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@@ -1,44 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoir of Hendrick Zwaardecroon, commandeur -of Jaffnapatam (afterwards Governor-General of Nederlands India) 1697. -For the guidance of the council of Jaffnapatam, during his absence at the -coast of Malabar., by Hendrick Zwaardecroon - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Memoir of Hendrick Zwaardecroon, commandeur of Jaffnapatam -(afterwards Governor-General of Nederlands India) 1697. For the guidance -of the council of Jaffnapatam, during his absence at the coast of Malabar. - -Author: Hendrick Zwaardecroon - -Translator: Sophia Pieters - -Release Date: August 25, 2012 [EBook #40579] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIR OF HENDRICK *** - - - - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously -made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40579 *** Memoirs and Instructions of Dutch Governors, Commandeurs, &c. @@ -5671,7 +5631,7 @@ waardig mocht wesen, die hy gediend had."--De Haan, De Portugeesche Buitenkerk, p. 40. [3] Van Rhede van der Kloot, De Gouverneurs-Generaal en -Commissarissen-Generaal van Nederlandsch-Indie, 1610-1888. +Commissarissen-Generaal van Nederlandsch-Indië, 1610-1888. [4] That of Laurens Pyl. @@ -5778,7 +5738,7 @@ baar is equal to 600 lb. [44] Pupil teachers? -[45] Pardao, a popular name among the Portuguese for a gold and +[45] Pardaõ, a popular name among the Portuguese for a gold and afterwards for a silver coin. That here referred to was perhaps the pagoda, which Valentyn makes equal to 6 guilders. @@ -5889,366 +5849,4 @@ commandeur of Jaffnapatam (afterwards Governor-General of Nederlands India) 1697. For the guidance of the council of Jaffnapatam, during his absence at the coast of Malabar., by Hendrick Zwaardecroon -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIR OF HENDRICK *** - -***** This file should be named 40579.txt or 40579.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/0/5/7/40579/ - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously -made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Memoir of Hendrick Zwaardecroon, commandeur of Jaffnapatam -(afterwards Governor-General of Nederlands India) 1697. For the guidance -of the council of Jaffnapatam, during his absence at the coast of Malabar. - -Author: Hendrick Zwaardecroon - -Translator: Sophia Pieters - -Release Date: August 25, 2012 [EBook #40579] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEMOIR OF HENDRICK *** - - - - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously -made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - - - - Memoirs and Instructions of Dutch Governors, Commandeurs, &c. - - MEMOIR OF - HENDRICK ZWAARDECROON, - - COMMANDEUR OF JAFFNAPATAM, - (afterwards Governor-General of Nederlands India), - - 1697. - - FOR THE GUIDANCE OF - THE COUNCIL OF JAFFNAPATAM, DURING HIS - ABSENCE AT THE COAST OF MALABAR. - - - - Translated by SOPHIA PIETERS, - Dutch Translator. - With an Introduction and Notes by the Government Archivist. - - - - COLOMBO: - H. C. COTTLE, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, CEYLON. - 1911. - - - - - - - -INTRODUCTION. - - -This Memoir of Commandeur Zwaardecroon was, as stated, compiled and -left by him in 1697 for the instruction and guidance of the Political -Council of Jaffnapatam during his absence from the "Commandement" -on special duty as Commissioner to the Coast of Malabar. He did not, -however, return to his post, having been appointed Director of Surat -on the termination of his Commission. Of the many compilations of the -same kind prepared by successive Commandeurs on the standing orders of -the Supreme Government at Batavia, this of Zwaardecroon is one of the -most exhaustive and authoritative in regard to the Dutch Company's -affairs in the north of the Island. It was quoted and referred to -from time to time during almost the whole period of the Dutch rule -in Ceylon. Its value will be found to consist chiefly in the light -it throws on such matters as native industries, sources of revenue, -and the condition of the people. Many obscure terms, some local, some -obsolete, such as "officie gelden," "adigary," "alphandigo," &c, which -occur in the old records, will be found explained here for the first -time; and the topographical information is both full and accurate. In -a word, the work bears the impress not only of a man of great powers -of observation and sound judgment, but also of a strong and capable -ruler. His independent character is shown in the plain-spoken manner in -which he marks his resentment of the methods adopted at headquarters in -regard to appeals from the native subjects of the Commandement. That -a man possessed of such intelligence and independence of character -should in the course of time have risen to the highest post in the -Company's service, viz., that of Governor-General of Nederlands India, -was in the natural course of events. - -The following brief personal account of him, based on information -collected from various sources, will, I am sure, be of some interest. - -Hendrick, or Henricus, Zwaardecroon was born at Rotterdam on January -26, 1667. His father, Theophilus Zwaardecroon, son of an older Henricus -Zwaardecroon, was Rentmeester, or Steward, to Jonker Gysbrecht van -Mathenesse, his mother being Margaretha van Heulen. He came out -to the East in 1684 as Secretary to the High Commissioner Hendrick -Adriaan van Rhude, Lord of Mydrecht, to whom frequent reference is -made in the Memoir. Having been first attached to the adelborsten -(lit. "noble youths"), a regiment composed of gentlemen's sons, he, -shortly after his arrival in Batavia, exchanged from the Military to -the Civil Service of the Company, and passed rapidly through the grades -of boekhouder, onderkoopman, and koopman. In 1694 he was appointed -Commandeur of Jaffnapatam with the rank of opperkoopman. This -Memoir is the record of his three years' administration of the -Commandement. After four years' service at Surat, he was appointed -Secretary to the Supreme Government at Batavia, being admitted the -following year (August 4, 1704) an Extraordinary Councillor of India -(Raad extra-ordinair van Ned. Indie). In 1709 he became President -of the Board of Dike-reeves (College van Heemraden), and, in 1715, -was elevated to the rank of a Councillor in Ordinary. His modest -disposition and unambitious character will be seen from the fact that, -although twice offered the Governor-Generalship, he declined the honour -on the ground that he did not feel himself qualified to accept it. But -he was at last prevailed upon to do so, and formally received his -appointment on November 13, 1718. The appointment was confirmed by the -Chamber of XVII, in the Netherlands on September 10, 1720. He remained -at the head of the Government of India up to October 16, 1724, when he -retired at his own instance. He never returned to the Fatherland, but -lived a simple and unostentatious life in Batavia up to his death. The -following passage, which I quote from my Report on the Dutch Records, -[1] gives an account of his death and burial:--"His death occurred -at Batavia on August 12, 1728, some years after his retirement. At -his special desire the burial took place in the graveyard attached -to the Portuguese Church outside the town. His grave is still to be -seen on the left side of the entrance to the church. This church and -graveyard were intended for the humbler section of the community; and -Zwaardecroon, says an old writer (Hofhout), chose this burial place, -because he wished to lie beside the 'common people.' This is said -to have been characteristic of the man, who, as long as he lived, -took pains to maintain by ostentatious display the dignity and the -honour of the Honourable Company which he served, but at his death, -though of gentle descent himself, preferred to be buried among the -poor and lowly than among the high and mighty of the land. [2] His -funeral as described in the Dagh Register des Casteels, Batavia, -August 16, 1728, was one of great magnificence." - -When Councillor of India, Zwaardecroon was commissioned by the -Government of India to compile a descriptive account of Malabar -and Coromandel, a work which he appears to have satisfactorily -accomplished. During his Governor-Generalship he undertook for the -first time, in 1723, the planting of coffee within the territories -under his rule. For his exceptional services to the Company in -introducing coffee and the silk worm industry into Java he was -much commended by the Directors of the East India Company, and was -presented by them with a silver tankard inlaid with gold, bearing a -suitable inscription on the lid. [3] - -Of his marriage and descendants I have not been able to obtain -any definite information. He appears to have married in Batavia, -but the lady's name does not occur. By this marriage he had two -children: a daughter Hillegonda, who married Cornelis van Berendrecht, -"waterfiskal" of Netherlands India, and a son, Hendrick Zwaardecroon, -who is mentioned in 1703. - -R. G. ANTHONISZ, - -Government Archivist. - -Colombo, December 20, 1910. - - - - - - - -MEMOIR - - - For the Instruction of the Honourable the Political Council of - Jaffnapatam, compiled and left by Commandeur Hendrick Zwaardecroon - on his departure from that kingdom as Commissioner for the Coast - of Mallabaar, Cannara, and Wingirula. - - -It has pleased His Excellency Mr. Willem van Outhoorn, -Governor-General, and the Honourable the Government of India, to -appoint me Commissioner for the Coast of Mallabaar, and to require -me to compile before my departure from here a Memoir or Instructions -for the guidance of the Council, stating therein how the affairs -of the Company are to be conducted during my absence, which Memoir -is to be handed to the said Council after having been submitted to -His Excellency the Governor of Ceylon and the Council of Colombo for -revision, amplification, and alteration where necessary, as may be seen -from the letter of May 23 last, from Their Excellencies at Batavia, -sent here by the ship "De stad Leyden." - -In compliance with this esteemed order I compile this Paper, although -I am aware that you are all persons who have served the Company for -a greater or smaller number of years, and that you must have had -ample opportunity to obtain a knowledge of all matters concerning -the Company. - -Moreover, during the last 38 years which the Company has been in the -absolute possession of this territory, many papers have been written -with regard to Jaffnapatam which are always accessible to the members -of the Political Council at the Secretariate, so that I take it for -granted that, in addition to your daily experience, you have obtained -a sufficient knowledge of these matters from these documents; because -among these are to be found descriptions of whatever is necessary to -give the reader a clear idea of all that is required in the Company's -service, and they having been written by wise and circumspect men, -some more and others less in detail. I am, therefore, sure that -everything that is necessary will be found if carefully looked for. - -I will not, for this reason, enter into detail in respect of the manner -the Company took possession of this territory, or of the advantages -that may be found here both for the inhabitants and for the Company; -nor what compulsory services are demanded from the subjects in -Jaffnapatam, and the number of castes into which they are divided -and under which they are registered; nor will I specify here the -licenses for navigation and trade which have been given to them, -nor the changes which have taken place in the course of time with -regard to these and many other matters not stated here. - -Because, if I were to relate all these matters from the very beginning, -I would have to write several volumes instead of a few sheets of -paper. And this I do not intend to do, as I wish to be as brief -as possible. - -Moreover, sufficient information may be found in the documents -preserved at the Secretariate, which it would be well if Your Honours -would make yourselves familiar with. We must be always prepared to take -upon ourselves higher and more difficult posts whenever called upon, -and in so preparing ourselves we avoid confusion, and the Company -would never be in want of capable servants. - -I have no doubt you will all see the truth of what I say, yet, in -order the more clearly to convey the force of my suggestion, I will -specify here some of the documents which I consider it particularly -useful to obtain a general insight of. - -With regard to Jaffnapatam, I know of no better documents than -the Instructions compiled by Admiral Ryclof van Goens, Mr. Anthony -Paviljoen, and the Hon. Laurens Pyl, at present Councillor of India -at Batavia, left for this Commandement respectively on September -30, 1658, December 12, 1659, July 26, 1661, December 19, 1665, and -October 7, 1679, the latter [4] having been inserted in the General -Instructions left by His Excellency Ryclof van Goens, junior, on his -departure on October 3 of the same year, to take up the Governorship -of Ceylon. The directions in these Papers must be followed so far -as change of time and circumstances will permit. I could not avoid -mentioning these before entering into further details. - -It was the more necessary because so many observances, customs, -institutions, and singular methods of action are to be met with in -Jaffnapatam which are not found anywhere else or among any other -subjects of the Company, and also because they cannot be discovered -or understood without careful investigation and only in process of -time. Thus, although the most important matters have been successively -treated of in the service of the Company, yet all the necessary -information cannot be brought together here, and such a detailed -description would be beyond the purpose of ordinary instructions. I -will therefore only touch upon such matters as will be unavoidable -under the present circumstances. - -The mode of government during my absence will be the first point -to be decided upon; because formerly the Dessave, as second in the -Commandement, used to be appointed to preside, as may be seen in -the yearly Memoirs of Commandeur Floris Blom, left by him when he -had to travel beyond the Commandement; with the only restriction -that the Dessave was not to pass any orders for the warehouses, -the Treasury, workshops, &c., which were left to the Administrator, -although the Dessave was more often present within the Castle. Later -on, in the year 1694, on the death of the same Commandeur Blom of -blessed memory, the government of the whole of this Commandement was -entrusted to the Political Council by order of the Hon. Thomas van -Rhee, Councillor of India and Governor of Ceylon, and the Council of -Colombo. The government was then divided, and the authority limited, -and rules were laid down, which may be seen from the letters from -Colombo bearing date July 20 and August 23, 1694; but experience -has proved that this mode of government was not successful in the -best interests of the Company; because the subordinate officers and -the subject classes often did not know to whom they had to apply; -so that they were sent "from Pontius to Pilatus," as it is sometimes -said; which often caused unnecessary waste of time and delay in the -Service. I noticed this to have been the case when I was away from -this Commandement from the last of March till about the middle of -August this year, on the occasion of my being ordered to Colombo, -and the authority distributed according to the instructions contained -in the letter from Colombo of March 22. But I noticed later on that -the letters from Colombo were addressed to Mr. Rykloff de Bitter as -Dessave and Secunde of the Commandement and the other members of the -Political Council here; which was done again on October 16, 1696, -when it was anticipated that I had already left for Mallabaar by the -frigate "De Tamboer." - -In the letter from Colombo of April 18 the members of the Council -were also recommended to show the said Mr. de Bitter all the respect -due to his position as Dessave and Secunde in the Commandement; -so that it seems His Excellency the Governor and the Council wished -to re-introduce the former mode of government during the absence of -the Commandeur, seeing that the Company's affairs cannot be properly -conducted by such divided authority. This at least is my opinion, -and I intend to point out that in the absence of the Commandeur the -government here ought to be carried on according to the former lines, -and consequently the entire administration entrusted to the Dessave, -with the assistance of the members of the Political Council; and -that he must call the meetings both of the Council and of the Court -of Justice, and preside at both; and that he must further sign the -orders for the Treasury, the workshop, the arsenal, and even for -the warehouses, and in reference to any other of the effects of the -Company. This would be in compliance with the Instructions contained -in the letter from Colombo of December 5, 1696, where it is said that -no orders are to be passed here but by the person in authority. I -therefore think that, in the interests of peace and order in this -Commandement, the Dessave R. de Bitter should be in authority at such -times, especially as I have to be so far away. Besides, he lives just -in front of the town, and close by the Castle; so that he is always at -hand for those who require his assistance or instruction. But as the -Dessave lives outside the fortress, the giving of the watchword, the -closing and opening of the gate, and the supervision over the military -and their drill, could not very well be delegated to him. This must -therefore be left to the Captain as special chief of the Military; -unless the Dessave should occasionally remain within the Fort -overnight, in which case he will preform those duties. [(1)] [5] - -With a view to prevent the impression being created that I had formally -given over this Commandement and entirely transferred the authority, -I will leave without making a written transfer of any of the Company's -effects. I merely entrust these to Your Honours' care and management; -but, on the other hand, it must be understood that I do not want to be -held responsible for any mistakes you might make during my absence. I -therefore, and in order to show that I do not relinquish my authority -in the Commandement, but only absent myself during the mission to -Mallabaar or until further orders from the Honourable the Government -of India are received, Your Honours are recommended to send to me -by Manaar and Tutucorin proper advices, and to communicate to me the -principal transactions that take place with regard to the Company's -service, in order that I may not be obliged on my return to ask what -had transpired or to look up these things in the books. It will be well -here to remind Your Honours of the order contained in the Resolution -passed by the Council of India on December 6, 1694, with regard to -all Administrators, viz., that they will be held responsible for all -cash or articles belonging to the Company which are found missing, -and that, if unable to justify themselves, they would have to replace -these within two months, or submit to be punished for their offence.[2] - -Economy is the first matter which I have to recommend to Your Honours, -because this is not only constantly urged both from the Fatherland and -from Batavia, but also because it is beyond doubt that what is saved -in this manner will be pure profit. It must be understood, however, -that in using the word economy I mean care in the administration of the -Company's effects, and not a wrong economy. There are officers who take -this word in its narrowest sense, and, failing to have the necessary -repairs done in proper time in their endeavour to spend as little as -possible, create the necessity in the course of time of a complete -restoration, while the existing objects might have stood good for a -long time with a small timely expenditure. I must therefore recommend -Your Honours to read certain letters from the Hon. Mr. van Mydregt, -[6] bearing date July 4, 1690, and addressed to the establishment at -Jaffnapatam during his circuit on the coast of Madura.[3] - -The Wanni is the largest division in this kingdom, and would also -be the most profitable to the Company if matters went on as they -ought to. It is from there that we have to obtain the elephants -which are sold here at considerable profit, as the proceeds of the -sale of elephants which are sent here for sale from Galle, Matura, -and other places in Ceylon cannot be credited to this Commandement, -as the profits are not retained here, but have been so far forwarded -to these places. With a view to secure the profits on the elephants -which are to be obtained from the Wanni, the Company has divided this -large forest and extensive territory into several Provinces, which -have been farmed out to Majoraals, known as Wannias, on the condition -that they should deliver yearly 42 1/2 alias. [7] This practice was -followed from the time that the Company first established itself here -up to the present day, but the results have proved that these Wannias -continually fail to deliver the tribute elephants, and it appears in -the Instructions of the late Mr. Paviljoen that their arrears in his -time were already 74 1/2 alias, when the Company had possessed this -territory only 7 or 8 years. In the returns for 1680 it will be seen -that these arrears had then increased to 313 alias. The whole of this -debt was remitted to them, but in 1694 again the arrears went up to -18 1/2 alias, and last year they had come up to 70 animals, namely: - - - Don Philip Nellamapane and Don Gaspar Konsjeynaar Ilengenarene - Mudaliyar, for the Provinces of Lanengamo, Paleamblancolam, - and Poedicoe 48 1/2 alias; Don Diogo Poevenellemapane Wannia, - for the Provinces of Karkattemoele and Meelpattoe 18 alias; Peria - Meynaar Oediaar, for the Province of Moeliawalle 3 1/2 alias; - total 70 alias. - - -It will therefore be necessary for Your Honours to endeavour to secure -as many elephants from these Wannias as possible, both in payment -of their arrears and of their present dues. This must be done, with -all kindness, and in compliance with the successive orders received -from His Excellency van Rhee, [8] Governor of Ceylon, and the Council -of Colombo, in order that this profitable trade may be maintained, -because there has been no lack of purchasers since the year 1689, -as the merchants from Golconda come over every year, and there is -a possibility that the Bengal Moors will also come over to purchase -elephants now that this passage has been opened. The price to be paid -to the Wannias for animals delivered above their tribute has been -stated in the letter of the Hon. Mr. van Mydregt of blessed memory, -sent here on April 3, 1690, from Tutucorin, while the Honourable the -Government of India, in their esteemed letter of December 12, 1691, -agreed to pay from 10 to 20 Rds. more for each animal, according -to their value. I fear, however, that it will take a long time -yet before it will be necessary to make such payment. The Wannia -Philip Nellamapane may be allowed to sell every year one elephant -on his own account to the Moors, in compliance with the orders -of the said Governor and Council at the meeting of May 11, 1696, -although Your Honours will find a positive refusal to the request -made by him and submitted to His Excellency van Mydregt by Commandeur -Floris Blom on October 20. The refusal was made in His Excellency's -answer of November 20. There are two other Wannias to whom the same -privilege has been granted, viz., Ambele Wannia and Chedoega Wannia, -the former holding the Province of Carnawel pattu, and the latter -that of Tinnemerrewaddoe. They obtained this permission because -their tribute is of little importance compared with that of the -other Wannias mentioned above, and because they had paid up their -arrears at the closing of the books last August. It seems, however, -that they also are not much inclined to deliver any elephants beyond -their tribute. Most likely they prefer the tithes which they draw -for ruling these Provinces to the payment they would receive from -the Company for the delivery of elephants. - -I will not state here my opinion as to the manner in which people ought -to be ruled or as to their behaviour, nor in what way the Company is -to expect the largest number of elephants and the greatest profits -from the Wanni; because I would then not only have to write too many -sheets of paper in doing so, but the subject would be of little -use to enlarge upon and only tend to confuse Your Honours in your -actions. I could merely advise you to follow the old instructions -of being kind and considerate. Meanwhile, however, Your Honours -are well aware of my principal views with regard to the Wannias, -as expressed in our conjoined letter to Batavia of August 12, 1695, -which letter might serve for your guidance; while you might also -read the letters exchanged between Colombo and Jaffnapatam during -the years 1674 to 1679, as also the resolutions passed with regard -to the Wannias during the same period. From the perusal of these -documents you will perceive whether or not my opinion of these people -is unfounded. Should you require more information with regard to the -Wannias and the Majoraals, you will find it in the Journal kept by -Commandeur Laurens Pyl, at present Councillor of India, on his visit -to that large forest in 1675 during the months of August to December, -and in another Journal written by me in July, 1692, when I accompanied -the late Commandeur Floris Blom also on a visit to the Wanni. - -These Wannias, by birth subjects of the Company and by descent no -more than ordinary caste Bellales, have in the course of time become -very conceited, and imagine that the title of Wannia is one invested -with awe and so important that, although they have received it from -the Company, they do not need to respect the Company or those placed -in authority here; and they seem to be in doubt whether they ought to -show their due obedience by appearing before its officers. It was on -this account that His Excellency van Mydregt gave special orders in -his reply of November 29, 1690, that one of the Wannias should always -stay at the Castle, each taking his turn for three months. Why this -order has not been carried out I do not know. Moreover, it appears -that Don Philip and his son, the young Don Gaspar, Master of the Hunt -in Ponneryn, together with his brother-in-law Don Gaspar Ilengenarene -Mudaliyar, has gone to Colombo instead of presenting himself here at -the Castle, as I had summoned them to do, as may be seen in the ola -of January 14, 1696, and in the resolutions of Council of the 16th -of the same month. I do not know how they obtained audience, but -they were received with even greater honour than they ever received -from the Governors or Commandeurs here. This was the first time they -ever went to Colombo. Still less am I able to say what transpired -between them and the Government of Colombo, because when I was there -I was not admitted to the meetings of the Political Council, and was -only an eye-witness of the outward show. I do not also know for what -reason the said Wannia Majoraals were kept here since their return, -and why they were not sent back to their forest for the capture of -elephants, unless it was because they acted as adjutants or auxiliaries -to the Opperkoopluyden [9] Jan van Keulen and Pieter Petitfilsz, as -I heard that during my absence they acted as Commissioners in this -Commandement. Perhaps these matters are better known to Your Honours -than to myself, because you were present here at the time. Yet I do not -know whether you realize that this action has made these people more -conceited than ever, and that they mention it here exultingly. This -is proved also by the fact that their arrears have greatly increased -since this trip to Colombo, and I have been privately informed that -the Master of the Hunt, Don Gaspar Nitcheachaderayen, has, on his own -authority and as if he were a sovereign, caused one of the Lascoreens -and one of the hunters of his father-in-law, the old Don Gaspar, to -be put to death; which has caused great enmity between these two and -Don Philip Nellamapane. It is also said that the old Don Gaspar is -desirous of revenging himself for this action, so that two people who -were such great friends and made such a stir here by going to Colombo -have not only become bitter enemies, but by this murder have also -given cause for consequences of a serious nature. It will therefore -be Your Honours' duty not only to hold an inquiry with regard to -this matter when an opportunity offers, but also to watch the future -conduct of these people. In the beginning of 1696 some Waddassen -[10] also entered the lands of the Wannia Don Diogo Poevenellemapane -and committed acts of hostility, whereby the brother of Cottapulle -Oediaar, cousin of the said Don Diogo, had been killed, because the -latter wrote an ola to the Administrator Biermans while I was away at -Colombo and the Dessave was commissioned to the pearl fishery. As he -complained publicly to both of us in the month of October of the same -year, saying that this happened for no other reason than because he -would not act in collusion with Don Philip Nellamapane or join with -the seditious company on their trip to Colombo, knowing that he could -find here competent rulers. Chedoegawale Mapane of Tinnemerrewaddoe -spoke to the same effect. Amblewanne, whom Your Honours wanted to -take his turn of staying here at the Castle, has been prevented from -doing so by the severe illness of one of his friends. I am obliged -to mention all these particulars here in order that Your Honours may -be able to keep an eye on the Wannias and their conduct. I wished to -do more in this matter, and would have made an effort to discover -and punish the murderers, but I was not in a position to do this -because it seems that the Government of Jaffnapatam has no longer -any influence in Colombo. This is apparent from the fact that while -these Wannias were not only heard, but also treated with great honour, -unknown to their ruler, I was even personally insulted by being kept -out of the Political Council. I considered it inadvisable on my part -to bring any charges against them at that time, and I think it would -be for Your Honours to do thus.[4] - -Mantotte, Moezely, and Pirringaly are just as important to the -Company with regard to the capture of elephants as the Wanni; but -these Provinces are not under the subaltern rule of any native chief, -but are ruled directly by the Company through officers paid by the -Company. In Mantotte and Moezely there is an Adigar, paid by the -Company, whose work it is to supervise the elephant hunt and the -cultivation of the arable fields. For the latter the Company exacts -tithes, as from the Wannia Majoraals in the Wanni. The inhabitants -of Pirringaly, who were for some time ruled by Wannias, appealed in -1692 to the Commandeur Blom to be relieved of that servitude, and -this was granted to them on condition that they yearly delivered to -the Wannias 2 alias for this freedom. Since then they have been ruled -by their own Moete Carres or Masters of the Hunt, which arrangement -has proved to be very satisfactory, as may be seen from the Trade -Accounts, which show that these people, as well as the hunters of -Mantotte, Moezelypattoe, and Setticoulang have delivered a large -number of elephants at Manaar, and would have delivered more were it -not that a great many animals had died on the way. Further particulars -on this subject may be found by Your Honours in a certain report of -September 13, 1690, submitted by Commandeur Blom to His Excellency -van Mydregt of blessed memory, in the margin of which His Excellency -wrote instructions bearing date October 7 of the same year, where -you will find the most important particulars as to the troubles on -the borders of the Wanni. Your Honours may also read a short Memoir -by the late Commandeur Anthony Paviljoen, dated July 28, 1662, and -addressed to the Adigar of Mantotte. This office is held at present -by Dimingo Rodrigues, who was transferred from the same office in -Ponneryn by order of His Excellency the Governor and the Council of -Colombo, as contained in their letter of October 13, 1696. He was sent -to Mantotte to take the place of the native Alepander Ananaal, who in -the same letter was dismissed from his office, although, as this was -done without my knowledge, I am not in a position to state the reason -therefor. Some other native officers were likewise dismissed from -their offices in this Commandement without communication with me, as -you may see from my letter to Colombo of October 15, 1696. The hunters -in the Provinces of Mantotte, Pirringaly, and Moezely, who, as stated -above, have shown great diligence in the capture of elephants and -still continue to do so, must be protected from any ill-treatment on -the part of the Adigar or any of the officers at Manaar or elsewhere, -in order that they may not be discouraged and lose their interest in -the work, which would be prejudicial to the Company. The price paid by -the Company for each elephant is stated in a document forwarded by His -Excellency van Mydregt to Jaffnapatam bearing date April 3, 1690.[5] - -Ponneryn is the third Province from where elephants should be obtained -if all be well, because formerly when this Province was ruled by -an Adigar or Lieutenant-Dessave appointed by the Company, like the -Provinces Ilipoecarwe, Polweramcattoe, and Mantotte, no less than 25 -alias on an average were obtained from there yearly, for which purpose -two kraals had been made. In 1690 this practice was changed, because -His Excellency van Mydregt, by decree of March 2 of the same year, -granted the revenue of Ponneryn to the young Don Gaspar, and those -of the other two Provinces to the old Don Gaspar, on condition that -the former should, as Master of the Hunt, see that all the elephants -which were found there were captured and sent down on account of the -Company; for which purpose 145 hunters and their Manigares were placed -under his command. The project for which this arrangement was made, -however, proved to be illusory, for no more than 74 elephants were -delivered by the Master of the Hunt in 7 years' time, while according -to the previous account 175 animals ought to have been delivered. This -means a loss to the Company of 101 elephants during the same period, -besides the tithes of the harvest for these three Provinces, while, -moreover, we had to continually hear complaints from the inhabitants of -maltreatment on the part of the said Wannias, as happened again lately -when the Dessave De Bitter visited Ponneryn. They are not satisfied -with the revenues mentioned above, but consider themselves rulers -over the inhabitants, which was never meant by His Excellency van -Mydregt, and they were always prevented from asserting themselves as -such, as may be seen from a report by Commandeur Blom on Jaffnapatam, -submitted to His Excellency the Governor and the Council of Colombo on -August 28, 1692. About a year after the issue of the deeds of gift of -the tithes, His Excellency proposed to change this practice again, -and in a document of March 29, 1693, he repeated this proposal, -saying that he had already given orders for a general elephant hunt -on account of the Company in the said Provinces, in which both the -hunters and the inhabitants were to take part. Why this order was not -carried out I cannot say; but I know that already, within six months -after the issue of the deeds of gift, he noticed that both these Don -Gaspars had been favoured too much. This may be seen from a letter -from His Excellency dated July 4, 1690, to Jaffnapatam. For these -various reasons I have recommended that the form of government in -the Wanni should be changed, as would appear in our conjoined letter -to Batavia of August 12, 1695. Many more reasons might be brought -forward, but it would be trouble in vain. I therefore recommend -Your Honours to strictly follow the orders of His Excellency the -Governor and the Council of Colombo as contained in their letters -of October 13 and November 21, 1696, in favour of the said Wannias, -because Messrs. van Kuilen and Petitfilz, who were commissioned to -investigate this matter, declared that the inhabitants on the borders -of the Wanni are quite content and well satisfied. There is no use -therefore in our saying anything, although my experience and that of -the Dessave have proved quite the contrary. I cannot help for this -reason making a speculative calculation of the amount which the Company -has lost since the conquest of this territory by the non-payment of -tributes and arrears in the Wanni and Ponneryn. If each animal be -calculated on an average to be sold at Rds. 350, or 1,050 Florins, -as may be considered to be the case, the amount would be:-- - - - Fl. - - For 1680 discharged from the delivery of 313 alias: - estimated price 328,650 - For 1694 discharged from the delivery of 18 1/2 alias 19,425 - For present arrears 73,500 - For arrears over 7 years in Ponneryn 106,050 - - Total 527,625 - - -This then is the loss the Company has suffered through the Wannias, -besides the many annoyances and indirect losses through the inhabitants -and the subjects in Jaffnapatam, which might be pointed out, but -which I will not do here for the reasons stated above.[6] - -The trade here is not very important and does not amount to much, -except that in elephants, which was renewed chiefly by His Excellency -van Mydregt since 1689; because the merchants from Golconda and -Tansjouwer [11] had neglected this trade for some years, having driven -up the prices by bidding against each other at the public auctions. The -endeavour to interest them again in this trade has been successful; -the more so because the price for tuskers and elephants without tusks, -as also for that of infirm animals has been limited and regulated -in the letter of April 3, 1690, often previously referred to. The -principal people in Golconda address their payment orders to Philip -Sangere Pulle or the Brahmin Timmersa, whom they have chosen as their -agents, while the Company employs them as brokers in this trade. This -is found to save much trouble in the distribution and selling of the -animals and in feeding and transporting them when sold, because these -brokers procure the provisions and vessels, giving an account to the -merchants. This course was followed from the time the Company took -possession of this territory up to 1696, but Sangere Pulle died in -1695, and the Brahmin Timmersa has been discharged from his office, -because His Excellency the Governor and the Council of Colombo gave -instructions, in their letter of August 23 last, that the trade in -elephants with the Moors at Golconda should be carried on in future -without any agents or brokers. This office was accordingly taken -off the trade accounts in compliance with the said order, after the -accounts with the merchants and between them and the agents had been -settled. This has brought about a great change, as may be seen from -the resolutions of December 17 of the same year, where it is stated -that these people intended to give up the trade for the reasons just -mentioned, as is known to Your Honours; but it is to be hoped that this -new Ordinance which was issued without communication with, or advice -from, the Commandeur of Jaffnapatam, may not have the serious effects -which are feared. Your Honours are also aware with how much bickering, -cavilling, dispute, and vexation, the trade in elephants was kept -up last year, so that about 161 animals were sold on behalf of the -Company for the sum of Rds. 53,357. It is to be hoped that the sale -will increase; but I must seriously advise Your Honours to strictly -adhere to the above-mentioned rule, although it was made without my -advice or opinion being asked; unless their Excellencies at Batavia -should not agree with the view of His Excellency the Governor and -the Council of Colombo and send other orders. - -Besides the trade in elephants the Company deals here only in pepper, -about 40,000 or 50,000 lb. of which is sold yearly; some copper, -spiaulter, [12] a little pewter, a small quantity of powdered sugar, -about 300 or 350 ammunams of Ceylon areca-nut, which are sold to the -inhabitants, and a few other articles of little importance which -are sold to the Company's Dutch servants, amounting altogether to -no more than Rds. 7,000 or 9,000 a year. Several endeavours have -been made to extend the trade, and an effort was made to introduce -here the linen manufacture from Tutucorin and Coromandel, but so far -without success, as may be seen from the minutes of the meeting of -the Council of Ceylon of January 22, 1695, where I brought forward -several questions with regard to this matter. It was proposed there -to allow private persons in Jaffnapatam to carry on a trade in cloth -on the payment of 20 per cent. duty, which proposal was approved -by Their Excellencies at Batavia by their letter of December 12 of -the same year, but this subject will be treated of under the head of -Leases. Considering further means of extending the Company's trade, it -struck me that Jaffnapatam was not only better situated than Calpetty -for the areca-nut trade with Coromandel, but also that the roads -through the Wanni to the Sinhalese areca-nut forests are very good, -so that the nuts could be transported from there in Boyados. [13] In -our letter of October 26, 1694, to Colombo, I proposed that this should -be done, which proposal was referred by His Excellency the Governor -and the Council of Colombo to Their Excellencies at Batavia. In -their letter of December 12, 1695, our Supreme Government expressed -themselves in favour of this proposal, but in a later letter of July -3, 1696, this was cancelled, although it is beyond doubt that this -way of transport of the areca-nut would be more advantageous to the -Company. This may be seen from the fact that the Portuguese, when they -were here, followed the same practise, and with good success as I was -told. I will now leave the subject of areca-nut and revert to that of -elephants. Many of these animals have been left here after the last -sale in 1696, because the purchasers were afraid of meeting with a -north wind on their voyage. Many vessels will be required to transport -not only these animals but also those that will be sold during the -next southern season. There being no agent now, the purchasers will -have to look out for themselves. And it will be necessary for Your -Honours to give them all possible assistance in order that they may -not be entirely discouraged and give up this trade. Your Honours -must also inquire whether any suitable vessels are to be procured -here which could be sent to Colombo or Galle in March or April, for -the transport from there of the Company's elephants fit for sale: in -compliance with the proposals contained in the correspondence between -Colombo and Jaffnapatam of April 13 and July 11, 1695, and especially -with the orders from Their Excellencies at Batavia in their letter of -July 3, 1696, wherein this course was highly approved. The fare for -these private vessels is far less than the expenditure the Company is -put to when its own vessels are used to transport the elephants from -Galle round about Ceylon to Cougature. If the latter course has to be -followed, care must be taken that the animals are carefully landed at -Manaar, in order that they may be fit to be transported further by land -to the place of their destination. It will also be necessary to have -some more of these animals trained for the hunt; because at present -the Company owns only about 6 tame ones, while there should be always -about a dozen; not only in order to fetch the elephants from Manaar -and to tame the wild animals, but also to assist the Wannias in case -they should capture a large number of elephants, when these animals -would be useful in the shipping of those sold to the purchasers. This -is not a regular practice, but is followed sometimes at their request -when any animals are to be shipped which are not sufficiently tamed -to be led into the vessels by themselves. Nothing more need be said -with regard to the elephants, except that there are about 6 animals in -the stables besides the 6 for the hunt mentioned above. It is to be -hoped that this number will soon be considerably increased, and the -prices must be regulated according to the instructions contained in -the letter from Colombo of January 16, 1696, and in compliance with -the decision arrived at on certain questions brought forward by the -late Commandeur Blom in the Council of Ceylon on February 17, 1692, -and agreed upon on February 19 following; while also, and especially, -the instructions from Their Excellencies at Batavia contained in their -letter of January 4, 1695, must be observed, where they order that -no animals are to be sold or sent except for cash payment, so that -there may be no difficulty in recovering the amount. (7) - -The trade with the Moors from Bengal at Jaffnapatam and Galle has -been opened by order of the Honourable the Supreme Government of India -in terms of their letter of August 20, 1694. It is expected that the -trade with the Moors will greatly benefit this country, because the -inhabitants here are continually in want of grain and victuals, which -are imported by the Moors. Some years ago, when food was very scarce in -Coromandel, the English at Madraspatnam stopped the Moorish vessels on -their way hither, and bought up all their rice, which was a great loss -to Jaffnapatam. If the Moors could be induced to come here in future -with their rice, butter, sugar, cadjang, [14] &c., which are always -very much in demand, it must be seen that they are fairly dealt with, -and not discouraged from coming to this country. Perhaps they also -would buy some elephants if it happened that the Company had too many, -or if too few purchasers should arrive here from Golconda. But if the -demand for these animals at Golconda continues as it has done for the -last few years, we would not need the aid of the Bengal Moors in this -matter, although in compliance with the orders of Their Excellencies at -Batavia they may be accommodated with a few elephants if they urgently -request them. It is the intention besides to sell to them the Ceylon -areca-nut; as we cannot as yet transport it through the Wanni, His -Excellency the Governor and the Council at Colombo must see that the -areca-nut from Calpetty or Trincomalee is sent here, in compliance -with the instructions of Their Excellencies at Batavia as contained -in their letter of July 3, 1696. Your Honours must therefore send in -the orders in due time if the Moors continue to come here, because -we cannot sell to them the Chiankos, [15] it being the intention of -Their Honours at Batavia, according to their letters of January 4 and -February 12, 1695, that this sea-product should be chiefly transported -to Bengal on behalf of the Company. On the other hand the diving for -Chiankos at Manaar is of so little importance that it is hardly worth -while mentioning here, and they are also very small, so that it is -not likely that the Moors would be willing to pay 12 pagodas a Cour, -as was ordered in a letter from Colombo to Jaffnapatam of March 23, -1695. With regard to the further restrictions put upon the trade with -the Moors, Your Honours must observe the instructions contained in -the letter of January 4, 1695. (8) - -The inhabitants of this territory, who are really a perverse -race, are far too numerous to be maintained by the produce of this -Commandement. This had been expected at the beginning of the Company's -rule, when the late Commandeur, Anthony Paviljoen, stated in his -Instructions that there were about 120,000 subjects. How much worse -must this be now, when, as shown by the last Census, there were of the -people known alone, 169,299 subjects here and in Manaar. I think there -would be far more if all those who hide themselves in order to escape -from taxes and servitude be included. All these inhabitants are divided -into 40 different castes, which are described in the Thombo, so that -I will not name them here, as this would involve too much prolixity, -especially if I should state what kind of services, impositions, -&c., each one is liable to. All this I imagine to be well known to -Your Honours; because the late Mr. Blom had given a detailed and -accurate account of these matters in his report of August 20, 1692, -and I could only re-write what has been already described by others; -I therefore refer to the said manuscript, where, besides this subject, -much information may be found with regard to other matters concerning -Jaffnapatam. In the same document is also found a comparison between -the revenue of the Commandement, with the taxes and duty it has to -render to the Company, in the payment of which it has been greatly met -by the Honourable the Supreme Government of India as will be shown -below. In order to prevent any misapprehension during my absence, -I will state here the amount of the income of the Company during the -last year, viz., from September 1, 1695, to the end of August, 1696, -inclusive, viz.:-- - - - Rds. - - Rent from lands, trees, and gardens 16,348. 