear to the "rhétoriqueurs" find a place here. This is followed by a description of the various kinds of metres, again with examples; and finally rhythm, colour -or "lizière," the caesura, elision, the "coupe féminine," and +or "lizière," the caesura, elision, the "coupe féminine," and the use of the apostrophe are treated. Such is this little treatise on the "French poeme," which shows incidentally that Bellot had not yet learned the lesson enforced by the -<i>Pléiade</i> more than twenty years before he wrote.</p> +<i>Pléiade</i> more than twenty years before he wrote.</p> <p>What strikes one most, perhaps, in Bellot's Grammar is that he makes no attempt to deal with the difficulties which @@ -8473,11 +8432,11 @@ type of French teacher is distinctly supercilious. He prided himself on belonging to the "noblesse instruite et de Savoir," and had the reputation of teaching elegant French.</p> -<p>In 1580 he dedicated to no less a person than François de +<p>In 1580 he dedicated to no less a person than François de Valois,<a name="FNanchor_414_414" id="FNanchor_414_414"></a><a href="#Footnote_414_414" class="fnanchor">[414]</a> brother to Henry III., a work for teaching English to foreigners. Like Holyband, he gave his book the title of "Schoolmaster": <i>Maistre d'Escole Anglois pour les naturelz -françois, et autre estrangers qui ont la langue françoyse, pour +françois, et autre estrangers qui ont la langue françoyse, pour parvenir a la vraye prononciation de la langue Angloise</i>.<a name="FNanchor_415_415" id="FNanchor_415_415"></a><a href="#Footnote_415_415" class="fnanchor">[415]</a> The work contains rules of pronunciation and grammar, given in opposite columns in French and English; it was evidently @@ -8512,12 +8471,12 @@ her generous reception of strangers, not omitting to beg her protection for the "garden":</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span lang="fr"><span class="i0">Reçoy donc ce jardin: te plaise a l'appuyer<br /></span> +<span lang="fr"><span class="i0">Reçoy donc ce jardin: te plaise a l'appuyer<br /></span> <span class="i0">De ta faveur Royalle: et pren le jardinier<br /></span> <span class="i0">En ta protection contre la gent hargneuse:<br /></span> <span class="i0">Alors il tachera (sans appouvrir la France)<br /></span> <span class="i0">L'Angleterre enrichir d'œuvres d'autre importance,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Pour façonner l'Anglois au Françoys, en son estre,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Pour façonner l'Anglois au Françoys, en son estre,<br /></span> <span class="i0">Alors il chantera tes vertus en tout lieu. . . .<br /></span></span> </div></div> @@ -8535,17 +8494,17 @@ and definitions, as in the following example:</p> <tr><td> </td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Prodigue est:—</span> </td> <td>Prodigal is:—</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">un degasteur, un rioteux et un excessif depenseur, un consomme-tout, qui degaste et depense où il n'en est nul besoin et a l'endroit de qui n'en a besoin.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">un degasteur, un rioteux et un excessif depenseur, un consomme-tout, qui degaste et depense où il n'en est nul besoin et a l'endroit de qui n'en a besoin.</span></td> <td>a wastefull, a riotious and <ins title="original: and an">an</ins> outrageous spender, a spendall that will lavishe and spende where it needeth not and upon whom it needeth not.</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Memoire est:—</span></td> <td>Memory is:—</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">une souvenance, une resconte pensée, une chose non mise en oubly.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">une souvenance, une resconte pensée, une chose non mise en oubly.</span></td> <td>a remembrance, and having in minde, a not forgetting.</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Le Moral:—</span></td> <td>The meaning:—</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">La renommée et fame du prodigue ne dure ny continue long temps: si tost qu'il est mort et passé il est oublié et hors de toute souvenance.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">La renommée et fame du prodigue ne dure ny continue long temps: si tost qu'il est mort et passé il est oublié et hors de toute souvenance.</span></td> <td>The prodigall mans fame and renown endureth nor continueth not long; as sone as he is gone and dead he is forgotten and out of all remembrance.</td></tr> <tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">-161-</a></span> @@ -8635,7 +8594,7 @@ bookseller Hugh Jackson, commissioned to sell the book—further instances of the friendly relations between the French teachers and the printers and booksellers of the time, through whom these teachers would, no doubt, get a large proportion -of their clientèle. The Huguenot sympathies of many of the +of their clientèle. The Huguenot sympathies of many of the printers, such as Vautrollier and Field, account in part for this cordial feeling.</p> @@ -8666,7 +8625,7 @@ the form of dialogues between master and pupil:</p> <div class="table"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" summary="French alphabet"> <tr><td>Sir, will it please you do me so much favour (or would you take the pain) to teach me to speak French?</td> -<td><span lang="fr">Monsieur, vous plaist il me faire tant de faveur (ou voudriez vous prendre la peine) de m'apprendre a parler François?</span></td></tr> +<td><span lang="fr">Monsieur, vous plaist il me faire tant de faveur (ou voudriez vous prendre la peine) de m'apprendre a parler François?</span></td></tr> <tr><td>With all my heart, if you have a desire to it.</td> <td><span lang="fr">Tres volontiers, si vous en avez envie.</span></td></tr> @@ -8693,9 +8652,9 @@ the form of dialogues between master and pupil:</p> <div class="table"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" summary="french alphabet continued"> <tr><td>Sir, can you say your lesson?</td> -<td><span lang="fr">Monsieur, sçaves vous vostre leçon?</span></td></tr> +<td><span lang="fr">Monsieur, sçaves vous vostre leçon?</span></td></tr> <tr><td>Have you learnt to pronounce your letters?</td> -<td><span lang="fr">Avés vous apprins a prononcer vos lettres?</span></td></tr> +<td><span lang="fr">Avés vous apprins a prononcer vos lettres?</span></td></tr> <tr><td>Yea, as well as I can.</td> <td><span lang="fr">Ouy, le mieux qu'il m'est possible.</span></td></tr> @@ -8732,7 +8691,7 @@ the form of dialogues between master and pupil:</p> <td><span lang="fr">Devant que passer oultre il faut que vous prononciez vos lettres parfaitement.</span></td></tr> <tr><td>Now that you can tell your letters well, learne your syllables, say after me.</td> -<td><span lang="fr">Maintenant que vous sçavez vos lettres, apprenez vos syllables, dictes après moy.</span></td></tr> +<td><span lang="fr">Maintenant que vous sçavez vos lettres, apprenez vos syllables, dictes après moy.</span></td></tr> </table></div> <p>After dealing with the sounds of the French language, @@ -8759,29 +8718,29 @@ of daily life—as follows:</p> <td class="tdi2"><i><span lang="fr">Pour demander le chemin.</span></i></td> </tr> <tr><td>How many miles to London?</td> -<td><span lang="fr">Combien y a il d'icy à Londres?</span></td></tr> +<td><span lang="fr">Combien y a il d'icy à Londres?</span></td></tr> <tr><td>Ten leagues, twenty miles.</td> <td><span lang="fr">Dix lieues, vingt mil.</span></td></tr> <tr><td>What way must we keep?</td> <td><span lang="fr">Quel chemin faut il tenir?</span></td></tr> <tr><td>Which is the shortest way to goe to Rye?</td> -<td><span lang="fr">Où est le plus court chemin d'icy à Rye?</span></td></tr> +<td><span lang="fr">Où est le plus court chemin d'icy à Rye?</span></td></tr> <tr><td>Keepe alwayes the great way.</td> <td><span lang="fr">Suyvez tousjours le grand chemin.</span></td></tr> <tr><td>Do not stray neither to the right nor to the left hand.</td> -<td><span lang="fr">Ne vous fourvoyez ny à dextre ny à sinestre.</span></td></tr> +<td><span lang="fr">Ne vous fourvoyez ny à dextre ny à sinestre.</span></td></tr> <tr><td>What doe I owe you now?</td> <td><span lang="fr">Combien vous doy-je maintenant?</span></td></tr> <tr><td>Two shillings. Here it is.</td> -<td><span lang="fr">Deux sols. Les voylà.</span></td></tr> +<td><span lang="fr">Deux sols. Les voylà .</span></td></tr> <tr><td>Bring me my horse.</td> <td><span lang="fr">Amenez moy mon cheval.</span></td></tr> <tr><td>Will you take horse?</td> -<td><span lang="fr">Vous plaist il monter à cheval?</span></td></tr> +<td><span lang="fr">Vous plaist il monter à cheval?</span></td></tr> <tr><td>Yea, I hope I shall not alight till I be come to London.</td> -<td><span lang="fr">Ouy, j'espere que je ne descendrez que je ne soys arrivé à Londres.</span></td></tr> +<td><span lang="fr">Ouy, j'espere que je ne descendrez que je ne soys arrivé à Londres.</span></td></tr> <tr><td>God be with you. Farewell.</td> <td><span lang="fr">Adieu. Bonne vie et longue.</span></td></tr> @@ -9034,7 +8993,7 @@ of good wine—a taste which he had acquired in France, where he had lived many years. There, if the dialogue he wrote for the help of students of French may be taken as autobiographical, he had spent three years in the College of Montagu -at Paris, taught for a year in the Collège des Africains at +at Paris, taught for a year in the Collège des Africains at Orleans, lived for ten months at Lyons, and spent a year amongst the Benedictine monks. On the murder of Henri III. in 1589, Eliote returned to England, strongly imbued with @@ -9222,21 +9181,21 @@ the first dialogue:</p> <div class="table"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Eliote's dialogue"> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Hau Garcon dors tu vilain? debout, debout, ie te reveilleray tantost avec un bon baton.</span></td> -<td>Ho Garssoon dortu veelein? deboo, deboo, ie te reue-lheré tant-tot tavec-keun boon batoon.</td> +<td>Ho Garssoon dortu veelein? deboo, deboo, ie te reue-lheré tant-tot tavec-keun boon batoon.</td> <td>What boy slepeth thou villain? up, up, I shall shall wake thee soon with a good cudgell.</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Je me leve, monsieur.</span></td> -<td>Ie me léveh moonseewr.</td> +<td>Ie me léveh moonseewr.</td> <td>I rise sir.</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Quelle heure est-il?</span></td> <td><ins title="original: Qe">Qel</ins>-heur et-til?</td> <td>What o'clock is it?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Il est six heures.</span></td> -<td>Il-é see-zewres.</td> +<td>Il-é see-zewres.</td> <td>It is six o'clock.</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Donnez moy mes chausses de velours verd.</span></td> -<td>Donné moe' mes shosséh de veloor vert.</td> +<td>Donné moe' mes shosséh de veloor vert.</td> <td>Give me my my green velvet breeches.</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Lesquelles?</span></td> @@ -9286,9 +9245,9 @@ previous dialogues, and the work closes with a quotation from Du Bartas's praise of France:</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span lang="fr"><span class="i0">O mille et mille fois terre heureuse et féconde,<br /></span> +<span lang="fr"><span class="i0">O mille et mille fois terre heureuse et féconde,<br /></span> <span class="i0">O perle de l'Europe! O Paradis du monde!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">France je te salue, O mère des guerriers.<br /></span></span> +<span class="i0">France je te salue, O mère des guerriers.<br /></span></span> </div></div> <p>In his dialogue called <i>The Scholar</i>, incorporated in the @@ -9345,7 +9304,7 @@ to have been schoolmasters or private tutors; cp. Huguenot Society Publications, vol. x., <i>Returns of Aliens dwelling in London</i>; vols. viii., xviii., <i>Letters of Denization</i>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_411_411" id="Footnote_411_411"></a><a href="#FNanchor_411_411"><span class="label">[411]</span></a> Evrard Erail, Onias Ganeur, Charles Bod, Robert Fontaine, Charles Darvil -d'Arras, Jean Vaquerie, Baudouin Mason, and Adrian Tresol (Schickler, <i>Églises du +d'Arras, Jean Vaquerie, Baudouin Mason, and Adrian Tresol (Schickler, <i>Églises du Refuge</i>, i. p. 124). Of these names only that of Robert Fontaine is found in the <i>Returns of Aliens</i>. Charles Darvil and Adrian Tresol are again mentioned in connexion with the Church in 1564. Baudouin Mason received letters of denization in 1565, and @@ -9357,42 +9316,42 @@ or Inglish. All these, however, are mentioned in the <i>Returns of Aliens</i>.</ <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_413_413" id="Footnote_413_413"></a><a href="#FNanchor_413_413"><span class="label">[413]</span></a> <i>Returns of Aliens</i>, Hug. Soc. Pub. x. pt. ii. pp. 228, 335.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_414_414" id="Footnote_414_414"></a><a href="#FNanchor_414_414"><span class="label">[414]</span></a> Duc d'Alençon, who died in 1584.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_414_414" id="Footnote_414_414"></a><a href="#FNanchor_414_414"><span class="label">[414]</span></a> Duc d'Alençon, who died in 1584.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_415_415" id="Footnote_415_415"></a><a href="#FNanchor_415_415"><span class="label">[415]</span></a> Printed by Henry Dizlie for Thomas Purfoote. Reprinted by T. Spiro in the -<i>Neudrucke frühneuenglischer Grammatiken, herausgegeben von R. Brotanek</i>, Bd. 7, +<i>Neudrucke frühneuenglischer Grammatiken, herausgegeben von R. Brotanek</i>, Bd. 7, Halle, 1912. It contains 75 pages, 8vo.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_416_416" id="Footnote_416_416"></a><a href="#FNanchor_416_416"><span class="label">[416]</span></a> Bellot's name does not occur in the Registers (vol. i., Lymington, 1908).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_417_417" id="Footnote_417_417"></a><a href="#FNanchor_417_417"><span class="label">[417]</span></a> 16º, pp. 80.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_417_417" id="Footnote_417_417"></a><a href="#FNanchor_417_417"><span class="label">[417]</span></a> 16º, pp. 80.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_418_418" id="Footnote_418_418"></a><a href="#FNanchor_418_418"><span class="label">[418]</span></a> <i>Stationers' Register</i>, 19th February 1588.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_419_419" id="Footnote_419_419"></a><a href="#FNanchor_419_419"><span class="label">[419]</span></a> Hazlitt, <i>Handbook</i>, 1867, p. 36.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_420_420" id="Footnote_420_420"></a><a href="#FNanchor_420_420"><span class="label">[420]</span></a> Perhaps he was a member of the La Motte Fouqué family whose name became -so closely connected with the Protestant cause in France. In 1551 René La Motte +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_420_420" id="Footnote_420_420"></a><a href="#FNanchor_420_420"><span class="label">[420]</span></a> Perhaps he was a member of the La Motte Fouqué family whose name became +so closely connected with the Protestant cause in France. In 1551 René La Motte left Saintonge and went to Normandy, where he died, leaving two sons and three daughters. Cp. Crottet, <i>History of the Reformed Church in Saintonge</i>, quoted by T. F. Sanxay, <i>The Sanxay Family</i>, 1907.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_421_421" id="Footnote_421_421"></a><a href="#FNanchor_421_421"><span class="label">[421]</span></a> "Estant donc refugié a l'ombre favorable du Sceptre de sa serenissime majesté, -qui est le vray port de retraicte et asyle asseuré de ceux qui faisans profession de -l'Evangile souffrent ores persecution soubs la Tyrannie de l'Antichrist, j'ay tasché +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_421_421" id="Footnote_421_421"></a><a href="#FNanchor_421_421"><span class="label">[421]</span></a> "Estant donc refugié a l'ombre favorable du Sceptre de sa serenissime majesté, +qui est le vray port de retraicte et asyle asseuré de ceux qui faisans profession de +l'Evangile souffrent ores persecution soubs la Tyrannie de l'Antichrist, j'ay tasché de tout mon pouvoir de faire en sorte par mes labeurs que ceste noble Nation qui maintenant nous sert de mere et de nourrice peust tirer quelque proffit d'iceux, afin que par ce moyen je peusse eviter le vice enorme de l'ingratitude. . . . Or entre toutes -les belles et rares vertus dont la Noblesse angloise se rend tant renommée par tout le -monde, admirée des estrangiers, et honorée en son pays, est l'Estude des bonnes lettres, +les belles et rares vertus dont la Noblesse angloise se rend tant renommée par tout le +monde, admirée des estrangiers, et honorée en son pays, est l'Estude des bonnes lettres, et cognoissance des langues, qui leur sont si familieres et communes qu'il s'en trouve peu parmi eux, non seulement entre les Seigneurs et Gentilhommes, qui n'en parlent trois ou quatre pour le moins, mais aussi entre les Dames et Damoiselles, exercise veritablement louable, par lequel toute vertu s'honore et se rend immortelle et sans -lequel nulle autre n'est parfait ni digne d'estre aucunement estimé. Or c'est ce qui, +lequel nulle autre n'est parfait ni digne d'estre aucunement estimé. Or c'est ce qui, outre la singuliere affection que naturellement ils portent aux estrangers et la grande courtoisie dont ils ont a coustume de les traicter, leur faict faire tant d'estat des -François, si bien qu'il y en a fort peu qui n'en ait un avec soy."</p></div> +François, si bien qu'il y en a fort peu qui n'en ait un avec soy."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_422_422" id="Footnote_422_422"></a><a href="#FNanchor_422_422"><span class="label">[422]</span></a> Who first went to Oxford in 1587. Foster, <i>Alumni Oxonienses</i>, ad nom.</p></div> @@ -9400,7 +9359,7 @@ François, si bien qu'il y en a fort peu qui n'en ait un avec soy."</p></div> Golden sayings of the most excellent French Authors as well Poets as Orators.</i></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_424_424" id="Footnote_424_424"></a><a href="#FNanchor_424_424"><span class="label">[424]</span></a> Arber, <i>Register of the Company of Stationers</i>, ii. 614. Miss Farrer in her book on -Holyband takes this entry, <i>l'Alphabet François avec le Tresor de la langue françoise</i>, to +Holyband takes this entry, <i>l'Alphabet François avec le Tresor de la langue françoise</i>, to refer to another edition of Holyband's <i>Treasurie</i>, which, she assumes, was prevented and superseded by the publication of his dictionary in 1592.</p></div> @@ -9425,27 +9384,27 @@ of Holyband's rules on p. 142, <i>supra</i>. <td><span lang="fr">Gn se prononce difficilement par les Anglois.</span></td></tr> <tr> <td>Notwithstanding if they will take heed how they do pronounce <i>minion</i> ... it will be more easy for them to pronounce it: for though we do write the selfesame words with gn, neverthelesse there is small difference between their pronunciation and ours: let them take heed only to sound g in the same syllable that n is, and then they shall not finde any hardnesse in his pronunciation, as mignon ... mi-gnon.</td> -<td><span lang="fr">Toutesfois s'ils veulent prendre garde comment ils prononcent minion, onion, companion, il leur sera plus aisé de le prononcer: car encore que nous escrivions ces mesmes mots par gn, neantmoins il y a peu de difference de leur prononciation a la nostre: seulement qu'ils prennent garde à mettre g en la mesme syllable que n, et ils ne trouveront aucune difficulté en sa prononciation, comme mi-gnon. . . .</span></td></tr> +<td><span lang="fr">Toutesfois s'ils veulent prendre garde comment ils prononcent minion, onion, companion, il leur sera plus aisé de le prononcer: car encore que nous escrivions ces mesmes mots par gn, neantmoins il y a peu de difference de leur prononciation a la nostre: seulement qu'ils prennent garde à mettre g en la mesme syllable que n, et ils ne trouveront aucune difficulté en sa prononciation, comme mi-gnon. . . .</span></td></tr> </table> </div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_430_430" id="Footnote_430_430"></a><a href="#FNanchor_430_430"><span class="label">[430]</span></a> "Et pourroit a bon droict estre comparé a quelques vieilles masures d'un bastiment -où il a tant creu de ronces et espines, qu'à grand peine il apert que jamais il y -ait eu de maisons. Car devant qu'on eust trouvé l'imprimerie, on l'a tant de fois -coppié, et chaque écrivain l'escrivant à la fantaisie et ne retenant l'orthographe françoise, -que maintenant il semble qu'il n'y ait presque langage plus esloigné du vray -François que ce François de vos loix."</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_430_430" id="Footnote_430_430"></a><a href="#FNanchor_430_430"><span class="label">[430]</span></a> "Et pourroit a bon droict estre comparé a quelques vieilles masures d'un bastiment +où il a tant creu de ronces et espines, qu'à grand peine il apert que jamais il y +ait eu de maisons. Car devant qu'on eust trouvé l'imprimerie, on l'a tant de fois +coppié, et chaque écrivain l'escrivant à la fantaisie et ne retenant l'orthographe françoise, +que maintenant il semble qu'il n'y ait presque langage plus esloigné du vray +François que ce François de vos loix."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_431_431" id="Footnote_431_431"></a><a href="#FNanchor_431_431"><span class="label">[431]</span></a> Bellot frequently refers to the <i>gent hargneuse</i> and the "aiguillons envenimez des -langues qui se plaisent à detracter les œuvres d'autruy et qui deprisent tout ce qui -n'est tiré de leurs boutiques, iaçoit que souvente fois leur estofe ne soit que biffes et +langues qui se plaisent à detracter les œuvres d'autruy et qui deprisent tout ce qui +n'est tiré de leurs boutiques, iaçoit que souvente fois leur estofe ne soit que biffes et hapelourdes."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_432_432" id="Footnote_432_432"></a><a href="#FNanchor_432_432"><span class="label">[432]</span></a> <i>Returns of Aliens</i>, Hug. Soc. Pub. x. pt. i. pp. xii, xiv.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_433_433" id="Footnote_433_433"></a><a href="#FNanchor_433_433"><span class="label">[433]</span></a> And again: "Or vous noterés qu'en tous les noms terminés en <i>ent</i>, <i>t</i> n'est pas exprimé -en la fin: quant aux verbes, il est prononcé, mais bien doucement: donnés vous donc +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_433_433" id="Footnote_433_433"></a><a href="#FNanchor_433_433"><span class="label">[433]</span></a> And again: "Or vous noterés qu'en tous les noms terminés en <i>ent</i>, <i>t</i> n'est pas exprimé +en la fin: quant aux verbes, il est prononcé, mais bien doucement: donnés vous donc garde d'ensuivre en ceci les Bourgignons qui expriment leur <i>t</i> si fort que de deux syllabes ilz en font trois: comme quand nous disons <i>ils mangent</i> . . . le Walon dira; <i>ilz mangete</i>." And yet again: "Sounde <i>ch</i> as <i>sh</i> in English: you shall not follow in this @@ -9522,7 +9481,7 @@ by French teachers in the later part of the sixteenth century. He asserts that the usual charge was a shilling a week,<a name="FNanchor_449_449" id="FNanchor_449_449"></a><a href="#Footnote_449_449" class="fnanchor">[449]</a> but we are left in doubt as to how many lessons this entitled the student to. He affirms, probably not seriously, that he would -charge a gentleman £10 a year, and a lord from £20 to £30.</p> +charge a gentleman £10 a year, and a lord from £20 to £30.</p> <p>We are indebted to him also for an account, very prejudiced, no doubt, of the usual method employed by French @@ -9796,7 +9755,7 @@ and a manuscript dedication to the younger prince in that of the translator.<a name="FNanchor_471_471" id="FNanchor_471_471"></a><a href="#Footnote_471_471" class="fnanchor">[471]</a> The quatrains appeared again with the subsequent editions of Sylvester's works. About this time Prince Henry made Sylvester a Groom of his Chamber, and -gave him a small pension of £20 a year.<a name="FNanchor_472_472" id="FNanchor_472_472"></a><a href="#Footnote_472_472" class="fnanchor">[472]</a> The story goes that +gave him a small pension of £20 a year.<a name="FNanchor_472_472" id="FNanchor_472_472"></a><a href="#Footnote_472_472" class="fnanchor">[472]</a> The story goes that the prince valued him so highly that he made him his first "poet pensioner," and it seems that Sylvester took advantage of his position to encourage his royal patron's French studies. @@ -9929,7 +9888,7 @@ dictionaries. French is first found side by side with English, in one of these French-Latin dictionaries—that of Veron; and in subsequent years the French-English dictionaries are mostly based on one or other of the French-Latin lexicons. -Those due to Robert Éstienne and to Thierry were probably +Those due to Robert Éstienne and to Thierry were probably the sources from which the author of the French-English dictionary of 1571 drew his material; while Holyband based his <i>Treasurie</i> (1580), and his Dictionary (1593), respectively, @@ -9968,7 +9927,7 @@ in French and English first collected by Holyband, and since augmented and altered by Cotgrave.<a name="FNanchor_487_487" id="FNanchor_487_487"></a><a href="#Footnote_487_487" class="fnanchor">[487]</a> But the work which no doubt was of most help to Cotgrave was another French-Latin dictionary, Aimar de Ranconnet's <i>Tresor de la -Langue Françoise</i>, revised by Nicot (1606).<a name="FNanchor_488_488" id="FNanchor_488_488"></a><a href="#Footnote_488_488" class="fnanchor">[488]</a> He had, moreover, +Langue Françoise</i>, revised by Nicot (1606).<a name="FNanchor_488_488" id="FNanchor_488_488"></a><a href="#Footnote_488_488" class="fnanchor">[488]</a> He had, moreover, read all sorts of books, old and new, in all dialects, where he found words not heard of for hundreds of years, which he included in his book, to be used or left as the @@ -9993,7 +9952,7 @@ more substantial work to offer to his patron had not his eyes failed him and forced him "to spend much of their vigour on this bundle of words." He also offered a copy to the eldest son of James I., Prince Henry, and received -from him a gift of £10.<a name="FNanchor_491_491" id="FNanchor_491_491"></a><a href="#Footnote_491_491" class="fnanchor">[491]</a> The price of the dictionary seems +from him a gift of £10.<a name="FNanchor_491_491" id="FNanchor_491_491"></a><a href="#Footnote_491_491" class="fnanchor">[491]</a> The price of the dictionary seems to have been 11s. Cotgrave sent two copies to M. Beaulieu at Paris, and wrote requesting payment of 22s., which they cost him; for, he says, "I have not been provident enough @@ -10021,9 +9980,9 @@ of the English set before the French by R. S. L." This R. S. L. was Robert Sherwood, Londoner, who taught French and English in London, and also had a French school for a time. He gave his dictionary the title of <i>Dictionarie -Anglois et François pour l'utilité de tous ceux qui sont desireux +Anglois et François pour l'utilité de tous ceux qui sont desireux de deux langues</i>,<a name="FNanchor_493_493" id="FNanchor_493_493"></a><a href="#Footnote_493_493" class="fnanchor">[493]</a> and addressed it to the "favorables lecteurs -françois, alemans et autres." The English reader he advises +françois, alemans et autres." The English reader he advises to look for fuller information as to "the gender of all French nouns, and the conjugation of all French verbs" in Cotgrave's dictionary; the small space to which he was limited did @@ -10087,7 +10046,7 @@ of the French," who were invited to enter on the blank pages any word they came across in their reading which was not in the dictionary; by means of this plan several hundred additional words were gathered together, many being "new -invented terms, which the admired Mons. Scudéry, and +invented terms, which the admired Mons. Scudéry, and other late Romancers have so happily publisht in their printed volumes." After Howell's death there appeared yet another issue of his edition of Cotgrave, in 1673.<a name="FNanchor_497_497" id="FNanchor_497_497"></a><a href="#Footnote_497_497" class="fnanchor">[497]</a> The printer @@ -10157,14 +10116,14 @@ elegant writer of our tongue. His workes be <i>le Theatre du monde</i>, the tragicall histories, the prodigious histories. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">-196-</a></span>Sleidan's commentaries in frenche be excellently translated. Philippe de Commins, when he is corrected is very profitable -and wise." The <i>Nouveau Testament</i> of de Bèze, Boiasteau's -<i>Théâtre du monde</i>, and Sleidan's <i>Commentaries</i><a name="FNanchor_506_506" id="FNanchor_506_506"></a><a href="#Footnote_506_506" class="fnanchor">[506]</a> were all books +and wise." The <i>Nouveau Testament</i> of de Bèze, Boiasteau's +<i>Théâtre du monde</i>, and Sleidan's <i>Commentaries</i><a name="FNanchor_506_506" id="FNanchor_506_506"></a><a href="#Footnote_506_506" class="fnanchor">[506]</a> were all books well known in England, and Holyband himself prepared an edition of Boiasteau.<a name="FNanchor_507_507" id="FNanchor_507_507"></a><a href="#Footnote_507_507" class="fnanchor">[507]</a> An additional reason, according to him, for retaining the unsounded consonants was to facilitate the reading of the older monuments of the French language. He also advised the perusal of Marot's works, of the <i>Amadis</i> -of Herberay des Essarts, of François de Belleforest's <i>Histoire +of Herberay des Essarts, of François de Belleforest's <i>Histoire Universelle du monde</i>, of the <i>Vies et Morales de Plutarque</i>, in Amyot's version, and of the collection of stories, on the plan of the <i>Decameron</i>, which its author, Jacques Yver, had @@ -10177,7 +10136,7 @@ is curious that he makes no mention of Ronsard, who was much read in England, and one of the favourite authors of the Queen. Bellot in his Grammar had similar if not identical ambitions. He sought to enable his pupils to read the <i>Amadis</i> -of Des Essarts, Marot, de Bèze, du Bellay's lyrics, Froissart, +of Des Essarts, Marot, de Bèze, du Bellay's lyrics, Froissart, Ronsard, Collet<a name="FNanchor_509_509" id="FNanchor_509_509"></a><a href="#Footnote_509_509" class="fnanchor">[509]</a> and Jodelle "racontans l'un l'amour et l'autre la guerre cruelle." Pibrac and Du Bartas have already been mentioned as favourite authors. It was to @@ -10195,7 +10154,7 @@ hath tasted of the sharpe sower."</p> <p>Naturally writings of a religious character were much in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">-197-</a></span>favour with these teachers. <span class="sidenote">AUTHORS USUALLY READ</span>Holyband advised the reading of -de Bèze's New Testament, and several times we hear of "the +de Bèze's New Testament, and several times we hear of "the French Bible" being printed in England.<a name="FNanchor_510_510" id="FNanchor_510_510"></a><a href="#Footnote_510_510" class="fnanchor">[510]</a> The Liturgy in French<a name="FNanchor_511_511" id="FNanchor_511_511"></a><a href="#Footnote_511_511" class="fnanchor">[511]</a> was also printed, and would be useful to English students of French attending the French Church.</p> @@ -10396,8 +10355,8 @@ a work as Ovid's <i>Metamorphoses</i> (<i>Stationers' Register</i>, iii. 489).</ <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_499_499" id="Footnote_499_499"></a><a href="#FNanchor_499_499"><span class="label">[499]</span></a> The <i>Histoire tragi-comique de nostre temps sous les noms de Lysandre et de Caliste</i> (1615) was the work of d'Audigier.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_500_500" id="Footnote_500_500"></a><a href="#FNanchor_500_500"><span class="label">[500]</span></a> Thus the <i>Préau des Fleurs meslées, contenant plusieurs et differentz discours</i> of -François Voilleret, sieur de Florizel, was printed in London in 1600 (?), and dedicated +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_500_500" id="Footnote_500_500"></a><a href="#FNanchor_500_500"><span class="label">[500]</span></a> Thus the <i>Préau des Fleurs meslées, contenant plusieurs et differentz discours</i> of +François Voilleret, sieur de Florizel, was printed in London in 1600 (?), and dedicated to the Prince of Wales. In 1620 it was licensed to be printed in French and English, provided the English translation be approved. In 1619 a French translation of Bacon's <i>Essays</i> was published at London, and in 1623 Field received a licence to print a French @@ -10433,7 +10392,7 @@ Thomas Gaultier. <i>Handlist of Books</i>, Bibliographical Society, 1913.</p></d <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_506_506" id="Footnote_506_506"></a><a href="#FNanchor_506_506"><span class="label">[506]</span></a> The German historian's commentary, <i>De Statu religionis et reipublicae Carolo Quinto Caesare</i>, appeared in Latin in 1555, and in French in 1557.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_507_507" id="Footnote_507_507"></a><a href="#FNanchor_507_507"><span class="label">[507]</span></a> <i>Le théâtre du monde . . . revue et corrigé par C. de Sainliens</i>, 1595. Printed by +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_507_507" id="Footnote_507_507"></a><a href="#FNanchor_507_507"><span class="label">[507]</span></a> <i>Le théâtre du monde . . . revue et corrigé par C. de Sainliens</i>, 1595. Printed by George Bishop and dedicated to "the Scotch Ambassador, Jacques de Betoun, Archevesque de Glasco."</p></div> @@ -10495,7 +10454,7 @@ French they summoned the lecturers in the 'schools' to be present on commencement day: "Nostre Seigneur Doctor, une parolle sil vous Plaist, nostres Peres de nostres Seigneurs Commencens vous prient que vous estes demayn a son commencement -en l'église de nostre Dame." And throughout +en l'église de nostre Dame." And throughout the ceremonies<a name="FNanchor_518_518" id="FNanchor_518_518"></a><a href="#Footnote_518_518" class="fnanchor">[518]</a> in Arts and Theology similar French formulae, often interspersed with Latin, were frequently used, though they had probably passed out of use by the beginning @@ -10543,7 +10502,7 @@ in the University,<a name="FNanchor_520_520" id="FNanchor_520_520"></a><a href=" just as others received preferment in the English Church. The French tutors were among the humbler and more numerous exiles who "taught privately," as the seventeenth-century -historian of the University, Anthony à Wood, +historian of the University, Anthony à Wood, tells us. Apart from those who actually taught French, the presence of considerable numbers of Frenchmen<a name="FNanchor_521_521" id="FNanchor_521_521"></a><a href="#Footnote_521_521" class="fnanchor">[521]</a> cannot have been without some indirect influence on the study of French @@ -10577,7 +10536,7 @@ are told, a "very useful man in his profession." Shortly after, he removed to London, where he enjoyed favour at Court.</p> <p>Of more importance, however, is the group of private tutors -who settled at Oxford, found a clientèle among the University +who settled at Oxford, found a clientèle among the University students, and frequently wrote and published French grammars for the use of their pupils. There was evidently some demand for instruction in French at Oxford early in the sixteenth @@ -10624,14 +10583,14 @@ produced by Englishmen resident at Oxford, and teaching the French language. Among others was John Sanford, or Sandford, chaplain of Magdalen College, and the author of the French grammar which succeeded Morlet's. Sanford -wrote in Latin, and entitled his work <i>Le Guichet François, +wrote in Latin, and entitled his work <i>Le Guichet François, sive Janicula et Brevis Introductio ad Linguam Gallicam</i>. It was published by Joseph Barnes in 1604,<a name="FNanchor_529_529" id="FNanchor_529_529"></a><a href="#Footnote_529_529" class="fnanchor">[529]</a> and dedicated to Dr. Bond, president of Magdalen. Sanford compiled his observations on the pronunciation and parts of speech from the various French grammars published in both France and England; he drew largely on Morlet, as well as Bellot and -Holyband; and made equally free with de Bèze, Pillot, +Holyband; and made equally free with de Bèze, Pillot, and Ramus.</p> <p>He varied his duties as chaplain by giving lessons in French. @@ -10709,7 +10668,7 @@ pens of French sojourners at Oxford. One, Robert Farrear, a teacher of French, wrote a grammar in English for the use of his pupils, <i>The Brief Direction to the French Tongue</i>, printed at Oxford in 1618. Nothing further is known of its -author. Anthony à Wood<a name="FNanchor_536_536" id="FNanchor_536_536"></a><a href="#Footnote_536_536" class="fnanchor">[536]</a> informs us that in the title of the +author. Anthony à Wood<a name="FNanchor_536_536" id="FNanchor_536_536"></a><a href="#Footnote_536_536" class="fnanchor">[536]</a> informs us that in the title of the book Farrear inscribed himself M.A., but "whether he took that degree or was incorporated therein in Oxford" he could not discover.</p> @@ -10735,13 +10694,13 @@ Wood: "What other things he hath written I know not, nor any thing else of the author."<a name="FNanchor_538_538" id="FNanchor_538_538"></a><a href="#Footnote_538_538" class="fnanchor">[538]</a></p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">-205-</a></span> -<span class="sidenote">GABRIEL DU GRÈS</span> +<span class="sidenote">GABRIEL DU GRÈS</span> As yet no French grammars had appeared at Cambridge, and French teachers do not seem to have made their presence felt there.<a name="FNanchor_539_539" id="FNanchor_539_539"></a><a href="#Footnote_539_539" class="fnanchor">[539]</a> In 1631, however, one of the best known of this group of university French tutors arrived at Cambridge—Gabriel -Du Grès, a native of Saumur, and a member of a good +Du Grès, a native of Saumur, and a member of a good family from Angers. He arrived in England as a refugee on account of his Protestant faith, received a warm welcome at Cambridge, and taught French to several of the students in @@ -10753,11 +10712,11 @@ same lines and of about the same dimensions as that of Morlet.<a name="FNanchor_ It is preceded by Latin verses addressed to the author by members of different colleges, and is dedicated to the students of the University, especially those engaged in the -study of French. This grammar of Du Grès appears to be +study of French. This grammar of Du Grès appears to be the only work of its kind printed at Cambridge before the eighteenth century.<a name="FNanchor_542_542" id="FNanchor_542_542"></a><a href="#Footnote_542_542" class="fnanchor">[542]</a></p> -<p>Shortly after its publication Du Grès joined the group of +<p>Shortly after its publication Du Grès joined the group of French tutors at Oxford,<a name="FNanchor_543_543" id="FNanchor_543_543"></a><a href="#Footnote_543_543" class="fnanchor">[543]</a> and this removal points to the more ready openings offered there to those of his profession. When he published his <i>Dialogi Gallico-Anglico-Latini</i><a name="FNanchor_544_544" id="FNanchor_544_544"></a><a href="#Footnote_544_544" class="fnanchor">[544]</a> at Oxford in @@ -10779,29 +10738,29 @@ equivalent of the sound of each French letter, and of the auxiliary and regular verbs. This little book, which has more in common with the productions of the London teachers than with the Oxford manuals, enjoyed a greater popularity -than those of Du Grès's rivals. In 1660 a third edition +than those of Du Grès's rivals. In 1660 a third edition appeared, without the additions found in the second.</p> <p>He was also the author of an interesting little work in English on the Duke of Richelieu,<a name="FNanchor_545_545" id="FNanchor_545_545"></a><a href="#Footnote_545_545" class="fnanchor">[545]</a> printed in London in 1643. -Probably Du Grès had removed to London at that date; in +Probably Du Grès had removed to London at that date; in the second edition of his grammar, printed, like the first, by Leonard Lichfield at Oxford, he describes himself as "late teacher of the same in Oxford."</p> -<p>In his dialogues Du Grès gives some account of his ideas +<p>In his dialogues Du Grès gives some account of his ideas on the teaching of French:<a name="FNanchor_546_546" id="FNanchor_546_546"></a><a href="#Footnote_546_546" class="fnanchor">[546]</a></p> -<div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>Commençons à l'abécé.</p> +<div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>Commençons à l'abécé.</p> <p>Escusez moy.</p> <p>Entendez moy, oyez moy, prononcer les lettres. Remarquez bien comment je prononce les voyelles, et principalement <i>u</i>, car il est bien -malaisé a prononcer à vous autres mm. les Anglois, comme aussi <i>e</i> entre +malaisé a prononcer à vous autres mm. les Anglois, comme aussi <i>e</i> entre les consonnes. Prononcez apres moy.</p> -<p>Voilà qui va bien.</p> +<p>Voilà qui va bien.</p> <p>Prononce-je bien?</p> @@ -10811,7 +10770,7 @@ les consonnes. Prononcez apres moy.</p> <p>Il ne sauroit tant vous en donner que votre <i>th</i> ou <i>ch</i> nous en donne.</p> -<p>Il est malaisé d'avoir la proprieté de votre langue.</p> +<p>Il est malaisé d'avoir la proprieté de votre langue.</p> <p>L'exercice et la lecture des bons autheurs vous apprendront avec le temps, etc.</p></div></div> @@ -10826,13 +10785,13 @@ It is possible, he admits, to learn French by rote, without any grammar rules. But it is not the best way in his opinion. Without grammar rules the student cannot distinguish good French from bad, nor can he translate, write -letters, or read; and reading, thought Du Grès, was an essential +letters, or read; and reading, thought Du Grès, was an essential condition if the cultivation of French in England was to be <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">-207-</a></span>maintained. <span class="sidenote">FRENCH AT CAMBRIDGE</span>Those who learn by ear are at a loss as soon as they no longer hear French spoken daily. As for those who promise to teach French in a short time, they are nothing but mountebanks. -Du Grès held that a man of moderate intellect could, +Du Grès held that a man of moderate intellect could, with hard work, learn to understand an ordinary French author in three or four months. He had had, he declares, some pupils at Cambridge who learnt to read and speak fairly well in four @@ -10985,7 +10944,7 @@ in French, Spanish, and Italian literature. Mullinger, <i>History of the Univers of Cambridge</i>, ii. p. 351.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_520_520" id="Footnote_520_520"></a><a href="#FNanchor_520_520"><span class="label">[520]</span></a> One, Jean Verneuil, became underlibrarian of the Bodleian in 1625. Cp. Schickler, -<i>Les Églises du Refuge</i>, i. p. 424; Foster Watson, <i>Religious Refugees and English +<i>Les Églises du Refuge</i>, i. p. 424; Foster Watson, <i>Religious Refugees and English Education</i>, Hug. Soc. Proceedings, 1911; Agnew, <i>Protestant Exiles</i>, i. ch. v. and pp. 137, 147, 148, 156, 163; ii. pp. 260, 274, 388; Smiles, <i>The Huguenots</i>, ch. xiv.</p></div> @@ -11002,7 +10961,7 @@ Edinburgh; cp. Schickler, <i>op. cit.</i> i. p. 366.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_526_526" id="Footnote_526_526"></a><a href="#FNanchor_526_526"><span class="label">[526]</span></a> 8vo, pp. 92.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_527_527" id="Footnote_527_527"></a><a href="#FNanchor_527_527"><span class="label">[527]</span></a> E. Stengel, <i>Chronologisches Verzeichnis französischer Grammatiken</i>, Oppeln, 1890.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_527_527" id="Footnote_527_527"></a><a href="#FNanchor_527_527"><span class="label">[527]</span></a> E. Stengel, <i>Chronologisches Verzeichnis französischer Grammatiken</i>, Oppeln, 1890.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_528_528" id="Footnote_528_528"></a><a href="#FNanchor_528_528"><span class="label">[528]</span></a> F. Madan, <i>Oxford Books, 1468-1640</i>, 1895-1912, i. p. 22; ii. p. 24. Another Spanish Grammar, by d'Oyly, had appeared at Oxford in 1590.</p></div> @@ -11020,7 +10979,7 @@ p. xxviii; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>, ad nom.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_533_533" id="Footnote_533_533"></a><a href="#FNanchor_533_533"><span class="label">[533]</span></a> Wood, <i>Fasti Oxon.</i> (Bliss), ii. 29, 30; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>, ad nom.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_534_534" id="Footnote_534_534"></a><a href="#FNanchor_534_534"><span class="label">[534]</span></a> 12º, pp. 31.