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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40554 ***
+
+   Transcriber's Notes (more notes at the end of this file)
+
+   Small capitals have been changed to all capitals.
+   Italics have been represented between underscores thus: _italic text_.
+   Bold text has been represented between equals signs thus: =bold text=.
+   oe ligatures have been represented as per this example: Bel[oe]il
+   Triangular symbol represented thus: /_\
+   Asterisms are represented thus: [***]
+   Tables have been split into two in order to retain reasonably short
+   line lengths. Some spaces between words in the tables have been
+   deleted in order to maintain length of lines.
+   It is suggested that tables be viewed using a fixed-width font.
+
+
+
+
+   JOURNAL
+   OF A
+
+   HORTICULTURAL TOUR
+
+   THROUGH
+   GERMANY, BELGIUM,
+   AND PART OF FRANCE,
+   IN THE AUTUMN OF 1835.
+
+   TO WHICH IS ADDED,
+   A CATALOGUE OF THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF CACTEÆ
+   IN THE GARDENS AT WOBURN ABBEY.
+
+   BY JAMES FORBES, A.L.S.,
+   CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
+   AUTHOR OF "HORTUS WOBURNENSIS," ETC.
+
+   LONDON:
+   JAMES RIDGWAY AND SONS, PICCADILLY.
+   1837.
+
+
+   CHELSEA:
+   PRINTED BY WILLIAM BLATCH, 23, EXETER STREET,
+   SLOANE STREET.
+
+
+   TO
+
+   M. OTTO,
+
+   DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS,
+   BERLIN,
+
+   THE FOLLOWING PAGES ARE MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED,
+   AS A SLIGHT
+   TESTIMONY OF GRATITUDE FOR HIS KINDNESS,
+   AND AS A
+   TRIBUTE TO HIS INDEFATIGABLE ZEAL
+   IN THE
+   PROMOTION OF BOTANICAL SCIENCE,
+
+   BY HIS OBLIGED AND FAITHFUL SERVANT,
+
+   JAMES FORBES.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+The continental gardens and botanical collections having been rarely
+visited by the British gardener, his Grace the Duke of Bedford, with his
+usual anxiety for the promotion of useful knowledge, very liberally and
+kindly proposed in the autumn of 1835 that I should undertake a
+Horticultural Tour, through several parts of Germany, Belgium, and
+France, with a view of inspecting the different collections and
+productions cultivated in some of the most celebrated horticultural
+establishments in these countries.
+
+The notes which are now submitted to the public contain a cursory detail
+of the various gardens and objects that came under my observation
+during a tour occupying a space of eight weeks,--a period of time which
+the reader will readily understand required the utmost diligence on my
+part to fulfil the objects I had in view. Yet I was enabled to
+investigate such modes of culture as were adopted in the principal
+gardens, where the produce appeared in any way superior to our own; to
+become thoroughly acquainted with the different systems practised at
+various seasons of the year would have required an actual residence of
+many months.
+
+In the mode of forcing fruits and management of the kitchen garden
+department, the English gardener will find but little abroad superior to
+what he is daily accustomed to see at home. It must however be observed
+that the zeal and anxiety displayed throughout Germany in the
+cultivation and increase of their collections of plants are in no way
+inferior to our own. In fact, in succulent plants they far surpass us;
+more particularly in their collections of Cacteæ, which appeared to be a
+favourite tribe in the principal establishments on the continent. They
+are certainly deserving of a more extensive cultivation in this country
+than they have hitherto obtained. Their various shapes, numerous spines,
+angles, and the splendid flowers of many of the species, form an
+interesting and pleasing addition to our botanical establishments; and
+of all plants requiring the protection of the greenhouse and artificial
+heat, the Cacteæ may be cultivated at the least expense, and exact less
+attendance than is generally requisite for hothouse plants. The Palmæ
+are also extensively cultivated throughout the continent, and
+notwithstanding many of them are planted in gloomy habitations they were
+in general very healthy, and evidently more suitable inhabitants for
+such structures than the deciduous or hard-wooded species. The hothouses
+erected for the cultivation of plants throughout the Prussian dominions
+consist of opaque roofs, furnished only with upright lights, which are
+ill adapted for the flowering or bringing to perfection many of the
+tender species.
+
+In most parts of Germany the pleasure grounds are very deficient in
+evergreens, frost being so intense in that country that the
+_Rhododendron ponticum_, _Arbutus_, _Laurustinus_, _Daphne_, _Portugal_,
+and even common _Laurel_, require the protection of the greenhouse
+during the winter season. If these grounds, however, are deficient in
+evergreens, they are richly decorated, in most instances, with
+ornamental vases, statues, and numerous groups of fine sculpture, which
+contribute greatly to the embellishment of a pleasure-ground. As far as
+architecture and sculpture are concerned, the continental royal gardens
+far surpass those in England; but there did not appear to me in the
+quarters I visited to be a spirit for garden-improvement equal to that
+which is so generally prevalent in this country.
+
+It now only remains for me to take this opportunity of returning my
+thanks to those whose kindness afforded me considerable facilities in
+viewing the different gardens described in this tour; they are, however,
+more especially due to those horticulturists of Germany by whose
+liberality I have been enabled to add above six hundred new and curious
+plants to the splendid collection at Woburn Abbey, entrusted to my care;
+and I must add, that I found a cheerful inclination, in most instances,
+to enter into a correspondence for the mutual exchange of plants and
+seeds. The few remarks on different objects, not immediately connected
+with Horticulture, which I have ventured to introduce, will it is hoped
+be received with that indulgence which my imperfect acquaintance with
+such matters may require.
+
+J. F.
+
+
+
+
+   JOURNAL
+   OF A
+   HORTICULTURAL TOUR,
+   IN 1835.
+
+
+August 19th. Left the Custom House at six o'clock, a. m., by the William
+Joliffe steam-packet, for Hamburgh; but having a strong easterly wind
+a-head, we did not pass the sunk light until a little past four o'clock
+in the afternoon.
+
+20th. Sailing at the rate of six miles per hour; still a strong easterly
+wind a-head, but a beautiful day, and the sky clear from clouds; about
+twelve o'clock we were about twenty-five miles off the Texel, with a
+fresh breeze still right a-head.
+
+21st. A beautiful day, but the wind still continuing against us, we
+sailed only at the rate of seven miles per hour. About nine o'clock in
+the morning the small isle of Heligoland made its appearance, much to
+the gratification of the passengers, this island being only a hundred
+miles from Hamburgh. It is said to contain from three to four thousand
+inhabitants, who are chiefly occupied in fishing; haddocks and lobsters
+are very abundant in its immediate neighbourhood, which are taken in
+great numbers to the Hamburgh as well as the London markets. The island
+is said to be nearly a mile in length, and about half a mile in breadth,
+and now belongs to the British government. At twenty minutes past twelve
+o'clock we entered the Elbe, where two light ships are stationed, in
+consequence of the sandbanks, which are rather dangerous in that part of
+the passage.
+
+The island of Newark-Farm is distant only from three to four miles from
+the mouth of the Elbe; the houses and cattle were now pleasing objects
+in view. About three o'clock in the afternoon we arrived at Cuxhaven,
+which is a small sea-port town, and is in the territory belonging to the
+town of Hamburgh. It is a very fashionable bathing spot: and a large
+concourse of ladies and gentlemen assembled at the haven when the steam
+packet neared the shore. About four o'clock we experienced some heavy
+drops of rain, with very loud claps of thunder, and towards evening
+numerous broad flashes of lightning, very vivid, which appeared to skirt
+along near the ground. On passing along the Elbe, we found it much
+crowded with numerous sailing vessels, making the best of their way to
+and from Hamburgh. These, with a variety of handsome church-spires
+peeping out amongst various clumps of trees on both sides of the river,
+gave the scenery a pleasing and picturesque appearance. We have also
+here at the same time in view a part of the king of Denmark's dominions,
+as well as a portion of the Hanoverian territories.
+
+August 22nd. Arrived in the harbour at Hamburgh at half-past twelve
+o'clock in the morning; but by the time we got out our luggage, and
+boats to take us ashore, it was getting close on to eight o'clock.
+Shortly after my arrival I proceeded to Flottbeck, to see the nursery
+gardens of Mr. Booth, which are situated close by the banks of the Elbe,
+about four English miles from Hamburgh. In this nursery I was much
+gratified by the extensive collection of plants; there are about one
+hundred acres of ground under nursery stock, consisting principally of
+ornamental trees and shrubs, including a great variety of new species,
+that I had not previously seen in any of our British nurseries. Mr.
+Booth is a most enthusiastic practical botanist, and spares no expence
+for the introduction of new and rare plants to his collection. He has
+arranged along the edges of a walk which is nearly a mile in length a
+collection of hardy trees and shrubs, which are so planted that the
+different species of each genus are brought at once under view for
+comparison. The whole are arranged according to the _Natural System_ of
+_Jussieu_. The herbaceous ground contains above four thousand species
+of hardy perennial plants: there are also above twelve hundred
+different varieties of roses. The hothouses allotted for the growth of
+exotics and Cape plants are about five hundred feet in length, with a
+range of pits nearly four hundred feet long for the low and half-hardy
+species. The collection of _Cacteæ_ here amounts to nearly four hundred
+different species; amongst them are many curious and interesting sorts.
+There are also some fine specimens of palms, and numerous fine exotics;
+the collection of Cape and New Holland plants is likewise very
+extensive. The passion for _Orchideæ_ has also extended to this part of
+Germany; Mr. Booth has a great variety of this tribe of plants, and is
+building a house solely for their cultivation: he is likewise
+constructing pits, for the growth of the pine-apple. He has a very fine
+collection of the _Genus Pinus_, and shewed me several new species that
+he had raised from seeds, which were considered to be new and
+undescribed sorts. I saw a species much resembling our _Pinus
+palustris_, with fine long foliage. Mr. Booth calls it the palustris
+_excelsa_, and informs me that it grows to a great height, and is
+perfectly hardy, having stood this winter ten degrees of frost, Reaumur,
+which is equal to twenty three Fahrenheit, without sustaining the least
+injury, although quite exposed.
+
+I could not but admire the neatness in which the plants and grounds in
+this extensive establishment were kept, and notwithstanding the extreme
+dryness of the weather, (not having had any rain for nine weeks in that
+part of the country,) the plants were looking all in a healthy and
+flourishing state; but the watering of such a collection for so many
+weeks must have been attended with an enormous expence.
+
+August 23rd. Being accompanied by Mr. Booth, we proceeded along the
+banks of the Elbe to the villa of M. de la Camp, which is situated close
+by the road, commanding a most beautiful view of the Elbe and its
+shipping, as well as Finkenwarder, an island on the opposite side of the
+Elbe, the one half of which belongs to Hanover, and the other half to
+Hamburgh. This island produces a very hardy species of oak, which was
+found there some years ago, and is called the _Quercus Falkenbergense_.
+M. de la Camp has formed a very complete vineyard on the banks of the
+Elbe, which was in a very prolific state, as were also the vines that
+formed an arbour to the front of this gentleman's house.
+
+From this we next proceeded some miles further along the Elbe banks, to
+the seat of Mr. Baur at Blankanese. This gentleman is a wealthy
+merchant, and has expended an immense sum of money in the formation of
+his grounds, according to the English system of gardening. He has formed
+numerous walks and artificial banks, that command extensive views of the
+Elbe. These walks and banks, were staked out by Mr. Baur personally,
+who, I have no hesitation in saying, has displayed a very superior
+taste; they are remarkably well executed: in short, the banks and
+valleys appeared as if they had been formed by nature, but they are
+principally the work of art. I however regretted not to find a
+corresponding taste for good plants, to keep pace with the other
+extensive ground improvements that this gentleman has completed and is
+proceeding with.
+
+Close by the Elbe are situated several small forcing houses for fruits,
+a greenhouse, orangery, and some low pits for the cultivation of the
+pine-apple, which has been grown here for several years; but they do not
+seem yet to have made much progress in the cultivation of this fruit. In
+front of these houses there is a terrace-wall, that separates the
+garden-ground from the Elbe, which washes up against it. The stones with
+which this wall was built were brought a distance of from four to five
+hundred miles (from Saxony) for this purpose; and it is executed in a
+very superior manner. On the highest part of the grounds there has been
+lately erected a handsome Chinese pagoda, which commands a beautiful
+prospect of the Elbe and its shipping, as well as the opposite island
+and Hanoverian dominions. A round tower also been lately built, which
+forms a pretty object in these grounds; several other objects of
+interest are also to be seen dispersed in various parts, which are
+considered superior to any other gardens in the neighbourhood of
+Hamburgh, and are consequently much frequented every Sunday by
+visitors, as on that day it is open to the public. We were obliged to
+take our departure from them much sooner than I could have wished, owing
+to a very heavy shower of rain which continued for a considerable time;
+and it being the only rain of any consequence that had fallen in the
+course of nine weeks, it was very agreeable to that part of the country.
+Mr. Baur has recently built in these grounds a very handsome house,
+according to the English style of building, but it is not yet inhabited.
+It was impossible not to admire the very superior and substantial manner
+in which the works are all executed in this gentleman's establishment.
+
+On my return from this place to Flottbeck, I then proceeded back to
+Hamburgh: when on my way I was much surprised to observe bricklayers in
+some places busy at work, although Sunday. Towards the evening, the rain
+had quite abated; I then made the best of my way for the Botanic
+Gardens, which are situated in the suburbs of the town, on a part of the
+ground which, during the reign of Buonaparte, formed a strong
+fortification, but these have recently been demolished: they are now
+laid out as a public promenade for the inhabitants of the town, and
+likewise a Botanical establishment for the cultivation of plants, and
+from its beautiful situation, it is certainly one of the best chosen
+sites for this purpose that has come under my observation. It appeared
+to be of considerable extent, and irregular form, sloping in part of
+it, down to the old rampart ditch, which now forms a handsome piece of
+water, bounding the garden, and separating it from the promenade on the
+opposite side, which being laid out as a pleasure ground, with clumps of
+trees and shrubs on the grass, when viewed from the Botanic Garden,
+gives a stranger the idea that it is a part of the Botanical
+establishment, giving the latter a much more extensive appearance than
+it actually possesses. The extent of hothouses for the growth of exotic
+and Cape plants, is rather limited, and did not seem to be more than
+about two hundred and fifty feet in length. I here observed some very
+fine specimens of _Cacteæ_, and likewise several rare species of
+_Palms_, such as the _Zamia_, _Frideriis_, _Guilielmi_, _Ætensteinii_,
+_Lehmanii_, _Caffra_, and _Horrida_. I also was much delighted by seeing
+in flower, a very pretty plant, called the _Olendorfia procumbens_,
+which I believe has not yet made its appearance in England. A great
+portion of the ground in this establishment is occupied by trees and
+shrubs, which are cultivated for sale, for the support of the garden,
+consequently much ground is taken up by these, which ought to be
+assigned to single specimens. In the herbaceous ground, there is also an
+extensive collection of hardy perennial plants.
+
+August 24th. Went at five o'clock in the morning, to see the fruit and
+vegetable market, which seemed to be well supplied with fruit and
+culinary vegetables. I observed large quantities of the new Orleans
+plum, summer Bergamot pear, and the black cherries, which appeared to
+be larger than the same sort (Hertford blacks,) grown in this country.
+The _Haricot bean_, is also in great repute in Germany, and certainly
+deserves to be more extensively cultivated in this country, than it
+hitherto has been, as it forms an excellent substitute for the _French
+bean_ or the _scarlet runner_, which is cultivated here in preference.
+
+After seeing the fruit and vegetable market, I next proceeded to view
+the promenade which surrounds the greater part of the town, and adds
+greatly to the comfort of the inhabitants, as well as to the beauty and
+scenery of the immediate vicinity of Hamburgh. This promenade is laid
+out very tastefully with numerous clumps of trees and shrubs, various
+capacious walks leading to different points of view, and objects around
+the town, sloping towards the old rampart ditch, which is now formed
+into a handsome irregular piece of water, which enlivens the scenery,
+and gives the promenade an appearance equal to any pleasure ground in
+this country. The side facing the town of Altona, is really beautiful;
+the space of ground leading from the Hamburgh gate, at the Altona side
+of the town, is very picturesque, especially as we approach towards the
+Harbour or Docks, whither we are guided by a broad walk, leading to a
+high projection, or point of view, where we have a delightful prospect
+of the shipping on the Elbe, with its surrounding scenery for several
+miles in extent. The formation of this promenade was commenced about
+sixteen years ago, is now annually progressing, and advancing towards
+completion, under the superintendance of Mr. Altuman, who has displayed
+great taste, in his arrangement of the walks, clumps of trees, and
+shrubs, as well as the formation of the water. The _Alster Lake_, is
+situated at the north side of the town, extending about twelve miles in
+that direction, and adds considerably to the beauty of the scenery in
+that neighbourhood. It also contributes greatly to the convenience of
+the town, as numerous boats, with various commodities, are brought to
+Hamburgh on its surface. The promenades leading to the town of Altona,
+are also deserving of notice; long avenues intersecting each other are
+here formed, by double rows of the Lime, Elm, and Poplar trees, with
+large spaces of grass lawn, intervening betwixt them. After making a
+tour round the promenade, I next proceeded to view the principal parts
+of the town, and its churches, which are very splendidly fitted up. The
+streets of Hamburgh are narrow and paved with round stones, which are
+not very agreeable to those unaccustomed to walk upon them; the most
+fashionable part of the town is the side next the Alster Lake, which is
+much frequented in the evenings.
+
+After getting my passport examined and signed, and securing a place in
+the diligence for Berlin, I next accompanied Mr. Booth the seedsman,
+(brother to the nursery man,) in a drive round the outskirts of the
+town, where there are some pretty villas, and also various tea gardens,
+which, although a week day, appeared to be well attended. I was rather
+surprised to find at 5 o'clock in the afternoon, a large concourse of
+ladies and gentlemen assembled in front of a small theatrical
+performance, which it appeared was the daily practice in that part of
+the country, the ladies being occupied sewing and knitting, and others
+drinking coffee. The town of Hamburgh is said to contain above a hundred
+thousand inhabitants, and they certainly appeared to me to be in a very
+flourishing state. In short the general appearance and respectability of
+the inhabitants, that prevailed throughout the town and its vicinity was
+very striking. At eight o'clock in the evening, I took my departure from
+Hamburgh, by the _Schnell-post_, (diligence) for Berlin, which was
+accomplished in one day and two nights travelling; here I had a good
+specimen of diligence _expedition_, especially for the first eight
+hours, being placed in one of the bye chaises, which is only calculated
+to hold four passengers, and is of much less dimensions than the main
+diligence, and much lighter; I fully expected every moment to be upset,
+as a great part of this road between Hamburgh and Boisenburgh, is full
+of large deep ruts that kept us completely on the rock for many miles,
+but after we passed the latter town, we then had an excellent road, yet
+the speed of our crawling conveyance was but very little increased. The
+roads throughout all the Prussian territories that I have travelled on,
+appeared to be in excellent repair.
+
+August 25th. Arrived at a small town called _Ludwigslust_, about one
+o'clock, where we dined, and stopped nearly an hour, which enabled me to
+make a hasty visit to the grounds, attached to the beautiful palace of
+the grand Duke of Mecklenburgh, who generally resides here. In front of
+the palace are pretty jets of water, but the most imposing sight, is a
+fine avenue of limes, that leads from a large piece of lawn adjoining
+the palace; the avenue appeared to be nearly a mile in length, and had
+several walks branching from the right and left, through a shrubbery, or
+rather plantation, where there were also several small pieces of water.
+Close to the palace is an old orangery, with some good trees standing in
+front of it. At a short distance, and nearly opposite to the palace, is
+a handsome building, called the "Augusta Villa," with an extensive piece
+of pleasure ground, laid out after the English mode of gardening, with
+numerous clumps of trees, and shrubs dispersed on the lawn; the walks
+and grounds appeared to be in very good order, but I was unable to
+examine the extent of the collection of plants that it contained. In the
+vicinity of Ludwigslust, there were several orchards, and large pieces
+of ground under vegetable culture. The country from this town as far as
+Warnow, was rather more varied than that we previously passed, but the
+soil appeared light and sandy, and Scotch firs, the only trees observed
+in the plantations in view. At Warnow our luggage was examined by the
+police, and our passports demanded, and detained until we arrived in the
+town of Perlebergh, when they were again examined, and then returned to
+us.
+
+August 26th. Arrived at half past three, A. M. at Nauen, a small town
+about twenty five English miles from Berlin; this place appeared
+conspicuous, from the number of small flour mills, situated in the river
+Havel, which passes close to the town. About 6 o'clock in the morning,
+we had reached to a small town, called Spandau, which is said to contain
+about 5000 inhabitants, and appeared to be strongly fortified: it is
+only ten miles distant from Berlin, where we happily arrived at about 8
+o'clock in the morning. As we approached the city, the country looked
+more cheerful, and in a better state of cultivation, the soil also was
+of a more fertile quality, and trees and plantations more numerous. I
+was very much pleased by observing growing by the road side, several
+species of Alpine plants which are not easily to be met with in this
+country, in an indigenous state. The _Gentiana Pneumonanthe_, appeared
+in great abundance, and with its brilliant blue flowers was to me
+pleasingly conspicuous; but the diligence, although slow, was yet too
+fast to allow me time to procure a few specimens. On passing the
+magnificent palace of Charlottenburg, I was much struck with its
+extensive appearance, and fine park, leading from it all the way to
+Berlin, through the Brandenburg gate, and along the Linden or lime tree
+walk, to the splendid university, armoury, museum, and other large
+buildings, and handsome bridges, with the statues placed on them, its
+magnificent palaces, which all appear in view from the diligence, by
+this the Hamburgh line of road, and to the eye of a stranger has a grand
+effect, giving him the idea of a great and noble city, by seeing so many
+magnificent buildings immediately as he enters the town. Within a few
+stages of Berlin I met with Mr. Parker, Bookseller, from Oxford,
+travelling in the main Diligence, where I joined him; on our arrival in
+the city, we took up our abode, in the St. Petersburgh hotel, after
+breakfast we separated, he in search of books, while I went to visit the
+Royal Botanic Gardens at Schoenburgh, which are situated about three
+English miles from Berlin, where I was much gratified by the many fine
+specimens of plants that I saw. Having letters of introduction to M.
+Otto, from Sir W. Hooker and Dr. Lindley, as well as from his old friend
+Mr. Hunneman, I experienced the greatest attention from him, he took
+great pains in pointing out to me the various new and curious plants in
+this extensive collection. There were some very fine species of _Palms_,
+in great beauty, nearly reaching to the top of the hothouse, which is
+about thirty feet in height. The _Latania borbonica_, was particularly
+fine, and had attained nearly twenty five feet in height, its foliage or
+fronds extending from ten to twelve feet on each side from its stem.
+The _Gomutus saccharifer_, had also reached to the height of twenty five
+feet, and numerous other choice specimens of the Palmæ, were in an
+equally healthy and luxuriant state, and of little less dimensions than
+those specified. The _Aristolochia brasiliensis_ was particularly fine,
+covered with long beautiful speckled flowers, that extended over a large
+part of the rafters. Many new and fine specimens of the _Gesneras_ were
+also in flower; they appeared different from any that I had previously
+seen in this country. Some of the _Melaleucas_; in the conservatory had
+grown to the height of nearly forty feet; the _Magnolia grandiflora_,
+which requires the protection of the conservatory during the winter
+months was now covered with fine large flowers. Numerous other species
+of New Holland plants, had grown to an amazing height in the
+conservatory.
+
+The hothouses in this garden are placed in several separate ranges, and
+are very substantially built in comparison to our erections in England.
+The quantity of timber employed in the rafters is immense, but giving
+them a very heavy appearance; yet I have rarely met with a more healthy
+collection of plants anywhere; they may be considered the most extensive
+on the continent of Europe. In short, I never before saw so many plants
+cultivated in pots. The numerous species of New Holland and Cape
+_genera_ were quite astonishing, as well as the hardy and Alpine
+species. As to the Cacteæ, there can be no hesitation in saying that
+the collection in these gardens of this curious tribe of plants really
+comprises the most beautifully grown specimens that I have ever seen;
+the different species that have grown to a considerable size have a very
+interesting appearance, particularly the _Mammillaria_ and
+_Echinocactus_ tribes; with their numerous spines and angles, they form
+a pleasing object either in or out of flower. M. Otto has long been
+celebrated for his ardent love to this curious tribe of plants, and he
+certainly has succeeded in forming a valuable collection. The species of
+_Ferns_ in these gardens are likewise very numerous, and there are many
+very fine specimens amongst them, which have grown to a great size. I
+could not but admire the very tasteful manner in which the Cape and New
+Holland plants were arranged out of doors in the summer months, and
+which were neatly plunged to the rims of the pots, to prevent them from
+being blown about by the wind. The _Bignonia radicans_ formed a very
+prominent object against the end wall of one of the hothouses; the
+luxuriance and brilliancy of its flowers far surpassed any that I had
+previously seen. A fine specimen of the _Laurus indica_, which must have
+been fully twenty feet in height, was standing out of doors, and obliged
+to be cut down, as it was getting too high for the house in which it
+stood in the winter season. The _Robinia Pseudacacia_, _inermis_ and
+_tortuosa_ were both splendid trees, which ornamented the grass lawn.
+The _Magnolia acuminata_, also a beautiful specimen, as well as the
+_Quercus palustris_, and _rubra_; both had attained a great size, and
+were handsome trees, as well as several other species of this genus. Mr.
+Otto having kindly requested Mr. W. Brackenridge, who had been for some
+time from Scotland, residing in the neighbourhood of Berlin, and was
+then employed in the Botanic gardens, to accompany me the following day
+to such places as he considered most deserving of notice, I arranged
+with him to be ready betwixt six and seven o'clock in the morning, to
+proceed to the different gardens.
+
+August 27th. We started at seven o'clock in the morning, to the royal
+gardens at Charlottenburg palace, which are situated about four English
+miles from Berlin. The grounds attached to this royal palace, are said
+to contain four hundred English acres, laid out with various walks,
+clumps of trees and shrubs, as well as several pieces of water,
+embracing some very fine views from different points notwithstanding its
+being a flat surface, but it is much diversified by trees, bridges, and
+sheets of water that intersect the lawn. There are several bridges
+leading across the stream to the most ornamental and picturesque parts.
+The palace is also seen to great advantage from several points in the
+grounds. A very fine specimen of the _Quercus palustris_ was in great
+beauty on the grass. I also saw some very large trees of the _Populus
+alba_, which were considerably larger than any tree of this species
+that I had previously seen. M. Fintelman, the superintendant of the
+royal gardens, pointed out to us a very complete _Fructiferum_, that he
+had lately formed in these grounds, comprising a collection of all the
+hardy fruits. Nearly adjoining to the palace, is a very handsome little
+flower garden, lately executed for the growth of the dwarf flowering
+perennials and annuals. I was much pleased by an arbour formed with the
+different species of Cape and New Holland plants, that are rather
+flexible in their growth; the pots in which the plants grew, were all
+plunged round the back, the branches tied closely to it and thickly
+covered, producing a great variety of foliage, and pleasing effect, and
+having the appearance of growing there permanently throughout the
+season. Opposite to this Botany Bay, or Cape Arbour, is a pretty summer
+house, which is chiefly composed of reeds. In the centre of the flower
+garden, there are various posts with iron rods extended from them for
+the training of creepers. Again, at the extremity, is an artificial
+grass bank, considerably elevated above the flower beds, planted with
+the dwarf china rose, which has a very good and natural effect. The
+orange-house is an oblong building, of great length, with opaque roof
+and backwall, upright lights only in the front, completely covered with
+grape vines, having a very fine crop of fruit all over them. The orange
+trees were all in excellent health, some of them bearing separately
+nearly two hundred fruit; there are about three hundred of these trees
+cultivated here. I also saw a fine variety of Dahlias, and various
+other beautiful flowering plants in great perfection; these Dahlias are
+fully as good as any I had seen in England; great attention is paid to
+these flowers by M. Fintelman, who took great delight in pointing out
+the various objects most worthy of notice in these grounds. Having
+devoted several hours to the inspection of this extensive establishment,
+we then took our leave of M. F. and proceeded back to Berlin, when I had
+another opportunity of observing more fully the various improvements,
+that are now going forward in the Thier-garten, or park, which extends
+from the royal palace of Charlottenburg, to the Brandenburg gate. This
+park is considered one of the finest in Europe, and is now undergoing
+extensive alterations, the grounds forming in several places so as to
+harmonize with the English style of landscape gardening; numerous walk
+and rides leading in various directions, with groups of sculpture, make
+this an interesting promenade for the public, by whom it is much
+thronged, particularly in the evenings. It is approached from Berlin by
+the Brandenburg gate, which cannot fail to attract the stranger's
+notice. It has a most magnificent appearance; on the top of this gate
+stand the celebrated bronze horses, removed by Buonaparte to Paris, but
+were again replaced by the Prussians in their original site. In front of
+the Royal Museum, is a very handsome marble vase, which measures about
+sixty four feet in circumference, and four feet in depth; a handsome
+fountain is also playing, throwing the water to a great height. The
+ground floor of the museum is occupied as a sculpture gallery, which
+contains numerous statues, and busts; but it appeared to me to be
+deficient of the finer groups. I was however much pleased with the
+beautiful imitation marble columns of various colours, which have a
+polish equal to the original. The picture gallery is above that devoted
+to the sculpture, and I could not but admire the beautiful state of
+preservation of the paintings, and their very admirable arrangement.
+From hence we proceeded to the nursery grounds of M. Bouschie, which are
+not of much extent, nor yet is there much for the Horticulturist to
+admire, except some very fine specimens of the _Cacteæ_ (_Opuntia_)
+tribe; some of the species are from eight to ten feet in height. After
+visiting this nursery, we then proceeded to the forcing gardens of M.
+Bouschie, who grows a large quantity of pine apples and peaches for the
+Berlin market; the pine apples were very small, and much inferior to our
+English grown fruit; the crop of peaches was very abundant, but not of a
+large size, the trees old, and the hothouses of a very inferior
+description. We next proceeded to the nursery garden of M. Touissaint,
+which appeared to contain a much better collection of the Cape and New
+Holland plants, than any of the other nurseries I had previously seen in
+Berlin. Here was a good collection of the more hardy species of
+_Rhododendrons_; the forcing of flowers is likewise extensively
+practised in this establishment, and the grounds in very good order. I
+next visited the nursery ground of M. Mathieu, where there were some
+good specimens, but none that I had not previously met with.
+
+August 28th. Went at six o'clock in the morning to see the fruit and
+vegetable market, but was rather disappointed in observing so very
+inferior a supply in comparison with what is to be seen in Covent Garden
+Market. In fact for some time I thought that I had gone to the wrong
+place, as the market is held every alternate day in two different parts
+of the town; but on enquiry I found it was seldom better supplied. Large
+quantities of grapes grown out of doors, or on trellis, were in the
+market; also a pretty good supply of peaches, but these were of a small
+size. I only observed one solitary pine apple, about one pound weight.
+The mode of preserving the fish, which were also brought to the market
+where the fruit and vegetables were exposed for sale, was new to me.
+They are kept alive in water in oval shaped wooden tubs or vessels, and
+each sort is kept separate. Large quantities of game, poultry, butcher's
+meat, as well as cart-loads of hay and straw, are found abundantly in
+the market.
+
+After making a tour through the principal parts of the town, and getting
+my passport signed by the police and English ambassador, I made a second
+visit to Mr. Otto, and also then called on Dr. Kloytch, to whom I had a
+letter of introduction from Sir W. Hooker. Dr. Kloytch has the charge of
+the Royal Herbarium, which is situated opposite and nearly adjoining the
+Botanic Gardens, containing several apartments for dried specimens of
+all the plants that flower in the Royal Botanic Gardens, which are
+gathered and preserved as they appear in flower. Attached to the Royal
+Herbarium house is a piece of pleasure ground, one side of which is
+enclosed by a good brick wall that has projecting piers, betwixt which
+grape vines are trained, and confined to the spaces of about twelve feet
+between the projecting piers; each sort is thus prevented from
+intermixing with another; a wooden pailing enclosing another part of
+this garden is likewise adapted to the same purpose. Dr. Kloytch was
+once a pupil of Sir W. Hooker's at Glasgow, and is considered an eminent
+botanist, he has certainly formed a very natural arrangement of the
+different species in the genus _Ericæ_, arranged according to the form
+and structure of the flower. He shewed me several native specimens of
+this genus that I have not yet seen in England, but seeds of which I
+hope to receive from him before long. I was much gratified by the
+excellent method he described to me, in preserving the specimens of
+_Fungi_, which appears to be the most effectual mode of drying these
+plants that I have yet seen. After looking over various specimens in the
+Herbarium, Dr. Kloytch accompanied me to the Botanic Gardens, where I
+again saw Mr. Otto, and was enabled to see more minutely the extent of
+this noble collection of plants. It is proper to observe that the space
+of ground allotted for this garden, is not sufficiently large for such
+an extensive collection of plants. Many of the oaks and several other
+fine trees are too much crowded, and not seen to advantage. After
+examining all that I wished to see here, Mr. Otto, Dr. Kloytch, and Mr.
+Brackenridge, accompanied me into Berlin, where we passed through
+another fine part of the "_Thiergarten_," and being joined by Mr.
+Cuming, the celebrated Zoologist, we spent a very pleasing evening in
+the discussion of botanical pursuits, and the cultivation and beauty of
+the _Cacteæ_ in the Berlin Gardens.