3.4 3/4 - Tithes 8,632. 7.3 3/4 - Poll tax 5,998. 1.0 - Officie 865. 2.0 - Adigary 1,178. 3.0 1/2 - - Total 33,020.10.2 - Revenue of Manaar 879.10.2 - =============== - 33,900. 9.0 [16] - - -From this amount of Rds. 33,020.10.2 the following expenditure must -be deducted, viz.:-- - - - Rds. - - Payment of 216 Majoraals at Rds. 2 each 432. 0.0 - Payment of 218 Cayaals at Rd. 1 each 218. 0.0 - Payment of 8 tax collectors 320. 3.7 3/4 - Payment of 8 Sarraafs [17] or Accountants 32. 3.0 1/2 - For elephants delivered in lieu of poll tax and - land rent by the tamekares to the value of 373. 4.0 1/2 - ============== - Total 1,375. 8.1 1/4 [18] - - -So that Jaffnapatam had from this a clear revenue of Rds. 31,645.2.3/9 -last year, which is the second in importance of the sources of revenue -which the Company derives from this Commandement, besides the profit on -the sale of elephants. So far the land rents have only been calculated -in the Mallabaar books. We had therefore to depend entirely on the -native officers who were employed in this work and had to translate -the accounts; but the Hon. the Extraordinary Councillor of India, -Mr. Laurens Pyl, when he was Commandeur of Jaffnapatam, very wisely -introduced the practice of having all the fields, trees, houses, and -gardens of the inhabitants indicated on maps, and of estimating the -impositions of the tithes, and thus compiling a Dutch instead of the -Mallabaar Thombo. Because, when a description was made in Mallabaar, -in compliance with the orders of Their Excellencies at Batavia in 1675 -and 1677, the yearly revenue of the Company increased by no less than -Rds. 12,204 and 17/40 fanams. But as the natives were not supposed -to have done the work satisfactorily, it was again undertaken by a -committee of Dutch surveyors, who, however, wrote a great deal but -did not start the work in the right way, and it was never properly -completed. - -The new description of lands had however become so urgently necessary -that His Excellency the Commissioner-General left orders that this work -should be started afresh, ignoring what had been done already. During -the government of Commandeur Blom this work was commenced again, some -soldiers who were qualified surveyors being employed in it, as well -as such Cannecappuls [19] as were required by the Thombo-keeper to -do the writing, while one of the surveyors prepared the maps of the -fields which had been surveyed. This was done with a view to obtain -a plan of each particular field and thus recover the proper rents, -and also to fix the boundaries between the different properties. Maps -are also being prepared of each Aldea or village and each Province, -of which our authorities in the Fatherland desire to receive a -copy as stated in their letter to Batavia of August 27, 1694, which -copies must be prepared. On my arrival here from Batavia in 1694, the -Thombo-keeper, Pieter Bolscho, pointed out to me that this description -of land was again unsatisfactory, and that it would not serve its -purpose, as stated by me in the Annual Compendiums of November 30, -1694 and 1695. It was therefore necessary to have this work done for -the third time, and to measure again all the lands which had been -surveyed already. This time a scheme was drawn up with the help of the -said Mr. Bolscho, and the work has succeeded so well that the Province -of Walligamme, which alone extends over about half of this territory, -has been completely surveyed, and will from the last of August yield an -increase of revenue of Rds. 1,509.5.23 or Fl. 4,527.3.4 yearly. I have -already written and sent out the bills, as a warning to the people -to prepare for the payment, and the tax collectors are responsible -for the recovery of the amount; so that the small expenditure of this -new description will be recouped, and the inhabitants have no cause -of complaint, because they are only asked to pay their due to the -lord of the land as they ought to have done long ago. There is also -to be recovered an amount of Rds. 500.2.5 for some small pieces of -land which were sold on behalf of the Company in 1695 in the village -of Copay, which no one appears to have demanded, because I was in -Colombo and the Dessave in Negapatam at the time. This must be done -now, especially as the expenditure of the new description of lands -has, by order of Their Honours contained in the general resolutions -of October 4, 1694, been written off the general revenue, to which -must therefore be now transferred the amount gained thereby, as also -the sum of Rds. 288.7 which has been received by the survey of some -lands in Sjeroepittie, Wallalay, and Nierwely, which were occupied and -cultivated by the inhabitants, but for which they did not pay any rent -while we had the old Thombo, and which we left to them for payment as -they had cultivated them. This was in compliance with the instructions -contained in the reply to our letter to Colombo of August 22, 1695, -received December 15 following. If any one among you should not quite -understand this new description of lands, he may find it useful to -read certain instructions left by Governor Laurens Pyl with regard -to this subject on February 1, 1679, for the Committee appointed -to do this work, which instructions must be still observed so far -as they are applicable to the present circumstances. Your Honours -will most likely be aware also of the extensive Memoir compiled on -my orders by the said Mr. Bolscho, and submitted to the Council on -December 15, 1696, and of the reply thereto, as also of the report by -Mr. Blom of August 20, 1692, on the same subject, to which documents -I here refer. The surveyors are at present at work in the Province of -Waddemoraatsche, where they have with them two Mudaliyars, in order to -settle small differences which might arise among the inhabitants when -their lands are being surveyed. The Mudaliyars act as arbitrators in -the presence of the Majoraals of the villages, but important matters -must be brought before the Dessave, to be disposed of by him or by -the Court of Justice or the Civil Court according to the importance -of the case. The Dessave must see that the Thombo-keeper, Mr. Pieter -Bolscho, receives all the assistance he requires, and also that the -natives who have to serve him in this work are kept in obedience, in -order that he may not be discouraged and lose the zeal he has shown -so far in the service of the Company in this difficult work. Once -this work is completed it will not be required to be done again, -and we will be able then to prepare separate lists not only of each -Province, but also of each village; so that at any time the credits -or the debits of each tax collector may be seen.[9] - -The tithes are a tax levied on the harvest, and are paid in money. Last -year it amounted to the sum of Rds. 8,632.7.3 3/4, as shown in the -above account, and treated of at length in the report of August 20, -1692. I need not therefore dilate on this subject, and only wish to -state that I do not agree with the concluding portion of that report, -where it is stated that this tax is too heavy, and might be reduced to -half the amount as requested by the inhabitants, for which many reasons -are given pro and con. I think that it can be proved sufficiently that -the inhabitants are able to easily pay this imposition of the tithes; -not only because they have never complained against it since the year -1690 during the stay of His Excellency van Mydregt, when they knew -His Excellency had the power to grant their request without waiting -for further instructions. On that occasion the people of Jaffnapatam -tried every means of obtaining their wish, but it may be proved that -since that time they have become more prosperous--a subject which -may be dealt with perhaps later on. That the payment of the said -tithes cannot be very difficult for them is proved by the fact that -if half of the amount, viz., Rds. 4,316, be divided over the total -number of inhabitants, the rate for each individual amounts to but -very little. It is stated as a fact that the rich people possess -the largest number of fields, but this shows that they do not need -a reduction of the tithes.[10] - -Besides these tithes, one-tenth is also paid for the forests, mud -lands, &c., which have been granted for cultivation by the successive -Dessaves to different persons with the promise of exemption from any -impositions for a period of 3, 4, 6, or more years; on the expiry -of this period taxes must be paid. As I think that the Majoraals -do not look after these matters sufficiently well, and do not give -notice in time, the Dessave will have to investigate the matter and -see that the tenth of the harvest is brought to the Company's stores, -especially because the natives do not hesitate to steal or keep back -their dues if they are not kept constantly in fear of punishment. - -The poll tax, shown above to amount to the sum of Rds. 5,998.1, -is of quite a different nature, because the rich and the poor pay -exactly the same rate. His Excellency van Mydregt on February 28, -1690, caused a decree to be issued, by which all the inhabitants -were exempted from the increase of poll tax which they had had to -pay since the year 1675, and which amounted on an average to from -Rds. 10 to 110. But this exemption was only for the period of ten -years, and would have expired therefore in 1699, if the Honourable -the Supreme Government of India had not in a spirit of benevolence -decided by their letter to Ceylon of December 12, 1695, to make the -reduction a permanent one. This was made known to the inhabitants -of this Island on November 8 following. They showed themselves very -grateful for this generosity; but this must be considered sufficient -for the present, and they have not much reason now to insist upon a -decrease of the tithes also. The time for a renovation of the Head -Thombo, which has to be done every three years, has again arrived, -and the Ondercoopman and Thombo-keeper, Mr. Pieter Bolscho, and the -Ondercoopman, Mr. Roos, were sent on circuit on November 19, 1696, in -order to carry out this work. The names of the old and infirm people -and those who have died must be taken off the list, and the names of -the youths who have passed from the schools must be entered, in order -that those who owe Oely service may be known. It would also be useful -if the Dessave were occasionally present at this revision when his -other duties do not interfere with it, because an acquaintance with -this work is very desirable in a land regent. This new Head Thombo -must be completed by the end of next August, in order that the poll -tax and the fines for failure of performing Oely services, called -Chicos money, may be included in the Trade Accounts for each year, -as arranged by me.[11] - -The Officie Gelden have also been described at length in the often -cited report by Mr. Blom of August 20, 1692. It is stated there -how these were first levied, as also how they were raised by the -Portuguese, and how they were paid during the rule of the Company. Some -of the castes had besides requested to be exempted from the payment of -these dues, and it is shown how this had been refused. Last year the -aggregate of this tax did not amount to more than Rds. 865.2. It is -also spoken of in the Memoir of the Thombo-keeper, Piet Christiaansz -Bolscho, which was presented to the Council on October 20, 1696, -and the approval of which was conveyed by the letter from Colombo to -Jaffnapatam of November 16 following. The instructions contained in -this Memoir with regard to the Officie Gelden must still be observed, -the chief point being that they must be demanded for each individual -and not in the aggregate for the caste as a whole, as it has been done -thus far, so that the Majoraals and tax collectors had an opportunity -of appropriating a great part of the amount, which could never be -exactly calculated. That they could do this easily may be understood -when it is considered that most of the castes have increased in number, -while the Company has received no more than the lump sum due by each -caste. Knowing the covetousness and avarice of the tax collectors -and Majoraals, it could hardly be expected that they would excuse -any one from the payment; they must, on the contrary, have demanded -the money from each person and appropriated the surplus collected -by the increase in the number of people in each caste. Your Honours -must therefore take note of the matter, and the newly compiled lists -must show at a glance how much each aldea or parish owes; and as the -payment of this tax will be fairly distributed, no one will be wronged, -and the Company will receive its dues.[12] - -The Adigary amounted last year to Rds. 1,178.3 1/2. It is paid, -like the Officie Gelden, by every person without distinction, but -the only castes which pay it are the Bellales, the Chandes, and the -Tannatare. It dates from the time of the heathen kings, who used to -rule the country through Adigars, who were appointed over the different -Provinces, and the same method was followed by the Portuguese. These -Adigars were not paid by the king, but the inhabitants had to furnish -them with victuals. This was changed in the course of time by their -having to contribute to the payment of the Adigar, which did not -exceed one fanam for each person. Although the Company, which at -first followed the same practice, later on abolished this office, -except in the districts of Mantotte and Ponneryn, yet this imposition -of the Adigary remained in force on the same castes and is still -paid by them. No one however complains of it, but on the contrary, -they consider themselves to be the three oldest castes, and look -upon it as a mark of distinction and honour conferred on them above -the other castes, thinking that only they are worthy to contribute -to the maintenance of the king's Adigars. It is looked upon in the -same light by some other castes who consider themselves equal to -these three, such as the Maddapallys, Agambadys, Paradeesys, &c. I -think, therefore, that the Company could put this point of honour -to advantage and levy this tax from many other wealthy castes, who -would gladly out of jealousy allow the Adigary to be levied on them; -but this is mentioned here only en passant as a suggestion for the -consideration of wiser heads.[13] - -The Oely service has, like the Officie Gelden, been described in -detail by the late Mr. Blom in his report of August 20, 1692, so -that I need not expand on this subject here. It may be seen from the -document just mentioned what castes up to this time have been obliged -to perform this service and how many men have to attend daily, as -also how they are classified. The same rules are still observed, but, -as I noticed during my residence, these people are very lazy in the -performance of their servitudes, although they are only required to -attend three days in every three months, or twelve days in a whole -year. I think this may be considered as a sign of their increased -prosperity; because they seem to find the means for paying their -fines for non-attendance without any trouble. This fine is only 2 -Dutch stivers for each day, or 1 rix-dollar for the twelve days in -a year for each person, and the account for the year 1695 shows that -on the 24,021 men Rds. 2,001.9 were paid in fines, and for the year -1696 for eight months (January to August) a sum of Rds. 1,053.9 for -12,640 men; so that the Company during the period of 20 months had to -lose the daily labour of 36,661 men. It is therefore to be expected -that the works have been considerably delayed at the Castle, in the -loading and unloading of the vessels, at the wharf, at the gunpowder -mill, at the brick-kiln at Point Pedro, in the burning of lime and -the felling of wood on the borders of the Wanni, the digging and -breaking of coral stones on the islands, the burning of coals for -the smith's shop, &c. I therefore think that the said Sicos [20] -money ought to be doubled, so that they would have to pay 1 fanam -instead of 2 stivers for each day's absence; because I do not think -this must be considered as a tax levied on the inhabitants, but as -a fine and punishment imposed for negligence and as a means to make -them perform the necessary labour in order to prevent delay. But, -as these my Instructions are to be revised by His Excellency the -Governor at Colombo, Your Honours will no doubt receive orders from -him, I not being authorized to issue them. The reason why the last -account of the Sicos runs only over eight months instead of as usual -over a year is that I specially ordered this to be done because the -account used to run from the beginning to the end of each year, -while the Trade Accounts were closed on the last day of August, -which formerly closed on the last day of February, which was always a -source of confusion. In order to correct this I ordered the account of -the Sicos to be made up for the last eight months only. Meantime Your -Honours must not fail to see that these amounts are collected on behalf -of the Company, because out of it only Rds. 180 has been received for -Patchelepalle for 1695; so that out of the above-mentioned amount -for the last 20 months the sum of Rds. 2,975.1 is still due to the -Company. Besides the usual Caltementos received by the Collectors as -a compensation for the loss they suffer on account of those persons -who died or disappeared since the last revision of the Thombo, Your -Honour must also keep in mind that a small amount is to be paid yet -towards the Sicos for 1693. The whole of the amount was Rds. 993.7, -and the greater part was received during my time. I do not know why -this was not collected before; perhaps it was due to the departure -of the late Mr. Blom to the pearl fishery in 1699, and his death -soon thereafter. [21] Because, when I arrived in December of the -same year from Batavia, I found matters in Jaffnapatam very much in -the same condition in which they were on my return from Colombo last -August, namely, many necessary things had been neglected and there was -great confusion. I will not enter into details over the matter here, -as I am not writing with direct reference to them. We will return -now to the subject of the Oely service, with regard to which I have -merely to add that it must be seen that the old and infirm people, -who are exempted from this servitude in the new Thombo, do not fail to -deliver such mats and pannegay [22] kernels for coals for the smith's -shop, as they are bound to according to the customs of the country; -because, although this is only a small matter, yet these things come -in very handy for the storehouses, vessels, pearl fishery, &c., while -otherwise money would have to be spent on these mats, an expenditure -which could be thus avoided. (14) - -The tax collectors and Majoraals are native officers appointed by -the Company to demand and collect the poll tax, land rent, tithes, -and the Officie and Adigary rates which I have treated of above. They -also see that the natives perform such servitudes as they owe to -the lord of the land, and collect the Sicos money to which I have -referred, levied for neglect in attending for Oely service. The -expenditure in the appointment of these native officers is very -small, as may be seen from the foregoing account, considering that -these Collectors and Majoraals have to attend once in three months, -or four times a year, at the Castle to hand over one-fourth of the -full amount of the taxes for the year; so that the revenue is usually -received at the closing of the accounts. As this practice has proved -to be successful, the same course must be followed in future. I would -wish at the same time to point out here that the facility with which -these taxes are collected in Jaffnapatam is another evidence of the -improved condition of the inhabitants. In the year 1690 a change -was made in the appointment of the Collectors and Majoraals. Up to -that time all these and many of the Cannecappuls, Arachchies, &c., -belonged to one caste, viz., that of the Bellales, being the farmers -or peasants. The principal of these belong to the family of Don Philip -Sangerepulle, from Cannengray, a native of evil repute; so much so, -that His Excellency the Extraordinary Councillor of India, Laurens Pyl, -who was at the time Governor of Ceylon, issued an order on June 16, -1687, by which Commandeur Cornelis van der Duyn and his Council were -instructed to have the said Don Philip and several of his followers -and accomplices put in chains and sent to Colombo. He succeeded, -however, in concealing himself and eventually fled to Nagapatam, where -he managed to influence the merchant Babba Porboe to such an extent -that through his aid he obtained during the years 1689 and 1690 all -the advantages he desired for his caste and for his followers. This -went so far as to the appointment of even schoolboys as Majoraals -and Cayaals from the time they left school. His late Excellency van -Mydregt, who had great confidence in the said Babba, was somewhat -misled by him, but was informed of the fact by certain private letters -from the late Commandeur Blom during His Excellency's residence at -Tutucorin. His Excellency then authorized Mr. Blom on July 4, 1690, -to at once make such changes as would be necessary, under the pretext -that some of the Majoraals were not provided yet with proper acts of -appointment issued by His Excellency. This may also be seen in the -answer to some points brought before His Excellency by Mr. Blom on -October 20. These replies bear date November 29 following. Finding, -however, on my arrival from Batavia, that these appointments were -still reserved for the Bellales, through the influence of a certain -Moddely Tamby, who had formerly been a betel carrier to Sangerepulle, -later on a private servant of Babba Porboe, and last of all Cannecappul -to the Commandeur, and another Cannecappul, also of the Bellale caste -and a first cousin of the said Sangerepulle, of the name of Don Joan -Mandala Nayaga Mudaliyar, I brought this difficulty before my Governor -His Excellency the Extraordinary Councillor of India, Thomas van -Rhee, on my visit to Colombo in the beginning of 1698. He verbally -authorized me to make the necessary changes, that so many thousands -of people should no longer suffer by the oppression of the Bellales, -who are very proud and despise all other castes, and who had become -so powerful that they were able not only to worry and harass the poor -people, but also to prevent them from submitting their complaints to -the authorities. Already in the years 1673 and 1675 orders had been -given that the Collectors should be transferred every three years; -because by their holding office for many years in the same Province -they obtained a certain amount of influence and authority over the -inhabitants, which would have enabled them to take advantage of them; -and it has always been a rule here not to restrict the appointment -to these offices to the Bellales, but to employ the Maddapallys -and other castes as well, to serve as a counter-acting influence; -because by this means the inhabitants were kept in peace, and through -the jealousy of the various castes the ruler was always in a position -to know what was going on in the country. All these reasons induced -His Excellency Thomas van Rhee to give me leave to bring about the -necessary changes, which have now been introduced. I appointed the -Collector of Waddemoraatje as my Cannecappul in the place of Moddely -Tamby, whose place I filled with the new Collector of the Maddapally -caste, while also a new Collector was appointed for Timmoraatsche -in the place of Don Joan Mandala Nayaga, whom the late Mr. Blom had -discharged from his office as Cannecappul of the Gate; because no two -Bellales are allowed to hold office in one place. He agreed with me on -this point, as may be seen from his report of August 20, 1692. I have -further transferred two Collectors in the large Province of Wallegamo, -so as to gradually bring about the desired change in the interest of -the Company and that of the other castes; but I heard that this small -change created so much disturbance and canvassing that I had to leave -the matter alone. The Bellales, seeing that they would be shut out from -these profitable offices and that they would lose the influence they -possessed so far, and being the largest in number and the wealthiest of -the people, moved heaven and earth to put a stop to the carrying into -effect of this plan so prejudicial to their interests. With this view -they also joined the Wannias Don Philip Nellamapane and Don Gaspar -Ilengenarene Mudaliyar in their conspiracies. The latter two, also -Bellales, well aware that they owed many elephants to the Company, -as stated at the beginning of this Memoir, and knowing that their -turn would also come, organized the riots in which the said Moddely -Tamby was the principal instrument. He was a man who first appeared -as a rebel, on the plea that, having been prosecuted by the Fiscaal -for many offences, he had been injured by a long imprisonment and -that this induced him to take revenge, these same two Wannias having -been then the first accusers who came to me complaining against this -man in the latter part of 1694. Perhaps later on they considered the -great assistance they received from him during the time of Babba -Porboe in obtaining the various privileges and favours. They also -probably understood that it was my intention to diminish the influence -of the Bellale caste, and were thus induced to take this course to -promote the welfare of their caste. I think that it was also out of -their conspiracies that the riots arose from which this Commandement -suffered during my absence in the months of May, June, and July. I -cannot account for them in any other way, as I have stated previously -when treating of the Wanni. I am obliged to repeat this here, in -order that Your Honours may be on your guard and watch the movements, -alliances, and associations of these Bellales and the Majoraals of the -Wanni; because although I may have persisted in bringing about the -desired changes, I preferred to leave the matter alone, seeing how -much annoyance this first attempt caused me, and how the obsequious -subjects of this Commandement are not only given audience in Colombo, -but are also upheld against their local ruler, whose explanation is -not only not asked for, but who is even prevented from defending the -interests of the Company at the place he had a right to do. I will, -however, drop this subject, although a great deal more might be said, -because I consider it will be useless to do so. I only advise Your -Honours not to make the slightest alteration in the appointment of the -native officers during my residence at Mallabaar, but to leave them -for the present in the state in which they wish so much to remain, -as this is a matter within the province of the Commandeur. Lascoreens -and Arachchies with their Canganes may, however, be discharged or -appointed according to their merits by the Dessave, in accordance -with the instructions of the late Admiral Rycloff van Goens, dated -February 26, 1661. In the case, however, of any of the Majoraals, -[23] Cayaals, [24] Pattangatyns, [25] Cannecappuls, or Collectors -resigning their offices or of being dismissed on account of misconduct, -the Dessave will be also authorized to provisionally appoint others -in their place without issuing the actens [26] until my return or -until the appointment of another Commandeur in my place, if such be -the intention of Their Excellencies at Batavia. Because no provision -has been made for such cases, which interrupt the regular course of -the administration. (15) - -It must be also seen that the lower castes observe the rules with -regard to their costumes, &c., because I hear that here also corruption -has crept in, and that they do not wear their dress in the proper way, -do not cut their hair, and do not wear any golden rings in their ears, -so that they cannot be distinguished from the caste-people or Gonoradas -as they are called, who consider this an insult to them. A plackaat -on this subject was issued by His Excellency Laurens Pyl, Governor -of Ceylon, on August 18, 1686. There will be little difficulty in -enforcing those rules if the Regent in this Commandement is allowed to -assume the authority which is his right, and which he must have if he -is to maintain the discipline required to carry on the operations of -the Company, for the people of Jaffnapatam are conceited, arrogant, -and stubborn. They bring false complaints against their rulers to the -higher powers if they find but the least encouragement, while on the -other hand they are slavish and cringe under the rod of their rulers so -long as they see that their authority is not disputed, but is upheld -by the Government. As they were so strictly held down to their duties -during the time of the heathen and of the Portuguese, not knowing any -other but their own immediate ruler, they often do not understand -the position of a subordinate ruler in the service of the Company, -and are not able to act with discretion when they find a way from -an inferior to a superior. It is not in accordance with the natural -government to which their ancestors had been accustomed. It must not, -however, be supposed that I ignore the fact that the mild government of -the Company always leaves a way of appeal for those of its subjects, -whoever they may be, when they consider themselves unjustly treated; -but I think that on the other hand the Company should likewise allow -their chiefs to punish the delinquents before they are permitted to -appeal to the higher powers. This I have found is not always observed -as regards Jaffnapatam, although it seems to me necessary that it -should be if our officers are not in the course of time to become a -laughing stock to the people. It is a well-known fact that the more -influential natives always try to oppress the poorer classes, and it -will be impossible to prevent their doing this if they are allowed -to become stronger than they already are. - -The Lascoreens, who are supposed to be soldiers, appear however to be -more useful in times of peace for the running of errands, the carrying -of letters, the communication of orders to and fro in the country, -and to summon the inhabitants, than they are in times of war for -the carrying of arms, for they have not the slightest idea of drill -or discipline, and are entirely wanting in courage. Yet we have to -employ them in these services, and it will be chiefly the duty of -the Dessave to see that those whose names are entered as Lascoreens -in the Hoofd Thombo are kept under discipline by their officers, and -also that their number is complete, so that they may be easily found -when suddenly wanted. It must also be observed that no men are entered -as Lascoreens who are bound to perform other services. The argument -brought forward by His late Excellency Commissioner van Mydregt in -his Instructions for Jaffnapatam of November 29, 1690, that it is -most difficult to reduce such people afterwards to their more humble -service is undoubtedly true and has been proved by experience. Those -whose names are at present entered in the Thombo as Lascoreens amount -to 834 men, both archers and pikemen, viz.:-- - - - Arachchies 31 - Canganas 4 - Lascoreens 799 - === - Total 834 - - -Of these, only 200 are paid, and sometimes less than that -number, according to circumstances, as may be seen in the monthly -accounts. They are commanded by two Mudaliyars, one over the archers -and one over the pikemen. The Lascoreens are paid only 7 1/5 fanams -per mensem, without rice, and they are required to be ready day -and night to carry orders. Their pay is certainly not too high, -especially in such times of dearth as we have had during the last -three or four years, but I hope that this may be prevented in future -to some extent when the Moors from Bengal come here more frequently -and the rice from Trincomalee and Cotjaar is received in the required -quantities. Otherwise I think that the request of the Lascoreens, -if they strongly urge it, should be complied with, namely, that they -may be paid Rd. 1 per month should the dearth continue longer. But -this can only be done with the special permission of His Excellency -the Governor and the Council of Colombo, although the Commandeur -and the Council here have been authorized to grant this higher pay -by His Excellency Laurens Pyl, Councillor of India, on his visit to -Jaffnapatam on June 14, 1687, when this and other requests of the -natives were submitted to him. But, considering that besides the -180 or 200 Lascoreens there are also employed other native soldiers -in Mannar, Aripo, Calpentyn, Trincomalee, and Batticaloa, who are -also drawn from the above-mentioned 834 men, and that they have to -be transferred every half year, it is desirable that the same rules -should apply to them all, especially because a number of them are -also employed in this Commandement in the felling of wood, some at -Point Pedro under the Vidaan of the Elephants, some at Kayts in the -dyeing industry, some under the Civil Council, others again under -the Collectors of taxes in the various Provinces, at the Passes, -under the clergy, the Fiscaal, and other of the Company's servants; -since in that way they will be best kept under discipline. This would -also prevent fraud, because each person would receive his pay direct -from the Company, while at present the two Mudaliyars mentioned above -have a chance of favouring those whom they prefer. For this and other -reasons Your Honours must see that the Lascoreens are transferred at -least once a year, if not twice.[16] - -Slaves from the opposite coast are brought here in large numbers, -because the accounts state that from December 1, 1694, to the end of -November, 1696, no less than 3,589 slaves were brought across, on each -of whom was paid to the Company as duty for admittance the amount of 11 -fanams, making a total of 39,424 fanams or 9,856 guilders. The people -of Jaffnapatam import these slaves only for their own advantage, as -they find the sale of these creatures more profitable than the trade -in rice or nely, these grain being at present very dear in Coromandel, -which again is a reason why these slaves are very cheap there, being -procurable almost for a handful of rice. As Jaffnapatam does not yield -a sufficient quantity of rice for its large population, I tried to -induce the inhabitants to import as much nely as possible, but to no -purpose. Therefore, considering that it is likely the scarcity of the -necessaries of life will increase rather than decrease, because the -Moorish vessels loaded with rice remained at Madraspatam, I thought -it best to open the passage to Trincomalee and Batticaloa for the -inhabitants of Jaffnapatam. I did so because I was informed that grain -is very plentiful there and may be had at a low price, and also because -I found that this privilege had been granted to them already by the -Honourable the Supreme Government of India by Resolution of November, -1681. This permission was renewed in a letter of December 12, 1695, -but as this was cancelled in a letter from Colombo to Jaffnapatam -of January 6, 1696, this Commandement continued to suffer from the -scarcity of provisions. However, the price of rice was never higher -than Rd. 1 a parra, and even came down to 6 fanams for a cut parra, -of which there are 75 in a last of 3,000 lb. The question arises, -however, whether the Company might not be greatly inconvenienced -by the importation of these slaves, because it seems to me that the -scarcity of victuals would be thus increased, and I do not consider it -advisable for other reasons also. It is true that the Company receives -a considerable amount as duty, but on the other hand these slaves -have to be fed, and thus the price of victuals will, of necessity, -advance. The people of Jaffnapatam are besides by nature lazy and -indolent, and will gradually get more accustomed to send their -slaves for the performance of their duties instead of attending to -them themselves, while moreover these slaves are in various ways -enticed outside the Province and captured by the Wannias, who in -times of peace employ them for sowing and mowing, and in times of war -strengthen their ranks with them. They also sometimes send them to -officers of the Kandyan Court in order to obtain their favour. Many -of the slaves imported suffer from chicken pox, which may cause an -epidemic among the natives, resulting in great mortality. The amount -derived from the duty on importation of slaves would therefore not -be a sufficient compensation. In my opinion this large importation -of slaves is also another evidence of the greater prosperity of the -inhabitants of this Commandement, as the purchase and maintenance of -slaves require means.