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_534_534" id="Footnote_534_534"></a><a href="#FNanchor_534_534"><span class="label">[534]</span></a> 12º, pp. 31.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_535_535" id="Footnote_535_535"></a><a href="#FNanchor_535_535"><span class="label">[535]</span></a> In the copy in the Cambridge Univ. Library these are accompanied by a MS. translation into Latin. Some additional rules in Latin are written on the last blank @@ -11028,7 +10987,7 @@ leaf.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_536_536" id="Footnote_536_536"></a><a href="#FNanchor_536_536"><span class="label">[536]</span></a> <i>Athenae Oxon.</i> (Bliss), ii. 277.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_537_537" id="Footnote_537_537"></a><a href="#FNanchor_537_537"><span class="label">[537]</span></a> Printed by William Turner, 8º, pp. 72.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_537_537" id="Footnote_537_537"></a><a href="#FNanchor_537_537"><span class="label">[537]</span></a> Printed by William Turner, 8º, pp. 72.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_538_538" id="Footnote_538_538"></a><a href="#FNanchor_538_538"><span class="label">[538]</span></a> <i>Athenae Oxon.</i> (Bliss), ii. 624.</p></div> @@ -11041,7 +11000,7 @@ the sixteenth century.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_542_542" id="Footnote_542_542"></a><a href="#FNanchor_542_542"><span class="label">[542]</span></a> Cp. R. Bowes, <i>Catalogue of Books printed at Cambridge, 1521-1893</i>.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_543_543" id="Footnote_543_543"></a><a href="#FNanchor_543_543"><span class="label">[543]</span></a> The statement of Wood (<i>Athenae Oxon.</i> iii. 184), that Du Grès had studied +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_543_543" id="Footnote_543_543"></a><a href="#FNanchor_543_543"><span class="label">[543]</span></a> The statement of Wood (<i>Athenae Oxon.</i> iii. 184), that Du Grès had studied at Oxford before going to Cambridge, is probably incorrect.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_544_544" id="Footnote_544_544"></a><a href="#FNanchor_544_544"><span class="label">[544]</span></a> 8vo, pp. 195, printed by Leonard Lichfield.</p></div> @@ -11065,8 +11024,8 @@ election of Fellows; cp. <i>supra</i>, p. 6.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_550_550" id="Footnote_550_550"></a><a href="#FNanchor_550_550"><span class="label">[550]</span></a> <i>Cal. State Papers, Dom., 1660-61</i>, p. 162.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_551_551" id="Footnote_551_551"></a><a href="#FNanchor_551_551"><span class="label">[551]</span></a> "Autobiographie de Pierre du Moulin," <i>Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire du -Protestantisme Français</i>, vii. pp. 343 <i>sqq.</i></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_551_551" id="Footnote_551_551"></a><a href="#FNanchor_551_551"><span class="label">[551]</span></a> "Autobiographie de Pierre du Moulin," <i>Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire du +Protestantisme Français</i>, vii. pp. 343 <i>sqq.</i></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_552_552" id="Footnote_552_552"></a><a href="#FNanchor_552_552"><span class="label">[552]</span></a> Mullinger, <i>History of the University of Cambridge</i>, 1911, iii. p. 300.</p></div> @@ -11104,9 +11063,9 @@ notes by Selden</i>, new ed., 1771, p. 172.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_561_561" id="Footnote_561_561"></a><a href="#FNanchor_561_561"><span class="label">[561]</span></a> Higford, <i>The Institution of a Gentleman</i>, 1660, p. 88.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_562_562" id="Footnote_562_562"></a><a href="#FNanchor_562_562"><span class="label">[562]</span></a> Perlin says of the English in the middle of the sixteenth century, referring no -doubt to the nobility: "Ceux du pays ne courent gaire ou bien peu aux deux universités, -et ne se donnent point beaucoup aux lettres, sinon qu'à toute marchandise -et à toute vanité" (<i>Description des royaulmes d'Angleterre et d'Escosse</i>, p. 11).</p></div> +doubt to the nobility: "Ceux du pays ne courent gaire ou bien peu aux deux universités, +et ne se donnent point beaucoup aux lettres, sinon qu'à toute marchandise +et à toute vanité" (<i>Description des royaulmes d'Angleterre et d'Escosse</i>, p. 11).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_563_563" id="Footnote_563_563"></a><a href="#FNanchor_563_563"><span class="label">[563]</span></a> <i>Letters</i> (1638), Camden Soc., 1854, p. 8. Nearly half a century later, Chancellor Clarendon wrote: "I doubt our Universities are defective in providing for those @@ -11146,7 +11105,7 @@ ministers in their turn were patrons to numerous young travellers in France. A certain Charles Danvers wrote to Walsingham from Paris, in French, to show his progress and thank him for his favours.<a name="FNanchor_567_567" id="FNanchor_567_567"></a><a href="#Footnote_567_567" class="fnanchor">[567]</a> And Burghley gave one Andrew -Bussy a monthly allowance of £5 to enable him to study +Bussy a monthly allowance of £5 to enable him to study French at Orleans, where, according to his own account, he took great pains to make good progress so as to serve his patron the better on his return.<a name="FNanchor_568_568" id="FNanchor_568_568"></a><a href="#Footnote_568_568" class="fnanchor">[568]</a> It was generally held that @@ -11482,7 +11441,7 @@ For a time he left the Cavendishes to act as tutor to the son of Sir Gervase Clifton, with whom he remained eighteen months in Paris. It was while travelling with his pupils that Hobbes became known in the philosophic circles of Paris.<a name="FNanchor_610_610" id="FNanchor_610_610"></a><a href="#Footnote_610_610" class="fnanchor">[610]</a> Addison -was offered a salary of £100 to be tutor to the Duke of Somerset, +was offered a salary of £100 to be tutor to the Duke of Somerset, who desired him "to be more of a companion than a Governor," but did not accept the offer.<a name="FNanchor_611_611" id="FNanchor_611_611"></a><a href="#Footnote_611_611" class="fnanchor">[611]</a> In some cases the travelling tutor had several pupils. Thus Mr. Cordell, the @@ -11746,8 +11705,8 @@ Maupas bears stronger testimony to his pupil's attainments in the French language, and some years later he gratefully dedicated to the Duke his French grammar, first issued publicly in 1618.</p> -<p>Maupas's <i>Grammaire françoise contenant reigles tres certaines -et adresse tres asseurée a la naïve connoissance et pur usage de +<p>Maupas's <i>Grammaire françoise contenant reigles tres certaines +et adresse tres asseurée a la naïve connoissance et pur usage de nostre langue. En faveur des estrangers qui en seront desireux</i>, was first privately printed in 1607.<a name="FNanchor_640_640" id="FNanchor_640_640"></a><a href="#Footnote_640_640" class="fnanchor">[640]</a> He had not originally <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">-228-</a></span>intended it for publication. The work grew out of the notes @@ -11791,12 +11750,12 @@ was in preparation. His son, who assisted him in teaching, saw the work through the press, and invited students to transfer to him the favours they had bestowed on his father. Apparently the younger Charles Maupas continued to teach -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">-229-</a></span>his father's clientèle for some time. <span class="sidenote">CHARLES MAUPAS OF BLOIS</span>In 1626 he gave further +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">-229-</a></span>his father's clientèle for some time. <span class="sidenote">CHARLES MAUPAS OF BLOIS</span>In 1626 he gave further proof of his zeal for the cause in editing and publishing a comedy which both he and his father had frequently read with pupils not advanced enough for more serious matter. We are told vaguely that this comedy, entitled <i>Les Desguisez: -Comedie Françoise avec l'explication des proverbes et mots difficiles +Comedie Françoise avec l'explication des proverbes et mots difficiles par Charles Maupas a Bloys</i>, was the work of one of the <i>beaux esprits</i> of the period.<a name="FNanchor_642_642" id="FNanchor_642_642"></a><a href="#Footnote_642_642" class="fnanchor">[642]</a> Maupas, however, only had one copy, and knew not where to procure more. He was induced @@ -11805,7 +11764,7 @@ by many of his pupils in making copies of it for their own use. For the benefit of students who had no tutor, he added an explanatory vocabulary of proverbs and difficult words.</p> -<p>Maupas's <i>Grammaire et syntaxe françoise</i> is still looked on +<p>Maupas's <i>Grammaire et syntaxe françoise</i> is still looked on with respect.<a name="FNanchor_643_643" id="FNanchor_643_643"></a><a href="#Footnote_643_643" class="fnanchor">[643]</a> The reputation it enjoyed in the seventeenth century is the more remarkable in that it was the work of a provincial who had no relations with the Court, then the @@ -11816,7 +11775,7 @@ by foreign students of French as long as the language was held in esteem was not to be fulfilled.</p> <p>His Grammar was superseded by that of Antoine Oudin—<i>Grammaire -Françoise rapportée au langage du temps</i>, Paris, +Françoise rapportée au langage du temps</i>, Paris, 1632. Oudin's original intention had been merely to enlarge the grammar of his predecessor. But as his work advanced he found "force antiquailles" and many mistakes, besides much @@ -11826,21 +11785,21 @@ had borrowed from Maupas—although he is careful to note that he has no intention of damaging his rival's reputation, and is proud to share his opinion on several points. He had a great advantage over Maupas in having spent all his life -in close connexion with the Court; his father, César, had been +in close connexion with the Court; his father, César, had been interpreter to the French king, and Antoine succeeded him in that office. He also appears to have had continual relations with foreigners, and he tells us on one occasion that he received from them "very considerable benefits." His grammar was certainly much used by foreign students, although <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">-230-</a></span>it does not seem to have enjoyed as great a popularity in -England as that of Maupas. Oudin's <i>Curiositez Françoises</i> +England as that of Maupas. Oudin's <i>Curiositez Françoises</i> (1640) was also addressed "aux estrangers," and his aim was to show his gratitude by attempting to call attention to the mistakes which had made their way into grammars drawn up for their instruction.<a name="FNanchor_644_644" id="FNanchor_644_644"></a><a href="#Footnote_644_644" class="fnanchor">[644]</a></p> -<p><i>L'Eschole Françoise pour apprendre a bien parler et escrire -selon l'usage de ce temps et pratique des bons autheurs, divisée +<p><i>L'Eschole Françoise pour apprendre a bien parler et escrire +selon l'usage de ce temps et pratique des bons autheurs, divisée en deux livres dont l'un contient les premiers elements, l'autre les parties de l'oraison</i> (Paris, 1604), by Jean Baptiste du Val, avocat en Parlement at Paris and French tutor to Marie de @@ -11858,7 +11817,7 @@ than one with a provincial accent.</p> <p>Among other grammars of similar purport is that of Masset in French and Latin, <i>Exact et tres facile acheminement -a la langue Françoyse, mis en Latin par le meme autheur pour +a la langue Françoyse, mis en Latin par le meme autheur pour le soulagement des estrangers</i> (1606);<a name="FNanchor_645_645" id="FNanchor_645_645"></a><a href="#Footnote_645_645" class="fnanchor">[645]</a> and to the same category belongs also the <i>Praecepta gallici sermonis ad pleniorem perfectioremque eius linguae cognitionem necessaria tum suevissima @@ -11867,7 +11826,7 @@ French for many years in Germany, settled down at Orleans, his native town, as a language tutor.<a name="FNanchor_646_646" id="FNanchor_646_646"></a><a href="#Footnote_646_646" class="fnanchor">[646]</a></p> <p>Another work widely used by travellers, and well known in -England, was the <i>Nouvelle et Parfaite Grammaire Françoise</i> +England, was the <i>Nouvelle et Parfaite Grammaire Françoise</i> (1659) of Laurent Chiflet, the zealous Jesuit and missionary, which continued to be reprinted until the eighteenth century, and enjoyed for many years the highest reputation among @@ -11877,7 +11836,7 @@ booksellers of the Palais, the centre of the trade; and how the bookseller answered them civilly and tried to find what they desired, until his wife interfered, crying, "Ne voiez vous pas que ce sont des etrangers qui ne savent ce qu'ils demandent? -Donnez leur la grammaire de Chiflet, c'est là ce qu'il leur faut."<a name="FNanchor_647_647" id="FNanchor_647_647"></a><a href="#Footnote_647_647" class="fnanchor">[647]</a></p> +Donnez leur la grammaire de Chiflet, c'est là ce qu'il leur faut."<a name="FNanchor_647_647" id="FNanchor_647_647"></a><a href="#Footnote_647_647" class="fnanchor">[647]</a></p> <p>Chiflet is very explicit in his advice to foreign students. In the first place the pronunciation should be learnt by reading @@ -11909,14 +11868,14 @@ engaged private tutors; and "every master of exercise," it was felt, served as a kind of language master.<a name="FNanchor_649_649" id="FNanchor_649_649"></a><a href="#Footnote_649_649" class="fnanchor">[649]</a> We are indebted to Dallington<a name="FNanchor_650_650" id="FNanchor_650_650"></a><a href="#Footnote_650_650" class="fnanchor">[650]</a> for an account of the cost of such a course abroad. "Money," he says, "is the soule of travell. -If he travel without a servant £80 sterling is a competent +If he travel without a servant £80 sterling is a competent proportion, except he learn to ride: if he maintain both these -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">-232-</a></span>charges, he can be allowed no less than £150: and to allow -above £200 were superfluous and to his hurt. The ordinary +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">-232-</a></span>charges, he can be allowed no less than £150: and to allow +above £200 were superfluous and to his hurt. The ordinary rate of his expense is 10 gold crowns a month his fencing, as much his dancing, no less his reading, and 10 crowns monthly his riding except in the heat of the year. The remainder of his -£150, I allow him for apparell, books, travelling charges, tennis +£150, I allow him for apparell, books, travelling charges, tennis play, and other extraordinary expenses."</p> <p>Some of the more studious travellers resorted to one or other @@ -11925,7 +11884,7 @@ the two best known English teachers of French in the sixteenth century, had both followed this course. Palsgrave was a graduate of Paris, and John Eliote, after spending three years at the College of Montague in Paris, taught for a year in the -Collège des Africains at Orleans. The religious question had +Collège des Africains at Orleans. The religious question had much influence in determining the plan of study in France. The university towns of Rheims and Douay were the special resorts of English Catholics.<a name="FNanchor_651_651" id="FNanchor_651_651"></a><a href="#Footnote_651_651" class="fnanchor">[651]</a> On the suppression of the @@ -11939,13 +11898,13 @@ students who matriculated at the University of Douay.</p> <p>On the other hand, the schools,<a name="FNanchor_652_652" id="FNanchor_652_652"></a><a href="#Footnote_652_652" class="fnanchor">[652]</a> colleges,<a name="FNanchor_653_653" id="FNanchor_653_653"></a><a href="#Footnote_653_653" class="fnanchor">[653]</a> and academies<a name="FNanchor_654_654" id="FNanchor_654_654"></a><a href="#Footnote_654_654" class="fnanchor">[654]</a> founded by the Huguenots offered many attractions to Protestant England. The colleges had much in common -with the modern French lycée, and the chief subjects taught +with the modern French lycée, and the chief subjects taught were the classical languages. They did not take boarders, with the exception of that at Metz, and the students lived <i>en pension</i> with families in the town. The same is true of the academies, institutions of university standing. They were -eight in number, and situated at Nîmes, Montpellier, Saumur, -Montauban, Die, Sedan, Orthez (in the principality of Béarn<a name="FNanchor_655_655" id="FNanchor_655_655"></a><a href="#Footnote_655_655" class="fnanchor">[655]</a>), +eight in number, and situated at Nîmes, Montpellier, Saumur, +Montauban, Die, Sedan, Orthez (in the principality of Béarn<a name="FNanchor_655_655" id="FNanchor_655_655"></a><a href="#Footnote_655_655" class="fnanchor">[655]</a>), and Geneva. Some Englishmen and many Scotchmen<a name="FNanchor_656_656" id="FNanchor_656_656"></a><a href="#Footnote_656_656" class="fnanchor">[656]</a> held <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">-233-</a></span>positions in the Protestant colleges and academies. <span class="sidenote">BRITISH STUDENTS AT FRENCH UNIVERSITIES</span>Many @@ -11956,7 +11915,7 @@ as well as to perfect their knowledge of French. A great number flocked to Geneva, including the Protestant author Michael Cope, who frequently preached in French.<a name="FNanchor_657_657" id="FNanchor_657_657"></a><a href="#Footnote_657_657" class="fnanchor">[657]</a></p> -<p>Of the colleges, that of Nîmes attracted a large number +<p>Of the colleges, that of Nîmes attracted a large number of foreigners. Montpellier likewise was very popular during the short period at the beginning of the seventeenth century when the town was Protestant. Among the academies in @@ -11982,18 +11941,18 @@ all directions was still more strongly felt. Some years before, in 1654, the regents were enjoined to see to it that their pupils "ne parlent savoyard et ne jurent ou diabloyent," but in 1691 Poulain de la Barre, a doctor of the Sorbonne, could say that -"à Geneve on prononce incomparablement mieux que l'on ne +"à Geneve on prononce incomparablement mieux que l'on ne fait en plusieurs provinces de France."<a name="FNanchor_660_660" id="FNanchor_660_660"></a><a href="#Footnote_660_660" class="fnanchor">[660]</a></p> <p>The Protestant academies usually consisted of faculties of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">-234-</a></span>Arts and Theology. At Geneva<a name="FNanchor_661_661" id="FNanchor_661_661"></a><a href="#Footnote_661_661" class="fnanchor">[661]</a> there were lectures in Law, Theology, Philosophy, Philology, and Literature; the teaching was chiefly in Latin, but sometimes in French. At the end -of the sixteenth century a riding school, known as the <i>Manège +of the sixteenth century a riding school, known as the <i>Manège de la Courature</i>, on the same lines as the polite academies of France, was started. The instruction given at Geneva was on broader lines than that of the less popular academies. -Nîmes and Montpellier, for instance, were mainly theological.<a name="FNanchor_662_662" id="FNanchor_662_662"></a><a href="#Footnote_662_662" class="fnanchor">[662]</a></p> +Nîmes and Montpellier, for instance, were mainly theological.<a name="FNanchor_662_662" id="FNanchor_662_662"></a><a href="#Footnote_662_662" class="fnanchor">[662]</a></p> <p>Of the many Englishmen who went to Geneva, as to other Protestant centres, not all attended lectures at the Academies. @@ -12010,7 +11969,7 @@ all the courses at the University in 1559. It was considered a great honour to lodge in the house of one or other of the professors; Anthony Bacon, the elder brother of the great Bacon, had the good fortune to be received into the house of -de Bèze. Casaubon likewise received into his house certain +de Bèze. Casaubon likewise received into his house certain young gentlemen who came to the town with a special recommendation to him. These included the young Henry Wotton, then on the long tour on the Continent, during which he @@ -12174,7 +12133,7 @@ language and fashions "by countenances and shrugs," and will choke rather than confess beer a good drink. In time the <i>beau</i> forgot what little he had learnt of Italian, and in the seventeenth century was generally known as the <i>English -monsieur</i>, or the <i>gentleman à la mode</i>.</p> +monsieur</i>, or the <i>gentleman à la mode</i>.</p> <p>There were two very different attitudes towards the journey to France, as there were two types of traveller, the serious and @@ -12225,7 +12184,7 @@ assumed the power of approving private tutors as well as schoolmasters. Gentleme were driven to evade this restriction by sending their sons to France in the care of what they considered suitable tutors. The Assembly then tried to assert its power by granting passports only to those whose tutors they approved. See Young, -<i>Histoire de l'Enseignement en Écosse</i>, p. 52.</p></div> +<i>Histoire de l'Enseignement en Écosse</i>, p. 52.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_573_573" id="Footnote_573_573"></a><a href="#FNanchor_573_573"><span class="label">[573]</span></a> <i>Copy Book of Sir Amias Poulet's Letters</i>, Roxburghe Club, 1866, pp. 16, 231.</p></div> @@ -12324,7 +12283,7 @@ betimes to prevent his being hardened in any evil course.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_611_611" id="Footnote_611_611"></a><a href="#FNanchor_611_611"><span class="label">[611]</span></a> Addison was well acquainted with French literature and criticism. He frequently quotes Boileau, Racine, Corneille, and also Bouhours and Lebossu. His <i>Tragedy of Cato</i> is closely modelled on the French pattern. See A. Beljame, <i>Le Public et les -hommes de lettres en Angleterre au 18<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, 1897, p. 316.</p></div> +hommes de lettres en Angleterre au 18<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, 1897, p. 316.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_612_612" id="Footnote_612_612"></a><a href="#FNanchor_612_612"><span class="label">[612]</span></a> <i>Memoirs of the Verney Family</i>, 1892, iii. p. 36.</p></div> @@ -12382,36 +12341,36 @@ in his <i>Advice to a Son</i> (1656).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_627_627" id="Footnote_627_627"></a><a href="#FNanchor_627_627"><span class="label">[627]</span></a> <i>Positions</i>, 1581.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_628_628" id="Footnote_628_628"></a><a href="#FNanchor_628_628"><span class="label">[628]</span></a> It appears from a deleted note in the MS. of Defoe's <i>Compleat English Gentleman</i> -that travel was not always considered necessary for younger sons (ed. K. Bülbring, +that travel was not always considered necessary for younger sons (ed. K. Bülbring, London, 1890).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_629_629" id="Footnote_629_629"></a><a href="#FNanchor_629_629"><span class="label">[629]</span></a> <i>French Alphabet</i>, 1592: "Car la plus part de ceux qui vont en France apprennent par routine, sans reigles, et sans art, de sorte qu'il leur est impossible d'apprendre, sinon avec une grande longueur de temps. Au contraire ceux qui apprennent en Angleterre, s'ils apprennent d'un qui ait bonne methode, il ne se peut faire qu'ils n'apprennent -en bref. D'avantage ce qu'ils apprennent est beaucoup meilleur que le françois +en bref. D'avantage ce qu'ils apprennent est beaucoup meilleur que le françois qu'on apprend en France par routine. Car nous ne pouvons parler ce que nous n'avons apris et que nous ignorons. Ceux qui apprennent du vulgaire ne peuvent parler que -vulgairement . . . d'un françois corrompu. Au contraire ceux qui apprennent par +vulgairement . . . d'un françois corrompu. Au contraire ceux qui apprennent par livres, parlent selon ce qu'ils apprennent: or est il que les termes et phrases des -livres sont le plus pur et naif françois (bien qu'il y ayt distinction de livres); il ne se +livres sont le plus pur et naif françois (bien qu'il y ayt distinction de livres); il ne se peut donc qu'ils ne parlent plus purement et naivement (comme j'ay dict) que les autres."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_630_630" id="Footnote_630_630"></a><a href="#FNanchor_630_630"><span class="label">[630]</span></a> Wodroeph, <i>Spared houres of a souldier</i>, 1623.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_631_631" id="Footnote_631_631"></a><a href="#FNanchor_631_631"><span class="label">[631]</span></a> Livet, <i>La Grammaire française et les grammairiens au 16<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, 1859, p. 2.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_631_631" id="Footnote_631_631"></a><a href="#FNanchor_631_631"><span class="label">[631]</span></a> Livet, <i>La Grammaire française et les grammairiens au 16<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, 1859, p. 2.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_632_632" id="Footnote_632_632"></a><a href="#FNanchor_632_632"><span class="label">[632]</span></a> <i>In linguam gallicam Isagoge</i>, 1531.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_633_633" id="Footnote_633_633"></a><a href="#FNanchor_633_633"><span class="label">[633]</span></a> <i>Le Traité touchant le commun usage de l'escriture françoise</i>, 1542, 1545; cp. Livet, +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_633_633" id="Footnote_633_633"></a><a href="#FNanchor_633_633"><span class="label">[633]</span></a> <i>Le Traité touchant le commun usage de l'escriture françoise</i>, 1542, 1545; cp. Livet, <i>op. cit.</i> pp. 49 <i>sqq.</i></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_634_634" id="Footnote_634_634"></a><a href="#FNanchor_634_634"><span class="label">[634]</span></a> <i>Gallicae linguae institutio Latino sermone conscripta</i> (1550, 1551, 1555, 1558, etc.).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_635_635" id="Footnote_635_635"></a><a href="#FNanchor_635_635"><span class="label">[635]</span></a> <i>Institutio gallicae linguae in usum iuventutis germanicae</i> (1558, 1580, 1591, 1593).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_636_636" id="Footnote_636_636"></a><a href="#FNanchor_636_636"><span class="label">[636]</span></a> <i>Dialogue de l'ortografe et prononciacion françoese, departi en deus livres</i>, 1555.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_636_636" id="Footnote_636_636"></a><a href="#FNanchor_636_636"><span class="label">[636]</span></a> <i>Dialogue de l'ortografe et prononciacion françoese, departi en deus livres</i>, 1555.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_637_637" id="Footnote_637_637"></a><a href="#FNanchor_637_637"><span class="label">[637]</span></a> "J'ay tousiours eu plus ordinaire hantise, plus de biens et d'honneur et de civile conversation de la nation Angloise que de nul aultre."</p></div> @@ -12421,7 +12380,7 @@ thirteen he had been taught at home by private tutors.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_639_639" id="Footnote_639_639"></a><a href="#FNanchor_639_639"><span class="label">[639]</span></a> <i>Reliquiae Wottonianae</i>, London, 1657, p. 76.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_640_640" id="Footnote_640_640"></a><a href="#FNanchor_640_640"><span class="label">[640]</span></a> 12º, pp. 386.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_640_640" id="Footnote_640_640"></a><a href="#FNanchor_640_640"><span class="label">[640]</span></a> 12º, pp. 386.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_641_641" id="Footnote_641_641"></a><a href="#FNanchor_641_641"><span class="label">[641]</span></a> </p> @@ -12435,24 +12394,24 @@ thirteen he had been taught at home by private tutors.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_642_642" id="Footnote_642_642"></a><a href="#FNanchor_642_642"><span class="label">[642]</span></a> It differs from <i>Les Desguisez</i>, a comedy written by Godard in 1594.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_643_643" id="Footnote_643_643"></a><a href="#FNanchor_643_643"><span class="label">[643]</span></a> E. Winkler, "La Doctrine grammaticale d'après Maupas et Oudin," in <i>Beihefte -zur Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie</i>, Heft 38, 1912.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_643_643" id="Footnote_643_643"></a><a href="#FNanchor_643_643"><span class="label">[643]</span></a> E. Winkler, "La Doctrine grammaticale d'après Maupas et Oudin," in <i>Beihefte +zur Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie</i>, Heft 38, 1912.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_644_644" id="Footnote_644_644"></a><a href="#FNanchor_644_644"><span class="label">[644]</span></a> Towards the end of his career, Oudin was appointed to teach Louis XIV. Spanish and Italian; he was the author of several manuals for teaching these languages, and it is worthy of note that sometimes the German language is included.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_645_645" id="Footnote_645_645"></a><a href="#FNanchor_645_645"><span class="label">[645]</span></a> Printed with Nicot's edition of Aimar de Ranconnet's <i>Thresor de la langue françoyse</i>, +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_645_645" id="Footnote_645_645"></a><a href="#FNanchor_645_645"><span class="label">[645]</span></a> Printed with Nicot's edition of Aimar de Ranconnet's <i>Thresor de la langue françoyse</i>, Paris, 1606.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_646_646" id="Footnote_646_646"></a><a href="#FNanchor_646_646"><span class="label">[646]</span></a> Garnier was also the author of familiar dialogues, published in French, Spanish, Italian, and German in 1656.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_647_647" id="Footnote_647_647"></a><a href="#FNanchor_647_647"><span class="label">[647]</span></a> <i>Lettres sur les Anglais et sur les Français</i> (end of seventeenth century), 1725, p. 305.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_647_647" id="Footnote_647_647"></a><a href="#FNanchor_647_647"><span class="label">[647]</span></a> <i>Lettres sur les Anglais et sur les Français</i> (end of seventeenth century), 1725, p. 305.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_648_648" id="Footnote_648_648"></a><a href="#FNanchor_648_648"><span class="label">[648]</span></a> Another grammar specially intended for the use of strangers was <i>Le vray orthographe -françois contenant les reigles et preceptes infallibles pour se rendre certain, correct -et parfait a bien parler françois, tres utile et necessaire tant aux françois qu'estrangers. +françois contenant les reigles et preceptes infallibles pour se rendre certain, correct +et parfait a bien parler françois, tres utile et necessaire tant aux françois qu'estrangers. Par le sieur de Palliot secretaire ordinaire de la chambre du roy.</i> 1608.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_649_649" id="Footnote_649_649"></a><a href="#FNanchor_649_649"><span class="label">[649]</span></a> Gailhard, <i>op. cit.</i> p. 33.</p></div> @@ -12461,15 +12420,15 @@ Par le sieur de Palliot secretaire ordinaire de la chambre du roy.</i> 1608.</p> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_651_651" id="Footnote_651_651"></a><a href="#FNanchor_651_651"><span class="label">[651]</span></a> <i>Records of the English Catholics</i>, i. pp. 275 <i>et sqq.</i>; F. C. Petre, <i>English Colleges and Convents established on the Continent ...</i>, Norwich, 1849; G. Cardon, <i>La Fondation -de l'Université de Douai</i>, Paris, 1802.</p></div> +de l'Université de Douai</i>, Paris, 1802.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_652_652" id="Footnote_652_652"></a><a href="#FNanchor_652_652"><span class="label">[652]</span></a> Cp. p. 343 <i>infra</i>.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_653_653" id="Footnote_653_653"></a><a href="#FNanchor_653_653"><span class="label">[653]</span></a> Cp. account by M. Nicolas, in <i>Bulletin de la société de l'Histoire du Protestantisme -Français</i>, iv. pp. 503 <i>sqq.</i> and pp. 582 <i>sqq.</i> Twenty-five such colleges are named.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_653_653" id="Footnote_653_653"></a><a href="#FNanchor_653_653"><span class="label">[653]</span></a> Cp. account by M. Nicolas, in <i>Bulletin de la société de l'Histoire du Protestantisme +Français</i>, iv. pp. 503 <i>sqq.</i> and pp. 582 <i>sqq.</i> Twenty-five such colleges are named.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_654_654" id="Footnote_654_654"></a><a href="#FNanchor_654_654"><span class="label">[654]</span></a> <i>Bulletin</i>, i. p. 301; ii. pp. 43, 303, 354 <i>sqq.</i>; also articles in vols. iii., iv., v., vi., -ix., and Bourchenin's <i>Études sur les Académies Protestantes</i>.</p></div> +ix., and Bourchenin's <i>Études sur les Académies Protestantes</i>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_655_655" id="Footnote_655_655"></a><a href="#FNanchor_655_655"><span class="label">[655]</span></a> Suppressed as early as 1620.</p></div> @@ -12481,18 +12440,18 @@ English Liturgy into the Scottish churches. Robert Monteith, author of the <i>Hi <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_657_657" id="Footnote_657_657"></a><a href="#FNanchor_657_657"><span class="label">[657]</span></a> He composed in French <i>A faithful and familiar exposition of Ecclesiastes</i>, Geneva, 1557; cp. <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>, ad nom.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_658_658" id="Footnote_658_658"></a><a href="#FNanchor_658_658"><span class="label">[658]</span></a> Cp. Nicolas, <i>Histoire de l'ancienne Académie de Montauban</i>, Montauban, 1885.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_658_658" id="Footnote_658_658"></a><a href="#FNanchor_658_658"><span class="label">[658]</span></a> Cp. Nicolas, <i>Histoire de l'ancienne Académie de Montauban</i>, Montauban, 1885.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_659_659" id="Footnote_659_659"></a><a href="#FNanchor_659_659"><span class="label">[659]</span></a> There was an early Academy at Lausanne which emigrated to Geneva and assured -the latter's success (1559); cp. H. Vuilleumier, <i>L'Académie de Lausanne</i>, Lausanne, +the latter's success (1559); cp. H. Vuilleumier, <i>L'Académie de Lausanne</i>, Lausanne, 1891.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_660_660" id="Footnote_660_660"></a><a href="#FNanchor_660_660"><span class="label">[660]</span></a> <i>Essai de remarques particulières sur la langue françoise pour la ville de Genève</i>, 1691. -Quoted by Borgeaud, <i>Histoire de l'Université de Genève</i>, 1900, p. 445.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_660_660" id="Footnote_660_660"></a><a href="#FNanchor_660_660"><span class="label">[660]</span></a> <i>Essai de remarques particulières sur la langue françoise pour la ville de Genève</i>, 1691. +Quoted by Borgeaud, <i>Histoire de l'Université de Genève</i>, 1900, p. 445.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_661_661" id="Footnote_661_661"></a><a href="#FNanchor_661_661"><span class="label">[661]</span></a> C. Borgeaud, <i>op. cit.</i></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_662_662" id="Footnote_662_662"></a><a href="#FNanchor_662_662"><span class="label">[662]</span></a> They were united at Nîmes in 1617, and finally suppressed in 1644.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_662_662" id="Footnote_662_662"></a><a href="#FNanchor_662_662"><span class="label">[662]</span></a> They were united at Nîmes in 1617, and finally suppressed in 1644.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_663_663" id="Footnote_663_663"></a><a href="#FNanchor_663_663"><span class="label">[663]</span></a> Pattison, <i>Isaac Casaubon</i>, Oxford, 1892, pp. 40-42, 155. On the English at Geneva, cp. <i>ibid.</i> p. 20.</p></div> @@ -12638,20 +12597,20 @@ At an early date one was reprinted in London. Holyband, the chief of the group of Huguenot teachers, was quickly up in arms against it. "Je ne diray rien," he writes in 1573, "d'un nouveau livre venu d'Anvers, et dernierement -imprimé à Londres, à cause que, ne gardant ryme ne raison, +imprimé à Londres, à cause que, ne gardant ryme ne raison, soit en son parler, phrase, orthographe, maniere de converser et communiquer entre gens d'estat; et cependant qu'il pindarise en son iargon il monstre de quel cru il est sorti, que si nos chartiers d'Orleans, Bourges ou de Bloys avoyent oui gazouiller l'autheur d'icelluy, ilz le renvoyeroient bailler -entre ses geais, apres luy avoir donné cinquante coups de leur -fouet sur ses échines." Let this writer teach his jargon to +entre ses geais, apres luy avoir donné cinquante coups de leur +fouet sur ses échines." Let this writer teach his jargon to the Flemings, the Burgundians, and the people of Hainault; it is a true saying that a good Burgundian was never a good -Frenchman. "Lesquelles choses <ins title="original: considererées">considerées</ins>," concludes +Frenchman. "Lesquelles choses <ins title="original: considererées">considerées</ins>," concludes the irate Holyband, "i'espere que l'autheur de ce beau livre ne nous contraindra point de manger ses glands, ayans -trouvé le pur froment."</p> +trouvé le pur froment."</p> <p>What was this book newly come from Antwerp? Probably an edition of a very popular collection of phrases and conversations, @@ -12671,7 +12630,7 @@ and either may have been the "book from Anvers" reviled by Holyband. Another English edition of the work was issued in 1578, a few years after Holyband's attack, by George Bishop, who received licence to print a <i>Dictionarie colloques -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">-242-</a></span>ou dialogues en quattre langues, Fflamen, Ffrançoys, Espaignol +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">-242-</a></span>ou dialogues en quattre langues, Fflamen, Ffrançoys, Espaignol et Italien</i>, "with the Englishe to be added thereto."<a name="FNanchor_692_692" id="FNanchor_692_692"></a><a href="#Footnote_692_692" class="fnanchor">[692]</a></p> <p>This vocabulary of Barlement probably enjoyed considerable @@ -12682,9 +12641,9 @@ to its columns; and they would, no doubt, bring copies back with them from the Netherlands. The earliest edition in which English has a place was probably that of 1576, entitled <i>Colloques or Dialogues avec un Dictionaire en six langues, -Flamen, Anglois, Alleman, François, Espagnol et Italien. +Flamen, Anglois, Alleman, François, Espagnol et Italien. Tres util a tous Marchands ou autres de quelque estat qu'ils -soyent, le tout avec grande diligence et labeur corrigé et mis +soyent, le tout avec grande diligence et labeur corrigé et mis ensemble.</i> <i>A Anvers 1576</i>. By the end of the century a seventh and finally an eighth language were added. There are copies of two further editions of the work issued in @@ -12734,16 +12693,16 @@ several of the early manuals produced in England:</p> <tr><td>I thanke you cousen.</td><td><span lang="fr">Je vous remercie cousin.</span></td></tr> <tr><td>Doth he not goe to schoole?</td><td><span lang="fr">Ne va-il point a l'escole?</span></td></tr> -<tr><td>Yes, he learneth to speake French.</td><td><span lang="fr">Ouy, il apprend a parler François.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td>Yes, he learneth to speake French.</td><td><span lang="fr">Ouy, il apprend a parler François.</span></td></tr> <tr><td>Doth he?</td><td><span lang="fr">Fait-il?</span></td></tr> <tr><td>It is very well done.</td><td><span lang="fr">C'est tres bien fait.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td>John can you speake good French?</td><td><span lang="fr">Jean sçavez vous bien parler françois?</span></td></tr> +<tr><td>John can you speake good French?</td><td><span lang="fr">Jean sçavez vous bien parler françois?</span></td></tr> <tr><td>Not very well, cousen, but I learne.</td><td><span lang="fr">Ne point fort bien, mon cousin, mais ie l'apprends.</span></td></tr> <tr><td>Where go you to schoole?</td><td><span lang="fr">Ou allez vous a l'escole?</span></td></tr> <tr><td>In the Lombarde Street.</td><td><span lang="fr">En la rue de Lombarts.</span></td></tr> -<tr><td>Have you gone long to schoole?</td><td><span lang="fr">Avez vous longuement allé à l'escole?</span></td></tr> +<tr><td>Have you gone long to schoole?</td><td><span lang="fr">Avez vous longuement allé à l'escole?</span></td></tr> <tr><td>About halfe a yeare.</td><td><span lang="fr">Environ un demy an.</span></td></tr> <tr><td>Learn you also to write?</td><td><span lang="fr">Apprenez vous aussi a escrire?</span></td></tr> @@ -12779,7 +12738,7 @@ in the table of contents, is omitted.</p> <p>A similar polyglot manual, which was probably less well known in England, was the <i>Vocabulaire de six langues, Latin, -François, Espagniol, Italien, Anglois et Aleman</i>, printed at +François, Espagniol, Italien, Anglois et Aleman</i>, printed at Venice, probably in 1540—an enlarged edition of a vocabulary in five languages (Antwerp, 1534, and Venice, 1537) in which English had no place. This handbook passed through several @@ -12805,7 +12764,7 @@ for many years he taught languages—French, Spanish, Flemish, and Italian—at Antwerp, which had by this time supplanted Bruges as the chief trading centre of the Low Countries. His pupils were largely merchants, and his first -work on the language, the <i>Grammaire françoise contenante +work on the language, the <i>Grammaire françoise contenante plusieurs belles reigles propres et necessaires pour ceulx qui desirent apprendre la dicte Langue</i>, 1557,<a name="FNanchor_694_694" id="FNanchor_694_694"></a><a href="#Footnote_694_694" class="fnanchor">[694]</a> was dedicated to "Messeigneurs et Maistres, les gouverneurs et marchans @@ -12864,7 +12823,7 @@ influence on the dialogues of the English manuals of French. The debt, however, was not all on one side. Holyband's <i>French Schoolemaister</i>, for instance, was adapted to the use of Flemings and printed at Rotterdam in 1606,<a name="FNanchor_699_699" id="FNanchor_699_699"></a><a href="#Footnote_699_699" class="fnanchor">[699]</a> and in 1647 was -published at the end of the <i>Grammaire flamende et françoise</i> +published at the end of the <i>Grammaire flamende et françoise</i> (Rouen) of Jan Louis d'Arsy. Moreover, the grammar of the seventeenth-century French teacher whose popularity equalled that of Holyband in the sixteenth century—Claude @@ -13040,7 +12999,7 @@ remarkable ease. In addition to the poems already mentioned, there are many others scattered through his works. One of these, "Chanson Spirituelle de la vie des vertueux hommes," is written to the tune of Desportes' song, "O nuit, -jalouse nuit, contre moy conjurée." He tells us that whenever +jalouse nuit, contre moy conjurée." He tells us that whenever possible he used French in correspondence in preference to English. He spoke the language with equal fluency, and assures us that he did so with greater facility than @@ -13091,16 +13050,16 @@ that they make the Frenches take their sport at them, even as the English do at the Welshes ... taking sometyme the male for the female, and the hand for the foote; applying to the woman that which should apply to the man: and to the -leg which ought apply to the arme: as <i>la garçon</i>, <i>le femme</i>, +leg which ought apply to the arme: as <i>la garçon</i>, <i>le femme</i>, <i>ma sieur</i>, and <i>mon dame</i>: ... O what language this is in the eares of the Frenches! I think truely it should make -Père Coton him selfe to laugh at it, who said in a sermon (the +Père Coton him selfe to laugh at it, who said in a sermon (the King and Queen present), that hee had neither sinned nor laughed in fiftene yeares tyme, yea and any man else." Verbs are a special difficulty, and there "be many that can never speake true French for lack of knowing their methode. For where it ought to be spoken thus: <i>Il y eut</i> or <i>il y avait -un homme là</i>, some will say <i>il fut</i>, <i>il estoit un homme là</i>. Fine +un homme là </i>, some will say <i>il fut</i>, <i>il estoit un homme là </i>. Fine French! And so will the ignorant speake through all the moodes and tenses, whereat the Frenches take often their <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">-252-</a></span>sport." Thus those who have learnt no grammar "go @@ -13120,23 +13079,23 @@ says, "soit-il ou en bien ou en mal." To make progress "il vous faut frequenter, hanter, accoynter, accoster, discourir, babiller, caquetter, baiser, lecher, parler hardiment et discretement, aymer, rire, gausser, jouer, vous rejouir, et jouir de -leurs bonnes faveurs et graces: et principalement ès compagnies -honestes: asçavoir, parmi les seigneurs et Dames, +leurs bonnes faveurs et graces: et principalement ès compagnies +honestes: asçavoir, parmi les seigneurs et Dames, Damoiselles honestes, pudiques matrones, femmes et filles de -vertu et d'honneur; captaines et dignes chefs de guerre, là -où il y a tousiours quelque chose a esplucher, si c'est de leurs +vertu et d'honneur; captaines et dignes chefs de guerre, là +où il y a tousiours quelque chose a esplucher, si c'est de leurs prouesses, <ins title="original: entreprinses">entreprises</ins>, ou de leurs faicts heroiques et memorables . . . sans vous esbahir pour le bruit non plus que fait le bon cheval de trompette." Wodroeph doubtless based his advice on his own experience. Moreover, a bold and enterprising spirit has much to do with the successful study of French: "si vous n'estes hardi prompt, diligent, et vigilent, -vous n'apprendrez pas la langue françoise par songe . . . mais +vous n'apprendrez pas la langue françoise par songe . . . mais cela vient par grande peine, diligence et priere a Dieu. Certes, . . . -si un homme estoit marié a une femme françoise . . . +si un homme estoit marié a une femme françoise . . . il me semble qu'il apprendroit plustost en disant, Mme, ou m'amie, permettez moy que ie vous recerche en tout honeur -et mariage . . . a celle fin de vous faire ma chere moitié, et +et mariage . . . a celle fin de vous faire ma chere moitié, et fidele espouse: que par ce moyen, ie puisse et avoir vostre alliance et apprendre vostre language, autrement, madame, il me cousteroit beaucoup plus de temps, de peine et de mes @@ -13223,7 +13182,7 @@ work closes with a list of the proper terms in which to address the higher and lower classes.