+
+August 29th. Left Berlin at seven o'clock in the morning for Potsdam,
+where I arrived at eleven o'clock in the forenoon, a distance of
+eighteen English miles. Every stranger must be forcibly struck with the
+scenery as he approaches Potsdam, particularly in passing Prince
+Charles's villa and grounds, with the view of the handsome bridge lately
+erected across the river Havel, at this side of the town expanding
+itself to a very capacious sheet of water. On my arrival at Potsdam I
+proceeded to the Royal Gardens at _Sans-souci_, which are situated about
+one English mile distant. Having a letter of introduction from M. Otto
+to M. Linne, the principal director, I was disappointed in not finding
+him at home. Free access was afforded to the various departments, and I
+then made the best use of my time in examining the different gardens
+attached to this residence, which required considerable diligence to
+get through a portion of the departments. I first inspected the kitchen
+garden, which is very extensive, and contains several ranges of low
+houses, and pits, for the forcing of cherries, plums, and apricots, with
+a good collection of standard fruit trees, as well as the walls being
+well stocked. The length and breadth of the principal range of houses in
+this garden, is 255 feet long, and about 9 feet in width; the upright
+sashes are eight feet high, placed in a slanting position; the
+roof-lights were about six feet long, but these lights were at this time
+all removed from the house, the trees being planted as standards in the
+interior border; the sashes are removed as soon as the fruit is
+gathered, in order to expose the trees to the full effect of the
+atmosphere. In another garden at a short distance from this vegetable
+one, there are numerous other ranges of hothouses for the forcing of
+fruits, which are in great request for the royal table. The structures
+here used for this purpose are about six feet high in front, and about
+ten feet in width; the length of the roof sashes were from nine to ten
+feet. In these houses the flues are placed at the back, running parallel
+to the backwall. Some of the houses are heated by hot-water pipes,
+rather of a novel construction, and I much fear not calculated to give
+any great command of heat; they consist of two round copper pipes, about
+two inches only in diameter, which run parallel along the front of the
+house about two feet apart from each other. The peach trees are planted
+inside the house, within one foot of the front wall, and are trained
+perpendicular to the trellis, to the height of six feet, being as high
+as the upright glass. A rider is then carried in general, close under
+the roof lights, trained to a lath trellis which is nailed to the
+underside of the rafter.
+
+As soon as the frosty nights are over, the houses are generally stripped
+of the sashes, and the trees and fruit left fully exposed to the sun and
+weather, while the fruit is maturing; but such fruits as are wanted at
+an early period, are of course not thus exposed. I here observed various
+trees of plum, cherry, and apricot, thus treated, a more congenial mode
+of treatment, than by having recourse to pots or tubs, as is in general
+practised in this country, especially where there can be houses spared
+for this purpose, as the trees will get established in the ground, and
+be enabled to produce a more abundant crop and larger fruit than if
+their roots were confined to a small space for nourishment. I also saw
+here a great quantity of very fine melons, all trained over moss, and at
+this season these also were exposed to the weather. The appearance of
+the fine terraces in front of Sans-souci Palace, gave me more
+gratification than anything of the kind that I had previously seen. This
+palace, originally erected by _Frederic the Great_, is now a favourite
+summer residence of the Crown Prince. It is situated so as to command a
+most beautiful view of the surrounding country, with six tier of
+terraces in front of it, each terrace falling about twelve feet under
+another towards the south from the palace. Along the top are flower
+borders and broad gravel walks, with a row of very fine orange trees
+placed along the edge of the gravel walk on each of the terraces, which
+give them a magnificent appearance. Against these walls are trained
+principally grape vines, provided with a frame in front for covering
+them with glass; peaches and apricots are likewise here grown.
+
+In the centre of each terrace is a noble flight of steps thirty-six feet
+wide at the bottom, but at the top the width is only fifteen feet;
+containing in each from twenty-five to twenty-seven steps. The view of
+these from the avenue or road by M. Lennie's house, is really grand: the
+different flights of steps from this point of view appear to form one
+connected tier leading to the palace, which, with its magnificent orange
+trees and groups of sculpture, strike the eye of every stranger with
+admiration. I here congratulated myself on being alone, and left to
+examine and take the dimensions of the various objects, without being
+hurried. At a short distance from the lower terrace is an oval basin of
+water, surrounded by a grass lawn and a gravel walk, or rather carriage
+drive; and on the exterior side of the circular sweep of the gravel, are
+placed twelve large statues. This basin was originally intended for a
+fountain; the reservoir for supplying it was formed by Frederic the
+Great on an eminence on the north side of Sans-Souci palace, where it
+must be several hundred feet above the level of the basin of water where
+the fountain was intended to be placed. The effect from the palace
+windows and from several other points of view, if it had been completed,
+would have been very magnificent when the water was playing. At a short
+distance from the palace is another large building, which was occupied
+by a part of the establishment; in front is a large piece of pleasure
+ground, in which are placed also a number of very fine orange trees; one
+of them, pointed out to me, is named after _Frederic the Great_, his
+majesty being a great admirer of these trees, insomuch, that during the
+war he took possession of all the best that came in his way, and sent
+them to his royal gardens at Potsdam. The head of this tree, named
+Frederic the Great, was equal to one of our ordinary sized Portugal
+laurels, its branches extend over seventeen yards of ground in diameter.
+I should imagine there must be fully 400 trees grown in this
+establishment, all of large dimensions. The soil in which they are grown
+consists of a black sandy loam, well incorporated with cow-dung and
+rotten leaf mould, with a mixture of bone dust, in some cases horn
+shavings. The houses for the protection of the orange trees in the
+winter season, are simply a long range or ranges of red tiled roofed
+buildings, with merely upright lights in the front or south side, which
+are provided with wooden shutters that are closed during frosty weather.
+The flues run along in the floor of the house, and are not calculated
+to give out much heat, but the roof and back wall being opaque, and the
+front furnished with shutters, little heat is required for preserving
+the trees from the frost. They are generally turned out of doors in the
+month of May, and not taken in again until October. Arranged along with
+the orange trees I observed a very fine specimen of the _Nerium
+Oleander_, covered with blossom, also several fine plants of the
+pomegranate, covered with flowers. The figs were also in prolific state
+against a wall and growing in light sandy loam. At the opposite end of
+the palace is situated the picture gallery, which opens into another
+garden department, with hornbeam hedges, and numerous box edging
+scrolls; but this piece of ground is evidently not much attended to: the
+walks, flowers, borders, are not in good order. The collection of
+paintings, however, in the gallery will infinitely repay the visitor for
+the disappointment he may experience in the badly kept garden. This
+gallery is two hundred and fifty-two feet long, and thirty-six feet
+wide; the dome and cove ceiling are richly gilt, the floor and walls
+inlaid with marble. The paintings are very numerous, and in beautiful
+preservation. Those taken from this gallery by Buonaparte and again
+replaced in the spot they originally occupied, are particularly pointed
+out to the visitor. I observed on each side of the door, as we entered
+this gallery, two very fine marble statues, one of _Diana_, the other of
+_Louis_ XVI. A straight avenue or drive leading from the Potsdam road,
+in a direct line by the front of the terraces at Sans-souci, to the new
+palace, is of considerable length. At the extremity of this avenue is
+the magnificent palace built by _Frederic_, after the completion of the
+wars in which he was engaged. It is said to have been erected with the
+English subsidy; however this may be, it is undoubtedly a very
+magnificent building.
+
+The grounds leading from this and Sans-souci palace are all laid out as
+pleasure-ground, with numerous walks and roads, leading in various
+directions, which are very well kept; but the grass lawn here is rather
+rough, and not much attended to. The quantity of sculpture placed
+throughout these grounds is truly astonishing; at almost every
+intersection of the walks, various statues or busts are placed, and
+likewise in different recesses that are formed out of the road and walk
+edges.
+
+Along the front of the new palace, facing towards Potsdam, is arranged a
+row of very fine orange trees, with several pieces of sculpture.
+
+The garden ground extends considerably to the north of the palace, where
+it is much varied, and commands an extensive view of the adjoining
+scenery and country. The Belvidere and terraces here are also prominent
+objects. I was much pleased with a piece of trellissing that surrounded
+the oval spot of ground at the south side of the palace. This trellis
+projects about twenty-one feet on one side, and forms an oblong square
+about forty-two feet long. The side next the oval consists of eight
+round columns, formed by thin flat iron bars, opposite to which are
+openings to correspond, that look into a running stream of water, that
+separates the park or pleasure ground from a piece of kitchen-garden
+ground on the opposite side. The peculiarity of this trellissing is in
+its handsome projecting cornice, with columns at nine feet apart, formed
+by the flat iron bars. Arched recesses are likewise made between these
+columns, about five feet wide, and nine feet in height. The entire
+height of this trellis with the cornice is twelve feet, and was
+evidently originally gilt, but it is now in a corroded and decaying
+state; not a vestige of paint is even to be seen upon it.
+
+At a very short distance from this splendid palace is a piece of
+vegetable ground enclosed with formal clipt hornbeam hedges, which ought
+to be removed, as it disfigures that part of the grounds, and is much
+too close to the palace. The walks and lawn adjoining were in pretty
+good order, especially the former.
+
+Leading from the palace to a royal chateau that has been lately erected,
+is a very fine carriage drive, winding through a flat piece of ground,
+which is laid out principally after the English fashion. This residence
+is also inhabited by one of the royal princes. I was much pleased with
+the quantity of grapes growing on a double terrace, or rather covered
+walk, which was completely crowded with vines and its fruits; the lower
+walk ran alongside of a wall, and the trellis and arches projected
+about twelve feet from it, and were twelve feet in height. Over the top
+of this wall is another trellissed walk, which is also completely
+covered with grapes; it leads up to the palace windows, and is about two
+hundred feet in length. Adjoining it, and in front of the windows, is a
+small flower-garden, elevated above the ground level I should imagine
+about twelve feet: we ascend to it by a flight of steps at the furthest
+end; the side next the palace is nearly on the same level as the window
+sills. There are several fountains in it, and a few clumps of the
+_Petunia violacea_, but nothing else of interest.
+
+Connected with this terrace garden, but on the ground level, is a piece
+of ground laid out in various beds, principally furnished with dahlias.
+Here is a handsome marble fountain or column, and a well formed sheet of
+water.
+
+About three hundred yards from this spot is _Charlottenhoff_, a handsome
+erection, which is used occasionally as a tea or coffee room. This
+building is surrounded by numerous walks, and columns with vines trained
+against them. Ascending a flight of steps, that leads to a point of view
+looking down upon a fountain, playing with great force. This spot is
+tastefully laid out, and in very neat order. Several other ornamental
+erections are placed in these grounds, but to attempt to describe them
+all would require an actual residence for some weeks. The royal palace
+of Potsdam is a magnificent building, in the form of a quadrangle. The
+interior apartments contain numerous objects of interest, which as being
+highly estimated by _Frederic the Great_, are particularly pointed out
+to the stranger. The arm chair which he was in the habit of using, is
+still in a good state of preservation; I was much pleased with the
+magnificence of the rooms; the paintings and furniture are very
+splendid, and in good preservation. The ground attached to this palace
+consists of a flat surface, extending towards the south, as far as the
+river Havel, and is laid out in clumps of trees, various walks; the
+space next the palace is a larger piece of gravel, which is daily used
+for the exercise of the military. Adjoining it are numerous avenues of
+horse chesnuts, and busts of ornamental sculpture placed along the first
+row of trees, as well as some in various other positions. Opposite the
+south, or principal front of the palace, is an oblong piece of water, in
+the middle of which is placed a noble group of Neptune and his sea
+horses, which has a very grand effect, but the water is kept rather low
+and filthy, which might be easily remedied, as the river Havel passes
+within a few yards of it. By the edge of the river, in a marshy spot of
+ground, I observed a large quantity of the _Hydrocharis morsus-ranæ_
+(Frogbite,) and _Stratiotes aloides_, (water soldier,) growing in great
+abundance.
+
+I should however have observed that the fine marble group of Neptune was
+much injured by the French army, during the time they occupied Potsdam.
+In short it is really grievous to see the depredations that were
+committed by that army on the sculpture about Potsdam and Sans-souci,
+whilst they resided there. The soldiers for amusement were in the habit
+of firing musket balls at the different groups and statues.
+
+August 30th. Left Potsdam at eight o'clock in the morning, for the
+_Pfauen Insel_, or Peacock Island, where I had appointed to meet Mr.
+Cuming at nine o'clock. We had to cross a branch of the river Havel to
+get to the island, which contains a collection of plants and animals
+somewhat resembling the Zoological Gardens in Regent's Park. I was here
+more fortunate in finding M. Fintelman at home, than I was at
+Sans-souci, and having a letter of introduction to him from his uncle,
+who superintends the royal gardens at Charlottenburg, I found him
+remarkably attentive, and an intelligent young man. I was here surprised
+to find the _Robinia pseudacacia_ had attained seven feet in
+circumference, at four feet from the ground, the branches of which
+extend over thirty two yards of ground in diameter. I also observed some
+fine specimens of the oak, which were little inferior to our largest
+English oaks. The conservatory is an oblong building, about one hundred
+and twenty feet by forty, and forty two feet high, and consists of
+several tiers of front sashes, with a span roof, the north side being a
+dead wall with a gallery for resting in behind it, which commands a
+full view of the plants underneath.
+
+I was much gratified, by the very flourishing state of the plants, and
+their remarkable neatness. A very fine collection of the _Palmæ_, is
+cultivated in this stove or conservatory, some of which have made a
+rapid progress in their growth. The _Latania borbonica_ measured twenty
+seven feet in height, spreading over a space of equal dimensions in
+diameter. I understood that his majesty the king of Prussia frequently
+breakfasts in the summer season in this conservatory, under the shade of
+the palm fronds (or leaves). I remarked also the _Pandanus utilis_
+twenty three feet high; the _Dracæna Draco_, (Dragon Tree) had likewise
+grown thirty six feet high; _Pandanus sylvestris_ thirteen feet in
+height, and eleven feet in diameter across its branches; the _Bambusa
+arundinacea_, forty feet high; a shoot of this cane, grew seven feet six
+inches in the course of three weeks; the _Corypha umbraculifera_, a very
+magnificent specimen. The _Latania borbonica_ is placed in the centre of
+the conservatory; the tub in which it grows is completely concealed by
+planting around it various _ferns_, and other low growing plants, which
+are tastefully arranged, and form a nice little stage round the tub,
+having a very neat appearance, with the walk round it, which shews the
+palm to the best advantage. Opposite to this spot is a recess in which
+is placed a small fountain tastefully decorated by _ferns_ that succeed
+well in a shady situation. There is likewise in this recess, a very
+handsome marble screen, richly carved and ornamented. The grounds are
+very judiciously laid out in various clumps of flowering shrubs and
+summer flowers, and were at this time in full perfection. One of the
+finest Hydrangeas that I have seen, was in full bloom, and its large
+purple-blue flowers were very conspicuous. The grass lawn was in a much
+better state than any other that I had previously seen in Germany, or
+even met with during my tour on the continent, and the whole garden
+ground very neatly kept. The island is said to contain about four
+hundred English acres. The erections for the different animals and birds
+are judiciously placed, and consist of handsome structures, arranged
+from two to three hundred yards or more apart; these apartments were
+kept remarkably clean and in good order. An extensive collection of
+beasts and birds are preserved in this establishment. The grounds are
+considerably varied, and some fine views are to be seen from several
+parts of it, as well as from the top of some prospect towers. The effect
+of the river Havel, and surrounding plantations at the opposite sides,
+adds expressive features to this landscape.
+
+After seeing the various objects most deserving of notice, both in the
+botanical and zoological departments, we proceeded across the river, to
+the grounds of Prince Charles, still accompanied by M. Fintelman; they
+were laid out, principally, in the English style, his royal highness
+being particularly partial to it.
+
+This spot consists of a great variety of surface, with several beautiful
+vistas, and is really very tastefully planted, and the grounds formed,
+and kept in very excellent order. The public road from Berlin to Potsdam
+passes close by the front of the grounds, and there is a low wall, with
+an invisible wire fence on the top of it, betwixt the road, where the
+views of the grounds are seen to most advantage. One side of them
+extends close to the Havel, where a handsome summer house is erected,
+which commands a fine prospect of Potsdam, the new bridge, and shipping,
+and likewise the scenery on the opposite side of the river, which is
+much varied. Under this building are two colonnades covered with
+creepers, which have a very pretty effect.
+
+On the one side of a hill nearly opposite to this villa, is a new
+residence erecting for prince William; the views from it must be very
+extensive, as it is situated on a commanding spot.
+
+We next proceeded to the magnificent edifice called _Marmorpallast_, or
+marble palace, which is situated at a very short distance from Potsdam,
+and close to the margin of the Havel. It is a splendid building, the
+greater part of which is constructed with marble. The cornice appeared
+to be about five or six feet deep; it is of white marble, as also is the
+base above the ground for several feet; the door and window jambs are
+likewise of the same material. The intervening spaces of the walls are
+built with red brick. The colonnade at the principal entrance consists
+of handsome marble columns. The pleasure-ground and gardens attached to
+it are said to contain two hundred and fifteen German acres of ground,
+throughout which are dispersed various clumps of trees and shrubs, with
+extensive walks and rides branching through it in different directions.
+These grounds are very flat, and have but little variety or picturesque
+appearance in them. The number of good exotics and New Holland plants is
+considerable, as well as a very fine collection of healthy orange trees,
+with some fine specimens of hardy trees growing singly on the grass. I
+here observed the _Juglans fraxinifolia_ bearing a number of good sized
+fruit. In the flower garden some good German stocks, then in full bloom.
+The borders and grass lawn were in a rough state.
+
+We next proceeded to Sans-souci, Mr. Cuming not having previously seen
+it. I was delighted in having another opportunity of looking round this
+truly magnificent spot; and being accompanied by Mr. Fintelman, who
+kindly devoted the entire day in conducting us to the various objects
+best worth our notice, we proceeded through the grounds attached to
+Sans-souci palace, and then to Charlottenhoff, the new palace, &c., and
+were much gratified by the numerous objects of interest we had pointed
+out to us in the various places that we inspected.
+
+On our return to Potsdam, we went to the top of Breuchensberg, or hill
+of brewers, where a prospect tower is erected. The view from this spot
+is really grand in the extreme; we look down upon Potsdam and the
+numerous palaces that are in its environs. Sans-souci and the new palace
+are both prominent objects in view from this prospect; but the most
+pleasing features are the numerous small green islands that are formed
+by the river Havel, near the bridge at Potsdam; the intricacy and
+variety of outline of water, and the number of boats and small sailing
+vessels making their way to Berlin through this place, form a pleasing
+sight. The evening was now drawing to a close, and little more remained
+to be seen by daylight. M. Fintelman took his departure for the Island
+of Peacocks, and Mr. Cuming started in an hour after for Berlin. I was
+thus again left alone to muse over the different objects that had
+occupied my attention during the day.
+
+August 31st. Not having previously seen the pine-apple forcing
+department, I walked out early this morning to Sans-souci, where this
+fruit is cultivated. I was rather surprised to find a great extent of
+low houses and pits devoted to the growth of the pine, without observing
+a single fruit amongst the whole stock that was scarcely worth cutting.
+There cannot be less than one thousand feet in length of houses and pits
+adapted to the pine-apple, and these varying from eight to twelve feet
+in width. The principal range was heated by smoke flues, and the plants
+plunged in saw-dust, with tan under; which practice is frequently
+adopted in this country, especially when tan is scarce. The young plants
+in the pits appeared pretty healthy, but such fruit as was fit for
+cutting, or advancing to maturity, would bear no comparison to our
+English produce.
+
+After satisfying myself with what was to be seen in this department, I
+returned to Potsdam, from whence the diligence to Dresden, my next place
+of destination, did not start till twelve o'clock. The time I had to
+spare before my conveyance came up, was employed in inspecting the town,
+which consists, it is said, of 2000 houses, and 16,000 inhabitants. The
+streets are in general very clean; one leading from the palace to
+Sans-souci is inlaid with planks for the wheels of the different
+vehicles to run on, similar to the Russian manner. I also saw in the
+vicinity a Russian colony, which was inhabited by natives, sent as a
+present some years ago by the Emperor to the king of Prussia; they are
+now becoming pretty numerous, and their colony is extending.
+
+Potsdam is intersected by various small canals, that lead from the
+Havel, and are very convenient for the conveyance of turf and other
+materials by water carriage. The greater number of the houses are
+handsomely built; there was then erecting opposite to the palace a
+magnificent church. At the other end of this palace is an iron bridge,
+crossing the Havel; the piers consist of stonework, there are eight
+arches, one of which is used as a drawbridge for the passing and
+repassing of boats going this way to Berlin. This town is the principal
+depot for military, who are exercised daily in great numbers in front of
+the palace.
+
+At twelve o'clock the diligence arrived, when I took my departure in it
+for Dresden.
+
+The road leading from Potsdam to the latter town was lined on each side
+with fine poplar trees, of a considerable size, for several miles of the
+journey. The soil in this part of the country appeared to be a light
+sandy loam: the plantations were chiefly composed of the Scotch fir; but
+close by the road side, in several places between Potsdam and Herzberg,
+were large quantities of plum trees, loaded with fruit.
+
+We arrived at Herzberg at half-past ten o'clock; but owing to the
+darkness of the night I was unable to see, or form any opinion of the
+size of the town or quality of the houses.
+
+September 1st. At three o'clock in the morning we reached another small
+town, called Elsterwerda, which was said to contain about 900
+inhabitants. The next stage we came to was Grossenhayn, where we arrived
+at half-past five o'clock, a.m. This town is situated in the kingdom of
+Saxony, and contains nearly 5000 inhabitants. At this stage we were
+transferred to another diligence.
+
+The country from Grossenhayn to Dresden is much more varied than any I
+had previously seen in Germany.
+
+The scenery as we approach to Dresden is very picturesque, both as
+regards distant views and variety of surface: when within a few miles of
+the town, we meet with a very fine avenue of lime trees, extending for a
+considerable distance, and then is continued by horse-chesnuts. On
+descending a hill, a fine prospect of Dresden presents itself to the
+eye. The soil now appears more of a black colour, and less free from
+sand, than what I had previously observed. I also saw several beech
+trees intermixed with the Scotch-fir.
+
+Arrived at Dresden, at nine o'clock a.m. After getting breakfast, I
+immediately proceeded to the house of Professor Hughes, who was then
+engaged, but Mrs. Hughes asked Mr. West to accompany me to the principal
+gardens; this gentleman, a school colleague of Lord Cosmo Russell, and
+an admirer of plants, very cheerfully accompanied me to several of the
+gardens in the vicinity of the town. We first proceeded to the Botanic
+Garden, belonging to the University, which is very limited in extent. I
+was however much pleased with the fine collection of Cacteæ that are
+grown in this establishment, as well as a large collection of Cape, and
+other green house plants. The number of species of hardy perennial
+plants in this small space of ground is truly astonishing; there is also
+a great variety of Cape bulbs and _Gramineæ_. The extent of glass is
+confined to a very long conservatory, stove, and several pits for
+_Cacteæ_.
+
+Having been introduced by Mr. West to M. Lehman, the superintendant of
+the garden, he accompanied us to the gardens of Lieut. Weber, situated
+at a short distance from the town, and considered the most extensive for
+glass and space, of any about _Dresden_. I should imagine by its
+appearance there could not be above seven or eight English acres of
+ground under nursery culture. The collection of plants for sale
+comprises chiefly _Camellias_, young orange trees, Cape and new Holland
+plants, many of the scarcer sorts of which I observed had been lately
+introduced to that establishment, from Mr. Low's nursery at Clapton. A
+fine specimen of the Uhria speciosa was in great vigour of health. A
+great variety of dahlias, and dwarf China roses in full flower were in
+these grounds.
+
+I was much pleased by the simple mode of grafting the _Camellia_ and
+orange trees, which appeared to be very successful, and is generally
+practised by M. Liebig the gardener, which method is what we term in
+this country crown grafting; by this mode the shoot or graft, after
+insertion in the stock, is only tied neatly to the stock, with a bit of
+worsted thread, and then sealed over as well as the top of the stock, by
+a little bees-wax, (without clay as practised here); when this operation
+is completed, the plants are put into a frame or pit, with a little
+moist heat, until the graft and stock begin to coalesce, when they are
+shortly afterwards gradually exposed to the air of the greenhouse. In
+this establishment there are several very good hothouses for plants. In
+one of the ranges is placed a circular shaped conservatory, heated by
+hot water, on rather a novel construction; these hot water pipes being
+formed into perpendicular columns, rising from the floor to the height
+of from ten to twelve feet. These pipes, thus constructed, gave out a
+great command of heat, and answered the original intention very
+satisfactorily. The plants in this nursery garden were very well grown,
+and all in a healthy state.
+
+I next visited the nursery of M. Hofrath Kreyssig, which is only a short
+distance from the Botanic garden. I saw likewise some good kinds of
+greenhouse plants, as well as many rare species of the Rhododendron
+tribe; the _Rhododendron campanulatum_, a fine specimen; a collection of
+orchideous plants is also forming in this nursery garden. There are
+several small hothouses for the growth of Cape and tropical plants,
+which are also cultivated for sale; but the space of ground is much too
+limited, as well as confined by houses to do justice to a collection of
+hardy species. After visiting these gardens and grounds, I took my leave
+of Mr. West, to whom I was much indebted for the kind interest he took
+in the object I had in view, and who appears devotedly attached to
+plants and gardening. Professor Hughes having recommended me to see the
+chateau erected on the banks of the Elbe by the late Lord Findlater, an
+English nobleman, I expected to have found some fine gardens, or
+collection of plants, but, to my surprise, on my arrival, I found it
+now occupied as a tea garden; it is much frequented by the inhabitants
+of Dresden, in consequence of its romantic situation on the banks of the
+Elbe, commanding a prospect of the country, studded with small villages
+situated in the valleys between the hills, or rather eminences; but
+these are not to be compared with our Scotch mountains. Along the Elbe
+is a great extent of vineyard, which did not appear to be in a very
+prolific state, the soil being of a poor sandy texture. Many pretty
+villas were also situated along these banks, which had very pleasant
+prospects from them.
+
+September 2nd. Having agreed to meet Mr. Lehman early this morning, we
+proceeded to the Catholic church, which belongs to the court, and is
+certainly a magnificent building, the interior richly ornamented, and
+well worth the stranger's notice; we next visited the Protestant church,
+which is likewise a splendid erection. The museum and post office are
+also very magnificent buildings. I was however surprised at the
+appearance of the royal palace, which consists of a dark gloomy looking
+old fashioned residence, and with little in its exterior appearance,
+calculated to give a stranger the idea of its being the seat of royalty.
+Through the assistance of Mr. Lehman, who procured tickets of admittance
+to the gallery of paintings, I was favoured with a sight of this
+celebrated collection, which is considered to be amongst the finest in
+Europe, and is said to contain one thousand five hundred pictures; among
+so many there are undoubtedly some very splendid ones. On our return
+from the gallery, we passed through his majesty's coach-house, which
+must at least have contained no less than sixty different carriages; a
+very splendid one lately presented to the king by Prince Metternich, was
+pointed out to us. From hence we proceeded to the museum or repository
+of minerals, birds and animals. The collection of the feathered tribe in
+this establishment is particularly extensive; some very large blocks of
+petrified wood, that were much prized, were pointed out as remarkable
+curiosities. In one of the departments was a table four feet in
+diameter, of a solitary piece of wood of the _Tamarindus indicus_,
+(tamarind tree.) In front of the building various orange trees are
+arranged along the edge of the walks. What is called _Bruehl's_ garden
+is also deserving of notice; it forms a public promenade for the
+inhabitants, and is pleasantly situated, containing a picture gallery,
+which is denominated the gallery of duplicates.
+
+Dresden is said to contain about 80,000 inhabitants, and is much admired
+for its fine houses and streets. It is considered by many as one of the
+finest towns in Europe; but I must confess that in my opinion it is
+inferior to either Berlin, Munich, or Brussels. It is situated on a flat
+spot of ground with the river Elbe running through it; the bridge over
+which is said to be 1450 feet long. The Arsenal is a large building, but
+I had no time to see it, as the diligence left this day at twelve
+o'clock for Munich, and as these conveyances only go twice or three
+times a week at most from the principal towns throughout Germany, the
+losing of an hour to see an object might detain one for two or three
+days. Having taken my leave of Mr. Lehman, I seated myself in the
+diligence for Munich, a journey which occupied us three days and three
+nights. The road winds along the river side from Dresden to the first
+stage on our way to Munich, and is very beautiful, the scenery much
+diversified, and resembling that of some of our Scotch mountains; the
+plantations of forest trees comprise a mixture of silver fir, beech and
+Scotch-fir. The hill and dale that continued for a considerable way
+along this line of road rendered the scenery very interesting and
+picturesque, and which appeared so to continue until it became quite
+dark, when all view of the country was lost.
+
+We passed through Freyberg, a small town situated on the river Mulde,
+and is said to be 1179 feet above the level of the sea. The next town or
+village that we came to was Chimnitz, where we stopped for supper.
+
+September 3rd. Arrived at one o'clock in the morning at Zwickau, at
+which town the road from Leipsic joins the one from Dresden, where the
+diligences from both towns meet, and the passengers are transferred from
+the Leipsic diligence to the one from Dresden. Whilst waiting for the
+vehicle getting ready to start, I was agreeably surprised to find Mr.
+Parker, seated at the same inn; he had arrived from Leipsic by that
+diligence: when we parted at Berlin we had no expectation of again
+meeting each other so soon.
+
+One of my fellow travellers from Dresden was a Frenchman, but he was
+evidently as awkwardly situated whilst travelling for want of a
+knowledge of the German language as I was myself; consequently we both
+kept Mr. Parker pretty busy in acting as an intermediate interpreter
+whilst we were together.
+
+The scenery about Zwickau is beautifully varied with hill and dale, and
+woods, with a small river called the Mulde running along by the bottom
+of the rocks. The houses are neatly built, and of considerable number,
+containing a population of from seven to eight thousand. The roads in
+the vicinity of this town are rather mountainous, but not so much so as
+in the preceding stages. The next small village that we passed through
+was Plauen, where we arrived about seven o'clock in the morning: it is
+said to contain about 700 inhabitants.
+
+We next proceeded to Hof, where we arrived at ten o'clock, changed
+diligences, and had to stop for several hours before we could again get
+on our journey. On entering this town we passed by a large tea garden,
+situated on the side of a hill, at the bottom of which is a small river,
+that tends greatly to enliven the scenery. The town of Hof is in the
+kingdom of Bavaria, and the population is said to amount to 6,000,
+living in handsomely built houses. The main street that leads through it
+I should imagine is nearly a mile in length, and very wide; there
+appeared to be a fair in the town on this day, which occupied a great
+part of this street.
+
+The cathedral is an ancient building; the entrance consists of a
+handsome Gothic door, the walls of which must be about eighteen feet in
+thickness. The town-hall is likewise a fine erection, and the houses and
+streets appeared all in clean and neat order.
+
+From Dresden to Hof the country productions principally consist of
+agricultural produce; the potatoe and oats are extensively cultivated. A
+sharp frost this morning blackened all the potatoe tops.
+
+At one o'clock we got into a Bavarian diligence, and proceeded to
+Berneck, a small town surrounded with beautiful scenery, that much
+reminded me of the Derbyshire rocks, to which in picturesque appearance
+it was fully equal.
+
+Arrived next at Bayreuth, at eight o'clock in the evening; it is a town
+of considerable size, said to contain 10,000 inhabitants. On the
+diligence driving up to the inn door we found the space in front of it
+completely covered with a military band, and a large concourse of people
+listening to their music; this band belonged to a cavalry regiment that
+was on its march through the town. We next started for Nuremberg, where
+we arrived at half-past eight o'clock the following morning.
+
+September 4th. On our arrival at Nuremberg, we found that we had to
+remain here for several hours before the diligence started again: we
+made the best use of our time, proceeding to St. Laurence's Church, a
+Gothic building, the doors and windows richly ornamented with groups of
+sculpture and other carved work in bronze; the painted glass is very
+handsomely executed. This church was begun in 1254 and is a most
+magnificent building. The tabernacle consists of a beautifully carved
+and richly ornamented spire, executed in 1496 of carved stonework.
+Although it has been converted into a Protestant church, yet the
+Catholic ornaments are still remaining. We next proceeded to view the
+Catholic church, which is likewise a very splendid Gothic building,
+erected in 1355, and the exterior walls richly ornamented. In the Market
+place, we were much gratified with a very pretty spiral fountain, richly
+carved, erected in 1356. The town-house is also a very fine old
+structure, containing many good paintings in the large and small hall.
+The fresco paintings in the latter apartment are beautifully executed on
+the ceilings and walls, which are also highly ornamented by gilt
+mouldings. The paintings in the great hall consist of various pieces of
+fresco, by the celebrated Albert Durer. The triumphal car of the emperor
+Maximilian, drawn by twelve horses, in beautiful fresco painting, and a
+very fair picture of the present king of Bavaria, by Byng of Munich, is
+also to be seen here.
+
+From hence we went to the cathedral, in which is St. Sebald's Tomb,
+highly deserving of the stranger's notice. This church contains the
+oldest metal font in Germany; it was formerly used in baptising the
+emperor's children. The saint's tomb, by Fisher, is a masterpiece of
+workmanship, executed in 1508; there is also a curious figure of the
+artist himself. The tomb is a pretty Gothic structure, cast in bronze,
+and the body of the saint enclosed in a silver coffin, under an elegant
+Gothic canopy. We next proceeded to the picture gallery, which contains
+a good collection of paintings by German artists, in good preservation.
+From hence we went to the imperial castle, where there is growing a Lime
+tree, _Tilia europæa_, said to be seven hundred years old. I measured
+the girth of this tree, at four feet from the ground, and found it to be
+fifteen feet in circumference; it still appeared in a pretty healthy
+state.
+
+The dining room in this ancient castle, formerly used by the king, is of
+large dimensions, and contains a large number of old paintings, which
+are in good preservation; the rooms although uninhabited for the last
+four hundred years are still in good condition. From the windows in this
+castle we have a beautiful prospect of the town as well as of a
+considerable extent of country. On our return from hence we visited the
+house in which Albert Durer resided, which is now converted into a
+gallery for modern paintings, exhibited for sale, many of which appeared
+to be most beautiful pieces of art, and objects of great interest to
+numerous visitors who were then present admiring them. By this time it
+was drawing near the hour we had to start by the diligence. We made the
+best of our way back to the hotel, and got all ready by one o'clock, the
+appointed hour of our departure from Nuremberg, which is a town of
+considerable size, containing a population of upwards of thirty thousand
+people.