[17] - -Rice and nely are the two articles which are always wanting in -Jaffnapatam, and, as the matter is one which concerns the maintenance -of life, great attention must be paid to it if we are to continue to -exact from the inhabitants the dues they are paying now. It will be -found on calculation from the notes of the Tarrego [27] taken for -some years that the inhabitants consume on an average no less than -2,000 lasts of rice a year in addition to the quantity produced in the -Provinces, The Islands, the Wanni, Ponneryn, and Mantotte, so that it -is clear how necessary it is that the inhabitants are not only enabled -but also encouraged to import grain from outside. Besides that obtained -from the Bengal Moors, they may now also obtain rice from Tanjauwen, -Oriza, Tondy, Trincomalee, and Batticaloa, as the latter passage has -been re-opened by order of the Honourable the Supreme Government of -India at Batavia in terms of their letter of July 3, 1696, which I -published in a mandate in Dutch and Mallabaar on October 1, 1696. From -this I expect good results in future for this Commandement. I also -hope that this will be a means of preventing the undesirable monopoly -of victuals, with regard to which subject I refer Your Honours to the -letter from Colombo of November 16, 1696, and the reply from here -of December 12 following, and I again seriously recommend to Your -Honours' attention this subject of monopoly, without any regard to -persons, as the greatest offences are undoubtedly those which affect -the general welfare. (18) - -The native trade is confined to articles of little importance, which, -however, yield them a considerable profit, as many of the articles -found here are not found elsewhere. Thus, for instance, the palmyra -tree is not only very useful to them, as its fruit serves them as -food instead of rice, but they also obtain from it sugar, poenat, [28] -pannangay, [29] calengen, [30] mats, carsingos, [31] and caddigans [32] -or olas, and besides, the palmyra timber comes very handy whenever they -fell the trees. For all these sundries the inhabitants of Jaffnapatam -obtain good prices in Coromandel and Tondy, where also they sell -coconuts, kayer, [33] oil obtained from coconuts, and margosy, and -many other things which are not found in the places mentioned above, -or in Trincomalee and Batticaloa. These articles are rising in price -from year to year, so that they fetch two and three per cent. more -than formerly, and on this account the number of vessels along the -seacoast between Point Pedro and Kayts has increased to threefold -their number. With a view to prevent the monopoly of grain as much as -possible Your Honours are recommended to follow the same method I did, -viz., to order all vessels which come into Point Pedro, Tellemanaar, -or Wallewitte to go on to Kayts, as the owners often try to land in -these places under some pretext or other. They must be made to sell -their nely at the bangsaal or the public market, which is under the -supervision of this Castle; because if they unload their nely elsewhere -they do not bring it to the market, and the people not finding any -there have to obtain it from them at any price, which I consider to -be making a monopoly of it. Another product which yields a profit to -the inhabitants is tobacco. This grows here very abundantly, and the -greater part of it is sold by the owners without the least risk to the -merchants of Mallabaar, while the rest is sold here among their own -people or to the Company's servants. A part also is sent to Negapatam, -because the passage to Mallabaar is too dangerous for them on account -of the Bargareese pirates, who infest the neighbourhood. They also -make a good profit out of the provisions which the Company's servants -have to buy from them, such as fowls, butter, milk, sheep, piesang, -[34] soursop, betel, oil, &c., on which articles these officers have -to spend a good deal of their salaries, and even the native officers -have to devote a great deal of their pay to the purchase of these. The -inhabitants are also able to obtain a good deal as wages for labour if -they are not too lazy to work, so that, taking all in all, Your Honours -will find that the inhabitants of Jaffnapatam are more prosperous now -than they have been for some time, although it has been urged in some -quarters that they are oppressed and fleeced and are therefore in a -miserable condition. These people do not know or pretend not to know -that those reports have been circulated by some of the wealthiest -Bellales, because endeavours were made to maintain and uphold the -poorer castes against them. Their circumstances being so much better, -the people of Jaffnapatam ought not to hope for a decrease of the -tithes, as spoken of before. Nor did they ask for this during my -time, nor even referred to it, because at the general paresse [35] -of August 2, 1685, they made a unanimous declaration that they had -no request to make and no reason for complaint, and that they were -perfectly satisfied with the rule of the Company. This may be seen -in the Compendium of the last of November of the same year. In my -questions of January 22 of the same year several requests of theirs -had already been submitted, which had been all disposed of to their -satisfaction, as, for instance, that with regard to the free trade -in Batticaloa and Trincomalee already mentioned above, while the -other matters will be treated of later on. It is true that the late -Mr. Blom would seem to recommend the decrease of the tithes in his -report of August 20, 1692, but he did not know at the time that so many -privileges would be granted to them. Although the granting of these is -of little importance to the Company, it is a fact on the other hand -that the prosperity of the inhabitants will also be an advantage to -the Company, because it enables them to pay their imposts and taxes -regularly, as witness the last few years.[19] - -The coconut trees are the third source of prosperity granted to the -inhabitants, besides the free trade in Batticaloa and Trincomalee -and the reduced poll tax; because, in compliance with the orders from -Batavia of December 12, 1695, these trees would no longer be subject -to taxes in the new Land Thombo, the owners being obliged to feed not -only the Company's elephants, but also those which have been already -purchased by the merchants, with coconut leaves. Although this no -doubt is more profitable to them, as they are paid for the leaves -by the merchants, yet it is true that the trees yield less fruit -when their nourishment is spent on the leaves. But although Their -Excellencies at Batavia kindly relieved the people of their burden -in this respect, the duty was imposed again in another way when His -Excellency the Governor and the Council decided, in their letter of -October 13, that Jaffnapatam would have to deliver yearly no less -than 24 casks of coconut oil besides that which is required for use -in this Commandement and at Manaar. This, including what is required -at the pearl fishery, amounts according to my calculation to no less -than 12 casks. For this reason it will be necessary to prohibit the -export of coconuts. This order, like the one with regard to the reform -in the sale of elephants, was sent to us without previous consultation -with the Commandeur or the Council of Jaffnapatam; yet in the interest -of the Company I could not abstain from expressing my opinion on the -subject in my reply of November 1, 1696; but as the order was repeated -in a subsequent letter from Colombo as also in one of the 21st of -the same month, although with some slight alteration, I am obliged to -recommend that Your Honours should endeavour to put this order into -execution as far as possible, and not issue licenses to any one. I -do so although I expect not only that the farmer of the Alfandigo -(for the export of all articles permitted to be exported) will -complain on this account, and will pay less rent in future, but also, -and especially that the inhabitants will object to this regulation, -because they receive at least twice as much for the plain coconuts -as for the oil which they will have to deliver to the Company. This -will be so in spite of some concessions which have been made already -in the payment for the oil, upon their petition of June 14, 1687, -submitted to His Excellency Laurens Pyl, then Governor of Ceylon, -in which they stated that it was a great disadvantage to them to be -obliged to give the olas of their trees as food for the elephants, -and that they were now also prevented from selling their fruits, -but had to press oil out of these for the Company.[20] - -The iron and steel tools imported by the Company did not yield much -profit, because there was no demand for them. The wealthy people -considered them too expensive, and the poor could not afford to -purchase them for the ploughing and cultivation of their fields and -gardens. They have therefore been stowed away in the storehouses. As -may be seen from the questions submitted by me to the Council of -Colombo on January 22, 1695, I proposed that the inhabitants should -be permitted to obtain these tools direct from Coromandel, which was -kindly granted by the Honourable the Supreme Government of India by -letter of December 12 of the same year. This may be considered the -fourth point in which they have been indulged; another is the license -given to them in the same letter from Batavia (confirmed in a letter -of July 3, 1696) that they may convey the products of their lands and -other small merchandise by vessel to Coromandel, north of Negapatam, -without being obliged to stop and pay Customs duty in the former place, -as they had to do since 1687. They must not therefore be restricted in -this, as I introduced this new rule as soon as the license arrived.[21] - -The palmyra timber required by the Company for Colombo and Jaffnapatam -used to be exacted from the inhabitants at a very low price which -had been fixed for them. They had not only to deliver this, but also -that which some of the Company's servants demanded for their private -use at the same low rate, under pretence that it was required for the -Company; so that the owners not only lost their trees and what they -might obtain from them for their maintenance, but were also obliged -to transport this timber and the laths, after they had been split, -from their gardens for two or three miles to the harbours from which -they were to be shipped, either to the seacoast or to the banks of -the river. Besides this they had still to pay the tax fixed for those -trees in the Thombo. Moreover, it happened that in the year 1677 -there was such a large demand for these planks and laths, not only -in Colombo but also in Negapatam, that no less than 50,687 different -staves and 26,040 laths were sent to the latter town on account of -the Company. Their Excellencies at Batavia, considering that such -a practice was too tyrannical and not in keeping with the mild, -reasonable, and just government which the Company wishes to carry on, -have lessened the burden of the inhabitants in this respect, and have -desired that in future no such demand should be made from them, but -that they should be allowed to sell this timber in the market. Further -particulars with regard to this matter may be found by Your Honours -in the letter from Their Excellencies to Ceylon of May 13, 1692, and -in the letter from His Excellency the Governor and the Council of -Colombo of April 29, 1695, which may serve for your guidance. This -may be considered as the fifth favour bestowed on the inhabitants, -but it does not extend to the palmyra planks and laths required by -the Company for the ordinary works in this Commandement or for the -Castle. These are to be paid for at the rate stated in the Trade -Account as paid formerly, because this is a duty they have been -subject to from olden times, and it is unadvisable to depart from -such customs without good reason, the nature of these people being -such that they would not consider it a favour and be grateful for it, -but if they were relieved of this they would continue to complain -of other matters. On the other hand they will, without complaint, -pay such duties as have been long customary, because they consider -themselves born to these. I therefore think it will be best to observe -the old customs. With regard to the purchase of planks and laths on -account of the Company, I found on my arrival from Batavia in this -Commandement that this had been done with the greatest carelessness, -the accounts being in a terrible disorder. I therefore proposed in -my letter of December 9, 1694, to Colombo that such purchases should -be made by the Dessave, as he, by virtue of his office, has the best -opportunity. This was approved of in the letter of the 22nd of the -same month, and since then a certain amount of cash, about Rds. 100 -or 200, has been handed to him for this purpose, and he accounts for -this money in the Trade Accounts and states how many planks and laths -have been delivered to the Company. In this way it may be always seen -how the account stands, and this practice must be continued. It must -also be seen that as many planks and laths are stored up at the outer -harbours for Coromandel and Trincomalee and at the inner harbours for -Colombo and our own use as will be possible without interfering with -the liberty granted to the inhabitants; because the demand both in -Negapatam and in Colombo is still very great, as may be seen in the -letter of February 10, 1695, to which I have referred.[22] - -The felling of timber is a work that must receive particular attention, -as this is required for the repair of the Company's vessels, at -least such parts of them as stand above the water level. For repairs -under water no timber has so far been obtained in the Wanni that is -serviceable, as the timber there is liable to be attacked by a kind of -worm under water. Timber can be transported to the Castle only once -a year during the rainy season, when the rivers swell so much that -the timber which has been felled during the dry season can be brought -down to the Passes and from there to the Fort. Sometimes also timber -is felled near the seashore, when it is brought down along the coast -to Kayts or Hammenhiel by pressed Carrias or fishermen. Occasionally -some timber is also felled near the seacoast between Manaar and -Jaffnapatam, which is suitable for door posts, window frames, and -stocks for muskets and guns, while here also is found the timber for -gun-carriages, which comes in very useful, as the Fort must be well -provided with ammunition. In the Memoir left by Mr. Laurens Pyl for -this Commandement, bearing date November 7, 1679, [36] it is stated -in detail how the felling of timber is conducted and what class of -people are employed in this work. This subject is also dealt with -in the report by the late Mr. Blom of August 20, 1692, so that I -merely refer to these documents, and recommend that another and an -experienced person ought to be trained for the supervision of this work -in addition to the sergeant Harmen Claasz, who has done this work for -the last 25 years, and has gained much experience during his residence -in the forests of the Wanni, and knows exactly when the timber ought -to be felled, when it can be transported, and what kinds of trees are -the most suitable. Because it must be remembered that like all human -beings he also is only mortal. I therefore some time ago appointed the -soldier Laurens Hendriksz as his assistant. He is still employed in -the same capacity. As these forests are very malarious, there are but -few Dutchmen who could live there, and this is the more reason why Your -Honours should always see that an able person is trained to the work, -so as to avoid inconvenience some time or other. It is impossible to -employ a native in this work, because the Wannias would not have the -same regard for a native as for a European, and one of their caprices -to which they are so often subject might interfere with the work.[23] - -Charcoal, made from the kernel of the palmyra fruit, is used here -for the smith's forge. In the Memoir referred to Your Honours will -also find stated by whom this is furnished to the Company. As I -noticed that the work in the smith's forge had to be discontinued -sometimes for want of charcoal, especially during the months of -August, September, and October, which causes great inconvenience to -the Government, I proposed to His Excellency the Governor and Council -that a quantity of smiths' coals from Holland should be provided. This -has been approved of. It must be used in times of scarcity, and the -people who are bound to collect and burn the kernel must be kept -to their duty, and compelled to deliver up the full extent of their -tax. The coals from Holland must be looked upon as a reserve supply, -to be used only when no pannangay kernels are to be had, as happens -sometimes when the inhabitants plant these seeds in order to obtain -from them a kind of root, called calengen, which they use as food.[24] - -Bark-lunt is another article which the Company receives from the -inhabitants here without any expense. All inhabitants who go yearly -to the Wanni to sow and mow, consisting of about 6,000 or 7,000 -and sometimes even 10,000 persons, and who pay 10 of these lunts to -the Wannias, have on their return at the Passes to pay a piece of -lunt each, 4 fathoms long, and for each cow or bull they have with -them and have employed in the Wanni for ploughing or have allowed -to graze there they also have to pay the same. This amounts to a -considerable quantity yearly, nearly 60,000 lunts. It is a matter -of little importance, but a great convenience, because not only the -garrison in this Commandement is thus furnished, but a large quantity -may also be sent to other places when required, as is done usually to -Negapatam and Trincomalee, for which a charge of 1 stiver a piece is -made, which amount is entered here with the general income and charged -to the said stations. Care must be taken that this duty is paid at -the Redoubts, but on the other hand also that not too much is charged -to these people, because I have heard complaints that sometimes more -than 4 fathoms of the lunt is demanded. This is unfair, because the -surplus is appropriated by persons who have no right to it.[25] - -Coral stone, used for building purposes and for the burning of lime, -is found here in abundance. This also the Company obtains without any -expenditure, because it is dug up and broken by ordinary Oeliares. It -is also found at Point Pedro, where it is burnt into lime or otherwise -sent to the Castle in tonys or pontoons, where it is then either burnt -into lime, used for foundations or for the filling up of the body of -walls, which are then covered on the outside with cut coral stone, -as this makes them strong and durable. For some years the cut stone -has also been sent to Negapatam for the fortifications. This must be -continued until we receive notice that it is no longer necessary, -which I think will be soon, because I noticed that lately not so -much stone was asked for. From 1687 up to the present about 52,950 -cut stones have been sent to this place.[26] - -It may be understood from the above that lime is easily obtained here, -and without great expenditure. That which is required for the Company -here is delivered free of charge. For the lime sent to Negapatam 7 -fanams are paid in place of 5 light stivers. [37] This is paid to the -lime burners at Canganture, who received an advance on this account, -of which a small balance is left. Meanwhile the Dessave de Bitter -informed us on his return from Coromandel that no more lime was -required there, but in order that the Company may not lose by the -advance made, a quantity of 8,000 or 9,000 parras of lime is lying -ready at Canganture, which must be fetched by the Company's vessels -in March or April and brought to Kayts. This, I think, will make up -the amount, and if not, they must reimburse the difference. It will -be seen from this that we have tried to comply with the wishes of -His late Excellency van Mydregt, who wrote from Negapatam on July 10, -1687, that the new fortifications there were to be supplied with lime -and all other building materials which are to be found here. The lime -sent there since that date has amounted to 4,751 31/75 lasts.[27] - -The dye-root is a product found in this territory which yields the -Company a considerable profit. The best kinds are found in Carrediva, -but the largest quantity in Manaar. The other kinds, found in the -Wanni and The Islands, are so inferior that they cannot be used for -dyeing unless they are mixed with the kinds obtained from Manaar -and Carrediva, and are found in small quantities only. The inferior -kinds are used in this way so that they may not be lost, because it -is to be feared that there will be a greater scarcity of root than -of cloth. I will not enter into detail here as to how, by whom, -where, and when these roots are dug out, or how they are employed -in the dyeing of cloth, or again how much is received yearly; as -all these matters have been mentioned at length on other occasions, -making it unnecessary to do so here. I therefore refer Your Honours -to an account by the late Commandeur Blom, dated April 25, 1693, -with regard to the cultivation and digging of this root, and another -by the same Commandeur of November 12 of the same year with regard to -the dyeing of red cloth and the use of dye-root, while Your Honours -might also look up the document sent to Colombo on December 29, 1694, -by Your Honours and myself, and another of September 16, 1695, where -an estimate is made of the quantity of cloth that could be dyed here -yearly with the root found in this Commandement. An answer will also -be found there to the question raised by the Honourable the Supreme -Government of India in their letter to Ceylon of December 12, 1695, -as to whether the dye-roots found in Java costing Rds. 5 the picol -[38] of 125 lb. and sent here might be employed with profit in the -service of the Company, and whether these roots from Java could not -with advantage be planted here. The reply from Colombo of January -6, 1696, in answer to our letter of September 16, 1695, must also -be considered, in order that Your Honours may bear in mind all the -arguments that have been urged on this subject. Experiments have been -made with the Java roots to see whether they could be turned to any -account, and with a view to compare them with the Jaffna roots. It -seems to me that good results may be obtained from the Brancoedoe -roots, according to the experiments made by myself and afterwards by a -Committee in compliance with the orders of Their Excellencies, but as -we cannot be quite sure yet another quantity of Java roots for further -experiments has been sent, as stated in the letter from Batavia of July -3, 1696. Your Honours must pay great attention to these experiments, -so that the result may be definitely known. This was prevented so -far by the rainy season. Besides the above-mentioned documents, -Your Honours will also find useful information on the subject in two -reports submitted by a Committee bearing date July 29 and December -10, 1695. Experiments must also be made to find out whether the -Wancoedoe roots used either alone or mixed with the Jaffna roots will -yield a good red dye of fast colour, this being the wish of Their -Excellencies. Meantime the red cloth ordered in 1694, being 142 webs, -and the 60 webs ordered lately, must be sent as soon as the required -linen arrives from Coromandel. This cloth must be carefully dyed, and -after being examined and approved by the members of Council must be -properly packed by the Pennisten of the Comptoiren who are employed -in this work, on both which points complaints have been received, -and which must be guarded against in future. During my residence -96 webs of cloth have been sent out of the 142 that were ordered, -so that 46 are yet to be sent, besides the 60 of the new order. No -more cloth and dye-roots must be issued to the dyers at a time than -they can use in one dyeing, because otherwise the cloth lies about in -their poor dwellings and gets damaged, while the roots are stolen or -used for private purposes, which is a loss to the Company, of which -many instances might be quoted. There is no doubt the Administrateur -Abraham Mighielsz Biermans, who has been entrusted with the supervision -of this work for many years, will endeavour to further the interests -of the Company in this respect as much as possible and keep these lazy -people to their work. For the present there is a sufficient quantity -of material in stock, as there were in the storehouses on the last -of November, 1696, 60,106 lb. of different kinds of dye-root, with -which a large quantity of cloth may be dyed, while a yearly supply is -delivered at the Fort from Manaar, Carrediva, &c. In Carrediva and "the -Seven Places" as they are called, much less is delivered than formerly, -because at present roots are dug up after the fields have been sown, -while formerly this used to be done before the lands were cultivated, -to the disadvantage of the owners. This practice was abandoned during -the time of Commandeur Blom, as it was considered unfair; because the -fields are already heavily taxed, and on this account the delivery -is 20 to 25 bharen [39] less than before.[28] - -The farming out of the various duties in this Commandement may -be considered as the third source of revenue to the Company in -Jaffnapatam, and next to that of the sale of elephants and the revenue -derived from the poll tax, land rents, tithes, Adigary, and Officie -Gelden mentioned before. The farming out of the said duties on the last -of February, 1696, brought to the Company the sum of Rds. 27,518 for -the period of one and a half year. The leases were extended on this -occasion with a view to bring them to a close with the close of the -Trade Accounts, which, in compliance with the latest instructions from -Batavia, must be balanced on August 31. The previous year, from March -1 to February 28, 1695-1696, the lease of the said duties amounted -to Rds. 15,641, which for 18 months would have been Rds. 23,461 1/2, -so that the Company received this year Rds. 4,056 1/2 more than last -time; but I believe that the new duty on the import of foreign cloth -has largely contributed to this difference. This was proposed by me -on January 22, 1695, and approved by the Hon. the Supreme Government -of India in their letter of December 12 of the same year. It yielded -the first year Rds. 7,100, including the stamping of native cloth with -a seal at 25 per cent., while for the foreign cloth no more than 20 -per cent. was paid. As Their Excellencies considered this difference -unfair, it has pleased them, at the earnest request of the natives, -or rather at the request of the Majoraals on behalf of the natives, in -a later letter of July 3, 1696, to consent to the native cloth being -taxed at 20 per cent. only, which must be considered in connection -with the new lease. Meantime the order from Batavia contained in -the Resolutions of the Council of India of October 4, 1694, must be -observed, where all farmers are required to pay the monthly terms -of their lease at the beginning of each month in advance. This rule -has been followed here, and it is expressly stipulated in the rent -conditions. Whether the farming out of the duty on native and foreign -cloth will amount to as much or more I cannot say; because I fear -that the present farmer has not made much profit by it, in consequence -of the export having decreased on account of the closing of the free -passage to Trincomalee and Batticaloa. The sale of these cloths depends -largely on the import of nely from the said places, and this having -been prevented the sale necessarily decreased and consequently the -farmer made less profit. The passage having been re-opened, however, -it may be expected that the sale will increase again. With a view -to ascertain the exact value of this lease, I sent orders to all -the Passes on February 27, 1696, that a monthly list should be kept -of how many stamped cloths are passed through and by whom, so that -Your Honours will be able to see next August how much cloth has been -exported by examining these lists, while you may also make an estimate -of the quantity of cloth sold here without crossing the Passes, as -the farmer obtains his duty on these. Your Honours may further read -what was reported on this subject from here to Colombo on December 16, -1696, and the reply from Colombo of January 6 of this year.[29] - -The Trade Accounts are closed now on August 31, as ordered by the -Supreme Government of India in their letter of May 3, 1695. Last -year's account shows that in this Commandement the Company made a -clear profit of Fl. 121,795.2.9. It might have been greater if more -elephants could have been obtained from the Wanni and Ponneryn, or if -we were allowed the profits on the elephants from Galle and Colombo -sold here on behalf of the Company, which are not accompanied by an -invoice, but only by a simple acknowledgment. Another reason that it -was not higher is that we had to purchase the very expensive grain -from Coromandel. Your Honours must also see that besides observing -this rule of closing the accounts in August, they are submitted to -the Council for examination, in order that it may be seen whether the -discharges are lawful and whether other matters are in agreement with -the instructions, and also whether some items could not be reduced -in future, in compliance with the order passed by Resolution in the -Council of India on September 6, 1694. These and all other orders -sent here during the last two years must be strictly observed, such -as the sending to Batavia of the old muskets, the river navigation -of ships and sloops, the reduction of native weights and measures to -Dutch pounds, the carrying over of the old credits and debits into -the new accounts, the making and use of casks of a given measure, -and the accounting for the new casks of meat, bacon, butter, and -all such orders, which cannot be all mentioned here, but which Your -Honours must look up now and again so as not to forget any and thus -be involved in difficulties. [(30)] - -The debts due to the Company at the closing of the accounts must be -entered in a separate memorandum, and submitted with the accounts. In -this memorandum the amount of the debt must be stated, with the name -of the debtor, and whether there is a prospect of the amount being -recovered or not. As shown by Their Excellencies, these outstandings -amounted at the closing of the accounts at the end of February, 1694, -to the sum of Fl. 116,426.11.19. This was reduced on my last departure -to Colombo to Fl. 31,948.9.15, as may be seen in the memorandum by the -Administrateur of January 31, 1696. I will now proceed to show that on -my present departure no more is due than the amount of Fl. 16,137.8, -in which, however, the rent of the farmers is not included, as it is -only provisional and will be paid up each month, viz.:-- - - - Fl. - - The Province of Timmoraten 376. 2.8 [40] - The Province of Pathelepally 579.10.0 - Panduamoety and Nagachitty 2,448.13.0 - Company's weavers 167.15.0 - Manuel van Anecotta, Master Dyer 9,823. 6.0 - The Caste of the Tannecares 1,650. 0.0 - The dyers at Point Pedro and Nalloer 566.14.0 - Don Philip Nellamapane 375. 0.0 - Ambelawanner Wannia 150. 0.0 - =========== - Total 16,137. 0.8 - - -With regard to the debt of the weavers, amounting to Fl. 2,616.8, -I deem it necessary here to mention that the arrears in Timmoratsche -and Patchelepally, spoken of in the memorandum by the Administrateur -of January 31, 1696, compiled by Mr. Bierman on my orders of November -30, 1695, after the closing of the accounts at the end of August, -of which those of Tandia Moety and Naga Chitty and that of the -Company's weavers which refer to the same persons, may, in my opinion, -be considered as irrecoverable. It would therefore be best if Their -Excellencies at Batavia would exempt them from the payment. This debt -dates from the time when it was the intention to induce some weavers -from the opposite coast to come here for the weaving of cloth for the -Company. This caste, called Sinias, [41] received the said amount in -cash, thread, and cotton in advance, and thus were involved in this -large debt, which having been reduced to the amount stated above, has -remained for some years exactly the same, in spite of all endeavours -made to collect it, and notwithstanding that the Paybook-keeper was -appointed to see that the materials were not stolen and the money not -wasted. It has been, however, all in vain, because these people were -so poor that they could not help stealing if they were to live, and it -seems impossible to recover the amount, which was due at first from -200 men, out of whom only 15 or 16 are left now. When they do happen -occasionally to deliver a few gingams, these are so inferior that -the soldiers who receive them at the price of good materials complain -a great deal. I think it unfair that the military should be made to -pay in this way, as the gingams are charged by the Sinias at Fl. 6 -or 6.10 a piece, while the soldiers have to accept the same at Fl. 9 -and 9.15. The same is the case with the Moeris and other cloths which -are delivered by the Sinias, or rather which are obtained from them -with much difficulty; and I have no doubt Your Honours will receive -instructions from Batavia with regard to this matter. Meanwhile they -must be dealt with in the ordinary way; but in case they are exempted -from the payment of their debt I think they ought to be sent out of -the country, not only because they are not liable to taxes or services -to the Company, but also because of the idolatry and devil-worship -which they have to a certain extent been allowed to practise, and -which acts as a poison to the other inhabitants, among whom we have -so long tried to introduce the Dutch Reformed religion. - -The debt of the dyers at Annecatte, entered under the name of Manoel of -Annecatte, dyer, which amounted at the end of August to Fl. 9,823.6, -has been since reduced by Fl. 707.10, and is still being reduced -daily, as there is sufficient work at present to keep them all busy, -of which mention has been made under the heading of Dye-roots. This -debt amounted at the end of February, 1694, to Fl. 11,920.13.6, so -that since that time one-third has been recovered. This is done by -retaining half the pay for dyeing; for when they deliver red cloth -they only receive half of their pay, and there is thus a prospect -of the whole of this debt being recovered. Care must be taken that -no one gives them any money on interest, which has been prohibited, -because it was found that selfish people, aware of the poverty of -these dyers, sometimes gave them money, not only on interest but at -a usurious rate, so that they lost also half of the pay they received -from the Company on account of those debts, and were kept in continual -poverty, which made them either despondent or too lazy to work. For -this reason an order was issued during the time of the late Commandeur -Blom that such usurers would lose all they had lent to these dyers, -as the Company would not interfere on behalf of the creditors as long -as the debt to the Company was still due. On this account also their -lands have been mortgaged to the Company, and Mr. Blom proposed in -his questions of December 22, 1693, that these should be sold. But -this will not be necessary now, and it would not be advantageous to -the Company if the weavers were thus ruined, while on the other hand -this debt may on the whole be recovered. (31) - -The Tannekares are people who made a contract with the Company during -the time of Mr. Blom by a deed bearing date June 7, 1691, in terms -of which they were to deliver two elephants without teeth in lieu -of their poll tax amounting to Fl. 269.4.17/60 and for their Oely -service. It was found, however, last August that they were in arrears -for 11 animals, which, calculated at Rds. 50 or Fl. 150 each, brings -their debts to Fl. 1,650, just as I expected. As all contracts of this -kind for the delivery of elephants are prejudicial to the Company, -I proposed on January 22, 1695, that this contract should be annulled, -stating our reasons for doing so. This proposal was submitted to Their -Excellencies at Batavia in our letter of August 12 of the same year, -and was approved by them by their letter of December 12, 1695, so that -these people are again in the same position as the other inhabitants, -and will be taxed by the Thombo-keeper for poll tax, land rent, and -Oely service from September 1, 1696. These they must be made to pay, -and they also must be made to pay up the arrears, which they are quite -capable of doing, which matter must be recommended to the attention -of the tax collector in Waddamoraatsche. - -The debt due by the dyers of Nalloer and Point Pedro, which arose -from their receiving half their pay in advance at their request, -as they were not able to pay their poll tax and land rent (which -amounted to Fl. 566.14), has been paid up since. - -The debt of Don Philip Nellamapane, which amounts to Fl. 375, arose -from the amount being lent to him for the purchase of nely in the -latter part of 1694, because there was a complaint that the Wannias, -through a failure of the crop, did not have a sufficient quantity -of grain for the maintenance of the hunters. This money was handed -to Don Gaspar Ilengenarene Mudaliyar, brother-in-law of Don Philip, -and at the request of the latter; so that really, not he, but Don -Gaspar, owes the money. He must be urged to pay up this amount, -which it would be less difficult to do if they were not so much in -arrears with their tribute, because in that case the first animals -they delivered could be taken in payment. There is no doubt, however, -that this debt will be paid if they are urged. - -The same is the case with the sum of Fl. 150 which Ambelewanne Wannia -owes, but as he has to deliver only a few elephants this small amount -can be settled the first time he delivers any elephants above his -tribute. (32) - -The Pay Accounts must, like the Trade Accounts, be closed on the -last day of August every year, in compliance with the orders of the -Honourable the Supreme Government of India contained in their letter -of August 13, 1695. They must also be audited and examined, according -to the Resolution passed in the Council of India on September 6, -1694, so that it may be seen whether all the items entered in the -Trade Accounts for payments appear also in the Pay Accounts, while -care must be taken that those who are in arrears at the close of the -books on account of advance received do not receive such payments too -liberally, against which Your Honours will have to guard, so that no -difficulties may arise and the displeasure of Their Excellencies may -not be incurred. Care must also be taken that the various instructions -for the Paybook-keeper are observed, such as those passed by Resolution -of Their Excellencies on August 27 and June 29, 1694, with regard to -the appraising, selling, and entering in the accounts of estates left -by the Company's servants, the rules for the Curators ad lites, those -with regard to the seizure of salaries by private debtors passed by -Resolution of August 5, 1696, in the Council of India, and the rules -passed by Resolution of March 20, with regard to such sums belonging -to the Company's servants as may be found outstanding on interest -after their death, namely, that these must four or six weeks after -be transferred from the Trade Accounts into the Pay Accounts to the -credit of the deceased. (33) - -The matter of the Secretariate not being conducted as it ought to -be, cannot be dealt with in full here. It was said in the letters -of November 17 and December 12, 1696, that the new Secretary, -Mr. Bout (who was sent here without any previous intimation to the -Commandeur), would see that all documents were properly registered, -bound, and preserved, but these are the least important duties -of a good Secretary. I cannot omit to recommend here especially -that a journal should be kept, in which all details are entered, -because there are many occurrences with regard to the inhabitants, -the country, the trade, elephants, &c., which it will be impossible to -find when necessary unless they appear in the letters sent to Colombo, -which, however, do not always deal very circumstancially with these -matters. It will be best therefore to keep an accurate journal, -which I found has been neglected for the last three years, surely -much against the intention of the Company. The Secretary must also -see that the Scholarchial resolutions and the notes made on them by -the Political Council are copied and preserved at the Secretariate, -another duty which has not been done for some years. I know on the -other hand that a great deal of the time of the Secretary is taken up -with the keeping of the Treasury Accounts, while there is no Chief -Clerk here to assist him with the Treasury Accounts, or to assist -the Commandeur. This was felt also by Mr. Blom, and he proposed -in his letters of February 12 and March 29, 1693, to Colombo that -the Treasury Accounts should be kept by the Paybook-keeper, which, -in my humble opinion, would be the best course, as none of the four -Onderkooplieden [42] here could be better employed for this work -than the Paybook-keeper. It must be remembered, however, that Their -Excellencies do not wish the Regulation of December 29, 1692, to be -altered or transgressed, so that these must be still observed. I would -propose a means by which the duties of the Cashier, and consequently of -the Secretary, could be much decreased, considering that the Cashier -can get no other knowledge of the condition of the general revenue -than from the Thombo-keeper who makes up the accounts, namely, that -the Thombo-keeper should act as General Accountant, as well of the -rent for leases as of the poll tax, land rent, tithes, &c., in which -case the native collectors could give their accounts to him. This, -I expect, would simplify matters, and enable the Secretary to be of -more assistance to the Commandeur. In case such arrangement should be -made, the General Accountant could keep the accounts of the revenue -specified above, which could afterwards be transferred to the accounts -of the Treasury; but Your Honours must wait for the authority to do -so, as I do not wish to take this responsibility. I must recommend -to Your Honours here to see that in future no petitions with regard -to fines are written for the inhabitants except by the Secretaries -of the Political Council or the Court of Justice, as those officers -in India act as Notaries. This has to be done because the petitions -from these rebellious people of Jaffnapatam are so numerous that the -late Mr. Blom had to forbid some of them writing such communications, -because even Toepasses and Mestices take upon themselves to indite -such letters, which pass under the name of petitions, but are often so -full of impertinent and seditious expressions that they more resemble -libels than petitions. Since neither superior nor inferior persons -are spared in these documents, it is often impossible to discover the -author. Whenever the inhabitants have any complaint to make, I think -it will be sufficient if they ask either of the two Secretaries to -draw out a petition for them in which their grievances are stated, -which may be sent to Colombo if the case cannot be decided here. In -this way it will be possible to see that the petitions are written -on stamped paper as ordered by the Company, while they will be -written with the moderation and discrimination that is necessary in -petitions. There are also brought to the Secretariate every year all -sorts of native protocols, such as those kept by the schoolmasters -at the respective churches, deeds, contracts, ola deeds of sale, -and other instruments as may have been circulated among the natives, -which it is not possible to attend to at the Dutch Secretariate. But -as I have been informed that the schoolmasters do not always observe -the Company's orders, and often issue fraudulent instruments and thus -deceive their own countrymen, combining with the Majoraals and the -Chiefs of the Aldeas, by whom a great deal of fraud is committed, -it will be necessary for the Dessave to hold an inquiry and punish -the offenders or deliver them up for punishment. For this purpose -he must read and summarize the instructions with regard to this and -other matters issued successively by Their Excellencies the Governors -of Ceylon and the subaltern Commandeurs of this Commandement, to be -found in the placaats and notices published here relating to this -Commandement. The most important of these rules must be published in -the different churches from time to time, as the people of Jaffnapatam -are much inclined to all kinds of evil practices, which has been -the reason that so many orders and regulations had to be issued by -the placaats, all which laws are the consequence of transgressions -committed. Yet it is very difficult to make these people observe -the rules so long as they find but the least encouragement given to -them by the higher authorities, as stated already. It was decided in -the Meeting of Council of October 20, 1696, that a large number of -old and useless olas which were kept at the Secretariate and were -a great encumbrance should be sorted, and the useless olas burnt -in the presence of a committee, while the Mallabaar and Portuguese -documents concerning the Thombo or description of lands were to be -placed in the custody of the Thombo-keeper. This may be seen in the -report of November 8 of the same year. In this way the Secretariate -has been cleared, and the documents concerning the Thombo put in their -proper place, where they must be kept in future; so that the different -departments may be kept separately with a view to avoid confusion. I -have also noticed on various occasions that the passports of vessels -are lost, either at the Secretariate or elsewhere. Therefore, even so -lately as last December, instructions were sent to Kayts and Point -Pedro to send all such passports here as soon as possible. These -passports, on the departure of the owners, were to be kept at the -Secretariate after renovation by endorsement, unless they were more -than six months old, in which case a new passport was to be issued. In -case Your Honours are not sufficiently acquainted with the form of -these passports and how they are to be signed as introduced by His -late Excellency Governor van Mydregt, you will find the necessary -information in the letters from Negapatam to Jaffnapatam of 1687 and -1688 and another from Colombo to Jaffnapatam bearing date April 11, -1690, in which it is stated to what class of persons passports may -be issued. The same rules must be observed in Manaar so far as this -district is concerned, in compliance with the orders contained in -the letter of November 13, 1696.