</p> <p>Next come the dialogues taken from <i>Le verger des Colloques -recréatifs</i>, offered by a Walloon to Prince Henry of Nassau, +recréatifs</i>, offered by a Walloon to Prince Henry of Nassau, for his furtherance in the same tongue in his younger years. Wodroeph claims to have purified this book, written in "scurvie Wallons language." It had already been adapted to the @@ -13298,8 +13257,8 @@ MSS. 5936.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_688_688" id="Footnote_688_688"></a><a href="#FNanchor_688_688"><span class="label">[688]</span></a> Arber, <i>Transcript of the Stationers' Register</i>, iii. 413; iv. 152 and 459.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_689_689" id="Footnote_689_689"></a><a href="#FNanchor_689_689"><span class="label">[689]</span></a> <i>Vocabulaire de nouveau ordonné et derechief recorigé pour aprendre legierement a -bien lire, escripre, et parler françoys et flameng</i>, Anvers, 1511 (E. Stengel, <i>Chronologisches +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_689_689" id="Footnote_689_689"></a><a href="#FNanchor_689_689"><span class="label">[689]</span></a> <i>Vocabulaire de nouveau ordonné et derechief recorigé pour aprendre legierement a +bien lire, escripre, et parler françoys et flameng</i>, Anvers, 1511 (E. Stengel, <i>Chronologisches Verzeichnis</i>, p. 22 n.; and Michelant, <i>Livre des Mestiers</i>, Introduction).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_690_690" id="Footnote_690_690"></a><a href="#FNanchor_690_690"><span class="label">[690]</span></a> Arber, <i>Stationers' Register</i>, i. 343.</p></div> @@ -13309,27 +13268,27 @@ Verzeichnis</i>, p. 22 n.; and Michelant, <i>Livre des Mestiers</i>, Introductio <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_692_692" id="Footnote_692_692"></a><a href="#FNanchor_692_692"><span class="label">[692]</span></a> Arber, <i>Stationers' Register</i>, ii. 338.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_693_693" id="Footnote_693_693"></a><a href="#FNanchor_693_693"><span class="label">[693]</span></a> Cp. Ch. Beaulieux, "Liste de Dictionnaires, Lexicographes et vocabulaires -français antérieurs au Thrésor de Nicot" (1606), in <i>Mélanges de Philologie offerts à +français antérieurs au Thrésor de Nicot" (1606), in <i>Mélanges de Philologie offerts à Ferdinand Brunot</i>, Paris, 1904.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_694_694" id="Footnote_694_694"></a><a href="#FNanchor_694_694"><span class="label">[694]</span></a> Cp. E. Stengel, "Über einige seltene französische Grammatiken," in <i>Mélanges -de Philologie romane dédiés à Carl Wahlund</i>. Macon, 1896, pp. 181 <i>sqq.</i></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_694_694" id="Footnote_694_694"></a><a href="#FNanchor_694_694"><span class="label">[694]</span></a> Cp. E. Stengel, "Ãœber einige seltene französische Grammatiken," in <i>Mélanges +de Philologie romane dédiés à Carl Wahlund</i>. Macon, 1896, pp. 181 <i>sqq.</i></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_695_695" id="Footnote_695_695"></a><a href="#FNanchor_695_695"><span class="label">[695]</span></a> Of similar import, no doubt, were the <i>Boke of Copyes Englesshe, Ffrynshe and Italion</i>, licensed to Vautrollier in 1569-70 (<i>Stationers' Register</i>, i. 417); and the <i>Bills of Lading English, French, Italian, Dutch</i>, licensed to Master Bourne in 1636 (<i>ibid.</i> iv. 364).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_696_696" id="Footnote_696_696"></a><a href="#FNanchor_696_696"><span class="label">[696]</span></a> H. Vaganey, <i>Le Vocabulaire français du seizième siècle</i>, Paris, 1906, pp. 2 <i>sqq.</i></p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_696_696" id="Footnote_696_696"></a><a href="#FNanchor_696_696"><span class="label">[696]</span></a> H. Vaganey, <i>Le Vocabulaire français du seizième siècle</i>, Paris, 1906, pp. 2 <i>sqq.</i></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_697_697" id="Footnote_697_697"></a><a href="#FNanchor_697_697"><span class="label">[697]</span></a> <i>Advice to a Son</i>, 1656, p. 83.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_698_698" id="Footnote_698_698"></a><a href="#FNanchor_698_698"><span class="label">[698]</span></a> Cp. <i>Cal. State Papers, Dom., 1666-67</i>, pp. 57, 104. At a later date A. de la Barre, a schoolmaster of Leyden, published a <i>Methode ou Instruction nouvelle pour les etrangers -qui desirent apprendre la manière de composer ou écrire a la mode du temps et scavoir -la vraye prononciation de la langue françoise</i>, Leyden, 1642. In 1644 he issued, also at +qui desirent apprendre la manière de composer ou écrire a la mode du temps et scavoir +la vraye prononciation de la langue françoise</i>, Leyden, 1642. In 1644 he issued, also at Leyden, a book probably intended as reading material for his pupils, and called <i>Les -Leçons publiques du sieur de la Barre, prises sur les questions curieuses et problematiques +Leçons publiques du sieur de la Barre, prises sur les questions curieuses et problematiques des plus beaux esprits de ce temps</i>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_699_699" id="Footnote_699_699"></a><a href="#FNanchor_699_699"><span class="label">[699]</span></a> Farrer, <i>La Vie et les œuvres de Claude de Sainliens</i>, Bibliography.</p></div> @@ -13384,7 +13343,7 @@ chair and conversed with him. James requested Du Moulin to write an answer to Cardinal Du Perron's pamphlet concerning the power of the Pope over monarchs, in which he had been attacked. Du Moulin complied, and his work was -printed at London in 1615 as the <i>Declaration du Sérénissme +printed at London in 1615 as the <i>Declaration du Sérénissme Roy Jacques I</i>. He also preached in French before James at the Chapel Royal at Greenwich, and received marks of distinction from the University of Cambridge, which conferred @@ -13406,14 +13365,14 @@ Mellema, in his Flemish-French Dictionary of 1591, says French is used everywhere in Europe and the East.<a name="FNanchor_712_712" id="FNanchor_712_712"></a><a href="#Footnote_712_712" class="fnanchor">[712]</a> To be unacquainted with French was accounted a great deficiency in a gentleman. It was said of the language that <i>qui -langue a jusqu'à Rome va</i>,<a name="FNanchor_713_713" id="FNanchor_713_713"></a><a href="#Footnote_713_713" class="fnanchor">[713]</a> and in England the general +langue a jusqu'à Rome va</i>,<a name="FNanchor_713_713" id="FNanchor_713_713"></a><a href="#Footnote_713_713" class="fnanchor">[713]</a> and in England the general conviction was that "No nobleman, gentleman, soldier, or man of action in business between Nation and Nation can well be without it."<a name="FNanchor_714_714" id="FNanchor_714_714"></a><a href="#Footnote_714_714" class="fnanchor">[714]</a></p> <p>James seems to have acquired his knowledge of French chiefly by means of intercourse with the many Frenchmen -at the Scottish Court, one of whom, Jérôme Grelot, was among +at the Scottish Court, one of whom, Jérôme Grelot, was among the young noblemen who shared his studies.<a name="FNanchor_715_715" id="FNanchor_715_715"></a><a href="#Footnote_715_715" class="fnanchor">[715]</a> He also read much French literature, however, and later took a great interest in the language studies of his children. They were @@ -13423,7 +13382,7 @@ to allow him to judge of their progress.</p> <div class="blockquot"><p>"Sir," wrote the Princess Elizabeth, afterwards Queen of Bohemia, "L'esperance que j'ay de vous voir bien tost et d'avoir l'honneur de recepvoir voz commandemens m'empeschera de vous faire ma lettre plus longue -que pour baiser tres humblement les mains de vostre Majesté."<a name="FNanchor_716_716" id="FNanchor_716_716"></a><a href="#Footnote_716_716" class="fnanchor">[716]</a></p></div> +que pour baiser tres humblement les mains de vostre Majesté."<a name="FNanchor_716_716" id="FNanchor_716_716"></a><a href="#Footnote_716_716" class="fnanchor">[716]</a></p></div> <p>The king's eldest son, Henry, made acquaintance with French at a very early age. In 1600, when only seven years @@ -13458,8 +13417,8 @@ Mr. Adam Newton, he quotes one of them as appropriate:<a name="FNanchor_723_723" <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> <span lang="fr"><span class="i0">Tu ne saurois d'assez ample salaire<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Recompenser celui qui t'a soigné<br /></span> -<span class="i0">En ton enfance et qui t'a enseigné<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Recompenser celui qui t'a soigné<br /></span> +<span class="i0">En ton enfance et qui t'a enseigné<br /></span> <span class="i0">A bien parler et sur tout a bien faire.<br /></span></span> </div></div> @@ -13622,7 +13581,7 @@ do with the change in pronunciation of the diphthong <i>oi</i>.<a name="FNanchor "Whereas our countrymen were wonte to pronounce these words <i>connoistre</i> ... as it is written by <i>oi</i> or <i>oy</i>; now since fewe yeeres they pronounce it as if it were written thus, -<i>conètre</i>."</p> +<i>conètre</i>."</p> <p>Erondell reduces the grammar rules to the smallest possible number. "He wishes the student to learn by heart" @@ -13689,13 +13648,13 @@ conjugate certain French verbs. This is how the lesson opens:</p> <div class="table"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="10" summary="Erondell's dialogue"> <tr><td>Sister Charlotte I pray you goe fetch our bookes, bring our French Garden, and all our other bookes: now in the name of God let us begin.</td> -<td><span lang="fr">Ma sœur Charlotte, Je vous prie allez querir nos livres, apportez nostre jardin Francois, et tous nos aultres livres: or ça commençons au nom de Dieu.</span></td></tr> +<td><span lang="fr">Ma sœur Charlotte, Je vous prie allez querir nos livres, apportez nostre jardin Francois, et tous nos aultres livres: or ça commençons au nom de Dieu.</span></td></tr> <tr><td>Mistres Fleurimond read first: speake somewhat louder to th' end I may heare if you pronounce well: say that worde againe. Wherefore do you sounde that s?</td> <td><span lang="fr">Mlle. F. lisez premierement: parlez un peu plus haut afin que j'oye si vous prononcez bien: dites ce mot la derechef. Pourquoy prononcez vous cette s la?</span></td></tr> <tr><td>Doe you not knowe that it must be left? Well, it is well said, read with more facilitie, without taking such paines.</td> -<td><span lang="fr">ne savez vous pas qu'il la faut laisser? Et bien, c'est bien dit, lisez avec plus de facilité, sans tant vous peiner.</span></td></tr> +<td><span lang="fr">ne savez vous pas qu'il la faut laisser? Et bien, c'est bien dit, lisez avec plus de facilité, sans tant vous peiner.</span></td></tr> <tr><td>Construe me that, what is that?</td><td>Traduisez moy cela, qu'est cela?</td></tr> <tr><td>Do you understand that? tell me the signification in English—Truly Sir I cannot tell it, I understand it not, I beseech you tell it me, and I will remember it against another time—Give me your paper and I will write it, to th' end you forget it not ... etc.</td> @@ -13736,16 +13695,16 @@ and dedicated the <i>Garden</i> to the Lady Elizabeth Barkley, with an expression of his gratitude for the many favours he had received from her. The verses on the Centurion are dedicated to Thomas Norton, of Norwood, whom he calls -his "très intime et très honoré amy." As was usual at this +his "très intime et très honoré amy." As was usual at this time, Erondell's book is preceded by commendatory poems, including lines by William Herbert, author of <i>Cadwallader</i>, and by Nicholas Breton. There is also a sonnet by the "Sieur de -Mont Chrestien, Gentilhomme françois," possibly the famous -Antoine de Montchrétien, who in about 1605 was forced to +Mont Chrestien, Gentilhomme françois," possibly the famous +Antoine de Montchrétien, who in about 1605 was forced to leave France on account of a duel, and visited both England and Holland. Erondell appears to have been many years in England before he produced his <i>Garden</i>. At this date he had -a large clientèle, including "many honourable ladies and +a large clientèle, including "many honourable ladies and gentlemen of great worth and worship." In about 1613 he engaged an assistant to help him, one John Fabre, a Frenchman, "born in the precinct of Guyand, a town of Turnon"; @@ -13807,7 +13766,7 @@ French influence at the Court. When she came she knew no English, and for many years after her arrival waywardly <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">-270-</a></span>refused to study the language. Her numerous suite of French ladies and gentlemen, including Mme. Georges, the Duc and -Duchesse de Chevreuse, and Père Sancy, shared her ignorance, +Duchesse de Chevreuse, and Père Sancy, shared her ignorance, as indeed did practically all foreigners. The English Court was thus called upon to exercise its French to the uttermost. The small French colony in London managed to make itself @@ -13856,11 +13815,11 @@ of the Queen.<a name="FNanchor_753_753" id="FNanchor_753_753"></a><a href="#Foot recommended them to the King. Through his influence they were allowed the use of the Cockpit Theatre in Whitehall. There, on the 17th of February, they presented a French -comedy called <i>Mélise</i>—either Corneille's <i>Mélite</i>, or more -probably Du Rocher's comic pastoral, <i>La Mélize, ou les +comedy called <i>Mélise</i>—either Corneille's <i>Mélite</i>, or more +probably Du Rocher's comic pastoral, <i>La Mélize, ou les Princes Reconnus</i>.<a name="FNanchor_754_754" id="FNanchor_754_754"></a><a href="#Footnote_754_754" class="fnanchor">[754]</a> The King, Queen, and Court were present. The acting met with approval and the players -received £10. There was no repetition of the riotous +received £10. There was no repetition of the riotous behaviour which had characterised the performances of 1629, probably because there were no women in the company, and also because the players were specially patronised by the @@ -13881,15 +13840,15 @@ When, at the end of Lent, they had to relinquish the Cockpit, Drury Lane, to the English players, their services were still in demand. On Easter Monday they acted before the Court in a play called <i>Le Trompeur puny</i>, no doubt the tragi-comedy -of that name by Georges de Scudéry.<a name="FNanchor_755_755" id="FNanchor_755_755"></a><a href="#Footnote_755_755" class="fnanchor">[755]</a> Their success was +of that name by Georges de Scudéry.<a name="FNanchor_755_755" id="FNanchor_755_755"></a><a href="#Footnote_755_755" class="fnanchor">[755]</a> Their success was even greater than on the occasion of the Court performance -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">-272-</a></span>of <i>Mélise</i>, and on the 16th of April following, they presented +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">-272-</a></span>of <i>Mélise</i>, and on the 16th of April following, they presented <i>Alcimedor</i>,<a name="FNanchor_756_756" id="FNanchor_756_756"></a><a href="#Footnote_756_756" class="fnanchor">[756]</a> under the same circumstances, and "with good approbation." These three plays acted at the Court are the only part of their repertoire that is named in the record of the -Master of the Revels. On the 10th of May they received £30 +Master of the Revels. On the 10th of May they received £30 for three plays acted at the Cockpit, probably that in Whitehall, -where they first acted <i>Mélise</i> before the Court, nearly +where they first acted <i>Mélise</i> before the Court, nearly four months earlier, and not the Cockpit, Drury Lane, where they had played during Lent.</p> @@ -13910,7 +13869,7 @@ in the city, and its presence must have had considerable effect. The French company under Floridor again appeared before the Court, in December 1635; we do not know what they played, beyond the fact that it was a tragedy. On the twenty-first -of the same month, the Pastoral of <i>Florimène</i> was acted +of the same month, the Pastoral of <i>Florimène</i> was acted in French at Whitehall by the French ladies who attended the Queen. The King, the Queen, Prince Charles, and the Elector Palatine, were present, and the performance was a @@ -13946,8 +13905,8 @@ with it in his grammar.<a name="FNanchor_760_760" id="FNanchor_760_760"></a><a h exceptions. Among the languages in which Panurge addresses Pantagruel on their first meeting, English has a place, but is hardly recognisable in its Scottish dress.<a name="FNanchor_761_761" id="FNanchor_761_761"></a><a href="#Footnote_761_761" class="fnanchor">[761]</a> And the -Maréchal de Villars relates in his memoirs<a name="FNanchor_762_762" id="FNanchor_762_762"></a><a href="#Footnote_762_762" class="fnanchor">[762]</a> that the Duc -de la Ferté, "quand il avait un peu bu," would break out +Maréchal de Villars relates in his memoirs<a name="FNanchor_762_762" id="FNanchor_762_762"></a><a href="#Footnote_762_762" class="fnanchor">[762]</a> that the Duc +de la Ferté, "quand il avait un peu bu," would break out in English to the great astonishment and amusement of all who were present. There is a tradition that Corneille kept a copy of the English translation of the <i>Cid</i>, which he showed @@ -13963,12 +13922,12 @@ probably took advantage of his position to offer interpretations from time to time. However, the actors soon learnt some German by mixing with German actors. A band of English acrobats had performed at Paris in 1583. Some years later, -in 1598, a troupe of English comedians hired the Hôtel de -Bourgogne,<a name="FNanchor_764_764" id="FNanchor_764_764"></a><a href="#Footnote_764_764" class="fnanchor">[764]</a> the only theatre in Paris, from the <i>Confrérie +in 1598, a troupe of English comedians hired the Hôtel de +Bourgogne,<a name="FNanchor_764_764" id="FNanchor_764_764"></a><a href="#Footnote_764_764" class="fnanchor">[764]</a> the only theatre in Paris, from the <i>Confrérie de la Passion</i>, who usually played there. The English actors, at whose head was one Jehan Sehais, got into trouble for -playing outside the Hôtel, contrary to the privileges of the -<i>Confrérie</i>, and had to pay an indemnity. How much these +playing outside the Hôtel, contrary to the privileges of the +<i>Confrérie</i>, and had to pay an indemnity. How much these actors made use of their language for attracting an audience is not certain. At a somewhat later date, another company played at Fontainebleau before Henry IV. and his son, afterwards @@ -13991,7 +13950,7 @@ first French version of an English work was that of Bishop Hall's <i>Characters of Vertues and Vices</i> which appeared in 1610, and again in 1612 and 1619, and may have had some influence <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">-275-</a></span>on -<span class="sidenote">NEGLECT OF ENGLISH</span>La Bruyère's <i>Caractères</i>. It is also interesting to note that +<span class="sidenote">NEGLECT OF ENGLISH</span>La Bruyère's <i>Caractères</i>. It is also interesting to note that this enterprising translator was no other than J. L'Oiseau de Tourval, Parisien, who wrote so enthusiastically of Cotgrave's dictionary, which appeared in the following year @@ -14047,8 +14006,8 @@ appeared a new edition of Du Bartas, in French and English, for teaching "an Englishman French, or a Frenchman English." Wodroeph's <i>Marrow of the French Tongue</i> (1625), which saw the light at the same time, was said to be "aussi -utile pour le François d'apprendre l'Anglois que pour l'Anglois -d'apprendre le François," though only the dialogues in French +utile pour le François d'apprendre l'Anglois que pour l'Anglois +d'apprendre le François," though only the dialogues in French and English could serve this purpose, as, indeed, they might in any other French text-book.<a name="FNanchor_773_773" id="FNanchor_773_773"></a><a href="#Footnote_773_773" class="fnanchor">[773]</a> This notice is evidently added merely as a concession to topical events; it had not @@ -14058,10 +14017,10 @@ figured in the earlier edition (1623).</p> English was treated more seriously. This was a <i>Grammaire Angloise pour facilement et promptement apprendre la langue angloise. Qui peut aussi aider aux Anglois pour apprendre -la langue Françoise: Alphabet Anglois contenant la pronunciation +la langue Françoise: Alphabet Anglois contenant la pronunciation des lettres avec les declinaisons et conjugaisons</i>, dedicated to Henrietta Maria, and probably arranged by one of the -professors of the Collège de Navarre, from which it is dated. +professors of the Collège de Navarre, from which it is dated. We are informed that the princess, and those intending to accompany her to her new home, studied English daily. These lessons, if they were really given, were no doubt a @@ -14164,8 +14123,8 @@ of the merchants in London skilled in the French tongue, wrote a <i>Grammaire Angloise, contenant reigles bien exactes et certaines de la Prononciation, Orthographie et construction de nostre langue, en faveur des estrangers qui en sont desireux</i>, but -especially, he tells us, for the use of "noz françois tant a leur -arrivée en ce pais, que en leur demeure en iceluy." This +especially, he tells us, for the use of "noz françois tant a leur +arrivée en ce pais, que en leur demeure en iceluy." This English grammar<a name="FNanchor_781_781" id="FNanchor_781_781"></a><a href="#Footnote_781_781" class="fnanchor">[781]</a> is written in French, and gives rules for pronunciation and the parts of speech. It is followed by dialogues<a name="FNanchor_782_782" id="FNanchor_782_782"></a><a href="#Footnote_782_782" class="fnanchor">[782]</a> in French and English, in the usual style, bearing @@ -14219,10 +14178,10 @@ marriage of Henrietta Maria with Charles I. (1625), editions appeared at Rouen in 1639, 1668, 1670, 1679, and most probably at other dates also; another was issued at London, 1677. Perhaps the first book for teaching English printed in -France was a <i>Traicté pour apprendre a parler Françoys et +France was a <i>Traicté pour apprendre a parler Françoys et Anglois</i>, published at Rouen in 1553, apparently an early edition of Meurier's work, printed at Rouen in 1563 as a -<i>Traité pour apprendre a parler françois et anglois, ensemble +<i>Traité pour apprendre a parler françois et anglois, ensemble faire missives, obligations,</i> etc., and again at Rouen in 1641.</p> <p>It was long before English won recognition from foreigners @@ -14241,22 +14200,22 @@ French, the most universal language at that time.</p> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_709_709" id="Footnote_709_709"></a><a href="#FNanchor_709_709"><span class="label">[709]</span></a> Rye, <i>op. cit.</i> p. 153.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_710_710" id="Footnote_710_710"></a><a href="#FNanchor_710_710"><span class="label">[710]</span></a> "Autobiographie," <i>Bull. de la Soc. de l'Hist. du Protestantisme Français</i>, vii. +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_710_710" id="Footnote_710_710"></a><a href="#FNanchor_710_710"><span class="label">[710]</span></a> "Autobiographie," <i>Bull. de la Soc. de l'Hist. du Protestantisme Français</i>, vii. pp. 343 <i>sqq.</i></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_711_711" id="Footnote_711_711"></a><a href="#FNanchor_711_711"><span class="label">[711]</span></a> Another famous Frenchman at the Court of James I. was Theodore Mayerne the Court Doctor (cp. <i>Table Talk of Bishop Hurd</i>, Ox. Hist. Soc. Collectanea, ser. 2, -p. 390); also Jean de Schelandre and Montchrétien among men of letters. James -refused to give audience to the poet Théophile de Viau, exiled for his daring satires. +p. 390); also Jean de Schelandre and Montchrétien among men of letters. James +refused to give audience to the poet Théophile de Viau, exiled for his daring satires. Boisrobert, St. Amant, Voiture, likewise visited England at this period.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_712_712" id="Footnote_712_712"></a><a href="#FNanchor_712_712"><span class="label">[712]</span></a> Thurot, <i>Prononciation française</i>, i. p. xiv.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_712_712" id="Footnote_712_712"></a><a href="#FNanchor_712_712"><span class="label">[712]</span></a> Thurot, <i>Prononciation française</i>, i. p. xiv.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_713_713" id="Footnote_713_713"></a><a href="#FNanchor_713_713"><span class="label">[713]</span></a> Gerbier, <i>Interpreter of the Academy</i>, 1648.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_714_714" id="Footnote_714_714"></a><a href="#FNanchor_714_714"><span class="label">[714]</span></a> Aufeild: Translation of Maupas's <i>Grammar</i>, 1634.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_715_715" id="Footnote_715_715"></a><a href="#FNanchor_715_715"><span class="label">[715]</span></a> Young, <i>L'Enseignement en Écosse</i>, p. 78.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_715_715" id="Footnote_715_715"></a><a href="#FNanchor_715_715"><span class="label">[715]</span></a> Young, <i>L'Enseignement en Écosse</i>, p. 78.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_716_716" id="Footnote_716_716"></a><a href="#FNanchor_716_716"><span class="label">[716]</span></a> Ellis, <i>Original Letters</i>, 1st series, iii. 89.</p></div> @@ -14280,8 +14239,8 @@ New Sk. Soc., 1842.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_724_724" id="Footnote_724_724"></a><a href="#FNanchor_724_724"><span class="label">[724]</span></a> Rye, <i>op. cit.</i> p. 155.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_725_725" id="Footnote_725_725"></a><a href="#FNanchor_725_725"><span class="label">[725]</span></a> <i>Mémoires de Madame de Motteville</i>, in Petitot et Monmerqué, <i>Collection des -Mémoires relatifs à l'Histoire de France</i>, tom. 37, 1824, pp. 122-3.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_725_725" id="Footnote_725_725"></a><a href="#FNanchor_725_725"><span class="label">[725]</span></a> <i>Mémoires de Madame de Motteville</i>, in Petitot et Monmerqué, <i>Collection des +Mémoires relatifs à l'Histoire de France</i>, tom. 37, 1824, pp. 122-3.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_726_726" id="Footnote_726_726"></a><a href="#FNanchor_726_726"><span class="label">[726]</span></a> <i>Cal. State Papers, 1660-61</i>, p. 162; cp. p. 207, <i>supra</i>.</p></div> @@ -14318,7 +14277,7 @@ cit.</i> p. 6.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_740_740" id="Footnote_740_740"></a><a href="#FNanchor_740_740"><span class="label">[740]</span></a> De la Mothe devoted a short chapter to enumerating women's clothing.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_741_741" id="Footnote_741_741"></a><a href="#FNanchor_741_741"><span class="label">[741]</span></a> Thurot, <i>Prononciation française</i>, pp. 374, 376.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_741_741" id="Footnote_741_741"></a><a href="#FNanchor_741_741"><span class="label">[741]</span></a> Thurot, <i>Prononciation française</i>, pp. 374, 376.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_742_742" id="Footnote_742_742"></a><a href="#FNanchor_742_742"><span class="label">[742]</span></a> <i>Treatise for Declining French Verbs</i>, 1580, 1599, and 1641.</p></div> @@ -14357,7 +14316,7 @@ French into English; cp. p. 277, note 2, <i>infra</i>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_754_754" id="Footnote_754_754"></a><a href="#FNanchor_754_754"><span class="label">[754]</span></a> The former was first acted in France in 1629 and the latter in 1633; cf. Upham, <i>French Influence in English Literature</i>, p. 373.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_755_755" id="Footnote_755_755"></a><a href="#FNanchor_755_755"><span class="label">[755]</span></a> Scudéry's work is in verse; a king and queen of England figure among the +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_755_755" id="Footnote_755_755"></a><a href="#FNanchor_755_755"><span class="label">[755]</span></a> Scudéry's work is in verse; a king and queen of England figure among the characters. It was first performed in France in 1631.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_756_756" id="Footnote_756_756"></a><a href="#FNanchor_756_756"><span class="label">[756]</span></a> Probably a tragi-comedy by Du Ryer, acted in 1634; Upham, <i>op. cit.</i> p. 373.</p></div> @@ -14366,11 +14325,11 @@ characters. It was first performed in France in 1631.</p></div> of Shakespeare's works, completed by Boswell, 1821, iii. pp. 120, 122. Herbert makes many of his entries in French.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_758_758" id="Footnote_758_758"></a><a href="#FNanchor_758_758"><span class="label">[758]</span></a> Meurier, <i>Communications familières</i>, 1563.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_758_758" id="Footnote_758_758"></a><a href="#FNanchor_758_758"><span class="label">[758]</span></a> Meurier, <i>Communications familières</i>, 1563.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_759_759" id="Footnote_759_759"></a><a href="#FNanchor_759_759"><span class="label">[759]</span></a> While the English visited France in great numbers, very few Frenchmen came to England, except those engaged on diplomatic missions, or exiles. Thus, Ronsard, -Jacques Grévin, Brantôme, Bodin, in the sixteenth century; Schelandre, d'Assoucy, +Jacques Grévin, Brantôme, Bodin, in the sixteenth century; Schelandre, d'Assoucy, Boisrobert, Le Pays, Pavillon, Voiture, Malleville, and a few others in the early seventeenth century, spent a short time in England. Among scholars, Peiresc, Henri Estienne, Justel, Bochart, and Casaubon visited our country. St. Amant @@ -14387,13 +14346,13 @@ pp. 8, 129.</p></div> rehutht tholb suld of me pety have for natur ..." (<i>Œuvres de Rabelais</i>, ed. C. Marty Laveaux, i. 261).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_762_762" id="Footnote_762_762"></a><a href="#FNanchor_762_762"><span class="label">[762]</span></a> Petitot et Monmerqué, <i>Collection des Mémoires</i>, tom. 68, Paris, 1828.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_762_762" id="Footnote_762_762"></a><a href="#FNanchor_762_762"><span class="label">[762]</span></a> Petitot et Monmerqué, <i>Collection des Mémoires</i>, tom. 68, Paris, 1828.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_763_763" id="Footnote_763_763"></a><a href="#FNanchor_763_763"><span class="label">[763]</span></a> A. Cohn, <i>Shakespeare in Germany in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries</i>, London, 1865, pp. xxviii, cxxxiv, cxxxv.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_764_764" id="Footnote_764_764"></a><a href="#FNanchor_764_764"><span class="label">[764]</span></a> Jusserand, <i>Shakespeare in France</i>, 1899, pp. 51 <i>sqq.</i>; E. Soulié, <i>Recherches sur -Molière</i>, Paris, 1863, p. 153.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_764_764" id="Footnote_764_764"></a><a href="#FNanchor_764_764"><span class="label">[764]</span></a> Jusserand, <i>Shakespeare in France</i>, 1899, pp. 51 <i>sqq.</i>; E. Soulié, <i>Recherches sur +Molière</i>, Paris, 1863, p. 153.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_765_765" id="Footnote_765_765"></a><a href="#FNanchor_765_765"><span class="label">[765]</span></a> <i>Journal de Jean Hervard sur l'enfance et la jeunesse de Louis XIII, 1601-28</i>, Paris, 1868. Quoted by Jusserand, <i>op. cit.</i> p. 57 n. One of Louis's tutors was an @@ -14412,18 +14371,18 @@ in 1597.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_769_769" id="Footnote_769_769"></a><a href="#FNanchor_769_769"><span class="label">[769]</span></a> Gerbier, <i>Interpreter of the Academy</i>, 1648.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_770_770" id="Footnote_770_770"></a><a href="#FNanchor_770_770"><span class="label">[770]</span></a> T. B. Squire, in Simon Daines's <i>Orthoepia Anglicana</i>, reprinted by R. Brotanek -in <i>Neudrucke frühneuenglischer Grammatiken</i>, Bd. iii., 1908.</p></div> +in <i>Neudrucke frühneuenglischer Grammatiken</i>, Bd. iii., 1908.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_771_771" id="Footnote_771_771"></a><a href="#FNanchor_771_771"><span class="label">[771]</span></a> By the end of the sixteenth century it was quite a usual thing for learned subjects to be treated in English. Ascham apologised for using English in his <i>Toxophilus</i> (1545), but in his <i>Scholemaster</i> (1570) he used it as a matter of course.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_772_772" id="Footnote_772_772"></a><a href="#FNanchor_772_772"><span class="label">[772]</span></a> Jusserand, <i>Histoire littéraire du peuple anglais</i>, 1904, p. 316.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_772_772" id="Footnote_772_772"></a><a href="#FNanchor_772_772"><span class="label">[772]</span></a> Jusserand, <i>Histoire littéraire du peuple anglais</i>, 1904, p. 316.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_773_773" id="Footnote_773_773"></a><a href="#FNanchor_773_773"><span class="label">[773]</span></a> Florio makes the same claim in his <i>First Frutes</i> for teaching Italian and English.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_774_774" id="Footnote_774_774"></a><a href="#FNanchor_774_774"><span class="label">[774]</span></a> <i>Grammaire Angloise et Françoise pour facilement et promptement apprendre la -Langue angloise et françoise.</i> A Rouen, chez la veuve Oursel, 1595, 8vo. The Brit. +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_774_774" id="Footnote_774_774"></a><a href="#FNanchor_774_774"><span class="label">[774]</span></a> <i>Grammaire Angloise et Françoise pour facilement et promptement apprendre la +Langue angloise et françoise.</i> A Rouen, chez la veuve Oursel, 1595, 8vo. The Brit. Mus. copy contains MS. notes of a French student.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_775_775" id="Footnote_775_775"></a><a href="#FNanchor_775_775"><span class="label">[775]</span></a> In 1586 he translated three letters of Henry of Navarre, and in following years @@ -14476,7 +14435,7 @@ and Flemish nobles and gentlemen who visited London. To these distinguished visitors he dedicated his dictionary in 1632, as well as the second edition of his French grammar in 1634, expressing the hope that he would soon be able to produce -an English grammar "toute entière," for only the practical +an English grammar "toute entière," for only the practical exercises in French and English could be of use to them in their study of English. His French grammar was intended "for the furtherance and practice of gentlemen, scollers and others @@ -14539,7 +14498,7 @@ well learning as teaching such laudable arts and qualities as are most fitting for a gentleman's exercise." Seemingly he spent some time in the Low Countries, and he may have found his pupils among the English troops serving -there, as in 1603 he published at Liége a book in French on +there, as in 1603 he published at Liége a book in French on arithmetic which also provides military information. Before 1612 he had returned to London, where he composed a similar work in English, dedicated to the Lords of the Privy Council.<a name="FNanchor_787_787" id="FNanchor_787_787"></a><a href="#Footnote_787_787" class="fnanchor">[787]</a> @@ -14571,11 +14530,11 @@ scheme, as follows:</p> <tr><td>A</td><td>E'</td><td>E</td><td>O</td><td>I</td><td>Y</td><td class="tdbr">V</td><td class="tdbr">H</td><td>S</td><td>Z</td><td>X</td><td class="tdbr">I</td><td>L</td><td>R</td><td>N</td> <td class="tdbr">M</td><td> </td> <td>F</td><td>Λ</td><td>B</td><td>P</td><td>:</td><td>D</td><td>T</td><td>G</td><td class="tdbr">K</td><td>C</td><td>Q</td></tr> -<tr><td>a</td><td>é</td><td>e</td><td>o</td><td>i</td><td>y</td><td class="tdbr">u</td><td class="tdbr">éh</td><td>és</td> -<td>éz</td><td>éx</td><td class="tdbr">éi</td><td>él</td><td>ér</td><td>én</td><td class="tdbr">ém</td> +<tr><td>a</td><td>é</td><td>e</td><td>o</td><td>i</td><td>y</td><td class="tdbr">u</td><td class="tdbr">éh</td><td>és</td> +<td>éz</td><td>éx</td><td class="tdbr">éi</td><td>él</td><td>ér</td><td>én</td><td class="tdbr">ém</td> <td> </td> -<td>éf</td><td>éΛ</td><td>éb</td><td>ép</td><td>:</td><td>éd</td><td>ét</td><td>ég</td> -<td class="tdbr">ék</td><td>éc</td><td>éq</td></tr> +<td>éf</td><td>éΛ</td><td>éb</td><td>ép</td><td>:</td><td>éd</td><td>ét</td><td>ég</td> +<td class="tdbr">ék</td><td>éc</td><td>éq</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="7" class="tdbr">proper names</td><td class="tdbr"> </td> <td colspan="4" class="tdbr"> </td> <td colspan="4" class="tdbr"> </td><td> </td> @@ -14586,14 +14545,14 @@ scheme, as follows:</p> <td colspan="9" class="tdbr"> </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="7"> </td><td class="tdbr">he</td> -<td class="tbb">sé</td><td class="tbb">zé</td><td class="tbb">xé</td> -<td class="tdbrbb">ié</td> -<td class="tbb">lé</td><td class="tbb">ré</td><td class="tbb">né</td> -<td class="tdbrbb">mé</td><td> </td><td class="tbb">fé</td><td class="tbb">Λé</td> -<td class="tbb">bé</td> -<td class="tbb">pé</td><td class="tbb">:</td><td class="tbb">dé</td> -<td class="tbb">té</td><td class="tbb">gé</td><td class="tdbrbb">ké</td> -<td class="tbb">cé</td><td class="tbb">qé</td></tr></table> +<td class="tbb">sé</td><td class="tbb">zé</td><td class="tbb">xé</td> +<td class="tdbrbb">ié</td> +<td class="tbb">lé</td><td class="tbb">ré</td><td class="tbb">né</td> +<td class="tdbrbb">mé</td><td> </td><td class="tbb">fé</td><td class="tbb">Λé</td> +<td class="tbb">bé</td> +<td class="tbb">pé</td><td class="tbb">:</td><td class="tbb">dé</td> +<td class="tbb">té</td><td class="tbb">gé</td><td class="tdbrbb">ké</td> +<td class="tbb">cé</td><td class="tbb">qé</td></tr></table> <table border="0" width="60%" cellspacing="0" summary="Eliote's method"> <tr><td class="tdi6">Aspiration</td> <td class="tdr"> ↓</td> @@ -14801,7 +14760,7 @@ England continued uninterruptedly. <i>The Flower de Luce planted in England</i> was the title of a grammar which appeared in 1619. This work was due to one Laur Du Terme, of whom nothing is known beyond the fact that he was a Frenchman -and a protégé of Bacon, then Lord Chancellor. Du Terme +and a protégé of Bacon, then Lord Chancellor. Du Terme had evidently been in England long enough to acquire some knowledge of English, in which he wrote his grammar. After imploring his patron to water his 'flower' with a few drops @@ -14892,7 +14851,7 @@ being arranged in sentence form, as in many modern text-books:</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> <span lang="fr"><span class="i0">J'ay bien dormi ceste nuit.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Tu as trop mangé.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Tu as trop mangé.<br /></span> <span class="i0">Il a trop bu, etc.<br /></span></span> </div></div> @@ -15064,7 +15023,7 @@ two other editions appeared in 1687 and 1703. Another favourite author was published in the same three languages at a later date—the <i>Thoughts of Cicero ... on (1) Religion, and (2) Man.... Published in Latin and French by the -Abbé Olivet, to which is now added an English translation, with +Abbé Olivet, to which is now added an English translation, with notes</i> (<i>by A. Wishart</i>) (1750 and 1773). Of these few examples of Latin and French text-books, two are known only by hearsay. It is likely that others, adapted to the same purpose, have disappeared @@ -15138,11 +15097,11 @@ point of omitting all the compound tenses usually introduced into French verbs on the model of the Latin ones, as such forms can only be expressed by means of paraphrases or of the verbs <i>avoir</i> and <i>estre</i>; thus French rather than Latin -was in the author's mind: "Or m'a semblé qu'il ne fallait pas +was in the author's mind: "Or m'a semblé qu'il ne fallait pas charger au commencement la memoire des petits enfants de choses desquelles le maistre diligent et industrieux, pourveu -qu'il soit homme lettré et bien entendu en la grammaire -françoise, pourra instiller peu à peu en leur esprit, plus par +qu'il soit homme lettré et bien entendu en la grammaire +françoise, pourra instiller peu à peu en leur esprit, plus par diligente pratique que par cette facheuse et prolixe circonlocution qui n'apporte aucun profit." He agreed with most of the French teachers of the time that few rules and much @@ -15336,10 +15295,10 @@ printed in London as late as the eighteenth century.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_801_801" id="Footnote_801_801"></a><a href="#FNanchor_801_801"><span class="label">[801]</span></a> R. Clavell, <i>Catalogue of Books printed in London, 1666-1680</i>.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_802_802" id="Footnote_802_802"></a><a href="#FNanchor_802_802"><span class="label">[802]</span></a> Schickler, <i>Églises du Refuge</i>, i. 409. His name occurs frequently in the <i>Threadneedle +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_802_802" id="Footnote_802_802"></a><a href="#FNanchor_802_802"><span class="label">[802]</span></a> Schickler, <i>Églises du Refuge</i>, i. 409. His name occurs frequently in the <i>Threadneedle Street Church Registers</i>, Hug. Soc. Pub. ix. and xiii.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_803_803" id="Footnote_803_803"></a><a href="#FNanchor_803_803"><span class="label">[803]</span></a> <i>The Constitution of the Museum Minervae</i>, 1636. Charles I. granted £100 from +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_803_803" id="Footnote_803_803"></a><a href="#FNanchor_803_803"><span class="label">[803]</span></a> <i>The Constitution of the Museum Minervae</i>, 1636. Charles I. granted £100 from the Treasury, and Kynaston himself provided books and other material.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_804_804" id="Footnote_804_804"></a><a href="#FNanchor_804_804"><span class="label">[804]</span></a> <i>The Interpreter of the Academy for forrain languages and all noble sciences and @@ -15359,42 +15318,42 @@ London, 1904, p. xv.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_809_809" id="Footnote_809_809"></a><a href="#FNanchor_809_809"><span class="label">[809]</span></a> <i>Cal. State Papers, Dom., 1655-56</i>, p. 76. On the Restoration, Wolley enjoyed ecclesiastical preferment, and finally became Bishop of Clonfert. He published an -English translation from the French of Scudéry's <i>Curia Politiae</i>, in 1546, and other +English translation from the French of Scudéry's <i>Curia Politiae</i>, in 1546, and other works in English, of no special interest. See <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>, ad nom.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_810_810" id="Footnote_810_810"></a><a href="#FNanchor_810_810"><span class="label">[810]</span></a> <i>Memoirs of the Verney Family</i>, iii. p. 361.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_811_811" id="Footnote_811_811"></a><a href="#FNanchor_811_811"><span class="label">[811]</span></a> He usually wrote home in French. In the following extract he asks for a taper, then in fashion among his school-mates: "Je vous prie de m'anvoier de la chandelle -de cirre entortillée, car tous les garçons en ont pour brullay (<i>sic</i>) et moy ie n'en ay +de cirre entortillée, car tous les garçons en ont pour brullay (<i>sic</i>) et moy ie n'en ay point pour moy."