+
+In the environs are large tracts of ground under vegetable culture, but
+I was unable to learn of the existence of any botanic garden or good
+nursery establishment in the immediate neighbourhood. Large fields of
+tobacco were cultivated in the suburbs, as well as extensive plantations
+of the _Hop_, which appeared very prolific. The soil we passed from
+Nuremberg to Munich was more sandy than it previously had been; the
+scenery is also more flat and less varied than in our preceding stages.
+
+Sept. 5. Arrived at Pfaffenhofen, at six o'clock in the morning. Near to
+this town large quantities of the _Genista germanica_, were growing
+close by the road-side, also the _Dipsacus laciniatus_, in great
+abundance. Approaching nearer to Munich, I observed growing in a
+plantation the _Vaccinium Vitis Idæa_, in great plenty, reminding me,
+from its occurrence, of the mountains of Scotland. The scenery in the
+vicinity of Munich, is of a great sameness, but the Tyrolese mountains
+appearing in the distance considerably add to its picturesque effect. We
+reached Munich at eleven o'clock, where we found some difficulty in
+getting apartments, the hotels being then so full of strangers.
+
+In the afternoon I was accompanied by Mr. Parker to the Botanic garden,
+which is situated close to the town, having a very handsome entrance
+with Ionic columns, and neat iron railing, which encloses a large part
+of this garden. The _Arboretum_ of trees and shrubs is confined to the
+two ends of the garden, it being an oblong square, but the south side is
+much the longest. The space of ground is very confined for the growth of
+large trees; the entire space devoted for this purpose is not an acre of
+ground, consequently the different sorts are much crowded together.
+
+The interior of the garden, in front of the range of hot-houses, is laid
+out in numerous oblong squares, with gravel walks intervening; in the
+centre walk are three round basins of water. These squares are again
+divided into beds for the herbaceous plants, wherein a good collection
+are cultivated. In one of the divisions there is an _aquarium_ for
+aquatic plants, which consists of oblong square troughs, lined with
+brickwork for retaining the water; these are about two feet wide by two
+deep, and an intervening space of ground, of from six to eight feet, in
+which are grown such species as do not require the water: but a damp
+situation, notwithstanding, is requisite: In the apartments where the
+hardy perennial plants are cultivated, are numerous apple trees, all in
+full bearing; these ought to be eradicated and their places supplied
+with ornamental trees or shrubs. Apple-trees, however useful, are not in
+character with a botanical collection; more especially as the apple is
+so common by the road sides through Germany; a collection of this fruit
+should find a place elsewhere than in the botanic garden, where the
+space of ground is already much too limited for the collection of
+plants. A lofty range of hothouses about five hundred feet in length,
+has a very good effect; they are only furnished with upright sashes in
+the front, the back and roof opaque, the latter finished in the
+semi-cove form, and neatly plastered. I was surprised to find the Palms
+looking remarkably healthy, notwithstanding these dark houses, many of
+the species had really grown from twenty to twenty five feet in height.
+
+The collection of the Brazilian species is very numerous, but many of
+them appeared drawn and too much crowded for want of light and room in
+the pits. The Cape and New Holland kinds were then out of doors, very
+healthy and well grown. I was much pleased also with some very fine
+specimens of _Cacteæ_, the variety of which is reckoned but little
+inferior to that of Berlin. In short, there is an extensive assortment
+of the various species of _Succulentæ_ in this establishment. The
+director, M. Seitz, having been long a collector, has succeeded in
+forming a great variety of this curious tribe; he was extremely liberal
+in parting with any of his duplicates.
+
+Sept. 6th. M. Seitz having the kindness to accompany us to the Royal
+gardens at Nymphenburg, which are situated about four English miles from
+Munich; we proceeded thither immediately after breakfast, and found that
+these grounds required no little time to make even a hasty inspection.
+
+The French garden in front of the palace consists of straight and broad
+gravel walks, with long stripes of grass lawn, and borders about twelve
+feet wide of shrubs running parallel to the avenues of horse-chesnut
+trees. Along the edges of the walks various vases and other ornamental
+sculpture are arranged; leading from these walks, a straight piece of
+water, more in the form of a canal, than an ornamental lake, runs
+parallel in two different directions; the one parallel to the palace, is
+crossed by two wooden bridges, which are prominent features from several
+points of view. The centre, or main canal, leads in a straight direction
+for a considerable distance, and is broken by several very pretty
+cascades, and handsome marble basins, as well as different groups or
+figures of sculpture. The water comes rushing over the marble ledges
+with great force, and was certainly the brightest and purest that I had
+ever previously seen. There are also some very fine jets in which the
+water is propelled to a great height by machinery. A well formed lake
+nearly adjoins the bathing house, said to occupy about fifty Bavarian
+acres of ground, the outline of which is much varied with different
+projections of land, islands, and the banks of turf tastefully planted
+with trees and shrubs, forms a very pleasing contrast. A curious bark
+is placed on this sheet of water, consisting of two small boats, with a
+platform, on which is placed a chair, so that a person may sit and read,
+or fish, and at the same time guide this boat by his feet, that are
+resting generally on the paddles.
+
+Close by the margin of this lake, is a very pretty circular temple, with
+a figure of Apollo, that forms a prominent object from several points of
+view. A small cascade passing under a ledge of rockwork, on the top of
+which is placed a marble figure of Pan, and a goat at his feet, forms
+another object of interest in this part.
+
+The grounds from the south west of the bathing house, (or Pavilion,
+which is ornamented by paintings and statues) have been lately much
+improved, and are now considerably varied with different clumps of trees
+and shrubs, undulations and rockwork. The surface is naturally a flat,
+but art has, during the last three years, created great inequalities and
+alterations in this part of the grounds; the banks and undulations are
+very judiciously formed, the trees and shrubs tastefully grouped
+together; the walks and rides are of great extent, and very neatly kept
+and gravelled.
+
+The range of plant houses at Nymphenburg is the most extensive and
+substantially built of any that I had previously seen in Germany, about
+one thousand feet in length, and varying from twenty to twenty four feet
+in width, the height not exceeding twenty-eight feet. I was here
+surprised to find that the hothouse in which a fine collection of
+_Palmæ_, and other Brazilian plants were grown, was heated by very small
+hot water pipes, which I imagined were far too small to sustain the
+temperature of such a house, although the back and roof are opaque, and
+of course require considerably less artificial heat than if constructed
+with glass on all sides. The boiler that heats this house is about seven
+feet long, three deep, and three feet six inches wide, and consequently
+contains a large body of water, when once heated it gives out a great
+portion of caloric from its sides and surface, being placed at the back
+of the house, but in the interior, and concealed by the plants. The
+pipes branch right and left from the boiler and appeared to be only two
+inches in diameter, yet, I was informed, they were found quite
+sufficient for the heating of this conservatory. Undoubtedly the boiler
+being so very large rendered pipes of greater dimensions unnecessary.
+The frost is, however, much more intense in Germany than in England; the
+_Lauristinus_, _Arbutus_, _Rhododendrons_, _Portugal_ and _Common
+Laurel_, were cultivated at Nymphenburg as green-house plants; they are
+too tender to endure the winters there.
+
+In front of this botanical range, or more directly opposite to the palm
+house, is an arboretum of hardy trees and shrubs, but the site, for that
+purpose, is badly chosen, and by far too contracted, and should have
+been selected in the pleasure ground, at some distance from these
+houses, where there is ample space, and would have formed an interesting
+feature. As at present the more common kinds of trees and underwood are
+the only hardy species of decoration in many parts of the ground.
+Opposite to the east end of the range of plant houses is an oblong piece
+of ground, laid out in narrow beds by the edge of the walks, which are
+occupied with a collection of dahlias, and other herbaceous flowering
+plants.
+
+On our return from this botanical range we visited a small private
+garden, close by the palace, which has also a very pretty cascade at its
+extremity, and ornamented by sculpture.
+
+The palace of Nymphenburg forms almost a semicircle of a large radius on
+the Munich side, or principal front, but that facing the gardens is more
+of an oblong square, and in consequence of the numerous roofs appearing
+from the semicircular front, that are disconnected and of various
+elevation from the main building, it has more the appearance of a number
+of small villas, than of a royal residence, particularly as we approach
+it from Munich, by the side of the straight canal that leads to the
+principal entrance. Nearly opposite the centre of the palace on this
+side is a circuitous basin of water with a fountain in the centre and
+rockwork around it. This water is conveyed into the gardens, and must be
+of great extent from the appearance of the course it was running, which
+leads a considerable way towards Munich. After our return from
+Nymphenburg gardens, we proceeded to the English garden, which is said
+to contain about five hundred English acres of ground, and is a favorite
+promenade for the inhabitants of Munich. This park, or pleasure ground,
+is rather of a flat surface, but much diversified by clumps of various
+trees and shrubs, and fine sheets of water, the margins of which are
+much varied, but unfortunately full of weeds. The drives and walks that
+lead through these grounds in different directions are very extensive,
+some of them being nearly five miles in length. The grounds adjacent to
+the queen's palace are very well kept, and deserving of notice; but a
+piece of water in view from it is very filthy, which is the more
+extraordinary, as it might be easily kept clean by turning into it a
+branch of the river that runs through these grounds.
+
+We observed some very fine specimens of the _Juglans fraxinifolia_ with
+fruit on them, and very large trees of the _Salix alba_, which were here
+in greater size than any I had ever seen. Numerous clumps of various
+kinds of trees and shrubs are grouped together; but these are in most
+instances rather crowded, and not enough of lawn is seen to intervene
+between them. A handsome observatory was erecting, situated on an
+artificial mound, which, when finished, will command a fine prospect
+over these grounds. We also visited several of the churches. St. Mary's
+church is very splendidly fitted up, and has handsome marble columns.
+In it is placed a very superior statue of Eugene Beauharnois. St.
+Michael's church is likewise deserving of notice from the beautiful
+marble columns. The choirs of the different churches were this day all
+decorated with Orange trees, _Hydrangeas_, and other flowering plants.
+
+Sept. 7th. I appointed to be in the Botanic gardens with M. Seitz, by
+eight o'clock in the morning. Immediately on my arrival I met with Mr.
+Forster, nephew to the vice president of the Linnean Society, who is
+also much attached to botany. The greater part of the day was spent with
+M. Seitz, looking over the numerous species of _Cacteæ_, and
+_Succulentæ_, and after having finished my visit here, he had the
+kindness to conduct me to the Glyptothek, which is a very magnificent
+quadrangular building, containing a fine collection of antique
+sculpture; the floors and walls are inlaid with various marbles, the
+ceilings richly ornamented with gilt mouldings, and fresco paintings. It
+has twelve apartments, one of which is devoted to modern sculpture, and
+possesses some fine specimens in this art.
+
+I next proceeded to the Pinakothek, which is situated at a short
+distance from the Glyptothek, and is likewise a very splendid building,
+but it is not yet finished. It is intended as a repository for
+paintings, and consists of a number of very capacious apartments with
+gilt ceilings of extraordinary splendour. The suite of rooms is said to
+be 500 feet in length, and on the south side is a long passage or
+gallery, the ceiling of which is ornamented with fine fresco paintings.
+The exterior of this Pinakothek is equally magnificent, and when
+finished will undoubtedly be one of the most attractive objects in
+Europe.
+
+Sept. 8th. This being a holiday and inclined to rain, we visited the
+royal palace, which is at present undergoing great alterations and
+additions. The first object that attracted my notice, was the granite
+steps of the king's staircase, which measured twenty one feet in width;
+at the top is the body guard room, and then an inner ante-room, the
+walls of which are beautifully ornamented with fresco paintings, as is
+likewise the adjoining room, in which are represented as though
+suspended from the ceiling and cornice, fresco painting of numerous
+fishes.
+
+The family dining room, with cove ceiling and fresco paintings, and most
+beautiful inlaid floor, must attract general admiration. The throne room
+is however still more capacious, and the walls are ornamented by various
+alto-relievos in plaster. I observed in several of the windows that the
+squares of glass used were five feet long by three feet in width. His
+majesty's cabinet is also splendidly fitted up. The apartments intended
+for the queen are still more superbly finished, and represent subjects
+in fresco painting taken from the German poets.
+
+The surbase of her majesty's room is of fine marble; the room is about
+forty feet square, the dressing room of rather larger dimensions. The
+queen's throne room is really most splendidly finished, the walls and
+mouldings gilt, and the surbase of fine blue marble. There are several
+other apartments intended for her majesty, representing in fresco
+paintings various subjects from the poems of Burgher; with the
+pilgrimage to the holy sepulchre in fresco. The grand staircase is most
+magnificent; the walls and steps are of fine marble, with four Ionic
+marble columns at the top, the whole furnished in the most superb style.
+The lower suite of apartments is equally splendid; the walls are
+decorated with paintings in fresco of several of the emperors of
+Germany. The magnificence of the decorations on the walls and ceilings
+of the new apartments in this palace are such that no one can form any
+idea of their grandeur without a visit.
+
+Adjoining to this, is the statue gallery of antiquities, which measures
+about three hundred and thirty six feet in length, by forty five in
+width, with a cove ceiling painted in fresco. I here saw a beautiful
+Florentine Mosaic table, for which Napoleon offered sixteen thousand
+florins. There is also a Bavarian almanack of the fifteenth and
+sixteenth century, in form of a circular table, about seven feet in
+diameter, inlaid with brass; but the letters and figures almost
+obliterated. The entrance to this antique gallery consists of a handsome
+grotto in shell work, with various figures, birds, and devices, in
+alto-relievo.
+
+There is placed opposite the new addition to the palace a colossal
+figure in bronze of the late emperor, with a huge lion at his feet. Near
+this palace is a magnificent Post-office, now building. There is also
+the Theatre, which is likewise a very splendid structure. We next
+visited the Gallery of Paintings, which is well deserving of notice, and
+contains a very valuable collection of pictures. The space of ground
+called the Hof Garden, which is a fashionable promenade, and consists of
+numerous rows of trees and gravel walks, is bounded on one side by a
+very long gallery, highly ornamented with various frescos. Although
+denominated a garden, I could see neither flowers nor shrubs; only rows
+of trees, that formed a shady promenade in the summer months, when it is
+much frequented by tea-parties.
+
+In the afternoon we made another visit to the English garden, and round
+the environs of the town; but this being a holiday, all the principal
+establishments were shut. I was however unable to hear of there being
+any other garden establishment worth seeing, that I had not previously
+seen: we therefore procured our passports, and secured our places in the
+diligence for Stuttgard.
+
+Sept. 9th. Left Munich at six o'clock a.m. The scenery for the first
+stage was rather flat, but as we approached Augsburg it became
+considerably more varied. By the side of the road on this route I
+observed the _Gentiana Pneumonanthe_, in great abundance; I here had an
+opportunity of collecting several specimens, whilst the diligence was
+ascending a long hill, which was well planted, and where some fine trees
+of the spruce fir were in view.
+
+The houses in Augsburg have old-fashioned red tiled roofs, with numerous
+windows projecting like skylights, even five rows deep on the sides, in
+very bad taste. Augsburg contains 27,000 inhabitants; and several
+ancient buildings, particularly the Episcopal palace, Cathedral, and
+Town-hall. The Cathedral, a Gothic building, contains some curious old
+tapestry and paintings, representing the apostles sleeping whilst our
+Saviour was praying. There are also some curious old tombs, with models;
+and several handsome fonts with large bronze figures. The Town-house,
+which contains a picture gallery over the ground floor, is a very fine
+building; the gallery where the paintings are kept is 120 feet long, 62
+feet wide, and 56 feet high, with a carved wood ceiling, richly gilt.
+The pictures were many of them of immense dimensions, and in fine
+preservation, but of the old German school. We here also visited the
+German Literary Gazette printing-office, and also the steam engine which
+is used for throwing up the water to supply the different fountains in
+the town.
+
+Whilst Mr. Parker was making purchases of books here, I proceeded to the
+garden of M. Schatzle, which is situated in the suburbs. This garden is
+very well kept, and contains some good exotic and Cape plants, and a
+good shew of summer flowers, with several straight avenues of trees
+planted so as to form an arbour or shady walk. In this garden is placed
+a colossal group in bronze that weighs 10,500 pounds, executed by
+Chirardi in honour of Fugger. The first of the Fugger family was an
+Augsburg merchant, and is said to have left his heirs above six millions
+of golden crowns, besides other property. From thence I proceeded to the
+nursery of M. Schultz, which contains vegetables as well as nursery
+stock: there are two or three small hothouses, or rather pits, for the
+growth of the tender species, but I saw but little in this establishment
+worth notice, although considered the best nursery garden about
+Augsburg.
+
+It was now drawing near the hour that we were to take our departure from
+Augsburg in the diligence; whence we started at 7 o'clock p.m. for Ulm,
+the next town of any note.
+
+I omitted to mention that we were accompanied through the different
+departments in Augsburg by the French gentleman who travelled with us
+from Dresden to Munich, and also by Mr. Withy, who was returning from a
+tour, and going then to Heidelberg; he travelled with us as far as
+Stuttgard, where we all parted.
+
+Sept. 10th. Arrived at Ulm at half-past four o'clock in the morning.
+This is a pretty town, situated on the left bank of the Danube, in the
+kingdom of Wurtemberg, and is said to contain 23,000 inhabitants. We
+stopped here about an hour.
+
+The first stage beyond Ulm consists of a fine agricultural district. The
+second stage presented rocky and fine scenery, planted with hard wood,
+the birch and beech trees intermixed, but the latter sort pre-hills on
+both sides, which is particularly picturesque, and surpasses the much
+admired Matlock scenery, for many miles. When we arrived at Geislingen
+we had time to admire the huge rocks peeping out amongst the trees
+opposite this village, where there is also a very fine prospect tower,
+which overlooks the town, and great extent of country. I observed,
+growing on the banks of Geislingen glen, the _Asclepius vincetoxicum_,
+_Helleborus officinalis_, and several other scarce plants.
+
+Along this country numerous orchards of fruit trees prevailed, such as
+plums, pears, and the apple, which were very abundant, all growing close
+by the road side and full of fruit.
+
+The road through Geislingen to Goppingen is very beautiful, being a
+great vineyard country for many miles, commencing about Plockingen, and
+extending along the face of the hills to Stuttgard. We passed through an
+old fashioned town called Esslingen, which is situated on the Necker, a
+river that heightens in a great degree the beauty of the whole valley
+along which it winds.
+
+Cobbett's corn appears to be extensively cultivated in this district,
+particularly near to Stuttgard, where we arrived at six o'clock in the
+evening. Here I lost all my travelling companions, Mr. Parker starting
+for Frankfort immediately, and Mr. Withy the following morning for
+Heidelberg; both which towns I afterwards visited.
+
+Sept. 11th. M. Hertz, who has a small nursery garden in Stuttgard, and
+whom I had previously seen in Kew gardens, very kindly volunteered to
+accompany me to the Royal Botanic Gardens here, which are situated at a
+short distance from the palace, and contain a number of old hothouses,
+and a good collection of plants in a very healthy state. In short, I was
+surprised to see the plants looking so healthy in such old worn out
+opaque roofed houses.
+
+There are also cultivated here many very fine specimens of the _Cacteæ_.
+I saw one of the _Cacteæ senilis_ above eighteen inches long, a very
+fine healthy plant. The _Echinocactus cornigerus_ measured about six
+inches in circumference, and some other kinds were also nearly as fine.
+
+The pleasure ground belonging to this palace contains about two hundred
+and sixty German acres; it is tastefully planted, and laid out in
+numerous drives and rides, forming a pleasant promenade for the public.
+
+A very fine orangery, with dark roof, is situated at a considerable
+distance from the Botanic gardens, and near it a very complete flower
+house was erecting, the rafters of which were of metal, and the sashes
+all wood, heated with smoke flues, that pass under the pit, where an
+arched cellar is formed, so that mushrooms or other vegetables may be
+accelerated. I regretted that this house was not heated by hot-water,
+which would have rendered it very complete. It is intended to remove
+near to it the kitchen garden, which is situated at a very different
+part of the town, and in a very dilapidated state. Numerous pits for
+melons, and pines, are in these gardens, but in this state of intended
+transition they are not kept in good repair. After going through these
+different departments, M. Bosch, the superintendent of all the Royal
+gardens, then returned to the Botanic garden, while M. Hertz conducted
+me to a small villa garden, containing a very choice collection of
+_Cacteæ_, some fine large specimens of the _Opuntia_ tribe and
+_Cereuses_ were here.
+
+Having called on the Baron de Meyendorff, the Russian ambassador at
+Stuttgard, his excellency accompanied me to a small nursery garden,
+which contained some good specimens of plants of the more hardy sorts of
+the New Holland and Cape species, but little of novelty amongst them.
+From hence we proceeded to the chateau of General Spizenberg, which has
+been lately erected on the side of a hill, commanding a most delightful
+and extensive prospect of Stuttgard and its varied scenery. I was much
+gratified to find that the old warrior, after undergoing the fatigues of
+many campaigns, was now devoting his leisure hours to the pursuit of
+botany and horticulture. Baron Meyendorff informed me that the general
+acts entirely as his own gardener, and he has certainly succeeded in
+forming a very choice collection of plants, consisting of hardy shrub,
+perennials, and exotics. There are grown in this small spot, sixty sorts
+of _Camellias_, a good variety of _Ericas_, and numerous other Cape
+plants, with some very curious _Cacteæ_. In a little stove, divided in
+two divisions, I observed also a few pine apples, but of a very inferior
+size, and not worth the trouble even of eating, let alone rearing. The
+other description of plants looked healthy, the peach-trees against the
+low wall were very well managed and neatly trained. The vines were also
+judiciously trained to a wooden trellising against the wall. On the
+whole it is an interesting collection, and well worth the stranger's
+notice. On my return I proceeded in the afternoon to Rosenstein palace,
+which is about two English miles from Stuttgard; but his excellency
+having the kindness to send his carriage, and being again accompanied by
+M. Hertz, we soon arrived there, and again met with M. Bosch.
+
+This palace is a magnificent building, placed on a fine situation,
+commanding beautiful views of the Swabian Alps, also of Carstadt, where
+there are found buildings of the Romans, and large pieces of fossils,
+particularly of the mammoth. The Necker also forms a fine feature from
+this palace.
+
+The grounds are very extensive, and the drives and walks well kept; the
+ground is now formed into beautiful sloping turf, which I understood was
+formerly in a very unlevel and rough state. It is beautifully
+diversified with various fine drives, which I could not but admire,
+being destitute of the fantastic twists, that are so often thrown in
+without the the least meaning.
+
+At present the grounds around this palace have rather a naked
+appearance, for want of trees and shrubs, but this defect M. Bosch is
+rapidly removing, so that a few years will produce a very different
+effect; much difficulty is however experienced in getting the trees
+established, owing to the high elevation of the ground, and the general
+droughts in summer. At Rosenstein, I saw one of the most complete
+vineyards that I ever met with, formed on the slope of a hill, with
+wooden trellisses, so constructed as to have the greatest degree of the
+sun's rays, at that season when the fruit requires it most. These
+trellisses are arranged about six feet apart each other, and are formed
+thus, /_\, so that the vines are laid on an inclined plane, and the
+fruit appearing on all sides, have really a delightful effect. The
+trellis is five feet high, and six feet wide at bottom, and the whole
+constructed something like a parabola, and continued along the slope of
+ground in a curved line. I did not observe the vine in such a prolific
+state any where else, and the whole looked remarkably neat. At a
+considerable distance from the palace, some very extensive fruit
+terraces were forming on the slope of a hill, near the town of Carstadt;
+nearly two hundred men were busily employed blasting rock, and forming
+the terraces, which are intended for the vine, fig, peach, apricot, &c.,
+and from the fine sheltered situation in which they are placed, I
+imagine the success will be fully equal to their expectations. On
+approaching these terraces I was at first surprised to observe the
+workmen surrounded by a number of soldiers, who were stationed at
+different parts, throughout them. I however soon observed that this
+precaution was necessary, as many of the workmen so employed, were
+convicts, and heavily loaded with chains round their legs. I walked over
+a great part of these extensive grounds, and was much pleased with the
+different objects I saw, and improvements proceeding with.
+
+Sept. 12th. Started this morning, for Hohenheim palace, which is
+situated about six English miles from Stuttgard; it is now occupied as
+an agricultural establishment, and has attached to it a thousand acres
+of ground, devoted to agricultural experiments. I was much gratified by
+seeing the granary of seeds, consisting of a great variety of the
+different kinds used in husbandry, which was said to amount to five
+hundred sorts. The stock of cattle and sheep, is very fine and
+extensive. The repository of agricultural implements contains the
+various instruments used in farming, from every known country, and are
+all kept in excellent order.
+
+The different domestic apartments in the palace, are occupied by
+numerous pupils, who congregate here from all parts of Germany. I was
+happy to learn that the produce of the establishment was sufficient to
+meet all the expences, attending its cultivation. In the pleasure
+ground, or rather nursery, a great quantity of the more common sorts of
+shrubs is cultivated. I observed a fine tree covered with fruit of the
+_Prunus cirrhifera_, an excellent plum, quite round, and of a purple
+colour. I also saw a fine specimen of the _Tilia alba_, that was planted
+by Duke Charles the _Fraxinus juglandifolia_, was a particularly noble
+plant, as well as the _Quercus macrocarpa_, and various other species of
+this genus. There are about sixty _arpents_ of ground here, under young
+fruit tree cultivation, which are grown for sale.
+
+During the time that Duke Charles resided at Hohenheim, the gardens were
+much celebrated, and attracted numerous visitors from all parts of
+Germany. There is a fine piece of ground called the English garden, that
+was much admired, but now we have only the forlorn remains of it left.
+At the front of the palace, are still several of the old flower beds,
+and the balustrade wall, which forms a fine sweep, at the principal or
+entrance front. It was in Duke Charles's time well stocked with orange
+trees, but none are now in existence. The ground falls considerably,
+towards the south, from the palace, and when under garden cultivation,
+it must have had a very pretty effect. The view from the windows, over a
+small town called Boblingen, and the surrounding scenery, is very fine,
+the Swabian Alps appearing in the distance. I should imagine Hohenheim
+palace, about sixty years ago, must have been one of the most
+magnificent in Wurtemberg, but the apartments are rapidly going to
+decay. The new road lately formed near to Stuttgard, winding through the
+vineyard plantations, with their numerous small huts or watch boxes,
+has also a very pretty effect, although rather fatiguing from its steep
+ascent.
+
+On my return from Hohenheim, I again called on Mr. Koster, the British
+secretary of legation, who accompanied me to the house of M. de Kerner,
+where I saw eighty-three volumes of the splendid Botanical work,
+executed by the late M. de Kerner, which consists of above one thousand
+drawings of the various fruits, and other exotic flowering plants, which
+are undoubtedly exquisite specimens of that gentleman's abilities as a
+draughtsman. These volumes were only purchased by the royal libraries of
+Vienna, St. Petersburg, Munich, Stuttgard, and Copenhagen, at a price of
+seventeen hundred pounds; only six or seven copies were executed, one of
+which is still on hand, in the possession of M. de Kerner. After again
+procuring my passport, I started about eight o'clock in the evening, for
+Carlsruhe, where I arrived at five the next morning.
+
+Sept. 13th. On my arrival I found that the diligence would start in the
+course of twenty minutes for Baden. I started by it, and arrived there
+at ten o'clock. His Excellency Lord George William Russell, kindly gave
+me a note of introduction to Sir John Frost, the late secretary of the
+Medico-Botanical Society of London, who was then residing at Baden, and
+practising as a physician. This gentleman furnished me with several
+notes of introduction, to some of his Botanical friends, and also kindly
+shewed me the different objects of interest about the town; amongst
+which was the fountain of mineral-water, so much celebrated, for various
+diseases. It is of a very high temperature; so much so, that I was
+unable to drink a glass of it, without first letting it cool; from the
+appearance of the fountain, one would imagine that a strong fire was
+burning under it. From the baths we proceeded to the castle garden, and
+from hence, a considerable way up the hill, where is a most delightful
+prospect of the town, and its very romantic scenery. The old castle
+forms a prominent object of attraction, which, with the tremendous
+precipices of rock, and plantations, render this spot the most
+picturesque that I had previously met with on my tour through Germany.
+
+An excellent promenade, called the English garden, with neatly kept
+walks and pieces of lawn, is much frequented by the inhabitants and
+visitors. Situated in the promenade is a magnificent building called the
+"Conversation House," with numerous orange trees arranged in front of
+it.
+
+In the interior, I was much surprised to see in a very capacious room,
+splendidly furnished, a large concourse of ladies and gentlemen, during
+Sunday, very busy at the gambling tables; in fact the ladies appeared to
+be fully as expert gamblers as the gentlemen. I also made a visit to the
+convent, where two skeletons of saints decorated with numerous pearls,
+rings, and other costly ornaments are exhibited; the skull and teeth
+appeared to be in pretty good preservation, but these superstitious
+decorations, so perfectly incongruous, might be well dispensed with. The
+number of strangers calculated to have visited Baden, during the season
+of 1835, are said to have amounted to thirteen thousand. The scenery for
+a great part of the way from Carlsruhe to Baden, is considerably varied,
+and the old castle of Eberstein appearing on an eminence, with well
+planted hills, forms a lively contrast. We also passed through a
+handsome town called Rastadt, situated on the river Murg, where a
+palace, belonging to the grand duke of Baden, appears conspicuous from
+the road.
+
+Sept. 14th. I called this morning on Mr. Kennedy (brother to the
+Marquess of Ailsa,) and delivered to him a note of introduction that I
+received from Lord G. W. Russell. Mr. Kennedy very kindly accompanied me
+to the Botanic Garden, and introduced me to M. Held, the gardener, a
+very intelligent man; here the enormous height that the _Melaleuca
+stipulacea_ had attained, which was nearly forty feet, is truly
+astonishing. Various other _Melaleucas_ and _Banksias_ were nearly as
+high; the _Dracæna Draco_ (Dragon-tree,) was about twenty feet in
+height; and the _Pomaderis apetala_ almost thirty feet. In this garden
+are various ranges of houses for the cultivation of tropical and other
+green-house plants, which are extensively cultivated. The houses have
+all dark roofs, with glass only in front; yet the greater part of their
+inmates looked very healthy, particularly the greenhouse plants; but
+these had the advantage of being exposed to the weather during the
+summer months. Various pits were also in this establishment for the
+growth and protection of the half-hardy species. The _Succulentæ_ are
+extensively cultivated; there are nearly one hundred and forty species
+of _Mesembryanthemums_, and about one hundred different kinds of
+_Aloes_, besides a pretty good collection of the _Cacteæ_. The
+_Rhododendron_ and _Azalea_, are cultivated out of doors, which is
+rarely the case in any other garden in Germany.
+
+The herbaceous ground is formed into oblong squares, and these again
+divided into narrow beds, which are well stocked with a great variety of
+hardy flowering perennials. The whole of this botanical department was
+remarkably neat and clean, having, it is understood, been much improved
+since M. Held was appointed. It appeared to me, however, to be much too
+crowded with these heavy looking houses, which are too numerous for a
+space of ground, undoubtedly too contracted and confined for such a
+collection of plants.
+
+The park, or pleasure-ground, adjoins the garden, and although of a dull
+flat surface, yet it contains many very fine specimens of ornamental
+trees and shrubs. I observed, for instance, the _Salisburia
+adiantifolia_, sixty feet high, and several very large tulip trees, and
+the _Sophora Japonica_; a fine specimen of the _Acer dasycarpum_,
+measured no less than a space of ground of twenty yards regular
+diameter. I was much pleased with a small flower garden, close to the
+palace windows, which was well stocked with flowers in full bloom. The
+grounds are laid out with numerous avenues radiating from the palace,
+which extend in a straight line for a considerable distance; I reckoned
+twenty-seven of these avenues, which had certainly rather an imposing
+effect, and various walks and rides that branch off through the grounds
+in different directions. There is also an extensive piece of ground
+enclosed with a high wall, occupied as a nursery, and well stocked with
+various hardy species of trees and shrubs. The front of the palace, next
+Carlsruhe, was ornamented with large orange trees. The orangery was a
+large building, the front of which was well covered with grape-vines in
+a prolific state.
+
+Sept. 15th. Left Carlsruhe at six o'clock, a.m. for Heidelberg, passing
+through a fine fertile country, chiefly occupied with green crops. The
+mangel wurtzel, Indian corn, and fine crops of tobacco, are cultivated
+here, as well as in many other parts of Germany. Arrived at Heidelberg
+at eleven o'clock, and proceeded to the Botanic Garden, which has been
+only recently established, and contains a neat range of hot-houses,
+about one hundred and sixty feet long, besides a large sized pit in
+front of the range, one hundred feet long. This garden, although small,
+is pleasantly situated, and well arranged. In the centre is an oblong
+piece of water, the banks around which are considerably elevated, and
+planted with standard fruit trees, such as peaches, apricots, plums, and
+pears. The garden forms an oblong square, with a range of hot-houses and
+gardener's house at the north end, close to the Heidelberg Gate. These
+hothouses were the best and neatest-built that I had met with in
+Germany, and contain a pretty fair collection of plants, with some very
+fine species of _Cacteæ_. Along by the east side of the garden is an
+avenue of very fine specimens of the _Robinia inermis_, which is also
+continued along the south side of the town for a considerable distance.
+
+I next proceeded to Schwetzingen, another magnificent establishment,
+belonging to the Grand Duke of Baden. The palace and gardens are
+situated about five English miles from Heidelberg, and are
+unquestionably well worth the stranger's visit. In the approach to them
+by an arch-way at the palace, we have a view of a large circular piece
+of ground, divided into various divisions, in which are cultivated a
+good collection of flowering plants; there are also in this spot a
+number of fine orange trees, arranged along the edges of broad gravel
+walks; several of them forming a straight avenue, extending in various
+directions. The centre walk or avenue, leading from the palace, is
+terminated by an extensive sheet of water, where is placed a fine group
+of sculpture, as well as another at the commencement of the avenue, at
+the end of the grass, next to the circular piece of ground, where the
+orange trees are arranged. On each side of this principal avenue is
+situated an oblong piece of ground, laid out in the French style of
+gardening, with numerous straight walks, and circular spaces at their
+junctions. The exterior of the ground, and that by the lake, is laid out
+in the English style, and consists of various clumps of trees; and the
+very fine irregular sheet of water has really a very good effect.