(34) - -The Court of Justice has of late lost much of its prestige among the -inhabitants, because, seeing that the Bellale Mudaly Tamby, to whom -previous reference has been made, succeeded on a simple petition sent -to Colombo to escape the Court of Justice while his case was still -undecided (as may be seen from a letter from Colombo of January 6, -1696, and the reply thereto of the 26th of this month), they have an -idea that they cannot be punished here. Even people of the lowest caste -threaten that they will follow the same course whenever they think -they will not gain their object here, especially since they have seen -with what honours Mudaly Tamby was sent back and how the Commissioners -did all he desired, although his own affairs were not even sufficiently -settled yet. A great deal may be stated and proved on this subject, but -as this is not the place to do so, I will only recommend Your Honours -to uphold the Court of Justice in its dignity as much as possible, -and according to the rules and regulations laid down with regard to -it in the Statutes of Batavia and other Instructions. The principal -rule must be that every person receives speedy and prompt justice, -which for various reasons could not be done in the case of Mudaly -Tamby, and the opportunity was given for his being summoned to Colombo. - -At present the Court of Justice consists of the following persons:-- - - -The Commandeur, President (absent). -Dessave de Bitter, Vice-President. -Capt. van der Bruggen, Administrateur. -Abraham Biermans. -Lieut. Claas Isaacsz. -The Thombo-keeper, Pieter Chr. Bolscho. -The Ensign Arnoud Mom. -The Onderkoopman Joan Roos. -The Onderkoopman Jan van Groeneveld. -The Bookkeeper Jan de Wit, Secretary. - - -But it must be considered that on my departure to Mallabaar, and in -case the Dessave be commissioned to the pearl fishery, this College -will be without a President; the Onderkooplieden Bolscho and Roos -may also be away in the interior for the renovation of the Head -Thombo, and it may also happen that Lieut. Claas Isaacsz will be -appointed Lieutenant-Dessave, in which case he also would have to go -to the interior; in such case there would be only three members left -besides the complainant ex-officio and the Secretary, who would have -no power to pronounce sentence. The Lieutenant van Hovingen and the -Secretary of the Political Council could be appointed for the time, -but in that case the Court would be more a Court Martial than a Court -of Justice, consisting of three Military men and two Civil Servants, -while there would be neither a President nor a Vice-President. I -consider it best, therefore, that the sittings of the Court should -be suspended until the return of the Dessave from the pearl fishery, -unless His Excellency the Governor and the Council should give other -instructions, which Your Honours would be bound to obey. - -I also found that no law books are kept at the Court, and it would -be well, therefore, if Your Honours applied to His Excellency the -Governor and the Council to provide you with such books as they deem -most useful, because only a minority of the members possess these -books privately, and, as a rule, the Company's servants are poor -lawyers. Justice may therefore be either too severely or too leniently -administered. There are also many native customs according to which -civil matters have to be settled, as the inhabitants would consider -themselves wronged if the European laws be applied to them, and it -would be the cause of disturbances in the country. As, however, a -knowledge of these matters cannot be obtained without careful study and -experience, which not every one will take the trouble to acquire, it -would be well if a concise digest be compiled according to information -supplied by the chiefs and most impartial natives. No one could have a -better opportunity to do this than the Dessave, and such a work might -serve for the instruction of the members of the Court of Justice as -well as for new rulers arriving here, for no one is born with this -knowledge. I am surprised that no one has as yet undertaken this work. - -The advice of Mr. Laurens Pyl in his Memoir of November 7, 1679, -with regard to the Court of Justice, namely, that the greatest -precautions must be used in dealing with this false, cunning, and -deceitful race, who think little of taking a false oath when they see -any advantage for themselves in doing so, must be followed. This is -perhaps the reason that the Mudaliyars Don Philip Willewaderayen and -Don Anthony Naryna were ordered in a letter from Colombo of March 22, -1696, to take their oath at the request of the said Mudaly Tamby -only in the heathen fashion, although this seemed out of keeping -with the principles of the Christian religion (Salva Reverentio), -as these people are recognized as baptized Christians, and therefore -the taking of this oath is not practised here. The natives are also -known to be very malicious and contentious among themselves, and do -not hesitate to bring false charges against each other, sometimes for -the sole purpose of being able to say that they gained a triumph over -their opponents before the Court of Justice. They are so obstinate -in their pretended rights that they will revive cases which had been -decided during the time of the Portuguese, and insist on these being -dealt with again. I have been informed that some rules have been laid -down with regard to such cases by other Commandeurs some 6, 8, 10, -and 20 years previous, which it would be well to look up with a view -to restrain these people. They also always revive cases decided by -the Commandeurs or Dessaves whenever these are succeeded by others, -and for this reason I never consented to alter any decision by a former -Commandeur, as the party not satisfied can always appeal to the higher -court at Colombo. His Excellency the Governor and the Council desired -very properly in their letter of November 15, 1694, that no processes -decided civilly by a Commandeur as regent should be brought in appeal -before the Court of Justice here, because the same Commandeur acts in -that College as President. Such cases must therefore be referred to -Colombo, which is the proper course. Care must also be taken that all -documents concerning each case are preserved, registered, and submitted -by the Secretary. I say this because I found that this was shamefully -neglected during my residence here in the years 1691 and 1692, when -several cases had been decided and sentences pronounced, of which not -a single document was preserved, still less the notes or copies made. - -Another matter to be observed is that contained in the Resolutions -of the Council of India of June 14, 1694, where the amounts paid to -the soldiers and sailors are ordered not to exceed the balance due -to them above what is paid for them monthly in the Fatherland. I -also noticed that at present 6 Lascoreens and 7 Caffirs are paid -as being employed by the Fiscaal, while formerly during the time -of the late Fiscaal Joan de Ridder, who was of the rank of Koopman, -not more than 5 Lascoreens and 6 Caffirs were ever paid for. I do not -know why the number has been increased, and this greater expense is -imposed upon the Company. No more than the former number are to be -employed in future. This number has sufficed for so many years under -the former Fiscaal, and as the Fiscaal has no authority to arrest any -natives without the knowledge of the Commandeur or the Dessave, it -will still suffice. It was during the time of the late Onderkoopman -Lengele, when the word "independent" carried much weight, that the -staff of native servants was increased, although for the service of -the whole College of the Political Council not more than 4 Lascoreens -are employed, although its duties are far more numerous than those of -the Fiscaal. I consider that the number of native servants should be -limited to that strictly necessary, so that it may not be said that -they are kept for show or for private purposes.[35] - -The Company has endeavoured at great expense, from the time it took -possession of this Island, to introduce the religion of the True -Reformed Christian Church among this perverse nation. For this purpose -there have been maintained during the last 38 years 35 churches and -3 or 4 clergymen, but how far this has been accepted by the people -of Jaffnapatam I will leave for my successors to judge, rather than -express my opinion on the subject here. It is a well-known fact that -in the year 1693 nearly all the churches in this part of the country -were found stocked with heathen books, besides the catechisms and -Christian prayer books. It is remarkable that this should have -occurred after His late Excellency Governor van Mydregt in 1689 -had caused all Roman Catholic churches and secret convents to be -dismantled and abolished, and instead of them founded a Seminary or -Training School for the propagation of the true religion, incurring -great expenses for this purpose. I heard only lately that, while I -was in Colombo and the Dessave in Negapatam, a certain Lascoreen, -with the knowledge of the schoolmasters of the church in Warrany, had -been teaching the children the most wicked fables one could think of, -and that these schoolmasters had been summoned before the Court of -Justice here and caned and the books burnt. But on my return I found -to my surprise that these schoolmasters had not been dismissed, and -that neither at the Political Council nor at the Court of Justice -had any notes been made of this occurrence, and still less a record -made as to how the case had been decided. The masters were therefore -on my orders summoned again before the meeting of the Scholarchen, -by which they were suspended until such time as the Lascoreen should -be arrested. I have not succeeded in laying hands on this Lascoreen, -but Your Honours must make every endeavour, after my departure, to -trace him out; because he may perhaps imagine that the matter has -been forgotten. Such occurrences as these are not new in Warrany; -because the idolatry committed there in 1679 will be known to some -of you. On that occasion the authors were arrested by the Company -through the assistance of the Brahmin Timmersa Nayk, notwithstanding he -himself was a heathen, as may be seen from the public acknowledgment -granted to him by His Excellency Laurens Pyl, November 7, 1679. I -therefore think that the Wannias are at the bottom of all this -idolatry, not only because they have alliances with the Bellales all -over the country, but especially because their adherents are to be -found in Warrany and also in the whole Province of Patchelepalle, -where half the inhabitants are dependent on them. This was seen at -the time the Wannias marched about here in Jaffnapatam in triumph, -and almost posed as rulers here. We may be assured that they are -the greatest devil-worshippers that could be found, for they have -never yet admitted a European into their houses, for fear of their -idolatry being discovered, while for the sake of appearance they -allow themselves to be married and baptized by our ministers. -For instance, it is a well-known fact that Don Philip Nellamapane -applied to His late Excellency van Mydregt that one of his sons might -be admitted into the Seminary, with a view of getting into his good -graces; while no sooner had His Excellency left this than the son -was recalled under some false pretext. In 1696, when this boy was in -Negapatam with the Dessave de Bitter, he was caught making offerings -in the temples, wearing disguise at the time. It could not be expected -that such a boy, of no more than ten or twelve years old, should do -this if he had not been taught or ordered by his parents to do so -or had seen them doing the same, especially as he was being taught -another religion in the Seminary. I could relate many such instances, -but as this is not the place to do so, this may serve as an example -to put you on your guard. It is only known to God, who searches the -hearts and minds of men, what the reason is that our religion is not -more readily accepted by this nation: whether it is because the time -for their conversion has not yet arrived, or whether for any other -reason, I will leave to the Omniscient Lord. You might read what has -been written by His Excellency van Mydregt in his proposal to the -reverend brethren the clergy and the Consistory here on January 11, -1690, with regard to the promotion of religion and the building of -a Seminary. I could refer to many other documents bearing on this -subject, but I will only quote here the lessons contained in the -Instructions of the late Commandeur Paviljoen of December 19, 1665, -where he urges that the reverend brethren the clergy must be upheld and -supported by the Political Council in the performance of their august -duties, and that they must be provided with all necessary comforts; -so that they may not lose their zeal, but may carry out their work -with pleasure and diligence. On the other hand care must be taken -that no infringement of the jurisdiction of the Political Council -takes place, and on this subject it would be well for Your Honours -to read the last letter from Batavia of July 3,1696, with regard to -the words Sjuttan Peria Padrie and other such matters concerning the -Political Council as well as the clergy. (36) - -With regard to the Seminary or training school for native children -founded in the year 1690 by His late Excellency van Mydregt, as another -evidence of the anxiety of the Company to propagate the True and Holy -Gospel among this blind nation for the salvation of their souls, -I will state here chiefly that Your Honours may follow the rules -and regulations compiled by His Excellency, as also those sent to -Jaffnapatam on the 16th of the same month. Twice a year the pupils -must be examined in the presence of the Scholarchen (those of the -Seminary as well as of the other churches) and of the clergy and the -rector. In this college the Commandeur is to act as President, but, as -I am to depart to Mallabaar, this office must be filled by the Dessave, -in compliance with the orders contained in the letters from Colombo -of April 4, 1696. The reports of these examinations must be entered -in the minute book kept by the Scriba, Jan de Crouse. These minutes -must be signed by the President and the other curators, while Your -Honours will be able to give further instructions and directions as -to how they are to be kept. During my absence the examination must be -held in the presence of the Dessave, and the Administrateur Michiels -Biermans and the Thombo-keeper Pieter Bolscho as Scholarchen of the -Seminary, the Lieutenant Claas Isaacsz and the Onderkoopman Joan Roos -as Scholarchen of the native churches, the reverend Adrianus Henricus -de Mey, acting Rector, and three other clergymen. - -It must be remembered, however, that this is only with regard to -examinations and not with regard to the framing of resolutions, which -so far has been left to the two Scholarchen and the President of the -Seminary. These, as special curators and directors, have received -higher authority from His Excellency the Governor and the Council, -with the understanding, however, that they observe the rules given -by His Excellency and the Council both with regard to the rector and -the children, in their letters of April 4 and June 13, 1696, and the -Resolutions framed by the curators of June 27 and October 21, 1695, -which were approved in Colombo. Whereas the school had been so far -maintained out of a fund set apart for this purpose, in compliance -with the orders of His Excellency, special accounts being kept of -the expenditure, it has now pleased the Council of India to decide -by Resolution of October 4, 1694, that only the cost of erection -of this magnificent building, which amounted to Rds. 5,274, should -be paid out of the said fund. This debt having been paid, orders -were received in a letter from Their Excellencies of June 3, 1696, -that the institution is to be maintained out of the Company's funds, -special accounts of the expenditure being kept and sent yearly, both -to the Fatherland and to Batavia. At the closing of the accounts -last August the accounts of the Seminary as well as the amount due -to it were transferred to the Company's accounts. The capital then -was still Rds. 17,141, made up as follows:-- - - - Rds. 10,341 entered at the Chief Counting-house in Colombo. - Rds. 1,200 cash paid by the Treasurer of the Seminary into the - Company's Treasury, December 1, 1696. - Rds. 5,600 on account of church fines. - - -The latter was on December 1, 1690, on the foundation of the Seminary, -granted to that institution, and must now again, as before, be -placed by the Cashier on interest and a special account kept thereof; -because out of this fund the repairs to the churches and schools and -the expenses incurred in the visits of the clergy and the Scholarchen -have to be paid. Other items of revenue which had been appropriated -for the foundation of the Seminary, such as the farming out of -the fishery, &c., must be entered again in the Company's accounts, -as well as the revenue derived from the sale of lands, and that of -the two elephants allowed yearly to the Seminary. The fines levied -occasionally by the Dessave on the natives for offences committed -must be entered in the accounts of the Deaconate or of that of the -church fines, for whichever purpose they are most required. - -The Sicos [43] money must again be expended in the fortifications, -as it used to be done before the building of the Training School. The -income of the Seminary consisted of these six items, besides the -interest paid on the capital. This, I think, is all I need say on -the subject for Your Honours' information. I will only add that I -hope and pray that the Lord may more and more bless this Christian -design and the religious zeal of the Company.(37) - -The Scholarchen Commission is a college of civil and ecclesiastical -officers, which for good reasons was introduced into this part of -the country from the very beginning of our rule. Their meetings are -usually held on the first Tuesday of every month, and at these is -decided what is necessary to be done for the advantage of the church, -such as the discharge and appointment of schoolmasters and merinhos, -[44] &c. It is here also that the periodical visits of the brethren of -the clergy to the different parishes are arranged. The applications of -natives who wish to enter into matrimony are also addressed to this -college. All the decisions are entered monthly in the resolutions, -which are submitted to the Political Council. This is done as I had -an idea that things were not as they ought to be with regard to the -visitation of churches and inspection of schools, and that the rules -made to that effect had come to be disregarded. This was a bad example, -and it may be seen from the Scholarchial Resolution Book of 1695 and -of the beginning of 1696, what difficulty I had in reintroducing these -rules. I succeeded at last so far in this matter that the visits of -the brethren of the clergy were properly divided and the time for them -appointed. This may be seen from the replies of the Political Council -to the Scholarchial Resolutions of January 14 and February 2, 1696. - -On my return from Ceylon I found inserted in the Scholarchial -Resolution Book a petition from two of the clergymen which had been -clandestinely sent to Colombo, in which they did not hesitate to -complain of the orders issued with regard to the visits referred to, -and, although these orders had been approved by His Excellency the -Governor and the Council, as stated above, the request made in this -clandestine petition was granted on March 6, 1696, and the petition -returned to Jaffnapatam with a letter signed on behalf of the Company -on March 14 following. It is true I also found an order from Colombo, -bearing date April 4 following, to the effect that no petitions should -be sent in future except through the Government here, which is in -accordance with the rules observed all over India, but the letter -from Colombo of November 17, received here, and the letter sent from -here to Colombo on December 12, prove that the rule was disregarded -almost as soon as it was made. On this account I could not reply -to the resolutions of the Scholarchen, as the petition, contrary to -those rules, was inserted among them. I think that the respect due -to a ruler in the service of the Company should not be sacrificed to -the private opposition of persons who consider that the orders issued -are to their disadvantage, and who rely on the success of private -petitions sent clandestinely which are publicly granted. In order not -to expose myself to such an indignity for the second time I left the -resolutions unanswered, and it will be necessary for Your Honours to -call a meeting of the Political Council to consider these resolutions, -to prevent the work among the natives being neglected. The College -of the Scholarchen consists at present of the following persons:-- - - -The Dessave de Bitter, President. -The Lieutenant Claas Isaacsz, Scholarch. -The Onderkoopman P. Chr. Bolscho, Scholarch. -The Onderkoopman Joan Roos, Scholarch. -Adrianus Henricus de Mey, Clergyman. -Joannes Roman, Clergyman. -Philippus de Vriest, Clergyman. -Thomas van Symey, Clergyman. -The Assistant Godfried Abraham, Scriba. - - -I am obliged to mention here also for Your Honours' information that I -have noticed that the brethren of the clergy, after having succeeded -by means of their petition to get the visits arranged according to -their wish, usually apply for assistance, such as attendants, coolies, -cayoppen, &c., as soon as the time for their visits arrive, that is to -say, when it is their turn to go to such places as have the reputation -of furnishing good mutton, fowls, butter, &c.; but when they have to -visit the poorer districts, such as Patchelepalle, the boundaries of -the Wanny, Trincomalee, and Batticaloa, they seldom give notice of the -arrival of the time, and some even go to the length of refusing to go -until they are commanded to depart. From this an idea may be formed of -the nature of their love for the work of propagating religion. Some -also take their wives with them on their visits of inspection to -the churches and schools, which is certainly not right as regards -the natives, because they have to bear the expense. With regard to -the regulations concerning the churches and schools, I think these -are so well known to Your Honours that it would be superfluous for -me to quote any documents here. I will therefore only recommend the -strict observation of all these rules, and also of those made by His -Excellency Mr. van Mydregt of November 29, 1690, and those of Mr. Blom -of October 20, with regard to the visits of the clergy to the churches -and the instructions for the Scholarchen in Ceylon generally by His -Excellency the Governor and the Council of December 25, 1663, and -approved by the Council of India with a few alterations in March, 1667. - -The Consistory consists at present of the four ministers mentioned -above, besides:-- - - -Joan Roos, Elder. -Hendrik Warnar, Elder. -Joan Swinas, Deacon. -Jacob Jansz, Deacon. -Domenicus Hartkamp, Deacon. -Jan de Wit, Deacon. - - -To these is added as Commissaris Politicus, the Administrateur Abraham -Michielsz Biermans, in compliance with the orders of December 27, 1643, -issued by His late Excellency the Governor General Antony van Diemen -and the Council of India at Batavia. Further information relating -to the churches may be found in the resolutions of the Political -Council and the College of the Scholarchen of Ceylon from March 13, -1668, to April 3 following. I think that in these documents will be -found all measures calculated to advance the prosperity of the church -in Jaffnapatam, and to these may be added the instructions for the -clergy passed at the meeting of January 11, 1651.(38) - -The churches and the buildings attached to the churches are in many -places greatly decayed. I found to my regret that some churches -look more like stables than buildings where the Word of God is to be -propagated among the Mallabaars. It is evident that for some years -very little has been done in regard to this matter, and as this is a -work particularly within the province of the Dessave, I have no doubt -that he will take the necessary measures to remedy the evil; so that -the natives may not be led to think that even their rulers do not have -much esteem for the True Religion. It would be well for the Dessave -to go on circuit and himself inspect all the churches. Until he can -do so he may be guided by the reports with regard to these buildings -made by Lieutenant Claas Isaacsz on March 19 and April 4, 1696. He -must also be aware that the schoolmasters and merinhos have neglected -the gardens attached to the houses, which contain many fruit trees and -formerly yielded very good fruit, especially grapes, which served for -the refreshment of the clergymen and Scholarchen on their visits.(39) - -The Civil Court or Land Raad has been instituted on account of the -large population, and because of the difficulty of settling their -disagreements, which cannot always be done by the Commandeur or the -Court of Justice, nor by the Dessave, because his jurisdiction is -limited to the amount of 100 Pordaus. [45] The sessions held every -Wednesday must not be omitted again, as happened during my absence -in Colombo on account of the indisposition of the President. This -Court consists at present of the following persons:-- - - -Abraham Michielsz Biermans, Administrateur. President. -Jan Fransz, Vryburger, Vice-President. -Arnoud Mom, Ensign. -Jan Lodewyk Stumphuis, Paymaster. -Lucas de Lange, Vryburger. -Jan de Wit, Bookkeeper. -Louis Verwyk, Vryburger. - -J. L. Stumphuis, mentioned above, Secretary. - - -The native members are Don Louis Poeder and Don Denis Nitsingeraye. - -The instructions issued for the guidance of the Land Raad may be found -with the documents relating to this college of 1661, in which are also -contained the various Ordinances relating to the official Secretaries -in this Commandement, all which must be strictly observed. As there is -no proper place for the assembly of the Land Raad nor for the meeting -of the Scholarchen, and as both have been held so far in the front room -of the house of the Dessave, where there is no privacy for either, -it will be necessary to make proper provision for this. The best -place would be in the town behind the orphanage, where the Company -has a large plot of land and could acquire still more if a certain -foul pool be filled up as ordered by His Excellency van Mydregt. A -building ought to be put up about 80 or 84 feet by 30 feet, with a -gallery in the centre of about 10 or 12 feet, so that two large rooms -could be obtained, one on either side of the gallery, the one for the -assembly of the Land Raad and the other for that of the Scholarchen. It -would be best to have the whole of the ground raised about 5 or 6 -feet to keep it as dry as possible during the rainy season, while -at the entrance, in front of the gallery, a flight of stone steps -would be required. In order, however, that it may not seem as if I am -unaware of the order contained in the letter from Their Excellencies -of November 23, 1695, where the erection of no public building is -permitted without authority from Batavia, except at the private cost -of the builder, I wish to state here particularly that I have merely -stated the above by way of advice, and that Your Honours must wait for -orders from Batavia for the erection of such a building. I imagine -that Their Excellencies will give their consent when they consider -that masonry work costs the Company but very little in Jaffnapatam, -as may be seen in the expenditure on the fortifications, which was -met entirely by the chicos or fines, imposed on those who failed to -attend for the Oely service. Lime, stone, cooly labour, and timber -are obtained free, except palmyra rafters, which, however, are not -expensive. The chief cost consists in the wages for masonry work and -the iron, so that in respect of building Jaffnapatam has an advantage -over other places. Further instructions must however be awaited, as -none of the Company's servants is authorized to dispense with them.(40) - -The Weesmeesteren (guardians of the orphans) will find the regulations -for their guidance in the Statutes of Batavia, which were published -on July 1, 1642, [46] by His Excellency the Governor-General Antonis -van Diemen and the Council of India by public placaat. This college -consists at present of the following persons:-- - - -Pieter Chr. Bolscho, President. -Lucas Langer, Vice-President. -Joan Roos, Onderkoopman. -Gerrit van Hovingen, Lieutenant. -Johannes Huysman, Boekhouder. -Jan Baptist Verdonk, Vryburger. -Jan de Wit, Secretary. - - -As the Hon. the Government of India has been pleased to send -to Ceylon by letter of May 3, 1695, a special Ordinance for the -Orphan Chamber and its officials with regard to their salaries, -I consider it necessary to remind you of it here and to recommend -its strict observance, as well also of the resolution of March 20, -1696, whereby the Orphan Chamber is instructed that all such money -as is placed under their administration which is derived from the -estates of deceased persons who had invested money on interest with -the Company, and whose heirs were not living in the same place, must -be remitted to the Orphan Chamber at Batavia with the interest due -within a month or six weeks.(41) - -The Commissioners of Marriage Causes will also find their instructions -in the Statutes of Batavia, mentioned above, which must be carefully -observed. Nothing need be said with regard to this College, but that -it consists of the following persons:-- - - -Claas Isaacsz, Lieutenant, President. -Lucas Langer, Vryburger, Vice-President. -Joan Roos, Onderkoopman. -Jan van Bruggen, Secretary.[42] - - -The officers of the Burgery, [47] the Pennisten, [48] and the -Ambachtsgezellen [49] will likewise find their instructions and -regulations in the Statutes of Batavia, and apply them as far as -applicable.[43] - -The Superintendent of the Fire Brigade and the Wardens of the Town -(Brand and Wyk Meesteren) have their orders and distribution of work -publicly assigned to them by the Regulation of November 8, 1691, -upon which I need not remark anything, except that the following -persons are the present members of this body:-- - - -Jan van Croenevelt, Fiscaal, President. -Jan Baptist Verdonk, Vryburger, Vice-President. -Jan van der Bruggen, Assistant. -Lucas de Langer, Vryburger. -Jacobus Aubert, Schoolmaster. -Jan de Wit, Secretary. [44] - - -The deacons, as caretakers of the poor, have been mentioned already -under the heading of the Consistory. During the last five and half -years they have spent Rds. 1,145.3.7 more than they received. As I -apprehended this would cause inconvenience, I proposed in my letter -of December 1, 1696, to Colombo that the Poor House should be endowed -with the Sicos money for the year 1695, which otherwise would have -been granted to the Seminary, which did not need it then, as it had -received more than it required. Meantime orders were received from -Batavia that the funds of the said Seminary should be transferred -to the Company, so that the Sicos money could not be disposed of in -that way. As the deficit is chiefly due to the purchase, alteration, -and repairing of an orphanage and the maintenance of the children, -as may be seen from the letters to Colombo of December 12 and 17, -1696, to which expenditure the Deaconate had not been subject before -the year 1690, other means will have to be considered to increase -its funds in order to prevent the Deaconate from getting into further -arrears. It would be well therefore if Your Honours would carefully -read the Instructions of His late Excellency van Mydregt of November -29, 1690, and ascertain whether alimentation given to the poor by -the Deaconate has been well distributed and whether it really was of -the nature of alms and alimentation as it should be. A report of the -result of your inquiry should be sent to His Excellency the Governor -and the Council of Colombo. You might also state therein whether the -orphanage has not been sufficiently enlarged yet, for it seems to me -that the expenditure is too great for only 14 children, as there are -at present. It might also be considered whether the Company could not -find some source of income for the Deaconate in case this orphanage -is not quite completed without further expenditure, and care must be -taken that the deacons strictly observe the rules laid down for them -in the Regulation of His Excellency the Governor and the Council of -Ceylon of January 2, 1666. The present matron, Catharina Cornelisz, -widow of the late Krankbezoeker Dupree, must be directed to follow -the rules laid down for her by the Governor here on November 4, 1694, -and approved in Colombo. That all the inferior colleges mentioned -here successively have to be renewed yearly by the Political Council -is such a well-known matter that I do not think it would escape -your attention; but, as approbation from Colombo has to be obtained -for the changes made they have to be considered early, so that the -approbation may be received here in time. The usual date is June 23, -the day of the conquest of this territory, but this date has been -altered again to June 13, 1696, by His Excellency the Governor and -the Council of Colombo.[45] - -The assessment of all measures and weights must likewise be renewed -every year, in the presence of the Fiscaal and Commissioners; -because the deceitful nature of these inhabitants is so great that -they seem not to be able to help cheating each other. The proceeds -of this marking, which usually amounts to Rds. 70 or 80, are for the -largest part given to some deserving person as a subsistence. On my -arrival here I found that it had been granted to the Vryburger Jurrian -Verwyk, who is an old man and almost unable to serve as an assayer. The -post has, however, been left to him, and his son-in-law Jan Fransz, -also a Vryburger, has been appointed his assistant. The last time -the proceeds amounted to 80 rds. 3 fannums, 8 tammekassen and 2 1/2 -duyten, as may be seen from the report of the Commissioners bearing -date December 13, 1696. This amount has been disposed of as follows:-- - - - For the Assizer Rds. 60.0.0.0 - For the assistant to the Assizer " 6.0.0.0 - Balance to the Company's account " 14.3.8.2 1/2 - ============ - Total Rds. 80.3.8.2 1/2 - - -It must be seen to that the Assizer, having been sworn, observes -his instructions as extracted from the Statutes of Batavia, as made -applicable to the customs of this country by the Government here on -March 3, 1666. - -In compliance with orders from Batavia contained in the letter of June -24, 1696, sums on interest may not be deposited with the Company here, -as may be seen also from a letter sent from here to Batavia on August -18 following, where it is stated that all money deposited thus must -be refunded. This order has been carried out, and the only deposits -retained are those of the Orphan Chamber, the Deaconate, the Seminary, -and the Widows' fund, for which permission had been obtained by letter -of December 15 of the same year. As the Seminary no longer possesses -any fund of its own, no deposit on that account is now left with -the Company. Your Honours must see that no other sums on interest -are accepted in deposit, as this Commandement has more money than -is necessary for its expenditure and even to assist other stations, -such as Trincomalee, &c., for which yearly Rds. 16,000 to 18,000 -are required, and this notwithstanding that Coromandel receives the -proceeds from the sale of elephants here, while we receive only the -money drafts.[46] - -No money drafts are to be passed here on behalf of private persons, -whether Company's servants or otherwise, in any of the outstations, -but in case any person wishes to remit money to Batavia, this may be -done only after permission and consent obtained from His Excellency -the Governor at Colombo. When this is obtained, the draft is prepared -at Colombo and only signed here by the Treasurer on receipt of the -amount. This is specially mentioned here in order that Your Honours may -also remember in such cases the Instructions sent by the Honourable the -Government of India in the letters of May 3, 1695, and June 3, 1696, -in the former of which it is stated that no copper coin, and in the -latter that Pagodas are to be received here on behalf of the Company -for such drafts, each Pagoda being counted at Rds. 2 in Batavia.[47] - -The golden Pagoda is a coin which was never or seldom known to be -forged, at least so long as the King of Golconda or the King of the -Carnatic was sovereign in Coromandel. But the present war, which has -raged for the last ten years in that country, seems to have taken away -to some extent the fear of evil and the disgrace which follows it, -and to have given opportunity to some to employ cunning in the pursuit -of gain. It has thus happened that on the coast beyond Porto Novo, -in the domain of these lords of the woods (Boschheeren) or Paligares, -Pagodas have been made which, although not forged, are yet inferior -in quality; while the King of Sinsi Rama Ragie is so much occupied -with the present war against the Mogul, that he has no time to pay -attention to the doings of these Paligares. According to a statement -made by His Excellency the Governor Laurens Pyl and the Council of -Negapatam in their letter of November 4, 1695, five different kinds -of such inferior Pagodas have been received, valued at 7 3/8, 7 1/8, -7 5/8, 7 7/8, and 8 3/4 of unwrought gold. A notice was published -therefore on November 18, following, to warn the people against the -acceptance of such Pagodas, and prohibiting their introduction into -this country. When the Company's Treasury was verified by a Committee, -1,042 of these Pagodas were found. Intimation was sent to Colombo on -December 31, 1695. The Treasurer informed me when I was in Colombo -that he had sent them to Trincomalee, and as no complaints have been -received, it seems that the Sinhalese in that quarter did not know -how to distinguish them from the current Pagodas. As I heard that -the inferior Pagodas had been already introduced here, while it was -impossible to get rid of them, as many of the people of Jaffnapatam -and the merchants made a profit on them by obtaining them at a lower -rate in Coromandel and passing them here to ignorant people at the -full value, a banker from Negapatam able to distinguish the good from -the inferior coins has been asked to test all Pagodas, so that the -Company may not suffer a loss. But in spite of this I receive daily -complaints from Company's servants, including soldiers and sailors, -that they always have to suffer loss on the Pagodas received from -the Company in payment of their wages, when they present them at the -bazaar; while the chetties and bankers will never give them 24 fanums -for a Pagoda. This matter looks very suspicious, and may have an evil -influence on the Company's servants, because it is possible that the -chetties have agreed among themselves never to pay the full value -for Pagodas, whether they are good or bad. It is also possible that -the Company's cashier or banker is in collusion with the chetties, -or perhaps there is some reason for this which I am not able to -make out. However this may be, Your Honours must try to obtain as -much information as possible on this subject and report on it to -His Excellency the Governor and the Council of Colombo. All inferior -Pagodas found in the Company's Treasury will have to be made good by -the cashier at Coromandel, as it was his business to see that none -were accepted. With a view to prevent discontent among the Company's -servants the tax collectors must be made to pay only in copper and -silver coin for the poll tax and land rent, and out of this the -soldiers, sailors, and the lower grades of officials must be paid, -as I had already arranged before I left. I think that they can easily -do this, as they have to collect the amount in small instalments from -all classes of persons. The poor people do not pay in Pagodas, and the -collectors might make a profit by changing the small coin for Pagodas, -and this order will be a safeguard against loss both to the Company -and its servants. It would be well if Your Honours could find a means -of preventing the Pagodas being introduced and to discard those that -are in circulation already, which I have so far not been able to -do. Perhaps on some occasion you might find a suitable means.[48] - -The demands received here from out-stations in this Commandement must -be met as far as possible, because it is a rule with the Company that -one district must accommodate another, which, I suppose, will be -the practice everywhere. Since His Excellency the Governor and the -Council of Colombo have authorized Your Honours in their letter of -June 13,1696, to draw directly from Coromandel the goods required from -those places for the use of this Commandement, Your Honours must avail -yourselves of this kind permission, which is in agreement with the -intention of the late Commissioner van Mydregt, who did not wish that -the order should pass through various hands. Care must be taken to send -the orders in due time, so that the supplies may not run out of stock -when required for the garrisons. The articles ordered from Jaffnapatam -for Manaar must be sent only in instalments, and no articles must be -sent but those that are really required, as instructed; because it -has occurred more than once that goods were ordered which remained -in the warehouses, because they could not be sold, and which, when -going bad, had to be returned here and sold by public auction, to -the prejudice of the Company. To give an idea of the small sale in -Manaar, I will just state here that last year various provisions and -other articles from the Company's warehouses were sent to the amount -of Fl. 1,261.16.6--cost price--which were sold there at Fl. 2,037, -so that only a profit of Fl. 775.3.10 was made, which did not include -any merchandise, but only articles for consumption and use.