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_812_812" id="Footnote_812_812"></a><a href="#FNanchor_812_812"><span class="label">[812]</span></a> Two parents discuss the school in a dialogue: </p> <div class="table"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" summary="school dialogue"> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Où allez vous?</span></td><td>Whither are you going?</td></tr> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Où allez vous?</span></td><td>Whither are you going?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Je m'en vais voir ma fille.</span></td> <td>I am going to see my daughter.</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">En quel lieu?</span></td> <td>In what place?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">A Maribone.</span></td> <td>At Maribone.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Que fait elle là?</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Que fait elle là ?</span></td> <td>What doth she do there?</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Comment, ne sçavez vous pas que je l'ay mise en pension?</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Comment, ne sçavez vous pas que je l'ay mise en pension?</span></td> <td>What, do you not know that I have put her at a Boording school?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Chez qui?</span></td> <td>With whom?</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Chez un nommé Mons. de la Mare qui tient escole Françoise.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Chez un nommé Mons. de la Mare qui tient escole Françoise.</span></td> <td>At one Mons. de la Mare that keeps a French school.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Vrayement, je n'en sçavois rien.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Vrayement, je n'en sçavois rien.</span></td> <td>Truly, I did not know it.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Qu'apprend elle là?</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Qu'apprend elle là ?</span></td> <td>What does she learn there?</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Elle apprend à écrire, à lire, à parler françois, à chanter, à danser, à jouer de la guitare, and the spinette.</span></td> -<td>She learns to write, to read, to speak French, to sing, to dance, to play on the guitar, et de l'épinette.</td></tr> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Elle apprend à écrire, à lire, à parler françois, à chanter, à danser, à jouer de la guitare, and the spinette.</span></td> +<td>She learns to write, to read, to speak French, to sing, to dance, to play on the guitar, et de l'épinette.</td></tr> </table></div> </div> @@ -15485,37 +15444,37 @@ It is no doubt Mrs. Kilvert's Academy that is referred to in the following dialogue:</p> <div class="table"><table summary="Mauger's dialogue"> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Mon père, je vous prie, donnés moy vostre bénédiction.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Mon père, je vous prie, donnés moy vostre bénédiction.</span></td> <td>I pray, Father, give me your blessing.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Ma fille, soyés la bien revenue.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Ma fille, soyés la bien revenue.</span></td> <td>Daughter, you are welcome home.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Comment se porte Mme. votre Maîtresse?</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Comment se porte Mme. votre Maîtresse?</span></td> <td>How does your mistress?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Mons. elle se porte bien.</span></td> <td>She is very well, Sir.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">N'avés vous point oublié votre Anglois?</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">N'avés vous point oublié votre Anglois?</span></td> <td>Have you not forgot your English quite?</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Non, mon père.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Non, mon père.</span></td> <td>No, sir.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Je croy que vous parlés extrêmement bien.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Je croy que vous parlés extrêmement bien.</span></td> <td>I suppose you speak French excellently well by this time?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">J'entends beaucoup mieux que je ne parle.</span></td> <td>I understand it better than I can speak it.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Laquelle est la plus sçavante de vous deux?</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Laquelle est la plus sçavante de vous deux?</span></td> <td>Which of you two is the best proficient?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">C'est ma sœur.—Je ne pense pas.</span></td> <td>My sister, Sir.—I don't believe that.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Expliqués moy ce livre là en François.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Expliqués moy ce livre là en François.</span></td> <td>Render me some of that book back into French.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Que signifie cela en François?</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Que signifie cela en François?</span></td> <td>What's that in French?</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Entendés vous cette sentence là?</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Entendés vous cette sentence là ?</span></td> <td>Do you understand that sentence?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Ouy, Mons.</span></td> <td>Yes, Sir.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Vous avez bien profité. . . .</span> </td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Vous avez bien profité. . . .</span> </td> <td>You have made good proficiency....</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Sçavez vous travailler en ouvrages?</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Sçavez vous travailler en ouvrages?</span></td> <td>Have you learnt any needlework there?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Vostre luth n'est pas d'accord. . . .</span></td> <td>Your lute is out of tune....</td></tr> @@ -15527,37 +15486,37 @@ the following dialogue:</p> <td>What have you learnt?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Approchez vous de moy.</span></td> <td>Come nearer to me.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Dancés une courante.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Dancés une courante.</span></td> <td>Dance me a Courante.</td></tr> </table></div> <p>In another dialogue a French gentleman compliments an English lady on her French:</p> -<div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>Où avés vous appris à parler François, Mademoiselle?</p> +<div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>Où avés vous appris à parler François, Mademoiselle?</p> -<p>Monsieur, je ne parle pas, je ne fais que bégayer.</p> +<p>Monsieur, je ne parle pas, je ne fais que bégayer.</p> -<p>Je vous proteste que d'abord j'ay creu que vous fussiés Françoise.</p> +<p>Je vous proteste que d'abord j'ay creu que vous fussiés Françoise.</p> -<p>Il est impossible à une Angloise de posséder vostre langue.</p> +<p>Il est impossible à une Angloise de posséder vostre langue.</p> -<p>Vous m'excuserés, il s'en trouve beaucoup.</p> +<p>Vous m'excuserés, il s'en trouve beaucoup.</p> <p>J'eus l'honneur il y a quelque temps d'entretenir une Dame qui parle -aussi nettement qu'une Françoise.</p> +aussi nettement qu'une Françoise.</p> -<p>Je voy que vous avez inclination pour le François.</p> +<p>Je voy que vous avez inclination pour le François.</p> <p>Fort grande.</p> <p>Vous avez l'accent fort pur et net.</p> -<p>De qui apprenés vous?</p> +<p>De qui apprenés vous?</p> -<p>D'un François nouvellement arrivé qui est de Blois.</p> +<p>D'un François nouvellement arrivé qui est de Blois.</p> -<p>Il est vray que la pureté du langage se trouve là, non pas seulement +<p>Il est vray que la pureté du langage se trouve là , non pas seulement l'accent, mais la vraye phrase.</p> <p>Tout le monde le dit.</p> @@ -15642,24 +15601,24 @@ they number eighty in the sixth edition (1670). Each new issue promises additions, "of the last concern to the reader." A new feature in the sixth and seventh editions is a versified rendering of the grammar rules, entitled <i>Le Parterre de la -langue françoise</i>. The verses were written at the request of +langue françoise</i>. The verses were written at the request of the Duke of Mecklenburg, his former pupil, and arranged in the form of a dialogue between Mauger and the Duke, who first addresses his master:</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span lang="fr"><span class="i0">Le Langage françois est si plein de merveilles<br /></span> +<span lang="fr"><span class="i0">Le Langage françois est si plein de merveilles<br /></span> <span class="i0">Que ses charmans appas, ravissans nos oreilles,<br /></span> <span class="i0">Nous jettent sur vos bords pour gouster ses douceurs,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Et pour en admirer les beautéz et les fleurs.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Mais, pour nous l'acquérir il faut tant d'artifice,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Qu'en ses difficultés il estreint nos delices,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Et pour en admirer les beautéz et les fleurs.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Mais, pour nous l'acquérir il faut tant d'artifice,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Qu'en ses difficultés il estreint nos delices,<br /></span> <span class="i0">Estouffe nos desseins, traverse le plaisir<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Qui flatoit nostre espoir d'y pouvoir réussir.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Qui flatoit nostre espoir d'y pouvoir réussir.<br /></span> <span class="i0">Les articles <i>de la</i>, <i>de</i>, <i>du</i>, sont difficiles.<br /></span> <span class="i0">Si vous ne les monstrez par vos reigles utiles,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ils nous font bégayer presques à tous momens,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Et ternissent l'éclat de nos raisonnemens.<br /></span></span> +<span class="i0">Ils nous font bégayer presques à tous momens,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Et ternissent l'éclat de nos raisonnemens.<br /></span></span> </div></div> <p class="noi"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">-306-</a></span>And Mauger answers him with an invitation to take what he @@ -15696,27 +15655,27 @@ English, which he considered "a great help to the learner of the French tongue," for "those who understand it with the help of the English, are capable of explaining afterwards any French author, being written on several subjects." The -<i>Lettres Françoises et Angloises de Claude Mauger sur Toutes +<i>Lettres Françoises et Angloises de Claude Mauger sur Toutes sortes de sujets grands et mediocres</i> were dedicated to Sir William Pulteney. They were first issued in 1671, and again in 1676, with the addition of fifty letters. Many are addressed to gentlemen of note who had been his students at Blois, and continued to correspond with him for the purpose of practice -in French. "Puisque vous désirez que je continue à vous -écrire des Lettres Françoises," he wrote to the Count of Praghen -in 1668, "pour vous exercer en cette langue qui est tant usitée -dans toutes les cours de l'Europe, je reçois vos ordres avec +in French. "Puisque vous désirez que je continue à vous +écrire des Lettres Françoises," he wrote to the Count of Praghen +in 1668, "pour vous exercer en cette langue qui est tant usitée +dans toutes les cours de l'Europe, je reçois vos ordres avec joye." Others are addressed to pupils in London, including -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">-307-</a></span>some of his large clientèle of ladies. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">-307-</a></span>some of his large clientèle of ladies. <span class="sidenote">MAUGER'S FRENCH AND ENGLISH LETTERS</span>For instance, he writes to a certain Mrs. Gregorie:</p> -<div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>Ayant ouï dire que vous estes allée a la campagne pour quinze jours, -durant cette belle saison en laquele la nature déploye ce qu'elle a de plus -beau, j'ay pris la hardiesse de vous écrire cette lettre en François pour vous +<div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>Ayant ouï dire que vous estes allée a la campagne pour quinze jours, +durant cette belle saison en laquele la nature déploye ce qu'elle a de plus +beau, j'ay pris la hardiesse de vous écrire cette lettre en François pour vous exercer en cette langue que vous apprenez avec tant de diligence. Je suis -bien aise que vous vous y adonniez si bien, car, comme vous avez la mémoire -admirable, vous en viendriez bien tost à bout.</p></div></div> +bien aise que vous vous y adonniez si bien, car, comme vous avez la mémoire +admirable, vous en viendriez bien tost à bout.</p></div></div> <p class="noi">He seems to have made a regular practice of exercising his pupils' French by writing to them in the language.<a name="FNanchor_815_815" id="FNanchor_815_815"></a><a href="#Footnote_815_815" class="fnanchor">[815]</a> Among @@ -15724,15 +15683,15 @@ his young English pupils was William Penn, the Quaker, to whom he wrote a letter dated 1670:</p> <div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>Je n'entendrois pas bien mes interests si Dieu m'ayant fait si heureux -de vous monstrer le François que vous apprenez si bien, je n'en témoignois -de la joye, en faisant voir à tout le Monde, que l'honneur que vous me -faites de vous servir de moy, pour vous l'acquérir est tres grand. En effet +de vous monstrer le François que vous apprenez si bien, je n'en témoignois +de la joye, en faisant voir à tout le Monde, que l'honneur que vous me +faites de vous servir de moy, pour vous l'acquérir est tres grand. En effet monsieur, n'est-ce pas un bon-heur? Car je perdrois mon credit si Dieu ne me suscitoit de tems en tems des personnes comme vous, qui par leur -diligence et capacité avec l'aide de ma méthode le soutiennent. . . . J'ay -bien de la satisfaction qu'elle [<i>i.e.</i> l'Angleterre] sçache que vous m'avez +diligence et capacité avec l'aide de ma méthode le soutiennent. . . . J'ay +bien de la satisfaction qu'elle [<i>i.e.</i> l'Angleterre] sçache que vous m'avez choisy pour vous donner la connaissance d'une langue qui vous manquoit, -qui est si estimée, et si usitée par toute la Terre. . . .</p></div></div> +qui est si estimée, et si usitée par toute la Terre. . . .</p></div></div> <p class="noi">Whether these letters were ever actually sent to his pupils is a question of some uncertainty, which we are inclined to @@ -15762,7 +15721,7 @@ Before 1673 he had moved to "within two doors of Master Longland, a Farrier in Little Queen St., over against the Guy of Warwick near the King's Gate in Holborn"; and in 1676 to "Shandois Street, over against the Three Elmes, at -Master Saint André's." It was probably about the year 1670 +Master Saint André's." It was probably about the year 1670 that he began to teach English to foreigners visiting England. He had the honour "of helping a little to the English tongue both the French ambassadors, Ladyes, ambassadresses and @@ -15795,7 +15754,7 @@ must confesse that a Latine schollar, who hath been acquainted with all such rules of grammar, speaketh better than such a one." Mauger would have the student first master his rules, and then begin "by all means" to read, "pour joindre la -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">-309-</a></span>pratique à la speculation des règles." +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">-309-</a></span>pratique à la speculation des règles." <span class="sidenote">MAUGER'S METHOD OF TEACHING</span>He no doubt intended the student to attempt to speak at the outset with the guidance of a French master, whom he held absolutely indispensable. @@ -15803,17 +15762,17 @@ The following talk between two students throws light on the practical methods advocated:</p> <div class="table"><table summary="mauger's talk"> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Apprenez-vous encore le françois?</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Apprenez-vous encore le françois?</span></td> <td>Do you learn French still?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Ouy, je n'y suis pas encore parfait.</span></td> <td><span lang="fr">Yes, I am not yet perfect in it.</span></td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Et moi je continue aussi.</span></td> <td>And I continue also.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Je commence à l'entendre.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Je commence à l'entendre.</span></td> <td>I begin to understand it.</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">J'entens tout ce que je lis.</span></td> <td>I understand all I read.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Avez vous un valet de pié françois?</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Avez vous un valet de pié françois?</span></td> <td>Have you a French foot boy?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Ouy, monsieur.</span></td> <td>Yes, Sir.</td></tr> @@ -15825,9 +15784,9 @@ practical methods advocated:</p> <td>What author do you read?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Je lis l'<i>Histoire de France</i>.</span></td> <td>I read the <i>French History</i>.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">L'avez-vous leüe?</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">L'avez-vous leüe?</span></td> <td>Have you read it?</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Je l'ay leüe en Anglois.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Je l'ay leüe en Anglois.</span></td> <td>I have read it in English.</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Je l'acheteray.</span></td> <td>I will buy it.</td></tr> @@ -15835,31 +15794,31 @@ practical methods advocated:</p> <td>Where shall I find it?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Partout.</span></td> <td>Everywhere.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Avez-vous leüe l' <i>Illustre Parisienne</i>?</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Avez-vous leüe l' <i>Illustre Parisienne</i>?</span></td> <td>Have you read the <i>Illustrious Parisien</i>?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Allez-vous au sermon?</span></td> <td>Do you go to sermon?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Ouy, Monsieur.</span></td> <td>Yes, Sir.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Qui est-ce qui prêche?</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Qui est-ce qui prêche?</span></td> <td>Who preaches?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">C'est un habile homme.</span></td> <td>'Tis an able man.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Avez-vous le Dictionnaire de Miège?</span><a name="FNanchor_818_818" id="FNanchor_818_818"></a><a href="#Footnote_818_818" class="fnanchor">[818]</a></td> -<td>Have you Miège's Dictionary?</td></tr> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Avez-vous le Dictionnaire de Miège?</span><a name="FNanchor_818_818" id="FNanchor_818_818"></a><a href="#Footnote_818_818" class="fnanchor">[818]</a></td> +<td>Have you Miège's Dictionary?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Ouy, je l'ay.</span></td> <td>Yes, I have it.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Voulez-vous me le prêter?</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Voulez-vous me le prêter?</span></td> <td>Will you lend it me?</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Il est à votre service.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Il est à votre service.</span></td> <td>It is at your service.</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Je vous remercie.</span></td> <td>I thank you.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">La langue françoise n'est-elle pas belle?</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">La langue françoise n'est-elle pas belle?</span></td> <td>Is not the French tongue fine?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Je l'aime fort.</span></td> <td>I love it extreamly.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Elle est fort à la mode.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Elle est fort à la mode.</span></td> <td>'Tis very modish.</td></tr> </table></div> @@ -15867,9 +15826,9 @@ practical methods advocated:</p> learn to speak, that one may easily attain the French tongue by the assistance of a Master, if he will take a little pains on his side." He also advises his pupils to read the lengthy -heroical romances so popular at the time—<i>L'Astrée</i>, and the -enormous folios of De Gomberville, La Calprenède, Mlle. de -Scudéry, and other romances of the same type—as well as +heroical romances so popular at the time—<i>L'Astrée</i>, and the +enormous folios of De Gomberville, La Calprenède, Mlle. de +Scudéry, and other romances of the same type—as well as the works of Corneille, Balzac, and Le Grand. With Antoine le Grand, Mauger claims personal acquaintance, and recommends his works with special emphasis, giving his pupils @@ -15913,23 +15872,23 @@ Blois accent. At an earlier date he had acknowledged that Tours, and the Court," and in 1676 he writes, "Je suys exactement le plus beau stile de la Cour," and tells us that he had daily intercourse with French courtiers "tant ambassadeurs -qu'autres grands seigneurs, à qui j'ay aussi l'honneur de +qu'autres grands seigneurs, à qui j'ay aussi l'honneur de monstrer la langue angloise." He also read all the latest books, and carried on a correspondence with learned men in Paris, among others Antoine le Grand. But in the same year that he was praising the French of Paris, he wrote, encouraging a noble Englishman to take up the study of French in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">-311-</a></span>England: -<span class="sidenote">MAUGER IN PARIS</span>"Si vos affaires ne vous permettent pas d'aller à +<span class="sidenote">MAUGER IN PARIS</span>"Si vos affaires ne vous permettent pas d'aller à Paris, pour vous y adonner, de quoy vous souciez-vous si vous avez Blois dans Londres qui est la source? En effet sa -prononciation ne change jamais: de plus à cause du commerce -qu'il y a entre les deux cours, l'une communique à -l'autre sa pureté. Et je dy assurément qu'il y a icy quantité -de personnes qui parlent aussi bien à la mode qu'au Faubourg +prononciation ne change jamais: de plus à cause du commerce +qu'il y a entre les deux cours, l'une communique à +l'autre sa pureté. Et je dy assurément qu'il y a icy quantité +de personnes qui parlent aussi bien à la mode qu'au Faubourg Saint Germain. Et comme les fonteines font couler leurs eaux bien loin par de bons canaux sans se corrompre, vous -trouverez des Maîtres en cette ville qui vous enseigneront aussi +trouverez des Maîtres en cette ville qui vous enseigneront aussi purement que sur les lieux." However, when he had himself spent two years in Paris, he gave up praising the merits of Blois, and always describes himself as "late professor of @@ -15994,9 +15953,9 @@ Hague. It was usually published with an English grammar of more importance than the short one added by Mauger to the English editions—that of Festeau, Mauger's friend and fellow-townsman. Their combined work was known as the -<i>Nouvelle double grammaire Françoise-Angloise et Angloise-Françoise +<i>Nouvelle double grammaire Françoise-Angloise et Angloise-Françoise par messieurs Claude Mauger et Paul Festeau, Professeurs -de Langues à Paris et à Londres</i>. The two grammars +de Langues à Paris et à Londres</i>. The two grammars are followed by Mauger's dialogues and a collection of twenty-one "plaisantes et facetieuses Histoires pour rire," in French and English, entitled <i>l'Ecole pour rire</i>. The growing @@ -16012,7 +15971,7 @@ French.</p> <span class="sidenote">PAUL FESTEAU</span>and, like Mauger, he taught English to foreign visitors in London, as well as French to English people. Indeed his career bears a close resemblance to that of Mauger, -of whom he seems to have been a sort of protégé. Like +of whom he seems to have been a sort of protégé. Like Mauger he had taught at Blois, and the two teachers probably came to England together; at any rate they arrived at much the same time. He enjoyed a greater popularity than Mauger @@ -16056,7 +16015,7 @@ words together. Beside when a master doth teach his scholar, he must not ask him a whole long phrase at once, he must divide it in parts according to the distinction of points. As for instance, if I will ask this long phrase of a child | Quand -on a gaigné une fois | le jeu attire insensiblement | en esperance +on a gaigné une fois | le jeu attire insensiblement | en esperance de gaigner davantage |. I will ask it him at three several times." Festeau gives the pupil the English in three separate phrases, and requires him to give the French @@ -16087,7 +16046,7 @@ have had more editions, it cannot be inferred thence that this comes short of them: we can buy nothing at market but what is to be sold, and when this hath been in the light as long, no doubt but (especially being better known) it may -have as many editions." <span class="sidenote">PIERRE LAINÉ</span>Possibly he was referring to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">-315-</a></span> +have as many editions." <span class="sidenote">PIERRE LAINÉ</span>Possibly he was referring to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">-315-</a></span> Mauger's popularity, and the two friends may have become rivals during the latter part of their stay in England. On similar grounds he claimed that the sixth edition might be @@ -16129,10 +16088,10 @@ mathematics, and giving "a clear and fair idea thereof."</p> <p>Another French tutor who flourished at the same time as Mauger, and who wrote a French grammar which, like his, -appeared during the Commonwealth, was Peter Lainé. Lainé +appeared during the Commonwealth, was Peter Lainé. Lainé is not very communicative as regards himself; he does not even tell us from what part of France he came. All we know -of him is that he was a protégé of Robert Paston, to whom he +of him is that he was a protégé of Robert Paston, to whom he <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">-316-</a></span>dedicated his book, and who, no doubt, had been his pupil for French. Of his grammar he writes, "I here expose to thy view a work which might rather be counted an Errata than @@ -16164,7 +16123,7 @@ had, on the contrary, retained the etymological consonants of the old orthography, with the idea that the foreigner's Latin would thereby be of greater service to him.</p> -<p>Lainé's <i>Compendious Introduction to the French Tongue, +<p>Lainé's <i>Compendious Introduction to the French Tongue, teaching with much ease, facility and delight, how to attain briefly and most exactly to the true and modern pronunciation thereof</i>, is very similar to Mauger's grammar in the distribution of the @@ -16174,7 +16133,7 @@ are followed by observations on each part of speech in turn;<a name="FNanchor_82 finally come familiar phrases "to be used at the first learning of French," ten long dialogues, and a vocabulary, all in French <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">-317-</a></span>and English. -<span class="sidenote">LAINÉ'S DIALOGUES</span>The book closes with what Lainé calls "an +<span class="sidenote">LAINÉ'S DIALOGUES</span>The book closes with what Lainé calls "an alphabetical rule for the true and modern orthography of that French now spoken, being a catalogue of very necessary words never before printed"—an alphabetical list of words. The @@ -16197,7 +16156,7 @@ specimen is from a dialogue between an English gentleman and his language master:</p> <div class="table"><table summary="Festeau's dialogue"> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Quel beau livre est-ce là?</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Quel beau livre est-ce là ?</span></td> <td>What fine book is that?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Mons., c'est le romant comique.</span></td> <td>Sir, it is the comic romance.</td></tr> @@ -16205,7 +16164,7 @@ and his language master:</p> <td>Who is the author of it?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Mons. C'est Mons. Scarron.</span></td> <td>Sir, it is Mr. Scarron.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Est-il fort célèbre? Est il fort estimé?</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Est-il fort célèbre? Est il fort estimé?</span></td> <td>Is he very famed? Is he much esteemed?</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Mons., c'est un esprit sublime et transcendant.</span></td> <td>Sir, it is a sublime and transcendant wit.</td></tr> @@ -16222,15 +16181,15 @@ and his language master:</p> <td>Observe your accents.</td></tr> <tr><td><span lang="fr">Ne prenez point de mauvaise habitude.</span></td> <td>Take no ill habit.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Lisés distinctement.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Lisés distinctement.</span></td> <td>Read distinctly.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Vou lisez trop vîte.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Vou lisez trop vîte.</span></td> <td>You read too fast.</td></tr> -<tr><td><span lang="fr">Notre langue est ennemi de la précipitation.</span></td> +<tr><td><span lang="fr">Notre langue est ennemi de la précipitation.</span></td> <td>Our tongue is enemy to precipitation.</td></tr> </table></div> -<p class="noi">Lainé evidently intended that the dialogues, at least some +<p class="noi">Lainé evidently intended that the dialogues, at least some of them, should be committed to memory, as well as read and translated; "after that," he continues, "as his sufficiency shall permit, he may proceed to Reading any Histories, among @@ -16241,15 +16200,15 @@ of the style." We recall, as we reflect on this strange reason for rejecting the Holy Scriptures as reading material, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">-318-</a></span> unenviable reputation the refugees themselves had as regards literary style. As the Bible is left us "for divine study only," -Lainé advises his pupils to make use of moral histories for +Lainé advises his pupils to make use of moral histories for purposes of reading. Many, he says, have been produced of late years. Nor did he limit his pupils' choice to these; he encouraged them to read the heroic romances so popular at -the time—<i>Artamène ou le grand Cyrus</i> and <i>Clélie</i> by Mlle. de -Scudéry, <i>Cassandre</i> and <i>Cléopâtre</i> by La Calprenède; also -the <i>Poésies spirituelles</i> of Corneille, the commentaries of +the time—<i>Artamène ou le grand Cyrus</i> and <i>Clélie</i> by Mlle. de +Scudéry, <i>Cassandre</i> and <i>Cléopâtre</i> by La Calprenède; also +the <i>Poésies spirituelles</i> of Corneille, the commentaries of Caesar in French, and Scarron's <i>Roman comique</i>. Lighter -fare could be found in the <i>Gazette françoise</i>.</p> +fare could be found in the <i>Gazette françoise</i>.</p> <div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> @@ -16283,16 +16242,16 @@ Street Church, but none can be connected with Claude.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_822_822" id="Footnote_822_822"></a><a href="#FNanchor_822_822"><span class="label">[822]</span></a> </p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span lang="fr"><span class="i0">"De tous les professeurs de la langue françoyse,<br /></span> +<span lang="fr"><span class="i0">"De tous les professeurs de la langue françoyse,<br /></span> <span class="i0">Festeau c'est de toi seul dont je fais plus de cas.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Si tu es éloquent dans nostre langue angloise,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Si tu es éloquent dans nostre langue angloise,<br /></span> <span class="i0">Dans la tienne, pourquoy ne le serois-tu pas?"<br /></span></span> </div></div> <p class="noi"> Thus wrote one of his pupils, Mr. P. Hume, probably the famous statesman and Covenanter.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_823_823" id="Footnote_823_823"></a><a href="#FNanchor_823_823"><span class="label">[823]</span></a> Pp. 48-130. Lainé retains the usual six Latin cases; the verbs are divided into +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_823_823" id="Footnote_823_823"></a><a href="#FNanchor_823_823"><span class="label">[823]</span></a> Pp. 48-130. Lainé retains the usual six Latin cases; the verbs are divided into four conjugations; the indeclinables are given in lists. A vocabulary of nouns which have two meanings according as they are masculine or feminine is included.</p></div> </div> @@ -16313,7 +16272,7 @@ Their importance in the eyes of the French teachers may also have increased their vogue. They were especially affected by Charles I.; and when on the eve of his death, he was distributing a few of his favourite possessions among -his friends, he left the volumes of La Calprenède's <i>Cassandre</i> +his friends, he left the volumes of La Calprenède's <i>Cassandre</i> to the Earl of Lindsey.<a name="FNanchor_825_825" id="FNanchor_825_825"></a><a href="#Footnote_825_825" class="fnanchor">[825]</a> Later on, Pope describing, in his <i>Rape of the Lock</i>, the adventurous baron in quest of the much-coveted lock, pictures him imploring Love for help, and @@ -16340,11 +16299,11 @@ disregard of spelling and grammar:</p> <div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>Je n'ay guere plus dormie que vous et mes songes n'ont pas estres moins confuse, au rest une bande de violons que sont venue jouer sous ma fennestre -m'ont tourmentés de tel façon que je doubt fort si je pourrois jamais les +m'ont tourmentés de tel façon que je doubt fort si je pourrois jamais les souffrire encore; je ne suis pourtant pas en fort mauvaise humeur et je m'en -voy ausi tost que je serai habillée voire ce qu'il est posible de faire pour -vostre satisfaction; apres je viendré vous rendre conte de nos affairs et quoy -qu'il en sera vous ne sçaurois jamais doubté que je ne vous ayme plus que +voy ausi tost que je serai habillée voire ce qu'il est posible de faire pour +vostre satisfaction; apres je viendré vous rendre conte de nos affairs et quoy +qu'il en sera vous ne sçaurois jamais doubté que je ne vous ayme plus que toutes les choses du monde.<a name="FNanchor_826_826" id="FNanchor_826_826"></a><a href="#Footnote_826_826" class="fnanchor">[826]</a></p></div> </div> <p>The French romances were Dorothy's constant companions, @@ -16353,8 +16312,8 @@ her favourite passages. She sent the volumes to Temple by instalments,<a name="FNanchor_827_827" id="FNanchor_827_827"></a><a href="#Footnote_827_827" class="fnanchor">[827]</a> as she finished them, pressing him for his opinion. <i>Le Grand Cyrus</i> seems to have been her favourite. She had also a great admiration for <i>Ibraham ou l'Illustre Bassa</i>, -which, like <i>Polexandre et Cléopâtre</i> and the four volumes of -<i>Prazimène</i>, was her "old acquaintance." <i>Parthenissa</i>, the +which, like <i>Polexandre et Cléopâtre</i> and the four volumes of +<i>Prazimène</i>, was her "old acquaintance." <i>Parthenissa</i>, the English romance in the French style by Lord Broghill, did not meet with her approval. "But," she confides to Temple, "perhaps I like it worse for having a piece of <i>Cyrus</i> by me @@ -16403,7 +16362,7 @@ the plot of yesterday's play, which is exactly the same."</p> interest to Pepys, and to have served him on many occasions. Being ill, "taking physique all day," he beguiled the time by reading "little French romances." He appears to have been -particularly attracted by Sorbière's <i>Voyage en Angleterre</i>, +particularly attracted by Sorbière's <i>Voyage en Angleterre</i>, which on its appearance caused some indignation at the English Court. Pepys read the book in the year of its publication (1664).<a name="FNanchor_831_831" id="FNanchor_831_831"></a><a href="#Footnote_831_831" class="fnanchor">[831]</a> Unfortunately he has not left us a very full @@ -16413,7 +16372,7 @@ reading a new French book my Lord Bruncker did give me to-day, <i>L'Histoire Amoureuse des Gaules</i>" [by the Comte de Bussy], "being a pretty libel against the amours of the Court of France." Another volume which pleased Pepys was -a "pretty" work, <i>La Nouvelle allégorique</i>, "upon the strife +a "pretty" work, <i>La Nouvelle allégorique</i>, "upon the strife <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">-322-</a></span>between rhetorique and its enemies, very pleasant." His choice of French literature was wide, ranging from Du Bartas, which he judged "very fine as anything he had seen," to @@ -16441,7 +16400,7 @@ tune to look upon them with any pleasure." And when his failing eyesight prevented him from reading with ease, his wife, Batelier, and his brother-in-law, Balty St. Michel, would read to him in French as well as in English. He got -Balty to read to him out of Sorbière's <i>Voyage en Angleterre</i>, +Balty to read to him out of Sorbière's <i>Voyage en Angleterre</i>, and under the date the 30th of January 1668-9 we find this entry: "I spent all the afternoon with my wife and Will Batelier talking, and then making them read, and particularly @@ -16455,7 +16414,7 @@ which he hath brought over with him for me."</p> No doubt the polite French literature which the French teachers recommended so strongly to their pupils had some influence on the character of the dialogues which form part -of their manuals. Mauger, Festeau, and Lainé all include +of their manuals. Mauger, Festeau, and Lainé all include polite conversations in their dialogues, and leave the old familiar subjects of buying and selling, wayside and tavern talk. Polite conversation was the fashion, and coteries for @@ -16470,7 +16429,7 @@ by the adherents of the Parisian salons. "Orinda" was of course a great reader of French literature, and knew French perfectly. She is chiefly remembered for her translations of some of Corneille's plays into English.<a name="FNanchor_838_838" id="FNanchor_838_838"></a><a href="#Footnote_838_838" class="fnanchor">[838]</a> French books -of conversation, such as Mlle. de Scudéry's <i>Conversations sur +of conversation, such as Mlle. de Scudéry's <i>Conversations sur divers sujets</i><a name="FNanchor_839_839" id="FNanchor_839_839"></a><a href="#Footnote_839_839" class="fnanchor">[839]</a> or the similar volume by Clerombault, which was rendered into English by a "person of honour" [1672], also give some clue to the tastes and tendencies of the time, @@ -16494,7 +16453,7 @@ more exact and delightful method then any yet extant</i>.</p> <p>The thirty-four dialogues contained in this collection are all, with the exception of the first which is autobiographical, -written in the <i>précieux</i> style, full of points and conceits,<a name="FNanchor_840_840" id="FNanchor_840_840"></a><a href="#Footnote_840_840" class="fnanchor">[840]</a> and all, +written in the <i>précieux</i> style, full of points and conceits,<a name="FNanchor_840_840" id="FNanchor_840_840"></a><a href="#Footnote_840_840" class="fnanchor">[840]</a> and all, with the same exception, are very alike and a little wearisome. Herbert says he does not write for every one, but for "les plus subtils." And in his first dialogue, which gives a free account @@ -16504,48 +16463,48 @@ stranger addresses a friend of the author:</p> <div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>Pourquoi ne parle-t-il point de vendre et d'acheter?</p> -<p>Parce qu'il n'a rien à vendre et que fort peu d'argent pour acheter; et -que les autres faiseurs de livres François en ce pais ont tout vendu et tout -acheté avant qu'il allât au marché.</p> +<p>Parce qu'il n'a rien à vendre et que fort peu d'argent pour acheter; et +que les autres faiseurs de livres François en ce pais ont tout vendu et tout +acheté avant qu'il allât au marché.</p> <p>Pourquoi ne dit-il rien du Manger et du Boire?</p> -<p>Pour tant qu'il y prend fort peu de plaisir, faute d'appétit, et que quelques-uns -de ceux qui l'ont precédé l'ont fait pour lui, nommant fidèlement toutes -les viandes qu'ils ont portées à la table de leurs maîtres. Qui lèche les +<p>Pour tant qu'il y prend fort peu de plaisir, faute d'appétit, et que quelques-uns +de ceux qui l'ont precédé l'ont fait pour lui, nommant fidèlement toutes +les viandes qu'ils ont portées à la table de leurs maîtres. Qui lèche les plats, en peut bien parler.</p> <p>Pourquoi ne parle-t-il point des Habits, et de La Mode, du Lever et du Coucher, de la Chambre et du Lit?</p> -<p>Parce que nos maîtres, qui ont été valets de chambre ou laquais, lui ont -épargné ce travail, comme leur étant plus propre qu'à lui.</p> +<p>Parce que nos maîtres, qui ont été valets de chambre ou laquais, lui ont +épargné ce travail, comme leur étant plus propre qu'à lui.</p> <p>Pourquoi se tait-il des Merciers, des Tailleurs et des Cordonniers?</p> -<p>Parce qu'ils aiment mieux argent contant que des paroles et que n'étant -point dans leurs livres il ne se souvient guère d'eux et s'en soucie encore +<p>Parce qu'ils aiment mieux argent contant que des paroles et que n'étant +point dans leurs livres il ne se souvient guère d'eux et s'en soucie encore moins.</p> -<p>Pourquoi laisse-t-il les Ministres, les Médecins et les Jurisconsultes, +<p>Pourquoi laisse-t-il les Ministres, les Médecins et les Jurisconsultes, sans faire attention d'eux?</p> <p>Parce qu'ils ont assez d'esprit pour ne s'oublier pas: et assez de langue -pour parler pour eux-mêmes. Et toutefois il en parle à la dérobée, sans leur -donner un discours à part, quoiqu'il honore ces professions-là, et aime fort -passionément plusieurs personnes de ces trois états, pour leurs rares mérites.</p></div></div> +pour parler pour eux-mêmes. Et toutefois il en parle à la dérobée, sans leur +donner un discours à part, quoiqu'il honore ces professions-là , et aime fort +passionément plusieurs personnes de ces trois états, pour leurs rares mérites.</p></div></div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">-325-</a></span> <span class="sidenote">STATE OF THE TEACHING PROFESSION</span></p> <div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>N'a-t-il rien des Apoticaires, des Chirurgiens et des Barbiers?</p> <p>Pas un seul mot, monsieur, parce qu'il se sert rarement des premiers, et -que, par la grâce de Dieu, il n'a ni playes ni ulcères ni vérole pour les seconds, -et que, les derniers le tenant à la gorge, il n'oseroit parler.</p> +que, par la grâce de Dieu, il n'a ni playes ni ulcères ni vérole pour les seconds, +et que, les derniers le tenant à la gorge, il n'oseroit parler.</p> -<p>Il pourroit dire quelque chose des Parens et des Alliéz.</p> +<p>Il pourroit dire quelque chose des Parens et des Alliéz.</p> -<p>Qu'en diroit-il, les siens lui étant si peu courtois? S'il parloit d'eux, +<p>Qu'en diroit-il, les siens lui étant si peu courtois? S'il parloit d'eux, ce seroit moyen de renouveler ses douleurs.</p></div></div> <p>Herbert, it will be seen, had not a very high opinion of the @@ -16555,8 +16514,8 @@ not style himself "Professor of the French Language" on the title-page of his dialogues, although he taught both in his house and away from home, because few people care to boast of their cross, and his cross was—to be reduced to -belong to a profession "que tant de valets, de mécaniques, -et d'ignorants rendent tous les jours méprisable." He draws +belong to a profession "que tant de valets, de mécaniques, +et d'ignorants rendent tous les jours méprisable." He draws a far from flattering picture of the common sort of French teacher. He is a "brouillon," a shuffling fellow, who boasts, dresses well, and intrudes everywhere, cringing and offering @@ -16675,11 +16634,11 @@ of London. He dedicated his <i>Quadripartit Devotion</i> of 1648 to the "learned, pious, and reverend Pastors, Elders, and Deacons of all the French and Dutch congregations in England." At a later date he published a biting pamphlet against a -French Pastor, Jean Despagne,—the <i>Réponse aux Questions -de Mr. Despagne adressées à l'Eglise Françoise de Londres</i> +French Pastor, Jean Despagne,—the <i>Réponse aux Questions +de Mr. Despagne adressées à l'Eglise Françoise de Londres</i> (1657), accusing "le ridicule Despagne" of blasphemy and immorality, as well as criticising his French. In this work -Herbert agrees with Lainé in omitting a number of superfluous +Herbert agrees with Lainé in omitting a number of superfluous letters, with the intention of facilitating reading for foreigners, though he was opposed to too many changes, for fear of offending the partisans of the old orthography. The <i>Dialogues</i> @@ -16870,7 +16829,7 @@ Henrietta Maria, and accompanied her in her exile in France.