+
+I was much pleased with a very fine ruin, which is ascended by steps to
+a very considerable height, from whence is a delightful prospect of the
+gardens and adjoining scenery. The Temple of Apollo, with the stupendous
+blocks of rock, and the water dashing against them, is another object
+deserving of notice. The Temple of Minerva is also a very pretty
+erection. A Roman aqueduct forms a very prominent object of attraction,
+but at this season of the year it appeared to be but indifferently
+supplied with water, which might be occasioned by the long and universal
+drought. A Temple Botanique, and a very handsome Kiosk, formed objects
+of interest and ornaments to the garden. An extensive arched trellising
+covered with creepers also attracted my notice: in it were numerous
+arborial openings on both sides.
+
+The collection of Cape and New Holland plants is pretty extensive, and
+numerous species of the _Genus Erica_ are also cultivated. In the
+kitchen garden various pyramidal-formed pear trees are grown; and the
+hothouses are of a better description than are usually to be met with in
+Germany; the south-side glass, and the back opaque, with span roofs. The
+pine-apples here were the best that I had previously met with during my
+tour in Germany. To give an accurate description of the various objects
+of interest that are to be seen in these grounds would require one well
+acquainted with the premises, and several days' actual residence on the
+spot. The orange houses are substantial built houses, with dark roofs,
+and the collection of trees, from their appearance, from four to five
+hundred, which were in a healthy state.
+
+Having a letter of introduction from Sir John Frost and M. Kilter from
+the neighbourhood of Vienna (who visited Woburn Abbey last summer) to
+the principal director, I experienced the greatest attention from him;
+the greatest pains were taken in pointing out to me every thing worthy
+of notice.
+
+Returned to Heidelberg, and visited the ruins of an old castle, situated
+on the face of a hill overlooking the town, and the river Necker, and
+surrounded by high hills well planted, which form an eminence
+considerably above the castle, where there is a platform or resting
+place: the view of the extent of country and its romantic scenery is
+really grand. On the top of two of these hills are high towers, the
+prospect from which must be still more extensive. On approaching the old
+castle, I was agreeably surprised to observe some fine walks, with a
+collection of trees or arboretum, with printed labels attached to them,
+and the ground in good order. From this we still continued to descend to
+the old castle, which, even in its present state, must strike the
+stranger with regret that such a magnificent building should have been
+permitted to go to decay, particularly as the stone work appears in a
+good state of preservation. The prospect from the terrace, on the
+north-side of the castle, is really grand, commanding the circuitous
+course of the Necker, the lofty and undulating hills on each side, which
+I imagine must be elevated at least two thousand feet above the level of
+the site of the castle.
+
+In the interior of the building is the celebrated _Heidelberg tun_,
+which was formerly used in making the Rhenish wine, with the great
+machine that was in use for that purpose, and from its size the quantity
+made daily must have been very great; near to it stands a figure of one
+of the wine makers, who was in the habit of drinking fifteen bottles
+every day. The approach of night prevented me from inspecting the
+interior of this old castle so minutely as I could have wished.
+Descending from a hill considerably elevated above this building, I
+passed through a grove of fine trees (sweet chesnuts) all in full
+bearing.
+
+The country and romantic scenery in the vicinity of Heidelberg pleased
+me more than anything of the kind I had previously met with.
+
+Sept. 19th. Left Heidelberg at six o'clock a. m. for Frankfort, the road
+winding along the river Necker, for a considerable distance, through a
+flat country to the left; but the high hills on the right as we passed
+from this to Darmstadt formed a pleasing contrast. The scenery for the
+first ten or twelve miles is very picturesque, from the high undulating
+hills, having numerous old romantic castellated ruins on their summits,
+or commanding points, which form prominent features of attraction. These
+hills are likewise well planted with forest trees; and large tracts are
+under vineyard culture.
+
+Arrived at Darmstadt at half-past one o'clock. I was much pleased with
+the cleanliness and elevated situation of this town, which is said to
+contain above twenty thousand inhabitants; the houses are handsomely
+built, the streets wide, and in good proportion to the height and size
+of the houses; they have also flag pavements, which is a rarity in
+Germany. The opera-house is a splendid building, as well as the
+cathedral. The palace is also a fine old building, and has attached to
+it an extensive pleasure ground and kitchen garden.
+
+Having but a very short time to stop here I made but a hasty visit
+through the gardens. The kitchen garden walls were well stocked with
+trees in full bearing, and large crops of vegetables appeared to be
+extensively cultivated: from thence I went to the extremity of the
+grounds, near which is a small herbaceous ground, with a good collection
+of plants in it, but I observed but little in the ornamental way in the
+arboretum department.
+
+About the centre is prettily formed, although dirty, a sheet of water,
+with a fanciful boat, for passing to and from a small island in the
+centre. The grounds are very flat and not varied, but possess numerous
+walks and rides which are frequented by the inhabitants.
+
+I here observed a large number of horses, belonging to the Grand Duke,
+passing through the town to the Ducal stables. There are military
+barracks, and a large establishment of soldiers stationed here. This is
+evidently not a town of trade, but is principally occupied by the
+military.
+
+Left Darmstadt at three o'clock for Frankfort; the country betwixt these
+towns is not much varied, but the soil appears very fertile, and
+produces good crops. I was, however, quite astonished at the number of
+carriages and other vehicles passing and re-passing betwixt Frankfort
+and Heidelberg; the road appeared to be nearly as much crowded as any of
+the English roads leading to London, and amongst these travellers were
+many English families.
+
+Arrived at Frankfort at six o'clock in the evening; the hotels were all
+so crowded with strangers that it was with difficulty I procured a bed,
+but at last the landlord of the Hotel d'Angleterre obtained me a room in
+a private house.
+
+Sept. 17th. In the morning I visited the Catholic cathedral, which is
+said to be one thousand years old, and contains a curious clock and
+almanac, made and placed in it about four hundred years ago; and then
+proceeded to the banking-house of Messrs. Koch and Co., and delivered to
+them a letter of introduction from His Excellency Lord G. W. Russell.
+They kindly furnished me with notes of introduction to several of the
+best gardens in Frankfort. I then visited the nursery gardens of M.
+Rintz, which are situated in the suburbs of the town, and contain about
+eighteen English acres, chiefly occupied with fruit trees. There are
+also several hothouses and pits for Cape and other plants, which are
+pretty extensively cultivated, with a good variety of _Ericas_ and other
+greenhouse plants, as well as several fine specimens of _Cacteæ_, and a
+very extensive variety of the _Camelliæ_; but unfortunately none of
+these being at this season in flower, I had not the pleasure of seeing
+M. Rintz's celebrated variety, which is said to be very fine. This
+gentleman then accompanied me to the garden of M. Andreæ Willemer, which
+is close to the town, but is very limited in extent; it contains a very
+good greenhouse, and low pits and frames, which were then well stocked
+with a very fine collection of _Cacteæ_, amongst which were many very
+scarce species. This gentleman devotes much attention to the cultivation
+of this tribe of plants, and appeared to put a higher value on many of
+them than they are actually worth; for instance, the _Cactus Senilis_ he
+would not part with for fifty pounds, although possessing duplicates.
+There was also a good assortment of Cape plants and a number of
+_Ericas_, which are now beginning to be more extensively cultivated in
+Germany than they previously were.
+
+I then paid a visit to the Frankfort Botanic Garden, which is of very
+limited extent, and its collection of plants also very contracted. These
+is, however, attached to it, the Senkenberg Society, which contains a
+splendid collection of objects in natural history, such as birds,
+fishes, shells, minerals, and animals, which are well worth the
+stranger's notice.
+
+From this I proceeded to the gardens of M. Gogel, situated about four
+English miles from Frankfort, containing twenty-four German acres, with
+several hothouses and pits for the growth of the pine-apple and other
+tropical plants, which are extensively cultivated here. This gentleman
+has a very fine collection of the hardy grapes on the garden walls, with
+a large space of vegetable ground, well cropped. The lawn in front of
+the house appears, from the River Main, to much advantage, as well as a
+fine avenue of lime trees, that have grown to a large size. At the lower
+end of this avenue is a fine vista of the river and packets, or boats,
+that pass to and from Frankfort and Mayence.
+
+On my return, I called at the villa garden of M. Stern, which is a
+pretty little spot, with a great variety of pelargoniums and dahlias,
+and other green-house plants, and contains some small green-houses and
+pits for their protection; there is also a good collection of camellias,
+all in a healthy state.
+
+Adjoining this is another villa, belonging to M. Cronelius, that has
+also several good hothouses and pits, with a large variety of _Ericas_,
+_Camellias_, _Dryandrias_, and _Geraniums_, as well as other New Holland
+plants. There are likewise several espalier divisions, in which the pear
+tree is extensively cultivated, and appeared to be in a very prolific
+state. There is a considerable extent of ground under kitchen cropping,
+and also a pleasure ground, which was very well kept.
+
+The garden of Baron Rothschild, close to the town of Frankfort, is
+undoubtedly the best in this neighbourhood that came under my
+observation; it contains thirty-five German acres, with several
+green-houses, besides an extensive range then building, about two
+hundred feet long, which was also intended for plants, and is divided
+into seven apartments, in order that those kinds that require different
+temperatures may be kept separately; this range when completed will have
+a very fine effect. In front of the mansion were placed two large
+stands well stocked with geraniums, and some very good orange trees, in
+tubs, which are removed from this site to the green-house early in
+autumn. I here observed a very fine specimen of the _Araucaria excelsa_,
+which was beautifully feathered to the ground; this is unquestionably
+one of the finest specimens of this plant that I have seen on the
+continent or in England, with the exception of that at Dropmore, which
+is much finer in every respect. Baron Rothschild's _Araucaria_ is little
+inferior to the one at Prince de Linge's at Belial.
+
+Opposite to the house is a prospect tower, that commands a fine view of
+Frankfort and surrounding country; there is also an arched walk
+completely covered with grape vines. The grass lawn was well kept, and
+various clumps of trees and shrubs dispersed through it. A small piece
+of water is enclosed at the lower end of the ground for water fowl. In
+this garden I observed a good collection of green-house plants and
+_Ericas_.
+
+The fortifications that formerly surrounded the town are now demolished,
+and formed into a public promenade for the inhabitants, and are well
+laid out, with various clumps of trees and shrubs, broad walks, and
+benches.
+
+Frankfort is a town of great traffic, and is said to contain about
+40,000 inhabitants.
+
+Sept. 18th. Left Frankfort at ten o'clock for Mayence, and passed
+through a fertile sandy country, which is well stocked with grape
+vines, but the country not much varied; the scenery as we approach
+Mayence is more picturesque, particularly when we get in view of the
+town. We pass through a handsome barrack, situated on the verge of the
+river, proceeding across a long wooden bridge that leads to the town.
+Opposite to this wooden bridge, are placed seventeen watermills for
+grinding flour, which were then busily at work.
+
+The town is surrounded by very deep rampart ditches, faced with strong
+stone walls, a very good promenade, and a number of small gardens with
+clipt hedges, near the edge of the Rhine, where there is an avenue that
+extends along its banks formed by large trees of Poplar and Robinias. At
+a short distance from Mayence, but on the opposite side and close to the
+banks of the river is a very fine old castellated building, and a small
+village adjoining, which form a prominent feature in the scenery from
+the Mayence bridge.
+
+Sept. 19th. Left Mayence per steam packet for Bonn. For the first two
+hours, we made scarcely any progress, owing to the dense fog, which we
+were all anxious to see disperse, in order that the beautiful scenery
+might be seen to full advantage: it was however not before nine o'clock,
+that the banks of the Rhine were quite clear, when the packet began to
+make a rapid progress, and passing rapidly along between numerous
+stupendous rocks, old castles, and small towns situated close by the
+river side.
+
+The banks of the Rhine are extensively cultivated as vineyards. When we
+arrived at Katz, which is considered about the middle of the best
+scenery, we met the other steam packet, coming up at Werlau. The scenery
+here is truly grand; the high mountainous rocks and old castellated
+ruins, with the various undulations and other objects, render this
+region highly picturesque. There is a pretty town close by the water
+edge, with white houses, and corresponding village on the opposite side,
+and another appearing just at the extremity of a deep valley in
+prospect. The old castle called Marksburg, is a prominent object, but to
+attempt to describe or enumerate all the various features of interest
+that come under observation in passing along the Rhine, would be an
+endless task. The scenery at Coblentz is very beautiful, with its bridge
+of boats across the Rhine, similar to that at Mayence. A large rock
+called the Stromberg, is very picturesque, with the castellated ruins at
+the top, and several other rocks of smaller dimensions in its vicinity,
+nearly opposite to which the Rhine surrounds a small island. This may be
+considered about the last of the romantic scenery that comes in view, as
+we pass down the Rhine.
+
+Arrived at Bonn, about five o'clock, where I experienced some difficulty
+in getting a lodging, in consequence of the great meeting of scientific
+professors having been here congregated. After at last finding
+admittance in a hotel, I proceeded to the Botanic garden, which is
+situated about a mile from the town, surrounding the south and east
+sides of the university, and containing a very handsome range of
+hothouses, from three to four hundred feet in length, which also form
+nearly a line, or a range, with the principle front of the university.
+The hothouses are in five divisions, and contain an extensive collection
+of _Ferns_ and _Graminea_; many of the stove plants were in a very
+luxuriant state, and looked very healthy. Behind this range is the
+annual ground, where the different species are cultivated, which
+appeared to occupy about an acre: there are several low pits placed in
+this department, for the growth of _Cacteæ_, and _Orchideæ_, and other
+dwarf-growing species; but the collection of _Cacteæ_ and _Orchideæ_ is
+very limited. Immediately in front of the range of hothouses, is an
+arboretum of hardy trees and shrubs, much too crowded, and planted too
+close to the hothouses, and is continued in a manner round the two ends
+and south side of the garden. Opposite the principal front of the
+university, is arranged the collection of _Herbaceous_ plants, according
+to the natural system, but the beds are all of an oblong form, with
+broad alleys or foot-paths, betwixt them: an extensive collection of the
+hardy flowering perennial plants was grown in the _Herbaceous_ ground,
+but the variety of hardy trees and shrubs appeared to be very limited.
+There were placed along the front of the university several clumps of
+green-house plants, and orange trees.
+
+The university was formerly a royal palace, but the lower apartments are
+now devoted to collections of natural history; the length of the front
+measures eighty eight yards, and appeared to be about square, with an
+inner court. On my return, I met with professor Treveranes, and gave him
+a letter of introduction that I had from Sir W. Hooker. I learned from
+the professor, that the prince of Salm-Dyck was then in Bonn, attending
+the scientific meeting, and if I did not see him that evening, I should
+not be able to see him at all; having a letter of introduction to his
+highness from Sir W. Hooker, and from Mr. Sabine, and being anxious to
+see the prince, if possible, I made the best of my way back to Bonn, to
+the hotel where the prince was stated to be residing; but on enquiring
+there, finding he had gone out, I immediately proceeded in search of the
+prince to another hotel to which I had been directed. After waiting some
+time, I found his highness had not arrived, but was expected very soon.
+I therefore amused myself in looking through several splendid apartments
+which were then occupied by a large number of ladies and gentlemen, who
+meet at this hotel or club-house every night, to supper and various
+amusements. At last I was informed that the prince had just arrived,
+when I delivered my letters of introduction, and apologised for
+intruding at that unseasonable time. The Prince appointed me to be with
+him at nine o'clock the following morning, when his Highness was pleased
+to give me a letter to his gardener at Salm-Dyck, directing him to shew
+me the grounds and collections under his care.
+
+Sept. 20th. After my return from the prince, I made another excursion to
+the Botanic garden, where I again saw the professor Treveranes, who had
+not accompanied his learned brethren to Cologne, who to the number of
+about four hundred had departed that morning for that town.
+
+I took a walk on my return from the Botanic gardens round the environs,
+and was much pleased by the objects of interest that displayed in
+different directions. The scenery around Bonn is particularly fine, and
+some good prospects from a hill, at a short distance from the town; but
+as I intended starting by the early steam packet, I had not time to
+reach its summit, although very inviting.
+
+The Cathedral is a very fine building, and its interior handsomely
+fitted up.
+
+The packet arrived at half-past two o'clock: I took my departure for
+Dusseldorf, and passed by Cologne, where, I imagine, there must have
+been several thousand people assembled on the harbour and bridge.
+
+We now changed packets for one of less dimensions and splendour, and
+arrived at Dusseldorf about half-past ten o'clock. The scenery from
+Cologne to Dusseldorf was flat, and but little varied; in short Bonn is
+the termination of picturesque scenery.
+
+At Dusseldorf, I had but little difficulty in finding a hotel, as they
+were not so much crowded as at Bonn.
+
+Sept. 21st. Started at six o'clock, a. m. for prince Salm-Dyck's
+Château, which is situated about ten miles from Dusseldorf, on the
+opposite side of the Rhine, which is crossed in a flat barge, and passes
+through the ancient town of Neuss, at which place Buonaparte's design of
+connecting the Rhine, Scheldt, and Meuse, is nearly completed.
+
+The suburbs of Neuss abound in numerous vegetable gardens, enclosed with
+well clipt hedges. The ground in this part of the country, is a strong
+rich looking yellowish loam, and produces strong crops of corn, clover,
+and potatoes. The road however leading through a part of this country to
+the prince's palace, is very much out of repair, and appeared to have
+been neglected for a considerable time.
+
+On arriving at the palace, I immediately found out M. Funck, the
+prince's gardener, and delivered to him my letters of introduction from
+the prince, and from M. Otto, of Berlin. The garden ground attached to
+this residence, contains one hundred and eighty German acres; the
+surface is considerably varied, and consists of numerous fine trees and
+shrubs grouped together on the lawn, the rising ground being judiciously
+planted with the loftiest growing sorts, and kept towards the extremity
+of the arboretum; amongst these I observed some very fine specimens of
+beeches and oaks; the beeches were particularly fine.
+
+I saw here the _Gleditschia tricantha_, 50 feet high, and the _Populus
+Canadensis_ eleven feet in circumference, by about sixty in height; also
+a fine specimen of _Acer dasycarpum_. The trees in this arboretum are
+arranged according to the system of _Jussieu_; there is likewise a
+natural arrangement of herbaceous plants nearer to the palace and green
+houses. I here observed a good collection of _Pæonias_, but the prince
+excels most in the _Succulent_ tribe of plants, such as the _Cacteæ_,
+_Mesembryanthemum_, and _Aloes_.
+
+Although the _Cacteæ_ are very numerous they were not such fine
+specimens as in the Berlin garden. A sheet of water encloses, in a
+manner, the greater part of the palace and its offices, and from the
+windows it has a very fine effect, with its bold sweeping banks
+extending along the arboretum, where a pretty wooden bridge appears in
+view. The hothouses are rather in a decayed state; but M. Funck informed
+me that the prince intended re-building them. In the greenhouse are some
+very rare specimens of _Yuccas_ and _Aloes_. I understood from M. Funck
+that Mr. Hitchen, of Norwich, had the greater part of his celebrated
+collection from this garden, whence I also anticipate receiving, ere
+long, not a few rarities.
+
+In going through the interior of the palace I saw a number of very old
+paintings, many of which represented former princes of Salm-dyck, but
+they are not in a good state of preservation; the rooms and furniture
+are of antique appearance, as well as the exterior of the palace. After
+spending several hours in inspecting the plants and grounds, I returned
+to Dusseldorf, to see the botanic garden belonging to that town, which
+is certainly neither difficult to get over, nor to see its contents, the
+space of ground being very contracted, and the plants also few in
+number.
+
+They principally consisted of annuals; with a few rare species of
+_Cacteæ_, not easily to be met with. I was, however, more pleased with
+the public garden or promenade, which surrounds the town, and is very
+extensive; it is particularly well laid out with fine broad walks,
+clumps of trees and shrubs, and lawn intervening, and great variation of
+surface, with different points of view commanding fine prospects of the
+Rhine, with its boats and steam packets.
+
+There is in this promenade a fine avenue of _Populus dilatata_, as well
+as the _Tilia Europæa_, (Lime tree,) also several pieces of water, the
+outline of some formed with much taste and intricacy, while others are
+left rather formal; but, on the whole, little room is left for
+criticism. Dusseldorf is a handsome town, and contains about 18,000
+inhabitants; with good streets and well built houses.
+
+Sept. 22nd. Left Dusseldorf by diligence at eight o'clock, a.m.; and
+passed by the palace of prince Frederic, which is situated close by the
+road side, in front of which the orange trees and sheets of water
+appear very conspicuous. The gardens are said to contain a good
+collection of plants.
+
+Arrived at Cologne at one o'clock. This town is of considerable extent
+and traffic, and has a population of upwards of 50,000 inhabitants. The
+great object of attraction for the stranger is the magnificent church,
+or cathedral, one of the finest in Europe, the dome one hundred and
+eighty feet high, and the interior illuminated with beautiful stained
+glass windows; the portraits as large as life, and magnificently
+executed. I was, however, more pleased by the exquisite architecture of
+the exterior; when finished, the effect will be grand in the extreme. On
+the south side of the town are strong fortifications, opposite to which
+is a promenade, that runs along a narrow slip of plantation on the
+exterior side of them. There are also numerous fields for the growth of
+vegetables. I here observed a small nursery garden well stocked with
+fruit trees and shrubs. At a short distance from this I saw a large
+building which I concluded to be a military barrack or magazine, which
+was guarded by soldiers. By the time that I had completed my survey of
+the town, I found that it was approaching to the hour that the diligence
+was to leave for Aix-la-Chapelle. I started about seven o'clock in the
+evening for this town, where we arrived at four o'clock the following
+morning.
+
+Sept. 23rd. Having a few hours to stop before the diligence set out, I
+proceeded to the cathedral, where the celebration of the mass was
+performing. It is a very splendid building, the interior highly
+ornamented on the ceiling with fine fresco paintings.
+
+The town hall, or now police office, is also a very magnificent
+building; I observed some fine paintings in the interior.
+
+The several celebrated mineral springs in this town are nearly as hot as
+those at Baden; leading from the Baths, is a handsome street and a
+number of good houses, that appeared to have been recently erected. At a
+short distance from the town is a prettily planted hill, which must
+command a fine prospect from its top of the surrounding country and
+scenery; but my time would not permit a visit to it. In the vicinity of
+Aix-la-Chapelle are numerous market gardens, but I observed no nursery
+stock. The road leading from hence to Liege is considerably varied, and
+the ground apparently of a rich fertile nature. The town of Liege is
+situated in a beautiful valley, at the junction of the river Meuse with
+the Ourthe, and surrounded by hills and fertile pasture, the latter
+being watered by three rivers, the Ourthe, the Vestre, and the Meuse.
+
+This city contains a great many very fine built houses, and is much
+celebrated for its various manufactories, which principally consist of
+marble, coal, iron, and various other hardware articles. The old palace
+is a fine antique building of the Ionic order; the different apartments
+in it were then undergoing a thorough repair. The viranda that surrounds
+the inner square is now formed into an arcade of shops. From this palace
+I proceeded to the old citadel on mount St. Walburgh, which commands a
+fine view of the town, the river Meuse, and the surrounding scenery, for
+several miles in extent.
+
+Sept. 24th. Went this morning to the cathedral, the architectural
+arrangements of which are very imposing; the interior decorations are
+well deserving of the stranger's notice, as well as its richly
+ornamented ceiling, and beautifully painted windows, and several fine
+pictures and groups of sculpture. I next proceeded to M. Makoy's
+nursery, which is situated about two or three English miles from the
+town. It contains an extensive collection of plants, which are extremely
+well grown, and all in fine saleable condition. The spirited proprietor
+was then erecting another extensive range of hothouses, and heating it
+with hot water, which, together with the numerous houses he has already,
+will extend his plant houses to about six hundred feet in length. In
+this nursery I observed one of the best collections of green-house
+plants, that I met with on the continent; they were undoubtedly not
+surpassed in their growth by any collection that I have seen; the
+_Camellias_, _Cacteæ_, and orchideous plants, also form a prominent
+feature in this establishment, as well as the collection of _Azaleas_,
+and _Rhododendrons_, which were all in fine condition, the nursery
+ground in good keeping, and well stocked with fruit trees.
+
+On my return I visited the botanic garden, which surrounds the
+university, and contains nearly two English acres of ground, in which is
+cultivated a good collection of hardy perennials, and _Gramineæ_ plants.
+There are also three hothouses for the growth of tropical and Cape
+plants. In the stove I observed a very fine specimen of the _Dracæna
+Draco_, (Dragon tree,) which was twenty two feet high; the _Caladium
+lacerum_ had also attained the height of fifteen feet; there was
+likewise a very fine plant of the _Crinum amabile_, then in flower. The
+university is a magnificent building, and is at present having large
+additions made to it.
+
+I started at twelve o'clock for Namur. The road, leading along the river
+Meuse, is extremely picturesque, the large rocks and varied surface give
+it a fine appearance. Along the banks by the road side I observed the
+common box growing in great abundance. We skirted an extensive tract of
+vineyards, which are cultivated along the banks or rising ground on the
+right side of the river Meuse, as we pass from Liege to Huy. At this
+town we cross the river by a stone bridge. Huy contains a number of well
+built houses, and is pleasantly situated, being surrounded by lofty
+rocks, with a strong fortification. The road skirting the river Meuse
+from Huy to Namur, appeared to me to be of the most romantic and
+beautiful scenery that I had previously met with, particularly a part
+of it, when approaching within a few miles of Namur, where the rocks and
+varied surface give it a most interesting appearance. In a picturesque
+spot on this line of road we have in full view the summer chateau of the
+prince d'Aremberg, as well as various other handsome residences.
+
+Arrived at seven o'clock in the evening at Namur, when there commenced a
+tremendous storm of thunder and lightning and rain, which continued for
+several hours. Namur is a strongly fortified town, situated in a valley,
+at the junction of the rivers Meuse and Sambre. The cathedral is an
+object of interest; but as I left the same evening by diligence for
+Mons, I was unable to see this noble structure.
+
+The view from the bridge opposite the fortifications has a grand
+appearance to the eye of the stranger. Left Namur at half past nine
+o'clock, and arrived at Mons at ten o'clock the following morning.
+
+Sept. 25th. Mons is a strongly fortified town, and abounds with market
+gardens in the environs. It appeared to be the centre of a great
+agricultural district. Coal-works are likewise very abundant in its
+vicinity.
+
+I proceeded from this town to Bel[oe]il in a cabriolet; passing through
+a fertile country, and a fine plantation belonging to the Prince de
+Ligne, which contained some fine beech trees, with numerous avenues, but
+a horrid road; the wheels of the cabriolet sinking up near to the
+axeltree for the greater part of the journey. On my arrival at
+Bel[oe]il I was unfortunate in not finding the Prince at home, as I had
+a letter of introduction to his highness from Sir Robert Adair. I found
+some difficulty in obtaining admittance into the gardens; but on the
+arrival of a gentleman belonging to the establishment, he gave orders to
+one of the guards to conduct me through the grounds to the kitchen
+garden. The palace is surrounded by water, and at the principal front is
+a large oblong sheet of water, with a large mass of sculpture at its
+extremity. The prospect from the palace windows, along this piece of
+water and the avenue, which is formed by high clipped hornbeam hedges,
+as well as by the lime-tree, appeared very fine, and extended for
+several miles in a straight direction. The grounds are very extensive,
+and intersected by numerous avenues of hornbeam hedges, which are of
+great height, with various arborial windows cut in them from eight to
+ten feet from the ground. In short, the number of avenues and well-clipt
+hedges that lead in every direction through these grounds, render it a
+place well worthy of a visit, and constitute a different feature in
+gardening from what is generally to be met with elsewhere.
+
+The Prince has an extensive range of houses for the growth of exotics,
+all connected with a large opaque-roofed orangery, which forms a centre
+to the range; the wings are of different heights, and have a very good
+effect. I here observed a more magnificent _Araucaria excelsa_ than I
+had previously seen, with the exception of that at Dropmore, which is
+much larger, and more beautiful. This orangery is a capacious building,
+principally erected with red brick, with upright lights only in front,
+the roof being slated. It contains a large assortment of orange trees,
+in good health. There is also a house devoted to _Camellias_, containing
+about two hundred and forty sorts. The botanic stoves are well stocked
+with healthy plants, but there are very few of the new or lately
+introduced species amongst them. I observed here a very fine specimen of
+the _Coccoloba pubescens_, the leaves of which appeared to me to be more
+luxuriant than on any other plant of this species that I had previously
+seen. The _Urania speciosa_ was also particularly fine, and several
+other kinds in a flourishing state.
+
+In the same compartment with the plant-houses is placed an extensive
+range of pine-apple and melon-pits, as well as several structures of
+peach and vine framing. In the kitchen-garden a large assortment of the
+hardy fruits are cultivated, especially pears and apples; the former are
+trained as standards along the borders, in a pyramidal form, and
+appeared to produce excellent crops. The kitchen-gardens and
+pleasure-grounds, although very extensive, were in a very rough state;
+the only part kept in good order seemed to be the plant-houses and
+hedges.
+
+From Bel[oe]il I proceeded to Ath, a very strongly fortified town. The
+country from Prince de Ligne's to Ath is very fine, and consists of a
+rich agricultural soil in a high state of cultivation, producing
+excellent crops. The town is said to contain about 80,000 inhabitants;
+the ancient tower of Brabant forms a prominent object, and the church of
+Julien is well worth notice.
+
+Sept. 26th. Left Ath at eight o'clock in the morning, in a cabriolet,
+for Enghien, which is only a small town; but the fine park, and gardens
+belonging to the duke d'Aremberg, which are situated close to the town,
+are objects of general attraction. Unfortunately the castle or mansion
+was burned down during the late revolution, and his highness now chiefly
+resides in an ancient mansion near Louvain. The duke has lately built a
+very fine range of hothouses for the growth of tropical plants; they are
+four hundred and sixty feet long, and are divided into several
+divisions; the centre, which is occupied as a stove for the more lofty
+of the tropical plants, is sixty-six feet long, thirty four high, and
+twenty five wide. In this house the _Urania speciosa_ had attained the
+height of thirty three feet; the _Displotanium argenteum_ also thirty
+three feet; this is a beautiful _Palm_. The _Caryota urens_ had likewise
+grown to the height of thirty two feet; the circumference of its stem at
+six inches from the ground is three feet three inches, gradually
+tapering towards the top. _Cycas circinalis_, fourteen feet in height
+and very healthy; the _Corypha umbraculifera_ twenty four feet in
+height, a very beautiful palm; and a very fine specimen of the _Latania
+rubra_, the _Carolina princeps_, had reached the top of the house, and
+had been cut back. Numerous other species were here in a very healthy
+state, and a very extensive collection of Cape and New Holland plants.
+This extensive range is handsomely finished with cut stone parapet
+walls, and projecting cornice over the top lights. There is another
+range about one hundred and thirty feet long, with span roof, separate
+from the principal range, in which are cultivated pines, bulbs, and
+various other plants. In front of these ranges of hothouses is a large
+lawn, with several clumps of the different species of hardy plants,
+which are also extensively cultivated in this establishment. A handsome
+temple is situated at a short distance from the gardens, which is
+surrounded by water, from this temple diverge seven fine beech and
+horse-chesnut avenues, looking in as many directions; between each are
+smaller avenues parallel to them, which are terminated by handsome stone
+vases. At a short distance from the avenues is the orangery, which is of
+large dimensions, with an opaque roof; The orange trees were very
+healthy, and formed an avenue in front of the house. M. Bedinghans, the
+gardener, informed me that they only shifted them once in five years, in
+a mixture of loam and leaf-mould, with a little cow-dung intermixed. At
+the back of the orangery are several arched walks, formed by hornbeam
+hedges, with arborial windows cut in them; they form a pleasant and
+shady promenade during the summer months. The park is also very
+extensive and considerably varied in its surface.
+
+M. Bedinghans is a native of Germany, and a very intelligent young man,
+seemingly much attached to his business. He accompanied me to the
+nursery garden of M. Parmentier, which is situated in the town of
+Enghien. In this establishment, there is a celebrated collection of
+plants, amongst which I observed a fine specimen of the _Melocactus
+mitriformis_ which measured three feet in circumference, and eighteen
+inches in height; and _Melocactus hystrix_ also a very fine plant. The
+_Echinocactus boutillieri_, is a beautiful specimen; _Cereus
+bonplandia_, _Mammillaria acanthoplegma_, _melocactus macrocanthus_; for
+a plant of this latter species M. Parmentier asked three hundred francs.
+The _Zamia furfuracea_ is also very fine; as well as beautiful specimens
+of the following, _Wallichia caryotoides_, _Borassus flabelliformis_,
+_Latania glaucophylla_, _Pandanus turbinatus_, _amaryllifolius_,
+_f[oe]tidus_, _bromelifolius_, _glaucus_, _candalabrium_. The _pinus
+Damara_ M. Parmentier valued at fifty guineas, and the _Magnolia
+plumieri_, from the Island of St. Domingo, at eighty guineas: the _Butea
+superba_ a fine plant, and fine specimens of the following species:
+_Sterculia villosa_, _Stanhopea occulenta_, _Careya sphærica_,
+_Theoprastus Americanus_, _Gesnera barbata_, _Boronia grandiceps_,
+_Pinus pinnata_, and _Mexicana_; with numerous other rare species. Above
+four hundred sorts of _Camellias_, and upwards of five hundred kinds of
+_Cacteæ_, are cultivated in this fine collection.
+
+The hothouses are very extensive, but getting rather into a decayed
+state, and are not kept in good repair. After visiting this
+establishment, I started by the diligence for Brussells, where I arrived
+in time to see a splendid display of fireworks, which was exhibited
+about ten o'clock; the town was likewise brilliantly illuminated in
+celebration of the late revolution. It contains a number of fine
+capacious streets, and well built houses. In the course of the present
+year, 1835, it was stated that not less than thirty thousand strangers
+had visited Brussells.