[49] - -The Company's chaloups [50] and other vessels kept here for the -service of the Company are the following:-- - - - The chaloup "Kennemerland." - Do. "'t Wapen van Friesland." - Do. "Jaffnapatam." - The small chaloup "Manaar." - Do. "Hammenhiel." - Do. "Het Vissertje." - The ponton "De Hoop." - Do. "De Last Drager." - Do. "De Os." - - -Further, 14 tonys [51] and manschouwers, [52] viz.:-- - - - 4 tonys for service in the Fort. - 1 tony in Isle de Vacoa. - 1 do. in the islands "De Twee Gebroeders." - 1 do. at Point Pedro. - 1 do. at Kayts for the Waterfort. - - -Three manschouwers for the three largest chaloups, one manschouwer for -the ponton "De Hoop," one manschouwer for the ferry at Colombogamme, -one manschouwer for the ferry between the island Leiden and the fort -Kayts or Hammenhiel. - -The chaloups "Kennemerland" and "Friesland" are used mostly for the -passage between Coromandel and Jaffnapatam, and to and fro between -Jaffnapatam and Manaar, because they sink too deep to pass the river -of Manaar to be used on the west coast of Ceylon between Colombo and -Manaar. They are therefore employed during the northern monsoon to -fetch from Manaar such articles as have been brought there from Colombo -for this Commandement, and also to transport such things as are to -be sent from here to Colombo and Manaar, &c. They also serve during -the southern monsoon to bring here from Negapatam nely, cotton goods, -coast iron, &c., and they take back palmyra wood, laths, jagerbollen, -[53] coral stone, also palmyra wood for Trincomalee, and corsingos, -oil, cayro, [54] &c. The sloop "Jaffnapatam" has been built more -for convenience, and conveys usually important advices and money, as -also the Company's servants. As this vessel can be made to navigate -the Manaar river, it is also used as a cruiser at the pearl banks, -during the pearl fishery. It is employed between Colombo, Manaar, -Jaffnapatam, Negapatam, and Trincomalee, wherever required. The small -sloops "Manaar" and "De Visser," which are so small that they might -sooner be called boats than sloops, are on account of their small -size usually employed between Manaar and Jaffnapatam, and also for -inland navigation between the Passes and Kayts for the transport of -soldiers, money, dye-roots from The Islands, timber from the borders -of the Wanni, horses from The Islands; while they are also useful -for the conveyance of urgent advices and may be used also during the -pearl fishery. The sloop "Hammenhiel," being still smaller than the -two former, is only used for convenience of the garrison at Kayts, -the fort being surrounded by water. This and a tony are used to -bring the people across, and also to fetch drinking water and fuel -from the "Barren Island." The three pontons are very useful here, -as they have daily to bring fuel and lime for this Castle, and they -are also used for the unloading of the sloops at Kayts, where they -bring charcoal and caddegans, [55] and fetch lunt from the Passes, -and palmyra wood from the inner harbours for this place as well -as for Manaar and Colombo. They also bring coral stone from Kayts, -and have to transport the nely and other provisions to the redoubts -on the borders of the Wanni, so that they need never be unemployed -if there is only a sufficient number of carreas or fishermen for the -crew. At present there are 72 carreas who have to perform oely service -on board of these vessels or on the four tonies mentioned above. (50) - -In order that these vessels may be preserved for many years, it -is necessary that they be keelhauled at least twice a year, and -rubbed with lime and margosa oil to prevent worms from attacking -them, which may be easily done by taking them all in turn. It must -also be remembered to apply to His Excellency the Governor and the -Council for a sufficient quantity of pitch, tar, sail cloth, paint, -and linseed oil, because I have no doubt that it will be an advantage -to the Company if the said vessels are kept constantly in repair. As -stated under the heading of the felling of timber, no suitable wood -is found in the Wanni for the parts of the vessels that remain under -water, and therefore no less than 150 or 200 kiate or angely boards of -2 1/2, 2, and 1 1/2 inches thickness are required yearly here for this -purpose. His Excellency the Governor and the Council of Colombo have -promised to send this yearly, in answer to the request from Jaffnapatam -of February 17, 1692, and since this timber has to be obtained from -Mallabaar I will see whether I cannot send it directly by a private -vessel in case it cannot be obtained from Colombo. Application must be -made for Dutch sailors from Colombo to man the said sloops, which are -at present partly manned by natives for want of Europeans. According to -the latest regulation, 95 sailors are allowed for this Commandement, -while at present we have not even half that number, as only 46 are -employed, which causes much inconvenience in the service. - -The fortifications of the Castle have now for a few years been -complete, except the moat, which is being dug and has advanced to the -peculiar stratum of rocks which is found only in this country. All -matters relating to this subject are to be found in the Compendiums -for 1693, 1694, and 1695. Supposing that the moat could be dug to the -proper depth without danger to the fort, it could not be done in less -than a few years, and it cannot very well be accomplished with the -services of the ordinary oeliaars, so that other means will have to be -considered. If, on the other hand, the moat cannot be deepened without -danger to the foundations of the fort, as stated in the Compendium -for 1694, it is apparent that the project ought to be abandoned. In -that case the fort must be secured in some other way. The most natural -means which suggests itself is to raise the wall on all sides except -on the river side by 6 or 8 feet, but this is not quite possible, -because the foundation under the curtains of the fortification, the -faces of the bastion, and the flanks have been built too narrow, -so that only a parapet of about 11 feet is left, which is already -too small, while if the parapet were extended inward there would not -be sufficient space for the canons and the military. The best plan -would therefore be to cut away the hills that are found between the -Castle and the town. The earth might be thrown into the tank found -eastward of the Castle, while part of it might be utilized to fill -up another tank in the town behind the orphanage. This was the plan -of His Excellency van Mydregt, although it was never put down in -writing. Meantime care must be taken that the slaves and other native -servants of persons residing in the Castle do not through laziness -throw the dirt which they are supposed to carry away from the fort on -the opposite bank of the moat, and thus raise a space which the Company -would much rather lower, and gradually and imperceptibly prepare a -suitable place for the battery of an enemy. I have had notices put -up against this practice, under date July 18, 1695, and these must be -maintained and the offenders prosecuted. Considering the situation of -the Castle and the present appearance of the moat, I think that the -latter is already sufficiently deep if always four or five feet water -be kept in it. In order to do this two banks would have to be built, -as the moat has communication in two places with the river, while the -river also touches the fort at two points. This being done I think -the moat could be kept full of water by two or three water mills -driven by wind and pumps, especially during the south-west monsoon -or the dry season, when an attack would be most likely to occur, -and there is always plenty of wind to keep these mills going both -by night and day. A sluice would be required in the middle of these -banks so that the water may be let out whenever it became offensive -by the river running dry, to be filled again when the water rose. It -would have to be first ascertained whether the banks could really -be built in such a way that they would entirely stop the water in -the moat, because they would have to be built on one side against -the foundations of the fort, which I have been told consist of large -irregular rocks. An experiment could be made with a small mill of the -kind used in Holland in the ditches along bleaching fields. They are -quite inexpensive and easily erected and not difficult to repair, -as they turn on a dovetail. The late Commandeur Anthony Paviljoen -also appears to have thought of this plan even before this Castle was -built, when the Portuguese fort was occupied by the Company, as may -be seen from his instructions of December 19, 1665. [56] This would, -in my opinion, be the course to follow during the south-west monsoon, -while during the north-east monsoon there is usually so much rain that -neither the salt river nor the water mills would be required, while -moreover during that time there is little danger of an attack. These -three plans being adopted, the banks of the moat could be protected by -a wall of coral stone to prevent the earth being washed away by the -water, as the present rocky bed of the moat is sufficiently strong -to serve as a foundation for it. The moat has already been dug to -its proper breadth, which is 10 roods. - -In my opinion there are two other defects in this Castle: the one -is as regards the embrazures, the other is in the new horse stable -and carpenters' yard, which are on the south side just outside the -opposite bank of the moat. I think these ought to be altered, for -the reasons stated in our letter to Colombo of November 30, 1695. I -was however opposed by the Constable-Major Toorse in his letter of -December 16 next, and his proposal was approved in Batavia by letter -of July 3 following. This work will therefore have to remain as it is, -although it appears that we did not explain ourselves sufficiently; -because Their Excellencies seem to think that this yard and stable -were within the knowledge of His Excellency van Mydregt. It is true -that the plan for them was submitted to His Excellency, as may be seen -from the point submitted by the late Mr. Blom on February 17, 1692, -and April 29, 1691, but no answer was ever received with regard to -this matter, on account of the death of His Excellency van Mydregt, -[57] and I have an idea that they were not at all according to his -wish. However, the yard and stable will have to remain, and with -regard to the embrazures the directions of the Constable-Major must -be followed. - -If it be recommended that the deepening of the moat is possible -without danger to the fort, and if the plan of the water mills and -banks be not approved, so that a dry moat would have to suffice, -I think the outer wall might be completed and the ground between -the rocks be sown with a certain kind of thorn called in Mallabaar -Oldeaalwelam and in Dutch Hane sporen (cock spurs), on account of -their resemblance to such spurs in shape and stiffness. This would -form a covering of natural caltrops, because these thorns are so sharp -that they will penetrate even the soles of shoes, which, besides, -all soldiers in this country do not wear. Another advantage in these -thorns is that they do not easily take fire and do not grow higher -than 2 or 2 1/2 feet above the ground, while the plants grow in quite -a tangled mass. I thought it might be of some use to mention this here. - -The present bridge of the fort is built of palmyra wood, as I found -on my arrival from Batavia; but as the stone pillars have already -been erected for the construction of a drawbridge, this work must be -completed as soon as the timber that I ordered from the Wanni for this -purpose arrives. In the carpenters' yard some timber will be found that -was prepared three years ago for the frame of this drawbridge, which, -perhaps, could yet be utilized if it has been well preserved. This -work will have to be hurried on, for the present bridge is dangerous -for anything heavy to pass over it, such as elephants, &c. It will -also be much better to have a drawbridge for the fortification. The -bridge must be built as broad as the space between the pillars and -the opposite catches will permit, and it must have a strong wooden -railing on either side, which may be preserved for many years by -the application of pitch and tar, while iron is soon wasted in this -country unless one always has a large quantity of paint and linseed -oil. Yet, an iron railing is more ornamental, so I leave this matter -to Your Honours.[51] - -The fortress Hammenhiel is in good condition, but the sand bank -upon which it is built has been undermined by the last storm in the -beginning of December during the north-east monsoon. The damage must -be remedied with stones. In this fortress a reservoir paved with -Dutch bricks has been built to collect and preserve the rain water, -but it has been built so high that it reaches above the parapets -and may thus be easily ruined by an enemy, as I have pointed out in -my letter to Colombo of September 8, 1694. As this is a new work it -will have to remain as present, until such time as alterations can -be made. The ramparts of this fortress, which are hollow, have been -roofed with beams, over which a floor of stone and chunam has been -laid, with a view to the space below being utilized for the storing -of provisions and ammunition. This is a mistake, as the beams are -liable to decay and the floor has to support the weight of the canon, -so that there would be danger in turning the guns round for fear of -the floor breaking down. So far back as the time of Commandeur Blom -a beginning was made to replace this roof by an entire stone vault, -which is an important work. The gate of the fortress, which is still -covered with beams, must also be vaulted.[52] - -Ponneryn and the passes Pyl, Elephant, and Buschutter only -require a stone water tank, but they must not be as high as that of -Hammenhiel. Dutch bricks were applied for from Jaffnapatam on February -17, 1692, and His Excellency the Governor and the Council of Colombo -promised to send them here as soon as they should arrive from the -Fatherland, so that Your Honours must wait for these. Ponneryn is -not so much in want of a reservoir, as it has a well with fairly good -drink water.[53] - -The work that demands the chief attention in Manaar is the deepening -of the moat, as the fortifications, dwelling houses, and stores are -completed. But since this work has to be chiefly carried out by the -Company's slaves, it will take some time to complete it. There are -also several elevations near the fort which will have to be reduced, -so that they may not at any time become a source of danger. During -my circuit on two or three occasions the Opperhoofd and the Council -at Manaar applied for lime to be sent from here, as no more coral -stone for the burning of lime was to be found there. This takes -away the Company's sloops from their usual employment, and the -officials have been informed that they must get the lime made -from the pearl shells which are found in abundance in the bay of -Condaatje as remains of the fishery. It makes very good lime, and -the forests in the neighbourhood provide the fuel, and the lime can -then be brought to Manaar in pontons and tonys. Information on this -subject may be found in the correspondence between this station and -Jaffnapatam. Care must be taken that the lime of the pearl shells -is used for nothing but the little work that has yet to be done in -the fort, such as the pavements for the canons and the floors of the -galleries in the dwelling houses. The Opperhoofd and other officers -who up to now have been living outside the fort must now move into -it, as there are many reasons why it is undesirable that they should -reside outside--a practice, besides, which is against the Company's -rules with regard to military stations in India. (54) - -Provisions and ammunition of war are matters of foremost consideration -if we desire to have our minds at ease with regard to these stations, -for the one is necessary for the maintenance of the garrison and the -officials, while the other is the instrument of defence. These two -things ought at all times to be well provided. His late Excellency -van Mydregt for this reason very wisely ordered that every station -should be stocked with provisions for two years, as may be seen in -the letter sent from Negapatam bearing date March 17, 1688. This is -with regard to the Castle, but as regards the outstations it will be -sufficient if they are provided with rice for six or eight months. On -account of the great expense the Castle has not of late been provided -for two years, but this will soon be changed now that the passage to -Trincomalee and Batticaloa has been opened, even if the scarcity in -Coromandel should continue, or if the Theuver should still persist in -his prohibition of the importation of nely from Tondy. I have heard, -however, that this veto has been withdrawn, and that vessels with this -grain will soon arrive here. If this rumour be true and if a good -deal of rice is sent here from Cotjaar, Tammelegan, and Batticaloa, -a large quantity of it might be purchased on behalf of the Company -with authority of His Excellency the Governor and the Council of -Colombo, which might be obtained by means of our sloops. Perhaps -also the people of Jaffnapatam who come here with their grain may be -prevailed upon to deliver it to the Company at 50 per cent. or so -less, as may be agreed upon. This they owe to their lawful lords, -since the Company has to spend so much in governing and protecting -them. Sanction to this measure was granted by His Excellency van -Mydregt in his letter from Negapatam to Jaffnapatam of June 12, 1688, -which may be looked up. If a calculation be made of the quantity of -provisions required for two years, I think it would be found that it -is no less than 300 lasts of rice a year. This includes provisions -for the garrison and those who would have to come into the fort in -case of a siege, so that 600 lasts would be required for two years, -a last being equal to 3,000 lb. or 75 Ceylon parras, thus in all -45,000 parras. At the rate of one parra per month for each person, -1,875 people could be maintained for two years with this store of -rice. This would be about the number of people the Company would -have to provide for in case of necessity, considering that there are -according to the latest regulations 600 Company's servants, while -there are according to the latest enumeration 1,212 women, children, -and slaves in the town, making a total of 1,812 persons who have to be -fed; so that the above calculation is fairly correct. Sometimes also -Manaar will have to be provided, because Mantotte does not yield a -sufficient quantity of nely to supply that fort for two years. This -must also be included in the calculation, and if Your Honours are -well provided in this manner you will be in a position to assist some -of the married soldiers, the orphanage, and the poor house with rice -from the Company's stores in times of scarcity, and will be able to -prevent the sale in rice being monopolized again. It was the intention -of His Excellency van Mydregt that at such times the Company's stores -should be opened and the rice sold below the bazaar price. Care must -be taken that this favour is not abused, because it has happened -that some of the Company's servants sent natives on their behalf, -who then sold the rice in small quantities at the market price. This -was mentioned in our letter to Colombo of October 1 and December 12, -1695. The Company can hardly have too much rice in store, for it can -always be disposed of with profit when necessary, and therefore I think -600 lasts need not be the limit, so long as there is a sufficient -number of vessels available to bring it. But as rice alone will not -suffice, other things, such as salt, pepper, bacon, meat, &c., must -also be considered. Salt may be obtained in sufficient quantities -in this Commandement, but pepper has to be obtained from Colombo, -and therefore this spice must never be sold or issued from the store -houses until the new supply arrives, keeping always 3,000 or 4,000 -lb. in store. Bacon and meat also have to be obtained from Colombo, -and His Excellency the Governor and the Council of Colombo were kind -enough to send us on my verbal request ten kegs of each from Galle -last August by the ship "Nederland." But I find that it has become -stale already, and it must be changed for new as soon as possible, -with authority of His Excellency and the Council, in order that it may -not go further bad. In compliance with the orders of His Excellency -van Mydregt in his letter of November 23, 1687, the old meat and -bacon must be returned to Colombo, and a new supply sent here every -three or four years, the stale meat being supplied in Colombo to -some of the Company's vessels. But considering that His Excellency -the Governor and the Council of Colombo are not always in a position -to supply Jaffnapatam with a sufficient quantity of meat and bacon, -as there are so many other stations in Ceylon to be provided for, -it would be well to keep in mind the advice of the late Mr. Paviljoen -that in emergencies 1,000 or 1,200 cattle could be captured and kept -within the fort, where they could be made to graze on the large plain, -while as much straw from the nely would have to be collected as could -be got together to feed these animals as long as possible. This -small loss the inhabitants would have to bear, as the Company has to -protect them and their lands, and if we are victorious a recompense -could be made afterwards. I would also advise that as much carrawaat -[58] as could be found in the quarters of the Carreas, Palwelys, -[59] and other fishermen should be brought into the fort; because -this dried fish makes a very good and durable provision, except -for the smell. The provision of arrack must also not be forgotten, -because used moderately this drink does as much good to our people as -it does harm when taken in large quantities. As I have heard so many -complaints about the arrack here, as well as in Trincomalee, at the -pearl fishery, at Coromandel, &c., it is apparent that the Company is -not properly served in this respect. On this account also some arrack -was returned from Negapatam and the Bay of Condaatje. Henceforth -no arrack must be accepted which has not been tested by experts, -neither for storing in the warehouses nor for sending to the different -stations, because at present I cannot say whether it is adulterated by -the people who deliver it to the Company or by those who receive it -in the stores, or even by those who transport it in the sloops. With -regard to the munitions of war, I think nothing need be stated here, -but that there is a sufficient stock of it, because by the last stock -taking on August 31, 1696, it appears that there is a sufficient -store of canons, gun-carriages, gunpowder, round and long grenades, -instruments for storming, filled fire bombs, caseshot-bags, martavandes -for the keeping of gunpowder, and everything that pertains to the -artillery. The Arsenal is likewise sufficiently provided with guns, -muskets, bullets, native side muskets, &c. I would only recommend that -Your Honours would continue to have ramrods made for all the musket -barrels which are still lying there, suitable timber for which may be -found in the Wanni. It is from there also that the boards are obtained -for gun-carriages. And as I found that some had not been completed, -I think this work ought to be continued, so that they may be ready -when wanted. No doubt His Excellency the Governor and the Council of -Colombo will be willing to send a sufficient quantity of pitch and -tar for the preservation both of the sloops and the gun-carriages, -which otherwise will soon decay during the heavy rains which we have -here in India. Although the Arsenal is at present well provided with -guns and muskets, it is possible that half of them may be found unfit -for use. I have therefore given orders to examine them all carefully, -so that those that are unfit may be sent to Colombo and from there to -the Fatherland, and new ones returned. Water and fuel are also two of -the most important things to think of for the defence of a fortress, -and I had therefore a large room built behind the smith's shop where -fuel could be stored away. This room must be stocked and closed, and -no fuel issued from it to any one. Those who receive firewood from -the Company may be supplied from that which is daily brought from the -forest. With regard to the water which is found within this Castle, -it is drinkable in cases of emergency, especially in some of the -wells found there.[55] - -The military and garrison would be sufficiently strong if the full -number of Europeans allowed for this Commandement by the latest -Batavian regulation of December 29, 1692, could be obtained, which -could not be considered too strong for a Commandement numbering -608 men in all, including those for commercial, civil, judicial, -ecclesiastical, naval, and military services. At present we have only -the following number of persons in the Company's service, who have -to be classified, as they are of different colour and descent, viz.:-- - - - Europeans. Mestises. Toepasses. Total. - In the Castle 287 56 7 350 - In Manaar 52 2 9 63 - In Hammenhiel 21 4 1 26 - In Ponneryn 1 1 21 23 - In the redoubts the - "Pyl," "Beschutter," - and "Elephant" 11 3 45 59 - For various services, - also in the Island, - for surveying, wood - felling, &c. 13 10 2 25 - === === === === - Total 385 76 85 546 - - -In the number of Europeans is included, as stated above, all manner -of Company's servants employed in the Trade, Church, Navigation, -Military Duties, &c., all of which together number 385 men. The 76 -mestises and the 85 toepasses will therefore have to be retained until -this Commandement can have its full number of Europeans, and it would -be well if Your Honours would continue to engage a few more toepasses -when they offer themselves, because the Passes are hardly sufficiently -guarded; about which matter communication has been made in our letter -to Colombo of March 5, 1695. Your Honours must also keep in mind the -recommendation of His Excellency van Mydregt in his letter of March -27, 1688, wherein he suggests that a close watch should be kept on -the Wannias, as they are not to be trusted in a case of treason on -the part of the Sinhalese; and on this account the advanced guards -must be always well provided with ammunition and provisions, while -discipline and drill must be well attended to, so that as far as lies -in our power we may be prepared for emergencies. - -I have been rather prolix in treating of the fortifications and all -that pertains thereto, not so much because I am ignorant of the fact -that the Company's power in India depends more on her naval force -than on her fortresses, but because I consider that since the latter -are in our possession it is our duty to preserve them, as otherwise -the large amount expended on them at the beginning of the Government -in Ceylon would have been spent in vain.[56] - -The public works are carried out here without expenditure to the -Company by the Oeliaars, because, as stated before, no cooly wages -are paid here, payment being made only to the native artisans, such -as smiths, carpenters, and masons. The number of men employed is -daily entered in a book by one of the Pennisten of the Comptoirs, -which he has to hand over in the evening to the person whose turn -it will be the next day to do this work. Care must be taken that -these assistants personally see and count the men, and the payments -must be made according to their list and not according to those of -the Dutch foremen or the native Cannecappuls. This is in compliance -with the orders from Batavia. The foremen of the carpenters' yard, -the smiths' shop, the gunpowder mill, and the masonry works must -also every evening, at sunset, bring in their reports with regard to -the progress of the work. This is to be done by the sergeant Hendrik -Rademaker, who, for some years, has been acting as overseer of the -Oeliaars. The Oeliaars are changed on Mondays and Thursdays, each -of them working only for three days at a time, which suffices for -three months, as they owe twelve days of service in the year. Those -who have performed their labour receive an ola from the Cannecappul, -which is called a Sito, and is marked with a steel stamp thus: I-VOC, -which serves them as a receipt. The names of those who fail to appear -are written down by the Cannecappul and by the Majoraal, and they -have to pay a fine which is called sicos. [60] The stamp is in the -custody of the Chief, who also arranges and divides the work among -the Oeliaars. He must see that the sergeant does not allow any of -the coolies to depart before the three days have expired, and making -a profit for himself and causing loss to the Company. Care must also -be taken that no more than 18 persons are employed as Pandarepulles -or native cooly drivers, who are each in charge of 16 to 30 men, -whom they have to keep to their work. These 18 Pandarepulles must be -appointed by written documents, otherwise the sergeant appoints such -officers on his own authority and thus also makes a profit. Then -also it must be seen that the materials, such as timber, bricks, -lime, &c., are not taken to other places than they have been ordered -for by the person in authority, for all these are tricks to which -the Company is subject on the part of the overseers when they see -that no regard is taken of their doings. The principal of the public -works at present in progress is the building of the church within the -fort, [61] which has advanced to 8 feet above the ground, and may be -completed during the southern season, if there is only a sufficient -quantity of bricks. According to my calculation about 1,000,000 more -will be required, which is a large quantity, but will not cost more -than 3 fannums per thousand, and even this expense does not fall to -the Company, but may be found out of the sicos or fines. The Dessave -has the best opportunity for seeing that the work at the brickworks -at Iroewale is pushed on as quickly as possible, so that there may -be no waiting for bricks or tiles, which are also baked there and -paid at the rate of 3 1/2 fannums a thousand. I consider it a shame -that in a country where the cost of building is so small, and where -religion is to be promoted, there should not even be a church in -the fort, a state of things that has existed these last four years, -during which the warehouses had to be used for this purpose, while -many old and infirm people could not attend the services because of -the inconvenience of the steps that lead to them. It would have been -better if the old Portuguese church had not been broken down before -the building of the new church was commenced, because an old proverb -says: "That one must not cast away old shoes till one has got new -ones." [62] However, for the present we must row with the oars we -possess, until the new church is completed, the plan for which is in -the hands of the surveyor Martinus Leusekam. The sergeant in the Wanni, -Harmen Claasz, had already on my orders felled the necessary beams, -and now the rafters must be thought of, which would be best made -of palmyra wood, if they could be obtained sufficiently long. The -timber for the pulpit I hope to send from Mallabaar, but as ebony is -also found in the Wanni, some trees might be felled also there and be -brought down here without expenditure to the Company. As may be seen -in the answers to the questions from Jaffnapatam of March 12, 1691, -and February 17, 1692, authority for the building of this church was -obtained long ago. The only other works required within the Castle -at present are the barracks for the married soldiers; which may be -found indicated in the map, and the rebuilding of the four dwelling -houses yet remaining of the Portuguese buildings which are old and -decayed. They are no longer worth repairing, and it would be best -if they were broken down and new and better houses built on their -site. But before this is done it will be necessary to rebuild the -Armoury, which fell into ruins last December. This building also -remained from the Portuguese. Some new tiles are also required for -the Company's building at Anecatte where the red-dyeing is done, -the cross-beams of which building I had renewed. Likewise a number -of tiles is required for the new warehouses in the island Leyden, -which have been built there in compliance with the orders of His -late Excellency van Mydregt. This was when it was intended to provide -Ceylon with grain from Tansjouwer, [63] which was to be laid up there -before the northern season. These warehouses may yet come in useful -if the Moorish trade flourishes.[57] - -The horse stable within the fort has been built in a bad place, -and is very close and unhealthy; so that the animals die one after -another. It would therefore be better if the stable referred to -under the heading of "fortification" and situated outside the fort be -used. If this is done it must be provided with the necessary cribs, -&c., and not more than seven horses have been allowed by the last -regulation. The supervision of the stable has been entrusted for some -time to the Captain Jan van der Bruggen, but I could not approve of -this, and consider it better that this supervision be also left to -the chief person in authority, the more so as the said Captain has -been troubled for the last five years with gout and gravel; so that -he has often to remain at home for weeks, while, even when he is well, -it is impossible for him to go about much, in consequence of weakness -arising from the pain. For this reason he cannot properly supervise -the stable; and this is not the first time he is excused from his -duty, as it was done also during the time of Commandeur Cornelis van -der Duyn, who also considered that it was more in the interest of -the Company that this and other duties should be performed by the -chief instead of by private persons. The Dessave is best aware if -the hides of the stags and elks sent to this stable from the Wanny -and the Passes are properly utilized for saddles, carriages, &c., -in the said stable, and also in the Arsenal for cartridge cases, -bandoleers, sword-belts, &c.[58] - -The hospital was built too low, so that the patients had to lie in -damp places during the northern monsoon. I therefore had the floor -raised, in view of the fact that this is a place where the Company -shows its sympathy with its suffering servants and wishes them to have -every comfort. For this reason also regents are appointed to see that -nothing wrong is done by the doctor or the steward. For some time this -supervision was entrusted to Captain Jan van der Bruggen, but for the -reason stated above I cannot approve of the arrangement any longer, -while moreover, his daughter is the wife of the Chief Surgeon Hendrick -Warnar, who has a very large family, and suspicious people might try to -find fault with the arrangement. The supervision of the hospital must -therefore be entrusted every alternate month to the Administrateur -Biermans and the Lieutenant Claas Isaacsz, as it is against the -principles of the Company to entrust such work to one person only.[59] - -The Company's slaves here are few in number, consisting of 82 -individuals, including men, boys, women, and children. But no more are -required, as the Oeliaars perform many of the duties for which slaves -would be otherwise required. They are employed in the stable, the -warehouses, the arsenal, the hospital, and with the shipbuilders and -masons. The only pay they receive is 3 fannums and a parra of rice per -month, except some of the masons. This payment is sufficient for some -of them, but not for all, as there are some employed in masonry work -who do their work as well as any of the natives, and, as they have to -maintain a wife and children, the master mason has often recommended -higher pay for them. There is one among the masons who receives -6 fannums a month, another gets 4, and two others 3 fannums. This -might be raised from 6 to 10, from 4 to 8, and from 3 to 6 fannums -respectively, so that these poor people may not be discouraged; and on -the other hand increased pay often produces increased labour, and thus -the Company would perhaps not lose by the extra expense. The matter -must, however, be submitted to His Excellency the Governor, as also -the request of one of the masons that his daughter may be emancipated, -in order to marry a native who has proposed to her. The father offers -in her place as a slave another young and capable woman. There is also -another application for emancipation from a dyer who is now, he says, -60 years of age. The Company would lose nothing in granting this -request, because all he delivers is two or three pieces of ordinary -chintz a year. All these matters must be submitted to His Excellency -the Governor and the Council.[60] - -Having now treated of the Wanny, of the lands of Ponneryn and Mantotte -within the Province of Jaffnapatam, and of the fort, we must see what -is to be said with regard to the seacoast, and also if any important -matter has been forgotten. - -Manaar is the last island on this side, and the banks and islets near -it form together what is called "Adam's Bridge," which closes the -passage between Ceylon and Coromandel. This island also protects -Jaffnapatam on the south, as no vessel could come here without -passing Manaar. The passage through the river is so inconvenient on -account of its shallowness that no vessel can pass without being first -unloaded. Therefore no vessel is able to pass nor any smuggling take -place without its being known in Manaar. It is on this account that -an order was issued by His Excellency the Governor and the Council -in their letter of March 5, 1695, to Jaffnapatam, to the effect that -no smuggled areca-nut from Colombo or Calpentyn must be allowed to -pass there. This was when the trade in these waters was re-opened -for private enterprise from Coromandel, and the order was conveyed -by us to Manaar by letter of March 11. A close watch must be kept, -but so long as the passage of Ramacoil or Lembe in the domain of the -Teuver is so well known by some people as it is said to be, it is -not likely that attempts at smuggling would be made in Manaar.[61] - -Manaar not only protects Jaffnapatam, but it also yields to the -Company the profits of Mantotte, Moesely, and Setticoulang, and of -the capture of elephants. The latter might be more if not for the -death of the animals, as, for instance, last year, when not a single -animal delivered by the hunters survived. The hunters must therefore -be encouraged to bring as many as possible.[62] - -About 50 or 60 bharen of dye-roots are also yearly obtained from -Manaar, which cultivation must also be attended to, in order that -the Company may be in a position to deliver the red cloths ordered -from this Commandement.[63] - -Some revenue is also obtained from taxes and rents. These are yearly -sold to the highest bidder. Last year they were sold for 1 1/2 year, -like those in Jaffnapatam. The amount received was Rds. 2,268, as also -Rds. 879.7.8 for poll tax and land rent in Manaar. The tithes of the -harvest in Mantotte are paid in grain, which is usually issued to the -Company's servants. This amounted on the last occasion to 1,562 1/2 -paras of rice. The tax in cooking butter in Mantotte is also paid -in kind and likewise issued to the Company's servants. Besides, -there are 3,000 or 4,000 paras of salt and 10,000 or 12,000 coils -of straw or bark lunt which the inhabitants of the opposite lands -have to deliver, as also chanks from the divers; but these do not -amount to much, for, in 1695, were dived five kinds of cauries to -the amount of 204 5/8 paras, and in 1696 only 94 7/8 paras; so that -the amount for two years was only 299 1/2 paras of cauries. For this -reason I submitted on May 10, 1695, to His Excellency the Governor -and the Council, a proposal from the Moor Perietamby, who offered to -pay the Company yearly Rds. 8,000 for the license to dive for chanks -between Manaar and Calpentyn. This was refused by the reply received -from Colombo on the 17th of the same month.[64] - -From the Instructions to Commandeur Blom sent from Colombo on February -17, 1692, it may be seen what prices are paid to the divers for the -chanks, mentioned already under the subject of the Moorish trade, -so that it is not necessary to enter into detail on the subject here. - -I think that I have now sufficiently explained all matters relating to -this station, and would refer for further information to the report -compiled by Mr. Blom for Governor van Mydregt, which is kept here at -the Secretariate, [64] as also the answers thereto of September 13 and -October 7, 1690. There are also the Instructions left by Mr. Jorephaas -Vosch for the Opperkoopman Jan de Vogel, bearing date August 30, 1666, -[65] which may also be read, but I think that I have mentioned all -the most important matters with regard to Manaar appearing therein. - -The pearl fishery is an extraordinary enterprise, the success of -which depends on various circumstances; as there are various causes -by which the banks or the oysters may be destroyed. It would take too -long to mention here all that may be said on the subject, and as it -would be tiresome to read it all, I will merely state here that the -usual place for the fishery is near Aripo in the Bay of Condaatje, -where the banks lie, and if no untoward events take place, a fishery -may be held for several years in succession; because the whole bay -is covered with different banks, the oysters of which will become -successively matured. But sometimes they are washed away and completely -destroyed within a very short time. The banks are to be inspected in -November by a Commission sent for this purpose, who come in tonys from -Jaffnapatam, Manaar, and Madura, and with them also some Patangatyns -and other native chiefs who understand this work. The chief points to -be considered when a pearl fishery has been authorized are the lodgings -for the Commissioners appointed in Colombo; the inclosure of the tanks -in Mantotte with banks for obtaining good drinking water; the supply -of poultry, butter, oil, rice, sheep, cattle, &c., for provisions; -Lascoreens and servants; military men, if they can be spared from -the garrison, &c. The fishery usually takes place in the months of -March, April, and May. I will not enter into detail on this matter, -as it would not be in agreement with the nature of these instructions; -while the Commissioners will be able to find ample information in the -various documents of the years 1666 and 1667, but especially in those -of 1694, 1695, and 1696, including reports, journals, and letters, in -case they have not gained sufficient experience yet. These documents -relate to the fishery, the collection of the Company's duties, the -purchase and valuation of pearls, &c. I will therefore only state -here the successive profits derived from the pearl fishery by the -Company, viz.:-- - - - Rds. Fl. - - 1666 19,655 91/980 58,965.11. 6 - 1667 24,641 461/968 73,924. 