</p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">-333-</a></span> <span class="sidenote">FRENCH BY CONVERSATION</span>of French, "in any leisure hour," as Milton said of Italian, is found in the Letters of Robert Loveday, the translator of -part of La Calprenède's <i>Cléopâtre</i>. Loveday lived during +part of La Calprenède's <i>Cléopâtre</i>. Loveday lived during the Commonwealth as a dependent in the house of Lady Clinton at Nottingham, where, he says, French "was familiarly spoken by the best sort of the family."<a name="FNanchor_854_854" id="FNanchor_854_854"></a><a href="#Footnote_854_854" class="fnanchor">[854]</a> He therefore had @@ -16889,7 +16848,7 @@ scope to (his) narrow condition" at Nottingham. One of his first enterprises was the translation of a "mad fantastick Dream" he met with in Sorel's <i>Francion</i>, which he sent to his brother; but his chief work was a rendering of the first -three parts of <i>Cléopâtre</i>, which was hardly of the "indifferent +three parts of <i>Cléopâtre</i>, which was hardly of the "indifferent size" he writes of. The several parts appeared in 1652, 1654, and 1655 respectively, under the title of <i>Hymen's Praeludia, or Love's Masterpiece</i>, and were dedicated to his "ever-honoured @@ -17173,7 +17132,7 @@ an English translation of it before 1709 (Pepys's <i>Diary</i>, Oct. 13, 1664, e <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_832_832" id="Footnote_832_832"></a><a href="#FNanchor_832_832"><span class="label">[832]</span></a> <i>Diary</i>, Jan. 13, Feb. 8 and 9, 1667-8.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_833_833" id="Footnote_833_833"></a><a href="#FNanchor_833_833"><span class="label">[833]</span></a> <i>L'Hydrographie contenant la théorie et la pratique de toutes les parties de la navigation</i>, +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_833_833" id="Footnote_833_833"></a><a href="#FNanchor_833_833"><span class="label">[833]</span></a> <i>L'Hydrographie contenant la théorie et la pratique de toutes les parties de la navigation</i>, 1643.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_834_834" id="Footnote_834_834"></a><a href="#FNanchor_834_834"><span class="label">[834]</span></a> He read Descartes's <i>Musicae Compendium</i>, but did not think much of it.</p></div> @@ -17184,7 +17143,7 @@ twenty to one against him, which he would not agree to with me, though I know my in the right as to the sense of the word, and almost angry we were, and were an houre and more upon the dispute, till at last broke up not satisfied, and so home."</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_836_836" id="Footnote_836_836"></a><a href="#FNanchor_836_836"><span class="label">[836]</span></a> <i>Les Résolutions Politiques ou Maximes d'État</i>, par Jean de Marnix, Baron de +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_836_836" id="Footnote_836_836"></a><a href="#FNanchor_836_836"><span class="label">[836]</span></a> <i>Les Résolutions Politiques ou Maximes d'État</i>, par Jean de Marnix, Baron de Potes, Bruxelles, 1612.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_837_837" id="Footnote_837_837"></a><a href="#FNanchor_837_837"><span class="label">[837]</span></a> Cp. E. Gosse, <i>Seventeenth Century Studies</i>, 1897; J. J. Jusserand, <i>The English @@ -17198,28 +17157,28 @@ of my Lord Orrery's the second" (<i>Letters of Orinda to Poliarchus</i>, London, dated Jan. 31, 1663).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_839_839" id="Footnote_839_839"></a><a href="#FNanchor_839_839"><span class="label">[839]</span></a> Fifth ed., Amsterdam, 1686. Translated into English by F. Spence, London, -1683. Queen Henrietta Maria had done much to foster the spirit of the <i>Astrée</i> and the -Hôtel de Rambouillet in England: cp. J. B. Fletcher, "Précieuses at the Court of +1683. Queen Henrietta Maria had done much to foster the spirit of the <i>Astrée</i> and the +Hôtel de Rambouillet in England: cp. J. B. Fletcher, "Précieuses at the Court of Charles I.," in the <i>Journal of Comparative Philology</i>, vol. i. 1903.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_840_840" id="Footnote_840_840"></a><a href="#FNanchor_840_840"><span class="label">[840]</span></a> Between ladies and "cavaliers." Herbert explains that by "cavalier" he means -<i>galant homme</i>. Here is a specimen of their style: "<i>Cavalier</i>: La voilà, je la vois.—<i>Dame</i>: +<i>galant homme</i>. Here is a specimen of their style: "<i>Cavalier</i>: La voilà , je la vois.—<i>Dame</i>: Que voyez-vous, mons.?—Je vois la Gloire du beau sexe, l'Ornement de -ce siècle, et l'Objet de mes affections.—Vous voyez ici bien des choses.—Toutes ces -choses sont en une.—C'est donc une merveille.—Dites, ma chère Dame, la merveille -des merveilles.—Je le pourrois dire après vous, car votre bel esprit ne se sauroit tromper.—Il +ce siècle, et l'Objet de mes affections.—Vous voyez ici bien des choses.—Toutes ces +choses sont en une.—C'est donc une merveille.—Dites, ma chère Dame, la merveille +des merveilles.—Je le pourrois dire après vous, car votre bel esprit ne se sauroit tromper.—Il se peut bien tromper, mais non pas en ceci.—Je veux qu'il soit infaillible en ceci: il faut pourtant que je voye cette Gloire, cet Ornement et cet Objet, pour en pouvoir -juger.—Vous ne les sauriez voir que par réflexion.—Je ne vous entens pas.—Approchez-vous +juger.—Vous ne les sauriez voir que par réflexion.—Je ne vous entens pas.—Approchez-vous de ce miroir, et vous verrez ce que je dis. Qu'y voyez-vous, ma Belle?—Je vous -y vois, monsieur.—Voilà une belle réponse.—Belle ou laide, elle est vraye.—Elle l'est +y vois, monsieur.—Voilà une belle réponse.—Belle ou laide, elle est vraye.—Elle l'est effectivement: mais n'y voyez-vous rien que moi?—Je m'y vois aussi bien que vous.—Vous voyez donc cette illustre merveille, etc."</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_841_841" id="Footnote_841_841"></a><a href="#FNanchor_841_841"><span class="label">[841]</span></a> "Il y a des particuliers qui ne sont pas dans mes intérêts, qui les (<i>i.e.</i> his works) -décrient hautement, non pas tant par malice que par jalousie, quelques-uns étant des -personnes intéressées qui sont de ma profession, ou des critiques ignorans qui trouvent -à redire à tout ce que les autres font, pour faire paroître ce qu'ils n'ont point, s'imaginant +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_841_841" id="Footnote_841_841"></a><a href="#FNanchor_841_841"><span class="label">[841]</span></a> "Il y a des particuliers qui ne sont pas dans mes intérêts, qui les (<i>i.e.</i> his works) +décrient hautement, non pas tant par malice que par jalousie, quelques-uns étant des +personnes intéressées qui sont de ma profession, ou des critiques ignorans qui trouvent +à redire à tout ce que les autres font, pour faire paroître ce qu'ils n'ont point, s'imaginant qu'on les prend pour des hommes d'esprit, quand on les entend reprendre les choses les mieux faites."</p></div> @@ -17227,9 +17186,9 @@ les mieux faites."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_843_843" id="Footnote_843_843"></a><a href="#FNanchor_843_843"><span class="label">[843]</span></a> Arber, <i>Stationers' Register</i>, iv. 333.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_844_844" id="Footnote_844_844"></a><a href="#FNanchor_844_844"><span class="label">[844]</span></a> Schickler, <i>Églises du Refuge</i>, ii. pp. 148-9, and 153. Despagne became a denizen +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_844_844" id="Footnote_844_844"></a><a href="#FNanchor_844_844"><span class="label">[844]</span></a> Schickler, <i>Églises du Refuge</i>, ii. pp. 148-9, and 153. Despagne became a denizen in 1655 (Hug. Soc. Pub. xviii.). Cp. also Haag, <i>La France protestante</i>, ad nom., and -the <i>Bulletin de la société de l'Histoire du Protestantisme français</i>, viii. pp. 369 <i>et seq.</i> +the <i>Bulletin de la société de l'Histoire du Protestantisme français</i>, viii. pp. 369 <i>et seq.</i> He died in 1658.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_845_845" id="Footnote_845_845"></a><a href="#FNanchor_845_845"><span class="label">[845]</span></a> <i>Harmony of the Old and New Testament</i>, 1682, Brown's preface.</p></div> @@ -17242,7 +17201,7 @@ He died in 1658.</p></div> following passage from Mauger; a stranger questions one of his pupils: </p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Entendez-vous tout ce que vous lisés?<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Entendez-vous tout ce que vous lisés?<br /></span> <span class="i0">J'en entends une partie.<br /></span> <span class="i0">Entendez-vous bien le sens?<br /></span> <span class="i0">Fort bien, monsieur.<br /></span> @@ -17305,7 +17264,7 @@ Hume. Cp. Watson, <i>Grammar Schools</i>, p. 296.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_860_860" id="Footnote_860_860"></a><a href="#FNanchor_860_860"><span class="label">[860]</span></a> <i>An Essay to Revive the Antient Education of Gentlewomen</i>, London, 1673 (by Mrs. Makin or Mark Lewis).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_861_861" id="Footnote_861_861"></a><a href="#FNanchor_861_861"><span class="label">[861]</span></a> G. Miège, <i>A New French Grammar</i>, 1678, p. 377.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_861_861" id="Footnote_861_861"></a><a href="#FNanchor_861_861"><span class="label">[861]</span></a> G. Miège, <i>A New French Grammar</i>, 1678, p. 377.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_862_862" id="Footnote_862_862"></a><a href="#FNanchor_862_862"><span class="label">[862]</span></a> <i>Appeale to Truth</i>, 1622, p. 41.</p></div> @@ -17330,7 +17289,7 @@ Subjects</i>, p. 482). Ch. Hoole, teacher at a private grammar school in London, proposes that Latin should be learnt by speaking and hearing it spoken, and attributes the unsatisfactory knowledge of the language to the too frequent use of English in schools (<i>New Discoverie of the old art of Teaching Schooll</i>, 1660). The French teacher -Miège suggests that Latin should be taught in special schools, on the same lines as +Miège suggests that Latin should be taught in special schools, on the same lines as French was taught in the French ones (<i>French Grammar</i>, 1678). In 1685 was published <i>The Way of Teaching the Latin Tongue by use to those that have already learn'd their Mother Tongue</i>; and in 1669 had appeared a work translated from the French, called @@ -17427,7 +17386,7 @@ to the Protestant pastor, M. Testard, who received foreign pupils. The young students worked hard at Latin and French under the minister's supervision. Testard reported of Edmund, the elder, "Il fait merveille. . . . Je luy -raconte une histoire en français, il me la rend extempore en +raconte une histoire en français, il me la rend extempore en Latin."<a name="FNanchor_885_885" id="FNanchor_885_885"></a><a href="#Footnote_885_885" class="fnanchor">[885]</a> And one day Mme. Testard found the young John hard at work in bed in the early morning with two books in French and Latin. The children wrote in French to their @@ -17438,15 +17397,15 @@ sought to divert his mind by travelling in Italy, Edmund,<a name="FNanchor_886_8 then aged thirteen, wrote this letter—which shows clearly the dangers of a purely oral method:</p> -<div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>Plust à Dieu qu'il vous donnast la pensée de retourner à Blois. Les -jours me semblent des années tant il m'ennuye d'ettre icy comme dans un +<div class="blockquot"><div lang="fr"><p>Plust à Dieu qu'il vous donnast la pensée de retourner à Blois. Les +jours me semblent des années tant il m'ennuye d'ettre icy comme dans un desert de solitude; car quoy est cequi me peut desormais plaire dans cette ville, comment est ceque cette lumiere de la vie, et cette respiration de l'air me peuvent-elle estre agreeables, puisqu'y ayant perdu cequi m'estoit le plus au Monde et qu'il m'interesse plus q'une seule personne dont je suis -privé de l'honneur de sa presence, au reste, graces a Dieu, nous nous porte +privé de l'honneur de sa presence, au reste, graces a Dieu, nous nous porte fort bien et pourcequi et de moy je vous asseure que je ne manqueray -jamais à mon devoir, c'espourquoy finissant je demeure et demeureray +jamais à mon devoir, c'espourquoy finissant je demeure et demeureray aternellement,</p> <p class="signature"> @@ -17475,7 +17434,7 @@ compensate for the loss of English public school life, which he himself had never enjoyed. Sir Ralph soon became a versatile source of information to parents desiring details of the cost of living and education in France. He considered -£200 a year a proper allowance for an English youth to be +£200 a year a proper allowance for an English youth to be boarded in a good French family, and that homes in which there were children were best, on account of the continual prattle of the young inmates. The families of French pastors @@ -17622,7 +17581,7 @@ he hath been a scholar." The language master should teach his pupil to read, write and spell correctly, and to speak <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">-347-</a></span>properly. <span class="sidenote">GUIDE-BOOKS FOR TRAVELLERS</span>The material for reading must be carefully -chosen; romances, such as those of Scudéry, are often +chosen; romances, such as those of Scudéry, are often dangerous; it is better to use books which give instruction in such subjects as history, morality, and politics. Every evening there should be a repetition of what has been learnt @@ -17652,7 +17611,7 @@ their pupils to go to France, and most of them add directions for travel in their text-books.<a name="FNanchor_903_903" id="FNanchor_903_903"></a><a href="#Footnote_903_903" class="fnanchor">[903]</a> Mauger's dialogues include "most exact instructions for travel, very useful and necessary for all gentlemen that intend to travel into France," and -Lainé's grammar is "enriched with choice dialogues useful +Lainé's grammar is "enriched with choice dialogues useful for persons of quality that intend to travel into France, leading them as by the hand to the most noted and principal places of the kingdom."</p> @@ -17690,8 +17649,8 @@ positions, or notices on their history and antiquities.<a name="FNanchor_908_908 time, however, they assumed a character more particularly adapted to strangers.<a name="FNanchor_909_909" id="FNanchor_909_909"></a><a href="#Footnote_909_909" class="fnanchor">[909]</a> One of the best known and most <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">-349-</a></span> -<span class="sidenote">ROUTES USUALLY FOLLOWED</span>popular was <i>Le Voyage de France, dressé pour l'instruction et -commodité tant des Français que des étrangers</i>, first published +<span class="sidenote">ROUTES USUALLY FOLLOWED</span>popular was <i>Le Voyage de France, dressé pour l'instruction et +commodité tant des Français que des étrangers</i>, first published in 1639. The author, C. de Varennes, gives directions for the study of French. He thinks Oudin's Grammar the most profitable, on account of the manner in which it deals with @@ -17701,8 +17660,8 @@ be enlisted, and the student should converse as much as possible with children, and with persons of learning and ability; he should also read widely, preferably dialogues in familiar style and the latest novels; and write French, for -which exercise he will find much help in the <i>Secrétaire de -la Cour</i> and the <i>Secrétaire à la mode</i>,<a name="FNanchor_910_910" id="FNanchor_910_910"></a><a href="#Footnote_910_910" class="fnanchor">[910]</a> collections of letters and +which exercise he will find much help in the <i>Secrétaire de +la Cour</i> and the <i>Secrétaire à la mode</i>,<a name="FNanchor_910_910" id="FNanchor_910_910"></a><a href="#Footnote_910_910" class="fnanchor">[910]</a> collections of letters and "compliments," which, we may say incidentally, enjoyed a popularity greatly exceeding their merit.</p> @@ -17712,7 +17671,7 @@ whole of their sojourn abroad there, without undertaking the longer continental tour. Others went to France to prepare themselves for the longer tour. Naturally the tour in France alone engaged the attention of French teachers. We are told that -the cost of a tour of three months need not be more than £50. +the cost of a tour of three months need not be more than £50. "If you take a friend with you 'twill make you miss a thousand opportunities of following your end: you go to get French, and it would be best if you could avoid making an acquaintance @@ -17759,11 +17718,11 @@ became customary with the more serious-minded to retire for a time to some quiet provincial town where the accent was good. The French teacher Wodroeph tells us as much: "Mais, Monsieur, je vois bien que vous estes -estranger et vous allez à la cour à Paris pour y apprendre -nostre langue françoise. Mais mieux il vous vaut d'aller à +estranger et vous allez à la cour à Paris pour y apprendre +nostre langue françoise. Mais mieux il vous vaut d'aller à Orleans plustost que d'y aller pour hanter la cour et baiser les Dames et Damoiselles. . . . Parquoy je vous conseille -mieux vous en esloigner et d'aller à Orleans là où vous apprendrez +mieux vous en esloigner et d'aller à Orleans là où vous apprendrez la vraye methode de la langue vulgaire."<a name="FNanchor_915_915" id="FNanchor_915_915"></a><a href="#Footnote_915_915" class="fnanchor">[915]</a> The towns in the valley of the Loire were favourite resorts for purposes of study.<a name="FNanchor_916_916" id="FNanchor_916_916"></a><a href="#Footnote_916_916" class="fnanchor">[916]</a> Orleans, Blois, and Saumur seem to @@ -17790,7 +17749,7 @@ diligently for nineteen weeks.</p> travellers usually lodged in hotels, <i>auberges</i>, or <i>pensions</i>,<a name="FNanchor_920_920" id="FNanchor_920_920"></a><a href="#Footnote_920_920" class="fnanchor">[920]</a> and sometimes with French families. One of their chief difficulties appears to have been to avoid their fellow-countrymen -in such places. Gabriel Du Grès suggests +in such places. Gabriel Du Grès suggests that when English students are thus thrown together they should come to an agreement that any one who spoke his native tongue should pay a fine. A further though @@ -17799,14 +17758,14 @@ considered necessary to the traveller by scholars such as John Brinsley.<a name="FNanchor_921_921" id="FNanchor_921_921"></a><a href="#Footnote_921_921" class="fnanchor">[921]</a> For this reason travellers "for language" are advised to frequent the company of women and children, and "polite" society, rather than that of scholars. It is a -great inconvenience, observes Du Grès, if your landlord can +great inconvenience, observes Du Grès, if your landlord can speak Latin. The majority of travellers, however, do not appear to have experienced any embarrassment in this respect; on the contrary, those with little previous knowledge of French found their Latin of use in their first French lessons if they studied the language "grammatically" with a master. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">-352-</a></span>French teachers in England usually recommended suitable -<i>pensions</i> to their students. Gabriel Du Grès, for instance, gives +<i>pensions</i> to their students. Gabriel Du Grès, for instance, gives a list of such lodgings at Saumur, his native town; Mauger, of those of Blois, Orleans, and other towns in the Loire valley.<a name="FNanchor_922_922" id="FNanchor_922_922"></a><a href="#Footnote_922_922" class="fnanchor">[922]</a> In like manner they addressed their pupils to recommendable @@ -17817,7 +17776,7 @@ their French as well as the "exercises." The house of M. Doux, who had a riding school at Blois, was considered a particularly appropriate residence for those desiring to learn French, on account of his daughters, who spoke "wondrously -well," as was also that of a certain M. Dechaussé, who kept +well," as was also that of a certain M. Dechaussé, who kept an academy for teaching young gentlemen to ride.</p> <p>What is more, French teachers in England, no longer @@ -17836,9 +17795,9 @@ Clarendon significantly states that in France "we quickly <i>renew</i> the acquaintance we have had with the language by the practice and custom of speaking it." Students going abroad for purposes of study are therefore addressed to M. -Nicolas, an excellent master at Paris, M. le Fèvre, an <i>avocat +Nicolas, an excellent master at Paris, M. le Fèvre, an <i>avocat en parlement</i> at Orleans, and others. We are also informed -that <i>abbés</i> were fond of teaching their language to strangers, +that <i>abbés</i> were fond of teaching their language to strangers, especially the English.<a name="FNanchor_923_923" id="FNanchor_923_923"></a><a href="#Footnote_923_923" class="fnanchor">[923]</a> Moreover, several French teachers in England had previously exercised their profession in France. The most popular of all, Claude Mauger, had spent seven years @@ -17862,12 +17821,12 @@ teachers of languages at Paris who wrote grammars specially for their use. Alcide de St. Maurice, the author of the <i>Guide fidelle des estrangers dans le voyage de France</i> (1672), composed a grammar called <i>Remarques sur les principales -difficultez de la langue françoise</i> (1674), which has little -value, and is compiled chiefly from Vaugelas and Ménage. His +difficultez de la langue françoise</i> (1674), which has little +value, and is compiled chiefly from Vaugelas and Ménage. His chief aim was to overcome the usual difficulties—pronunciation and orthography. Several years previously he had written a collection of short stories inspired by the <i>Decameron</i>. The -<i>Fleurs, Fleurettes et passetemps ou les divers caractères de l'amour +<i>Fleurs, Fleurettes et passetemps ou les divers caractères de l'amour honneste</i>, as he called them, were published at Paris in 1666, and were no doubt intended as reading matter for his pupils.</p> @@ -17891,8 +17850,8 @@ there. He also corresponded with Pepys, the famous diarist. they appear to have been in the majority. He was a strong advocate of the study of grammar, and condemned attempts to learn French "by imitation" alone. His <i>Grammaire -Méthodique contenant en abrégé les principes de cet art et les -regles les plus necessaires de la langue françoise dans un ordre +Méthodique contenant en abrégé les principes de cet art et les +regles les plus necessaires de la langue françoise dans un ordre claire et naturelle</i> appeared at Paris in 1682.<a name="FNanchor_925_925" id="FNanchor_925_925"></a><a href="#Footnote_925_925" class="fnanchor">[925]</a> In it he criticizes severely all the French grammars for the use of strangers produced either in France or in foreign countries. Shortly @@ -17903,12 +17862,12 @@ printed at Paris in 1683. This French grammar published in English at Paris is a striking testimony to the importance of the English as students of French.</p> -<p>René Milleran, like Vairasse d'Allais, taught English as +<p>René Milleran, like Vairasse d'Allais, taught English as well as French. He was a native of Saumur, but spent most of his life at Paris teaching languages, and for a time acted as interpreter to the king. He composed for the use of his pupils a French grammar entitled <i>La Nouvelle Grammaire -Françoise, avec le Latin à coté des exemples devisée en deux +Françoise, avec le Latin à coté des exemples devisée en deux parties</i> (Marseilles, 1692), which is no doubt a first edition of his <i>Les deux Gramaires Fransaizes</i> (Marseilles, 1694), in which he expounds his new system of orthography. His @@ -17934,14 +17893,14 @@ letters to and from students of French, reporting on their progress in the language, with mutual congratulations on improvement in style, etc. It is said of Milleran's compositions that their chief merit is their scarcity, and few will agree -with De Linière, the satirist and enemy of Boileau, who wrote +with De Linière, the satirist and enemy of Boileau, who wrote in praise of Milleran:</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span lang="fr"><span class="i0">Cet homme en sa Grammaire étale<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Autant de sçavoir que Varron,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Et dans ses Lettres il égale<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Balzac, Voiture et Cicéron.<br /></span></span> +<span lang="fr"><span class="i0">Cet homme en sa Grammaire étale<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Autant de sçavoir que Varron,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Et dans ses Lettres il égale<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Balzac, Voiture et Cicéron.<br /></span></span> </div></div> <p>Not a few English travellers dispensed with the services @@ -17951,10 +17910,10 @@ his health by too close application; he acted for a time as travelling tutor to the son of Baron Altham. He put his knowledge of French to the test by translating his own first literary production, <i>Dodona's Grove</i>. This, he says, he -submitted to the new <i>Académie des beaux esprits</i>, founded by +submitted to the new <i>Académie des beaux esprits</i>, founded by Richelieu, which gave it a public expression of approbation.<a name="FNanchor_926_926" id="FNanchor_926_926"></a><a href="#Footnote_926_926" class="fnanchor">[926]</a> The translation was printed at Paris in 1641 under the title -of <i>Dendrologie ou la Forêt de Dodone</i>. Howell left instructions +of <i>Dendrologie ou la Forêt de Dodone</i>. Howell left instructions for travellers, based on his own experience of study abroad, and typical of the theories current at the time. He advises<a name="FNanchor_927_927" id="FNanchor_927_927"></a><a href="#Footnote_927_927" class="fnanchor">[927]</a> the student who has settled in some quiet town to choose a @@ -17964,7 +17923,7 @@ evening to write an essay from this material, "for the penne maketh the deepest furrowes, and doth fertilize and enrich the memory more than anything else." He should avoid the company of his countrymen, "the greatest bane of English -Gentlemen abroad," and frequent cafés and ordinaries,<a name="FNanchor_928_928" id="FNanchor_928_928"></a><a href="#Footnote_928_928" class="fnanchor">[928]</a> and +Gentlemen abroad," and frequent cafés and ordinaries,<a name="FNanchor_928_928" id="FNanchor_928_928"></a><a href="#Footnote_928_928" class="fnanchor">[928]</a> and engage a French page-boy "to parley and chide withal, whereof he shall have occasion enough."<a name="FNanchor_929_929" id="FNanchor_929_929"></a><a href="#Footnote_929_929" class="fnanchor">[929]</a> Howell strongly felt the necessity of travelling in France at an early age in @@ -17993,7 +17952,7 @@ vulgar tongue." He should also combine the study of grammar—that of Maupas is the best—with his practical exercises, and begin a course of reading, making notes as he goes on. The most suitable books are those dealing with -the history of France, such as Serres and D'Aubigné. Much +the history of France, such as Serres and D'Aubigné. Much judgment is needed in the choice of books on other subjects, "especially when there is such a confusion of them as in France, which, as Africk, produceth always something new, @@ -18003,7 +17962,7 @@ and disjointed Authors, as well as of the frivolous and pedantique." However, "there be some French poets will affoord excellent entertainment specially Du Bartas, and 'twere not amisse to give a slight salute to Ronsard and -Desportes, and the late Théophile.<a name="FNanchor_930_930" id="FNanchor_930_930"></a><a href="#Footnote_930_930" class="fnanchor">[930]</a> And touching poets, +Desportes, and the late Théophile.<a name="FNanchor_930_930" id="FNanchor_930_930"></a><a href="#Footnote_930_930" class="fnanchor">[930]</a> And touching poets, they must be used like flowers, some must only be smelt into, but some are good to be thrown into a limbique to be Distilled."</p> @@ -18178,8 +18137,8 @@ licence and living three months in the house of a Papist (<i>Cal. State Papers, <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_885_885" id="Footnote_885_885"></a><a href="#FNanchor_885_885"><span class="label">[885]</span></a> <i>Memoirs of the Verney Family</i>, i. pp. 477, 497.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_886_886" id="Footnote_886_886"></a><a href="#FNanchor_886_886"><span class="label">[886]</span></a> Among the books he read were Monluc's <i>Commentaires</i>, the <i>Secrétaire à la mode</i>, -and the <i>Secrétaire de la cour</i> (<i>Memoirs of the Verney Family</i>, iii. p. 80).</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_886_886" id="Footnote_886_886"></a><a href="#FNanchor_886_886"><span class="label">[886]</span></a> Among the books he read were Monluc's <i>Commentaires</i>, the <i>Secrétaire à la mode</i>, +and the <i>Secrétaire de la cour</i> (<i>Memoirs of the Verney Family</i>, iii. p. 80).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_887_887" id="Footnote_887_887"></a><a href="#FNanchor_887_887"><span class="label">[887]</span></a> <i>Memoirs</i>, iii. p. 66.</p></div> @@ -18187,11 +18146,11 @@ and the <i>Secrétaire de la cour</i> (<i>Memoirs of the Verney Family</i>, iii. to two.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_889_889" id="Footnote_889_889"></a><a href="#FNanchor_889_889"><span class="label">[889]</span></a> An account of the schools of the French Protestants is given by M. Nicolas in the -<i>Bulletin de l'Histoire du Protestantisme français</i>, vol. iv. pp. 497 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> +<i>Bulletin de l'Histoire du Protestantisme français</i>, vol. iv. pp. 497 <i>et seq.</i></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_890_890" id="Footnote_890_890"></a><a href="#FNanchor_890_890"><span class="label">[890]</span></a> Cp. pp. 233 <i>sqq.</i>, <i>supra</i>. The names of many famous families are found in the registers of Geneva University—the Pembrokes, Montagus, Cavendishes, Cecils, etc. -Borgeaud, <i>L'Académie de Genève</i>, p. 442.</p></div> +Borgeaud, <i>L'Académie de Genève</i>, p. 442.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_891_891" id="Footnote_891_891"></a><a href="#FNanchor_891_891"><span class="label">[891]</span></a> <i>Memoirs</i>, i. p. 358.</p></div> @@ -18227,7 +18186,7 @@ the middle of the century such dialogues assume a more educational and guide-lik and less descriptive form.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_904_904" id="Footnote_904_904"></a><a href="#FNanchor_904_904"><span class="label">[904]</span></a> Lister, <i>A Journey to Paris in the year 1698</i>, p. 2. Lister had previously visited -France in about 1668. In 1698 he visited the aged Mlle. de Scudéry and the Daciers, +France in about 1668. In 1698 he visited the aged Mlle. de Scudéry and the Daciers, and frequented the French theatres.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_905_905" id="Footnote_905_905"></a><a href="#FNanchor_905_905"><span class="label">[905]</span></a> Second edition, 1657.</p></div> @@ -18242,18 +18201,18 @@ the Grand Tour of France and Italy lately performed by a person of quality</i> ( with many public inscriptions. Lately undertaken by a Person of Quality</i>). Cp. pp. 220 <i>sqq.</i>, supra.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_908_908" id="Footnote_908_908"></a><a href="#FNanchor_908_908"><span class="label">[908]</span></a> For instance: <i>Le Guide des chemins pour aller et venir par tous les pays et contrées +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_908_908" id="Footnote_908_908"></a><a href="#FNanchor_908_908"><span class="label">[908]</span></a> For instance: <i>Le Guide des chemins pour aller et venir par tous les pays et contrées du Royaume de France . . . par C. Estienne</i>, Paris, 1552, 1553; Lyons, 1556. <i>Les Antiquitez et Recherches des Villes, chasteaux, et places plus remarquables de toute la -France</i>, 6<sup>e</sup> éd., 1631. L. Coulon, <i>Le fidèle conducteur pour le voyage de France montrant +France</i>, 6<sup>e</sup> éd., 1631. L. Coulon, <i>Le fidèle conducteur pour le voyage de France montrant exactement les Routes et choses remarquables qui se trouvent en chaque ville, et les distances -d'icelles avec un dénombrement des Batailles qui s'y sont données</i>, Paris, 1654.</p></div> +d'icelles avec un dénombrement des Batailles qui s'y sont données</i>, Paris, 1654.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_909_909" id="Footnote_909_909"></a><a href="#FNanchor_909_909"><span class="label">[909]</span></a> As <i>Le Guide Fidelle des étrangers dans le voyage de France</i>, Paris, 1672 (by Aloide -de St. Maurice); <i>Les Délices de la France ou description des provinces et villes capitales -d'icelles</i>, Leyde, 1685; <i>Le Gentilhomme étranger voyageant en France, par le baron G.D.N.</i>, +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_909_909" id="Footnote_909_909"></a><a href="#FNanchor_909_909"><span class="label">[909]</span></a> As <i>Le Guide Fidelle des étrangers dans le voyage de France</i>, Paris, 1672 (by Aloide +de St. Maurice); <i>Les Délices de la France ou description des provinces et villes capitales +d'icelles</i>, Leyde, 1685; <i>Le Gentilhomme étranger voyageant en France, par le baron G.D.N.</i>, 1699—borrowed, without acknowledgement, from <i>Le Guide Fidelle</i> of 1672. Cp. A. -Babeau, <i>Les Voyageurs en France depuis la Renaissance jusqu'à la Révolution</i>, Paris, +Babeau, <i>Les Voyageurs en France depuis la Renaissance jusqu'à la Révolution</i>, Paris, 1885, chapter v.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_910_910" id="Footnote_910_910"></a><a href="#FNanchor_910_910"><span class="label">[910]</span></a> By La Serre. The former, which first appeared in 1625, went through fifty @@ -18292,15 +18251,15 @@ and the like."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_922_922" id="Footnote_922_922"></a><a href="#FNanchor_922_922"><span class="label">[922]</span></a> He tells us that at Rouen the English usually went to an inn kept by a certain Mr. Madde; at Dieppe, Madame Godard's house was very popular; at Paris, the best hotel was the "Ville de Venize." At Orleans, good lodging was found at the -"Croix Blanche," kept by one M. Richard, and at the house of M. Marishall Laisné.</p></div> +"Croix Blanche," kept by one M. Richard, and at the house of M. Marishall Laisné.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_923_923" id="Footnote_923_923"></a><a href="#FNanchor_923_923"><span class="label">[923]</span></a> J. Rutledge, <i>Mémoire sur le caractère, et les mœurs des Français comparés à ceux +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_923_923" id="Footnote_923_923"></a><a href="#FNanchor_923_923"><span class="label">[923]</span></a> J. Rutledge, <i>Mémoire sur le caractère, et les mœurs des Français comparés à ceux des Anglais</i>, 1776, p. 55.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_924_924" id="Footnote_924_924"></a><a href="#FNanchor_924_924"><span class="label">[924]</span></a> Vairasse was born <i>c.</i> 1630, probably at Allais.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_925_925" id="Footnote_925_925"></a><a href="#FNanchor_925_925"><span class="label">[925]</span></a> Another grammar of similar intent was that of Ruau, <i>La vraie methode d'enseigner -la langue françoise aux estrangers expliquée en Latin</i>, Paris, 1687.</p></div> +la langue françoise aux estrangers expliquée en Latin</i>, Paris, 1687.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_926_926" id="Footnote_926_926"></a><a href="#FNanchor_926_926"><span class="label">[926]</span></a> <i>Epistolae Ho-Elianae</i>, 9th ed., 1726, p. 283.</p></div> @@ -18311,10 +18270,10 @@ la langue françoise aux estrangers expliquée en Latin</i>, Paris, 1687.</p></div places where there is a good company of the nation where he travaileth" (<i>Essay on Travel</i>).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_929_929" id="Footnote_929_929"></a><a href="#FNanchor_929_929"><span class="label">[929]</span></a> A Huguenot boy of about sixteen was considered a suitable valet (Lainé, <i>French +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_929_929" id="Footnote_929_929"></a><a href="#FNanchor_929_929"><span class="label">[929]</span></a> A Huguenot boy of about sixteen was considered a suitable valet (Lainé, <i>French Grammar</i>, 1650).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_930_930" id="Footnote_930_930"></a><a href="#FNanchor_930_930"><span class="label">[930]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i> Théophile de Viau.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_930_930" id="Footnote_930_930"></a><a href="#FNanchor_930_930"><span class="label">[930]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i> Théophile de Viau.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_931_931" id="Footnote_931_931"></a><a href="#FNanchor_931_931"><span class="label">[931]</span></a> St. Maurice, <i>Guide Fidelle</i>, 1672.</p></div> @@ -18355,7 +18314,7 @@ the journey more pleasant by singing, and made it less so.</p></div> <p class="noi"><span class="smcap">The</span> French teachers of London at the time of the Restoration, chief amongst whom were Claude Mauger, Paul Festeau, -Pierre Lainé, and Guillaume Herbert, all urged students to +Pierre Lainé, and Guillaume Herbert, all urged students to travel in France as a means of completing the knowledge of French acquired in England; yet at the same time they naturally and in their own interests lay emphasis on the @@ -18421,7 +18380,7 @@ queen during her exile in France. But the princess was language at the time of his return from the expedition into Scotland, and the fatal battle of Worcester. He forgot his shyness and spoke French well, relating to her the thrilling -story of his escape, and how he was "furieusement ennuyé" +story of his escape, and how he was "furieusement ennuyé" in Scotland, where they think it a sin to listen to a violin. He was also able to make the princess very pretty compliments in French, and on these occasions, she remarks, he spoke @@ -18484,9 +18443,9 @@ colony in France. Waller, Denham, Cowley, Davenant, Hobbes, Killigrew, Shirley, Fanshawe, Crashaw, etc., and later Roscommon, Rochester, Buckingham, Wycherley, Vanbrugh, and others lived in France, and some mixed freely in French -literary circles, then centring round the Hôtel de Rambouillet, +literary circles, then centring round the Hôtel de Rambouillet, and such names as those of Malherbe, Vaugelas, Corneille, -Bossuet, Scudéry, La Calprenède. English literature of the +Bossuet, Scudéry, La Calprenède. English literature of the Restoration gives ample proof of their familiarity with both the language and literature of their hosts.<a name="FNanchor_956_956" id="FNanchor_956_956"></a><a href="#Footnote_956_956" class="fnanchor">[956]</a> Waller, for instance, after spending some time at Rouen, moved to Paris, @@ -18499,7 +18458,7 @@ England. The dramatist Davenant was twice in France, where he remained several years on his second visit. Hobbes, who for many years acted as a travelling tutor, made his mark in the philosophic circles of Paris, and knew Mersenne, -Sorbière, and Gassendi. He fled to Paris during the civil +Sorbière, and Gassendi. He fled to Paris during the civil wars, and for a time was engaged in teaching arithmetic to the Prince of Wales.<a name="FNanchor_958_958" id="FNanchor_958_958"></a><a href="#Footnote_958_958" class="fnanchor">[958]</a></p> @@ -18529,13 +18488,13 @@ vein<a name="FNanchor_961_961" id="FNanchor_961_961"></a><a href="#Footnote_961_ <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">-366-</a></span>the Comte de Grammont, which gives a vivid picture of the life at the Court of Charles II. Hamilton has been placed second only to Voltaire as a representative of the <i>esprit -français</i>.<a name="FNanchor_962_962" id="FNanchor_962_962"></a><a href="#Footnote_962_962" class="fnanchor">[962]</a></p> +français</i>.<a name="FNanchor_962_962" id="FNanchor_962_962"></a><a href="#Footnote_962_962" class="fnanchor">[962]</a></p> <p>At the Restoration, Hamilton returned to England with the rest of the English emigrants, together with a considerable number of Frenchmen who had attached themselves to the English Court. He was followed two years later by the hero -of his <i>Mémoires</i>,<a name="FNanchor_963_963" id="FNanchor_963_963"></a><a href="#Footnote_963_963" class="fnanchor">[963]</a> the Comte de Grammont, who pronounced +of his <i>Mémoires</i>,<a name="FNanchor_963_963" id="FNanchor_963_963"></a><a href="#Footnote_963_963" class="fnanchor">[963]</a> the Comte de Grammont, who pronounced the English Court so like that of France in manners and conversation that he could hardly realize he was in another country.<a name="FNanchor_964_964" id="FNanchor_964_964"></a><a href="#Footnote_964_964" class="fnanchor">[964]</a> French was the language freely used by the @@ -18569,7 +18528,7 @@ entertainments in the Parisian style.</p> St. Evremond<a name="FNanchor_967_967" id="FNanchor_967_967"></a><a href="#Footnote_967_967" class="fnanchor">[967]</a> was almost invariably one of the guests. He soon became the centre of a <i>coterie</i>, half English and half French, including his literary companion the Dutchman -Vossius, Canon of Windsor, the French doctor Le Fèvre, professor +Vossius, Canon of Windsor, the French doctor Le Fèvre, professor of chemistry to Charles II.,<a name="FNanchor_968_968" id="FNanchor_968_968"></a><a href="#Footnote_968_968" class="fnanchor">[968]</a> and the learned Huguenot Henri Justel, who had charge of the royal library at St. James's. What contributed most to reconcile St. Evremond to his life @@ -18590,10 +18549,10 @@ of La Fontaine joining her circle. La Fontaine seems to have felt some interest in England and the English, who, he says,</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span lang="fr"><span class="i8">pensent profondément;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Leur esprit, en cela, suit leur tempérament,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Creusant dans les sujets, et forts d'expériences,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ils étendent partout l'empire des sciences.<br /></span></span> +<span lang="fr"><span class="i8">pensent profondément;<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Leur esprit, en cela, suit leur tempérament,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Creusant dans les sujets, et forts d'expériences,<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Ils étendent partout l'empire des sciences.<br /></span></span> </div></div> <p class="noi">To Mrs. Harvey, sister of Lord Montagu and friend of the @@ -18660,25 +18619,25 @@ and then French sawce come in among them, and so no doubt but French doctors may be in esteem too."<a name="FNanchor_979_979" id="FNanchor_979_979"></a><a href="#Footnote_979_979" class="fnanchor">[979]</a> In almost every book written at the time there is some reference to the mania for French fashions. And some time later the -Abbé Le Blanc relates how, on one occasion in England, a self-satisfied +Abbé Le Blanc relates how, on one occasion in England, a self-satisfied Englishman taunted him thus: "Il faut que votre -pays soit bien pauvre, puisque tant de gens sont obligés de le -quitter pour chercher à vivre en celui-ci. C'est vous qui nous -fournissez de Maîtres à danser, de Perruquiers, de Tailleurs, +pays soit bien pauvre, puisque tant de gens sont obligés de le +quitter pour chercher à vivre en celui-ci. C'est vous qui nous +fournissez de Maîtres à danser, de Perruquiers, de Tailleurs, et de Valets de chambre: et nous vous devons cette justice, -pour la Frisure ou pour le Menuet, les François l'emportent +pour la Frisure ou pour le Menuet, les François l'emportent sur toutes les autres Nations. Je ne comprens pas comment -on aime si fort la Danse dans un Pays où l'on a si peu sujet +on aime si fort la Danse dans un Pays où l'on a si peu sujet de rire. N'est-il pas triste, par exemple, de ne cultiver vos Vignes que pour nous?"