+
+Sept. 27th. Having a letter of introduction from His Excellency Lord G.
+W. Russell to Sir George Hamilton, I waited on him this morning; and
+afterwards proceeded to visit several of the churches; amongst which was
+the celebrated Notre-Dame-de-la-Chapelle, which is a beautiful Gothic
+structure. The marble altar, which is executed from the designs of
+Rubens, is extremely beautiful, as is likewise the pulpit. St. Michael's
+church is also a fine Gothic building. I visited this in the evening,
+whilst they were engaged singing, and various clergymen were then
+present. This ancient structure is richly ornamented with beautiful
+pictures and painted glass windows. The oak pulpit attracts much
+attention on account of the richness of its carving, which represents
+the expulsion of Adam and Eve.
+
+I also visited the Duke d'Aremberg's town-house, which is much
+celebrated for its library and Antiquities, and contains several fine
+paintings in the various apartments, together with a collection of
+Etruscan vases, and a head of Laocoon. Attached to this mansion his
+grace has a very fine riding-house, where several paintings were
+deposited. I next proceeded to see a representation of St. Petersburgh,
+which was then exhibiting in Brussells, consisting of a model of the
+various streets, squares, houses and gardens of that splendid city,
+which appeared to attract many visitors.
+
+I proceeded in the afternoon to the Botanic Garden; but as it was wet I
+was unable to find any one to accompany me through the grounds, owing to
+the absence of the gardener; I therefore deferred going through them
+until a better opportunity, when I paid them another visit.
+
+Sept. 28th. Started at six o'clock in the morning by diligence for
+Waterloo, where we arrived at half-past eight; and having procured a
+guide, I was conducted over this celebrated field of action, which is
+now all under a fine system of agriculture. I proceeded to the noted
+chateau at Hougoumont, which is enclosed by a brick wall, and still
+exhibits the marks of bullets. About the centre of the field of battle
+is a large mount, raised in commemoration of that eventful day; it
+measures 1680 feet in circumference at the base, and is about 200 feet
+high. On the top is placed the Belgic Lion, said to weigh 48,000 lbs.
+
+On my return through the little village of Waterloo, I visited the
+church, which contains a large number of tombs, in memory of the British
+officers who fell in the field of battle.
+
+I got back to Brussells about one o'clock, when I proceeded to the
+palace of Lacken, and having a letter of introduction to the gardener,
+from Mr. M'Intosh at Claremont, ready access was obtained to the gardens
+and grounds attached to this royal residence.
+
+The palace stands on an eminence, commanding a fine view of Brussells
+and the adjoining country, particularly towards the south. The Antwerp
+road leading to Brussells is very conspicuous from several points of
+view from the grounds. From the palace towards the south the pleasure
+ground falls very considerably, and is much varied in surface, with
+several very pretty vistas, intersected by numerous walks, leading to
+different objects of interest. A large sheet of water, which appears in
+view from the palace windows, as well as from several other points in
+the grounds, forms a very pretty feature: over a part of this lake a
+fine wooden bridge crosses to a small island, and at the other extremity
+is a large grotto, formed by very large rough stones. Various
+improvements are in constant progress in the pleasure-ground, the whole
+of which is kept in very good order, a circumstance of rare occurrence
+in Belgium. Two fine hothouses for plants have been erected during the
+last two years, from plans furnished by Mr. M'Intosh, the gardener at
+Claremont, who has also superintended the erection of several pine-pits,
+and contemplates the addition of an extensive range of forcing-houses at
+the King's palace of Lacken. From Mr. M'Intosh's well known abilities as
+a scientific and practical gardener, the superintendance could not be
+entrusted to a more suitable person.
+
+The houses lately erected there are very neatly finished, and well
+adapted to their purpose, as well as the pine pits; the pine-apples
+grown here by M. Forkhall, the gardener at Lacken, were superior to any
+that I had previously met with on the continent. The young plants were
+also clean and healthy, and the exotic plants were in a very flourishing
+state, many of them in fine flower. There is likewise an extensive
+orangery, with a fine collection of healthy trees, which are much
+cultivated in Belgium, as well as in Germany. Near the orange-house were
+several clumps of flowering plants, amongst them some fine varieties of
+the dahlia. His Majesty's taste for plants and horticultural pursuits
+has not abated since he came to the throne; consequently numerous good
+plants are daily added to his collection. I observed a fine specimen of
+the _K[oe]lreuteria paniculata_, in fine flower, the _Catalpa
+syringifolia_ in great beauty, and several other fine growing hardy
+species.
+
+Sept. 29th. Left Brussells, for baron de Hoogarts's, which is about nine
+English miles from the town, and whose garden contains several
+hothouses, in which are forced pines, grapes, and peaches. There are
+likewise several low pits for the cultivation of the pine, vine and
+peach. The pit used here for accelerating the peach, is nine feet wide,
+and the back wall five feet above the ground level; the front wall is
+only twenty one inches high, above the level of the ground, and consists
+of brick piers, with wood boards betwixt them, which are taken out, when
+the trees are removed or introduced into these pits, which operation is
+generally performed annually. Towards the back, is a flue for giving
+heat, which is applied as well as that from dung, for the forwarding of
+the fruit. There is also here a good kitchen garden, with a high
+circular wall, well stocked with good peach, apricot and pear-trees;
+amongst the latter I observed the _Beurre dore_ very fine, _Glout
+Morceau_, _Cuisse Madame_, also fine showy fruits and prolific bearers,
+the _poire de melon_, _cale basse_ were likewise fine fruit, and
+producing great crops. A fine collection of the standard pears, was also
+growing in this garden. Adjoining to it is situated the orangery, which
+stands on an eminence, and commands a pretty view of the grounds, and
+sheet of water. There is likewise a good collection of Cape and other
+plants from Botany Bay, and several clumps of rhododendrons throughout
+the grounds in a flourishing state. The park is but of limited extent,
+considerably varied.
+
+Adjoining to baron de Hoogart's, is the seat of count de Beaufforts, to
+which Miss Hoogart had the goodness to send their gardener to accompany
+me. At this place is an old castle, situated by the side of a lake which
+was undergoing great alterations and additions.
+
+The grounds attached to this ancient castle, although of limited extent,
+are much varied, and prettily planted, with different clumps of trees
+and shrubs dispersed through them. In the kitchen garden is a very
+handsome range of hothouses, about 120 feet in length, chiefly occupied
+with plants; one of the divisions is allotted for the pine apple, and in
+front of the range are also several pits, for pines, vines, and peaches.
+The pits used for the forcing of the vine and peach have each a flue
+that runs parallel to the back wall, and about eighteen inches from it.
+The front of those for the vine and peach has no front wall, only piers
+and boards fixed betwixt them, for the facility of removing and taking
+in the trees, which are planted betwixt the piers, when the boards are
+again placed in their former position over the stem of the trees, the
+roots running in a border on the outside of the pit.
+
+On my return in the afternoon to Brussels, I visited the Museum, the
+collection in which is well deserving of notice; there is a numerous
+variety of insects, a large collection of birds and animals, as well as
+minerals.
+
+The picture gallery is a fine apartment, situated in the same building,
+and contains a large number of splendid paintings; a very magnificent
+painting of the Belgic revolution, which nearly covered the entire end
+of the gallery, was exhibiting, and seemed to attract a vast number of
+visitors. In another wing of the building is a repository of the various
+articles of Belgic manufacture, which was much crowded by spectators. I
+should imagine from the appearance of the numerous articles of commerce
+exhibited in these apartments that there can scarcely be a single
+article of manufacture that is not to be met with in this repository of
+commerce.
+
+Having a letter of introduction from Mr. M'Intosh to Mr. Bigwood, a
+partner of Mr. Salter, the banker, in Brussells, I called on him in the
+evening, when he very kindly accompanied me to several of the diligence
+offices, and pointed out to me the best routes to take in order to save
+time; I then engaged a place for Paris for the following Saturday--a
+precaution found necessary, owing to the number of strangers then in
+Brussells; some of whom it was understood had been detained for several
+days in consequence of the diligences being so crowded. I also took a
+place for Ghent, the next town I intended visiting, which is situated
+about twenty-four miles from Brussells.
+
+Sept. 30th. Immediately on my arrival at Ghent I proceeded to the
+nursery garden of M. Vangeert, which contains several hothouses, and a
+good collection of plants; there are also in this nursery several pits
+for the dwarf growing species; a good collection of _Camellias_ appeared
+to be grown here, and also some _Cacteæ_ and orchideous plants, with
+some _Magnolias_ new to our English collections. The Ghent _Azaleas_
+have now become celebrated for the profusion of their flowers and
+various colours; they were in great abundance in the nurseries here,
+beset with flower buds. The _Magnolia conspicua_ and _Magnolia
+norbertiana_ are fine specimens. The soil in the vicinity of Ghent
+appears peculiarly adapted for the _Magnolia_, _Azalea_, and other
+American plants.
+
+I next visited the nursery of M. Verleeuwen, which contains about two
+English acres of ground, and from eight to ten different small
+hothouses, with a fine collection of plants, that were all very well
+grown. A choice collection of _Camellias_ is also cultivated here, as
+well as _Azaleas_, _Rhododendrons_, and other hardy plants well worthy
+of notice.
+
+I then proceeded to the Ghent Botanic Garden, but was unfortunate in not
+finding M. Donkelar (the gardener) at home; this garden appeared to
+contain only from two to three English acres of ground: it is too much
+crowded with large trees and shrubs for so confined a space. There are
+two hothouses devoted to the growth of tropical plants which were in a
+very flourishing state, but deficient of the more showy and new species
+of late introduction. The orangery is a large building, with Ionic
+columns and dark roofs; the trees appeared very healthy. There are also
+some low houses, or rather pits, in front of the principal range, which
+were well stocked with pines and low growing plants.
+
+I next visited the nursery grounds of M. A. Verschaffelt, which are more
+extensive than any of the other nurseries I had yet seen, and contain
+about the best collection of plants in Ghent; he has some fine
+_Magnolias_, amongst which I observed the _Magnolia triumphans_,
+_Glauca_, _Arborea_, and _Gigantea_. His collection of _Camellias_ is
+also very choice and deserving of notice, amongst which were the
+_Camellia compacta-rubra_, _Alexandria_, and _Magnificum_; a plant of
+this species he values at one hundred francs. There are also many other
+choice sorts; and his collection of Cape and New-Holland plants is
+likewise extensive: he is forming a collection of _Orchideæ_, and has
+erected a small house for their growth; he has likewise a good
+collection of _Cacteæ_, a choice assortment of the Ghent _Azaleas_, and
+other hardy plants, that appear to flourish well in Belgium.
+
+The nursery I next visited was that of M. Verschaffelt, sen., which
+appeared to be about an acre of ground, but it contained a good
+assortment of _Rhododendrons_, also a large green-house with span-roof,
+as well as several other small houses; a great stock of myrtles was
+likewise cultivated in this establishment. I next proceeded to the
+nursery of F. J. Spæ-fils, which contains about two acres and a half,
+with a range of hothouses one hundred and fifty feet long. I here
+observed a large stock of seedling _Azaleas_ and _Kalmias_, also a
+well-stocked wall of trained peach trees. The standard fruit trees are
+also extensively cultivated, the situation being evidently well
+calculated for the growth of the different plants in demand in that
+country. After leaving this nursery I went to that of M. P. Byls, whose
+ground contains several small hothouses, but little of novelty in them;
+a few good hardy shrubs were, however, in the grounds. Attached to this
+nursery is a piece of ground under vegetable cultivation, which is
+extensively pursued in the neighbourhood of Ghent. I visited one or two
+other nurseries of small extent, but met with nothing of much importance
+in them, as they were more limited than either of those mentioned.
+
+The cathedral of Ghent is considered one of the most handsome Gothic
+buildings in Belgium. The pulpit is a most beautiful specimen of
+workmanship, and is composed of white marble and richly-carved oak; near
+the great altar are magnificent antique candelabras, said formerly to
+have belonged to Charles the First of England, and were suspended in the
+old church of St. Paul's in London. Amongst the splendid paintings that
+ornament this cathedral are Lazarus rising from the dead, by Otto
+Vennius, St. John the Baptist, the Virgin Mary, and the Paschal Lamb.
+Our Saviour is also represented on a throne holding a crystal sceptre.
+There are likewise two marble statues that represent the Apostles St.
+Paul and St. Peter, and numerous other beautiful paintings.
+
+I took my departure at ten o'clock for Antwerp, where we arrived at six
+the following morning.
+
+Oct. 1. Immediately on my arrival I proceeded to the top of the Antwerp
+steeple, or tower, which consists of six hundred and twenty two steps,
+and is four hundred and sixty-six feet in height, from the top of which
+a beautiful view of the town is seen, and a vast extent of fertile
+country. The Island of Walcheren and some of the Dutch steeples were
+pointed out to me in the distance. The citadel, which now appears to be
+all covered with grass, is very plainly seen from the top of this
+steeple, and the number of vessels in the Scheldt add life to the scene.
+The cathedral is reckoned one of the finest Gothic buildings in Europe;
+the interior is superb, and richly ornamented by the magnificent
+paintings of Rubens. I observed numerous very splendid marble columns.
+The altar is executed with marble, and ornamented with a representation
+of the Assumption. There is also a splendid painting of the Disciples at
+Emmaus, by Herreyns, portraits of Luther and Calvin, and numerous other
+celebrated objects, which to attempt to particularize would require one
+more intimately acquainted with the subject than I can pretend to be.
+The painted windows are equally elegant.
+
+I next visited St. James's Church, which is a very splendid building,
+and richly decorated with fine paintings and superb marble columns; the
+altar is inlaid with black and white marble, and supported by handsome
+twisted columns, and various groups of sculpture. The pulpit is most
+elegantly sculptured, and the beautiful specimens of carved oak are
+deserving of notice, as likewise is the splendour of the painted
+windows. There is also a fine picture of the Last Supper, by Otto
+Vennius, one of the Last Judgment, by Willemsen, the Tomb of Rubens, and
+a painting by him, of our Saviour on his mother's knees, surrounded by a
+number of figures, all of which are said to be portraits of the
+painter's wives and family. After seeing these two magnificent churches,
+I proceeded to the nursery garden of M. Vangeert, which is situated
+about two English miles from the city; it contains a very good
+collection of hardy perennial plants, as well as _Azaleas_ and other
+American shrubs. The hothouses here are about one hundred and fifty feet
+long, in several divisions, and a good-sized pit for the half-hardy
+sorts. I here observed the best crop and finest bunches of hothouse
+grapes that I had previously met with on the continent. I was much
+indebted to M. Vangeert, jun., for his attention in accompanying me to
+the various gardens that he considered to be most deserving of notice
+in the neighbourhood of Antwerp.
+
+We proceeded to the Antwerp Botanic Garden, which is but of limited
+extent, I think not above an acre of ground in it. There is a
+green-house placed about the centre of the garden, but its occupants
+appeared to be of rather distant introduction, and little amongst them
+of novelty except a very fine specimen of the _Araucaria Braziliensis_,
+which was growing in a tub, and then standing out of doors.
+
+There were likewise two or three other small houses for tropical plants,
+which were in a very flourishing state, particularly those cultivated in
+the stove.
+
+They have in this garden a tolerably good collection of the _Genus
+Pinus_, amongst which is a dwarf sort, named there the _Pinus
+monstrosa_, but it appears to be only a variety of the _Pinus cembra_.
+It formed a very close bush, not exceeding two feet in height.
+
+The next garden we visited was that of the late M. Jean Veanhal, which,
+during his time, was much celebrated for rare and good plants. Although
+there was but a small piece of ground in this garden, yet it contained a
+good collection, and several very good hothouses, in which were
+cultivated pine-apples and other tropical plants, which were in a very
+flourishing state, and the whole neatly kept.
+
+We next proceeded to M. Moen's nursery ground, which is also but of
+limited extent, but contains a number of good _Magnolias_, _Azaleas_,
+and other hardy plants, as well as many good greenhouse species. In this
+nursery there is a fine collection of _Camellias_. M. Moen informed me
+he had about two hundred seedling varieties and species. I saw here a
+fine specimen of the _Camellia reticulata_, about five feet high; M.
+Moen valued this plant at sixty guineas. There are some pretty good
+greenhouses in this nursery, also a good collection of pears that were
+in full bearing, and producing fine crops.
+
+We proceeded next to the seat of M. Caters De-wolfe, which is several
+miles from Antwerp; the grounds attached to this residence are prettily
+laid out, particularly a sheet of water, which is amongst the best I
+have seen; it is formed so as to produce a picturesque effect from
+several points of view. At a contracted part of it a wooden bridge is
+constructed across, springing on both sides on elevated well-formed
+artificial pieces of rockwork. In the pleasure ground are three very
+pretty curvilinear iron-bar hothouses, erected by Baily, of London, and
+devoted to the growth of exotic plants and pine-apples, which evidently
+fully answered in that climate their intended purpose. Here is also a
+good kitchen garden, with numerous low houses and pits for the growth of
+the pine, vine and peach, as well as one devoted to orchideous plants, a
+collection of which was just then forming. The pines and exotic plants
+in this establishment were all in a very flourishing state, and the
+gardens in pretty fair keeping.
+
+We next proceeded to the seat of Le Chevalier Parthon Divan, whom I
+found devotedly attached to horticultural pursuits. The grounds attached
+to his château are very prettily formed, and are situated about four
+English miles from Antwerp. This gentleman pointed out to me the
+_Rhododendron ferrugineum_, with white flowers, which I believe is
+hardly to be met with in any other collection. He has many good and rare
+species of greenhouse plants. I saw from five to seven species of
+_Scotia_, also a fine specimen of the _Scotia angustata_; a collection
+of _Orchideæ_ is also cultivated here; and he has lately introduced many
+new and curious species of this tribe of plants, as well as some new
+_Cacteæ_. The variety of dahlias cultivated here was particularly fine;
+a very complete arrangement of herbaceous plants growing along the face
+of a bank in their natural arrangement forms also an interesting feature
+in these grounds, the exterior of which is bounded by a plantation, in
+which are formed various beech avenues. This gentleman disposes of his
+duplicate plants to any one who will purchase them, but did not seem
+inclined to make any exchanges.
+
+We next visited the gardens of Madame Smetz, which are situated about
+four miles from the last place. These grounds are celebrated for their
+extent of hot houses and other garden ornaments, which may justly
+entitle them to be considered as presenting a greater variety of
+picturesque objects than any garden in Belgium. There is a very good
+greenhouse, with a pretty fair collection of plants in very neat order,
+and a corresponding house for the growth of stove plants. I here
+observed the _Pandanus odoratissimus_, fifteen feet high, with four
+large branches diverging from it. A large orangery, that runs parallel
+to the north ends of the stove and greenhouse, forms a centre betwixt
+the two latter buildings, that appear like two projecting wings to the
+orange-house; there are also several low houses and pits for pines,
+vines, and peaches. The pines in these gardens were amongst the best
+grown that I had previously met with on the continent. I observed a
+plant with seven fruits on it all branching from the top of a single
+stem. There were also some very fine dwarf cockscombs growing in a pit.
+
+The superb Chinese tower is more deserving of notice than anything of
+the kind that I have yet seen, being of a considerable height, from
+sixty to eighty feet I should imagine from its appearance, with a
+handsome staircase leading to the top, from whence there is a fine
+prospect of these extensive grounds, which are curiously laid out; in
+this Chinese building a couple of handsomely fitted up rooms are
+occasionally used for taking tea or coffee.
+
+There are numerous walks leading through various parts of the grounds to
+secluded spots, where we come unexpectedly on groups of figures in
+stone, such, for instance, as a group of boys at play, figures of old
+men, and groups of sheep grazing in the grounds, which are very
+naturally executed, and at a short distance formed a very good
+deception; there are also numerous marble busts and pieces of sculpture.
+A sheet of water, with rock-work and a wooden bridge, appear prominent
+objects from the Chinese temple. Opposite to the south and north sides
+of the mansion are curiously clipped box hedges, with pyramidal formed
+bushes on their top; the intervening spaces being clipped into irregular
+figures, presenting a curious appearance. A rock bridge, over the narrow
+part of a sheet of water, is deserving of notice; but the wooden bridges
+here and elsewhere in Belgium are made more for the intention of
+permitting ships to pass under them, than for the ease of the visitors
+in walking over them. I also observed several painted arbours and
+recesses in different parts of the grounds, and one of the finest
+specimens of the purple beech that I have ever seen, which is a truly
+magnificent tree. The kitchen cropping, such as cabbages, asparagus,
+&c., being carried close up to the house, is in very bad taste; these
+vegetables all appearing in view from the principal windows do not
+harmonize with the ornamented ground, which, in such an extensive piece,
+might easily be cultivated in a much more appropriate spot.
+
+Oct. 2nd. Left Antwerp at six o'clock a.m., passing through a beautiful
+fertile country, which abounds in vegetable and other green crops; we
+arrived at Malines about eight o'clock; it contains about twenty
+thousand inhabitants, and has some pretty churches, and an ancient
+cathedral. The rail-road from Brussels to Malines had been completed for
+some time, and was expected to be finished as far as Antwerp by the end
+of another month, and to proceed from hence to Paris. At Malines I
+quitted my tedious mode of conveyance for the rail road--a much more
+pleasant and expeditious mode of travelling. We were about forty minutes
+going by it the distance of twelve English miles; a heavy train of
+carriages and a strong wind right ahead, prevented our accomplishing the
+distance in the usual time, which was said in general to occupy the
+space of from twenty to thirty minutes.
+
+On my arrival at Brussells I proceeded to the establishment of M. J. F.
+Vandermaelen, which consists of an extensive collection of geographical
+books, minerals, birds, insects, and plants, from various climates,
+which this gentleman offers for mutual exchanges, with the view of
+furthering the interests of science and natural history.
+
+The grounds attached to it are rather confined, but prettily varied,
+with water, and rising and undulating ground. There are also
+several very good hothouses, and a choice collection of plants. M.
+Vandermaelen's catalogue enumerates nearly two hundred and forty
+sorts of _Camellias_ and above four hundred and fifty sorts of
+_Pelargoniums_. I here observed a specimen of the _Cactus senilis_,
+about two feet in height; several other very fine and curious species
+were likewise to be seen here. M. Vandermaelen has also sent out a
+collector in search of _Cacteæ_ and other orchideous plants.
+
+I next proceeded to the Brussells Botanic Garden, which contains the
+most ornamental range of hothouses that I have seen, and some noble
+specimens of palms. The _Caryota urens_ about forty-five feet high, its
+girth at eighteen inches from the ground, four feet. The _Arenga
+saccharifera_ and the _Carica Papaya_ both forty feet in height. The
+_Elate sylvestris_ had also reached to the glass. The _Latania
+borbonia_, about eighteen feet high, the fronds spreading in the like
+proportion. The _Pandanus odoratissimus_, a fine specimen, and various
+other species equally luxuriant. This magnificent range of plant houses
+are all heated with steam, and the sash bars formed of wrought
+iron;--the effect of it from the Boulevards is really grand. The
+principal range being situated on a terrace, with several fountains and
+broad flights of steps in front of it, has a very imposing appearance;
+on a lower level in front of these houses and terrace, are two ranges
+constructed with curvilinear iron bars, which are occupied by pine-apple
+plants and other dwarf tropical species. Opposite to the hothouses are
+the herbaceous grounds, which are laid out in a circular form, divided
+in small divisions, for the Linnean arrangement of the hardy perennial
+plants, each class forming a separate piece of ground radiating from the
+centre. This garden consists of a fine irregular piece of ground, and is
+much varied in its surface, having five different levels, and is placed
+in a fine situation; but I regretted to see the ground occupied by a
+quantity of common forest trees and shrubs, and but little of novelty or
+good plants in it: the common sorts were grown principally for sale, and
+for the support of the garden, which practice I understood was
+extensively adopted in this establishment. The hothouse and greenhouse
+species were ticketed with the price required for the different plants.
+
+I next called on Mr. Bigwood, who kindly procured me a sight of the
+Prince of Orange's splendid residence, which is justly considered one of
+the finest finished palaces in Europe, with most beautiful polished oak
+floors, and the walls of several of the apartments inlaid with marble:
+in one of the rooms that belonged to the princess is a table of Siberian
+lapis lazuli, valued at fifty thousand pounds. The chairs, tables,
+paintings, and other superb furniture in the interior of this palace,
+with its magnificent staircase, are beyond my powers of description.
+
+The park at Brussells is situated in front of the king's palace, and is
+said to contain about fourteen acres of ground, which are laid out as a
+public promenade for the inhabitants, with several avenues, and various
+groups of sculpture, which are considered of superior execution,
+especially the statues of Alexander the Great, and Cleopatra, and the
+groups of Diana, Apollo, Narcissus, and Venus. In the avenue fronting
+the king's palace are statues of the twelve Roman emperors, and a
+fountain, which throws the water from twelve to fifteen feet high.
+
+I proceeded next to Louvain. The entrance to Brussells from the Louvain
+gate is very fine, and commands extensive views of the adjacent country,
+as well as a part of the town. The small villas leading from this
+entrance towards Louvain are handsomely ornamented with tastefully
+planted gardens; the road, winding along through a fine agricultural
+country, is more varied than in the Antwerp district; the soil
+consisting of a deep red loam, produces abundantly red clover, rape, and
+other green crops.
+
+October 3rd. The town of Louvain is situated on the river Dyle, which
+runs through it. The grand appearance of the Stadt-huis, or now
+police-office, is very imposing; the numerous carved figures and spires
+that adorn the front are beautiful specimens of workmanship: in the
+interior a large apartment is occupied as a picture gallery, in which
+are deposited some very fine old paintings: the wainscot ceilings of
+some of the rooms are also well worthy of notice.
+
+There are likewise several churches in this town, which are richly
+ornamented with paintings and other costly decorations, such as marble
+columns.
+
+The botanic garden adjoins the town, and contains from two to three
+acres of ground; the space in front of the range of hot houses is
+occupied with a collection of hardy perennial plants, and the exterior
+of the garden planted by trees and shrubs. The range of plant houses
+consists of a long dark-roofed green house, with a circular stove
+projecting in front of it at each end, which has a very good effect;
+these stoves are constructed with iron bars, and appeared to stand
+remarkably well; in one of them was a very fine specimen of the _Latania
+rubra_, which was in great luxuriance; the _Maxillaria Harrissonia_, was
+quite covered with large flowers. The _Cactus Macrocanthus_, was here
+four feet in circumference; several other species were also very fine;
+in short, the whole collection were in a healthy and flourishing state.
+I found M. Donkelar, the gardener, to be a very intelligent young man,
+devotedly attached to his business.
+
+I next proceeded to see the collection of fruits and trees at professor
+Van Mons, where I was shewn a large assortment of pears, which the
+professor had raised from seed, also many sorts of apples, and several
+good seedling grapes and peaches. The professor has long been
+distinguished for his attachment to horticultural pursuits; but I
+unfortunately did not find him at home; he has, however, forwarded to
+me, since my return home, his "Arbres Fruitiers," which describes many
+of the fruits cultivated in Belgium. I was much gratified by the fine
+collection of pears in the fruit room, and the fine healthy trees in the
+professor's gardens, which are well stocked with seedlings, as well as
+others in a bearing state.
+
+I next proceeded to the duke d'Aremberg's, which is situated at a short
+distance from Louvain, having a letter of introduction from Sir R.
+Adair, to his highness, whom I found particularly attached to botany and
+horticultural pursuits. The kitchen garden here is very extensive, and
+large quantities of vegetables are cultivated; several pits for the
+growth of the pine and peach were also in this establishment; but the
+collection of choice pears pleased me more than any I had previously
+seen, and certainly produced very fine fruit; the following sorts were
+pointed out to me as the best deserving of cultivation, which were then
+in the fruit room.
+
+   Beurre Wirtemberg
+   Grande Bretagne
+   Sucre-Vert
+   Beurre rance
+   Beey vaet
+   Beurre bosque
+   Bergamotte de la Penticote
+   Beurre d'Hiver
+   Double d'Automne
+   Comperete
+   Kanneck
+   Passe Colmar
+   Bezyda Chaumontelle
+   Fondante De Charnusee
+   Colmar Jaminette
+   Beurre d'Angleterre
+   Bergamotte de paques
+   St. Germain
+   Roi de Louvain
+   Beurre d'Aremberg
+   Beurre de yelle
+   St. Bernard
+
+and many other sorts, and fine collections of apples which were also
+extensively grown here. I also observed a very fine collection of
+seedling dahlias, many of which were very choice flowers, and formed a
+gay appearance in the kitchen garden borders in this season. His
+highness pointed out to me a noble specimen of the _Platanus
+accidentalis_, which measured, at four feet from the ground, thirteen
+feet in circumference, and its branches spreading over a space of ground
+twenty two yards in diameter; this was a beautiful grown tree, and
+appeared in great luxuriance.
+
+The grounds attached to this ancient mansion are very extensive, and
+have several fine straight avenue walks, leading in various directions,
+one of which is formed by the purple beech planted on each side of the
+walk for a considerable distance; but this being a very wet forenoon, I
+was unable to see the grounds to advantage. They are a little varied as
+we approach the house, and a small stream of water enlivened the
+scenery: they appeared to me, however, of much less extent than his
+highness's grounds and park at Enghien, where his splendid range of
+plant-houses and extensive collection of plants are fixed and deposited.
+
+I left Louvain about four o'clock, and arrived in Brussells just in time
+to get my luggage taken to the diligence office, from whence the
+diligence started at half-past nine o'clock for Paris.
+
+Oct. 4th. Arrived at Valenciennes, a good sized town: here another
+passport was furnished, and my former one taken from me, and retained by
+the police until the evening I left Paris. The country between
+Brussells and Valenciennes, as far as I could observe, appeared to be of
+considerable sameness, but the ground was well cultivated, with good
+crops of rape clover; the turnip was evidently a failure here, and in
+other parts of the continent, as well as in England.
+
+We arrived at Cambray at two o'clock, a strong fortified town. The
+country from Brussells hitherto appeared to be but very thinly planted,
+and of little picturesque scenery: as we approached Paris there appeared
+very few plantations or trees worthy of notice, and much less variety of
+scenery than I passed through in the latter part of my tour through
+Germany.
+
+Oct. 5th. Arrived at Paris at half-past ten o'clock, a.m. after a ride
+of twenty-four hours. On my arrival I proceeded to the Gardens of the
+Tuilleries, where there is a large collection of orange trees, and
+several capacious gravel walks, or avenues, with numerous ornamental
+groups of sculpture. A space of ground, running parallel to the palace,
+about sixty yards wide, has been lately laid out with flower borders,
+and is separated from the public promenade by a grass _ha-ha_, with a
+slight wire fence on the top of it; in this inclosure are some very fine
+orange trees, bronze figures, and ornamental sculpture, arranged along
+the edges of the walks.
+
+A very fine walk leads from the palace towards a piece of water at the
+entrance from the Place Louis XV., where there are various groups of
+sculpture and terrace walks, which have a very imposing effect. The
+walks and flower borders in the promenade were in very neat order, and
+the triangular pieces of grass not so roughly kept as some I had
+previously seen about the seats of royalty. The walk or road leading
+from the Place Louis XV. to the magnificent arch now nearly completed on
+the rising ground near to the Barrier Neuilly, has a fine effect, and
+the prospect from this arch, which is much elevated above the town, is
+very grand.
+
+Oct. 6th. This morning I proceeded to the seed establishment of Messrs.
+Andrieux and Vilmorin, to whom I had a letter of introduction from Mr.
+Lawson, of Edinburgh; these gentlemen very kindly furnished me with a
+note of the various gardens and objects most worthy of notice.
+
+I then proceeded to the _Jardin des Plantes_, where I was much gratified
+with numerous fine specimens from all quarters of the globe. Mr. W.
+Douglas, a young man lately sent to this garden from Chatsworth by the
+Duke of Devonshire, conducted me through the various departments. I was
+much pleased with the elegant appearance of two very fine houses that
+were then nearly completed, one of which was just receiving the plants.
+
+These houses are seventy-two feet long each by forty-two feet wide, and
+about fifty feet high; the space where the tubes stand is sunk about six
+feet under the floor or foot-path level, so that the whole of the tubs,
+boxes, and pots may be concealed, and the plants have the appearance of
+being planted out in the border. There is a very handsome marble cistern
+about the centre of the house for supplying the plants with water. These
+houses consist of a double span roof, are constructed with iron bars,
+and heated by steam; the under-ground work is very judiciously arranged:
+it appeared from the excavations that were here proceeding, that the
+range of glass was to extend to the _Galerie d'Histoire Naturelle_.
+There are numerous other hothouses on different elevations well stocked
+with healthy plants, one of which is devoted to _Succulentæ_, where I
+observed several fine specimens of _Cacteæ_. The curvilinear iron bar
+appeared to be the favourite material used for the erection of
+plant-houses in this establishment, which must evidently be the most
+economical and substantial for large houses. I observed this bar used in
+various parts of Belgium and Germany, where they apprehended no fear of
+the breakage of glass by expansion or contraction, although the frost is
+much more intense in those countries than in this.
+
+I here saw a very fine plant of the _Araucaria Cunninghamia_, which
+appeared to be from nine to ten feet high, beautifully feathered from
+the pot to the top. The _Araucariæ excelsæ_ were tall plants, but
+evidently drawn up, and had been too much confined, as they were not
+feathered equal to the specimens at Baron Rothschild's and at Prince de
+Ligne's. The ground in this far-famed _Jardin des Plantes_ appeared to
+be too contracted for the various purposes that it is devoted to. An
+enclosed apartment is under a nursery of trees and shrubs, another for
+hardy herbaceous plants, and one planted with a collection of the
+various fruits, particularly of pears, in beds about four or five feet
+wide, with four feet in width of paths between them; these beds were
+covered with short dung, to prevent the roots of the trees from becoming
+too dry. The fruit was, unfortunately, all gathered, so that I had not
+the pleasure of seeing the various sorts that are here cultivated:
+nearly adjoining to the fruit tree department is the zoological
+establishment, with a very numerous collection of animals. The museum of
+natural history is situated at the extremity of the new range of
+hothouses; the collection of birds, minerals, quadrupeds, shells, &c. is
+really astonishing: there are also numerous specimens of _Fungi_
+preserved in one of the departments.