8.13 - 1694 21,019 19/60 63,057.13. 0 - 1695 24,708 11/12 74,126.15. 0 - 1696 25,327 43/60 75,983. 3. 0 - ======= ======= ============= - Total 115,352 499/960 346,057.11. 3 [66] - - -This is a considerable amount, and it is expected, according to the -reports of the Commissioners, that the fishery now authorized for -December 31, 1697, will yield still greater profits. I have already -given orders for the repair of the banks of the tanks in Mantotte, -which were damaged during the last storm, in order that there may -be no want of drinking water, which is one of the most important -points. Whether the prohibition to export coconuts from this Province -applies also to the pearl fishery is a matter to be submitted to -His Excellency the Governor and the Council; because many people use -this fruit as food. This subject has been already dealt with under -the head of Coconuts.[65] - -The inhabited little islands are considered as the fifth Province -of the Commandement, the others being Walligammo, Waddemoraatsche, -Timmeraatsche, and Patchelepalle. Taxes, &c., are levied in these -islands in the same way as in the other Provinces, the revenue -amounting last time to Rds. 2,767.2.5 1/2, viz.:-- - - - Rds. - - Land rent 1,190.11.3 - Tithes 712. 8.6 1/4 - Poll tax 605. 1.0 - Adigary 173. 9.0 - Officie 162. 5.8 3/4 - -------------- - Total 2,844.11.8 - - Deducted as salaries for the Collector, - Majoraal, Cayals, &c. 77. 9.2 1/4 - ============== - Total 2,767. 2.5 1/2 [67] - - -The islands are named as follows:-- - -Carredive, called by us Amsterdam; Tamiedive, Leyden; Pongedive, -Middleburg; Nerendive, Delft; Neynadive, Haarlem; Aneledive, Rotterdam; -Remedive, "de Twee Gebroeders," or Hoorn and Enkhuisen. - -Besides the revenue stated above, Carredive yields the best dye-roots -in this Commandement, although the quantity is no more than 10 or -12 bharen a year. The dye-roots from Delft are just as good, but it -yields only 4 or 5 bharen a year. Salt, lime, and coral stone are -also obtained from these islands, but particulars with regard to these -matters have been stated at length in the report by the late Commandeur -Blom to His late Excellency van Mydregt, to which I would refer. [66] - -Horse-breeding is an enterprise of which much was expected, but so far -the Company has not made much profit by it. Yet there is no reason -to despair, and better results may be hoped for. Your Honours must -remember that formerly in the islands Delft, Hoorn, and Enkhuizen all -kinds of horses were bred together; so that but few good animals were -obtained. In 1690 and 1691 orders were given to shoot all horses that -were too small or defective, and to capture the rest and send them to -Colombo and Coromandel. The latter were sold at Negapatam by public -auction, while the rest were given to soldiers on the opposite coast -in the Company's service, who used the animals so badly that they were -soon unfit for work. In this way the islands have become destitute -of horses, and the only thing to be done was to send there some good -mares and two or three Persian stallions for breeding purposes. So -far no good horses could be obtained, because a foal has to be 4 or -3 1/2 years old before it is fit for use. It is only since 1692, -1693, and 1694 that we had good stallions, and this accounts for -the fact that no foals have yet been obtained. The deficit is at -present Fl. 8,982.9, so that it would seem as if expenditure and -trouble are the only results to be expected from this enterprise; -but it must be remembered that at present there are on the island of -Delft alone about 400 or 500 foals of 1, 1 1/2, 2, and 2 1/2 years -old, while there are also a number of horses on the island "de Twee -Gebroeders." The expenditure was incurred mostly in the purchase of the -Persian stallions, and this expenditure has not been in vain, because -we possess now more than 400 horses, each of which will be worth about -a hundred guilders, so that the whole number will be worth about 40,000 -guilders. In compliance with the orders by His Excellency van Mydregt -of November 29, 1690, these animals must be sold at Coromandel on -account of this Commandement, and the valuation of the horses may be -determined from the fact that the Prince of Tansjour has accepted one -or two of them in lieu of the recognition which the Company owes him -yearly for two Arabian horses. For this reason and in compliance with -the said orders the first horses captured must be sent to Negapatam, -so that the account in respect of horse-breeding may be balanced. As -the stallions kept on the islands have become too old, application -has been made for younger animals, and also for five or six mares -from Java, which have been granted by His Excellency the Governor -and the Council in their letter of April 29, 1695. Your Honours are -further advised not to sell any horses from the island of Delft for -less than Rds. 25 and from the islands "de Twee Gebroeders" for less -than Rds. 35 to the Company's servants, as they fetch more than that -at the public auctions in Negapatam. Even this is a favour to them; -but I noticed that the horses from Delft have been sold at 15 and -those from Hoorn and Enkhuisen at Rds. 20, which I think cannot be -done in future, since the destruction of the defective animals has -improved the race. I hope that this will clear up the passage with -regard to the horse-breeding in the letter from Batavia to Ceylon of -July 3, 1696, as also that Their Excellencies may be satisfied with -the result. I think expectations were raised too high at first; as -the real advantage could only be known in course of time; while, on -the other hand, the capital expended must be looked upon as standing -out on interest.[67] - -The Passes of this Commandement are various, but all are guarded in -such a way that no goods can be brought in or taken out without a -license, nor are people able to go through without a passport. At -Kayts and Point Pedro passports are issued in the usual way to -those who come or go by sea; while to those who travel by land an -Acte of Permission is issued, which is written in Mallabaar on ola, -and is called Cayoppe. These are issued both by the Dessave and by -the Commandeur, but as so many thousands of people come and go, and -the signing of these Cayoppes occupies so much of the time of the -Commandeurs, a steel stamp is used now by the Dessave to mark these -also. I have followed the same practice, and used a seal with the -letters H. Z., [68] which I handed over shortly before my departure for -Colombo in February, 1696, to the Political Council, together with the -seal for the oely service, with instructions that these seals were to -be used just as if I were still on the spot, because the Dessave was -absent at the pearl fishery, and I was commissioned by the Supreme -Government of India to proceed to Mallabaar without being formally -relieved of my office in this Commandement. On my return from Colombo -in August I found that this order had not been carried out, but that -the Captain Jan van der Bruggen had thought it well to have another -seal specially made, with the monogram VOC, not only suppressing my -order given to him in full Council, but also having a new seal made, -which was beyond his authority and seemed to me quite out of place. I -cannot account for his extraordinary conduct in any other way than by -supposing that he desired to confirm the rumour which had been spread -among the natives and Europeans during the time of the Commissioners -Messrs. Jan van Keulen and Pieter Petitfilz, that I would never return -to this Commandement to rule, and thus by suppressing my seal to give -public confirmation to this rumour, and so make it appear to the world -that it was no longer legal. I therefore order again that this seal is -not to be suppressed, but used for the stamping of the Cayoppes at the -Passes in case the Dessave should be absent from this Commandement, -it being his province alone to issue and sign such olas. This order -is to be carried out as long as no contrary orders are received from -higher authorities. - -Colomboture and Catsay are two Passes on the inner boundary of this -Commandement at the river leading to Ponneryn and the Wanny, and -in order to prevent any one passing without a passport a guard is -stationed there. The duties on goods are also collected there, being -leased out, but they do not amount to much. These Passes, however, -must be properly guarded, and care taken that the people stationed -there submit their reports regularly. One of these may be found in -a letter from here to Colombo of December 12 last. - -Ponneryn, a good redoubt, serves as a place from where to watch the -doings of the Wannias and to protect the inhabitants from invasions. It -is garrisoned by Toepasses under the command of a Dutch Sergeant. - -The Passes Pyl, Elephant, and Beschutter serve chiefly to close this -Province against the Wannias and to protect the inhabitants from -invasions of the Sinhalese, and also to prevent persons passing in -or out without a passport, or goods being taken in or out without a -license, as also to prevent the theft of slaves and the incursions of -elephants and other wild animals into the Provinces. A difficulty is -that the earth mounds are not close together, so that notwithstanding -the continual patrol of the militia, now and again a person passes -through unnoticed. Means of drawing these redoubts together, or at -least of making a trench to prevent persons or goods from passing -without a license, have often been considered. Some have proposed -a hedge of palmyra trees, others a fence of thorns, others a moat, -others again a wall, because at this point the Commandement measures -only two miles in breadth. But none of these proposals have been -adopted all these years, as stated in our letter of August 24, 1695, -to Batavia. Their Excellencies replied in their letter of July 3, -1696, that this is a good work, but as it is entirely to the advantage -of the inhabitants it must be carried out without expense to the -Company. This, in my humble opinion, is quite fair, and the Dessave, -whom this matter principally concerns, will have to consider in what -way such a trench as proposed could be made. The yearly Compendium -will give much information on this subject, and will show what defects -and obstacles have been met with. It has been stated already how the -Passes are garrisoned, and they are commanded by an Ensign according -to the regulations. - -Point Pedro, on the outer boundary of this Commandement, has resident -only one Corporal and four Lascoreens, who are chiefly employed in -the sending and receiving of letters to and from Coromandel and -Trincomalee, in the loading of palmyra wood and other goods sent -from there to the said two places, and in the search of departing -and arriving private vessels, and the receipt of passports. These men -also supervise the Oeliaars who have to work at the church which was -commenced during the time of Commandeur Blom, and also those who have -to burn lime or break coral stone from the old Portuguese fortress. - -The fortress Kayts or Hammenhiel serves on the north, like Manaar -in the south, to guard the passage by water to this Castle, and -also serves the same purposes as Point Pedro, viz., the searching of -private vessels, &c. Next to this fort is the island Leyden, where is -stationed at present the Assistant Jacob Verhagen, who performs the -same duties as the Corporal at Point Pedro, which may be found stated -more in detail in the Instructions of January 4, 1696, compiled and -issued by me for the said Assistant. The Ensign at the Passes received -his instructions from Commandeur Blom, all of which must be followed. - -As the Dessave is Commander over the military scattered in the -country, and therefore also over those stationed at the said Passes -and stations, it will chiefly be his duty to see that they are -properly guarded so far as the small garrison here will permit, -and also that they are provided with sufficient ammunition and -provisions. The latter consist mostly of grain, oil, pepper, and -arrack. This is mostly meant for Hammenhiel, as the other places can -always be provided from the land side, but rice and ammunition must be -always kept in store. Hammenhiel must be specially garrisoned during -the southern monsoon, and be manned as much as possible by Dutchmen, -who, if possible, must be transferred every three months, because many -of these places are very unhealthy and others exceedingly lonesome, -for which reasons it is not good to keep the people very long in one -place. The chief officers are transferred every six months, which also -must not be neglected, as it is a good rule in more than one respect. - -Aripo, Elipoecarrewe, and Palmeraincattoe were formerly fortresses -garrisoned like the others, but since the revolution of the Sinhalese -and the Wannias of 1675, under the Dessave Tinnekon, these have -become unnecessary and are only guarded now by Lascoreens, who are -mostly kept on for the transport of letters between Colombo, Manaar, -and Jaffnapatam.[68] - -Water tanks are here very necessary, because the country has no fresh -water rivers, and the water for the cultivation of lands is that which -is collected during the rainfall. Some wealthy and influential natives -contrived to take possession of the tanks during the time the Company -sold lands, with a view of thus having power over their neighbours -and of forcing them to deliver up to them a large proportion of their -harvests. They had to do this if they wished to obtain water for -the cultivation of their fields, and were compelled thus to buy at -high price that which comes as a blessing from the Lord to all men, -plants, and animals in general. His Excellency Laurens Pyl, then -Governor of Ceylon, issued an order in June, 1687, on his visit to -this Commandement, that for these reasons no tanks should be private -property, but should be left for common use, the owners being paid -by those who require to water their fields as much as they could -prove to have spent on these tanks. I found that this good order -has not been carried out, because the family of Sangere Pulle alone -possesses at present three such tanks, one of which is the property -of Moddely Tamby. Before my departure to Colombo I had ordered that -it should be given over to the surrounding landowners, who at once -offered to pay the required amount, but I heard on my return that -the conveyance had not been made yet by that unbearably proud and -obstinate Bellale caste, they being encouraged by the way their patron -Moddely Tamby had been favoured in Colombo, and the Commandeur is -not even recognized and his orders are passed by. Your Honours must -therefore see that my instructions with regard to these tanks are -carried out, and that they are paid for by those interested, or that -they are otherwise confiscated, in compliance with the Instructions -of 1687 mentioned above, which Instructions may be found among the -papers in the Mallabaar language kept by the schoolmasters of the -parishes. Considering that many of the Instructions are preserved in -the native language only, they ought to be collected and translated -into our Dutch language.[69] - -The public roads must be maintained at a certain breadth, and the -natives are obliged to keep them in order. But their meanness and -impudence is so great that they have gradually, year by year, extended -the fences along their lands on to these roads, thus encroaching -upon the high road. They see more and more that land is valuable on -account of the harvests, and therefore do not leave a foot of ground -uncultivated when the time of the rainy season is near. This is quite -different from formerly; so much so, that the lands are worth not -only thrice but about four or five times as much as formerly. This -may be seen when the lands are sold by public auction, and it may -be also considered whether the people of Jaffnapatam are really so -badly off as to find it necessary to agitate for an abatement of the -tithes. The Dessave must therefore see that these roads are extended -again to their original breadth and condition, punishing those who -may have encroached on the roads.[70] - -The Company's elephant stalls have been allowed to fall into decay -like the churches, and they must be repaired as soon as possible, -which is also a matter within the province of the Dessave.[71] - -Great expectations were cherished by some with regard to the thornback -skins, Amber de gris, Besoar stones, Carret, and tusks from the -elephants that died in the Company's stalls, but experience did -not justify these hopes. As these points have been dealt with in the -Compendium of November 26, 1693, by Commandeur Blom, I would here refer -to that document. I cannot add anything to what is stated there.[72] - -The General Paresse is a ceremony which the Mudaliyars, Collectors, -Majoraals, Aratchchies, &c., have to perform twice a year on behalf -of the whole community, appearing together before the Commandeur in -the fort. This is an obligation to which they have been subject from -heathen times, partly to show their submission, partly to report on -the condition of the country, and partly to give them an opportunity -to make any request for the general welfare. As this Paresse tends -to the interest of the Company as Sovereign Power on the one hand -and to that of the inhabitants on the other hand, the custom must be -kept up. When the Commandeur is absent at the time of this Paresse -Your Honours could meet together and receive the chiefs. It is held -once during the northern and once during the southern monsoon, without -being bound to any special day, as circumstances may require it to be -held earlier or later. During my absence the day is to be fixed by the -Dessave, as land regent. Any proposal made by the native chiefs must -be carefully written down by the Secretary, so that it may be possible -to send a report of it to His Excellency the Governor and the Council -if it should be of importance. All transactions must be carefully -noted down and inserted in the journal, so that it may be referred to -whenever necessary. The practice introduced by the Onderkoopman William -de Ridder in Manaar of requiring the Pattangatyns from the opposite -coast to attend not twice but twelve times a year or once a month is -unreasonable, and the people have rightly complained thereof. This -practice must not be introduced again. Mr. De Ridder also appointed -a second Cannekappul, which seems quite unnecessary, considering the -small amount of work to be done there for the natives. Jeronimo could -be discharged and Gonsalvo retained, the latter having been specially -sent from Calpentyn by His Excellency Governor Thomas van Rhee and -being the senior in the service. Of how little consequence the work -at Manaar was considered by His Excellency Governor van Mydregt may -be seen from the fact that His Excellency ordered that no Opperhoofd -should be stationed there nor any accounts kept, but that the fort -should be commanded by an Ensign as chief of the military. A second -Cannekappul is therefore superfluous, and the Company could be saved -the extra expense.[73] - -I could make reference to a large number of other matters, but it -would be tedious to read and remember them all. I will therefore now -leave in Your Honours' care the government of a Commandement from which -much profit may be derived for the Company, and where the inhabitants, -though deceitful, cunning, and difficult to rule, yet obey through -fear; as they are cowardly, and will do what is right more from fear of -punishment than from love of righteousness. I hope that Your Honours -may have a more peaceful time than I had, for you are well aware -how many difficulties, persecutions, and public slights I have had to -contend with, and how difficult my government was through these causes, -and through continual indisposition, especially of late. However, -Jaffnapatam has been blessed by God during that period, as may be seen -from what has been stated in this Memoir. I hope that Your Honours' -dilligence and experience may supplement the defects in this Memoir, -and, above all, that you will try to live and work together in harmony, -for in that way the Company will be served best. There are people who -will purposely cause dissension among the members of the Council, -with a view to further their own ends or that of some other party, -much to the injury of the person who permits them to do so.[74] - -The Political Council consists at present of the following members:-- - - -Ryklof de Bitter, Dessave, Opperkoopman. -Jan van der Bruggen, Captain. -Abraham M. Biermans, Administrateur. -Claas Isaacsz, Lieutenant. -Pieter Boscho, Onderkoopman, Store- and Thombo-keeper. -Johannes van Groenevelde, Fiscaal. -Pieter Bout, Cashier and Secretary. - - -With a view to enable His Excellency the Governor and the Council to -alter or amplify this Memoir in compliance with the orders from Their -Excellencies at Batavia, cited at the commencement of this document, -I have purposely written on half of the pages only, so that final -instructions might be added, as mine are only provisional. In case -Your Honours should require any of the documents cited which are -not kept here at the Secretariate, they may be applied for from His -Excellency the Governor and the Council of Colombo. Wishing Your -Honours God's blessing, and all prosperity in the administration of -this extensive Commandement, - - -I remain, Sirs, -Yours faithfully, -H. ZWAARDECROON. - -Jaffnapatam, January 1, 1697. - - - - - - - -APPENDIX. - - -A.--The above Instructions were ready for Your Honours when, on -January 31 last, the yacht "Bekenstyn" brought a letter from Colombo -dated January 18, in which we were informed of the arrival of our new -Governor, His Excellency Gerrit de Heere. By the same vessel an extract -was sent from a letter of the Supreme Government of India of October -19 last, in which my transfer to Mallabaar has been ordered. But, -much as I had wished to serve the Company on that coast, I could -not at once obey the order owing to a serious illness accompanied -by a fit, with which it pleased the Lord to afflict me on January -18. Although not yet quite recovered, I have preferred to undertake -the voyage to Mallabaar without putting it off for another six months, -trusting that God will help me duly to serve my superiors, although -the latter course seemed more advisable on account of my state of -health. As some matters have occurred and some questions have arisen -since the writing of my Memoir, I have to add here a few explanations. - -B.--Together with the above-mentioned letter from Colombo, of January -18, we also received a document signed by both Their Excellencies -Governors Thomas van Rhee and Gerrit de Heere, by which all trade -in Ceylon except that of cinnamon is made open and free to every -one. Since no extract from the letter from Batavia with regard to this -matter was enclosed, I have been in doubt as to how far the permission -spoken of in that document was to be extended. As I am setting down -here my doubt on this point, His Excellency the Governor and the -Council of Colombo will, I have no doubt, give further information -upon it. I suppose that the trade in elephants is excepted as well -as that in cinnamon, and that it is still prohibited to capture, -transport, or sell these animals otherwise than on behalf of the -Company, either directly or indirectly, as has been the usage so far. - -C.--I suppose there will be no necessity now to obtain the areca-nuts -as ordered in the Instructions from Colombo of March 23, 1695, but -that these nuts are included among the articles open to free trade, -so that they may be now brought from Jaffnapatam through the Wanni to -Tondy, Madura, and Coromandel, as well as to other places in Ceylon, -provided the payment of the usual Customs duty of the Alphandigo, -[69] which is 7 1/2 per cent. for export, and that it may also be -freely transported through the Passes on the borders of the Wanni, and -that no Customs duty is to be paid except when it is sent by sea. I -understand that the same will be the rule for cotton, pepper, &c., -brought from the Wanni to be sent by sea. This will greatly increase -the Alphandigo, so that the conditions for the farming of these must -be altered for the future accordingly. If the Customs duty were also -charged at the Passes, the farming out of these would still increase, -but I do not think that it would benefit the Company very much, because -there are many opportunities for smuggling beyond these three Passes, -and the expenditure of keeping guards would be far too great. The -duty being recovered as Alphandigo, there is no chance of smuggling, -as the vessels have to be provided with proper passports. All vessels -from Jaffnapatam are inspected at the Waterfort, Hammenhiel and at -the redoubt Point Pedro. - -D.--In my opinion the concession of free trade will necessitate the -remission of the duty on the Jaffnapatam native and foreign cloths, -because otherwise Jaffnapatam would be too heavily taxed compared -with other places, as the duty is 20 and 25 per cent. I think both -the cloths made here and those imported from outside ought to be -taxed through the Alphandigo of 7 1/2 per cent. This would still more -increase the duty, and this must be borne in mind when these revenues -are farmed out next December, if His Excellency the Governor and the -Council approve of my advice. The duty of 25 per cent. is far too -high, and it must be remembered that this was a duty imposed with a -view to prevent the weaving of cloths and to secure the monopoly of -the trade to the Company, and not in order to make a revenue out of -it. This project did not prove a success; but I will not enter into -details about it, as these may be found in the questions submitted -by me to the Council of Ceylon on January 22, 1695, and I have also -mentioned them in this Memoir under the heading of Rents. - -E.--It seems to me that henceforth the people of Jaffnapatam would, -as a result of this free trade, be no longer bound to deliver to the -Company the usual 24 casks of coconut oil yearly before they are -allowed to export their nuts. This rule was laid down in a letter -from Colombo of October 13, 1696, with a view to prevent Ceylon being -obliged to obtain coconut oil from outside. This duty was imposed -upon Jaffnapatam, because the trees in Galle and Matura had become -unfruitful from the Company's elephants having to be fed with the -leaves. The same explanation was not urged with regard to Negombo, -which is so much nearer to Colombo than Galle, Matura, or Jaffnapatam, -and it is a well-known fact that many of the ships from Jaffnapatam -and other places are sent with coconuts from Negombo to Coromandel -or Tondel, while the nuts from the lands of the owners there are held -back. I expect therefore that the new Governor His Excellency Gerrit -de Heere and the Council of Colombo will give us further instructions -with regard to this matter. More details may be found in this Memoir -under the heading of Coconut Trees. - -F.--A letter was received from Colombo, bearing date March 4 last, -in which was enclosed a form of a passport which appears to have been -introduced there after the opening of the free trade, with orders to -introduce the same here. This has been done already during my presence -here and must be continued. - -G.--In the letter of the 9th instant we received various and important -instructions which must be carried out. An answer to this letter was -sent by us on the 22nd of the same month. One of these instructions is -to the effect that a new road should be cut for the elephants which are -to be sent from Colombo. Another requires the compilation of various -lists, one of which is to be a list of all lands belonging to the -Company or given away on behalf of it, with a statement showing by -whom, to whom, when, and why they were granted. I do not think this -order refers to Jaffnapatam, because all fields were sold during the -time of Commandeur Vosch and others. Only a few small pieces of land -were discovered during the compilation of the new Land Thombo, which -some of the natives had been cultivating. A few wild palmyra trees -have been found in the Province of Patchelepalle, but these and the -lands have been entered in the new Thombo. We cannot therefore very -well furnish such a list of lands as regards Jaffnapatam, because -the Company does not possess any, but if desired a copy of the new -Land Thombo (which will consist of several reams of imperial paper) -could be sent. I do not, however, think this is meant, since there is -not a single piece of land in Jaffnapatam for which no taxes are paid, -and it is for the purpose of finding this out that the new Thombo is -being compiled. - -H.--The account between the Moorish elephant purchasers and the -Company through the Brahmin Timmerza as its agent, about which so -much has been written, was settled on August 31 last, and so also -was the account of the said Timmerza himself and the Company. A -difficulty arises now as to how the business with these people is -to be transacted; because three of the principal merchants from -Galconda arrived here the other day with three cheques to the amount -of 7,145 Pagodas in the name of the said Timmerza. According to the -orders by His Excellency Thomas van Rhee the latter is no longer to -be employed as the Company's agent, so there is some irregularity -in the issue of these cheques and this order, in which it is stated -that the cheques must bear the names of the purchasers themselves, -while on the other hand the purchasers made a special request that -the amount due to them might be paid to their attorneys in cash or -elephants through the said Timmerza. However this may be, I do not -wish to enter into details, as these matters, like many others, had -been arranged by His Excellency the Governor and the Council without -my knowledge or advice. Your Honours must await an answer from His -Excellency the Governor Gerrit de Heere and the Council of Colombo, -and follow the instructions they will send with regard to the said -cheques; and the same course may be followed as regards the cheques -of two other merchants who may arrive here just about the time of my -departure. I cannot specify the amount here, as I did not see these -people for want of time. The merchants of Golconda have also requested -that, as they have no broker to deal with, they may be allowed an -advance by the Company in case they run short of cash, which request -has been communicated in our letter to Colombo of the 4th instant. - -I.--As we had only provision of rice for this Commandement for -about nine months, application has been made to Negapatam for 20,000 -paras of rice, but a vessel has since arrived at Kayts from Bengal, -belonging to the Nabob of Kateck, by name Kaimgaarehen, and loaded as -I am informed with very good rice. If this be so, the grain might be -purchased on behalf of the Company, and in that case the order for -nely from Negapatam could be countermanded. It must be remembered, -however, that the rice from Bengal cannot be stored away, but must -be consumed as soon as possible, which is not the case with that of -Negapatam. The people from Bengal must be well treated and assisted -wherever possible without prejudice to the Company; so that they -may be encouraged to come here more often and thus help us to make -provision for the need of grain, which is always a matter of great -concern here. I have already treated of the Moorish trade and also -of the trade in grain between Trincomalee and Batticaloa, and will -only add here that since the arrival of the said vessel the price -has been reduced from 6 to 5 and 4 fannums the para. - -K.--On my return from Colombo last year the bargemen of the Company's -pontons submitted a petition in which they complained that they had -been obliged to make good the value of all the rice that had been lost -above 1 per cent. from the cargoes that had been transported from -Kayts to the Company's stores. They complained that the measuring -had not been done fairly, and that a great deal had been blown away -by the strong south-west winds; also that there had been much dust in -the nely, and that besides this it was impossible for them to prevent -the native crew who had been assigned to them from stealing the grain -both by day and night, especially since rice had become so expensive -on account of the scarcity. I appointed a Committee to investigate -this matter, but as it has been postponed through my illness, Your -Honours must now take the matter in hand and have it decided by -the Council. In future such matters must always be brought before -the Council, as no one has the right to condemn others on his own -authority. The excuse of the said bargemen does not seem to carry -much weight, but they are people who have served the Company for 30 -or 40 years and have never been known to commit fraud. It must also -be made a practice in future that these people are held responsible -for their cargo only till they reach the harbour where it is unloaded, -as they can only guard it on board of their vessels. - -L.--I have spoken before of the suspicion I had with regard to the -changing of golden Pagodas, and with a view to have more security in -future I have ordered the cashier Bout to accept no Pagodas except -directly from the Accountant at Negapatam, who is responsible for the -value of the Pagodas. He must send them to the cashier in packets of -100 at a time, which must be sealed. - -M.--The administration of the entire Commandement having been left by -me to the Opperkoopman and Dessave Mr. Ryklof de Bitter and the other -members of the Council, this does not agree with the orders from the -Supreme Government of India contained in their letter of October 19 -last year, but since the Dessave de Bitter has since been appointed as -the chief of the Committee for the pearl fishery and has left already, -it will be for His Excellency the Governor and the Council to decide -whether the Lieutenant Claas Isaacsz is to be entrusted with the -administration, as was done last year. - -Wishing Your Honours for the second time God's blessing, - - -I remain, -Yours faithfully, -(Signed) H. ZWAARDECROON. - -On board the yacht "Bekenstyn," in the harbour of -Manaar, March 29, 1697. - - - - - - - -SHORT NOTES by Gerrit de Heere, Governor of the Island of Ceylon, - on the chief points raised in these Instructions of Commandeur - Hendrick Zwaardecroon, for the guidance of the Opperkoopman - Mr. Ryklof de Bitter, Second in authority and Dessave of the - Commandement, and the other members of the Political Council of - Jaffnapatam. Where the notes contradict the Instructions the orders - conveyed by the former are to be followed. In other respects the - Instructions must be observed, as approved by Their Excellencies - the Governor-General and the Council of India. - - -1. The form of Government, as approved at the time mentioned here, must -be also observed with regard to the Dessave and Secunde, Mr. Ryklof -de Bitter, as has been confirmed by the Honourable the Government of -Batavia in their special letter of October 19 last. - -2. What is stated here is reasonable and in compliance with the -Instructions, but with regard to the recommendation to send to -Mr. Zwaardecroon by Manaar and Tutucorin advices and communications -of all that transpires in this Commandement, I think it would be -sufficient, as Your Honours have also to give an account to us, and -this would involve too much writing, to communicate occasionally -and in general terms what is going on, and to send him a copy of -the Compendium which is yearly compiled for His Excellency the -Governor. This we authorize Mr. de Bitter and the other members of -Council to do. - -3. We fully confirm the recommendation here given. - -4. The Wanni, the largest territory here, has been divided by the -Company into several Provinces, which have been given in usufruct to -some Majoraals, who bear the title of Wannias, on the condition that -they should yearly deliver to the Company 42 1/2 alias (elephants). The -distribution of these tributes is as follows:-- - - - Alias. - Don Philip Nellamapane and Don Gaspar Ilengenarenne, - for the Provinces of-- - Pannegamo 17 - Pelleallacoelan 2 - Poedicoerie-irpoe 2 - ---- 21 - - Don Diogo Poevenelle Mapane, for the Provinces of-- - Carrecattemoele 7 - Meelpattoe 5 - ---- 12 - - Don Amblewannar, for the Province of-- - Carnamelpattoe 4 - - Don Chedoega Welemapane, for the Province of-- - Tinnemerwaddoe 2 - - Don Peria Meynaar, for the Province of-- - Moeliawalle 3 1/2 - ====== - Total 42 1/2 - - -The accumulated arrears from the years 1680 to 1694, of which they -were discharged, amounted to 333 1/2 elephants. From that time up to -the present day the arrears have again accumulated to 86 3/4 alias, -namely:-- - - - Alias. - Don Philip Nellamapane 57 1/2 - Don Diogo Poevenelle Mapane 23 - Peria Meynaar Oediaar 4 3/4 - Chedoega Welemapane 1 1/2 - ====== - Total 86 3/4 - - -The result proves that all the honour and favours shown to these people -do not induce them to pay up their tribute; but on the contrary, -as has been shown in the annexed Memoir, they allow them to go on -increasing. This is the reason I would not suffer the indignity of -requesting payment from them, but told them seriously that this would -be superfluous in the case of men of their eminence; which they, -however, entirely ignored. I then exhorted them in the most serious -terms to pay up their dues, saying that I would personally come within -a year to see whether they had done so. As this was also disregarded, -I dismissed them. Don Philip Nellamapane and Don Gaspar Ilengenarenne, -who owed 57 1/2 alias, made the excuse that these arrears were caused -by the bad terms on which they were with each other, and asked that -I would dissociate them, so that each could pay his own tribute. I -agreed that they should arrange with the Dessave about the different -lands, writing down on ola the arrangements made, and submitting them -to me for approval; but as I have heard no more about the matter up -to the present day, I fear that they only raised these difficulties -to make believe that they were unable to pay, and to try to get the -Company again to discharge them from the delivery of their tribute -of 21 elephants for next year. It would perhaps be better to do this -than to be continually fooled by these people. But you have all -seen how tremblingly they appeared before me (no doubt owing to a -bad conscience), and how they followed the palanquin of the Dessave -like boys, all in order to obtain more favourable conditions; but I -see no reason why they should not pay, and think they must be urged -to do so. They have promised however to pay up their arrears as soon -as possible, so that we will have to wait and see; while Don Diogo -Poevenelle Mapane also has to deliver his 23 alias. In compliance with -the orders from Colombo of May 11, 1696, Don Philip Nellamapane will be -allowed to sell one elephant yearly to the Moors, on the understanding -that he had delivered his tribute, and not otherwise; while the sale -must be in agreement with the orders of Their Excellencies at Batavia, -contained in their letter of November 13, 1683. The other Provinces, -Carnamelpattoe, Tinnemerwaddoe, and Moeliawalle are doing fairly well, -and the tribute for these has been paid; although it is rather small -and consists only of 9 1/2 alias (elephants), which the Wannias there, -however, deliver regularly, or at least do not take very long in -doing so. Perhaps they could furnish more elephants in lieu of the -tithes of the harvest, and it would not matter if the whole of it -were paid in this way, because this amount could be made up for by -supplies from the lands of Colombo, Galle, and Matara, or a larger -quantity could be ordered overland. - -That the Master of the Hunt, Don Gasper Nitchenchen Aderayen, should, -as if he were a sovereign, have put to death a Lascoreen and a hunter -under the old Don Gaspar on his own responsibility, is a matter which -will result in very bad consequences; but I have heard rumours to -the effect that it was not his work, but his father's (Don Philip -Nellamapane). With regard to these people Your Honours must observe -the Instructions of Mr. Zwaardecroon, and their further actions must be -watched; because of their conspiracies with the Veddas, in one of which -the brother of Cottapulle Odiaar is said to have been killed. Time -does not permit it, otherwise I would myself hold an inquiry. - -5. Mantotte, Moesely, and Pirringaly, which Provinces are ruled by -officers paid by the Company, seem to be doing well; because the -Company received from there a large number of elephants, besides the -tithes of the harvest, which are otherwise drawn by the Wannias. The -two Wannias, Don Philip Nellamapane and Don Gaspar, complain that -they do not receive the tribute of two elephants due to them from the -inhabitants of Pirringaly, but I do not find in the decree published -by Commandeur Blom on June 11, 1693, in favour of the inhabitants, -any statement that they owe such tribute for liberation from the rule -of the Wannias, but only that they (these Wannias) will be allowed -to capture elephants. These Wannias, however, sent me a dirty little -document, bearing date May 12, 1694, in which it is stated that the -hunters of Pirringaly had delivered at Manaar for Pannengamo in the -year 1693 two alias, each 4-3/8 cubits high. If more evidence could be -found, it might be proved that such payment of 2 alias yearly really -had to be made, and it would be well for Your Honours to investigate -this matter, because it is very necessary to protect and assist the -hunters as much as possible, as a reward for their diligence in the -capture of elephants. Payment must be made to them in compliance with -the orders of His Excellency van Mydregt. - -6. Ponneryn, the third Province from which elephants should -be obtained, and which, like Illepoecarwe, Polweraincattoe, and -Mantotte, was ruled formerly by an Adigar or Lieutenant-Dessave, -was doing fairly well; because the Company received yearly on an -average no less than 25 alias, besides the tithes of the harvest, -until in 1690 the mode of government was changed, and the revenue of -Ponneryn was granted by public decree to the young Don Gaspar by the -Lord Commissioner van Mydregt, while those of the other two Provinces -were granted to the old Don Gaspar, on condition that the young Don -Gaspar would capture and deliver to the Company all elephants which -could be obtained in the said Provinces, while the inhabitants of -Ponneryn would be obliged to obey the Master of the Hunt as far as -their services should be required by the Company and as they had been -accustomed to render. This new arrangement did not prove a success; -because, during seven years, he only delivered 44 elephants, although -in the annexed Memoir it is stated that he delivered 74. Of these 44 -animals, 7 were tuskers and 37 alias, viz.:-- - - - Elephants. - - For 1690 4 - 1691-92 6 - 1692-93 5 - 1693-94 16 - 1694-95 13 - ==== - Total 44 - - -During the last two years he did not deliver a single animal, -so that the Company lost on account of this Master of the Hunt, -131 elephants. He only appropriated the tithes of the harvest, and -did not care in the least about the hunt, so that the Company is even -prevented from obtaining what it would have received by the old method; -and, I must say, I do not understand how these privileges have been -granted so long where they are so clearly against the interest of the -Company, besides being the source of unlawful usurpation practised -over the inhabitants, which is directly against the said deeds of -gift. The elephant hunters