<a name="FNanchor_980_980" id="FNanchor_980_980"></a><a href="#Footnote_980_980" class="fnanchor">[980]</a></p> <p>Regarding the French <i>valets</i> and <i>femmes de chambre</i> in -London, the Abbé writes: "Il n'est pas étonnant que l'on -trouve en Angleterre tant de Domestiques François. A -Londres on se plaît à parler notre Langue, on copie nos usages, +London, the Abbé writes: "Il n'est pas étonnant que l'on +trouve en Angleterre tant de Domestiques François. A +Londres on se plaît à parler notre Langue, on copie nos usages, on imite nos mœurs: ils entretiennent du moins dans nos -manières ceux qui les aiment: et les Anglois les payent à -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">-370-</a></span>proportion de l'utilité qu'ils en retirent."<a name="FNanchor_981_981" id="FNanchor_981_981"></a><a href="#Footnote_981_981" class="fnanchor">[981]</a> We are told that the +manières ceux qui les aiment: et les Anglois les payent à +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">-370-</a></span>proportion de l'utilité qu'ils en retirent."<a name="FNanchor_981_981" id="FNanchor_981_981"></a><a href="#Footnote_981_981" class="fnanchor">[981]</a> We are told that the French lackey was "as mischievous all the year as a London apprentice on Shrove Tuesday";<a name="FNanchor_982_982" id="FNanchor_982_982"></a><a href="#Footnote_982_982" class="fnanchor">[982]</a> yet he was indispensable:</p> @@ -18827,17 +18786,17 @@ alone excepted.</p> language. When De Grammont, who had made the acquaintance of most of the courtiers in France, came to make that of the ladies, he needed no interpreter, for all knew French—"assez -pour s'expliquer et toutes entendaient le françois assez -bien pour ce qu'on avait à leur dire."<a name="FNanchor_1006_1006" id="FNanchor_1006_1006"></a><a href="#Footnote_1006_1006" class="fnanchor">[1006]</a> Amongst them was +pour s'expliquer et toutes entendaient le françois assez +bien pour ce qu'on avait à leur dire."<a name="FNanchor_1006_1006" id="FNanchor_1006_1006"></a><a href="#Footnote_1006_1006" class="fnanchor">[1006]</a> Amongst them was Miss Hamilton, Anthony's sister, who became De Grammont's wife,<a name="FNanchor_1007_1007" id="FNanchor_1007_1007"></a><a href="#Footnote_1007_1007" class="fnanchor">[1007]</a> and was much admired at the Court of Louis XIV. The accomplishments of Miss Stuart may be quoted as typical -of the rest: "elle avoit de la grâce, dansoit bien, parloit -françois mieux que sa langue naturelle: elle étoit polie, -possédoit cet air de parure après lequel on court et qu'on -n'attrappe guères à moins de l'avoir pris en France dès sa +of the rest: "elle avoit de la grâce, dansoit bien, parloit +françois mieux que sa langue naturelle: elle étoit polie, +possédoit cet air de parure après lequel on court et qu'on +n'attrappe guères à moins de l'avoir pris en France dès sa <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">-374-</a></span>jeunesse."<a name="FNanchor_1008_1008" id="FNanchor_1008_1008"></a><a href="#Footnote_1008_1008" class="fnanchor">[1008]</a> The least gifted lady of the Court was Miss -Blake, who "n'entendoit presque point le françois." When +Blake, who "n'entendoit presque point le françois." When the Countess of Berkshire recommended one of her near relatives as one of the queen's dressers, the fact that she had been twelve years in France, and could speak French exceedingly @@ -18865,7 +18824,7 @@ of the time.<a name="FNanchor_1013_1013" id="FNanchor_1013_1013"></a><a href="#F maid, "born and bred in France, who could speak English but brokenly," with whom she would talk a mixture of broken French and English; while many a one like Melantha of -Dryden's <i>Marriage à-la-mode</i>,<a name="FNanchor_1014_1014" id="FNanchor_1014_1014"></a><a href="#Footnote_1014_1014" class="fnanchor">[1014]</a> doted on any new French word: +Dryden's <i>Marriage à -la-mode</i>,<a name="FNanchor_1014_1014" id="FNanchor_1014_1014"></a><a href="#Footnote_1014_1014" class="fnanchor">[1014]</a> doted on any new French word: "as fast as any bullion comes out of France, she coins it into <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">-375-</a></span>English, and runs mad in new French words."<a name="FNanchor_1015_1015" id="FNanchor_1015_1015"></a><a href="#Footnote_1015_1015" class="fnanchor">[1015]</a> <span class="sidenote">THE FRENCHIFIED LADY</span>She importunes @@ -18883,13 +18842,13 @@ at this rate I cannot last till night! Come read your words....</p> <p><i>Melantha.</i> <i>Sottises, bon.</i> That's an excellent word to begin withal: as for example, he or she said a thousand <i>sottises</i> to me. Proceed.</p> -<p><i>Philotis.</i> <i>Figure</i>: as what a <i>Figure</i> of a man is there! <i>Naïve</i> and -<i>Naïveté</i>.</p> +<p><i>Philotis.</i> <i>Figure</i>: as what a <i>Figure</i> of a man is there! <i>Naïve</i> and +<i>Naïveté</i>.</p> -<p><i>Melantha.</i> <i>Naïve!</i> as how?</p> +<p><i>Melantha.</i> <i>Naïve!</i> as how?</p> -<p><i>Philotis.</i> Speaking of a thing that was naturally said: it was so <i>naïve</i>. -Or such an innocent piece of simplicity: 'twas such a <i>Naïveté</i>.</p></div> +<p><i>Philotis.</i> Speaking of a thing that was naturally said: it was so <i>naïve</i>. +Or such an innocent piece of simplicity: 'twas such a <i>Naïveté</i>.</p></div> <p class="noi">And as Melantha becomes excited with her new acquisitions, she bestows gifts on her maid at each new word.</p> @@ -18898,7 +18857,7 @@ she bestows gifts on her maid at each new word.</p> <div class="blockquot1"><p class="noi"> —Of what Nation are you?</p> -<p class="noi">—English by birth: my education <i>à la mode de France</i>.</p> +<p class="noi">—English by birth: my education <i>à la mode de France</i>.</p> <p class="noi">—Who confirms you?</p> <p class="noi">—Mademoiselle the French Mantua maker. </p></div> @@ -18911,14 +18870,14 @@ to jabber French: and learnt to dance before I could go: in short I danced French dances at 8, sang French at 10, spoke it at 13, and before 15 could talk nothing else."</p> -<p>Among the gentlemen <i>à la mode</i>, "to speak French like a +<p>Among the gentlemen <i>à la mode</i>, "to speak French like a magpie" was also the fashion:</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> <span class="i0">We shortly must our native speech forget<br /></span> <span class="i0">And every man appear a French coquett.<br /></span> <span class="i0">Upon the Tongue our English sounds not well,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But—oh, monsieur, la langue françoise est belle;<a name="FNanchor_1017_1017" id="FNanchor_1017_1017"></a><a href="#Footnote_1017_1017" class="fnanchor">[1017]</a><br /></span> +<span class="i0">But—oh, monsieur, la langue françoise est belle;<a name="FNanchor_1017_1017" id="FNanchor_1017_1017"></a><a href="#Footnote_1017_1017" class="fnanchor">[1017]</a><br /></span> </div></div> <p class="noi">wrote a satirist of the time. And so the Francomaniacs, @@ -18967,11 +18926,11 @@ one side, and his looks are more languishing than a lady's when she lolls at stretch in her coach, or leans her head carelessly against the side of a box in the playhouse." He judges everything according to what is done at Paris, and English -music and dancing make him shudder. And as it was <i>à la +music and dancing make him shudder. And as it was <i>à la mode</i> to be</p> <div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Attended by a young petit garçon<br /></span> +<span class="i0">Attended by a young petit garçon<br /></span> <span class="i0">Who from his cradle was an arch Fripon,<a name="FNanchor_1024_1024" id="FNanchor_1024_1024"></a><a href="#Footnote_1024_1024" class="fnanchor">[1024]</a><br /></span> </div></div> @@ -18991,7 +18950,7 @@ such stuff, as how he, simple fellow as he seems to be, had interpreted between the French King and the Emperor." Or, if his accomplishments will not stand this strain, "flings some fragments of French or small parcels of Italian about the table."<a name="FNanchor_1026_1026" id="FNanchor_1026_1026"></a><a href="#Footnote_1026_1026" class="fnanchor">[1026]</a> -He may then take the promenade or <i>Tour à la Mode</i>, where he +He may then take the promenade or <i>Tour à la Mode</i>, where he salutes with <i>bon meen</i>, and has a hundred <i>jolly rancounters</i> on the way.<a name="FNanchor_1027_1027" id="FNanchor_1027_1027"></a><a href="#Footnote_1027_1027" class="fnanchor">[1027]</a> He usually ended his day at the play.</p> @@ -19005,21 +18964,21 @@ introduced so freely into the plays, offered ample opportunity for the use of French words.<a name="FNanchor_1030_1030" id="FNanchor_1030_1030"></a><a href="#Footnote_1030_1030" class="fnanchor">[1030]</a> Dryden, alone, is responsible for the introduction of more than a hundred such words.<a name="FNanchor_1031_1031" id="FNanchor_1031_1031"></a><a href="#Footnote_1031_1031" class="fnanchor">[1031]</a> As literature was fashionable at the time, most of the dramatic -authors were themselves gentlemen <i>à la mode</i> with strong +authors were themselves gentlemen <i>à la mode</i> with strong French tastes. Sedley, for instance, had a great reputation in the world of fashion. Wycherley and Vanbrugh had both been educated in France. Etherege had probably resided many years in Paris. Cibber, who always played the part of the fop in his own plays, went twice to France specially to -study the airs and graces of the French <i>petit-maître</i>,—at no -better place, however, than a <i>table d'Auberge</i>, the Abbé +study the airs and graces of the French <i>petit-maître</i>,—at no +better place, however, than a <i>table d'Auberge</i>, the Abbé Le Blanc tells us:<a name="FNanchor_1032_1032" id="FNanchor_1032_1032"></a><a href="#Footnote_1032_1032" class="fnanchor">[1032]</a> "Il faut lui pardonner ses erreurs sur -ses modèles, il n'étoit à portée d'en voir d'autres: si même -il n'a pas aussi bien imité ceux-ci que les Anglois se le sont -persuadé, je n'en suis pas surpris: il m'a avoué de bonne foi +ses modèles, il n'étoit à portée d'en voir d'autres: si même +il n'a pas aussi bien imité ceux-ci que les Anglois se le sont +persuadé, je n'en suis pas surpris: il m'a avoué de bonne foi qu'il n'entend pas assez notre langue pour suivre la conversation." It is unlikely, however, that Cibber's French was as -scanty as the <i>abbé</i> reports. At any rate his daughter Charlotte, +scanty as the <i>abbé</i> reports. At any rate his daughter Charlotte, afterwards Mrs. Clarke, tells us that she understood the alphabet in French before she was able to speak English.<a name="FNanchor_1033_1033" id="FNanchor_1033_1033"></a><a href="#Footnote_1033_1033" class="fnanchor">[1033]</a></p> @@ -19033,7 +18992,7 @@ speaks the epilogue in Farquhar's <i>Constant Couple</i>:</p> <span class="i0">Vat have you of grand plaisir in dis towne,<br /></span> <span class="i0">Vidout it come from France, dat will go down?<br /></span> <span class="i0">Picquet, basset: your vin, your dress, your dance,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">'Tis all, you zee, tout à-la-mode de France.<br /></span> +<span class="i0">'Tis all, you zee, tout à -la-mode de France.<br /></span> </div></div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">-379-</a></span> @@ -19074,7 +19033,7 @@ the cue to the ladies.</p> a taste for French plays during their sojourn abroad. Immediately after the Restoration a French company settled in London, and the king became their special patron and -protector. In 1661 he made a grant of £300 to Jean Channoveau +protector. In 1661 he made a grant of £300 to Jean Channoveau to be distributed among the French comedians,<a name="FNanchor_1036_1036" id="FNanchor_1036_1036"></a><a href="#Footnote_1036_1036" class="fnanchor">[1036]</a> and in 1663 they obtained permission to bring from France their stage decorations and scenery. It seems to have always been @@ -19109,7 +19068,7 @@ Duchess of Portsmouth, Mme. Mazarin, the French ambassador, and many courtiers were always present. In 1684 the "Prince's French players" were again expected in England,<a name="FNanchor_1042_1042" id="FNanchor_1042_1042"></a><a href="#Footnote_1042_1042" class="fnanchor">[1042]</a> no doubt the same troupe, directed by Pitel and known as -<i>Les comédiens de son Altesse sérénissime M. le Prince</i>.</p> +<i>Les comédiens de son Altesse sérénissime M. le Prince</i>.</p> <div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> @@ -19118,11 +19077,11 @@ time.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_944_944" id="Footnote_944_944"></a><a href="#FNanchor_944_944"><span class="label">[944]</span></a> Evelyn, <i>Diary</i>, Sept. 1, 1650.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_945_945" id="Footnote_945_945"></a><a href="#FNanchor_945_945"><span class="label">[945]</span></a> In the <i>Journal de voyage de deux jeunes Hollandais à Paris, 1656-58</i> (ed. A. P. -Faugère, 2nd ed., Paris, 1899), there is some information concerning the exiled Court. -The teacher Lainé mentions a lady in the suite of the exiled queen in his <i>Dialogues</i>.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_945_945" id="Footnote_945_945"></a><a href="#FNanchor_945_945"><span class="label">[945]</span></a> In the <i>Journal de voyage de deux jeunes Hollandais à Paris, 1656-58</i> (ed. A. P. +Faugère, 2nd ed., Paris, 1899), there is some information concerning the exiled Court. +The teacher Lainé mentions a lady in the suite of the exiled queen in his <i>Dialogues</i>.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_946_946" id="Footnote_946_946"></a><a href="#FNanchor_946_946"><span class="label">[946]</span></a> <i>Mémoires</i>, 4 vols., Paris, 1859, i. pp. 102, 137, 225, etc.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_946_946" id="Footnote_946_946"></a><a href="#FNanchor_946_946"><span class="label">[946]</span></a> <i>Mémoires</i>, 4 vols., Paris, 1859, i. pp. 102, 137, 225, etc.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_947_947" id="Footnote_947_947"></a><a href="#FNanchor_947_947"><span class="label">[947]</span></a> <i>Supra</i>, pp. 262 <i>sqq.</i></p></div> @@ -19135,13 +19094,13 @@ He offered the same excuse for his Council, but Courtin retorted that many of th spoke French as well as English. Cp. J. J. Jusserand, <i>A French Ambassador at the Court of Charles II.</i>, London, 1892, p. 143.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_949_949" id="Footnote_949_949"></a><a href="#FNanchor_949_949"><span class="label">[949]</span></a> "Il me disoit des douceurs, à ce que m'ont dit les gens qui nous écoutoient et -parloit si bien françois, en tenant ces propos-là, qu'il n'y a personne qui ne doive convenir -que l'Amour étoit plutôt françois que de toute autre nation. Car, quand le roi parloit +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_949_949" id="Footnote_949_949"></a><a href="#FNanchor_949_949"><span class="label">[949]</span></a> "Il me disoit des douceurs, à ce que m'ont dit les gens qui nous écoutoient et +parloit si bien françois, en tenant ces propos-là , qu'il n'y a personne qui ne doive convenir +que l'Amour étoit plutôt françois que de toute autre nation. Car, quand le roi parloit sa langue (la langue de l'amour) il oublioit la sienne et n'en perdoit l'accent qu'avec -moi: car les autres ne l'entendirent pas si bien" (<i>Mémoires</i>, <i>ed. cit.</i> i. p. 322).</p></div> +moi: car les autres ne l'entendirent pas si bien" (<i>Mémoires</i>, <i>ed. cit.</i> i. p. 322).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_950_950" id="Footnote_950_950"></a><a href="#FNanchor_950_950"><span class="label">[950]</span></a> <i>Lettre de M. de L'Angle à un de ses amis touchant la religion du sérénissime roy +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_950_950" id="Footnote_950_950"></a><a href="#FNanchor_950_950"><span class="label">[950]</span></a> <i>Lettre de M. de L'Angle à un de ses amis touchant la religion du sérénissime roy d'Angleterre</i>, Geneva?, 1660, p. 18.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_951_951" id="Footnote_951_951"></a><a href="#FNanchor_951_951"><span class="label">[951]</span></a> Evelyn was in France in 1643, on his way to study anatomy at Padua, and again @@ -19150,7 +19109,7 @@ in 1646-7 on his return, and yet again in 1649.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_952_952" id="Footnote_952_952"></a><a href="#FNanchor_952_952"><span class="label">[952]</span></a> Lord High Treasurer Cottington, Sir Ed. Hyde, etc.; cp. <i>Diary</i>, Aug. 1 and 18, Sept. 7, 12, 13, Oct. 2, 7, 1649, etc.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_953_953" id="Footnote_953_953"></a><a href="#FNanchor_953_953"><span class="label">[953]</span></a> Thus the King invited the Prince of Condé to supper at St. Cloud ... "where +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_953_953" id="Footnote_953_953"></a><a href="#FNanchor_953_953"><span class="label">[953]</span></a> Thus the King invited the Prince of Condé to supper at St. Cloud ... "where I saw a famous (tennis) match betwixt Mons. Saumaurs and Colonel Cooke, and so returned to Paris." Evelyn, <i>Diary</i>, Sept. 13, 1649.</p></div> @@ -19159,7 +19118,7 @@ ed. J. J. Cartwright, London, 1875, pp. 26, 42 (cp. pp. 359 <i>sqq.</i>, supra). <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_955_955" id="Footnote_955_955"></a><a href="#FNanchor_955_955"><span class="label">[955]</span></a> Sir Henry Craike, <i>Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon</i>, 1911, ii. pp. 321 <i>sqq.</i></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_956_956" id="Footnote_956_956"></a><a href="#FNanchor_956_956"><span class="label">[956]</span></a> W. Harvey-Jellie, <i>Les Sources du Théâtre anglais à l'époque de la Restauration</i>, +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_956_956" id="Footnote_956_956"></a><a href="#FNanchor_956_956"><span class="label">[956]</span></a> W. Harvey-Jellie, <i>Les Sources du Théâtre anglais à l'époque de la Restauration</i>, Paris, 1906, pp. 37 <i>sqq.</i></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_957_957" id="Footnote_957_957"></a><a href="#FNanchor_957_957"><span class="label">[957]</span></a> Evelyn visited Waller several times.</p></div> @@ -19168,33 +19127,33 @@ Paris, 1906, pp. 37 <i>sqq.</i></p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_959_959" id="Footnote_959_959"></a><a href="#FNanchor_959_959"><span class="label">[959]</span></a> Dennis, <i>Original Letters, familiar, moral and critical</i>, London, 1723, i. p. 215. At a later date he was again in France for reasons of health. The king gave him -£500 to pay the expenses of a journey to the South of France. He was at Montpellier +£500 to pay the expenses of a journey to the South of France. He was at Montpellier from the winter of 1678 to the spring of 1679.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_960_960" id="Footnote_960_960"></a><a href="#FNanchor_960_960"><span class="label">[960]</span></a> ". . . cette langue dont il savait toutes les plus délicates ressources en grâce, en -malice plaisante et en ironie." Cf. Sayous, <i>Histoire de la littérature française à l'étranger</i>.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_960_960" id="Footnote_960_960"></a><a href="#FNanchor_960_960"><span class="label">[960]</span></a> ". . . cette langue dont il savait toutes les plus délicates ressources en grâce, en +malice plaisante et en ironie." Cf. Sayous, <i>Histoire de la littérature française à l'étranger</i>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_961_961" id="Footnote_961_961"></a><a href="#FNanchor_961_961"><span class="label">[961]</span></a> "Hamilton dans le conte (says Sayous, <i>op. cit.</i>) l'emporte sur Voltaire qui eut -été le premier, si au lieu de se jeter dans les allégories philosophiques il s'était abandonné, -comme notre Écossais, au plaisir plus innocent de laisser courir son imagination et sa +été le premier, si au lieu de se jeter dans les allégories philosophiques il s'était abandonné, +comme notre Écossais, au plaisir plus innocent de laisser courir son imagination et sa plume."</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_962_962" id="Footnote_962_962"></a><a href="#FNanchor_962_962"><span class="label">[962]</span></a> The Scotch Chevalier de Ramsay (1686-1743), the friend of Fénelon, also wrote +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_962_962" id="Footnote_962_962"></a><a href="#FNanchor_962_962"><span class="label">[962]</span></a> The Scotch Chevalier de Ramsay (1686-1743), the friend of Fénelon, also wrote French with remarkable purity. His best known work is <i>Les Voyages de Cyrus avec un discours sur la mythologie</i> (Paris, 1727; London, 1730). At a later date Thomas -Hales (1740?-1780), known as d'Hèle, d'Hell, or Dell, a French dramatist of English +Hales (1740?-1780), known as d'Hèle, d'Hell, or Dell, a French dramatist of English birth, also made himself a name in French literature (Sylvain van de Weyer, <i>Les -Anglais qui ont écrit en français</i>, Miscellanies, Philobiblon Soc., 1854, vol. i.).</p></div> +Anglais qui ont écrit en français</i>, Miscellanies, Philobiblon Soc., 1854, vol. i.).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_963_963" id="Footnote_963_963"></a><a href="#FNanchor_963_963"><span class="label">[963]</span></a> Hamilton, <i>Mémoires du Comte de Grammont. Histoire amoureuse de la Cour de +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_963_963" id="Footnote_963_963"></a><a href="#FNanchor_963_963"><span class="label">[963]</span></a> Hamilton, <i>Mémoires du Comte de Grammont. Histoire amoureuse de la Cour de Charles II</i>, ed. B. Pifteau, Paris, 1876, Preface. Voltaire often quoted the beginning -of <i>Le Bélier</i> as a model of style.</p></div> +of <i>Le Bélier</i> as a model of style.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_964_964" id="Footnote_964_964"></a><a href="#FNanchor_964_964"><span class="label">[964]</span></a> "Il trouvoit si peu de différence aux manières et à la conversation de ceux qu'il -voyoit le plus souvent, qu'il ne lui paroissoit pas qu'il eut changé de pais. Tout ce +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_964_964" id="Footnote_964_964"></a><a href="#FNanchor_964_964"><span class="label">[964]</span></a> "Il trouvoit si peu de différence aux manières et à la conversation de ceux qu'il +voyoit le plus souvent, qu'il ne lui paroissoit pas qu'il eut changé de pais. Tout ce qui peut occuper un homme de son humeur s'offroit partout aux divers penchans qui -l'entrainoient, come si les plaisirs de la cour de France l'eussent quitté pour l'accompagner -dans son exil" (<i>Mémoires</i>, <i>ed. cit.</i> p. 83). Grammont had been banished from +l'entrainoient, come si les plaisirs de la cour de France l'eussent quitté pour l'accompagner +dans son exil" (<i>Mémoires</i>, <i>ed. cit.</i> p. 83). Grammont had been banished from the French Court on account of a presumptuous love affair.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_965_965" id="Footnote_965_965"></a><a href="#FNanchor_965_965"><span class="label">[965]</span></a> <i>Institution of a Gentleman</i>, London, 1660, p. 88. The book first appeared as @@ -19211,7 +19170,7 @@ discourse in French on the nature of each ingredient.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_969_969" id="Footnote_969_969"></a><a href="#FNanchor_969_969"><span class="label">[969]</span></a> <i>Revue Historique</i>, xxix., Sept.-Oct. 1885, p. 25.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_970_970" id="Footnote_970_970"></a><a href="#FNanchor_970_970"><span class="label">[970]</span></a> J. J. Jusserand, <i>Shakespeare in France</i>, London, 1899, pp. 132, 135, 136. Mme. -d'Aulnoy, the fairy-tale writer and authoress of the <i>Mémoires de la cour d'Angleterre</i>, +d'Aulnoy, the fairy-tale writer and authoress of the <i>Mémoires de la cour d'Angleterre</i>, was also among the French ladies in London at this time.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_971_971" id="Footnote_971_971"></a><a href="#FNanchor_971_971"><span class="label">[971]</span></a> St. Evremond was buried at Westminster at the age of ninety-one. The Duchess @@ -19221,20 +19180,20 @@ died at Chelsea in 1699.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_973_973" id="Footnote_973_973"></a><a href="#FNanchor_973_973"><span class="label">[973]</span></a> Evelyn's Diary, likewise, is full of mentions of meetings with Frenchmen.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_974_974" id="Footnote_974_974"></a><a href="#FNanchor_974_974"><span class="label">[974]</span></a> Sorbière, <i>Relation d'un voyage en Angleterre . . .</i>, Paris, 1664, p. 32.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_974_974" id="Footnote_974_974"></a><a href="#FNanchor_974_974"><span class="label">[974]</span></a> Sorbière, <i>Relation d'un voyage en Angleterre . . .</i>, Paris, 1664, p. 32.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_975_975" id="Footnote_975_975"></a><a href="#FNanchor_975_975"><span class="label">[975]</span></a> Cp. Ch. Bastide, <i>Anglais et Français du 17<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, Paris, 1912.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_975_975" id="Footnote_975_975"></a><a href="#FNanchor_975_975"><span class="label">[975]</span></a> Cp. Ch. Bastide, <i>Anglais et Français du 17<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, Paris, 1912.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_976_976" id="Footnote_976_976"></a><a href="#FNanchor_976_976"><span class="label">[976]</span></a> Jusserand, <i>Shakespeare in France</i>, p. 136, note 2.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_977_977" id="Footnote_977_977"></a><a href="#FNanchor_977_977"><span class="label">[977]</span></a> <i>Les Voyages de M. Payen</i>, Paris, 1667.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_978_978" id="Footnote_978_978"></a><a href="#FNanchor_978_978"><span class="label">[978]</span></a> Mauger calls London "une des merveilles du monde. On y vient de tous côtez, +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_978_978" id="Footnote_978_978"></a><a href="#FNanchor_978_978"><span class="label">[978]</span></a> Mauger calls London "une des merveilles du monde. On y vient de tous côtez, pour admirer sa magnificence."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_979_979" id="Footnote_979_979"></a><a href="#FNanchor_979_979"><span class="label">[979]</span></a> <i>The Ladies' Catechism</i>, 1703.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_980_980" id="Footnote_980_980"></a><a href="#FNanchor_980_980"><span class="label">[980]</span></a> J. B. Le Blanc, <i>Lettres d'un Français</i>, à La Haye, 1745, iii. p. 67.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_980_980" id="Footnote_980_980"></a><a href="#FNanchor_980_980"><span class="label">[980]</span></a> J. B. Le Blanc, <i>Lettres d'un Français</i>, à La Haye, 1745, iii. p. 67.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_981_981" id="Footnote_981_981"></a><a href="#FNanchor_981_981"><span class="label">[981]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> i. p. 145. Mrs. Pepys assisted Lady Sandwich to find a French maid (<i>Diary</i>, Nov. 15, 1660), and was herself very desirous of one. @@ -19252,7 +19211,7 @@ French Puppydogs for <i>Valets de Chambre</i>" (<i>French Conjuror</i>, 1678). A No. 45) says he remembers the time when some well-bred Englishwomen kept a <i>valet de chambre</i> "because, forsooth, they were more handy than one of their own sex."</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_983_983" id="Footnote_983_983"></a><a href="#FNanchor_983_983"><span class="label">[983]</span></a> <i>Satire on the French</i>, 1691. Reprinted as the <i>Baboon à la Mode</i>, 1701.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_983_983" id="Footnote_983_983"></a><a href="#FNanchor_983_983"><span class="label">[983]</span></a> <i>Satire on the French</i>, 1691. Reprinted as the <i>Baboon à la Mode</i>, 1701.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_984_984" id="Footnote_984_984"></a><a href="#FNanchor_984_984"><span class="label">[984]</span></a> <i>Satirical Reflections</i>, 1707, 3rd pt.</p></div> @@ -19264,7 +19223,7 @@ de chambre</i> "because, forsooth, they were more handy than one of their own se <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_987_987" id="Footnote_987_987"></a><a href="#FNanchor_987_987"><span class="label">[987]</span></a> Flecknoe, <i>Characters</i>, p. 12. Pepys describes a French dance at Court (<i>Diary</i>, Nov. 15, 1666), which was "not extraordinarily pleasing." He much admired the dancing of the young Princess Mary, taught by a Frenchman (<i>Diary</i>, March 2, 1669). -The <i>maîtres d'armes</i> were often Italians and Spaniards. There were protests +The <i>maîtres d'armes</i> were often Italians and Spaniards. There were protests against the French and Italian singing and dancing "taught by the dregs of Italy and France" (<i>Satirical Reflections</i>, 1707).</p></div> @@ -19284,7 +19243,7 @@ not like the "French airs" (<i>Diary</i>, July 27, 1661; June 18, 1666).</p></di <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_993_993" id="Footnote_993_993"></a><a href="#FNanchor_993_993"><span class="label">[993]</span></a> Vincent, <i>Young Gallants' Academy</i>, 1674.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_994_994" id="Footnote_994_994"></a><a href="#FNanchor_994_994"><span class="label">[994]</span></a> Cp. Sedley, <i>Mulberry Garden</i> (Sir J. Everyoung: "Which is the most à la +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_994_994" id="Footnote_994_994"></a><a href="#FNanchor_994_994"><span class="label">[994]</span></a> Cp. Sedley, <i>Mulberry Garden</i> (Sir J. Everyoung: "Which is the most à la mode right revered spark? points or laces? girdle or shoulder belts? What say your letters out of France?"). There is hardly a comedy of the time without some such references to French fashions; cp. Etherege, <i>Sir Fopling Flutter</i>; Shadwell, <i>Humours @@ -19297,8 +19256,8 @@ clothing. This he had presented to the king: "I do not impute to this discourse the change whiche soone happen'd, but it was an identity that I could not but take notice of" (<i>Diary</i>, Oct. 18 and 30, 1666).</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_996_996" id="Footnote_996_996"></a><a href="#FNanchor_996_996"><span class="label">[996]</span></a> Butler, <i>Satire on our ridiculous imitation of the French</i>; "A l'étranger on -prend plaisir à enchérir sur toutes les Nouveautez qui leur viennent de France. . . ." +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_996_996" id="Footnote_996_996"></a><a href="#FNanchor_996_996"><span class="label">[996]</span></a> Butler, <i>Satire on our ridiculous imitation of the French</i>; "A l'étranger on +prend plaisir à enchérir sur toutes les Nouveautez qui leur viennent de France. . . ." Muralt (<i>Lettres</i>, 1725).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_997_997" id="Footnote_997_997"></a><a href="#FNanchor_997_997"><span class="label">[997]</span></a> <i>French Conjuror</i>, 1678.</p></div> @@ -19320,7 +19279,7 @@ Couple</i>, iv. 2.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1002_1002" id="Footnote_1002_1002"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1002_1002"><span class="label">[1002]</span></a> Acted 1671; Act II. Sc. 2.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1003_1003" id="Footnote_1003_1003"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1003_1003"><span class="label">[1003]</span></a> <i>Mémoires</i>, <i>ed. cit.</i> pp. 51-52.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1003_1003" id="Footnote_1003_1003"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1003_1003"><span class="label">[1003]</span></a> <i>Mémoires</i>, <i>ed. cit.</i> pp. 51-52.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1004_1004" id="Footnote_1004_1004"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1004_1004"><span class="label">[1004]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 143.</p></div> @@ -19332,21 +19291,21 @@ to the French tongue (<i>Cal. of State Papers, 1661-62</i>, p. 4).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1007_1007" id="Footnote_1007_1007"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1007_1007"><span class="label">[1007]</span></a> The story goes that Grammont was leaving England without marrying Miss Hamilton, when her brother overtook him and told him he had forgotten something, whereat he realized his oversight and returned to repair it. It is said that this incident -supplied Molière with the subject of his <i>Mariage forcé</i>.</p></div> +supplied Molière with the subject of his <i>Mariage forcé</i>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1008_1008" id="Footnote_1008_1008"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1008_1008"><span class="label">[1008]</span></a> Hamilton, <i>op. cit.</i> p. 82.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1009_1009" id="Footnote_1009_1009"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1009_1009"><span class="label">[1009]</span></a> <i>Cal. State Papers, Dom., 1661-62</i>, p. 28.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1010_1010" id="Footnote_1010_1010"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1010_1010"><span class="label">[1010]</span></a> Two grammars for teaching Portuguese greeted the new queen. One was a -<i>Portuguese Grammar</i> in French and English by Mr. La Mollière, a French gentleman, +<i>Portuguese Grammar</i> in French and English by Mr. La Mollière, a French gentleman, 1662 (<i>Register of the Company of Stationers</i>, ii. 307); and the other, J. Howell's <i>Grammar for the Spanish or Castilian tongue with some special remarks on the Portuguese Dialect</i>, with a description of Spain and Portugal by way of guide. It was dedicated to the queen.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1011_1011" id="Footnote_1011_1011"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1011_1011"><span class="label">[1011]</span></a> Fragment of the Journal of the Convent of Chaillot, in the secret archives of -France, Hôtel de Soubise. Quoted by Strickland in <i>Lives of the Queens</i>, 1888, iv. +France, Hôtel de Soubise. Quoted by Strickland in <i>Lives of the Queens</i>, 1888, iv. p. 383.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1012_1012" id="Footnote_1012_1012"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1012_1012"><span class="label">[1012]</span></a> Cp. Sedley, <i>Mulberry Garden</i>.</p></div> @@ -19402,8 +19361,8 @@ house. Cp. <i>Character of the Town Gallant</i>, 1675.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1026_1026" id="Footnote_1026_1026"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1026_1026"><span class="label">[1026]</span></a> Vincent, <i>Young Gallants' Academy</i>, 1674, p. 44.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1027_1027" id="Footnote_1027_1027"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1027_1027"><span class="label">[1027]</span></a> Flecknoe, <i>Characters</i>, 1673. The 1665 edition of his <i>Aenigmatical Characters ...</i>, -1665, contains a description in French of the <i>Tour à la Mode</i>: ". . . C'est une bataille -bien rangée où l'on ne tire que des coups d'Œillades, et où les premiers ayant fait leur +1665, contains a description in French of the <i>Tour à la Mode</i>: ". . . C'est une bataille +bien rangée où l'on ne tire que des coups d'Œillades, et où les premiers ayant fait leur descharge, ilz s'en vont pour donner place aux autres" . . ., etc. (p. 21).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1028_1028" id="Footnote_1028_1028"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1028_1028"><span class="label">[1028]</span></a> Charles II. openly avowed his preference for the French drama. Dryden wrote @@ -19412,7 +19371,7 @@ censure of those who unjustly prefer the French before them." Pepys saw many of the French plays acted in English. Cp. H. McAfee, <i>Pepys on the Restoration Stage ...</i>, Yale Univ. Press, 1916.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1029_1029" id="Footnote_1029_1029"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1029_1029"><span class="label">[1029]</span></a> A. Beljame, <i>Le Public et les hommes de lettres au 18<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, Paris, 1897, p. 139.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1029_1029" id="Footnote_1029_1029"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1029_1029"><span class="label">[1029]</span></a> A. Beljame, <i>Le Public et les hommes de lettres au 18<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, Paris, 1897, p. 139.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1030_1030" id="Footnote_1030_1030"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1030_1030"><span class="label">[1030]</span></a> As in Etherege's <i>Comical Revenge or Love in a Tub</i>, <i>Sir Fopling Flutter</i>, and the plays of Cibber, Vanbrugh, Mrs. Behn, Shadwell, Farquhar, Wycherley, etc.; <i>The @@ -19420,14 +19379,14 @@ French Conjuror</i>, 1678; <i>The Beau Defeated</i>, 1700?, etc.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1031_1031" id="Footnote_1031_1031"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1031_1031"><span class="label">[1031]</span></a> A. Beljame, <i>Quae e Gallicis verbis in Anglicam linguam Johannes Dryden introduxerit</i>, Paris, 1881. On French influence in Restoration Drama, see Charlanne, -<i>L'Influence française en Angleterre</i>, pp. 64 <i>sqq.</i></p></div> +<i>L'Influence française en Angleterre</i>, pp. 64 <i>sqq.</i></p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1032_1032" id="Footnote_1032_1032"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1032_1032"><span class="label">[1032]</span></a> <i>Lettre à M. de la Chaussée</i>: <i>Lettres</i>, 1745, ii. p. 240.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1032_1032" id="Footnote_1032_1032"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1032_1032"><span class="label">[1032]</span></a> <i>Lettre à M. de la Chaussée</i>: <i>Lettres</i>, 1745, ii. p. 240.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1033_1033" id="Footnote_1033_1033"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1033_1033"><span class="label">[1033]</span></a> <i>Narrative of her Life, written by Herself</i>, pub. in series of Autobiographies, London, 1826, vol. vii. p. 12. Most of the writers of the time were able to write some French. Flecknoe, for instance, wrote some of his <i>Characters</i> in the language, and wrote a French -dedication of his Poems (1652), "à la plus excellente de son sexe."</p></div> +dedication of his Poems (1652), "à la plus excellente de son sexe."</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1034_1034" id="Footnote_1034_1034"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1034_1034"><span class="label">[1034]</span></a> Dryden, "Prologue spoken at the opening of the new house, 26 March, 1674," <i>Works</i>, ed. Scott and Saintsbury, x. p. 320.</p></div> @@ -19443,8 +19402,8 @@ vii.), p. 1444.</p></div> King's company acting at Drury Lane, and the other to Sir William Davenant, who directed the Duke's company. The rival companies united in 1682.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1039_1039" id="Footnote_1039_1039"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1039_1039"><span class="label">[1039]</span></a> Chardon, <i>La troupe du roman comique dévoilée et les comédiens de la campagne -au 17<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, Le Mans, 1876, p. 47.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1039_1039" id="Footnote_1039_1039"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1039_1039"><span class="label">[1039]</span></a> Chardon, <i>La troupe du roman comique dévoilée et les comédiens de la campagne +au 17<sup>e</sup> siècle</i>, Le Mans, 1876, p. 47.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1040_1040" id="Footnote_1040_1040"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1040_1040"><span class="label">[1040]</span></a> Chardon, <i>op. cit.</i> p. 98.</p></div> @@ -19467,8 +19426,8 @@ that there was "scarce anything to be seen anywhere but French grammars." The manuals of Mauger and Festeau were still in vogue, and that of Mauger was frequently reedited. Among new grammarians figures the tutor to the -children of the Duke of York (James II.), Pierre de Lainé, -who may possibly have been identical with the Pierre Lainé +children of the Duke of York (James II.), Pierre de Lainé, +who may possibly have been identical with the Pierre Lainé who published a grammar in 1655.<a name="FNanchor_1044_1044" id="FNanchor_1044_1044"></a><a href="#Footnote_1044_1044" class="fnanchor">[1044]</a> His French grammar, written in the first place for the Lady Mary (afterwards Mary II.), was published in 1667,<a name="FNanchor_1045_1045" id="FNanchor_1045_1045"></a><a href="#Footnote_1045_1045" class="fnanchor">[1045]</a> when the princess was @@ -19480,12 +19439,12 @@ Highness the Lady Mary and since taught her royal sister the Lady Anne etc. by P. D. L. Tutor for the French to both their Highnesses</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1046_1046" id="FNanchor_1046_1046"></a><a href="#Footnote_1046_1046" class="fnanchor">[1046]</a></p> -<p>"Before you begin anything of Letters or rules," says Lainé, +<p>"Before you begin anything of Letters or rules," says Lainé, "you may Learn how to call in French these few things following.</p> <div class="table"><table cellspacing="2" summary="Laine"> -<tr><td>Ma Tête, say</td> +<tr><td>Ma Tête, say</td> <td>maw tate</td> <td>my Head</td></tr> <tr><td>Mes Cheveuz, say</td> @@ -19508,11 +19467,11 @@ French" for the use of her Highness the Lady Mary when a child, and models of letters suitable for children, and accompanied by answers.</p> -<p>In later years Lainé spent some time at Paris as secretary<a name="FNanchor_1047_1047" id="FNanchor_1047_1047"></a><a href="#Footnote_1047_1047" class="fnanchor">[1047]</a> +<p>In later years Lainé spent some time at Paris as secretary<a name="FNanchor_1047_1047" id="FNanchor_1047_1047"></a><a href="#Footnote_1047_1047" class="fnanchor">[1047]</a> to Sir Henry Savile, the English envoy at the French Court, who did so much to prepare a favourable reception in England for the refugees at the time of the Revocation of the Edict -of Nantes.<a name="FNanchor_1048_1048" id="FNanchor_1048_1048"></a><a href="#Footnote_1048_1048" class="fnanchor">[1048]</a> Lainé was the first teacher to receive a grant of +of Nantes.<a name="FNanchor_1048_1048" id="FNanchor_1048_1048"></a><a href="#Footnote_1048_1048" class="fnanchor">[1048]</a> Lainé was the first teacher to receive a grant of letters of denization under the Order in Council of the 28th July 1681.<a name="FNanchor_1049_1049" id="FNanchor_1049_1049"></a><a href="#Footnote_1049_1049" class="fnanchor">[1049]</a> Shortly afterwards the same privilege was bestowed on Francis Cheneau, whose <i>French Grammar, enrich'd with a @@ -19528,7 +19487,7 @@ St. next door to the Faulcon in London," where could be seen his short grammars for Latin, Italian, and English.</p> <p>The most versatile compiler of French manuals at this -period was Guy Miège, a native of Lausanne, who came to +period was Guy Miège, a native of Lausanne, who came to England at the time of the Restoration. For two years he was employed in the household of Lord Elgin, and was then appointed under-secretary to the Earl of Carlisle, ambassador @@ -19537,14 +19496,14 @@ spending three years abroad with the embassy, he travelled in France on his own account from 1665 till 1668, preparing a <i>Relation of the Three Embassies</i> in which he had taken part. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">-383-</a></span> -<span class="sidenote">THE DICTIONARIES OF GUY MIÈGE</span>His book was published in 1669, on his return to London. +<span class="sidenote">THE DICTIONARIES OF GUY MIÈGE</span>His book was published in 1669, on his return to London. He then settled in England as a teacher of French and geography, and wrote many works for teaching the language. The first was <i>A New Dictionary French and English and English and French</i> (1677), dedicated to Charles Lennox, Duke of Richmond. As usual, this French-English Dictionary is based on a French-Latin one—in this case that of Pomey. -Miège was also closely acquainted with Howell's edition of +Miège was also closely acquainted with Howell's edition of Cotgrave's dictionary, last published in 1670; but he held it very defective in retaining so many obsolete words, and in not being adapted to the "present use and modern orthography—which @@ -19569,7 +19528,7 @@ that nothing might be wanting, however, he placed them in their alphabetic order also, with a reference to the necessary primitive.