+
+I next visited the nursery garden of M. Noisette, which is well stocked
+with _Camellias_ and stove plants; the former had numerous seed vessels
+perfecting on them. The small low hothouses are in a very dilapidated
+condition, and the plants in a crowded state for want of more room;
+although there is a great extent of glass, such as it is. The grounds
+are likewise crowded with fir trees, which were evidently planted for
+shelter and shade from the effects of the sun, but they give the ground
+a cheerless and contracted appearance.
+
+I next proceeded to the vegetable garden of M. de Coufle, which is
+considered amongst the best in the neighbourhood of Paris for culinary
+forcing, but I saw but very little in it at this season of the year at
+all worthy of a visit.
+
+At a short distance from the latter is the garden of Prince D'Esling;
+the neatness of this little spot, which was very gay with dahlias and
+other autumnal flowers, was very pleasing. There is also cultivated here
+a very extensive collection of pine-apples evidently for sale, as at
+this season of the year, there must have been nearly two hundred fruit,
+and some thousands of young plants, which for health and well-swelled
+fruit were but little inferior to any in England. The largest fruit was
+grown in a low span-roofed house, and planted out into the beds into a
+mixture of sandy peat; the house was six feet six inches high, with a
+foot path in the centre, and the beds for plants along each side. The
+succession pines are grown in wooden frames with dung linings around
+them, and were in great vigour of health. The _Providence_ and
+_Montsserats_ were extensively cultivated. A very complete stove for
+exotic plants is also here. The _Aristolochia Braziliensis_ was
+beautifully in flower, and the other plants in a very healthy state.
+
+I next visited the Pantheon, a noble edifice, with magnificent
+architectural columns, and cornice: it is reckoned one of the finest
+erections in Paris.
+
+Oct. 7th. Went at six o'clock this morning to see the fruit and
+vegetable market: the display of pears, grapes, and wallnuts was very
+fine, there were also a number of peaches, but these were rather of an
+inferior size to those grown on the open walls in England. The fruit
+market was really so crowded with baskets of pears and women that it was
+with much difficulty that I could pass through it: there was an abundant
+display of vegetables. Cardoons were now brought to market, and a few
+bunches of small asparagus; celery appeared in great abundance and of
+good quality; various baskets of the Alpine strawberry and a few pretty
+good looking melons were also to be had.
+
+I started at eight o'clock for Versailles, passing through a beautiful
+part of the country, well planted with numerous handsomely erected
+villas, and the road winding along for a considerable distance by the
+river Seine.
+
+On my arrival I proceeded to the gardens, where I was quite astonished
+at the extent of these magnificent grounds; there were numerous groups
+of sculpture and bronze, and fountains ornamented with various figures,
+such as sea monsters, dolphins, &c. which spout the water into the
+basons, the effect of which, when the water-works are playing, must be
+grand in the extreme.
+
+The various terraces, parterres, and avenues, the latter leading in
+every direction, with their beautiful groups of sculpture, are very
+grand.
+
+Under the south terrace is situated the orangery, and from the terrace
+walk we look down upon at least several hundred magnificent trees, which
+for number and vigour of health, were undoubtedly surpassed by none that
+I had previously met with on the continent; I am, however, inclined to
+think that there were some at Sans-souci fully as large.
+
+The orange-houses are all formed under the south terrace, and appear
+like arched cellars, with only glass windows in front; I could perceive
+no means of applying artificial heat, but the windows were furnished
+with shutters, which appeared to be the only protection they had against
+frost; they were busy at this time removing trees to their winter
+quarters.
+
+From the orangery I proceeded through various other parts of the
+grounds, and also to the _Grand Trianon_, which is situated about two
+English miles from the palace of Versailles; the grounds attached to it
+are laid out according to the English style of gardening, with fine
+pieces of water, rock-work, temples, and rustic erections. They contain
+a fine assortment of hardy trees and shrubs, planted on the grass, which
+gave it the appearance of an arboretum, but there seemed to be no
+regular arrangement of the plants. There is a green-house attached to
+these grounds, and a good show of autumnal flowers in front of it, such
+as dahlias and other annuals. The gardener was not at home. On my return
+from the garden I took another route through the grounds attached to
+Versailles; but to attempt to describe them would have required much
+longer time than my cursory visit would permit, or to enumerate the
+different objects of interest and magnificence that are dispersed
+throughout them. I then visited the kitchen garden department, which
+consists of an extensive piece of ground, subdivided into numerous
+divisions by walls, on which are trained vines and peaches; the
+Fontainbleau grape appeared to ripen and swell its fruit remarkably
+well, and was very abundant in its production; it seemed to be more
+generally cultivated than any other sort; in front of the vine-wall it
+is also grown to a trellising, and produced very fine fruit considering
+its being grown out of doors. In one of the compartments devoted to the
+peach trees I observed the Royale peach extending over a space of wall
+forty-two feet long, and from eighteen to twenty feet high; it was in
+excellent health, and regularly furnished with fine bearing shoots. In
+another compartment is a collection of standard pear trees.
+
+The forcing ground contains numerous low houses and pits for the growth
+of the pine, vine, and peach. The pine-apple in this establishment was
+remarkably well grown and fine fruit, and little if any inferior to
+those that I have seen. The fruiting plants were also planted out into
+beds in light sandy peat soil, which evidently suited them well. The
+succession pines at this time were undergoing a shifting and
+disrooting,--a practice not generally adopted at this season in England.
+
+Vegetables are extensively cultivated in the gardens, and a good
+collection of the hardy fruits, which were all gathered by this time,
+consequently I had not the pleasure of seeing the quality or produce
+from the different trees.
+
+On my return to Paris I visited the Luxemburg Gardens, which contain
+some fine old orange trees and _Nerium oleanders_, arranged on the side
+of the walks; the grass-plats are surrounded by flowerbeds and various
+avenues of horse chesnuts, ornamented by sculpture, which lead in
+different directions, forming a pleasant promenade.
+
+Oct. 8th. This morning I proceeded to M. Boursalt's, who was then
+residing out of town; his collection of plants was formerly very
+celebrated, but he has lately disposed of the greater part of them, and
+an extensive range of plant houses: there being now only two small
+flower houses left, which contained some fine specimens of _Camellias_,
+and some beautiful marble statues. The Noisette and Chinese roses were
+in great beauty, as well as some fine _Magnolias_. This spot of ground,
+although apparently not above two acres in extent, is prettily varied
+with rock-work, water, and artificial banks.
+
+From hence I visited the Burying-ground at Montmartre, which is thickly
+planted with trees and shrubs. I then proceeded to the Louvre, where I
+was much gratified by the magnificence of the gallery of paintings, as
+well as the incomparable marbles.
+
+I next visited the cemetry of Père la Chaise, which is an extensive
+piece of ground, with numerous walks leading through it, and the
+different tombs enclosed by the upright cyprus, thujas, and other
+shrubs. On my arrival a funeral service was performing in a small
+chapel, situated about the centre of the ground, and which was then lit
+up by candles. After taking a cursory view of this cemetry I made the
+best of my way to Montreuil, to see the celebrated peach-tree gardens;
+on my approach to it, I was surprised at the extent of white walls in
+this part of the country, which were all chiefly covered with peach
+trees and grape vines. After ascertaining that the most celebrated
+garden at Montreuil belonged to the Préfet, and was situated at the top
+of the hill, I made the best of my way to this spot; I found the owner a
+good practical gardener. He took great pains in pointing out to me his
+method of pruning and training his peach trees: the English gardener,
+however, has nothing to learn in France in the management of the peach
+tree; in fact, we can hardly enter into a garden in England that we
+cannot find trees more tastefully trained, and fully as well furnished
+from the bottom of the wall to the extremity of the tree, as any that I
+met with in the neighbourhood of Paris. The peaches on the walls in
+this country are much larger than any in France or Belgium, although the
+soil and climate in these countries are more congenial to the growth of
+this tree, and maturity of its fruit, than our more northern atmosphere.
+
+The roots of the peach tree and vines were all covered this season with
+half rotten dung, for the space of from three to four feet from the
+wall, which kept the roots in a moist state; the walls generally
+averaged from eight to nine feet in height, and were well sheltered by
+the number of cross walls that were in the different gardens. I visited
+one or two other gardens in the vicinity of the Préfet's, but they
+appeared very similar to the one already described.
+
+On my return from Montreuil I made a cursory visit to two small
+nurseries, which attracted my attention by the quantity of large orange
+trees exhibited for sale, and were to be sold at a very trifling sum in
+comparison to what they cost in England.
+
+I also made a hasty visit through Messrs. Vilmorin and Andreux' seed
+ground, where there was a large stock of annuals growing for seed, and a
+good collection of hardy perennial plants.
+
+Oct. 9th. Started for the Vitry nurseries, which are about six miles
+from Paris; the extent of nursery ground under fruit-tree cultivation in
+this part of the country extends nearly five miles in length, and the
+number of nurseries amount to about two hundred. The Paris markets are
+principally supplied from this part of the country. M. Chatenay is
+considered the most extensive grower in that line, and has certainly a
+fine collection of peach trees and other hardy fruits, which were in a
+very healthy moveable condition, as also numerous fine standard rose
+trees, these being out of flower I was unable to judge of their merits.
+The prices of the fruit trees were very little less than in the London
+nurseries for similar sized trees. I observed but little new in
+ornamental trees or shrubs, these nurseries being chiefly devoted to the
+culture of fruit trees, the soil being peculiarly adapted thereto, being
+a rich reddish loam, yet it was in some cases undergoing a strong manure
+and fallow. A portion of what was previously occupied by nursery stock
+was under the plough. M. Chatenay informed me that they found great
+difficulty in procuring a suitable soil for their different fruit trees.
+I did not observe any hothouses about Vitry for tender plants. The
+nursery grounds extend as far as Choisey, over a large tract of
+beautiful ground. I saw large crops of grapes which were used in making
+the wine, which is produced in considerable quantities at Vitry.
+
+On my return from these nurseries I proceeded to the nursery
+establishment of M. Cels, which contains a fine collection of stove and
+greenhouse plants, as well as many rare and hardy species; in short the
+collection here is more choice than extensive, and the plants were very
+well grown. There are several hothouses and low pits well stocked with
+good plants, and a range of new houses then building. This nursery is
+considered to contain the best collection of plants about Paris; the
+extent of ground is but limited, and not very well kept.
+
+I next desired my guide to conduct me to the flower market, when, after
+a considerable walk, I found myself in the flour market, which was well
+stocked with sacks of flour and grain. I was, however, much pleased with
+the fine circular building, with lofty dome, and the quantity of grain
+it contained. I then proceeded to the real flower market, which was held
+this afternoon at the Magdalen, a most magnificent building. The
+quantity of flowers fell far short of my expectation: the Neapolitan
+violet and the more common sorts of autumnal flowers were the principal
+stock exposed for sale this day.
+
+Left Paris at seven o'clock in the evening for Rouen, where I arrived on
+the morning of the 10th, about ten o'clock. I immediately proceeded to
+the nursery garden of Mr. Calvert, where I found an extensive range of
+hothouses rapidly falling into a state of dilapidation for want of paint
+and other repairs. The nursery ground was also principally in a waste
+state, except a part in which dahlias were cultivated, and which were
+certainly very fine, containing both the French and English collections.
+Mr. Calvert's son informed me that his father was then clearing the
+ground of the stock with the intention of removing it to England, where
+he intended commencing the nursery business.
+
+I was also informed that the Rouen Botanic Garden was contemplated to be
+formed on the site of this nursery, which is unquestionably a fine
+situation for it.
+
+I then visited the nursery of M. Vallet, which contains a large quantity
+of very fine orange trees, that he was very anxious to dispose of at £10
+per tree. There is likewise a good collection of greenhouse plants and
+hardy shrubs, as well as standard roses; the latter M. Vallet frequently
+brings to England to be disposed of in the London markets.
+
+I next proceeded to the Botanic Garden, which appeared to contain about
+an English acre of ground, with two or three old hothouses for plants,
+with but a limited stock in them. There appeared to be a pretty good
+collection of hardy perennials and annuals, but few shrubs, or
+ornamental trees.
+
+I then made the best of my way to M. Prevost's nursery, which is
+undoubtedly the most extensive and contains the best collection of
+plants about Rouen. The quantity of standard roses cultivated in this
+nursery is immense; a priced catalogue of them has been lately printed,
+the prices specified in it are very moderate. The blood peach was here
+with plenty of fruit on it, but it evidently will not get soft or fit
+for use in the open air. I also observed several other ornamental trees
+in this establishment; it was likewise well stocked with a large
+assortment of fruit trees.
+
+The scenery about Rouen is very beautiful and picturesque, and is varied
+by some large white chalk hills: the river, with numerous small vessels,
+tends greatly to enliven the scene.
+
+Oct. 11th. Went to see the ancient cathedral, said to have been
+commenced by William the Conqueror. I was much pleased with its fine
+Gothic appearance, as well as with the paintings, stained glass, and
+other ornaments. There is another church in this town, called St. Ouen,
+deserving of the stranger's notice, which appeared to me but little
+inferior to the cathedral. The _Palais de Justice_ is also a curious old
+building.
+
+Left Rouen at eleven o'clock for Dieppe, where we arrived at five in the
+evening, passing through a fine varied country, richly clothed with
+fruit trees and agricultural produce, which appeared to be in a very
+flourishing state.
+
+Oct. 12th. Being confined all this day at Dieppe by contrary winds I
+made an excursion round the vicinity of the town, which is very
+picturesque and considerably varied, I also visited the nursery garden
+of M. Racine, which contained a very fine collection of dahlias,
+standard roses, a fine assortment of pears, and other hardy plants; and
+a small greenhouse, in which a few good _Cacteæ_, and other showy
+plants, were cultivated and in good order.
+
+The cathedral in Dieppe is an ancient building, and worth the notice of
+the stranger.
+
+Oct. 13th. Left Dieppe at two o'clock in the morning for Brighton, when
+we experienced a pretty tossing for the space of twenty-five hours, in
+consequence of contrary winds. The passage is generally performed in ten
+or eleven hours when the weather is favourable.
+
+Oct. 14th. We arrived about three o'clock this morning at Shoreham, a
+small port, about three miles from Brighton: as soon as day dawned I
+made an excursion through the town, and got my luggage ready by ten
+o'clock, when I started for London, where I arrived at five in the
+afternoon.
+
+Upon the whole, in regard to the general state of Horticulture in the
+countries which I visited, the following conclusion must be drawn: The
+plants in the hothouses are in most of the establishments kept in
+excellent order and in a healthy state; the _Succulentæ_ also appeared
+to be much more extensively cultivated than they have hitherto been in
+England; But the general order and neatness of the grounds (with only a
+very few exceptions) were but little attended to. Nor did they appear to
+me to well understand the forcing of fruits, except in one or two places
+in France; neither did I perceive that nicety in the training of fruit
+trees that is thought indispensable in this country. Vegetables are,
+however, in large establishments, more extensively grown; but there
+certainly did not appear to be such a general spirit for horticultural
+improvement as is now prevailing in this country. At no period was
+gardening and the collecting of plants ever pursued with greater spirit
+in England than at this moment; insomuch, that we can scarcely visit a
+nobleman or gentleman's gardens without observing very extensive
+improvements and alterations proceeding in every direction. And this we
+cannot but regard as an indication of application and attachment to
+rural improvements highly honourable to our nobility and gentry, as
+superseding many of those pursuits that used to prevail to a great
+extent with gentlemen residing in the country, which had but little
+tendency to the improvement of their grounds or estates.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+The Cacteæ have not hitherto obtained in this country that attention
+which is paid to them on the continent, where certainly a greater number
+of fine specimens are to be found of this interesting genus than is to
+be seen in our collections.
+
+Mr. Hitchen of Norwich devoted much attention to their cultivation, and
+certainly had formed the best collection at that time in England. Being
+under the necessity of breaking up his establishment, he disposed of his
+Cacteæ and other succulent plants to Mr. Mackie, Nurseryman, of Norwich,
+from whom the Duke of Bedford purchased a considerable number in the
+spring of 1834. Since that period His Grace's collection has been
+increased by the liberality of several continental collectors during my
+tour; and I feel it but justice more particularly to mention M. Otto, of
+Berlin, who contributed many valuable species, and M. Lehmann, of
+Dresden, from whom I have also received about two hundred. M. Seitz of
+Munich, M. Bosch of Stuttgard, Mr. Booth, of Flottbeck Nursery,
+Hamburgh, and Professor Lehmann, as well as the Curators of the
+Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Dublin College Botanic Gardens, have added
+greatly to the collection; and with some recent acquisitions from Mr.
+Tweedie, of Buenos Ayres, obtained through the intervention of Lord
+Edward Russell, have now rendered this collection superior to any one
+existing in this country, and little inferior to any on the continent.
+
+The cultivation of the Cacteæ possesses considerable advantage over most
+of the hothouse plants, requiring little room, a matter in general of
+considerable importance where space is necessarily limited. They will
+also flourish and flower in a lower temperature than most other hothouse
+plants: most of the species will not require to be kept in a higher
+degree of heat than from 45° to 50°; some of the South American species,
+however, succeed best in a higher temperature. They should be kept
+rather in a dry state, and water used but sparingly, as these plants are
+very impatient of wet. The houses most suitable for the cultivation of
+this singular tribe should be so glazed as to effectually exclude the
+intrusion of water. In the extensive range of plant-houses now erecting
+at Woburn Abbey, one is intended to be exclusively devoted to the
+cultivation of Cacteæ. The soil most suitable for their growth is a
+mixture of sandy-peat, leaf-mould and lime rubbish, well incorporated
+together.
+
+The annexed List enumerates the different species now in cultivation at
+Woburn Abbey.
+
+
+
+
+   ICOSANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
+
+
+   CACTEÆ, DC.
+
+
+_MAMMILLA'RIA. MAMMILLA'RIA._ Cal. superior, coloured, 5-8-lobed. Cor.
+of 5-8 petals, united in a short tube. Stam-filiform. Style
+thread-shaped. Stigma 4-7 cleft. Berry smooth, seeds small and numerous.
+The flowers are produced from the _axillæ_, or base, of the _mammillæ_,
+or teats, and the seed vessels appearing the following year.
+
+
+I. FLAVISPINÆ.
+
+   _Systematic        English           Form of
+   Name.              Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ------------------+-----------------+----------------
+   lanífera, DC.      wool-bearing      stem-glob.
+   *divarícata        divaricated       stm. cyl. forked
+   Andréæ Ott.        Andrea's          stm. cyl.-obov.
+   cuneiflóra Hitch.  wedge-fld.        stm. subcyl.
+   grándis Hitch.     handsome          stm. sub-glob
+   flavéscens Hitch.  yellow            stm. obov-cyl.
+   stramínea Haw.     straw col.        stm-subcyl.
+     _flavescens_ DC.
+   chrysacántha Ott.  gold-spined       stm. sub-glob
+   cylíndrica Hitch.  cylindrical       stm. obov-cyl.
+   subcrócea DC.      yellowish         stm. sub-cyl.
+   neglécta           neglected         stm. glob.
+   rhodántha Ott.     rose-fld.         stm. sub-cyl
+     _atrata_ Hort.
+   nívea Wend.        white             stm. sub-glob.
+   nivòsa             snowy             stm. sub-glob.
+   *pulchérrima       handsome          stm. sub-cyl.
+   dichótoma          forked            stm. cyl.
+   *lutéscens         yellowish         stm. sub-glob.
+   eriacántha Ott.    wool.-spin.       stm. cyl.
+   púlchra B. R.      showy             stm. obl.-cyl.
+
+   _Systematic        No. and Colour of   Col. of Native   Year of
+   Name.              Spines.             Flower. Country. Introduc._
+   ------------------+-------------------+-------+--------+----------
+   lanífera, DC.      spines 10-12. ye.   _re._   Mexico  1823 D.S.S.
+                      rigid.
+   *divarícata        sp. ext. wh.        _pk._   ......  .... D.S.S.
+                      centr. ye.
+   Andréæ Ott.        sp. ext. wh. centr.   ..    ......  1835 D.S.S.
+                      6 ye.
+   cuneiflóra Hitch.  sp. ext. wh. centr.   ..    ......  .... D.S.S.
+                      6 ye.
+   grándis Hitch.     sp. ext. wh. cent.    ..    ......  .... D.S.S.
+                      6 ye.
+   flavéscens         sp. ext. wh. cent.    ..    ......  .... D.S.S.
+                      6 ye. apex re.
+   stramínea Haw.     sp. ext. wh. cent.   _ye._  S. Am.  1811 D.S.S.
+                      6-7 wh.
+     _flavescens_ DC.
+   chrysacántha Ott.  sp. ext. wh. cent     ..    ------  1827 D.S.S.
+                      6-7 ye. ap. re.
+   cylíndrica Hitch.  sp. ext. wh. cent.    ..    ......  .... D.S.S.
+                      6 ye.
+   subcrócea DC.      sp. ext. wh. cent.    ..    ......  1836 D.S.S.
+                      9 li-ye.
+   neglécta           sp. ext. wh. cent.    ..    ......  1835 D.S.S.
+                      6-7 ye.
+   rhodántha Ott.     sp. ext. wh. cent.    ..    ......  1836 D.S.S.
+                      6-7 ap. re.
+     _atrata_ Hort.
+   nívea Wend.        sp. ext. wh. cent.    ..    ......  1834 D.S.S.
+                      4-6 ye.
+   nivòsa             sp. ext. wh. cent.    ..    ......  1835 D.S.S.
+                      6 li-ye.
+   *pulchérrima       sp. ext. wh. cent.   _re._  ......  .... D.S.S.
+                      6 ye. ap.
+   dichótoma          sp. ext. wh. cent    _pk._  ......  .... D.S.S.
+                      4 ye.
+   *lutéscens         sp. ext. wh. cent.    ..    ......  .... D.S.S.
+                      6 ye.
+   eriacántha Ott.    sp. ext wh. cent.     ..    ......  .... D.S.S.
+                      ye.
+   púlchra B. R.      sp. ext. wh. centr.  _ro._  ......  .... D.S.S.
+                      4 ye.
+
+
+II. FULVISPINÆ.
+
+   _Systematic        English           Form of
+   Name.              Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ------------------+-----------------+--------------
+   fuscáta Ott.       brown             stm. sub-glob.
+   corioídes Bosch.   leather-like      stm. glob.
+   coronáta DC.       crowned           stm. cyl.
+   pyramidális Ott.   pyramidal         stm. oblg.
+
+   _Systematic       No. and Colour of  Col. of Native   Year of
+   Name.             Spines.            Flower. Country. Introduc._
+   -----------------+------------------+-------+--------+----------
+   fuscáta Ott.      sp. ext. ye.        ..    S. Am.   1835 D.S.S.
+                     cent. 4 br.
+   corioídes Bosch.  sp. ext. wh.        ..    ......   ---- D.S.S.
+                     cent. 6 br. ye.
+   coronáta DC.      sp. ext. wh. cent. _sc._  Mexico   1828 D.S.S.
+                     4 li. br.
+   pyramidális Ott.  sp. ext. wh. cent.  ..     ----    1835 D.S.S.
+                     4-5. ye. br.
+
+
+III. RUFISPINÆ.
+
+   _Systematic        English           Form of
+   Name.              Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ------------------+-----------------+---------------------------
+   parvimámma Haw.    small teated      stm. sub-glob
+   símplex Haw.       simple            stm. sub-glob.
+   tentaculáta        stinging          stm. glob.
+
+   _Systematic      No. and Colour of   Col. of Native   Year of
+   Name.            Spines.             Flower. Country. Introduc._
+   ----------------+-------------------+-------+--------+----------
+   parvimámma Haw.  mam. obt. sp.        ..     S. Am.   1817 D.S.S.
+                    10-12. dk.
+   símplex Haw.     sp. ext. wh. re.     ..     Missouri 1688 D.S.S.
+                    cent. 4 re-bk.
+   tentaculáta      sp. ext. wh.        _sc._   ......   1836 D.S.S.
+                    cent. br. re.
+
+
+IV. ARACHNOIDEÆ.
+
+   _Systematic          English           Form of
+   Name.                Name.             Stems, &c._
+   --------------------+-----------------+--------------
+   acanthophlégma Lehm. lance-sp.         stm. glob.
+   bícolor Lehm.        two-col.          stm. sub-glob.
+   díscolor Haw.        discoloured       stm. glob.
+   vétula Mart.         oldish            stm. obov.
+   supertéxta Mart.     cobweb            stm. glob.
+   intertéxta           interwoven        stm. glob.
+   geminispína Haw.     two-spined        stm. cyl.
+   pusílla DC.          dwarf             stm. subrot.
+     _stelláris_ Haw.
+
+   _Systematic          No. and Colour of  Col. of  Native   Year of
+   Name.                Spines.            Flower.  Country. Introduc._
+   --------------------+------------------+--------+--------+----------
+   acanthophlégma Lehm. sp. ext. wh. cent.   ..      ......  1835 D.S.S.
+                        4 apex. re.
+   bícolor Lehm.        sp. ext. wh. cent.   ..      ......  ---- D.S.S.
+                        2 li. br.
+   díscolor Haw.        sp. ext. wh. cent.   ..      S. Am.  1820 D.S.S.
+                        6-8 bk. br.
+   vétula Mart.         sp. ext. wh. cent. _li. sc._ ......  1835 D.S.S.
+                        2-4 y. br.
+   supertéxta Mart.     sp. ext. wh. cent.   ..      ......  1836 D.S.S.
+                        2-3 y. br.
+   intertéxta           sp. ext. wh. cent.   ..      ......  ---- D.S.S.
+                        1-2 wh.
+   geminispína Haw.     sp. ext. wh. cent.   _re_    Mexico  ---- D.S.S.
+                        2. elon.
+   pusílla DC.          sp. ext. wh. cent.   ..      S. Am.  1820 D.S.S.
+                        wh. ye.
+     _stelláris_ Haw.
+
+
+V. PAUCISPINÆ.
+
+   _Systematic             English           Form of
+   Name.                   Name.             Stems, &c._
+   -----------------------+-----------------+------------------
+   anguláris Otto.         angular.           stm. glob.-ob.
+   polyédra Mart.          many-based         stm. glob.
+   magnimámma Haw.         la. teated         stm. cyl. glau.
+   Zuccariniana Mart.      Zuccarini's        stm. glob.
+   Karwinskii Zucc.        Karwinsk's         stm. glob. glau.
+   subpolyédra Salm.       sub many-ba.       stm. sub. cyl.
+   cirrhífera Mart.        tend.-bear.        stm. glob.
+     ...._spinis fuscís_  _br.-spined_        stm. glob.
+   quadrispína Mart.       four-spined        stm. sub. cyl.
+   Seitziana Mart.         Seitz's            stm. obov.
+   columnáris Mart.        col.-shaped        stm. sub-cyl.
+   pycnacántha Mart.       close-spined       stm. cyl.
+   loricáta Mart.          harnessed          stm. cyl.
+   polythéle Mart.         many-teat.         stm. glob.
+   cárnea Zucc.            flesh-col.         stm. cyl.
+   longimámma DC.          long-teated        stm. cyl. glau.
+   macrothéle Mart.        large-teat.        stm. cyl. t. elo.
+   Lehmanni Ott.           Lehm. teats.       ovat elong.
+   sphaceláta Mart.        finger-sh.         stm. cyl.
+
+   _Systematic           No. and Colour of  Col. of   Native   Year of
+   Name.                 Spines.            Flower.   Country. Introduc._
+   ---------------------+------------------+---------+--------+----------
+   anguláris Otto.       sp. 4-5. cent.       ..       ......  1835 D.S.S.
+                         1 el. re-ap. bk.
+   polyédra Mart.        sp. 6-8 wh.          ..       ......  1836 D.S.S.
+                         apex re.
+   magnimámma Haw.       sp. 3-5 wh.          ..       ......  1823 D.S.S.
+                         apex bk.
+   Zuccariniana Mart.    sp. 2-elong br.      ..       ......  1835 D.S.S.
+                         ye. jun. wh. pu.
+   Karwinskii Zucc.      sp. 6. wh.           ..       ......  1836 D.S.S.
+                         ap. bk.
+   subpolyédra Salm.     sp. 4. br. bk.  _li. sc. gr._ ......  ---- D.S.S.
+   cirrhífera Mart.      sp. 3-5 wh.          ..       ......  1835 D.S.S.
+                         apex re. bk.
+     ...._spinis fuscís_ sp. 3-5.             ..       ......  ---- D.S.S.
+                         ye. br.
+   quadrispína Mart.     sp. 4. dk. br.      _sc._     ......  ---- D.S.S.
+                         apex bk.
+   Seitziana Mart.       sp. 6. wh. pk.       ..       ......  ---- D.S.S.
+                         apex re.
+   columnáris Mart.      sp. 6. li. br.       ..       ......  ---- D.S.S.
+   pycnacántha Mart.     sp. 6. ye.           ..       ......  ---- D.S.S.
+                         apex bk.
+   loricáta Mart.        sp. 4-6 ye. br.      ..       ......  ---- D.S.S.
+   polythéle Mart.       sp. 6-7 ye. br.      ..       ......  ---- D.S.S.
+   cárnea Zucc.          sp. 7-8 ye.        _car._     ......  ---- D.S.S.
+                         apex pk.
+   longimámma DC.        sp. ext. 6-7.        ..       ......  ---- D.S.S.
+                         cent. 1. elong
+   macrothéle Mart.      sp. 6. wh. y.        ..       ......  1836 D.S.S.
+                         apex br.
+   Lehmanni Ott.         sp. wh. apex bk.     ..       ......  ---- D.S.S.
+   sphaceláta Mart.      sp. 10-12 wh.        ..       ......  ---- D.S.S.
+                         apex red
+
+
+VI. STELLISPINÆ.
+
+   _Systematic        English           Form of
+   Name.              Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ------------------+-----------------+-----------
+   cæspitósa Salm.    tufted            stm. cyl.
+     _densa_ Ott.
+   stella-auráta M.   gold-star         stm. cyl.
+   ténuis             slender           stm. cyl.
+   elongáta DC.       elongated         stm. cyl.
+
+   _Systematic      No. and Colour of   Col. of Native   Year of
+   Name.            Spines.             Flower. Country. Introduc._
+   ----------------+-------------------+-------+--------+----------
+   cæspitósa Salm.  sp. den. ye.        _ye._   S. Am.   1827 D.S.S.
+                    cent. 2 elong
+     _densa_ Ott.
+   stella-auráta M. sp. stel. ye.       _ye._   ......   1835 D.S.S.
+                    ap. br. cent. o.
+   ténuis           sp. li. re. cent.   _ye._   ......   ---- D.S.S.
+                    1. elong. br.
+   elongáta DC.     sp. stellate          ..    ......   .... D.S.S.
+                    ye. apex li. br.
+
+
+VII. GLOCHIDATÆ.
+
+   _Systematic        English           Form of
+   Name.              Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ------------------+-----------------+------------
+   criníta DC.        hairy teats       ovat. elong
+     _ancistroides_ Lehm. _glochidata_ Mart.
+     _rubra_          _red-fld._        ......
+   Wildiána Ott.      Wild's            teats cyl.
+
+   _Systematic       No. and Colour of  Col. of   Native   Year of
+   Name.             Spines.            Flower.   Country. Introduc._
+   -----------------+------------------+---------+--------+----------
+   criníta DC.       sp. centr. 3 ye.   _wh. ye._  ......  .... D.S.S.
+                     br. hooked
+     _ancistroides_
+     _rubra_         .. .. .. ..         _re._     ......  .... D.S.S.
+   Wildiána Ott.     sp. 3 ye. br.        ..       ......  .... D.S.S.
+                     apex br.
+
+
+MELOCA'CTUS. MELOCA'CTUS. Cal. superior, 6-cleft, coloured. Cor. of 6
+petals, inserted in calyx. Stamens numerous. Style 1; stigma 5-cleft.
+Berry of 1 cell. Seed small angular. Flowers expanding amongst the
+tomentum on the apex of the plant.
+
+   _Systematic        English           Form of
+   Name.              Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ------------------+-----------------+-------------
+   amóenus Hffsg.     pleasant          ribs 10-12.
+   commùnis Ott.      common            ribs-erect 12.
+     _viridis_ Ott.   _green_           ......
+   Grengélii          Grengel's         ribs 10-12.
+   meonacánthus Lk.   sm.-spined        ribs 15-acute
+   macracánthus Salm  large-sp.         ribs 12-14.
+   pyramidális Ott.   pyramidal         ribs 14-17.
+     _spinis rubris_  _red-spined_      ....
+   Salmiánus Lk. Ott. Salm's            ribs 15.
+   *octogónus         eight-ang.        ribs 8. remote
+   *excavátus         hol.-crown.       13-ang.
+
+   _Systematic        No. and Colour of  Col. of   Native   Year of
+   Name.              Spines.            Flower.   Country. Introduc._
+   ------------------+------------------+---------+--------+-----------
+   amóenus Hffsg.     sp.8 recurv.      _li. sc._  ......    1835 D.S.S.
+                      dk. br.
+   commùnis Ott.      sp. 12-ye.         _re._    W. Indies. 1688 D.S.S.
+                      br.
+     _viridis_ Ott.   .. .. .. ..         ..      ......     1836 D.S.S.
+   Grengélii          sp. 8-10 ye.        ..      S. Th. Is. ---- D.S.S.
+   meonacánthus Lk.   sp. 9-ye. br.       ..      Jamaica    1835 D.S.S.
+   macracánthus Salm  sp. 9-ye. apex      ..      S. Domingo 1820 D.S.S.
+                      br.
+   pyramidális Ott.   sp. 11. elong       ..       Curaçao   1824 D.S.S.
+                      br. re.
+     _spinis rubris_  .. .. .. ..         ..       ......    .... D.S.S.