have repeatedly applied to be relieved of -their authority and to be allowed to serve again under the Company. For -these reasons, as Your Honour is aware, I have considered it necessary -for the service of the Company to provisionally appoint the sergeant -Albert Hendriksz, who, through his long residence in these Provinces, -has gained a great deal of experience, Adigar over Ponneryn; which -was done at the request of the elephant hunters. He will continue the -capture of elephants with the hunters without regard to the Master of -the Hunt, and Your Honour must give him all the assistance required, -because the hunt has been greatly neglected. Your Honour may allow -both the Don Gaspars to draw the tithes of the harvest until our -authorities at Batavia will have disposed of this matter. - -7. The trade in elephants is undoubtedly the most important, as -the rest does not amount to much more than Rds. 7,000 to 9,000 a -year. During the year 1695-1696 the whole of the sale amounted to -Fl. 33,261.5, including a profit of Fl. 15,137.9.11. We find it stated -in the annexed Memoir that the merchants spoilt their own market by -bidding against each other at the public auctions, but whether this -was really the case we will not discuss here. I positively disapprove -of the complicated and impractical way in which this trade has been -carried on for some years, and which was opposed to the interests -of the Company. I therefore considered it necessary to institute -the public auctions, by which, compared with the former method, the -Company has already gained a considerable amount; which is, however, -no more than what it was entitled to, without it being of the least -prejudice to the trade. I will not enlarge on this subject further, -as all particulars relating to it and everything connected with it may -be found in our considerations and speculations and in the decisions -arrived at in accordance therewith, which are contained in the daily -resolutions from July 24 to August 20 inclusive, a copy of which was -left with Your Honours, and to which I refer you. As to the changed -methods adopted this year, these are not to be altered by any one -but Their Excellencies at Batavia, whose orders I will be obliged -and pleased to receive. As a number of elephants was sold last year -for the sum of Rds. 53,357, it was a pity that they could not all -be transported at once, without a number of 126 being left behind on -account of the northern winds. We have therefore started the sale a -little earlier this year, and kept the vessels in readiness, so that -all the animals may be easily transported during August next. On the -20th of this month all purchasers were, to their great satisfaction, -ready to depart, and requested and obtained leave to do so. This year -the Company sold at four different auctions the number of 86 elephants -for the sum of Rds. 36,950, 16 animals being left unsold for want of -cash among the purchasers, who are ready to depart with about 200 -animals which they are at present engaged in putting on board. The -practice of the early preparation of vessels and the holding of -public auctions must be always observed, because it is a great loss -to the merchants to have to stay over for a whole year, while the -Company also suffers thereby, because in the meantime the animals -do not change masters. It is due to this reason and to the want of -ready cash that this year 16 animals were left unsold. In future it -must be a regular practice in Ceylon to have all the elephants that -are to be sold brought to these Provinces before July 1, so that all -preparations may be made to hold the auctions about the middle of July, -or, if the merchants do not arrive so soon, on August 1. Meanwhile -all the required vessels must be got ready, so that no animals need be -left behind on account of contrary winds. As we have now cut a road, -by which the elephants may be led from Colombo, Galle, and Matura, -as was done successfully one or two months ago, when in two trips -from Matura, Galle, Colombo, Negombo, and Putulang were brought here -with great convenience the large number of 63 elephants, the former -plan of transporting the animals in native vessels from Galle and -Colombo can be dropped now, a few experiments having been made and -proving apparently unsuccessful. It must be seen that at least 12 or -15 elephants are trained for the hunt, as a considerable number is -always required, especially if the animals from Putulang have to be -fetched by land. For this reason I have ordered that two out of the 16 -animals that were left from the sale and who have some slight defects, -but which do not unfit them for this work, should be trained, viz., -No 22, 5 3/8 cubits high, and No. 72, 5 1/2 cubits high, which may -be employed to drive the other animals. Meanwhile the Dessave must -see that the two animals which, as he is aware, were lent to Don -Diogo, are returned to the Company. These animals were not counted -among those belonging to the Company, which was very careless. As is -known to Your Honours, we have abolished the practice of branding the -animals twice with the mark circled V, as was done formerly, once when -they were sent to these Provinces and again when they were sold, and -consider it better to mark them only once with a number, beginning -with No. 1, 2, 3, &c., up to No. 100. Ten iron brand numbers have -been made for this purpose. If there are more than 100 animals, they -must begin again with number 1, and as a mark of distinction a cross -must be put after each number, which rule must be observed in future, -especially as the merchants were pleased with it and as it is the best -way of identifying the animals. We trust that with the opening of the -King's harbours the plan of obtaining the areca-nut from the King's -territory by water will be unnecessary, but the plan of obtaining -these nuts by way of the Wanni will be dealt with in the Appendix. - -8. The trade with the Moors from Bengal must be protected, and these -people fairly and reasonably dealt with, so that we may secure the -necessary supply of grain and victuals. We do not see any reason -why these and other merchants should not be admitted to the sale of -elephants, as was done this year, when every one was free to purchase -as he pleased. The people of Dalpatterau only spent half of their -cash, because they wished to wait till next year for animals which -should be more to their liking. His Excellency the High Commissioner -informed me that he had invited not only the people from Golconda, -but also those of Tanhouwer, [70] &c., to take part in that trade, -and this may be done, especially now that the prospects seem to all -appearances favourable; while from the districts of Colombo, Galle, -and Matura a sufficient number of elephants may be procured to make -up for the deficiency in Jaffnapatam, if we only know a year before -what number would be required, which must be always inquired into. - -As the Manaar chanks are not in demand in Bengal, we have kept here a -quantity of 36 1/2 Couren of different kinds, intending to sell in the -usual commercial way to the Bengal merchants here present; but they -did not care to take it, and said plainly that the chanks were not of -the required size or colour; they must therefore be sent to Colombo by -the first opportunity, to be sent on to Bengal next year to be sold at -any price, as this will be better than having them lying here useless. - -9. The subject of the inhabitants has been treated of in such a way -that it is unnecessary for me to add anything. - -10. With regard to the tithes, I agree with Mr. Zwaardecroon that -the taxes need not be reduced, especially as I never heard that the -inhabitants asked for this to be done. It will be the duty of the -Dessave to see that the tenth of the harvest of the waste lands, -which were granted with exemption of taxes for a certain period, is -brought into the Company's stores after the stated period has expired. - -11. Poll tax.--It is necessary that a beginning should be made with -the work of revising the Head Thombo, and that the names of the old -and infirm people and of those that have died should be taken off the -list, while the names of the youths who have reached the required age -are entered. This renovation should take place once in three years, -and the Dessave as Land Regent should sometimes assist in this work. - -12. Officie Gelden.--It will be very well if this be divided according -to the number of people in each caste, so that each individual pays -his share, instead of the amount being demanded from each caste as -a whole, because it is apparent that the Majoraals have profited by -the old method. - -13. No remarks are at present necessary with regard to the Adigary. - -14. The Oely service, imposed upon those castes which are bound to -serve, must be looked after, as this is the only practicable means -of continuing the necessary works. The idea of raising the fine for -non-attendance from 2 stivers, which they willingly pay, to 4 stivers -or one fanam, [71] is not bad, but I found this to be the practise -already for many years, as may be seen from the annexed account of two -parties of men who had been absent, which most likely was overlooked -by mistake. This is yet stronger evidence that the circumstances -of the inhabitants have improved, and I therefore think it would be -well to raise the chicos from 4 stivers to 6 stivers or 1 1/2 fanam, -with a view to finding out whether the men will then be more diligent -in the performance of their duty; because the work must be carried on -by every possible means. Your Honours are again seriously recommended -to see that the sicos or fines specified in the annexed Memoir are -collected without delay, and also the amount still due for 1693, -because such delay cannot but be prejudicial to the Company. The old -and infirm people whose names are not entered in the new Thombo must -still deliver mats, and kernels for coals for the smith's shop. No -objections will be raised to this if they see that we do not slacken -in our supervision. - -15. Tax Collectors and Majoraals.--The payment of the taxes does not -seem satisfactory, because only Rds. 180 have been paid yet out of -the Rds. 2,975.1 due as sicos for the year 1695. It would be well -if these officers could be transferred according to the Instructions -of 1673 and 1675. It used to be the practice to transfer them every -three years; but I think it will be trouble in vain now, because when -an attempt was made to have these offices filled by people of various -castes, it caused such commotion and uproar that it was not considered -advisable to persist in this course except where the interest of the -Company made it strictly necessary. Perhaps a gradual change could -be brought about by filling the places of some of the Bellales when -they die by persons of other castes, which I think could be easily -done. Although Mr. Zwaardecroon seems to think it desirable that -the appointment of new officials for vacancies and the issuing of -the actens should be deferred till his return from Mallabaar or -until another Commandeur should come over, we trust that he does -not mean that these appointments could not be made by the Governor -of the Island or by the person authorized by him to do so. If the -Commandeur were present, such appointment should not be made without -his knowledge, especially after the example of the commotion caused -by the transfer of these officers in this Commandement, but in order -that Your Honours may not be at a loss what to do, it will be better -for you not to wait for the return of Mr. Zwaardecroon from Mallabaar, -nor for the arrival of any other Commandeur, but to refer these and -all other matters concerning this Commandement, which is subordinate -to us, to Colombo to the Governor and Council, so that proper advice -in debita forma may be given. - -16. The Lascoreens certainly make better messengers than soldiers. The -Dessave must therefore maintain discipline among them, and take -care that no men bound to perform other duties are entered as -Lascoreens. This they often try to bring about in order to be -excused from labour, and the Company is thus deprived of labourers -and is put to great inconvenience. I noticed this to be the case in -Colombo during the short time I was in Ceylon, when the labour had to -be supplied by the Company's slaves. There seems to be no danger of -another famine for some time, as the crop in Coromandel has turned out -very well. We cannot therefore agree to an increase of pay, although -it is true that the present wages of the men are very low. It must -be remembered, however, that they are also very simple people, who -have but few wants, and are not always employed in the service of -the Company; so that they may easily earn something besides if they -are not too lazy. We will therefore keep their wages for the present -at the rate they have been at for so many years; especially because -it is our endeavour to reduce the heavy expenditure of the Company -by every practicable means. We trust that there was good reason why -the concession made by His Excellency the Extraordinary Councillor -of India, Mr. Laurens Pyl, in favour of the Lascoreens has not been -executed, and we consider that on account of the long interval that -has elapsed it is no longer of application. The proposal to transfer -the Lascoreens in this Commandement twice, or at least once a year, -will be a good expedient for the reasons stated. - -17. The importation of slaves from the opposite coast seems to be most -profitable to the inhabitants of Jaffnapatam, as no less a number -than 3,584 were brought across in two years' time, for which they -paid 9,856 guilders as duty. It would be better if they imported a -larger quantity of rice or nely, because there is so often a scarcity -of food supplies here. It is also true that the importation of so many -slaves increases the number of people to be fed, and that the Wannias -could make themselves more formidable with the help of these men, so -that there is some reason for the question whether the Company does -not run the risk of being put to inconvenience with regard to this -Commandement. Considering also that the inhabitants have suffered -from chicken-pox since the importation of slaves, which may endanger -whole Provinces, I think it will be well to prevent the importation of -slaves. As to the larger importation on account of the famine on the -opposite coast, where these creatures were to be had for a handful of -rice, this will most likely cease now, after the better harvest. The -danger with regard to the Wannias I do not consider so very great, as -the rule of the Company is such that the inhabitants prefer it to the -extreme hardships they had to undergo under the Wannia chiefs, and they -would kill them if not for fear of the power of the Company. Therefore -I think it unnecessary to have any apprehension on this score. - -18. Rice and nely are the two articles which are always wanting, -not only in Jaffnapatam, but throughout Ceylon all over the Company's -territory, and therefore the officers of the Government must constantly -guard against a monopoly being made of this grain. This opportunity -is taken to recommend the matter to Your Honours as regards this -Commandement. - -19. I do not consider any remarks necessary with regard to the -native trade. I agree, however, with the method practised by -Mr. Zwaardecroon in order to prevent the monopoly of grain, viz., -that all vessels returning with grain, which the owners take to Point -Pedro, Tellemanaar, and Wallewitteture, often under false pretexts, -in order to hide it there, should be ordered to sail to Kayts. This -matter is recommended to Your Honours' attention. - -20. With regard to the coconut trees, we find that more difficulties -are raised about the order from Colombo of October 13 last, for the -delivery of 24 casks of coconut oil, than is necessary, considering -the large number of trees found in this country. It seems to me that -this could be easily done; because, according to what is published from -time to time, and from what is stated in the Pass Book, it appears that -during the period of five years 1692 to 1696 inclusive, a number of -5,397,800 of these nuts were exported, besides the quantity smuggled -and the number consumed within this Commandement. Calculating that -one cask, or 400 cans of 10 quarterns, of oil can be easily drawn from -5,700 coconuts (that is to say, in Colombo: in this Commandement 6,670 -nuts would be required for the same quantity, and thus, for the whole -supply of 24 casks, 160,080 nuts would be necessary), I must say I do -not understand why this order should be considered so unreasonable, -and why the Company's subjects could not supply this quantity for -good payment. Instead of issuing licenses for the export of the nuts -it will be necessary to prohibit it, because none of either of the -kinds of oil demanded has been delivered. I do not wish to express -my opinion here, but will only state that shortly after my arrival, -I found that the inhabitants on their own account gladly delivered the -oil at the Company's stores at the rate of 3 fanams or Rd. 1/4 per -marcal of 36 quarterns, even up to 14 casks, and since then, again, -10 casks have been delivered, and they still continue to do so. They -also delivered 3 amen of margosa oil, while the Political Council -were bold enough to assert in their letter of April 4 last that it -was absolutely impossible to send either of the two kinds of oil, -the excuse being that they had not even sufficient for their own -requirements. How far this statement can be relied upon I will not -discuss here; but I recommend to Your Honours to be more truthful -and energetic in future, and not to trouble us with unnecessary -correspondence, as was done lately; although so long as the Dessave -is present I have better expectations. - -21. No remarks are necessary on the subject of the iron and steel -tools, except that there is the more reason why what is recommended -here must be observed; because the free trade with Coromandel and -Palecatte has been opened this year by order of the Honourable the -Supreme Government of India. - -22. It is very desirable that the palmyra planks and laths should -be purchased by the Dessave. As reference is made here to the large -demand for Colombo and Negapatam, I cannot refrain from remarking -that the demand from Negapatam has been taken much more notice of -than that from Colombo; because, within a period of four years, no -more than 1,970 planks and 19,652 laths have been sent here, which was -by no means sufficient, and in consequence other and far less durable -wood had to be used. We also had to obtain laths from private persons -at Jaffnapatam at a high rate and of inferior quality. I therefore -specially request that during the next northern monsoon the following -are sent to this Commandement of Colombo, [72] where several necessary -building operations are to be undertaken:--4,000 palmyra planks in -two kinds, viz., 2,000 planks, four out of one tree; 2,000 planks, -three out of one tree; 20,000 palmyra laths. Your Honour must see that -this timber is sent to Colombo by any opportunity that offers itself. - -23. It will be necessary to train another able person for the -supervision of the felling of timber, so that we may not be put to -any inconvenience in case of the death of the old sergeant. Such -a person must be well acquainted with the country and the forests, -and the advice here given must be followed. - -24. Charcoal, which is burnt from kernels, has been mentioned under -the heading of the Oely service, where it is stated who are bound -to deliver it. These persons must be kept up to the mark, but as -a substitute in times of necessity 12 hoeden [73] of coals were -sent last January as promised to Your Honour. This must, however, -be economically used. - -25. As stated here, the bark-lunt is more a matter of convenience -than of importance. It is, however, necessary to continue exacting -this duty, being an old right of the lord of the land; but on the -other hand it must be seen that too much is not extorted. - -26. The coral stone is a great convenience, and it would be well -if it could be found in more places in Ceylon, when so many hoekers -would not be required to bring the lime from Tutucorin. - -27. The lime found here is also a great convenience and profit, -as that which is required in this Commandement is obtained free of -cost. When no more lime is required for Coromandel, the 8,000 or 9,000 -paras from Cangature must be taken to Kayts as soon as possible in -payment of what the lime-burners still owe. If it can be proved that -any amount is still due, they must return it in cash, as proposed -by Commandeur Zwaardecroon, which Your Honour is to see to. But as -another order has come from His Excellency the Governor of Coromandel -for 100 lasts of lime, it will be easier to settle this account. - -28. The dye-roots have been so amply treated of here and in such a way -that I recommend to Your Honour to follow the advice given. I would -add some remarks on the subject if want of time did not prevent my -doing so. - -29. The farming out of the duties, including those on the import of -foreign cloth of 20 per cent., having increased by Rds. 4,056 1/2, -must be continued in the same way. The stamping of native cloth -(included in the lease) must be reduced, from September 1 next, to 20 -per cent. The farmers must also be required to pay the monthly term -at the beginning of each month in advance, which must be stipulated -in the lease, so that the Company may not run any risks. There are -prospects of this lease becoming more profitable for the Company in -future, on account of the passage having been opened. - -30. With regard to the Trade Accounts, such good advice has been -given here, that I fully approve of it and need not make any further -comments, but only recommend the observance of the rules. - -31. The debts due to the Company, amounting to 116,426.11.14 guilders -at the end of February, 1694, were at the departure of Mr. Zwaardecroon -reduced to 16,137.8 guilders. This must no doubt be attributed -to the greater vigilance exercised, in compliance with the orders -from the Honourable the Supreme Government of India by resolution -of 1693. This order still holds good and seems to be still obeyed; -because, since the date of this Memoir, the debt has been reduced to -14,118.11.8 guilders. The account at present is as follows:-- - - - Guilders. [74] - The Province of Timmoraatsche 376. 2.8 - The Province of Patchelepalle 579.10.0 - Tandua Moeti and Nagachitty (weavers) 2,448.13.0 - Manuel of Anecotta 8,539. 6.0 - The Tannecares caste 1,650. 0.0 - Don Philip Nellamapane 375. 0.0 - Ambelewanner 150. 0.0 - =========== - Total 14,118.11.8 - - -Herein is not included the Fl. 167.15 which again has been paid to -the weavers Tandua Moeti and Naga Chitty on account of the Company for -the delivery of Salampoeris, while materials have been issued to them -later on. It is not with my approval that these poor people continue -to be employed in the weaving of cloth, because the Salampoeris which I -have seen is so inferior a quality and uneven that I doubt whether the -Company will make any profit on it; especially if the people should -get into arrears again as usual on account of the thread and cash -issued to them. I have an idea that I read in one of the letters from -Batavia, which, however, is not to be found here at the Secretariate, -that Their Excellencies forbid the making of the gingams spoken of -by Mr. Zwaardecroon, as there was no profit to be made on these, -but I am not quite sure, and will look for the letter in Colombo, -and inform Their Excellencies at Batavia of this matter. Meantime, -Your Honours must continue the old practice as long as it does not -act prejudicially to the Company. At present their debt is 2,448.13 -guilders, from which I think it would be best to discharge them, -and no advance should be given to them in future, nor should they be -employed in the weaving of cloth for the Company. I do not think they -need be sent out of the country on account of their idolatry on their -being discharged from their debt; because I am sure that most of the -natives who have been baptized are more heathen than Christian, which -would be proved on proper investigation. Besides, there are still so -many other heathen, as, for instance, the Brahmin Timmerza and his -large number of followers, about whom nothing is said, and who also -openly practise idolatry and greatly exercise their influence to aid -the vagabonds (land-loopers) dependent on him, much to the prejudice of -Christianity. I think, therefore, that it is a matter of indifference -whether these people remain or not, the more so as the inhabitants of -Jaffnapatam are known to be a perverse and stiff-necked generation, -for whom we can only pray that God in His mercy will graciously -enlighten their understanding and bless the means employed for their -instruction to their conversion and knowledge of their salvation. - -It is to be hoped that the debt of the dyers, amounting to 8,539.6 -guilders, may yet be recovered by vigilance according to the -instructions. - -32. The debt of the Tannekares, who owe 1,650 guilders for 11 -elephants, and the amount of 375 guilders due by Don Gaspar advanced -to him for the purchase of nely, as also the amount of Fl. 150 from -the Ambelewanne, must be collected as directed here. - -33. With regard to the pay books nothing need be observed here but -that the instructions given in the annexed Memoir be carried out. - -34. What is said here with regard to the Secretariate must be observed, -but with regard to the proposed means of lessening the duties of -the Secretary by transferring the duties of the Treasurer to the -Thombo-keeper, Mr. Bolscho (in which work the latter is already -employed), I do not know whether it would be worth while, as it is -best to make as few changes as possible. The instructions with regard -to the passports must be followed pending further orders. - -35. I will not comment upon what is stated here with regard to the -Court of Justice, as these things occurred before I took up the reins -of Government, and that was only recently. I have besides no sufficient -knowledge of the subject, while also time does not permit me to peruse -the documents referred to. Mr. Zwaardecroon's advice must be followed, -but in case Mr. Bolscho should have to be absent for a short time -(which at present is not necessary, as it seems that the preparation -of the maps and the correction of the Thombo is chiefly left to the -surveyors), I do not think the sittings of the Court need be suspended, -but every effort must be made to do justice as quickly as possible. In -case of illness of some of the members, or when the Lieutenant Claas -Isaacsz has to go to the interior to relieve the Dessave of his duties -there, Lieut. van Loeveningen, and, if necessary, the Secretary of the -Political Council, could be appointed for the time; because the time -of the Dessave will be taken up with the supervision of the usual work -at the Castle. I think that there are several law books in stock in -Colombo, of which some will be sent for the use of the Court of Justice -by the first opportunity; as it appears that different decisions have -been made in similar cases among the natives. Great precaution must -be observed, and the documents occasionally submitted to us. I think -that the number of five Lascoreens and six Caffirs will be sufficient -for the assistance of the Fiscaal. - -36. I will not make any remarks here on the subject of religion, but -will refer to my annotations under the heading of Outstanding Debts. - -37. I agree with all that has been stated here with regard to the -Seminary and need not add anything further, except that I think this -large school and church require a bell, which may be rung on Sundays -for the services and every day to call the children to school and -to meals. As there are bells in store, the Dessave must be asked to -see that one is put up, either at the entrance of the church on some -steps, or a little more removed from the door, or wherever it may be -considered to be most convenient and useful. - -38. All that is said here with regard to the Consistory I can only -confirm. - -39. I approve of the advice given to the Dessave to see to the -improvement of the churches and the houses belonging thereto; but I -have heard that the neglect has extended over a long period and the -decay is very serious. It should have been the duty of the Commandeur -to prevent their falling into ruin. - -40. The Civil or Landraad ought to hold its sittings as stated in the -Memoir. I am very much surprised to find that this Court is hardly -worthy of the name of Court any more, as not a single sitting has been -held or any case heard since March 21, 1696. It appears that these -sittings were not only neglected during the absence of the Commandeur -in Colombo, but even after his return and since his departure for -Mallabaar, and it seems that they were not even thought of until my -arrival here. This shows fine government indeed, considering also -that the election of the double number of members for this College had -twice taken place, the members nominated and the list sent to Colombo -without a single meeting being held. It seems to me incomprehensible, -and as it is necessary that this Court should meet again once every -week without fail, the Dessave, as chief in this Commandement when the -Commandeur is absent, is entrusted with the duty of seeing that this -order is strictly observed. As Your Honours are aware, I set apart a -meeting place both for this Court as well as the Court of Justice, -namely, the corner house next to the house of the Administrateur -Biermans, consisting of one large and one small room, while a roof has -been built over the steps. This, though not of much pretension, will -quite do, and I consider it unnecessary to build so large a building as -proposed either for this Court or for the Scholarchen. The scholarchial -meetings can be held in the same place as those of the Consistory, -as is done in Colombo and elsewhere, and a large Consistory has been -built already for the new church. As it is not necessary now to put up -a special building for those assemblies, I need not point out here the -errors in the plan proposed, nor need I state how I think such a place -should be arranged. I have also been averse to such a building being -erected so far outside the Castle and in a corner where no one comes -or passes, and I consider it much better if this is done within the -Castle. There is a large square adjoining the church, where a whole -row of buildings might be put up. It is true that no one may erect -new buildings on behalf of the Company without authority and special -orders from Batavia. I have to recommend that this order be strictly -observed. Whether or not the said foul pool should be filled up I -cannot say at present, as it would involve no little labour to do so. - -41. I approve of the advice given in the annexed Memoir with regard -to the Orphan Chamber. - -42. I agree with this passage concerning the Commissioners of Marriage -Causes, except that some one else must be appointed in the place of -Lieutenant Claas Isaacsz if necessary. - -43. Officers. As above. - -44. Superintendent of the Fire Brigade and Wardens of the Town. As -above. - -45. As stated here, the deacons have a deficit of Rds. 1,145.3.7 over -the last five and half years, caused by the building of an Orphanage -and the maintenance of the children. At present there are 18 orphans, -10 boys and 8 girls, and for such a small number certainly a large -building and great expenditure is unnecessary. As the deficit has been -chiefly caused by the building of the Orphanage, which is paid for -now, and as the Deaconate has invested a large capital, amounting to -Fl. 40,800, on interest in the Company, I do not see the necessity of -finding it some other source of income, as it would have to be levied -from the inhabitants or paid by the Company in some way or other. - -46. No more sums on interest are to be received in deposit on behalf -of the Company, in compliance with the instructions referred to. - -47. What is stated here with regard to the money drafts must be -observed. - -48. Golden Pagodas.--I find a notice, bearing date November 18, -1695, giving warning against the introduction of Pagodas into this -country. It does not seem to have had much effect, as there seems -to be a regular conspiracy and monopoly among the chetties and other -rogues. This ought to be stopped, and I have therefore ordered that -none but the Negapatam and Palliacatte Pagodas will be current at 24 -fannums or Rds. 2, while it will be strictly prohibited to give in -payment or exchange any other Pagodas, whether at the boutiques or -anywhere else, directly or indirectly, on penalty of the punishment -laid down in the statutes. Your Honours must see that this rule -is observed, and care must be taken that no payment is made to the -Company's servants in coin on which they would have to lose. - -49. The applications from outstations.--The rules laid down in the -annexed Memoir must be observed. - -50. With regard to the Company's sloops and other vessels, directions -are given here as to how they are employed, which directions must be -still observed. Further information or instructions may be obtained -from Colombo. - -51. The Fortifications.--I think it would be preferable to leave the -fortifications of the Castle of Jaffnapatam as they are, instead -of raising any points or curtains. But improvements may be made, -such as the alteration of the embrazures, which are at present on the -outside surrounded by coral stone and chunam, and are not effective, -as I noticed that at the firing of the salute on my arrival, wherever -the canons were fired the coral stone had been loosened and in some -places even thrown down. The sentry boxes also on the outer points -of the flank and face had been damaged. These embrazures would be -very dangerous for the sentry in case of an attack, as they would -not stand much firing. I think also that the stone flooring for the -artillery ought to be raised a little, or, in an emergency, boards -could be placed underneath the canon, which would also prevent the -stones being crushed by the wheels. I noticed further that each canon -stands on a separate platform, which is on a level with the floor of -the curtain, so that if the carriage should break when the canon are -fired, the latter would be thrown down, and it would be with great -difficulty only that they could be replaced on their platform. It -would be much safer if the spaces between these platforms were filled -up. The ramparts are all right, but the curtain slopes too much; -this was done most likely with a view of permitting the shooting with -muskets at even a closer range than half-way across the moat. This -deficiency might be rectified by raising the earthen wall about -half a foot. These are the chief deficiencies I noticed, which could -be easily rectified. With regard to the embrazures, I do not know at -present whether it would be safer to follow the plan of the Commandeur -or that of the Constable-Major Toorse. For the present I have ordered -the removal of the stones and their replacement by grass sods, which -can be fixed on the earthen covering of the ramparts. Some of the -soldiers well experienced in this work are employed in doing this, -and I think that it will be far more satisfactory than the former plan, -which was only for show. The sentry boxes had better be built inside, -and the present passage to them from the earthen wall closed up, and -they must be built so that they would not be damaged by the firing of -the canon. The Dessave has been instructed to see that the different -platforms for the artillery are made on one continuous floor, which -can be easily done, as the spaces between them are but very small -and the materials are at hand. - -I wish the deficiencies outside the fort could be remedied as well -as those within it. The principal defect is that the moat serves as -yet very little as a safeguard, and it seems as if there is no hope -of its being possible to dig it sufficiently deep, considering that -experiments have been made with large numbers of labourers and yet the -work has advanced but little. When His Excellency the Honourable the -Commissioner van Mydregt was in Jaffnapatam in 1690, he had this work -continued for four or five weeks by a large number of people, but he -had to give it up, and left no instructions as far as is known. The -chief difficulty is the very hard and large rocks enclosed in the -coral stone, which cannot be broken by any instrument and have to -be blasted. This could be successfully done in the upper part, but -lower down beneath the water level the gunpowder cannot be made to -take fire. As this is such an important work, I think orders should -be obtained from Batavia to carry on this work during the dry season -when the water is lowest; because at that time also the people are -not engaged in the cultivation of fields, so that a large number -of labourers could be obtained. The blasting of the rocks was not -undertaken at first for fear of damage to the fortifications, but -as the moat has been dug at a distance of 10 roods from the wall, -it may be 6 or 7 roods wide and a space would yet remain of 3 or -4 roods. This, in my opinion, would be the only effectual way of -completing the work, provision being made against the rushing in of the -water, while a sufficient number of tools, such as shovels, spades, -&c., must be kept at hand for the breaking of the coral stones. It -would be well for the maintenance of the proper depth to cover both -the outer and inner walls with coral stone, as otherwise this work -would be perfectly useless. - -With regard to the high grounds northward and southward of the town, -this is not very considerable, and thus not a source of much danger. I -admit, however, that it would be better if they were somewhat lower, -but the surface is so large that I fear it would involve a great -deal of labour and expenditure. In case this were necessary, it would -be just as important that the whole row of buildings right opposite -the fort in the town should be broken down. I do not see the great -necessity for either, while moreover, the soil consists of sand and -stone, which is not easily dug. With regard to the horse stables and -the carpenters' yard just outside the gate of the Castle, enclosed -by a wall, the river, and the moat of the Castle, which is deepest -in that place (although I did not see much water in it), I think it -would have been better if they had been placed elsewhere; but yet I -do not think they are very dangerous to the fort, especially as that -corner can be protected from the points Hollandia and Gelria; while, -moreover, the roof of the stable and the walls towards the fort could -be broken down on the approach of an enemy; for, surely no one could -come near without being observed. As these buildings have been only -newly erected, they will have to be used, in compliance with the -orders from Batavia. - -Thus far as to my advice with regard to this fort; but I do not mean to -oppose the proposals of the Commandeur. I will only state here that I -found the moat of unequal breadth, and in some places only half as wide -as it ought to be, of which no mention is made here. In some places -also it is not sufficiently deep to turn the water by banks or keep it -four or five feet high by water-mills. Even if this were so, I do not -think the water could be retained on account of the sandy and stony -soil, especially as there are several low levels near by. Supposing -even that it were possible, the first thing an enemy would do would be -to direct a few shots of the canon towards the sluices, and thus make -them useless. I would therefore recommend that, if possible, the moat -be deepened so far during the south-west monsoon that it would be on a -level with the river, by which four or six feet of water would always -stand in it. With regard to the sowing of thorns, I fear that during -the dry season they would be quite parched and easily take fire. This -proposal shows how little the work at the moat has really advanced, -in fact, when I saw it it was dry and overgrown with grass. So long -as the fort is not surrounded by a moat, I cannot see the necessity -for a drawbridge, but the Honourable the Government of India will -dispose of this matter. Meantime I have had many improvements made, -which I hope will gain the approval of Their Excellencies. - -52. The fortress Hammenhiel is very well situated for the protection -of the harbour and the river of Kaits. The sand bank and the wall -damaged by the storm have been repaired. The height of the reservoir -is undoubtedly a mistake, which must be altered. The gate and the part -of the rampart are still covered with the old and decayed beams, and -it would be well if the project of Mr. Blom be completed. This is a -very necessary work, which must be hurried on as much as circumstances -permit, and it is recommended to Your Honours' attention, because -the old roof threatens to break down. - -53. As I have not seen any of these places, I cannot say whether the -water tanks are required or not. As the work has to wait for Dutch -bricks, it will be some time before it can be commenced, because -there are none in store here. - -54. Manaar is a fortress with four entire bastions. I found that the -full garrison, including Europeans and Mixties, [75] consists of 44 -men, twelve or fifteen of whom are moreover usually employed in the -advanced guard or elsewhere. I do not therefore see the use of this -fortress, and do not understand why instead of this fortress a redoubt -was not built. Having been built the matter cannot now be altered. It -has been stated that Manaar is an island which protects Jaffnapatam -on the south, but I cannot see how this is so. The deepening of -the moat cannot be carried out so soon, but the elevations may be -removed. Lime I consider can be burnt there in sufficient quantities, -and my verbal orders to the Resident have been to that effect. The -pavement for the canons I found quite completed, but the floors of -the galleries of the dwelling houses not yet. The water reservoir -of brick, which is on a level with the rampart, I have ordered to be -surrounded with a low wall, about 3 or 3 1/2 feet high, with a view -to prevent accidents to the sentinels at night, which are otherwise -likely to occur. The Dessave must see whether this has been done, -as it is not likely that I would go there again, because I intend -returning to Colombo by another route. - -55. Great attention should be paid to the provisions and -ammunition. The order of His Excellency van Mydregt was given as a -wise precaution, but has proved impracticable after many years of -experience, as His Excellency himself was also aware, especially -with regard to grain and rice, on account of the variable crops to -which we are subject here. However, the plan must be carried out as -far as possible in this Commandement, with the understanding that -no extraordinary prices are paid for the purchase of rice; while, on -the other hand, care must be taken that the grain does not spoil by -being kept too long; because we do not know of any kind of rice except -that from Coromandel which can be kept even for one year. At present -rice and nely are easily obtained, and therefore I do not consider it -necessary that the people of Jaffnapatam should be obliged to deliver -their rice at half per cent. less to the Company. The ten kegs of meat -and ten kegs of bacon must be sent to Colombo by the first opportunity, -to be disposed of there, if it is not spoilt (which is very much to -be feared). In case it is unfit for use the loss will be charged to -the account of this Commandement, although it has to be borne by the -Company all the same. Greater discrimination should be exercised in -future to prevent such occurrences, and I think it would be well in -emergencies to follow the advice of the late Mr. Paviljoen, viz., to -capture 1,000 or 1,200 cattle around the fort and drive them inside it, -while dry burs, &c., may also be collected to feed them. The arrack -must never be accepted until it has been proved to be good. In Batavia -it is tested by burning it in a silver bowl, and the same ought to be -done here, it being tested by two Commissioners and the dispenser. In -future bad arrack will be charged to the account of the person who -accepted it. The acceptance of inferior goods proves great negligence, -to say the least, and Your Honours are recommended to see that these -orders are observed. It is a satisfaction to know that there is a -sufficient stock of ammunition. An attempt must be made to repair -the old muskets, and those which are unfit for use must be sent to -Colombo. Pitch and tar will be sent. The storing away of fuel is a -praiseworthy precaution; but on my arrival I found only very little -kept here, and the space for the greater part empty. - -56. The military and the garrison are proportionately as strong here as -in other places, the want of men being a general complaint. However, -in order to meet this defect in some way, 34 of the military men who -came here with me are to remain, and also the three men whom I left -at Manaar and appointed to that station. I therefore do not think it -necessary to employ any more oepasses, [76] especially as we intend to -reduce the number of these people in Colombo to a great extent, so that -if they are really required, which I cannot see yet, some of them might -be sent here. At present we have nothing to fear from the Sinhalese. We -are on good terms with them, and it would be inexcusable to employ -any new men whose maintenance would be a heavy expenditure. Strict -discipline and continual military drill are very important points, -specially recommended to the attention of the Dessave. - -57. Public Works.