</p> -<p>Miège's innovation in excluding all obsolete terms from +<p>Miège's innovation in excluding all obsolete terms from his dictionary raised such a storm at its first appearance<a name="FNanchor_1052_1052" id="FNanchor_1052_1052"></a><a href="#Footnote_1052_1052" class="fnanchor">[1052]</a> that he felt himself bound to yield to public opinion by making a separate collection of such words, which he called @@ -19580,7 +19539,7 @@ It was, he said, "performed for the satisfaction of such as <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">-384-</a></span>read old French." By the time of its publication in 1679, however, the storm raised by his first work had died away.</p> -<p>Miège continued his lexicographical labours. In 1684 +<p>Miège continued his lexicographical labours. In 1684 appeared <i>A Short French Dictionary English and French, with another in French and English</i>, a work of no ambitious aims, containing a list of words pure and simple, with no @@ -19594,7 +19553,7 @@ the Hague in 1691, 1701 (the fifth), and 1703;<a name="FNanchor_1053_1053" id="F was issued at Rotterdam as late as 1728.</p> <p>For the use of English students and those desiring to study -either language more thoroughly, Miège prepared, during +either language more thoroughly, Miège prepared, during many years of hard work, an enlarged edition of his first French dictionary of 1677, which, he tells us, was compiled under great disadvantages; "the Publick was in haste for @@ -19606,7 +19565,7 @@ published in 1688, eleven years after the appearance of its nucleus, the <i>New French Dictionary</i> (1677). It gives words according to both their old and modern orthography, "by which means the reader is fitted for any sort of French book," -and, writes Miège, "although I am not fond of obsolete and +and, writes Miège, "although I am not fond of obsolete and barbarous words, yet I thought fit to intersperse the most remarkable of them, lest they should be missed by such as read old Books." Each word is accompanied by explanations, @@ -19614,21 +19573,21 @@ proverbs, phrases, "and as the first part does, here and there, give a prospect into the constitution of the kingdom of France, so the second does afford to foreiners what they have hitherto very much wanted, to wit, an Insight into the Constitution -of England...." In the <i>Great Dictionary</i> Miège abandoned +of England...." In the <i>Great Dictionary</i> Miège abandoned his plan of arranging the derivatives under their primitives, because it had made his former work "swarm with uneasy references"; he followed the alphabetical order strictly, "but in such a manner that, where a derivative is remote from its primitive, I show its extraction within a Parenthesis." <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">-385-</a></span> -<span class="sidenote">MIÈGE'S FRENCH GRAMMARS</span>Each of the two sections of the <i>Great Dictionary</i> is preceded +<span class="sidenote">MIÈGE'S FRENCH GRAMMARS</span>Each of the two sections of the <i>Great Dictionary</i> is preceded by a grammar of the language concerned. First comes the <i>Grounds of the French Tongue</i>, before the French-English -Dictionary, and then a <i>Méthode abrégée pour apprendre +Dictionary, and then a <i>Méthode abrégée pour apprendre l'Anglois</i>. This French grammar was a reprint of one of those -which Miège had compiled while working at his dictionaries.</p> +which Miège had compiled while working at his dictionaries.</p> -<p>In 1684 Miège tells us that he had "put forth two French +<p>In 1684 Miège tells us that he had "put forth two French grammars, both of them well approved by all unprejudiced persons. The one is short and concise, fitted for all sorts of learners, but especially new beginners; the other is a large @@ -19653,7 +19612,7 @@ Mauger's in number." The one hundred and fifteen familiar dialogues are followed by four more advanced ones in French alone, "for proficient learners to turn into English." The first deals with the education of children, and the others with -geography, a subject Miège taught in either French or English +geography, a subject Miège taught in either French or English "as might be most convenient."</p> <p>The elementary grammar had been issued about 1682<a name="FNanchor_1054_1054" id="FNanchor_1054_1054"></a><a href="#Footnote_1054_1054" class="fnanchor">[1054]</a> @@ -19666,7 +19625,7 @@ their use with this second grammar.</p> <p>In 1687 appeared the <i>Grounds of the French Tongue or a new French Grammar</i>,<a name="FNanchor_1055_1055" id="FNanchor_1055_1055"></a><a href="#Footnote_1055_1055" class="fnanchor">[1055]</a> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">-386-</a></span>which Miège incorporated in his <i>Great +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">-386-</a></span>which Miège incorporated in his <i>Great French Dictionary</i> in the following year. In general outline its contents resemble those of the grammar which had appeared ten years before. It is, however, an entirely new @@ -19677,16 +19636,16 @@ grammars.<a name="FNanchor_1057_1057" id="FNanchor_1057_1057"></a><a href="#Foot hundred pages shorter than the grammar of 1678, and on the whole it is less interesting from the point of view of the student of French. The second part, called the <i>Nouvelle Nomenclature -Françoise et Angloise</i>, which might be obtained apart +Françoise et Angloise</i>, which might be obtained apart from the grammar, had originally appeared in 1685 as part -of Miège's <i>Nouvelle méthode pour apprendre l'Anglois</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1058_1058" id="FNanchor_1058_1058"></a><a href="#Footnote_1058_1058" class="fnanchor">[1058]</a> Consequently +of Miège's <i>Nouvelle méthode pour apprendre l'Anglois</i>.<a name="FNanchor_1058_1058" id="FNanchor_1058_1058"></a><a href="#Footnote_1058_1058" class="fnanchor">[1058]</a> Consequently the dialogues are more suited to the student of English than to the student of French, as they deal chiefly with life in England and the impressions of a Frenchman in London, including an account of the coffee-houses, the penny post, the churches, English food and drink, and so forth.</p> -<p>Lastly, in about 1698,<a name="FNanchor_1059_1059" id="FNanchor_1059_1059"></a><a href="#Footnote_1059_1059" class="fnanchor">[1059]</a> appeared <i>Miège's last and best +<p>Lastly, in about 1698,<a name="FNanchor_1059_1059" id="FNanchor_1059_1059"></a><a href="#Footnote_1059_1059" class="fnanchor">[1059]</a> appeared <i>Miège's last and best French Grammar, or a new Method to learn French, containing the Quintessence of all other Grammars, with such plain and easie rules as will make one speedily perfect in that famous @@ -19695,7 +19654,7 @@ was based on his first grammar (1678), which thus benefited by his long experience as a writer on the French language and teacher of that tongue.</p> -<p>Miège held that French was best learnt by a combination +<p>Miège held that French was best learnt by a combination of the methods of rote and grammar, either being insufficient without the other; as for attempting to learn foreign languages at home by rote, "'tis properly building in the air. @@ -19731,7 +19690,7 @@ passages need not at all be learnt." But, when all is done, of knowledge."</p> <p>Thus the right use of a grammar depends much on the skill -and judgement of the teacher. Miège declares against overburdening +and judgement of the teacher. Miège declares against overburdening the memory with abstruse and difficult rules. In most cases it is enough if the learner understands the rule; there is no need to confine him to the author's words or to @@ -19756,7 +19715,7 @@ good at last his Proficiency that Way, with the help of a choice Grammar. And then the Rules will appear to him very plain, easy and delectable."</p> -<p>In 1678 Miège was receiving pupils for French and geography +<p>In 1678 Miège was receiving pupils for French and geography at his lodging in Penton Street, Leicester Square, and we are told that in 1693 he was taking in <i>pensionnaires</i> in Dean's Yard, near Westminster Abbey. Towards the end @@ -19766,7 +19725,7 @@ Francesco Casparo Colsoni, an Italian minister, who also taught Italian and English. Colsoni wrote a book for teaching the three languages,<a name="FNanchor_1062_1062" id="FNanchor_1062_1062"></a><a href="#Footnote_1062_1062" class="fnanchor">[1062]</a> called <i>The New Trismagister</i> (1688), in which he drew freely from the works of Mauger, Festeau, and -his friend Miège. In the meantime other manuals appeared, +his friend Miège. In the meantime other manuals appeared, including a translation of a grammar which was first published at Paris in 1672<a name="FNanchor_1063_1063" id="FNanchor_1063_1063"></a><a href="#Footnote_1063_1063" class="fnanchor">[1063]</a>—<i>A French Grammar, teaching the knowledge of that language.... Published by the Academy @@ -19824,7 +19783,7 @@ scholar:</p> </div></blockquote> <blockquote class="interlinear"><div> <div><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">-390-</a></span>Do you teach the French tongue?</div> -<div lang="fr">Enseignez-vous la langue Françoise?</div> +<div lang="fr">Enseignez-vous la langue Françoise?</div> </div></blockquote> <blockquote class="interlinear"><div> <div>Yes sir, and the Latin also.</div> @@ -19841,7 +19800,7 @@ scholar:</p> <blockquote class="interlinear"> <div><div>What method do you hold?</div> -<div lang="fr">Quel méthode voulez-vous tenir?</div> +<div lang="fr">Quel méthode voulez-vous tenir?</div> </div></blockquote> <blockquote class="interlinear"> <div> @@ -19854,7 +19813,7 @@ scholar:</p> </div></blockquote> <blockquote class="interlinear"><div> <div>Which you can learn in two lessons.</div> -<div lang="fr">Que vous pouvez apprendre en deux leçons.</div> +<div lang="fr">Que vous pouvez apprendre en deux leçons.</div> </div></blockquote> <blockquote class="interlinear"><div> <div>Then I will teach you the nouns,</div> @@ -19866,11 +19825,11 @@ scholar:</p> </div></blockquote> <blockquote class="interlinear"><div> <div>And afterwards the rules of syntax.</div> -<div lang="fr">Et ensuite les règles de Composition.</div> +<div lang="fr">Et ensuite les règles de Composition.</div> </div></blockquote> <blockquote class="interlinear"><div> <div>How long will I be in learning all that?</div> -<div lang="fr">Combien seray-je à apprendre tout cela?</div> +<div lang="fr">Combien seray-je à apprendre tout cela?</div> </div></blockquote> <blockquote class="interlinear"><div> <div>But little time if you will follow me.</div> @@ -19905,7 +19864,7 @@ and that in many foreign towns all the men and women of quality and many of the common people spoke French with ease. Writers of the time are unanimous in describing French as the universal language; and most French teachers -write in the style of Guy Miège to the effect that "the French +write in the style of Guy Miège to the effect that "the French tongue is in a manner grown universal in Europe ... and of all the parts of Europe next to France none is more fond of it than England."</p> @@ -19915,22 +19874,22 @@ was in a position to dispute its ground with Latin. France herself set the example. French was the language used at Court, while Latin was used only by scholars. Significant it is that in 1676 Louis XIV., in consequence of Charpentier's -<i>Défense de la langue françoise pour l'inscription de l'arc de +<i>Défense de la langue françoise pour l'inscription de l'arc de Triomphe</i>, replaced the Latin inscriptions on his triumphal arches by others in French. Replying to Charpentier's essay, a Jesuit, P. Lucus, wrote a treatise in defence of Latin.<a name="FNanchor_1071_1071" id="FNanchor_1071_1071"></a><a href="#Footnote_1071_1071" class="fnanchor">[1071]</a> Charpentier retorted by two laboured volumes, <i>De -l'excellence de la langue françoise</i> (1683), and finally won the +l'excellence de la langue françoise</i> (1683), and finally won the day. In this he refers to the universality of French, and draws attention to the advantages which would result to science if it were studied in that language. The long Quarrel of the Ancients and Moderns, which first reached England from France, also shows the spirit of the times. And Bayle asserts as evidence of the supremacy of French that: "Veut-on -qu'un libelle courre bien le monde, aussitôt on le traduit en -françois, lors même que l'original est en Latin: tant il est +qu'un libelle courre bien le monde, aussitôt on le traduit en +françois, lors même que l'original est en Latin: tant il est vrai que le latin n'est pas si commun en Europe aujourd'hui -que la Langue françoise."<a name="FNanchor_1072_1072" id="FNanchor_1072_1072"></a><a href="#Footnote_1072_1072" class="fnanchor">[1072]</a></p> +que la Langue françoise."<a name="FNanchor_1072_1072" id="FNanchor_1072_1072"></a><a href="#Footnote_1072_1072" class="fnanchor">[1072]</a></p> <p>In England French had long been a rival to Latin as the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">-392-</a></span>most commonly used foreign tongue, and after the Restoration @@ -20043,17 +20002,17 @@ all. Sedley implies that to read Terence in Latin was a mark of ill-breeding.<a name="FNanchor_1084_1084" id="FNanchor_1084_1084"></a><a href="#Footnote_1084_1084" class="fnanchor">[1084]</a> The fashionable Etherege, who knew neither Latin nor Greek, had a large number of French translations of classical plays amongst his books.<a name="FNanchor_1085_1085" id="FNanchor_1085_1085"></a><a href="#Footnote_1085_1085" class="fnanchor">[1085]</a> And at a somewhat -later date the Abbé Le Blanc remarks<a name="FNanchor_1086_1086" id="FNanchor_1086_1086"></a><a href="#Footnote_1086_1086" class="fnanchor">[1086]</a> that the English have +later date the Abbé Le Blanc remarks<a name="FNanchor_1086_1086" id="FNanchor_1086_1086"></a><a href="#Footnote_1086_1086" class="fnanchor">[1086]</a> that the English have become so fond of French that they prefer to read even Cicero in that language. He writes to tell Olivet how eagerly his translations are received in England. "Celle des Tusculanes que vous venez de publier de concert avec M. Le -Père Bouhour a été goûtée en Angleterre de tous ceux qui -sont en état de juger des Beautés de l'Original et de la fidélité +Père Bouhour a été goûtée en Angleterre de tous ceux qui +sont en état de juger des Beautés de l'Original et de la fidélité avec laquelle chacun de vous les a rendues."</p> <p>The readiness with which the English read French books -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">-395-</a></span>also attracted the Abbé's attention.<a name="FNanchor_1087_1087" id="FNanchor_1087_1087"></a><a href="#Footnote_1087_1087" class="fnanchor">[1087]</a> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">-395-</a></span>also attracted the Abbé's attention.<a name="FNanchor_1087_1087" id="FNanchor_1087_1087"></a><a href="#Footnote_1087_1087" class="fnanchor">[1087]</a> <span class="sidenote">PROPOSALS FOR REFORMED SCHOOLS</span>It was no new thing for French literature to be widely appreciated in England. But before the Restoration it had received but little recognition @@ -20147,7 +20106,7 @@ eccho repeating words thrice and that without any considerable variation"—which occupies the main part of the work.<a name="FNanchor_1098_1098" id="FNanchor_1098_1098"></a><a href="#Footnote_1098_1098" class="fnanchor">[1098]</a> It is preceded by rules for pronouncing French, taken, without acknowledgement, chiefly from Wodroeph, -and followed by selections from Pierre de Lainé's <i>Royal +and followed by selections from Pierre de Lainé's <i>Royal French Grammar</i> of 1667. Learners of French are advised to master the pronunciation first, and to engage a French master. A collection of familiar phrases and commendatory @@ -20175,7 +20134,7 @@ that they may easily keep what they have learned, and recover what they shall lose." Those wishing to pursue their studies further could learn other languages, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, or Spanish, or could study astronomy, geography, and other -subjects. The usual fee was £20 a year, but more was charged if +subjects. The usual fee was £20 a year, but more was charged if the pupil made good progress. Parents were advised to apply for details at Mr. Mason's Coffee House in Cornhill, near the Royal Exchange, on Tuesday, or on Thursdays at the Bolt and @@ -20244,7 +20203,7 @@ exercises. But even then the atmosphere was French. Such was the academy opened in London in 1682 by M. Foubert, a Frenchman lately come from Paris. He was helped by a royal grant, and seems to have been fairly successful. On -his arrival his goods were delivered at the house of M. Lainé,<a name="FNanchor_1105_1105" id="FNanchor_1105_1105"></a><a href="#Footnote_1105_1105" class="fnanchor">[1105]</a> +his arrival his goods were delivered at the house of M. Lainé,<a name="FNanchor_1105_1105" id="FNanchor_1105_1105"></a><a href="#Footnote_1105_1105" class="fnanchor">[1105]</a> probably the French teacher of that name.</p> <p>As time went on such schools became more and more @@ -20285,7 +20244,7 @@ which appeared about twelve years later.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1046_1046" id="Footnote_1046_1046"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1046_1046"><span class="label">[1046]</span></a> Cp. Arber, <i>Term Catalogues</i>, i. 269. Anne was three years younger than Mary.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1047_1047" id="Footnote_1047_1047"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1047_1047"><span class="label">[1047]</span></a> Schickler, <i>Les Églises du Refuge</i>, ii. p. 311.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1047_1047" id="Footnote_1047_1047"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1047_1047"><span class="label">[1047]</span></a> Schickler, <i>Les Églises du Refuge</i>, ii. p. 311.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1048_1048" id="Footnote_1048_1048"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1048_1048"><span class="label">[1048]</span></a> <i>Savile Correspondence</i>, Camden Society, 1856, <i>passim</i>.</p></div> @@ -20318,7 +20277,7 @@ the learned with so improper and needless a thing? For the distinction of cases come from the variable termination of one and the same noun. A thing incident (I confess) to the Latine tongue, but not to our vulgar speech."</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1058_1058" id="Footnote_1058_1058"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1058_1058"><span class="label">[1058]</span></a> A second edition of Miège's English Grammar appeared in 1691.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1058_1058" id="Footnote_1058_1058"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1058_1058"><span class="label">[1058]</span></a> A second edition of Miège's English Grammar appeared in 1691.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1059_1059" id="Footnote_1059_1059"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1059_1059"><span class="label">[1059]</span></a> Arber, <i>Term Catalogues</i>, iii. 67, 487.</p></div> @@ -20346,23 +20305,23 @@ wrote a <i>Discourse of the Trinitie ... etc.</i> (1700). Berault calls himself minister, and he served as chaplain on several of His Majesty's ships during the war with France at the end of the century.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1068_1068" id="Footnote_1068_1068"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1068_1068"><span class="label">[1068]</span></a> <i>Le Véritable et assuré Chemin du Ciel en François et en Anglois</i> (1681), and the -<i>Bouquet ou un Amas de plusieurs veritez Théologiques</i> (1685), dedicated to Anne Stuart, +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1068_1068" id="Footnote_1068_1068"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1068_1068"><span class="label">[1068]</span></a> <i>Le Véritable et assuré Chemin du Ciel en François et en Anglois</i> (1681), and the +<i>Bouquet ou un Amas de plusieurs veritez Théologiques</i> (1685), dedicated to Anne Stuart, afterwards queen.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1069_1069" id="Footnote_1069_1069"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1069_1069"><span class="label">[1069]</span></a> Berault is behind the times in retaining most of the Latin cases and tenses. His grammar, on the whole, is fuller and more detailed than most of its kind.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1070_1070" id="Footnote_1070_1070"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1070_1070"><span class="label">[1070]</span></a> <i>Le Théâtre françois</i> (1674). ed. Monval, 1876, p. 62. Jean Blaeu, in translating +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1070_1070" id="Footnote_1070_1070"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1070_1070"><span class="label">[1070]</span></a> <i>Le Théâtre françois</i> (1674). ed. Monval, 1876, p. 62. Jean Blaeu, in translating from English into French Ed. Chamberlain's <i>Present State of England</i> (1669), states: -"Je ne l'ay pas sitost veu en Anglois que j'ay jugé qu'il méritoit de paroistre dans la -langue françoise, comme estant plus universelle dans la chrestienté qu'aucune autre" +"Je ne l'ay pas sitost veu en Anglois que j'ay jugé qu'il méritoit de paroistre dans la +langue françoise, comme estant plus universelle dans la chrestienté qu'aucune autre" (1671). Jusserand, <i>Shakespeare in France</i>, p. 20, note.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1071_1071" id="Footnote_1071_1071"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1071_1071"><span class="label">[1071]</span></a> <i>De monumentis publicis latine inscribendis.</i> Goujet, <i>Bibliothèque françoise</i> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1071_1071" id="Footnote_1071_1071"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1071_1071"><span class="label">[1071]</span></a> <i>De monumentis publicis latine inscribendis.</i> Goujet, <i>Bibliothèque françoise</i> (1740-56), i. p. 13.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1072_1072" id="Footnote_1072_1072"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1072_1072"><span class="label">[1072]</span></a> Bayle, <i>Œuvres</i>, iv. p. 190, quoted by Charlanne, <i>L'Influence française en +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1072_1072" id="Footnote_1072_1072"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1072_1072"><span class="label">[1072]</span></a> Bayle, <i>Œuvres</i>, iv. p. 190, quoted by Charlanne, <i>L'Influence française en Angleterre</i>, pt. ii. p. 202.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1073_1073" id="Footnote_1073_1073"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1073_1073"><span class="label">[1073]</span></a> F. Watson, <i>Grammar Schools</i>, p. 312.</p></div> @@ -20390,13 +20349,13 @@ Young Nobleman</i>, 1723, p. 18; and the author of a pamphlet <i>On Education</i <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1082_1082" id="Footnote_1082_1082"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1082_1082"><span class="label">[1082]</span></a> Evelyn, <i>Diary</i>, Dec. 6, 1681.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1083_1083" id="Footnote_1083_1083"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1083_1083"><span class="label">[1083]</span></a> <i>The Compleat Gentleman</i> (1728), ed. K. D. Bülbring, 1890.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1083_1083" id="Footnote_1083_1083"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1083_1083"><span class="label">[1083]</span></a> <i>The Compleat Gentleman</i> (1728), ed. K. D. Bülbring, 1890.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1084_1084" id="Footnote_1084_1084"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1084_1084"><span class="label">[1084]</span></a> Epilogue to <i>Bellamira</i>.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1085_1085" id="Footnote_1085_1085"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1085_1085"><span class="label">[1085]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, ed. A. Wilson, Verity, London, 1888, Preface.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1086_1086" id="Footnote_1086_1086"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1086_1086"><span class="label">[1086]</span></a> Le Blanc, <i>Lettres d'un Français</i>, à la Haye, 1745, ii. p. 1.</p></div> +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1086_1086" id="Footnote_1086_1086"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1086_1086"><span class="label">[1086]</span></a> Le Blanc, <i>Lettres d'un Français</i>, à la Haye, 1745, ii. p. 1.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1087_1087" id="Footnote_1087_1087"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1087_1087"><span class="label">[1087]</span></a> He tells Maupertuis of the great success of his <i>De la Figure de la Terre</i> (1738) in England, where it was awaited with impatience and received with acclamation (<i>Lettres</i>, @@ -20406,7 +20365,7 @@ ii. 244).</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1089_1089" id="Footnote_1089_1089"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1089_1089"><span class="label">[1089]</span></a> French no doubt often reached grammar school boys indirectly. Thus Charles Hoole in 1660 (<i>A New Discoverie of the old Art of Teaching School</i>) recommends the -Dialogues of Du Grès for their private reading; perhaps, however, he was thinking +Dialogues of Du Grès for their private reading; perhaps, however, he was thinking more of the Latin than of the French part.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1090_1090" id="Footnote_1090_1090"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1090_1090"><span class="label">[1090]</span></a> <i>Miscellaneous Works</i>, 1751, pp. 320-1.</p></div> @@ -20415,7 +20374,7 @@ more of the Latin than of the French part.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1092_1092" id="Footnote_1092_1092"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1092_1092"><span class="label">[1092]</span></a> Th. Sheridan, <i>Plan of Education</i>, 1769, p. 42.</p></div> -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1093_1093" id="Footnote_1093_1093"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1093_1093"><span class="label">[1093]</span></a> M. Misson, <i>Mémoires et Observations d'un voyageur en Angleterre</i>, à la Haye, 1698, +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1093_1093" id="Footnote_1093_1093"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1093_1093"><span class="label">[1093]</span></a> M. Misson, <i>Mémoires et Observations d'un voyageur en Angleterre</i>, à la Haye, 1698, p. 99.</p></div> <div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1094_1094" id="Footnote_1094_1094"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1094_1094"><span class="label">[1094]</span></a> Information supplied by J. Potter Briscoe, Esq., of Nottingham.</p></div> @@ -20492,8 +20451,8 @@ langwage (ed. T. Wright, "Volume of Vocabularies," (ed. M. K. Pope, "Modern Language Review," April 1910).</td> </tr> <tr><td class="w4"> -<i>c.</i> 1300</td><td class="tdr">* Orthographia Gallica (ed. J. Stürzinger, -"Altfranzösische Bibliothek," viii., Heilbronn, 1884).</td> +<i>c.</i> 1300</td><td class="tdr">* Orthographia Gallica (ed. J. Stürzinger, +"Altfranzösische Bibliothek," viii., Heilbronn, 1884).</td> </tr> </table></div> @@ -20503,7 +20462,7 @@ langwage (ed. T. Wright, "Volume of Vocabularies," <table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="Manuscripts"> <tr> <td class="w4"> </td> -<td class="tdr">Commentaries in French on the Orthographia Gallica (ed. Stürzinger, <i>ut supra</i>).</td> +<td class="tdr">Commentaries in French on the Orthographia Gallica (ed. Stürzinger, <i>ut supra</i>).</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="w4"> </td> @@ -20538,8 +20497,8 @@ Philological Soc.," 1903-1906).</td> <td class="w4"> </td> <td class="tdr"> Tractatus Orthographiae of Coyfurelly, Doctor in Law -of Orleans (ed. Stengel, "Zeitschrift für -neufranzösische Sprache und Literatur," vol. i., 1878).</td></tr> +of Orleans (ed. Stengel, "Zeitschrift für +neufranzösische Sprache und Literatur," vol. i., 1878).</td></tr> <tr><td class="w4"> 1396</td><td class="tdr">* Maniere de Language (ed. P. Meyer, "Revue critique," 1873).</td></tr> @@ -20652,10 +20611,10 @@ frenche.</td> <td><span class="smcap">Du Ploich.</span> A Treatise in English and Frenche....</td> </tr> <tr> -<td>1553?</td><td>Traicté pour apprendre a parler françoys et angloys.</td> +<td>1553?</td><td>Traicté pour apprendre a parler françoys et angloys.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td>1557</td><td><span class="smcap">G. Meurier.</span> La Grammaire Françoise....</td> +<td>1557</td><td><span class="smcap">G. Meurier.</span> La Grammaire Françoise....</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1557</td><td>(<span class="smcap">Barlement.</span>) A Boke intituled Italion, Frynsshe, Englysshe Latin.</td> @@ -20758,7 +20717,7 @@ frenche.</td> <tr> <td>1593</td><td><span class="smcap">Eliote.</span> Ortho-Epia Gallica.</td></tr> <tr> -<td>1595</td><td>E. A. Grammaire Angloise et Françoise.</td></tr> +<td>1595</td><td>E. A. Grammaire Angloise et Françoise.</td></tr> <tr> <td>1595</td><td><span class="smcap">De la Mothe.</span> French Alphabet.</td></tr> <tr> @@ -20776,7 +20735,7 @@ frenche.</td> <tr> <td>1602</td><td><span class="smcap">Holyband.</span> French Littleton.</td></tr> <tr> -<td>1604</td><td><span class="smcap">Sanford.</span> Le Guichet François.</td></tr> +<td>1604</td><td><span class="smcap">Sanford.</span> Le Guichet François.</td></tr> <tr> <td>1605</td><td><span class="smcap">Sanford.</span> A Briefe Extract of the former grammar ... in English.</td> </tr> @@ -20814,7 +20773,7 @@ frenche.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1625</td><td><span class="smcap">L'Isle.</span> Part of Du Bartas, French and English.</td> </tr> -<tr><td>1625</td><td>Grammaire Angloise et Françoise.</td> +<tr><td>1625</td><td>Grammaire Angloise et Françoise.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1630</td><td><span class="smcap">Holyband.</span> French Littleton.</td> </tr> @@ -20857,7 +20816,7 @@ frenche.</td> <td><span class="smcap">Holyband.</span> French Schoolemaister.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1636</td> -<td><span class="smcap">Du Grès.</span> Breve et accuratum grammaticae gallicae +<td><span class="smcap">Du Grès.</span> Breve et accuratum grammaticae gallicae Compendium.</td></tr> <tr><td>1637</td> <td>(<span class="smcap">Barlement.</span>) The English, Latine, French, Dutch Scholemaster.</td></tr> @@ -20873,10 +20832,10 @@ Compendium.</td></tr> <td><span class="smcap">Holyband.</span> French Littleton.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1639</td> -<td>Grammaire Angloise et Françoise.</td> +<td>Grammaire Angloise et Françoise.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1639</td> -<td><span class="smcap">Du Grès.</span> Dialogi Gallico-Anglico-Latini.</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Du Grès.</span> Dialogi Gallico-Anglico-Latini.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1639</td> <td><span class="smcap">Anchoran.</span> Comenius's Janua.</td> @@ -20915,7 +20874,7 @@ Compendium.</td></tr> <td><span class="smcap">Cogneau.</span> Sure Guide.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1652</td> -<td><span class="smcap">Du Grès.</span> Dialogi ...</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Du Grès.</span> Dialogi ...</td> </tr> <tr><td>1653</td> <td><span class="smcap">Mauger.</span> True Advancement of the French Tongue.</td> @@ -20924,7 +20883,7 @@ Compendium.</td></tr> <td><span class="smcap">Holyband.</span> French Schoolemaister.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1655</td> -<td><span class="smcap">Lainé.</span> A Compendious Introduction to the French Tongue.</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Lainé.</span> A Compendious Introduction to the French Tongue.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1656</td> <td><span class="smcap">Mauger.</span> French Grammar, 2nd ed.</td> @@ -20939,7 +20898,7 @@ Compendium.</td></tr> <td><span class="smcap">Leighton.</span> Linguae Gallicae addiscendae Regulae.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1660</td> -<td><span class="smcap">Du Grès.</span> Dialogi ...</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Du Grès.</span> Dialogi ...</td> </tr> <tr><td>1660</td> <td><span class="smcap">Cotgrave.</span> Dictionary.</td> @@ -20954,10 +20913,10 @@ Compendium.</td></tr> <td><span class="smcap">Mauger.</span> French Grammar, 4th ed.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1662 </td> -<td><span class="smcap">Leighton.</span> ... Regulæ.</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Leighton.</span> ... Regulæ.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1666</td> -<td>Æsop's Fables in English, French and Latine.</td> +<td>Æsop's Fables in English, French and Latine.</td> </tr> <tr><td class="center">?</td> <td>Castellion's Sacred Dialogues ... French and English.</td> @@ -20969,22 +20928,22 @@ Compendium.</td></tr> <td><span class="smcap">Festeau.</span> French Grammar.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1667</td> -<td><span class="smcap">De Lainé.</span> Princely Way to the French Tongue.</td> +<td><span class="smcap">De Lainé.</span> Princely Way to the French Tongue.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1668</td> <td><span class="smcap">Holyband.</span> French Schoolemaister.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1668</td> -<td>Grammaire Françoise et Angloise.</td> +<td>Grammaire Françoise et Angloise.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1668</td> -<td>Grammaire Françoise et Angloise.</td> +<td>Grammaire Françoise et Angloise.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1670</td> <td><span class="smcap">Mauger.</span> Grammar, 6th ed.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1671</td> -<td><span class="smcap">Mauger.</span> Lettres françoises et angloises.</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Mauger.</span> Lettres françoises et angloises.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1671</td> <td><span class="smcap">Festeau.</span> Grammar, 2nd ed.</td> @@ -21017,16 +20976,16 @@ Compendium.</td></tr> <td><span class="smcap">Mauger.</span> Lettres, 2nd ed.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1677</td> -<td><span class="smcap">De Lainé.</span> Princely Way, 2nd ed.</td> +<td><span class="smcap">De Lainé.</span> Princely Way, 2nd ed.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1677</td> -<td>Grammaire françoise et angloise.</td> +<td>Grammaire françoise et angloise.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1677</td> -<td><span class="smcap">Miège.</span> A New Dictionary, French and English.</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Miège.</span> A New Dictionary, French and English.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1678</td> -<td><span class="smcap">Miège.</span> A New French Grammar.</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Miège.</span> A New French Grammar.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1679</td> <td><span class="smcap">Mauger.</span> Grammar, 8th ed.</td> @@ -21035,10 +20994,10 @@ Compendium.</td></tr> <td><span class="smcap">Festeau.</span> Grammar, 4th ed.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1679</td> -<td>Grammaire Françoise et Angloise.</td> +<td>Grammaire Françoise et Angloise.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1679</td> -<td><span class="smcap">Miège.</span> Dictionary of Barbarous French.</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Miège.</span> Dictionary of Barbarous French.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1680</td> <td><span class="smcap">Villiers.</span> Vocabularium Analogicum.</td> @@ -21050,16 +21009,16 @@ Compendium.</td></tr> <td><span class="smcap">Mauger.</span> Grammar, 10th ed.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1682</td> -<td><span class="smcap">Miège.</span> Short and Easie French Grammar.</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Miège.</span> Short and Easie French Grammar.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1683</td> <td><span class="smcap">Vairesse d'Allais.</span> Short and Methodical Introduction.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1684</td> -<td><span class="smcap">Miège.</span> A Short French Dictionary.</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Miège.</span> A Short French Dictionary.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1684</td> -<td><span class="smcap">Kerhuel.</span> Grammaire Françoise.</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Kerhuel.</span> Grammaire Françoise.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1684</td> <td><span class="smcap">Mauger.</span> Grammar, 11th ed.</td> @@ -21077,13 +21036,13 @@ Compendium.</td></tr> <td><span class="smcap">Mauger.</span> Grammar, 12th ed.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1687</td> -<td>Æsop's Fables in English, French and Latine.</td> +<td>Æsop's Fables in English, French and Latine.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1687</td> -<td><span class="smcap">Miège.</span> Grounds of the French Tongue.</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Miège.</span> Grounds of the French Tongue.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1688</td> -<td><span class="smcap">Miège.</span> Great French Dictionary.</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Miège.</span> Great French Dictionary.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1688</td> <td><span class="smcap">Berault.</span> New ... French and English Grammar.</td></tr> @@ -21094,13 +21053,13 @@ Compendium.</td></tr> <td><span class="smcap">Mauger.</span> Grammar, 13th ed.</td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">-409-</a></span>1690</td> -<td><span class="smcap">Miège.</span> Short French Dictionary, 3rd ed.</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Miège.</span> Short French Dictionary, 3rd ed.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1690</td><td><span class="smcap">Mauger.</span> Grammar, 14th ed.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1690</td><td><span class="smcap">Colsoni.</span> A new Grammar of three languages.</td> </tr> -<tr><td>1691</td><td><span class="smcap">Miège.</span> Short French Dictionary.</td> +<tr><td>1691</td><td><span class="smcap">Miège.</span> Short French Dictionary.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1691</td><td><span class="smcap">Berault.</span> Grammar, 2nd ed.</td> </tr> @@ -21126,7 +21085,7 @@ Compendium.</td></tr> <td><span class="smcap">Colsoni.</span> New and Accurate Grammar [new edition].</td> </tr> <tr><td>1698</td> -<td><span class="smcap">Miège.</span> Last and Best French Grammar.</td> +<td><span class="smcap">Miège.</span> Last and Best French Grammar.</td> </tr> <tr><td>1698</td> <td><span class="smcap">Berault.</span> French and English Grammar.</td> @@ -21158,14 +21117,14 @@ PERIOD</p> <p class="noi">A., E.:</p> -<div class="blockquot1"><p>Grammaire Angloise et Françoise pour facilement et promptement -aprendre la langue Angloise et Françoise. Revûë et corrigée -tout de nouveau d'une quantité de fautes qui étoient aux précédentes -impressions par E. A. Augmentée en cette dernière -édition d'un vocabulaire Anglois et François. Rouen, 1595. Cp. -sub "Anonymous Works," Grammaire Angloise et Françoise.</p></div> +<div class="blockquot1"><p>Grammaire Angloise et Françoise pour facilement et promptement +aprendre la langue Angloise et Françoise. Revûë et corrigée +tout de nouveau d'une quantité de fautes qui étoient aux précédentes +impressions par E. A. Augmentée en cette dernière +édition d'un vocabulaire Anglois et François. Rouen, 1595. Cp. +sub "Anonymous Works," Grammaire Angloise et Françoise.</p></div> -<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Æsop:</span> Cp. <span class="smcap">CODRINGTON</span>.</p> +<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Æsop:</span> Cp. <span class="smcap">CODRINGTON</span>.</p> <p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Anchoran, J. A.:</span></p> @@ -21198,7 +21157,7 @@ and Laten. London, Ed. Sutton, 1557.</p> London, John Alde, 1569.</p> <p>Another ed.: Dictionaire, Colloques ou Dialogues en Quattre -langues, Flamen, Ffrançoys, Espaignel et Italien, with the Englishe +langues, Flamen, Ffrançoys, Espaignel et Italien, with the Englishe to be added thereto. George Bishop, 1578.</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">-411-</a></span> @@ -21234,12 +21193,12 @@ unknown).</p> <p>Corderius. Dialogues in French and English. John Wyndet, 1591.</p> -<p>Grammaire Angloise et Françoise . . . Revûë et corrigée . . . +<p>Grammaire Angloise et Françoise . . . Revûë et corrigée . . . par E. A. (<i>q.v. sub</i> A., E.)</p> <p>Another ed.: Grammaire Angloise pour facilement et promptement apprendre la langue angloise. Qui peut <ins title="original: aissi">aussi</ins> aider aux -Anglois pour apprendre la langue Françoise. Alphabet anglois +Anglois pour apprendre la langue Françoise. Alphabet anglois contenant la prononciation des Lettres avec les declinaisons et conjugaisons. Paris, 1625.</p> @@ -21254,14 +21213,14 @@ conjugaisons. Paris, 1625.</p> <p>The Necessary, fit and convenient Education of a young Gentlewoman, Italian, French and English. Adam Islip, 1598.</p> -<p>A Short Syntaxis in the French Tongue. 12º. London, 1602.</p> +<p>A Short Syntaxis in the French Tongue. 12º. London, 1602.</p> <p>The French A. B. C. Licensed to Rd. Field, 1615.</p> <p>The Declining of Frenche Verbes. Rd. Field, 1615 (another edition of Holyband's Treatise for declining of Verbs?).</p> -<p>(Sébastien Châteillon.) Sacred Dialogues translated out of Latin +<p>(Sébastien Châteillon.) Sacred Dialogues translated out of Latin into French and English for the benefit of youth. Sold by R. Hom and J. Sims. (Date unknown, between 1666 and 1668?)</p> @@ -21343,8 +21302,8 @@ Marshe, 1578.</p> <p>Le jardin de vertu et bonnes mœurs, plain de plusieurs belles fleurs et riches sentences avec le sens d'icelles recueillies de plusieurs -autheurs, et mises en lumiere par J. B. gent. Cadomois. Imprimé -à Londres par Th. Vautrollier, 1581.</p> +autheurs, et mises en lumiere par J. B. gent. Cadomois. Imprimé +à Londres par Th. Vautrollier, 1581.</p> <p>The French Methode. London, 1588.</p></div> @@ -21354,7 +21313,7 @@ autheurs, et mises en lumiere par J. B. gent. Cadomois. Imprimé Concordans trium linguarum Gallicae, Hispanicae et Italicae. Unde innotescat, quantum quaque a Romanae linguae, unde ortum duxere, idiomate deflexerit; earum quoque ratio et natura dilucide -et succinte delineantur. Operâ et studio Petri Bense, Parisini, +et succinte delineantur. Operâ et studio Petri Bense, Parisini, apud Oxon. has linguas profitentis. Oxoniae. Excudebat Guilielmus Turner impensis authoris, 1637.</p></div> @@ -21388,26 +21347,26 @@ Persons that have a desire to learn either Language, by Peter <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">-414-</a></span>Berault, French Minister, lately chaplain of Her Majesty's ships Kent, Victory, Scarborough, and Dunkirk. London, 1707.</p> -<p>Le Véritable et assuré chemin du ciel en François et en Anglois. +<p>Le Véritable et assuré chemin du ciel en François et en Anglois. London, 1680.</p> -<p>Bouquet ou un amas de plusieurs veritez théologiques propres +<p>Bouquet ou un amas de plusieurs veritez théologiques propres pour instruire toutes sortes de personnes, particulierement pour consoler une ame dans ses Troubles. London, 1685.