+   Salmiánus Lk. Ott. sp. ext. 10. c.     ..       ......    1835 D.S.S.
+                      3. elon. y. re
+   *octogónus         sp. 8-10 br. ye.    ..       Mexico    1834 D.S.S.
+   *excavátus         sp. ext.7-8         ..       ------    ---- D.S.S.
+                      cent. 1. re. ye.
+
+
+_ECHINOCA'CTUS. ECHINOCA'CTUS_. Invol. tubular imbricated. Cal. superior,
+inserted in the involuc. Cor. of many petals. Stam. numerous. Style 1;
+stigma many parted. Flowers bursting from the apexes of the ribs, behind
+the fascicules of spines.
+
+
+GLOBOSI.
+
+
+I. TENUISPINI.
+
+   _Systematic        English           Form of
+   Name.              Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ------------------+-----------------+------------
+   Ottónis Lk.        Otto's            ribs 10-12.
+   tenuispínus Ott.   slender.-sp.      ribs 11.
+   Línkii Lehm.       Link's            ribs 13.
+   corynódes Ott.     claved            ribs 16.
+   *Montevidensis.    Mt. Video.        ribs 13-obt.
+   rhodánthus         rose-fld.         ribs 13-14.
+   acutanguláris HB.  acute-ang.        ribs 18.
+   acuátus Ott.       sharp-rib.        ribs 13 acute
+
+   _Systematic       No. and Colour of  Col. of  Native   Year of
+   Name.             Spines.            Flower.  Country. Introduc._
+   -----------------+------------------+--------+--------+-----------
+   Ottónis Lk.       sp. ext. wh.       _ye._    Mexico    1829 D.S.S.
+                     centr. br.
+   tenuispínus Ott.  sp. ext. wh.       _ye._    Brazil    1835 D.S.S.
+                     cent. ye. br.
+   Línkii Lehm.      sp. ext. wh.       _ye._    Mexico    ---- D.S.S.
+                     cent. bk.
+   corynódes Ott.    sp. ext. wh.       _ye._    ......    ---- D.S.S.
+                     cent. br.
+   *Montevidensis.   sp. ye. apex br.    ..      Mt. Video ---- D.S.S.
+   rhodánthus        sp. ext. wh.       _ro._    ......    ---- D.S.S.
+                     cent. br.
+   acutanguláris HB. sp. ext. wh.       _ye._    ......    ---- D.S.S.
+                     cent. br.
+   acuátus Ott.      sp. ye. 10-13      _ye._    Mt. Video 1836 D.S.S.
+
+
+II. ACULEIS ERECTIS.
+
+   _Systematic        English           Form of
+   Name.              Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ------------------+-----------------+---------------
+   pachycéntrus Lehm. thick-sp.         ribs 12-12. obt.
+   centetérius Lehm.  awl-sp.           ribs 10 tuber.
+
+   _Systematic        No. and Colour of  Col. of  Native   Year of
+   Name.              Spines.            Flower.  Country. Introduc._
+   ------------------+------------------+--------+--------+----------
+   pachycéntrus Lehm. sp. ye. apex br.   ..       ......  1836 D.S.S.
+   centetérius Lehm.  sp. ext. 8-10.    _li. re._ ......  ---- D.S.S.
+                      cent. 4.
+
+
+III. ACULEIS RECURVATIS.
+
+   _Systematic         English           Form of
+   Name.               Name.             Stems, &c._
+   -------------------+-----------------+---------------------
+   sessiliflórus       sessile-fld.      stm. depr. r. 8-12
+   coccíneus H. Berol. scarlet           st. dep. ribs 8-9
+   spirális Karw.      spiral            st. erect. ribs 8
+   recúrvus Haw.       recurved          st. glo. r. 13-15 gl.
+   cornígerus DC.      horn-bearg.       stm. depr.
+     _latispinus_
+   hamátus             hooked            stm. dep. ribs 21
+   Sellówii DC.        Sellow's          st. glo. depr. 10
+   gibbósus DC.        gibbous           stm. ov. r. 9 obt.
+   robústus Salm.      robust            stm. cyl. ribs 8
+   crispátus DC.       curled            st. cyl. r. 10-12
+
+   _Systematic         No. and Colour of  Col. of Native   Year of
+   Name.               Spines.            Flower. Country. Introduc._
+   -------------------+------------------+-------+--------+-----------
+   sessiliflórus       sp. 5-6. wh.         ..    ......   1834 D.S.S.
+   coccíneus H. Berol. sp. 8-10. br. re.    ..    ......   1835 D.S.S.
+   spirális Karw.      sp. 8 varieg.        ..    ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   recúrvus Haw.       sp. 9 ye. re.        ..    Mexico   1796 D.S.S.
+   cornígerus DC.      sp. ye. rec. cent.  _pk._  Mexico   1820 D.S.S.
+                       flat. ro.
+     _latispinus_
+   hamátus             sp. 7. grey          ..    B. Ayres 1833 D.S.S.
+   Sellówii DC.        sp. 7. centr.        ..    Mt.Video 1826 D.S.S.
+                       elon. br.
+   gibbósus DC.        sp. 8-9. bk. br.    _wh._  Jamaica  1808 D.S.S.
+   robústus Salm.      sp. 8-9 ye. slend.   ..    ......   1835 D.S.S.
+   crispátus DC.       sp. 9-10 cent.       ..    Mexico   1826 D.S.S.
+                       1. br.
+
+
+IV. ACULEIS SUBRECURVATIS.
+
+   _Systematic        English           Form of
+   Name.              Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ------------------+-----------------+----------------------
+   tuberculátus       tubercled         stm. glo. r. 8 obt.
+   platyacánthus      flat-spined       st. glo. r. 21-24.
+   polyacánthus       many-sp.          st. ov. glo. r. 21 ob.
+   *xanthacánthus     yellow-sp.        st. depr. 11 ang.
+
+   _Systematic     No. and Colour of     Col. of Native   Year of
+   Name.           Spines.               Flower. Country. Introduc._
+   ---------------+---------------------+-------+--------+----------
+   tuberculátus    sp. 8. ext. sp. elon.  ..      Mexico  1826 D.S.S.
+   platyacánthus   sp. 7-8. cent. 4.      ..      Mexico  1837 D.S.S.
+   polyacánthus    sp. 8. spread.         ..      Brazil  ---- D.S.S.
+   *xanthacánthus  sp. y. elong.          ..      ......  1835 D.S.S.
+
+
+SUB-GLOBOSI.
+
+
+V. ACULEIS ELONGATIS.
+
+   _Systematic        English           Form of
+   Name.              Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ------------------+-----------------+-------------------------
+   Gilliésii          Gillies's         stm. s. glo. obo. rib. 13
+   formósus H. ang.   handsome          ov. cyl. ri. 14-16
+   *theléphorus       nipple-bear.      st. glo. ribs 14
+   gladiátus DC.      sword-sp.         st. glo. ri. 14-22
+
+   _Systematic      No. and Colour of      Col. of Native   Year of
+   Name.            Spines.                Flower. Country. Introduc._
+   ----------------+----------------------+-------+--------+----------
+   Gilliésii        sp. 20 transp.          ..     Mexico   1830 D.S.S.
+   formósus H. ang. sp. 15-18. re. br.      ..     ------   .... D.S.S.
+   *theléphorus     sp. 12-15 ye. br.       ..     ......   1834 D.S.S.
+   gladiátus DC.    sp. 10. centr .3 elon.  ..     ......   1836 D.S.S.
+
+
+POLYACANTHI.
+
+
+VI. CYLINDRACEI ACULEIS RIGIDIS.
+
+   _Systematic        English           Form of
+   Name.              Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ------------------+-----------------+-----------
+   exsculptus Ott.    exsculpted        ribs 16.
+   *Anconiánus        Anconian          ribs 16.
+   *spinosíssimus     many-sp.          ribs 14-15.
+   *echinátus         hedge-hog. lik.   ribs 19.
+   *oxyacánthus       sharp-sp.         ribs 16.
+   *cylíndricus       cylindrical       ribs 12. 18.
+
+   _Systematic     No. and Colour of      Col. of  Native   Year of
+   Name.           Spines.                Flower.  Country. Introduc._
+   ---------------+----------------------+--------+--------+-----------
+   exsculptus      sp. dense ye. apex      ..      ......   1836 D.S.S.
+   Ott.            br.
+   *Anconiánus     sp. ext. wh. cent. 4.   ..      Ancona   1834 D.S.S.
+                   dk. br.
+   *spinosíssimus  sp. ext. wh. c. 7-8.    ..      ......   ---- D.S.S.
+                   re. br. elon.
+   *echinátus      sp. li. br. elong.      ..      Mexico   1830 D.S.S.
+   *oxyacánthus    sp. ext. ye. cent.      ..      ......   ---- D.S.S.
+                   9-10. re. br.
+   *cylíndricus    sp. ext. wh. cent.      ..      Mexico   1836 D.S.S.
+                   li. br.
+
+
+VII. ALBISETI.
+
+   _Systematic        English           Form of
+   Name.              Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ------------------+-----------------+-----------
+   scòpa Ott.         broom.            stm. cyl.
+     _spinis-albis_   _white-spined_
+
+   _Systematic       No. and Colour of    Col. of Native   Year of
+   Name.             Spines.              Flower. Country. Introduc._
+   ----------------+---------------------+-------+--------+----------
+   scòpa Ott.       sp. den. ex. wh. ct.   _ye._  Brazil   1826 D.S.S.
+                    1-3. dk. pu.
+  _spinis-albis_     .. .. .. ..           _ye._  ------   1836 D.S.S.
+
+
+_CE'REUS. CE'REUS_. Cal. of many leaves, imbricated on an elongated tube,
+exterior sepals short, the middle and inner ones coloured and
+petal-like. Stam. numerous. Style filiform, the apex many parted. Berry
+tuberculated, and scaly.
+
+
+I. GLOBOSI.
+
+   _Systematic                 English           Form of
+   Name.                       Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ---------------------------+-----------------+-----------
+   oxygonus Ott.               furrowed          ribs 13-15.
+   _Echin. sulcatus._ Hort
+   Eyriesii Turp.              Eyries's.         ribs 16.
+   _Echin. Eyriesi._
+   turbinátus Pfr.             turbinated        ribs 16.
+   _Echin. turbinatus_ Hort.
+   multiplex Ott.              many-fold.        ribs 13.
+   _Echin. multiplex_
+   leucánthus Gill.            white             ribs 8-9.
+   _Echin. ambiguus hort. Melocact. ambiguus._ Ht.
+   tubiflórus Pfr.             tube-fld.         ribs 12.
+   _Echin. tubiflorus_ Hort.
+
+   _Systematic        No. and Colour of  Col. of   Native   Year of
+   Name.              Spines.            Flower.   Country. Introduc._
+   ------------------+------------------+---------+--------+-----------
+   oxygonus Ott.      sp. ext. wh.        _pk._    Brazil   1829 D.S.S.
+                      cent. br.
+   _Echin. sulcatus._ Hort.
+   Eyriesii Turp.     sp. bk. toment.    _wh. gr._ ......   ---- D.S.S.
+                      short.
+   _Echin. Eyriesi._
+   turbinátus Pfr.    sp. ext. wh.         ..      ......   1835 D.S.S.
+                      cent. br.
+   _Echin. turbinatus_ Hort.
+   multiplex Ott.     sp. ye. apex       _ca. sc._ ......   1830 D.S.S.
+                      br.
+   _Echin. multiplex_
+   leucánthus Gill.   sp. br.            _wh. pu._ ......   ---- D.S.S.
+                      recurv.
+   _Echin. ambiguus hort. Melocact. ambiguus._ Ht.
+   tubiflórus Pfr.    sp. 7-9. ye.         _wh._   ......   ---- D.S.S.
+                      ba & ap. bk.
+   _Echin. tubiflorus_ Hort.
+
+
+II. MACRACANTHI.
+_Caule erecto subobovato._
+
+   _Systematic        English           Form of
+   Name.              Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ------------------+-----------------+---------------
+   candicans          white             9-an. ribs obt.
+   macracánthus       large-sp.         9-an. ribs obt.
+   ochroleúcus        ochre-col.        12-an. r. obt.
+   Chiloénsis Colla   Chil[oe]          10-an. r. obt.
+     _fl.-luteo._    _yellow-flo._
+   Chiloensóides      chilo.-like       10-an. r. obt.
+
+   _Systematic      No. and Colour of   Col. of  Native   Year of
+   Name.            Spines.             Flower.  Country. Introduc._
+   ----------------+-------------------+--------+--------+----------
+   candicans        sp. 12-15 br.         ..     ......   ---- D.S.S.
+                    ye.
+   macracánthus     sp. 12-14 br.         ..     ......   ---- D.S.S.
+                    ye.
+   ochroleúcus      sp. br. apex         _och._  ......   1835 D.S.S.
+                    bk.
+   Chiloénsis Colla sp. 12-16. ye.        ..     Chili    1825 D.S.S.
+                    br.
+     _fl.-luteo._   _yellow-flo._        _ye._   ------   1835 D.S.S.
+   Chiloensóides    sp. 10 br.            ..     ------   .... D.S.S.
+                    pelluc.
+
+
+III. CAPILLARES.
+
+   _Systematic        English           Form of
+   Name.              Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ------------------+-----------------+------------
+   sénilis Haw.       grey-headed       ribs 20-25
+
+   _Systematic     No. and Colour of   Col. of  Native   Year of
+   Name.           Spines.             Flower.  Country. Introduc._
+   ---------------+-------------------+--------+--------+----------
+   sénilis Haw.    sp. elong. wh.      _re._    Mexico   1823 D.S.S.
+                   hairs elon.
+
+
+IV. LANUGINOSI.
+_Caule_ 9-11-_angulari erecto_.
+
+   _Systematic          English           Form of
+   Name.                Name.             Stems, &c._
+   --------------------+-----------------+-------------
+   lanuginósus L.       woolly            9-ang. gl.
+   Royéni Haw.          Royen's.          9-ang. glauc.
+     _gloriosis_ Salm.
+
+   _Systematic      No. and Colour of  Col. of  Native    Year of
+   Name.            Spines.            Flower.  Country.  Introduc._
+   ----------------+------------------+--------+---------+-----------
+   lanuginósus L.   sp. ye.            _wh._    W. Indies 1699 D.S.S.
+                    elong.
+   Royéni Haw.      sp. slen.          _wh._    S. Amer.  1728 D.S.S.
+                    ye. br.
+     _gloriosis_
+     Salm.
+
+
+V. SUBLANUGINOSI.
+_Caule_ 5-10-_angulari erecto_.
+
+   _Systematic        English           Form of
+   Name.              Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ------------------+-----------------+---------------
+   albispínus Salm.   white sp.         9-10-an. r. obt
+   crenulátus Salm.   crenulated        9-ang. cren.
+   _gracilior_ Salm.  slender           9-10-ang.
+   nígricans          dark              8-an. rib. den.
+   níger Salm.        black             7-an. r. compr.
+   Hawórthii D.C.     Haworth's         5-ang. r. obt.
+   flavispínus Haw.   yellow-sp.        7-10-an. ri. ob.
+   fulvispinósus Ha.  tawney-sp.        9-an. sulca.
+   *Russelliánus      Duke of Bed.      6-7-ang. cren.
+
+   _Systematic       No. and Colour of  Col. of  Native    Year of
+   Name.             Spines.            Flower.  Country.  Introduc._
+   -----------------+------------------+--------+---------+----------
+   albispínus Salm.  sp. wh. apex ye.     ..     S. Amer.  .... D.S.S.
+   crenulátus Salm.  sp. wh. apex ye.     ..     W. Indies 1822 D.S.S.
+   gracilior Salm.   sp. wh. apex bk.     ..     ......    1835 D.S.S.
+   nígricans         sp. 10-12 br.        ..     ......    1835 D.S.S.
+   níger Salm.       sp. 9-12 ye.         ..     S. Amer   .... D.S.S.
+   Hawórthii D.C.    sp. 9-10 br.         ..     Caribees  1811 D.S.S.
+   flavispínus Haw.  sp. 11-13 ye.        ..     W. Indies 1822 D.S.S.
+   fulvispinósus Ha. sp. br. thick        ..     S. Amer.  1795 D.S.S.
+   *Russelliánus     sp. bk. short.       ..     Demarara  1836 D.S.S.
+                     cen. 1 ang.
+
+
+VI. GLABRI.
+_Caule_ 4-10-_angulari erecto_.
+
+   _Systematic        English           Form of
+   Name.              Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ------------------+-----------------+-----------------
+   Hystrix Salm.      porcupine         8-9-ang.
+   stríctus W.        erect             8-9-an. rib. com.
+   pellúcidus Ott.    pellucid          5-ang. r. com.
+   Olférsii Ott.      Olfers's          9-ang. r. com.
+   spinibárbis Ott.   bearded           9-10 ang. obt.
+   undulátus Haw.     waved             4-ang. r. com.
+   *nigrospínus       dark-sp.          7-ang. r. obt.
+   *heteracánthus     va. col. sp.      4-5-ang.
+   tortuósus          twisted           7-8 ang.
+   affínis H. Berol.  allied            4-5-ang. r. ob.
+   gemmátus Zucc.     gemmate           5-ang. r. rem.
+   incrustátus                          5-ang.
+
+   _Systematic       No. and Colour of   Col. of Native   Year of
+   Name.             Spines.             Flower. Country. Introduc._
+   -----------------+-------------------+-------+--------+----------
+   Hystrix Salm.     sp. grey-apex bk.     ..    ......   1808 D.S.S.
+   stríctus W.       sp. br. apex ye.      ..    S. Amer. 1822 D.S.S.
+   pellúcidus Ott.   sp. br. apex ye.      ..    ......   1836 D.S.S.
+   Olférsii Ott.     sp. br. ye.           ..    Brazils  1836 D.S.S.
+   spinibárbis Ott.  sp. ex. 10-12 c.      ..    ......   ---- D.S.S.
+                     1-3 el. a. b. w.
+   undulátus Haw.    sp. 3-5. bk.         _wh._  China    1829 D.S.S.
+   *nigrospínus      sp. 12-13 bk.         ..    B. Ayres 1836 D.S.S.
+   *heteracánthus    sp. ex. 7. va. cen.   ..    -----    ---- D.S.S.
+                     1 wh. ap. br.
+   tortuósus         sp. 7-9 slen.         ..    -----    ---- D.S.S.
+   affínis H. Berol. sp. 10-12 br.        _wh._  ......   .... D.S.S.
+   gemmátus Zucc.    sp. short wh.         ..    ......   1835 D.S.S.
+   incrustátus       sp. br. wh. slen.     ..    ......   ---- D.S.S.
+                     elong.
+
+
+VII. GLAUCESCENTES.
+_Caule_ 3-6-_angulari erecto_.
+
+   _Systematic        English           Form of
+   Name.              Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ------------------+-----------------+---------------
+   glaúcus Salm.      glaucous.         4-an. r. com.
+   Jamacáru Salm.     Jamacárus         4-5-a. r. com.
+   *caésius           grey              6-an. r. acute
+   grándis Haw.       great             4-ang.
+   formósus           beautiful         6-ang. r. com.
+   Peruviánus D.C.    Peruvian          6-8-ang.
+     _hexagonus W. heptagonus_ Haw.
+   monstròsus         monstrous         irreg-fur.
+   ebúrneus Salm.     ivory             7-8-ang. r. obt.
+   tetragónus Flaw.   four-ang.         4-an. r. remo.
+   *amblygónus        obtus-rib.        7-an. gl. r. obt.
+
+   _Systematic        No. and Colour of Col. of   Native   Year of
+   Name.              Spines.           Flower.   Country. Introduc._
+   ------------------+-----------------+---------+--------+------------
+   glaúcus Salm.      sp. ext.           ..        Brazil   1835 D.S.S.
+                      6-8 cent. 3
+   Jamacáru Salm.     sp. ext. 7-9.     _wh._      -----    ---- D.S.S.
+                      cent. 4. br. y.
+   *caésius           sp. 13-14. apex    ..        ......   1836 D.S.S.
+                      ye. bas. br.
+   grándis Haw.       sp. 7-8 erect.   _wh. y._    Brazil   ---- D.S.S.
+                      ye. & br.
+   formósus           sp. 14-18. ye.    _wh._      S. Am.   1834 D.S.S.
+                      br.
+   Peruviánus D.C.    sp. 7-8. br.     _wh. pk._   Peru     1728 D.S.S.
+                      apex ye.
+     _hexagonus W.
+      heptagonus_ Haw.
+   monstròsus         sp. br.          _re. wh._   S. Am.   1816 D.S.S.
+   ebúrneus Salm.     sp. slen.                    ......   1818 D.S.S.
+   tetragónus Flaw.   sp. 10-12 br.      ..        -----    1710 D.S.S.
+                      ye.
+   *amblygónus        sp. ext. 7-cent.   ..        B. Ayres 1836 D.S.S.
+                      1 dk. br.
+
+
+VIII. SUBGLAUCESCENTES.
+_Caule_ 3-6-_angulari erecto_.
+
+   _Systematic        English           Form of
+   Name.              Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ------------------+-----------------+-----------------
+   laetevirens Salm.  br. green         3-5 an. ribs com.
+   obtùsus Haw.       obtuse            3-5 an. ribs ott.
+   Pitahaya Jacq.     Pitahaya          3-ang.
+   variábilis Ott.    variable          3-an. ribs com.
+   pentagónus         five-ang.         5-ang.
+
+   _Systematic       No. and Colour of Col. of   Native   Year of
+   Name.             Spines.           Flower.   Country. Introduc._
+   -----------------+-----------------+---------+--------+-----------
+   laetevirens Salm. sp. 6-9 br.         ..       ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   obtùsus Haw.      sp. 6-8-br. ye.   _wh. gr._  ......   ---- D.S.S.
+
+   Pitahaya Jacq.    sp. 7-9 erect       ..       Cartha.  ---- D.S.S.
+                     ye. br.
+   variábilis Ott.   sp. 6-8 br. ye.     ..       ......   1836 D.S.S.
+   pentagónus        sp. wh. y.          ..       S. Am.   1769 D.S.S.
+
+
+IX. TUBERCULATI.
+
+   _Systematic        English           Form of
+   Name.              Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ------------------+-----------------+----------------
+   Déppei Ott.        Deppi's           6-ang. ribs obt.
+   propínquus Salm.   allied            5-ang. ribs obt.
+   leptacánthus DC.   thin-spined       5-ang.
+
+   _Systematic      No. and Colour of  Col. of  Native   Year of
+   Name.            Spines.            Flower.  Country. Introduc._
+   ----------------+------------------+--------+--------+----------
+   Déppei Ott.      sp. 8-9 wh.         ..      Mexico   1826 D.S.S.
+   propínquus Salm. sp. 6-7 wh. ye.     ..      ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   leptacánthus DC. sp. elon. wh. ye.   ..      ......   ---- D.S.S.
+                    apex br.
+
+
+X. CYLINDRACEO-ATTENUATI.
+_Caule_ 5-11-_angulari erecto_.
+
+   _Systematic          English           Form of
+   Name.                Name.             Stems, &c._
+   --------------------+-----------------+-----------------
+   repándus DC.          repand            8-9 an. rib. und.
+     _aúreus_            _yellow-spined_
+   subrepándus Haw.      subrepand         7-8 ang.
+   c[oe]ruléscens Nob.   blue              8-9 ang. glau.
+   *glaucéscens          glauces.          5-8 an. ribs obt.
+   fimbriátus DC.        fimbriated        8-ang. ribs obt.
+   erióphorus H. Berol.  woolly            8-ang. ribs obt.
+   divaricátus DC.       divaricated       8-10 an. r. obt.
+   serpentínus Haw.      serpentine        11-ang.
+
+   _Systematic         No. and Colour of   Col. of  Native   Year of
+   Name.               Spines.             Flower.  Country. Introduc._
+   -------------------+-------------------+--------+--------+----------
+   repándus DC.         sp. 8-9 wh.        _wh._    W. In.  1728 D.S.S.
+                        & bk.
+     _aúreus_                                       ......  1836 D.S.S.
+   subrepándus Haw.     sp. 8-9 elon. br.   ..      Carib.  1811 D.S.S.
+                        apex bk.
+   c[oe]ruléscens Nob.  sp. elon. bk.       ..      Brazil  .... D.S.S.
+                        jun. wh.
+   *glaucéscens         sp. bk.             ..      B. Ayr. 1836 D.S.S.
+   fimbriátus DC.       sp. 12-14 wh.       _w._    S. Dom. 1826 D.S.S.
+                        apex bk.
+   erióphorus H. Berol. sp. 8-10 wh.        _re._   ......  1835 D.S.S.
+                        apex bk.
+   divaricátus DC.      sp. 8-9 wh.         ..      ......  1826 D.S.S.
+                        apex bk.
+   serpentínus Haw.     sp. 10 slen. wh.  _pu. wh._ Peru    1817 D.S.S.
+                        ap. br.
+
+
+XI. MULTANGULARES.
+
+   _Systematic        English           Form of
+   Name.              Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ------------------+-----------------+---------------------
+   multángularis Ha.  many-an.          stm. cycl.
+     _spinis albis_   _whitespined_
+   myriophyllus       myriad-led.       stm. cyl. spotted
+   strigósus Gill.    strigose          stm. cyl. 14-a. n. s.
+   myriacánthus       myriad-sp.        stm. cy. 14-15-a.
+   spinósus Hitch.    spiny             st. erect. c. 14-16 a.
+   *Bonariensis       Bu. Ayres         st. erect. 11-14-a.
+   *tenuátus          slender-sp.       stm. erect 18-ang.
+
+   _Systematic        No. and Colour of  Col. of  Native   Year of
+   Name.              Spines.            Flower.  Country. Introduc._
+   ------------------+------------------+--------+--------+-----------
+   multángularis Ha.  sp. dense            ..     S. Am.   1815 D.S.S.
+                      ye. br.
+     _spinis albis_                               ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   myriophyllus       sp. ye. br.          ..     ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   strigósus Gill.    sp. wh. br.          ..     ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   myriacánthus       sp.1-1/2-inch        ..     Chili    ---- D.S.S.
+                      long br.
+   spinósus Hitch.    sp. ye. br.          ..     ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   *Bonariensis       sp. ye. red at       ..     B. Ayr.  1836 D.S.S.
+                      base
+   *tenuátus          sp. ext. 7. re. ye.  ..     ......   ---- D.S.S.
+                      br. c. 1
+
+
+XII. FLAGELLIFORMES.
+
+   _Systematic         English        Form of
+   Name.               Name.          Stems, &c._
+   -------------------+--------------+---------------------
+   flagellifórmis Haw. rod-shaped     10-an. tuberc-c.
+     _minor_           _smaller_
+   *costatus           ribbed         8-9 ang.
+   flagrifórmis Zucc.  whip-sh.       8-ang. tuburc. not so
+                                      crowded as in last
+   Martiánus           Martins's      10-ang. tuberc.
+   leptóphis DC.       thin serpent   6-7-an. t. remote
+   Smithïi             Smith's        tuberc. none
+   tenuissimus         very slender   4-5 ang.
+
+   _Systematic         No. and Colour of   Col. of  Native   Year of
+   Name.               Spines.             Flower.  Country. Introduc._
+   -------------------+-------------------+--------+--------+----------
+   flagellifórmis Haw. sp. br. ye.         _pk._    ......   1835 D.S.S.
+     _minor_                                        ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   *costatus           sp. slender white    ..      Peru     1690 D.S.S.
+   flagrifórmis                                     ......   1834 D.S.S.
+   Martiánus           sp. wh.             _pu._    ......   1835 D.S.S.
+   leptóphis DC.       sp. wh. & ye.        ..      ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   Smithïi             sp. br. ye.          ..      ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   tenuissimus         sp. wh. slen.        ..      ......   ---- D.S.S.
+                       hair-like
+
+
+XIII. RADICANTES.
+_Caule_ 3-7-_angulari articulato_.
+
+   _Systematic          English           Form of
+   Name.                Name.             Stems, &c._
+   --------------------+-----------------+-------------
+   rádicans DC.         rooting           4-5 ang.
+   húmilis              dwarf             4-5 ang.
+   grandiflòrus Haw.    long-fld.         6-7 ang.
+   myriacaulon Mart.    myriad-st.        4-ang.
+   nycticalius Lk.      night-beau.       4-5 ang.
+   Schrankii Zun.       Schranks          4-5 ang.
+   *arcuátus            arched            3-4 ang. sinu.
+   Napoleónis Salm.     Napoleon's        3-4 ang.
+   triangulàris L.      three-ang.        3-ang.
+     _pictas_           _variegated_
+   Lanceanus            Lance's           3-ang.
+   speciosissimus       shewy             3-4 ang.
+   prismáticus Salm.    prismatic         3-4 ang.
+   trípterus Salm.      three-wing.       3-ang.
+   tríqueter Haw.       three-sided       3-ang.
+   exténsus Salm.       extended          3-ang.
+   coccineus Salm.      scarlet           3-4 ang.
+   setáceus Salm.       bristly           3-ang.
+   setósus              setose            3-ang.
+   ramósus Karw.        branching         3-ang.
+   myosúrus Salm.       mouse-tail        3-dented-ang.
+   quadrangularis Ha.   quadran.          3-4 ang.
+
+   _Systematic       No. and Colour of   Col. of  Native   Year of
+   Name.             Spines.             Flower.  Country. Introduc._
+   -----------------+-------------------+--------+--------+------------
+   rádicans DC.       sp. short dk. br.    ..     B. Ay.   1836 D.S.S.
+   húmilis            sp. wh. slender      ..     S. Am.   1827 D.S.S.
+   grandiflòrus Haw.  sp. wh. ye.       _ye. wh._ Jamai.   1700 D.S.S.
+   myriacaulon Mart.                              ......   1835 D.S.S.
+   nycticalius Lk.    sp. erect            ..     ......   1834 D.S.S.
+                      slender wh.
+   Schrankii Zun.     sp. 6-8 sh.          ..     ......   1835 D.S.S.
+                      dk. br.
+   *arcuátus          sp. 4 dk. br.       _wh._   ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   Napoleónis Salm.   sp. 3 remote     _gr. wh._  ......   1834 D.S.S.
+                      sh. br.
+   triangulàris L.                                Mexico   1690 D.S.S.
+     _pictas_                                     ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   Lanceanus          sp. ye. wh.         _sc._   ......   1834 D.S.S.
+                      & br.
+   speciosissimus     sp. cent. 2-3        ..     Mexico   1816 D.S.S.
+                      ye. erect
+   prismáticus Salm.  sp. dark br.         ..     ......   1826 D.S.S.
+   trípterus Salm.    sp. dk. br.          ..     ......   1827 D.S.S.
+   tríqueter Haw.     sp. dk. br.          ..     S. Am.   1794 D.S.S.
+   exténsus Salm.     sp. ext. w. sl.      ..     ......   1826 D.S.S.
+                      c. 3-4 w. ye.
+   coccineus Salm.    sp. ext. wh. sl.    _sc._   Brazil   1828 D.S.S.
+                      cent. 4 ye.
+   setáceus Salm.     sp. ext. w. slen.    ..     ......   ---- D.S.S.
+                      cent. 1-3
+   setósus            sp. br. setac.       ..     ......   1835 D.S.S.
+                      wh.
+   ramósus Karw.      sp. br. ye.          ..     ......   1836 D.S.S.
+                      remote
+   myosúrus Salm.     wool-white           ..     ......   1828 D.S.S.
+   quadrangularis Ha. sp. 5-7              ..     Amer.    1809 D.S.S.
+
+
+XIV. ALATI.
+_Epiphyllum Haw._
+
+   _Systematic        English           Form of
+   Name.              Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ------------------+-----------------+-----------------------------
+   Ackermánni Haw.    Ackerman's        br. elon. compr. serr. cyl.
+                                        at base
+   alátus             winged            br. obl. compr. crenate
+   coccíneus          scarlet           br. compr. glau. crenate
+   crispátus Haw.     curled            br. obl. compr. cren. invol.
+   Hookéri            Sir W. Hooker's   br. comp. lin. lanc. sinuate
+   phyllanthoídes DC. Phyllanthus-like  br. comp. sinuat. cyl. at base
+
+   _Systematic        No. and Colour of  Col. of Native    Year of
+   Name.              Spines.            Flower. Country.  Introduc._
+   ------------------+------------------+-------+---------+----------
+   Ackermánni Haw.                       _sc._    Mexico  1830 D.S.S.
+   alátus                              _wh. gr._  Jama.   1818 D.S.S.
+   coccíneus                             _sc._    Brazil  1828 D.S.S.
+   crispátus Haw.                        _pu._    Mexico  1826 D.S.S.
+   Hookéri                               _wh._    S. Am.  ---- D.S.S.
+   phyllanthoídes DC.                    _pk._    Mexico  1816 D.S.S.
+
+
+HYBRIDS.
+
+
+   _Systematic     English           Form of
+   Name.           Name.             Stems, &c._
+   ---------------+-----------------+-----------------------------
+   _aurantíacus_   _orange-coloured_    ..
+   _ignéscens_     _fiery_              ..
+   _Colvilli_      _Colvill's_
+   _Jenkinsóni_    _Jenkinson's_        ..
+   _Kiardi_        _Kiard's_            ..
+   _Lóthi_         _Loth's_             ..
+   _Mackoyi_       _Mackoy's_           ..
+   _oxypétalus_    _sharp-petaled_      ..
+   _Guillardieri_  _Guillardier's_      ..
+   _Smíthii_       _Smith's_            ..
+   _Vandésii_      _Vandes's_           ..
+   rhómbeus Salm.  rhomboid           br. elong. comp. sinuated
+   ramulósus Salm. branching          stm. cyl. bran. com. o. lan.
+   truncátus       truncated          br. com. thin d. n. at apex
+     _coccineus_   _scarlet_
+
+   _Systematic      No. and Colour of   Col. of Native   Year of
+   Name.            Spines.             Flower. Country. Introduc._
+   ----------------+-------------------+-------+--------+-------------
+   _aurantíacus_    ..                  _or._    ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   _ignéscens_      ..                  _sc._    ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   _Colvilli_       ..