--Care must be taken that no more native artisans -are employed than is necessary, as this means a considerable daily -expenditure. The various recommendations on this subject must be -observed. The four old and decayed Portuguese houses, which I found -to be in a bad condition, must be rebuilt when circumstances permit, -and may then serve as dwellings for the clergy and other qualified -officers, [77] but orders from Batavia must be awaited. Meantime -I authorize Your Honours to have the armoury rebuilt, as this is -indispensable. - -58. I agree with the recommendations with regard to the horse stables, -and also think that they could very well be supervised by the Chief, -and that it is undesirable for private overseers to be employed -for this purpose. The stable outside the fort has been brought into -readiness, and it may now be considered for what purpose the stable -in the Castle could be utilized. - -59. It is well that the floor of the hospital has been raised, -but the floor of the back gallery is also too low, so that it is -always wet whenever it rains, the water both rising from the ground -and coming down from the roof, which has been built too flat. It is -also necessary that a door be made in the ante-room and the entrance -of the gallery, in order to shut out the cold north winds, which are -very strong here and cause great discomfort to the patients. I also -think that the half walls between the rooms should be raised by a half -stone wall up to the roof, because it is too cold as it is at present -for such people. These and other improvements are also recommended -to the attention of the Dessave. - -60. It is always the case with the Company's slaves, to ask for -higher pay as soon as they learn a trade. I cannot countenance this -on my part, because I consider that they already receive the highest -pay allowed for a slave. They deserve no more than others who have -to do the heaviest and dirtiest work. These also if put to the test -would do higher work, as experience has proved. It is true that the -number here is small, but I think the rules should be the same in -all places. As there are, however, some slaves in Colombo also who -receive higher pay, the wages of the man who draws 6 fanams might be -raised to 8, 4 to 6, and 3 to 5 fanams, on the understanding that no -increase will be given hereafter. The emancipation of slaves and the -intermarrying with free people has also been practised and tolerated -in Ceylon, but whatever may be the pretext, I think it is always -to the prejudice of the Company in the case of male slaves. In the -case of women without children the matter is not quite so important, -and I would consent to it in the present case of the woman whom a -native proposes to marry, provided she has no children and is willing -to place a strong and healthy substitute. Until further orders no -more slaves are to be emancipated or allowed to intermarry with -free people. Those who are no longer able to work must be excused, -but those who have been receiving higher pay because they know some -trade will, in that case, receive no more than ordinary slaves. It -is not wise to emancipate slaves because they are old, as it might -have undesirable consequences, while also they might in that case -very soon have to be maintained by the Deaconate. - -61. It is in compliance with our orders that close regard should -be paid to all that passes at Manaar. This has been confirmed again -by our letter of June 1, especially with a view to collect the duty -from the vessels carrying cloth, areca-nut, &c., as was always done -by the Portuguese, and formerly also by the Company during the time -of the free trade. Further orders with regard to this matter must be -awaited from Batavia. Meantime our provisional orders must be observed, -and in case these are approved, it will have to be considered whether -it would not be better to lease the Customs duty. Personally I think -that this would be decidedly more profitable to the Company. - -62. With regard to the ill-fated elephants, I have to seriously -recommend better supervision. It is unaccountable how so many of -these animals should die in the stables. Out of three or four animals -sent to Jaffnapatam in 1685, and once even out of ten animals sent, -only one reached the Castle alive. If such be the case, what use is -it to the Company for efforts to be made for the delivery of a large -number of elephants? Moreover, experience proves that this need not -be looked upon as inevitable, because out of more than 100 elephants -kept in the lands of Matura hardly two or three died in a whole year, -while two parties of 63 animals each had been transported for more than -120 miles by land and reached their destination quite fresh and well, -although there were among these six old and decrepit and thirteen baby -elephants, some only 3 cubits high and rather delicate. It is true, as -has been said, that the former animals had been captured with nooses, -which would tire and harm them more than if they were caught in kraals, -but even then they make every effort to regain their liberty, and, -moreover, the kraals were in use here also formerly, and even then -a large number of the animals died. These are only vain excuses, -for I have been assured by the Lieutenant Claas Isaacsz and others -who have often assisted in the capture of elephants, both with nooses -and in kraals, that these animals (which are very delicate and must -be carefully tended, as they cannot be without food for 24 hours) -were absolutely neglected both in the stables at Manaar and on the -way. An animal of 5 or 6 cubits high is fed and attended there by only -one cooly, while each animal requires at least three coolies. They -are only fed on grass, if it is to be had, and at most 10, 12, or -15 olas or coconut leaves, whereas they require at least 50 or 60, -and it is very likely that those that are being transported get still -less, while the journey itself also does them a great deal of harm. How -little regard is paid to these matters I have seen myself in the lands -of Mantotte and elsewhere, and the Chief of Manaar, Willem de Ridder, -when questioned about it, had to admit that none of the keepers or -those who transported the animals, who are usually intemperate and -inexperienced toepas soldiers or Lascoreens, had ever been questioned -or even suspected in this matter. This is neglect of the Company's -interests, and in future only trustworthy persons should be employed, -and fines or corporal punishment ordered in case of failure, as the -death of such a large number of elephants causes considerable loss -to the Company. I think it would be best if the Chief of Manaar were -held mostly responsible for the supervision and after him the Adigar of -Mantotte. They must see that the animals are fed properly when kept in -the stalls during the rainy season; and these animals must always have -more than they eat, as they tread upon and waste part of it. During -the dry season the animals must be distributed over the different -villages in the Island, some also being sent to Carsel. Care must be -taken that besides the cornak [78] there are employed three parrias -[79] for each animal to provide its food, instead of one only as at -present, and besides the Chief and the Adigar a trustworthy man should -be appointed, either a Dutch sergeant or corporal or a reliable native, -to supervise the stalls. His duty will be to improve the stables, -and see that they are kept clean, and that the animals are properly -fed. The tank of Manaar, which is shallow and often polluted by -buffaloes, must be cleaned, deepened, and surrounded with a fence, -and in future only used for the elephants. The Adigar must supervise -the transport of the elephants from Mantotte and Manaar to the Castle, -and he must be given for his assistance all such men as he applies -for. At the boundary of the district of Mantotte he must give over his -charge to the Adigar of Pringaly, and the latter transporting them to -the boundary of Ponneryn must give them over to the Adigar of Ponneryn, -and he again at the Passes to the Ensign there, who will transport them -to the Castle. Experience will prove that in this way nearly all the -animals will arrive in good condition. The Dessave de Bitter is to see -that these orders are carried out, and he may suggest any improvements -he could think of, which will receive our consideration. This is -all I have to say on the subject. It seems that the Castle, &c., -are mostly kept up on account of the elephants, and therefore the -sale of these animals must counterbalance the expenditure. - -63. The cultivation of dye-roots is dealt with under the heading of -the Moorish Trade. - -64. I approve the orders from Colombo of May 17, 1695, with regard -to the proposal by Perie Tamby, for I think that he would have looked -for pearl oysters more than for chanks. - -65. With regard to the pearl fishery, some changes will have to be -made. The orders will be sent in time from Colombo before the next -fishery. In my Memoir, left at Colombo, I have ordered with regard -to the proposal of the Committee that four buoys should be made as -beacons for the vessels, each having a chain of 12 fathoms long, with -the necessary adaptations in the links for turning. With regard to the -question as to the prohibition of the export of coconuts on account -of the large number of people that will collect there, I cannot see -that it would be necessary. When the time arrives, and it is sure -that a fishery will be held, Your Honours may consider the question -once more, and if you think it to be so, the issue of passports may -be discontinued for the time. Most likely a fishery will be held -in the beginning of next year, upon which we hope God will give His -blessing, the Company having made a profit of Fl. 77,435.12 1/2 last -time, when only three-fourths of the work could be done on account -of the early south-west monsoon. - -66. All particulars having been stated here with regard to the -inhabited islets, I do not consider it necessary to make any remarks -about them. - -67. Horse breeding surely promises good results as stated in the -annexed Memoir. I visited the islands De Twee Gebroeders, and saw -about 200 foals of one, two, and three years old. I had some caught -with nooses, and they proved to be of good build and of fairly -good race. On the island of Delft there are no less than 400 or 500 -foals. Many of those on the islands De Twee Gebroeders will soon be -large enough to be captured and trained, when 15 animals, or three -teams, must be sent to Colombo to serve for the carriages with four -horses in which it is customary to receive the Kandyan ambassadors -and courtiers. They must be good animals, and as much as possible -alike in colour. At present we have only ten of these horses, many -of which are too old and others very unruly, so that they are almost -useless. Besides these, 15 riding horses are required for the service -of the Company in Colombo and Galle, as not a single good saddle -horse is to be found in either of these Commandements. Besides these, -25 or 30 horses must be sent for sale to private persons by public -auction, which I trust will fetch a good deal more than Rds. 25 or 35, -as they do in Coromandel. The latter prices are the very lowest at -which the animals are to be sold, and none must be sold in private, -but always by public auction. This, I am sure, will be decidedly in the -interest of the Company and the fairest way of dealing. I would further -recommend that, as soon as possible, a stable should be built on the -islands De Twee Gebroeders like that in Delft, or a little smaller, -where the animals could be kept when captured until they are a little -tamed, as they remain very wild for about two months. Next to this -stable a room or small house should be built for the Netherlander to -whom the supervision is entrusted. At present this person, who is -moreover married, lives in a kind of Hottentot's lodging, which is -very unseemly. The Dessave must see that the inhabitants of the island -Delft are forbidden to cultivate cotton, and that the cotton trees now -found there are destroyed; because the number of horses is increasing -rapidly. The Dessave noticed only lately that large tracts of land of -two, three, and more miles are thus cultivated, in direct opposition -to the Company's orders. It seems they are not satisfied to be allowed -to increase the number of their cattle by thousands, all of which have -to derive their food from the island as well as the Company's horses, -but they must also now cultivate cotton, which cannot be tolerated -and must be strictly prohibited. Once the horses perished for want of -water; on one occasion they were shot on account of crooked legs; and -it would be gross carelessness if now they had to perish by starvation. - -68. The Passes of Colomboture, Catsjay, Ponneryn, Pyl, Elephant, and -Beschutter; Point Pedro; the Water fortress, Kayts or Hammenhiel; -Aripo; Elipoecareve; and Palwerain-cattoe. No particular remarks -are necessary with regard to these Passes and stations, except that -I would recommend the Dessave, when he has an opportunity to visit -the redoubts Pyl, Elephant, and Beschutter with an expert, to see in -what way they could be best connected. I think that out of all the -different proposals that of a strong and high wall would deserve -preference, if it be possible to collect the required materials, -as it would have to be two miles long. As to the other proposals, -such as that of making a fence of palmyra trees or thorns, or to -dig a moat, I think it would be labour in vain; but whatever is -done must be carried out without expense or trouble to the Company, -in compliance with the orders from the Supreme Government of India. - -69. The instructions with regard to the water tanks must be carried -out as far as possible. - -70. I agree with what is said here with regard to the public roads. - -71. That the elephant stalls and the churches should have been allowed -to fall into decay speaks badly for the way in which those concerned -have performed their duty; and it is a cause of dissatisfaction. The -orders for the stalls in Manaar must also be applied for here, -and repairs carried out as soon as possible. I have been informed -that there are many elephants scattered here and there far from each -other, while only one Vidana acts as chief overseer, so that he cannot -possibly attend to his duty properly. It has been observed that the -elephants should have more parias or men who provide their food. These -and other orders with regard to the animals should be carried out. - -72. No remarks are required with regard to this subject of thornback -skins, Amber de gris, Carret, and elephants' tusks. - -73. The General Paresse [80] has been held upon my orders on the last -of July. Three requests were made, two of which were so frivolous and -unimportant that I need not mention them here. These were dropped. The -third and more important one was that the duty on native cloth, -which at present is 25 per cent., might be reduced. It was agreed -that from the 31st December it would be only 20 per cent. I was in a -position to settle this matter at once, because orders had been already -received from Batavia that they could be reduced to 20 per cent., -but no more. As shown in the annexed Memoir, the inhabitants are not -so badly off as they try to make us believe. The further instructions -in the annexed Memoir must be observed; and although I have verbally -ordered the Onderkoopman De Bitter to have the Pattangatyns appear -only twice instead of twelve times a year, as being an unbearable -inconvenience, the Dessave must see that this order is obeyed. He must -also make inquiries whether the work could be done by one Cannekappul, -and, if so, Jeronimus must be discharged. - -74. Conclusion.--The advice in this conclusion may be useful to Your -Honours. I confirm the list of members of the Political Council, -to whom the rule of this Commandement in the interest of the Company -is seriously recommended. Reports of all transactions must be sent -to Colombo. - - - - - - - -NOTES TO APPENDIX. - - -A.--No remarks are necessary in regard to the introduction. - -B.--In elucidation of the document sent by us with regard to the -opening of the harbours of the Kandyan King, as to how far the -instructions extend and how they are to be applied within the Company's -jurisdiction, nothing need be said here, as this will be sufficiently -clear from our successive letters from Colombo. We would only state -that it would seem as if Mr. Zwaardecroon had forgotten that the -prohibition against the clandestine export of cinnamon applies also -to the export of elephants, and that these may not be sold either -directly or indirectly by any one but the Company. - -C.--It is not apparent that our people would be allowed to -purchase areca-nut in Trincomalee on account of the opening of -the harbours. Mr. Zwaardecroon's plan has been submitted to Their -Excellencies at Batavia, who replied in their letters of December 12, -1695, and July 3, 1696, that some success might be obtained by getting -the nuts through the Wanny from the King's territory. An experiment -might be made (provided Their Excellencies approve) charging Rds. 1/3 -per ammunam, as is done in Colombo, Galle, Matura, &c. This toll could -be farmed out, and the farmers authorized to collect the duty at the -passes, no further duties being imposed whether the nuts are exported -or not. If the duty were levied only on the nuts that are exported, -the inhabitants who now buy them from the Company at Rds. 6 per ammunam -would no longer do so, and this profit would be lost. Whether the -duty ought to be higher than Rds. 1/3 remains yet to be seen. The same -rule must be applied to pepper, cotton, &c., imported at the passes, -7 1/2 per cent. being charged as alphandigo. [81] This being paid, -the articles may be sold here, exported, or anything done as the -inhabitants please, without further liability to duty. - -D.--In the proclamation referred to here, in which free trade is -permitted at all harbours in Ceylon in the Company's territory, -it is clearly stated that the harbours may be freely entered with -merchandise, provided the customary duties are paid, and that only -the subjects of the Kandyan King are exempted from the payment of -these. It does not seem to me that this rule is in agreement with -the supposition that because of this free trade the duty on foreign -and native cloth would be abolished. If Mr. Zwaardecroon had made -inquiries he would have been informed that, as far as the import of -foreign cloth is concerned, the duty is the same as that in Colombo and -Galle. The proposed change would apparently bring about an increase of -the alphandigo, but where then would be found the Rds. 7,1 0 as duty -on the native and foreign cloths? I cannot see on what basis this -proposal is founded, and I therefore think that the Customs duty of -20 per cent. on the imported foreign cloths and the 20 per cent. for -the stamping of native cloths must be continued when, on the 31st -December next, the lease for the duty of 25 per cent. expires, the -more so as it has been pointed out in this Memoir wherever possible -that the inhabitants are increasing in prosperity. This agrees with -what was discussed at the general Paresse. With regard to the Moorish -merchants from Bengal, there would be no objection to the duty on the -cloths imported by them being fixed at 7 1/2 per cent., because they -have to make a much longer voyage than the merchants from Coromandel -and other places on the opposite coast; while we have to humour them -in order to induce them to provide us with rice. Moreover the Bengal -cloths are not very much in demand, and these people usually ask to -be paid in elephants, which do not cost the Company very much, rather -than in cash, as has been done again by the owner of the ship that is -here at present on behalf of the Bengal Nabob Caungaarekan. He also -complained of the duty of 20 per cent. and said he would pay no more -than the Company pays in Bengal. He said his master the Nabob would -be very angry, &c. We therefore considered whether the duty could not -be reduced to 7 1/2 per cent., as may be seen in the resolutions of -June 4 last. On December 12, 1695, a letter was received from Batavia -in answer to the difficulties raised by Mr. Zwaardecroon with regard -to these impositions, in which it is said that the Customs duty for -Bengal from the date of the license for free trade should be regulated -as it had been in olden times, with authority to remove difficulties -in their way and to give them redress where necessary. I found that -the duty paid by them formerly on these cloths was 7 1/2 per cent., -both in Galle and here, and I therefore authorize Your Honours to -levy from them only that amount. This must be kept in mind at the -farming out of these revenues at the end of the year, in order to -prevent difficulties with the farmer, as happened only lately. I -trust, however, that the farming out will not yield less than other -years. Meantime, and before any other vessels from Bengal arrive, the -approbation of Their Excellencies at Batavia must be obtained with -regard to this matter, so that alterations may be made according to -their directions without any difficulty. - -E.--I must confess that I do not understand how the subject of -free trade can be brought forward again as being opposed to the -Company's interests, as is done again with regard to the 24 casks -of coconut oil which the inhabitants have to deliver to the Company, -which are properly paid for and are not required for the purpose of -sale but for the use of the Company's servants, or how any one dares -to maintain that the lawful sovereign who extends his graciousness -and favours over his subjects and neighbours would be tied down and -prejudiced by such rules. It is true that the coconut trees in Matura -are required for the elephants, but in Galle and Colombo it is not so; -but the largest number of trees there is utilized for the drawing of -surie [82] for arrack, &c. It is true that some nuts are exported, -but only a small quantity, while the purchasers or transporters have -to sell one-third of what they export to the Company at Rds. 2 a -thousand, while they must cost them at least Rds. 3. Out of these we -had the oil pressed ourselves, and this went largely to supplement -the requirements for local consumption, which are very large, since -the vessels also have to be supplied, because as a matter of economy -the native harpuis (resin) has been largely used for rubbing over -the ships, so as to save the Dutch resin as much as possible, and -for the manufacture of this native resin a large quantity of oil is -required. Your Honours must therefore continue to have all suitable -casks filled with oil, and send to Colombo all that can be spared -after the required quantity has been sent to Coromandel, Trincomalee, -and Batticaloa, reserving what is necessary for the next pearl fishery -and the use of the Commandement. In order to avoid difficulties, Your -Honours are required to send to Colombo yearly (until we send orders -to the contrary) 12 casks of coconut oil and 2 casks of margosa oil, -which are expected without failure. For the rest we refer to what is -said under the heading of Coconut Trees. - -F.--This form for a passport was sent for no other purpose but that -it should be introduced according to instructions. - -G.--There is sufficient time yet for the opening of the road from -Putulang to Mantotte. I am well pleased with the work of the Dessave, -and approve of the orders given by him to the Toepas Adigar Rodrigo, -and the various reports submitted by him. In these he states that the -roads are now in good condition, while on June 5, when 34 elephants -arrived from Colombo, on this side of Putulang nothing had been done -yet, and even on July 16 and 17 when His Excellency the Governor -passed part of that road the work had advanced but very little. I -therefore sent on the 14th instant the Lieutenant Claas Isaacsz, who -had successfully transported the animals from Colombo to Putulang, -and is a man who can be depended upon, with two surveyors to see -that the roads, which were narrow and extraordinary crooked, were -widened to 2 roods and straightened somewhat in the forest, and to -cut roads leading to the water tanks. Sixty Wallias or wood-cutters, -150 coolies, and 25 Lascoreens were sent to complete this work, so -that in future there will be no difficulties of this kind, except -that the dry tanks must be deepened. I will see Mr. Isaacsz on this -subject on my return. On account of his shameful neglect and lying -and for other well-known reasons I have dismissed the Adigar Domingo -Rodrigo as unworthy to serve the Company again anywhere or at any -time, and have appointed in his place Alexander Anamale, who has -been an Adigar for many years in the same place. In giving him this -appointment I as usual obtained the verbal and written opinions of -several of the Commandeurs, who stated that he had on the whole been -vigilant and diligent in his office, but was discharged last year -by the Commission from Colombo without any reasons being known here, -to make room for the said incapable Domingo Rodrigo, who was Adigar of -Ponneryn at the time. I suppose he was taken away from there to please -the Wannia chiefs Don Philip Nellamapane and Don Gaspar Ilengenarene, -whose eldest son Gaspar, junior, was appointed Master of the Hunt, -as stated under the heading of the Wanny and Ponneryn. With regard to -the instructions to compile various lists, this order must be carried -out in so far as they are now complete. With regard to the significant -statement that the Honourable Company does not possess any lands in -Jaffnapatam, and that there is not the smallest piece of land known -of which the Company does not receive taxes, and that it therefore -would be impossible to compile a list of lands belonging to or given -away on behalf of the Company, and in case of the latter by whom, to -whom, when, why, &c., I am at a loss to follow the reasoning, and it -seems to me that there is something wrong in it, because the protocols -at the Secretariate here show that during the years 1695, 1696, and -1697 five pieces of land were given away by Mr. Zwaardecroon himself, -and this without the least knowledge or consent of His Excellency the -Governor; while, on the other hand, I know that there are still many -fields in the Provinces which are lying waste and have never been -cultivated; so that they belong to the Company and no one else. At -present the inhabitants send their cattle to these lands to graze, -as the animals would otherwise destroy their cultivated fields, -but in the beginning all lands were thus lying waste. With a view -to find out how many more of these lands there are here, and where -they are situated, I have instructed the Thombo-keeper, Mr. Bolscho, -to draw up a list of them from the newly compiled Thombo, beginning -with the two Provinces Willigamme and Waddamoraatschie, the Thombo of -which is completed; the other three Provinces must be taken up later -on. Perhaps the whole thing could be done on one sheet of paper, and -it need not take two years, nor do we want the whole Thombo in several -reams of imperial paper. As soon as the surveyors and Mr. Bolscho -return from their work at the road to Putulang, this work must be -taken in hand and the list submitted as soon as possible. I also do -not see the difficulty of compiling a list of all the small pieces -of land which, in the compiling of the new Thombo, were discovered on -re-survey to have been unlawfully taken possession of. Since my arrival -here I had two such lists prepared for the Provinces Willigamme and -Waddamoraatschie covering two sheets of paper each. This work was well -worth the trouble, as the pieces of cultivated land in the Province -of Willigamme amounted to 299,977 1/2 and in Waddamoraatschie to -128,013 roods, making altogether 427,990 1/2 roods. These, it is -said, might be sold to the present owners for about Rds. 7,000. I -think it would be best if these lands were publicly leased out, so -that the people could show their deeds. I think this would not be -unreasonable, and consider it would be sufficient favour to them, -since they have had the use of the lands for so many years without -ever paying taxes. When the new Thombo is compiled for the Provinces -of Patchelepalle and Timmeraatsche and the six inhabited islands, -some lands will surely be discovered there also. - -H.--It is in compliance with instructions, and with my approbation, -that the accounts with the purchasers of elephants in Golconda and -with the Brahmin Timmerza have been settled. For various reasons which -it is not necessary to state here he is never to be employed as the -Company's broker again, the more so as the old custom of selling the -elephants by public auction has been reintroduced this year, as has -been mentioned in detail under the heading of Trade. - -Your Honours must comply with our orders contained in the letter -of May 4 last from Colombo, as to how the cheques from Golconda are -to be drawn up and entered in the books. With regard to the special -request of the merchants that the amount due to them might be paid in -cash or elephants through the said Timmerza to their attorneys, this -does not appear in their letter of December 7, 1696, from Golconda, -but the principal purchasers of elephants request that the Company -may assist the people sent by them in the obtaining of vessels, and, -if necessary, give them an advance of 300 or 400 Pagodas, stating -that these had been the only reasons why they had consented to deal -with the said Timmerza. In our letter of May 4 Your Honours have been -informed that His Excellency Laurens Pit, Governor of Coromandel, has -consented at our request to communicate with you whenever necessary, as -the means of the Golconda merchants who desire to obtain advances from -the Company, and how much could be advanced to their attorneys. Such -cases must be carefully dealt with, but up to the present no such -request has been made, which is so much the better. - -I.--The 20,000 paras or 866 2/3 lasts of nely applied for from -Negapatam will come in useful here, although since the date of this -Memoir or the 6th of June the Council agreed to purchase on behalf -of the Company the 125 1/5 lasts of rice brought here in the Bengal -ship of the Nabob of Kateck Caim Caareham, because even this does -not bring the quantity in store to the 600 lasts which are considered -necessary for Jaffnapatam, as is shown under the heading of provisions -and ammunition. It will be necessary to encourage the people from -Bengal in this trade, as has been repeatedly stated. - -K.--The petition mentioned here, submitted by the bargemen of the -Company's pontons, stating that they have been made to pay all that -had been lost on various cargoes of rice above one per cent., that they -had not been fairly dealt with in the measuring, &c., deserves serious -investigation. It must be seen to that these people are not made to -refund any loss for which they are not responsible and which they could -not prevent, and the annexed recommendation should be followed as far -as reasonable. The point of the unfair measuring must be especially -attended to, since such conduct would deserve severe correction. - -L.--The instructions given here with regard to the receipt of Pagodas -must be carried out, but none but Negapatam or Palicatte Pagodas -must be received or circulated. Our instructions under the heading -of Golden Pagodas must be observed. - -M.--The Dessave de Bitter is to employ the Lieutenant Claas Isaacsz -in the Public Works Department on his return from Putulang after the -transport of the elephants, being a capable man for this work. The most -necessary work must be carried out first. Last year the Commissioners, -Messrs. van Keulen and Petitfilz, presented the son of the deceased -Don Philip Sangerepulle with a horse and a sombreer [83] by order -of His Excellency the Governor, apparently because he was the chief -of the highest caste, or on account of his father's services. Much -has been said against the father, but nothing has been proved, and -indeed greater scoundrels might be found on investigation. I now -see that Mr. Zwaardecroon, because no act of authority was shown -to him, has rejected this presentation and ordered the Political -Council here from the yacht "Bekenstyn" on March 29 of this year to -demand back from the youth this horse and sombreer. This having been -done without my knowledge and consent, I countermand this order, and -expect Your Honours to carry out the orders of His late Excellency the -Governor. [84] With regard to the administration of this Commandement, -I have stated what was necessary under the heading of the Form of -Government at the conclusion of the Memoir to which I herewith refer. I -will only add here that since then I have had reason to doubt whether -my instructions with regard to the Political Council and the manner -in which the administration is to be carried out has been properly -understood. I reiterate therefore that the Dessave de Bitter will be -looked upon and respected as the Chief in the Commandement during -the absence of the Commandeur, and that to him is entrusted the -duty of convening the meetings both of the Political Council and of -the Court of Justice. Also that he will pass and sign all orders, -such as those for the Warehouses, the Treasury, the Workshop, the -Arsenal, and other of the Company's effects. Further, that when he -stays over night in the Castle, he is to give out the watch-word and -see to the opening and the closing of the gates, which, in the event -of his absence, is deputed to the Captain. The Dessave will see that -order and discipline are maintained, especially among the military, -and also that they are regularly drilled. He is further to receive -the daily reports, not only of the military but also of all master -workmen, &c.; in short, he is to carry out all work just as if the -Commandeur were present. Recommending thus far and thus briefly these -instructions as a guidance to the Administrateur and the Political -Council, and praying God's blessing-- - - -I remain, Sirs, etc., -(Signed) GERRIT DE HEERE. - -Jaffnapatam, August 2, 1697. - - - - - - - -NOTES - - -[1] Note on p. 40. - -[2] "Want, de keuse van zyne begraafplaats mocht van nederigheid -getuigen--zoolang de oud Gouverneur-Generaal onbegraven was had hy -zekere rol te spelen, en zelf had Zwaardecroon maatregelen genomen, -op dat ook zyne laatste verschyning onder de levenden de compagnie -waardig mocht wesen, die hy gediend had."--De Haan, De Portugeesche -Buitenkerk, p. 40. - -[3] Van Rhede van der Kloot, De Gouverneurs-Generaal en -Commissarissen-Generaal van Nederlandsch-Indi�, 1610-1888. - -[4] That of Laurens Pyl. - -[5] These figures at the end of paragraphs refer to the marginal -remarks by way of reply made by the Governor Gerrit de Heer in the -original MS. of the Memoir, and which for convenience have been placed -at the end of this volume. See p. 96. - -[6] Hendrik Adriaan van Rheede of Drakestein, Lord of Mydrecht, High -Commissioner to Bengal, Coromandel, Ceylon, &c., from 1684-1691. For -a fuller account of him, see Report on the Dutch Records, p. 39. - -[7] Elephants without tusks. - -[8] Thomas van Rhee, Governor of Ceylon, 1693 to 1695. - -[9] The old plural of opperkoopman, upper merchant, the highest grade -in the Company's Civil Service. - -[10] Veddas. - -[11] Tanjore. - -[12] Zinc. - -[13] Probably bullock carts, from Portuguese boi, an ox. Compare -boiada, a herd of oxen. - -[14] Palm leaves dressed for thatching or matting, from the Malay -kajang, palm leaves. - -[15] Chanks. - -[16] These figures are taken from the original MS. It is difficult -to explain the discrepancy in the total. - -[17] This is the pure Arabic word, from which the word Shroff in our -local vocabulary is derived. - -[18] See note on p. 16. - -[19] Accountants, Tamil. - -[20] A variation in spelling of chicos. See p. 21. - -[21] Commandeur Floris Blom died at Jaffna on July 3, 1694, and is -buried inside the church. - -[22] Kernels of the palmyra nut. - -[23] An irrigation headman in the Northern and Southern Province. - -[24] Probably from kaiya, a party of workman doing work without wages -for common advantage. - -[25] A corruption of the Tamil word pattankatti. The word is applied -to certain natives in authority at the pearl fisheries. - -[26] Acts of appointment. - -[27] From Tamil tarahu, brokerage. Here applied apparently to the -person employed in the transaction. - -[28] The juice of the palmyra fruit dried into cakes. - -[29] The fruit itself. - -[30] The palmyra yam. - -[31] Palm oil. - -[32] See note on p. 15 (cadjang). - -[33] Coir. - -[34] Bananas: the word is in use in Java. - -[35] Durbar. - -[36] This has been translated into English, and forms an Appendix to -the Memoir of Governor Ryckloff van Goens, junior, to be had at the -Government Record Office, Colombo. - -[37] The full value of the rix-dollar was 60 Dutch stivers; but in -the course of time its local value appears to have depreciated, and as -a denomination of currency it came to represent only 48 stivers. Yet -to preserve a fictitious identity with the original rix-dollar, the -local mint turned out stivers of lower value, of which 60 were made -to correspond to 48 of the Dutch stivers. - -[38] In China a picol is equal to 133-1/3 lb. avoir. - -[39] Probably the Malay word bahar. It was equal to 419 lb. avoir. The -word is also found spelt baar, plural baren, in the Dutch Records. A -baar is equal to 600 lb. - -[40] Florins, stivers, abassis. - -[41] These are now known as cheniyas. - -[42] Plural of onderkoopman. - -[43] The same as chicos. See p. 21. - -[44] Pupil teachers? - -[45] Parda�, a popular name among the Portuguese for a gold and -afterwards for a silver coin. That here referred to was perhaps the -pagoda, which Valentyn makes equal to 6 guilders. - -[46] A copy of these is among the Archives in Colombo. - -[47] The Militia, composed of Vryburgers as officers, and townsmen -of a certain age in the ranks. - -[48] Pen-men, who also had military duties to perform. - -[49] The Artisan class in the Company's service. - -[50] Sloops. - -[51] Same as dhoneys. - -[52] Lit. "man searchers." These were probably small boats rowed -by men. - -[53] Cakes of palmyra sugar. - -[54] Coconut shells. - -[55] See note on p. 15. - -[56] This is what he says: "It was my intention to have a new -drawbridge built before the Castle, with a small water mill on one -side to keep the canals always full of sea water; and a miniature -model has already been made." - -[57] He died on December 15, 1691, on board the ship Drechterland on -a voyage from Ceylon to Surat. - -[58] Cured and dried fish. - -[59] Pallars? - -[60] See page 21 supra. - -[61] The church was completed in 1706, during the administration of -Commandeur Adam van der Duyn. - -[62] "Van geen oude schoenen te verwerpen, voor dat men met nieuwe -voorsien is." - -[63] Tanjore. - -[64] This is unfortunately no longer forthcoming, having probably been -destroyed or lost with the rest of the Jaffna records; and there is -no copy in the Archives at Colombo. But an older report of Commandeur -Blom dated 1690 will be translated for this series. - -[65] Also lost. - -[66] The figures are as given in the MS. It is difficult to reconcile -these equivalents with the rate of 3 guilders to the rix-dollar. The -denominations given under florins (guilders) are as follows:--16 -abassis = 1 stiver; 20 stivers = 1 florin. - -[67] See note on p. 16. - -[68] Hendrick Zwaardecroon. - -[69] Customs duty. - -[70] Tanjore. - -[71] A fanam, according to Valentyn's table, was equal to 5 stivers. - -[72] During the early years of the Dutch rule in Ceylon there was, -besides the Governor, a Commandeur resident in Colombo. This post -was subsequently abolished. - -[73] An old Dutch measure for coal and lime, equal to 32 bushels. - -[74] See note on p. 42. - -[75] A mixties was one of European paternity and native on the -mother's side. - -[76] Portuguese descendants of the lower class. - -[77] The term "qualified officers," here and elsewhere, probably -refers to those who received their appointment direct from the supreme -authorities at Batavia. - -[78] The elephant keeper. - -[79] The men who attend on the elephants, feed them, &c. - -[80] Durbar. - -[81] Customs duty. - -[82] Toddy. - -[83] Umbrella. - -[84] Thomas van Rhee. - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoir of Hendrick Zwaardecroon, -commandeur of Jaffnapatam (afterwards Governor-General of Nederlands India) -1697. 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For the guidance of the council of Jaffnapatam, during his absence at the coast of Malabar</title> -<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"> +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <meta name="generator" content= "tei2html.xsl, see http://code.google.com/p/tei2html/"> <meta name="author" content="Henricus Zwaardecroon (1667–1728)"> @@ -729,52 +729,7 @@ text-align:center;font-size:small; </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Memoir of Hendrick Zwaardecroon, commandeur -of Jaffnapatam (afterwards Governor-General of Nederlands India) 1697. -For the guidance of the council of Jaffnapatam, -during his absence at the coast of Malabar., by Hendrick Zwaardecroon - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. 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