</p></div> <p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Beyer, Guillaume:</span></p> -<div class="blockquot1"><p>La vraye instruction des trois langues la Françoise, l'Angloise -et la Flamende. Proposée en des règles fondamentales et succinctes. -Un assemblage des mots les plus usités, et des colloques utiles et -récréatifs; <ins title="original: ou">où</ins> hormis d'autres discours curieus, le gouvernement -de la France se réduit. Historiquement et Politiquement mise en -trois langues. Seconde ed. augmentée. Dordrecht, 1681. (Date +<div class="blockquot1"><p>La vraye instruction des trois langues la Françoise, l'Angloise +et la Flamende. Proposée en des règles fondamentales et succinctes. +Un assemblage des mots les plus usités, et des colloques utiles et +récréatifs; <ins title="original: ou">où</ins> hormis d'autres discours curieus, le gouvernement +de la France se réduit. Historiquement et Politiquement mise en +trois langues. Seconde ed. augmentée. Dordrecht, 1681. (Date of first edition unknown.)</p></div> -<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Châteillon</span> (or <span class="smcap">Castellion</span>), S. Cp. entry under "Anonymous Works."</p> +<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Châteillon</span> (or <span class="smcap">Castellion</span>), S. Cp. entry under "Anonymous Works."</p> -<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Cheneau, François:</span></p> +<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Cheneau, François:</span></p> <div class="blockquot1"><p>Francis Cheneau's French Grammar, enrich'd with a compendious and easie way to learne the French Tongue in a very @@ -21425,7 +21384,7 @@ after the same way. W. Botham for the author. London, 1716.</p></div> <p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Codrington, Robert:</span></p> -<div class="blockquot1"><p>Æsop's Fables, With his life in English, French and Latine. +<div class="blockquot1"><p>Æsop's Fables, With his life in English, French and Latine. The English by Tho. Philipott, Esq., the French and Latine by Rob. Codrington, M.A. Illustrated with one hundred and ten sculptures. By Francis Barlow, and are to be sold at his House, @@ -21587,15 +21546,15 @@ London, H. Denham, 1576.</p></div> <p class="noi"><span class="smcap">De Sainliens, Claude</span>. Cf. <span class="smcap">Holyband</span>.</p> -<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Du Grès, Gabriel</span>:</p> +<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Du Grès, Gabriel</span>:</p> <div class="blockquot1"><p>Breve et Accuratum grammaticae Gallicae Compendium in quo superflua rescinduntur et necessaria non omittuntur, per Gabrielem -du Grès, Gallum, eandem linguam in celeberrima Cantabrigiensi +du Grès, Gallum, eandem linguam in celeberrima Cantabrigiensi Academia edocentem. Cantabrigiae. Impensis Authoris amicorum -gratiâ. 1636.</p> +gratiâ. 1636.</p> -<p>Dialogi Gallico-Anglico-Latini, per Gabrielem Dugrès Linguam +<p>Dialogi Gallico-Anglico-Latini, per Gabrielem Dugrès Linguam Gallicam in illustrissima et famosissima Oxoniensi Academia (haud ita pridem privatim) edocentem. Oxoniae, L. Lichfield, 1639.</p> @@ -21611,7 +21570,7 @@ the ende of this boke), made by Peter du Ploiche, teacher of the same dwelling in Trinitie lane at the signe of the Rose. Richard Grafton, [1553?]</p> -<p>Another ed. Imprimé à Londre par Jean Kingston, La xiiii. +<p>Another ed. Imprimé à Londre par Jean Kingston, La xiiii. Auvril, 1578.</p></div> <p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Du Terme, Laur</span>:</p> @@ -21851,7 +21810,7 @@ Church Yarde. London, 1580.</p> <p>Another ed. London, 1641.</p> <p>De Pronuntiatione. Claudii a Sancto Vinculo de pronuntiatione -linguæ Gallicæ libri duo. Ad illustrissimam simulq doctissimam +linguæ Gallicæ libri duo. Ad illustrissimam simulq doctissimam Elizabetham Anglorum Reginam. T. Vautrollerius; Londoni. 1580.</p> @@ -21885,11 +21844,11 @@ Cornelius Bee at the King's Arms in Little Brittaine, 1660.</p> <p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Kerhuel, Jean de:</span></p> -<div class="blockquot1"><p>Grammaire Françoise, composée par Jean de Kerhuel, Professeur +<div class="blockquot1"><p>Grammaire Françoise, composée par Jean de Kerhuel, Professeur de la ditte Langue. A French Grammar.... 8vo. Printed for J. Wickins at the Miter in Fleet Street, 1684.</p></div> -<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Lainé, Pierre:</span></p> +<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Lainé, Pierre:</span></p> <div class="blockquot1"><p>A compendious Introduction to the French Tongue. Teaching with much ease, facility and delight, how to attain and most @@ -21900,18 +21859,18 @@ as by the hand, to the most noted and principal places of that Kingdom. Whereunto is annexed an alphabetical Rule for the true and modern orthography of that French now spoken, being a catalogue of very necessary words never before printed. By -Peter Lainé, a teacher of the said tongue now in London. London. +Peter Lainé, a teacher of the said tongue now in London. London. Printed by T. N. for Anthony Williamson at the Queen's Arms in St. Paul's Churchyard, near the West End. 1655.</p></div> -<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Lainé, Pierre de:</span></p> +<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Lainé, Pierre de:</span></p> <div class="blockquot1"><p>The Princely way to the French Tongue, as it was first compiled <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">-422-</a></span>for the use of her Highness the Lady Mary and since taught her royal sister the Lady Anne. To which is added a Chronological abridgement of the sacred scriptures by way of dialogue. Together with a longer explication of the French Grammar, Choice -fables of Æsop in Burlesque French, and lastly some models of +fables of Æsop in Burlesque French, and lastly some models of letters French and English, by P.D.L. 2nd ed. London. Printed by J. Macock for H. Herrington etc., 1677.</p> @@ -21919,7 +21878,7 @@ by J. Macock for H. Herrington etc., 1677.</p> <p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Leighton, Henry:</span></p> -<div class="blockquot1"><p>Linguæ Gallicæ addiscendæ regulæ. Collectæ opera et industria +<div class="blockquot1"><p>Linguæ Gallicæ addiscendæ regulæ. Collectæ opera et industria H. Leighton, A.M. Hanc linguam in celeberrima Academia Oxoniensi edocentis. Oxoniae, 1659.</p> @@ -21982,16 +21941,16 @@ Sixth ed. Exactly corrected by the author.... London. Printed for J. Martin at the sign of the bell, and James Allestry at the Rose and Crown in Paul's Churchyard, 1670.</p> -<p>Another ed.: La Grammaire françoise de Claude Mauger expliquée -en Anglois, Latin et en François, enrichie de regles plus +<p>Another ed.: La Grammaire françoise de Claude Mauger expliquée +en Anglois, Latin et en François, enrichie de regles plus courtes et plus substantielles qu'auparavant, comme du regime des verbes, de la conjugaison de tous les irreguliers par toutes -leurs personnes, d'un Traité de l'accent etc. Et à la fin, d'un abrégé -des regles generales de la Langue Angloise, en dialogues françois, -outre ce qui étoit dans la sixième édition. La 7e. éd. Reveue et -corrigée par l'autheur . . . à Londres. Londres. Imprimée par -T. Roycroft pour Jean Martin et se vendent <ins title="original: a">à</ins> l'enseigne de la -cloche au cymitière de Sainct Paul. 1673. Claudius Mauger's +leurs personnes, d'un Traité de l'accent etc. Et à la fin, d'un abrégé +des regles generales de la Langue Angloise, en dialogues françois, +outre ce qui étoit dans la sixième édition. La 7e. éd. Reveue et +corrigée par l'autheur . . . à Londres. Londres. Imprimée par +T. Roycroft pour Jean Martin et se vendent <ins title="original: a">à </ins> l'enseigne de la +cloche au cymitière de Sainct Paul. 1673. Claudius Mauger's French Grammar, etc.</p> <p>Another ed., with additions: The "English Edition." London, @@ -22004,16 +21963,16 @@ Languages at Paris. London, 1682.</p> <p>Eleventh ed. London, T. Harrison, c. 1683.</p> -<p>Twelfth ed. . . . avec des augmentations de Mots à la Mode +<p>Twelfth ed. . . . avec des augmentations de Mots à la Mode d'une nouvelle Methode et de tout ce qu'on peut souhaiter pour -s'acquirir ce beau Language comme on le parle à present à la cour -de France. Où on voit un ordre extraordinaire et methodique -pour l'acquisition de cette langue, sçavoir, une très parfaite pronuntiation, +s'acquirir ce beau Language comme on le parle à present à la cour +de France. Où on voit un ordre extraordinaire et methodique +pour l'acquisition de cette langue, sçavoir, une très parfaite pronuntiation, la conjugaison de tous les Verbes irreguliers, des Regles courtes et substantielles, ausquelles sont ajoutez un Vocabulaire -et une nouvelle Grammaire Angloise pour l'utilité de tant d'estrangers -qui ont envie de l'apprendre. La douzième édition exactement -corrigée par l'autheur à present Professeur des Langues à Paris. +et une nouvelle Grammaire Angloise pour l'utilité de tant d'estrangers +qui ont envie de l'apprendre. La douzième édition exactement +corrigée par l'autheur à present Professeur des Langues à Paris. Londres. R. E. pour R. Bently et S. Magnes demeurant dans Russel St. au Covent Gardin. 1686.</p> @@ -22046,52 +22005,52 @@ a desire to learn the French Tongue. Corrected and Revised by the author, formerly professor of French at Bloys, now at London. London, 1671.</p> -<p>Another ed.: Lettres Françoises et Angloises de Claud Mauger +<p>Another ed.: Lettres Françoises et Angloises de Claud Mauger sur Toutes sortes de sujets grands et mediocres avec augmentation -de 50 lettres nouvelles, dont il y en a plusieurs sur les dernières et -grandes Revolutions de l'Europe. Très exactement corrigée, polies -et écrites, dans le plus nouveau stile de la cour, dans lesquelles -la pureté et l'élégance des deux langues s'accordent mieux qu'auparavant. -Très utiles à ceux qui aspirent au beau language, et -sont curieux de sçavoir de quelle manière ils doivent parler aux -personnes de quelque qualité qu'elles soient. Outre Quantité -de Billets à la fin du Livre, qui sont très necessaires pour le commerce. -La seconde édition. Londres, imprimée par Tho. Roycroft -et se vendent chez Samuel Lowndes vis à vis de l'Hostel +de 50 lettres nouvelles, dont il y en a plusieurs sur les dernières et +grandes Revolutions de l'Europe. Très exactement corrigée, polies +et écrites, dans le plus nouveau stile de la cour, dans lesquelles +la pureté et l'élégance des deux langues s'accordent mieux qu'auparavant. +Très utiles à ceux qui aspirent au beau language, et +sont curieux de sçavoir de quelle manière ils doivent parler aux +personnes de quelque qualité qu'elles soient. Outre Quantité +de Billets à la fin du Livre, qui sont très necessaires pour le commerce. +La seconde édition. Londres, imprimée par Tho. Roycroft +et se vendent chez Samuel Lowndes vis à vis de l'Hostel d'Exeter dans la Strand. 1676.</p></div> <p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Meurier, Gabriel:</span></p> -<div class="blockquot1"><p>La Grammaire Françoise contenante plusieurs belles reigles +<div class="blockquot1"><p>La Grammaire Françoise contenante plusieurs belles reigles propres et necessaires pour ceulx qui desirent apprendre la dicte langue par Gabriel Meurier. . . . Anvers, 1557.</p> -<p>Traicté pour apprendre a parler Françoys et Angloys. Rouen, +<p>Traicté pour apprendre a parler Françoys et Angloys. Rouen, Etienne Colas, 1553.</p> <p>Communications familieres non moins propres que tresutiles a la -nation Angloise desireuse et diseteuse du langage François, par +nation Angloise desireuse et diseteuse du langage François, par G. Meurier. Familiare Communications no leasse proppre then verrie proffytable to the Inglis nation desirous and nedinge the ffrenche language, by Gabriel Meurier. En Anvers. . . . Chez Pierre de Keerberghe sus le Cemitiere nostre Dame a la Croix d'or. 1563.</p> -<p>Another ed.: Traité pour apprendre a parler François et Anglois: +<p>Another ed.: Traité pour apprendre a parler François et Anglois: ensemble un Formulaire de faire missives, obligations, Quittances, Lettres de Change, necessaire a tous marchands qui veulent trafiquer. A Treatise for to learne to speake Frenshe and Englische, together with a form of making letters, indentures, and obligations, quittances, letters of exchange, verie necessarie for all Marchants that do occupy trade of Marchandise. A Rouen, chez Jacques -Cailloué, tenant sa boutique dans la Court du Palais. 1641.</p></div> +Cailloué, tenant sa boutique dans la Court du Palais. 1641.</p></div> -<p class="noi"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">-425-</a></span><span class="smcap">Miège, Guy:</span></p> +<p class="noi"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">-425-</a></span><span class="smcap">Miège, Guy:</span></p> <div class="blockquot1"><p>A New Dictionary French and English with another English and French according to the present use and modern orthography of the French, inrich'd with new words, choice phrases and apposite proverbs. Digested into a most accurate method and contrived -for the use of both English and Foreiners, by Guy Miège, Gent. +for the use of both English and Foreiners, by Guy Miège, Gent. London. Printed by T. Dawks for T. Basset at the George near Clifford's Inn in Fleet Street, 1677.</p> @@ -22099,7 +22058,7 @@ Clifford's Inn in Fleet Street, 1677.</p> French Tongue. To which are added for a help to young beginners a large vocabulary, and a store of familiar Dialogues, besides Four curious discourses of Cosmography in French for proficient learners -to turn into English. By Guy Miège, Gent., author of the New +to turn into English. By Guy Miège, Gent., author of the New French Dictionary, professor of the French Tongue and of Geography. London. Th. Basset.... 1678.</p> @@ -22107,7 +22066,7 @@ London. Th. Basset.... 1678.</p> Alphabet of Obsolete, Provincial, Misspelt and Made Words in French. Taken out of Cotgrave's Dictionary with some additions. A work much desired and now performed for the satisfaction of -such as read old French. By Guy Miège, Gent., author of the New +such as read old French. By Guy Miège, Gent., author of the New French Dictionary. London, for Th. Basset, 1679.<a name="FNanchor_1108_1108" id="FNanchor_1108_1108"></a><a href="#Footnote_1108_1108" class="fnanchor">[1108]</a></p> <p>A Short and Easie French Grammar, fitted for all sorts of @@ -22123,7 +22082,7 @@ for the use of learners. London, Th. Basset, 1682.</p> <p>A Short French Dictionary, English and French with another in French and English, according to the present use and modern -orthography, by Guy Miège, Gent. London, for Th. Basset, +orthography, by Guy Miège, Gent. London, for Th. Basset, 1684.</p> <p>Another ed. London, 1690.</p> @@ -22149,10 +22108,10 @@ of words both proper and figurative are orderly digested, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">-426-</a></span>illustrated with apposite phrases and proverbs. The hard words explained: and the proprieties adjusted. To which are prefixed the Grounds of both Languages in two Discourses, the one -English, the other French, by Guy Miège, Gent. London, for +English, the other French, by Guy Miège, Gent. London, for Th. Basset, 1688.</p> -<p>Miège's last and best French Grammar, or a new Method to +<p>Miège's last and best French Grammar, or a new Method to learn French, containing the Quintessence of all other Grammars, with such plain and easie rules as will make one speedily perfect in that famous language.... London, W. Freeman and A. Roper, @@ -22188,7 +22147,7 @@ Anchoran's Comenius.)</p></div> <p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Sanford, John:</span></p> -<div class="blockquot1"><p>Le Guichet François. Sive janicula et brevis introductio ad +<div class="blockquot1"><p>Le Guichet François. Sive janicula et brevis introductio ad linguam Gallicam. Oxoniae. Excudebat Josephus Barnesius, 1604.</p> @@ -22210,7 +22169,7 @@ Schollers and others desirous of the said language. Second ed. carefully corrected and enlarged by Robert Sherwood, Londoner. London, Printed by Robert Young, 1634.</p> -<p>Dictionnaire Anglois-François. 1632. Cf. <span class="smcap">Cotgrave</span>.</p></div> +<p>Dictionnaire Anglois-François. 1632. Cf. <span class="smcap">Cotgrave</span>.</p></div> <p class="noi"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">-427-</a></span><span class="smcap">Smith, J.:</span></p> @@ -22250,7 +22209,7 @@ or affinity betwixt the English, French and Latin. Alphabetically digested. With new and easy directions for the attaining of the French tongue, comprehended in rules of pronouncing, rules of accenting and the like. To which is added the explanation of -Mounsieur de Lainé's French Grammar by way of dialogue set +Mounsieur de Lainé's French Grammar by way of dialogue set forth for the special use and encouragement of such as desire to be proficients in the same language. The like not extant. By Jacob Villiers, Master of a French School in Nottingham. London, @@ -22273,10 +22232,10 @@ ancient and Moderne Philosophers of our Tyme. With many Godly songs, sonets, Theames, Letters missives, and sentences proverbiales: so orderly, plain and pertinent, as hath not (formerly) <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">-428-</a></span>beene seene in the most famous Ile of great Britaine. By John -Wodroephe, Gent. Les Heures de relasche. . . . Imprimé à Dort, +Wodroephe, Gent. Les Heures de relasche. . . . Imprimé à Dort, Par Nicolas Vincentz, Pour George Waters, Marchant Libraire, -demeurant près le Marché au Poisson, à l'Enseigne des Manchettes -dorées. 1623.</p> +demeurant près le Marché au Poisson, à l'Enseigne des Manchettes +dorées. 1623.</p> <p>Second edition: The Marrow of the French Tongue, containing:</p> @@ -22297,8 +22256,8 @@ of M. John Wodroephe, that the meanest capacity either French or Englishman, that can but reade, may in a short time by his owne industry without the helpe of any Teacher attaine to the perfection of both languages. Ce livre est aussi utile pour le -François d'apprendre l'Anglois que pour l'Anglois d'apprendre le -François. The second edition. Reviewed and purged of much +François d'apprendre l'Anglois que pour l'Anglois d'apprendre le +François. The second edition. Reviewed and purged of much gross English, and divers errors committed in the former edition printed at Dort. London. Printed for Rd. Meighen at the signe of the Leg in the Strand, and in St. Dunstan's Churchyard in @@ -22327,7 +22286,7 @@ Woodcock by Harrison's widow, 1578 (<i>ibid.</i> ii. 331).</p></div> <li><i>A B C for Scottes men</i>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> -<li>Académie française, <a href="#Page_110">110</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li> +<li>Académie française, <a href="#Page_110">110</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li> <li><a name="Academies" id="Academies"></a>Academies, <a href="#Page_120">120</a> <i>sq.</i>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a> <i>sq.</i>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a> <i>sq.</i>;</li> <li class="tdr">academies in France, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a> <i>sq.</i>;</li> @@ -22355,7 +22314,7 @@ Woodcock by Harrison's widow, 1578 (<i>ibid.</i> ii. 331).</p></div> <li>Ancients and Moderns, quarrel of, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li> -<li>*André, Bernard, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> +<li>*André, Bernard, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> <li>Angers, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li> @@ -22375,7 +22334,7 @@ Woodcock by Harrison's widow, 1578 (<i>ibid.</i> ii. 331).</p></div> <li>Astell, Mary, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a></li> -<li>Aubigné, Agrippa d', <a href="#Page_65">65</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li> +<li>Aubigné, Agrippa d', <a href="#Page_65">65</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li> <li>*Aufeild, Wm., <a href="#Page_260">260</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a> <i>sq.</i>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> @@ -22428,7 +22387,7 @@ Woodcock by Harrison's widow, 1578 (<i>ibid.</i> ii. 331).</p></div> <li>Belleau, Remi, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> -<li>Belleforest, François de, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Belleforest, François de, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> <li>*Bellemain, Jean, <a href="#Page_107">107</a> <i>sq.</i>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> @@ -22442,11 +22401,11 @@ Woodcock by Harrison's widow, 1578 (<i>ibid.</i> ii. 331).</p></div> <li>*Berault, Pierre, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a> <i>sq.</i></li> -<li>Bèze, Théodore de, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> +<li>Bèze, Théodore de, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> <li>*Bibbesworth, Walter de, <a href="#Page_11">11</a> <i>sq.</i>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> -<li>Bignon, Jérôme, <a href="#Page_66">66</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> +<li>Bignon, Jérôme, <a href="#Page_66">66</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> <li>Blois, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a> <i>sq.</i>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a> <i>sq.</i>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a></li> @@ -22470,7 +22429,7 @@ Woodcock by Harrison's widow, 1578 (<i>ibid.</i> ii. 331).</p></div> <li>Bossuet, <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li> -<li>Bouhours, le Père, <a href="#Page_220">220</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></li> +<li>Bouhours, le Père, <a href="#Page_220">220</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></li> <li>Bouillon, Duchesse de, <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li> @@ -22484,7 +22443,7 @@ Woodcock by Harrison's widow, 1578 (<i>ibid.</i> ii. 331).</p></div> <li>Bozon, Nicolas, <a href="#Page_8">8</a> <i>n.</i></li> -<li>Brantôme, <a href="#Page_273">273</a> <i>n.</i></li> +<li>Brantôme, <a href="#Page_273">273</a> <i>n.</i></li> <li>Bretons: teach French, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li> @@ -22602,7 +22561,7 @@ Woodcock by Harrison's widow, 1578 (<i>ibid.</i> ii. 331).</p></div> <li>Colet, John, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> -<li>Collège de Navarre, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> +<li>Collège de Navarre, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a></li> <li><a name="Colleges" id="Colleges"></a>Colleges: in France, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;</li> <li class="tdr">English Roman Catholic, in France, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</li> @@ -22742,7 +22701,7 @@ Cornwallis, Sir Wm., <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></l <li>*Du Buisson, <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li> -<li>*Du Grès, Gabriel, <a href="#Page_205">205</a> <i>sq.</i>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a> <i>n.</i></li> +<li>*Du Grès, Gabriel, <a href="#Page_205">205</a> <i>sq.</i>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a> <i>n.</i></li> <li>Du Moulin, Pierre, senior, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a></li> @@ -22837,7 +22796,7 @@ English literature, <a href="#Page_190">190</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_274">2 <li>*Fabre, John, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> -<li>*Fabri, Philémon, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> +<li>*Fabri, Philémon, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> <li>Farquhar, George, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a> <i>n.</i></li> @@ -22873,9 +22832,9 @@ English literature, <a href="#Page_190">190</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_274">2 <li><i>France, Survey of</i>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> -<li>François I. of France, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> +<li>François I. of France, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> -<li>François de Valois, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> +<li>François de Valois, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></li> <li><i>Frans and Englis</i>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></li> @@ -22967,11 +22926,11 @@ English literature, <a href="#Page_190">190</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_274">2 <li>Greene, Rt., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> <li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">-433-</a></span> -Grelot, Jérôme, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> +Grelot, Jérôme, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> <li>Grenville, Fulke, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> -<li>Grévin, Jacques, <a href="#Page_65">65</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a> <i>n.</i></li> +<li>Grévin, Jacques, <a href="#Page_65">65</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a> <i>n.</i></li> <li>Grey, Lady Jane, <a href="#Page_64">64</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a> <i>n.</i></li> @@ -23057,7 +23016,7 @@ Grelot, Jérôme, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> <li>Hoole, Charles, <a href="#Page_182">182</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a> <i>n.</i></li> -<li>Hotman, François, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> +<li>Hotman, François, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> <li>*Hotman, Jean, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></li> @@ -23097,7 +23056,7 @@ Grelot, Jérôme, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> <li>Jermyn, Lord, Earl of St. Albans, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li> -<li>Jodelle, Étienne, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Jodelle, Étienne, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> <li>Jonson, Ben, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a></li> @@ -23119,16 +23078,16 @@ Grelot, Jérôme, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></li> <li>Kynaston, Sir Francis, <a href="#Page_296">296</a></li> <li><hr /></li> -<li>La Bruyère, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> +<li>La Bruyère, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></li> -<li>La Calprenède, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li> +<li>La Calprenède, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li> <li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">-434-</a></span> La Fontaine, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li> -<li>*Lainé, Pierre, <a href="#Page_315">315</a> <i>sq.</i>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a> <i>n.</i></li> +<li>*Lainé, Pierre, <a href="#Page_315">315</a> <i>sq.</i>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a> <i>n.</i></li> -<li>*Lainé, Pierre de, <a href="#Page_381">381</a> <i>sq.</i>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li> +<li>*Lainé, Pierre de, <a href="#Page_381">381</a> <i>sq.</i>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li> <li>Lake, Sir Th., <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> @@ -23154,11 +23113,11 @@ La Fontaine, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li> <li>Law French, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a></li> -<li>Le Blanc, Abbé, <a href="#Page_23">23</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></li> +<li>Le Blanc, Abbé, <a href="#Page_23">23</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></li> -<li>Le Fèvre (chemist), <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li> +<li>Le Fèvre (chemist), <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li> -<li>Le Fèvre, Raoul, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> +<li>Le Fèvre, Raoul, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> <li>Le Grand, Antoine, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li> @@ -23245,7 +23204,7 @@ La Fontaine, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li> <li>Malpet, John, <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li> -<li><i>Manière de Langage</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a> <i>sq.</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> +<li><i>Manière de Langage</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a> <i>sq.</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> <li>Margaret of Navarre, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> @@ -23257,7 +23216,7 @@ La Fontaine, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li> <li>Marillac (ambassador), <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li> -<li>Marot, Clément, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> +<li>Marot, Clément, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> <li>Marseilles, <a href="#Page_357">357</a></li> @@ -23291,7 +23250,7 @@ La Fontaine, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li> <li>Maupertuis, <a href="#Page_395">395</a> <i>n.</i></li> -<li>Mayerne, Théodore, <a href="#Page_259">259</a> <i>n.</i></li> +<li>Mayerne, Théodore, <a href="#Page_259">259</a> <i>n.</i></li> <li>Mazarin, Duchesse de, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a></li> @@ -23304,7 +23263,7 @@ Melville, James, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> <li>Melville, Sir James, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a> <i>n.</i></li> -<li>Ménage, Gilles, <a href="#Page_353">353</a></li> +<li>Ménage, Gilles, <a href="#Page_353">353</a></li> <li><a name="Merchants" id="Merchants"></a>Merchants: study of French by, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a> <i>sq.</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a> <i>sq.</i>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li> @@ -23318,9 +23277,9 @@ Melville, James, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> <li>Middleton, Th., <a href="#Page_263">263</a> <i>n.</i></li> -<li>*Miège, Guy, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a> <i>sq.</i>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li> +<li>*Miège, Guy, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a> <i>sq.</i>, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li> -<li>*Milleran, René, <a href="#Page_354">354</a> <i>sq.</i></li> +<li>*Milleran, René, <a href="#Page_354">354</a> <i>sq.</i></li> <li>Milton, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a></li> @@ -23328,7 +23287,7 @@ Melville, James, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> <li>Misson, M., <a href="#Page_396">396</a> <i>n.</i></li> -<li>Molière, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li> +<li>Molière, <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li> <li>Monluc, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a> <i>n.</i></li> @@ -23338,7 +23297,7 @@ Melville, James, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> <li>Montausier, Mme. de., <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li> -<li>Montchrétien, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> +<li>Montchrétien, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a></li> <li>Montjoy, Christopher, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> @@ -23382,7 +23341,7 @@ Melville, James, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> <li>Nicot, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a> <i>n.</i></li> -<li>Nîmes, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> +<li>Nîmes, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a></li> <li><i>Nomenclator</i>, of Adrian Junius, <a href="#Page_189">189</a></li> @@ -23413,7 +23372,7 @@ Melville, James, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> <li>*Oudin, Antoine, <a href="#Page_229">229</a> <i>sq.</i>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a></li> -<li>Oudin, César, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> +<li>Oudin, César, <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> <li>Overbury, Sir Th., <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a> <i>n.</i></li> <li><hr /></li> @@ -23434,7 +23393,7 @@ Melville, James, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> <li>Pasqualigo, Piero, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li> -<li>Pasquier, Étienne, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> +<li>Pasquier, Étienne, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> <li>Passports, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a> <i>n.</i></li> @@ -23460,7 +23419,7 @@ Melville, James, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li> <li>Pepys, Mrs., <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a></li> -<li>Perlin, Étienne, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a> <i>n.</i></li> +<li>Perlin, Étienne, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a> <i>n.</i></li> <li>Pettie, George, <a href="#Page_237">237</a> <i>n.</i></li> @@ -23477,7 +23436,7 @@ Petty, Sir. Wm., <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a> <i>n.< <li>Pillot, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></li> -<li>Pléiade, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li>Pléiade, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> <li>Poitiers, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a></li> @@ -23495,7 +23454,7 @@ Petty, Sir. Wm., <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a> <i>n.< <li><a name="Prayers" id="Prayers"></a>Prayers in French, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a></li> -<li>Précieuses, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li> +<li>Précieuses, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li> <li>*Preste, John, <a href="#Page_156">156</a> <i>n.</i></li> @@ -23524,7 +23483,7 @@ Petty, Sir. Wm., <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a> <i>n.< <li>Rambouillet, Mlle. de, <a href="#Page_365">365</a></li> -<li>Rambouillet, Hôtel de, <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li> +<li>Rambouillet, Hôtel de, <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li> <li>Ramus, Petrus, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> @@ -23540,7 +23499,7 @@ Petty, Sir. Wm., <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a> <i>n.< <li>Register of aliens, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> -<li>Régnier-Desmarais, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> +<li>Régnier-Desmarais, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> <li>Religious Houses: use of French in, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> @@ -23550,7 +23509,7 @@ Petty, Sir. Wm., <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a> <i>n.< <li>Rheims, <a href="#Page_232">232</a></li> -<li>Rhétoriqueurs, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> +<li>Rhétoriqueurs, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> <li>Richelieu, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a></li> @@ -23601,7 +23560,7 @@ Petty, Sir. Wm., <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a> <i>n.< <li>Saint Gelais, Octovian de, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></li> -<li>Saint Évremond, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a> <i>sq.</i></li> +<li>Saint Évremond, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a> <i>sq.</i></li> <li>Saint Malo, <a href="#Page_341">341</a></li> @@ -23648,9 +23607,9 @@ Scotland: French in schools of Scotland, <a href="#Page_152">152</a> <i>sq.</i>; <li class="tdr"> tutors, <a href="#Page_212">212</a> <i>n.</i>;</li> <li class="tdr"> French Grammars in Scotland, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> -<li>Scudéry, Georges de, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a> <i>n.</i></li> +<li>Scudéry, Georges de, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a> <i>n.</i></li> -<li>Scudéry, Mlle, de, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li> +<li>Scudéry, Mlle, de, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li> <li>Sedley, Ch., <a href="#Page_371">371</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a></li> @@ -23690,7 +23649,7 @@ Scotland: French in schools of Scotland, <a href="#Page_152">152</a> <i>sq.</i>; <li>Somerset, Protector, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> -<li>Sorbière: <i>Voyage en Angleterre</i>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>,</li> +<li>Sorbière: <i>Voyage en Angleterre</i>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>,</li> <li>322, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a> <i>n.</i></li> <li>Sorel: <i>Francion</i>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a></li> @@ -23803,9 +23762,9 @@ Scotland: French in schools of Scotland, <a href="#Page_152">152</a> <i>sq.</i>; <li><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">-438-</a></span> Versification, French, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> -<li>Viau, Théophile de, <a href="#Page_259">259</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li> +<li>Viau, Théophile de, <a href="#Page_259">259</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li> -<li>Villars, Maréchal de, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> +<li>Villars, Maréchal de, <a href="#Page_273">273</a></li> <li>*Villiers, Jacob, <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a> <i>sq.</i></li> @@ -23877,7 +23836,7 @@ Versification, French, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> <li>Wroth, Sir Th., <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> -<li>Würtemberg, Duke of, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> +<li>Würtemberg, Duke of, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li> <li>Wycherley, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a></li> @@ -23901,7 +23860,7 @@ Versification, French, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li> <p class="center"><span class="smcap">Manchester University French Series</span></p> <p class="noi">No. I. LES ŒUVRES DE GUIOT DE PROVINS. - <span class="smcap">Poète Lyrique et Satirique</span></p> + <span class="smcap">Poète Lyrique et Satirique</span></p> <p>Edited by <span class="smcap">John Orr</span>, M.A., <i>Professor of French Language, University of Manchester</i>. Demy 8vo. <b>10s. 6d. net.</b></p> @@ -23914,16 +23873,16 @@ believe, of this importance, nor any edited with this degree of thoroughness or wealth of illustrative commentary."—Professor <span class="smcap">T. A. Jenkins</span>, Chicago, in <i>Modern Philology</i>.</p></div> -<p class="noi">No. II. ŒUVRES POÉTIQUES DE JEAN DE +<p class="noi">No. II. ŒUVRES POÉTIQUES DE JEAN DE LINGENDES</p> <p>Edited by <span class="smcap">E. T. Griffiths</span>, M.A., <i>Late Lecturer in French Language and Literature in the University of Manchester</i>. Crown 8vo. Cloth. <b>6s. net.</b></p> -<div class="blockquot"><p>"Cette réimpression fait honneur aux publications de l'Université de Manchester, -et l'exécution typographique mérite les mêmes éloges que l'information savante de -l'éditeur."—<span class="smcap">L. Roustan</span> in <i>Revue critique d'histoire et de littérature</i>.</p></div> +<div class="blockquot"><p>"Cette réimpression fait honneur aux publications de l'Université de Manchester, +et l'exécution typographique mérite les mêmes éloges que l'information savante de +l'éditeur."—<span class="smcap">L. Roustan</span> in <i>Revue critique d'histoire et de littérature</i>.</p></div> <p class="noi">No. III. THE TEACHING AND CULTIVATION OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE IN ENGLAND @@ -23951,24 +23910,24 @@ LONGMANS, GREEN & COMPANY<br /> <p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Rousseau.</span> DU CONTRAT SOCIAL. Edited by Emeritus Professor <span class="smcap">C. E. Vaughan</span>, M.A. Paper, 5s. net; cloth, 6s. net.</p> -<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Alfred de Vigny.</span> POÈMES CHOISIS. Edited by <span class="smcap">E. Allison +<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Alfred de Vigny.</span> POÈMES CHOISIS. Edited by <span class="smcap">E. Allison Peers</span>, M.A. Paper, 3s. 6d. net; cloth, 4s. 6d. net.</p> <p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Pascal.</span> LETTRES PROVINCIALES. Edited by <span class="smcap">H. F. Stewart</span>, D.D. Paper, 7s. 6d. net; cloth, 8s. 6d. net. <i>Also an edition de luxe on hand-made paper.</i> 21s. net.</p> -<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">B. Constant.</span> ADOLPHE. Edited by Professor <span class="smcap">G. Rudler</span>, D. ès L. +<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">B. Constant.</span> ADOLPHE. Edited by Professor <span class="smcap">G. Rudler</span>, D. ès L. Paper, 6s. net; cloth, 7s. 6d. net. <i>Also an edition de luxe on hand-made paper.</i> 21s. net.</p> -<p class="noi">LE MYSTÈRE D'ADAM. Edited by Professor <span class="smcap">Paul Studer</span>, M.A., +<p class="noi">LE MYSTÈRE D'ADAM. Edited by Professor <span class="smcap">Paul Studer</span>, M.A., D.Litt. Paper, 4s. 6d. net; cloth, 5s. 6d. net.</p> <p class="noi">AUCASSIN ET NICOLETE. (<i>Third edition.</i>) Edited by <span class="smcap">F. W. Bourdillon</span>, M.A. Paper, 4s. 6d. net; cloth 5s. 6d. net.</p> -<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">A. Dumas</span> père. HENRI III. Edited by <span class="smcap">J. G. Anderson</span>, B.A. <span class="120">[In Preparation.</span></p> +<p class="noi"><span class="smcap">A. Dumas</span> père. HENRI III. Edited by <span class="smcap">J. G. Anderson</span>, B.A. <span class="120">[In Preparation.</span></p> <p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Paul-Louis Courier.</span> A SELECTION FROM THE WORKS. Edited by Professor <span class="smcap">E. Weekley</span>, M.A. Paper, 5s. net; cloth, 6s. net.</p> @@ -23982,7 +23941,7 @@ Dr. <span class="smcap">F. Poldermann</span>. <span class="i20">[<i>In Preparation.</i></span></p> <p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Lamartine.</span> A SELECTION FROM THE POEMS. Edited by -Professor <span class="smcap">A. Barbier</span>, L. ès L. +Professor <span class="smcap">A. Barbier</span>, L. ès L. <span class="i20">[<i>In Preparation.</i></span></p> <p class="noi"><span class="smcap">Guibert D'Andrenas.</span> A CHANSON DE GESTE OF THE @@ -24039,8 +23998,8 @@ LONGMANS, GREEN & COMPANY<br /> <li>il dira tout courtoisement.</li> <li>p. <a href="#Page_39">39</a>:</li> -<li>le roy d'Angliterre est osté</li> -<li>le roy d'Angleterre est osté.</li> +<li>le roy d'Angliterre est osté</li> +<li>le roy d'Angleterre est osté.</li> <li>p. <a href="#Page_39">39</a>:</li> <li>Maris, oy, il y avoit tant de presse</li> <li>Marie, oy, il y avoit tant de presse.</li> @@ -24064,8 +24023,8 @@ LONGMANS, GREEN & COMPANY<br /> <li>For instance Sir Willam Petty</li> <li>For instance Sir William Petty.</li> <li>p. <a href="#Page_241">241</a>:</li> -<li>Lesquelles choses considererées</li> -<li>Lesquelles choses considerées.</li> +<li>Lesquelles choses considererées</li> +<li>Lesquelles choses considerées.</li> <li>p. <a href="#Page_252">252</a>:</li> <li>de leurs prouesses, entreprinses</li> @@ -24081,11 +24040,11 @@ LONGMANS, GREEN & COMPANY<br /> <li>of Nacsia and Paros in the Archipelago.</li> <li>p. <a href="#Page_414">414</a>:</li> <li>ou hormis d'autres discours curieus</li> -<li>où hormis d'autres discours curieus.</li> +<li>où hormis d'autres discours curieus.</li> <li>p. <a href="#Page_423">423</a>:</li> <li>se vendent a l'enseigne</li> -<li>se vendent à l'enseigne.</li> +<li>se vendent à l'enseigne.</li> <li>n. <a href="#FNanchor_126_126">126</a>:</li> <li>E. J. Furnival</li> <li>E. J. Furnivall.</li> @@ -24110,7 +24069,7 @@ Thomas More, writing to Erasmus in 1517."</li> <li>p. <a href="#Page_137">137</a>-<a href="#Page_138">138</a>: the small cross below the unsounded letters in the quotation does not always correspond to modern pronunciation. The original has been retained. </li> -<li>p. <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, n. <a href="#FNanchor_361_361">361</a>: Liége should be Liège.</li> +<li>p. <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, n. <a href="#FNanchor_361_361">361</a>: Liége should be Liège.</li> <li>p. <a href="#Page_293">293</a>: "to read an script" should be "to read a script."</li> <li>n. <a href="#FNanchor_126_126">126</a>, <a href="#FNanchor_313_313">313</a>: Author "E. J. Furnivall" should be "F. J. Furnivall."</li> @@ -24120,388 +24079,6 @@ pronunciation. The original has been retained. </li> </ul> </div> - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Teaching and Cultivation of the -French Language in England during Tudor and Stuart Times, by Kathleen Lambley - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TEACHING AND CULTIVATION *** - -***** This file should be named 40617-h.htm or 40617-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/0/6/1/40617/ - -Produced by Ian Deane, Ethan Kent, Eleni Christofaki and -the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive/American -Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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