+   _Jenkinsóni_     ..                  _sc._    ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   _Kiardi_         ..                  _sc._    ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   _Lóthi_          ..                  _sc._    ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   _Mackoyi_        ..                  _sc._    ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   _oxypétalus_     ..                  _sc._    ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   _Guillardieri_   ..                  _sc._    ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   _Smíthii_        ..                  _sc._    ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   _Vandésii_       ..                  _sc._    ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   rhómbeus Salm.                        ..      ......   1835 D.S.S.
+   ramulósus Salm.                       ..      ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   truncátus                            _sc._    Brazil   1818 D.S.S.
+     _coccineus_                        _sc._    ......   ---- D.S.S.
+
+
+_OPU'NTIA. OPU'NTIA_. Cal. of many leaves, united to the ovary, the
+inner sepals petal-like obovate. Stamens shorter than petals. Style
+cylind. constricted at the base. Stigma many erect thick. Berry ovate,
+often spiny.
+
+
+I. CYLINDRACEÆ.
+
+   _Systematic          English           Form of
+   Name.                Name.             Stems, &c._
+   --------------------+-----------------+--------------------
+   cylindrica DC.       cylindrical       st. erect cyl. tuber.
+   clavarióides         batoon-like       stm. erect cyl.
+   decípiens DC.        deceptive         stm. erect gl. r.
+   imbricáta DC.        imbricated        tuber. imbricated
+   Kleini DC.           Klein's           st. erect tuber. r.
+   leptocáulis DC.      thin-stem.        st. erect ramose
+   ramulífera Nob.      branching         stm. erect
+   tunicàta             tunicated         stm. ramose
+   pubescens Wend.      pubescens         stm. erect slend.
+   virgata              twiggy            st. erect ramose
+
+   _Systematic     No. and Colour of     Col. of Native   Year of
+   Name.           Spines.               Flower. Country. Introduc._
+   ---------------+---------------------+-------+--------+----------
+   cylindrica DC.  sp. wh. hairy          ..     Peru     1799 D.S.S.
+   clavarióides    sp. wh. setac.         ..     ......   1836 D.S.S.
+                   depres.
+   decípiens DC.   sp. wh. ye. elong.     ..     ......   1835 D.S.S.
+   imbricáta DC.   sp. 5-7 wh.            ..     ......   1826 D.S.S.
+   Kleini DC.      sp. li. br. elong.     ..     ......   1836 D.S.S.
+   leptocáulis DC. sp. small br.          ..     ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   ramulífera Nob. sp. br. ye. arcol.     ..     Mexico   ---- D.S.S.
+                   crowd.
+   tunicàta        sp. 5-6 wh. & pk.      ..     ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   pubescens Wend. sp. wh. apex br.       ..     ......   1836 D.S.S.
+   virgata         sp. li. br. elong.     ..     ......   ---- D.S.S.
+
+
+II. DIVARICATÆ.
+_Caule articulato, et articulis subcylindraceis._
+
+   _Systematic          English           Form of
+   Name.                Name.             Stems, &c._
+   --------------------+-----------------+-----------------
+   articuláta Ott.      jointed           st. erect ramose
+   alpína Gill.         Alpine            stm. ramose br.
+   stapélia DC.         stapelia          stm. ramose
+   corrugáta Gill.      corrugated        br. erect cy. com.
+   dichotoma            forked            joints cyl. elong.
+   curassávica How.     Curassa           joints. cyl. com.
+     _elongáta_         _elongated_
+   andícola                               joints cyl.
+   foliósa Haw.         leafy             jnts. comp. ramos.
+   fragilis Nut.        brittle           joints cyl. obl.
+   glomeráta Haw.       glomerated        joints cyl.
+   exténsa              extended          joints cyl.
+   horizontális Ott.    horizontal        jnts. cyl. ramose
+   platyacántha         flat-spined       joints cycl. ov.
+   pusílla Haw.         dwarf             jnts. divar. cyl.
+   sulphúrea Gill.      sulphur-fld.      joints erect
+   aurantiáca           orange-col.       jnts. com. elon.
+   missouriénsis DC.    Missouri          joints com. ob. o.
+   media Haw.           intermediat.      jnts. cyl. elong.
+   attulica                               jnts. elon. cyl.
+   Sabíni               Sabine's          jnts. com. obov.
+   ciliósa              ciliated          jnts. com. glau.
+
+   _Systematic       No. and Colour of    Col. of   Native   Year of
+   Name.             Spines.              Flower.   Country. Introduc._
+   -----------------+--------------------+---------+--------+----------
+   articuláta Ott.   sp. 1-wh. pelluc.      ..      ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   alpína Gill.      sp. wh. recurv.        ..      ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   stapélia DC.      sp. 4-6 wh.            ..      ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   corrugáta Gill.   sp. wh. apex br.       ..      Chili    1824 D.S.S.
+   dichotoma         sp. br. apex wh.       ..      B. Ayr.  1836 D.S.S.
+   curassávica How.  sp. 1-4 ye. wh.        ..      Curas.   1690 D.S.S.
+     _elongáta_                                     ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   andícola          sp. wh. elong.         ..      ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   foliósa Haw.      sp. 1-2 elong. wh.   _ye._     S. Am.   1805 D.S.S.
+   fragilis Nut.     sp. wh. slend.         ..      N. Am.   1814 D.S.S.
+   glomeráta Haw.    sp. flat               ..      ......   ---- D.S.S.
+                     pellucid
+   exténsa           sp. wh. apex br.     _li. ye._ ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   horizontális Ott. sp. wh. elong.         ..      ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   platyacántha      sp. wh. elong.       _ye._     ......   ---- D.S.S.
+                     apex bk.
+   pusílla Haw.      sp. 1-2 twisted      _ye._     S. Am.   1826 D.S.S.
+                     wh.
+   sulphúrea Gill.   sp. twist. ap.         ..      Chili    1827 D.S.S.
+                     re.
+   aurantiáca        sp. 3-5 br. ap.      _ye._     ......   ---- D.S.S.
+                      wh. y.
+   missouriénsis DC. sp. br. & wh.        _ye._     Missou.  ---- D.S.S.
+   media Haw.        sp. wh. recurv.        ..      N. Am.   ---- D.S.S.
+   attulica          sp. wh. ye.            ..      ......   ---- D.S.S.
+                     tomen. br.
+   Sabíni            sp. wh. deflex.        ..      ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   ciliósa           sp. ye. br.            ..      ......   ---- D.S.S.
+
+
+III. SPINOSISSIMÆ.
+_articulis oblongis._
+
+   _Systematic         English           Form of
+   Name.               Name.             Stems, &c._
+   -------------------+-----------------+-------------------
+   spinosíssima Haw.   very-spiny        joints obl.
+   dolabríformis       hatchet-fd.       jnts. obl. dk. gr.
+   leucacántha Ott.    white-spin.       jnts. erect obl.
+   calacántha Ott.     pretty-spin.      joints obl.
+     _rúbra_           _red-sp._
+   leucotríche DC.     white-hairy       jnts. erect obl.
+   senílis Parm.       grey              jnts. obov. obl.
+   longíssima          longest           jnts. obl. obov.
+   polyántha DC.       many-fld.         joints obov.
+   polyacántha Haw.    many-sp.          joints obov.
+   megacántha Nob.     large-sp.         joints obov. glau.
+   albicáns Nob.       white-sp.         jnts. obov. gl. obl.
+   triacántha Haw.     three-sp.         joints obov. obl.
+   nígricans Haw.      dark              joints obl. sp.
+   húmilis Flaw.       dwarf             jnts. obov. obl.
+   lasiacántha         woolly-sp.        jnts. obov. glau.
+   Dillenii Haw.       Dillenius's       jnts. obov. gl. und.
+
+   _Systematic        No. and Colour of   Col. of Native   Year of
+   Name.              Spines.             Flower. Country. Introduc._
+   ------------------+-------------------+-------+--------+----------
+   spinosíssima Haw.  sp. elong. ye.       ..     Jama.    1732 D.S.S.
+   dolabríformis      sp. wh. ye.          ..     ......   1835 D.S.S.
+   leucacántha Ott.   sp. wh. setac.      _wh._   S. Ame.  ---- D.S.S.
+                      ye.
+   calacántha Ott.    sp. 5-7 wh. ye.      ..     ......   1836 D.S.S.
+     _rúbra_                                      ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   leucotríche DC.    sp. flex. wh.        ..     Mexico   ---- D.S.S.
+                      elong.
+   senílis Parm.      sp. elon. wh.        ..     ......   1837 D.S.S.
+                      hairs wh.
+   longíssima         sp. ye. elon.        ..     ......   1835 D.S.S.
+                      depr.
+   polyántha DC.      sp. ye. setac. ye.   ..     S. Am.   1811 D.S.S.
+   polyacántha Haw.   sp. 3-4 wk. ye.      ..     N. Am.   1814 D.S.S.
+   megacántha Nob.    sp. 3-5 long ones    ..     Mexico   1835 D.S.S.
+                      ye.
+   albicáns Nob.      sp. wh. ye.          ..     ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   triacántha Haw.    sp. wh.              ..     S. Am.   1795 D.S.S.
+   nígricans Haw.     sp. 3-5 ro. br.      ..     ......   ---- D.S.S.
+                      bk. ap. ye.
+   húmilis Flaw.      sp. ye.              ..     ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   lasiacántha        sp. 1-4 wh. apex     ..     ......   ---- D.S.S.
+                      ye.
+   Dillenii Haw.      sp. ye.              ..     S. Am.   1810 D.S.S.
+
+
+IV. SETACEÆ, OR SUBSPINESCENTES.
+
+   _Systematic         English            Form of
+   Name.               Name.              Stems, &c._
+   -------------------+------------------+-----------------------
+   microdasys  Lehm.   small-hairy        joints obov.
+     _minor_           _O. pulvinata_ DC.
+   parvúla Nob.        small              joints ellip. ob. glau.
+   strícta Haw.        upright            joints obl. obov.
+   tuberculáta Haw.    tubercled          joints obov.
+   vulgáris Haw.       common             joints ov.
+     _major_           _larger_
+   italica             Italian            joints obov. obl.
+   glaúca              glaucous           joints erect obov.
+   decúmbens Salm.     decumbent          joints obov. compr.
+     _irrorata_        _H. Ber._
+   cochenillífera Haw. cochineal Fi.      joints obov. obl.
+   lanceoláta Haw.     lanceolat          jnts. obov. lanc.
+   rubéscens Salm.     rubescent          joints elon. red-gr.
+   tomentósa Lk.       hairy              joints lanc. comp.
+   Mexicána            Mexican            joints obl. lanc. elon.
+   eláta Ott.          tall               jnts. er. ob. la. a. re.
+   Salmii              SalmDyck's         jnts. obov. ob. gl.
+   decumána Haw.       great-ob.          jnts. ov. obl. gl.
+   candelabrifórmis    candlestick-fd.    jnts. obov. ott.
+   grandis             great              jnts. ellip. ob. gl.
+   Americana           American           jnts. ellip. glau.
+   Amcylcea DC.        Neapolitan         jnts. ob. ellip. c.
+   Tuna Haw.           Tuna               jnts. ov. obl.
+   Ficus Indica        Indian Fig.        joints obl.
+   crassa Haw.         thick-lobed        joints obov. obl.
+   Bonplandi           Bonpland's         jnts. obov. orb.
+   horrida Salm.       horrid             jnts. ob. repand.
+   Pseudo Tuna Salm.   False Tuna         joints obov.
+   longispina Haw.     long-spin.         jnts. ellip. ob. li. gy.
+   Hitchenii           Hitchin's          jnts. ob. ellip. gl.
+   Parote?                                jnts. obov. glau.
+   spinulifera Salm.   small-spin.        joints obov.
+   dejecta Nob.        dejected           joints obl. elon.
+   monacantha Haw.     single-sp.         jnts. obl. obov.
+   flexibilis          flexibile          jnts. ob. orb. gl.
+   sericea G. Dom.     silky              jnts. obov. glau.
+     _cærulea_.
+
+   _Systematic         No. and Colour of    Col. of Native   Year of
+   Name.               Spines.              Flower. Country. Introduc._
+   -------------------+--------------------+-------+--------+----------
+   microdasys Lehm.    ye. setac. dense     ..      ......  ---- D.S.S.
+                       ye.
+   _minor_
+   parvúla Nob.        setac. br.            ..     Chili   1835 D.S.S.
+   strícta Haw.        setac. ye.           _ye._   S. Am.  1796 D.S.S.
+   tuberculáta Haw.    setac. why. ye.      ..      ......  ---- D.S.S.
+   vulgáris Haw.       stm. creep. setac.   _ye._   S. Eur. 1596 D.S.S.
+                       re. br.
+   _major_
+   italica             setac. short ye.     _ye._   ......  1835 D.S.S.
+   glaúca              sp. ye. ap. br.        ..    ......  ---- D.S.S.
+   decúmbens           arcol. dk. gr.         ..    Mexico  1835 D.S.S.
+   _irrorata_
+   cochenillífera Haw. nearly unarmed       _pk._   S. Am.  1688 D.S.S.
+   lanceoláta Haw.     sp. ye. short.       _ye._   ......  1796 D.S.S.
+                       setac. ye.
+   rubéscens Salm.     red-gr. setac. wh.    ..     Brazils 1828 D.S.S.
+   tomentósa Lk.       sp. wh setac. ye.    _yo._   S. Am.  1820 D.S.S.
+   Mexicána            setac. wh.            ..     Mexico  1835 D.S.S.
+   eláta Ott.          sp. 1-wh.             ..     S. Am.  1731 D.S.S.
+   Salmii              sp. 2-4 wh. setac.    ..     ......  1835 D.S.S.
+                       br.
+   decumána Haw.       sp. wh.  setac.       ..     ......  1768 D.S.S.
+                       ye.
+   candelabrifórmis    sp. 1-3 wh. setac.    ..     ......  1835 D.S.S.
+                       ye.
+   grandis             sp. 1-wh. setac.      ..     ......  ---- D.S.S.
+                       ye.
+   Americana           sp. 1-wh. setac.      ..     Amer.   ---- D.S.S.
+                       ye.
+   Amcylcea DC.        sp. wh.               ..     Naples  1825 D.S.S.
+   Tuna Haw.           sp. elon. ye.        _ye._   S. Am.  1731 D.S.S.
+   Ficus Indica        sp. setac.           _ye._   ......  ---- D.S.S.
+   crassa Haw.         glau. setac. ye.     _ye._   Mexico  1811 D.S.S.
+                       br.
+   Bonplandi           sp. 2-5 ye.           ..     ......  ---- D.S.S.
+   horrida Salm.       sp. ye.              _ye._   S. Am.  ---- D.S.S.
+   Pseudo Tuna Salm.   sp. br. ye.          _ye._   ......  ---- D.S.S.
+   longispina Haw.     sp. 1-2 elon. gr.     ..     Brazil  1825 D.S.S.
+                       br.
+   Hitchenii           sp. 1-3 elon. ye.     ..     ......  ---- D.S.S.
+   Parote?             sp. 2-3 wh. ye.       ..     ......  ---- D.S.S.
+   spinulifera Salm.   sp. deflex. wh. ye.   ..     Mexico  1836 D.S.S.
+   dejecta Nob.        sp. 1-3 br. ye.      _ye._   Havan.  ---- D.S.S.
+   monacantha Haw.     sp. 1-2 br. ye.       ..     S. Am.  ---- D.S.S.
+   flexibilis          sp. 1-ye.             ..     ......  1836 D.S.S.
+   sericea G. Dom.     sp. ye. setac. re.   _ye._   Chili   1827 D.S.S.
+                       br.
+     _cærulea_.
+
+
+V. PARADOXEÆ. SALM.
+
+   _Systematic          English            Form of
+   Name.                Name.              Stems, &c._
+   --------------------+------------------+-----------------
+   Braziliénsis         Brazil             jnts. com. fl. ov.
+     _tenuifolia_        _slender-leaved_
+
+   _Systematic      No. and Colour of    Col. of Native   Year of
+   Name.            Spines.              Flower. Country. Introduc._
+   ----------------+--------------------+-------+--------+----------
+   Braziliénsis       sp. 1-3 strong.    _ye._   Brazils  1816 D.S.S.
+     _tenuifolia_
+
+
+_PERE'SKIA. PERE'SKIA._ Cal. many-leaved united to the ovary. Cor.
+rotate. Style filiform. Stigma aggreg. Berry globose.
+
+   _Systematic          English           Form of
+   Name.                Name.             Stems, &c._
+   --------------------+-----------------+----------------------------
+   aculeáta Haw.        prickly           los. ellip. acum. ent. smth.
+   Bleo                 Bleo              obl. acum. ent. base attenu.
+   grandifólia Haw.     large-leaved      obl. la. dott. ben.
+   grandispína          large-spin.       ellip. ent.
+   portulacaefólia      Purslan-ld.       obov. cuneat.
+
+   _Systematic      No. and Colour of  Col. of  Native   Year of
+   Name.            Spines.            Flower.  Country. Introduc._
+   ----------------+------------------+--------+--------+-----------
+   aculeáta Haw.                       _wh._    W. Ind.   1696 D.S.S.
+   Bleo                                _wh._    ......    ---- D.S.S.
+   grandifólia Haw. sp. elon. bk.      _wh._    Brazil    1818 D.S.S.
+   grandispína      sp. in clust.      _wh._    ......    ---- D.S.S.
+                    elon. bk.
+   portulacaefólia  sp. bk. 1/2-inch   _wh._    W. Ind.   1820 D.S.S.
+                    long.
+
+
+_RHIPSA'LIS. RHIPSA'LIS._ Cal. 3-6 parted, very short, the teeth
+acuminated. Petals 6 oblong. Stam. 12-18. Style filiform: stig. 3-6.
+
+   _Systematic          English          Form of
+   Name.                Name.            Stems, &c._
+   --------------------+----------------+----------------------------
+   spathuláta Ott.      spathulated      stm. cyl.
+   fasciculáris Haw.    fascicled        br. cyl. jnts. nearly an inch
+                                         long
+     _parasitica Salm._
+   mesembryanthoídes    Mesembry-like    br. erect cyl. jnts. crowd.
+                                         hairy
+   pendula Salm.        pendulous        br. vertic. pend. cyl. elong.
+   pentaptéra Ott.      five-winged      stm. erect 5-ang. smth. dent.
+   salicornóides Haw.   Salt-wort-like   joints erect short obov. cyl.
+   grandiflóra Haw.     large-fld.       br. cyl. smth. jnts. obl.
+   calamifórmis         reed-shaped      br. erect vertic. cyl. smth.
+
+   _Systematic          No. and Colour of  Col. of Native   Year of
+   Name.                Spines.            Flower. Country. Introduc._
+   --------------------+------------------+-------+--------+----------
+   spathuláta Ott.      sp. wh. br.         ..     ......   1836 D.S.S.
+                        woolly
+   fasciculáris Haw.                        ..     ......   1800 D.S.S.
+     _parasitica Salm._
+   mesembryanthoídes                       _wh._   ......   1818 D.S.S.
+   pendula Salm.                           _wh._   ......   ---- D.S.S.
+   pentaptéra Ott.                         _wh._   ......   1836 D.S.S.
+   salicornóides Haw.                      _ye._   ......   1818 D.S.S.
+   grandiflóra Haw.                        _wh._   S. Am.   1816 D.S.S.
+   calamifórmis                             ..     ......   1836 D.S.S.
+
+
+
+
+The following species of Cacteæ are daily expected from Germany, but
+whether they will prove distinct from those in the preceding pages, I am
+unable to determine until the plants arrive at Woburn Abbey.
+
+   _MAMMILLA'RIA._
+   anisacántha
+   canéscens
+   compréssa
+   eriacántha _flore albo_
+   erinácea
+   Hoffmanséggii
+   Hýstrix
+   Parote
+   polyédra
+   sp. colúmbia
+   crucígera
+   Dyckiána
+   rutíla
+   exsúdans
+   heteráctis
+   uberifórmis
+   Caput Medúsæ
+   gladiata
+   uncinata
+   recurva
+   setosa
+   sphacelata
+   tortolensis
+
+   _MELOCA'CTUS._
+   ceratites
+   coronatus
+   coccineus
+   pyramidalis
+   ---- _spinis albis_
+   ---- _spinis fuscis_
+   ---- _spinis longis_
+   proliferus
+
+   _ECHINOCA'CTUS._
+   dicracanthus
+   muricatus
+   tortuosus
+   agglomeratus
+   anfractuosus
+   niger
+   Karwinskii
+   oxypterus
+   Pfeifferi
+   phyllacanthus
+   pulchellus
+   multiplex flore rubro
+   ingens
+   spina Christi
+
+   _CE'REUS._
+   Boxamus
+   Bonplandii
+   Boydii
+   Brundii
+   Bayanensis
+   Columnæ
+   c[oe]ruleus
+   denudatus
+   elegans
+   formosus
+   ---- _gemmatus_
+   glaucéscens
+   hórridus
+   hýbridus
+   nòthus
+   ovàtus
+   platyacánthus
+   polygonàtus
+   Scottii
+   spectábilis
+   tubiflòrus
+   dichracánthus
+   geométricans
+   Schelhasii
+   aureus
+   azùreus
+   cineráscens
+   cognàtus
+   grìseus
+   Knightii
+   lividus
+   Mallisónii
+   redúctus
+   róridus
+   sublanàtus
+   subsquamàtus
+   tilophòrus
+   truncàtus _Altensteinii_
+
+   _EPIPHY'LLUM._
+   latifròns
+   platycárpum
+
+   _OPU'NTIA._
+   carolìna
+   coccínea
+   leucostàta
+   máxima
+   Poeppigii
+   polymórpha
+   præcox
+   splendens
+   stricta
+   triacántha
+   albispinòsa
+   Demorènia
+   Poeppigii
+
+   _PERE'SKIA._
+   acárdia
+   cruénta
+   Pititache
+
+Those kinds marked thus (*) were sent here, as new and undescribed
+species, I have therefore designated them by these names, until I can
+ascertain correctly whether they have been previously named or not.
+
+
+
+
+   CONTENTS.
+
+
+   Aremberg, Duke de                    102, 127
+   Aix-la-Chapelle                            95
+   Antwerp                                   115
+   ---- Botanic Garden                       117
+   Augsburg                                   73
+   Baden                                      72
+   Beaufforts, Count de                      110
+   Bel[oe]il                                 100
+   Berlin                                     15
+   ---- Botanic Gardens                       15
+   Blankanese                                  5
+   Bonn                                       88
+   ---- Botanic Gardens                       89
+   Boursoult's, M. Garden                    137
+   Brussells                                 105
+   ---- Botanic Garden                       123
+   Carlshrue                                  74
+   Cels', M. Nursery                         140
+   Charlottenberg Palace Gardens              17
+   Cologne                                    95
+   Darmsdadt                                  81
+   Dieppe                                    143
+   Dresden                                    41
+   ---- Botanic Garden                        41
+   Dusseldorf                                 92
+   Enghien                              102, 127
+   Esling, Prince de                         133
+   Flottbeck Nursery                           3
+   Frankfort                                  82
+   ---- Botanic Gardens                       84
+   Ghent                                     112
+   ---- Botanic Garden                        41
+   ---- Nurseries                       112, 113
+   Hamburgh                                    3
+   ---- Botanic Gardens                        7
+   Heidelberg                                 76
+   Hohenheim                                  70
+   Hoogart's, Baron de                       109
+   Jardin des Plantes                        130
+   Lacken Palace                             107
+   Liege                                      96
+   ---- Botanic Garden                        98
+   Ligne's, Prince de, Gardens               100
+   Louvain                                   125
+   ---- Botanic Gardens                      126
+   Luxemburg Gardens                         137
+   Mackoy's Nursery                           97
+   Maen's, M., Nursery                       117
+   Malines                                   122
+   Montemartre                               137
+   Mayence                                    87
+   Montreuil Peach Gardens                   138
+   Munich                                     51
+   ---- Botanic Gardens                       52
+   Namur                                      98
+   Noisette's Nursery                        132
+   Nuremberg                                  48
+   Nymphenburg                                54
+   Paris                                     129
+   Parmentier's Nursery                      104
+   Pêre la Chaise                            138
+   Pfauen Insel or Peacock Island             33
+   Potsdam                                    23
+   Prevost's, M., Nursery                    142
+   Rhine                                      88
+   Rosenstein Palace                          68
+   Rouen                                     141
+   ---- Botanic Garden                       142
+   Salm-Dyck's, Prince, Gardens               92
+   Sans-souci                                 23
+   Schwetzingen                               77
+   Smetz', Madame, Garden                    119
+   Stuttgard                                  66
+   ---- Botanic Gardens                       66
+   Vallet's, M., Nursery                     142
+   Vitry Nurseries                           139
+   Valenciennes                              128
+   Vandermaelin, M. J. F.                    122
+   Van Mons, Professor                       126
+   Versailles                                134
+
+
+THE END.
+
+
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+     concerning the true state of the Basque fueros and privileges; the
+     Eliot convention and its observance, &c."--_Globe_.
+
+     "A searching examination and a powerful refutation."--_Monthly
+     Review_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+STATE PAPERS.
+
+Now ready, price 30_s._ bound in cloth, and lettered.
+
+BRITISH and FOREIGN STATE PAPERS, 1832-1833, compiled by the "LIBRARIAN
+and KEEPER of the PAPERS" at the Foreign Office.
+
+     The Volume since the termination of the War in 1814 will be
+     reprinted as speedily as possible. The Volumes for 1818-19,
+     1819-20, 1828-9, 1829-30, 1830-81, 1831-32, are now ready.
+
+     This publication is intended to comprise the principal Documents
+     which have been made public, relating to the Political and
+     Commercial Affairs of Nations, and to their relations with each
+     other, from the termination of the War in 1814, to the latest
+     period.
+
+     The Work has, until lately, been printed exclusively for the use of
+     Government, and of its Diplomatic Agents abroad; but the general
+     interest attached to these Collections has led to its publication.
+
+     "It is the most important work of reference that has appeared for
+     many years."--_Times_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PROTECTION to COMMERCE against the Encroachments of RUSSIA. Fifth
+Edition, price 8_d._
+
+RUSSIA, in ANSWER to A MANCHESTER MANUFACTURER.
+
+_CONTENTS_:
+
+I.--Russia, Turkey, and England.
+
+II.--Poland, Russia, and England.
+
+III.--The Balance of Power.
+
+IV.--Protection of Commerce.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The PEOPLE of RUSSIA, and the POLICY of ENGLAND. In Octavo, 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+"* * * giving a masterly sketch of the population of the overgrown
+Empire of the Czar."--_Caledonian Mercury._
+
+"It gives the reader an insight into the manners, customs, and state of
+the people, information which is but very little known."--_Liverpool
+Standard._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The SPEECH of LORD DUDLEY STUART on the POLICY of RUSSIA. Delivered in
+the House of Commons, Friday, February 19, 1836. With an Appendix of
+Official Documents.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SPEECH OF P. M. STEWART, Esq. M.P. in the House of Commons, on April 20,
+1836, in support of his Motion on the subject of the Aggressions of
+Russia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CANADA. Remarks on the Proceedings as to Canada, in the present Session
+of Parliament. By one of the Commissioners, 3rd April, 1837. Price 1_s._
+
+Also in the Press,
+
+REASONS for Retaining the Dependence of LOWER CANADA.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Second Edition, with additions, in 8vo. price 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+A FEW REMARKS ON OUR FOREIGN POLICY.
+
+Also, by the same Author, price 1_s._
+
+SUPPLEMENTARY REMARKS ON OUR FOREIGN POLICY.
+
+        *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+In One Volume 8vo., price 10_s._
+
+OPINIONS of the EUROPEAN PRESS on the EASTERN QUESTION. Translated or
+Extracted from Turkish, German, French, and English Papers, and Reviews.
+By DAVID ROSS, of Bladensburgh, Esq.
+
+     "* * * The papers from the '_Moniteur Ottoman_,' in the volume
+     before us, would produce no discredit to our English Journals; they
+     come to us with the strong impress of feeling, and conviction, and
+     truth. We recommend these papers to the special attention of our
+     readers, and we repeat our hopes and our wishes, that the whole
+     contents of this important volume will not remain unexplored by our
+     fellow countrymen."--_Scots Times_.
+
+     "These translations and extracts consist of some of the best Essays
+     and Papers that have been written since the commencement of the
+     year 1835, on the designs of Russia, the conditions and prospects
+     of Turkey, and the power, as well as duties, belonging to certain
+     of the great European kingdoms--England especially, to check the
+     encroachments of the Northern Autocrat. The Editor, from his
+     preface and notes, seems to have been a resident in Turkey for a
+     considerable time, and to possess a thorough acquaintance with the
+     Eastern question. We believe that the works which have been given
+     to the world, on the Eastern question, by the publishers of the
+     present volume, have greatly, nay mainly contributed to the
+     dissemination of sound views on this great subject; nor can we
+     doubt of those collected translations and extracts, so well chosen
+     and edited as they are, tending still further to enlighten the mind
+     and invigorate the arm of England in behalf of freedom and justice,
+     and to the effectual checking of the despot's ambition."--_Monthly
+     Review_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ENGLAND and RUSSIA, being a Fifth Edition of England, France, Russia,
+and Turkey, revised and enlarged, 4_s._ 6_d._ boards.
+
+     "The action of Russia on Turkey--the treaty of Adrianople, of
+     Unkiar Skelessi--the convention of St. Petersburgh, have been so
+     completely laid bare, in 'England, France, Russia, and Turkey,'
+     that we need offer no remark on the subject; no attempt has been
+     made to controvert any of its positions; no doubt seems even to
+     remain as to their truth. That essay is too succinct to admit of
+     useful citation; it cannot be analysed, because it is itself a
+     condensed analysis of an overwhelming subject. We must content
+     ourselves with urging it on our reader's attention."--_British and
+     Foreign Review_, No. I.
+
+     "The effect of this publication on opinion in England, is, perhaps
+     unparalleled. The question interests now, because rendered
+     intelligible."--_Foreign Quarterly Review_, No. XXX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The SULTAN MAHMOUD, and MEHEMET ALI PACHA, by the Author of _England,
+France, Russia, and Turkey_. Third Edition. 2_s._
+
+
+EASTERN AFFAIRS.--A STATEMENT of FACTS. By A RESIDENT AT CONSTANTINOPLE.
+8vo. Second Edition. 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+     "... And a clearer or more incontrovertible statement as to the
+     present posture of affairs in the East was certainly never penned.
+     It is evidently the production of a man who has not only been a
+     long time in Turkey, but has lived there under auspices which gave
+     him access to the most infallible sources of information."--_Times,
+     Oct_. 1.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A SUMMARY of the HISTORY of the EAST INDIA COMPANY, From the Grant of
+their First Charter, by Queen Elizabeth, to the present period. By
+CAPTAIN THORNTON, R.N. 8vo. 7_s._ boards.
+
+     "It may be used as a manual by all parties. It is a succinct
+     collection of materials for information and discussion. The details
+     of the Burmese War are from the original memoranda and
+     recollections of the Author, who was present in it."--_Asiatic
+     Journal_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+=JOINT-STOCK BANKS.=
+
+In Octavo, 2_s._
+
+THOUGHTS upon the PRINCIPLES of BANKS, and the Wisdom of Legislative
+Interference.
+
+     "The late multiplication of banking companies in both parts of the
+     United Kingdom, an event by which many people have been much
+     alarmed, instead of diminishing, increases the security of the
+     public."--_Adam Smith_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Third Edition. With the late PRESSURE on the MONEY MARKET, 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+An EXAMINATION of the REPORT on JOINT-STOCK BANKS. Third Edition. With
+an Account of the late Pressure in the Money Market, and Embarrassment
+of the Northern and Central Bank of England. By T. JOPLIN. Third
+Edition.
+
+     This pamphlet was recommended to the attention of the House by the
+     Chancellor of the Exchequer, in his speech of the 6th instant, as
+     follows:--"Before I sit down, I am anxious to call the attention of
+     the House to a very interesting document which I hold in my hand.
+     It is published to the world in the shape of a Commentary on the
+     Report of the Committee which had sat upon this subject last
+     session," &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Second Edition. Price 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+SPEECH of WILLIAM CLAY, Esq., M.P., on moving for the appointment of a
+Committee to inquire into the Operation of the Act permitting the
+Establishment of JOINT-STOCK BANKS; to which are added, Reflections on
+Limited Liability, Paid-up Capital, and Publicity of Accounts, as
+applied to such Associations: with some Remarks on an Article on
+Joint-Stock Companies, in the last Number of the _Edinburgh Review_.
+
+     "We are thus particular in enumerating the contents of this
+     well-timed publication, because we are desirous that it should be
+     referred to by such of our readers as feel particular interest in
+     monetary affairs, at the earliest moment."--_Constitutional, Oct_.
+     19.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+REPORT of the COMMITTEE of the HOUSE of COMMONS on JOINT-STOCK BANKS,
+August 20, 1836. Price 6_d._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE BANK CHARTER.
+
+A DIGEST of the EVIDENCE before the SECRET COMMITTEE of the HOUSE of
+COMMONS, in 1832, on the Renewal of the BANK of ENGLAND CHARTER;
+arranged, together with the Tables, under proper heads, with Strictures,
+&c. By THOMAS JOPLIN. 1 vol. 8vo. 14_s._
+
+     "Thus the Report is not only much abridged, without the omission of
+     any essential fact, but it is reduced to a methodical form, and
+     rendered of easy reference."--_Times, March_ 25.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+REFLECTIONS on the APPROACHING CRISIS, Silver Standard, and Local
+Acceptances. By a MAN OF STRAW. 6_d._
+
+        *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+=CURRENCY AND CORN QUESTIONS.=
+
+AN ANALYSIS and HISTORY of the CURRENCY QUESTION. With the Origin and
+Growth of Joint-Stock Banking in England, &c. By THOMAS JOPLIN. 8_s._
+6_d._
+
+     "It contains such a masterly exposition of the Currency Question,
+     in all its shapes and bearings, and is conveyed to the reader in so
+     comprehensive a form, that the task of perusing it is anything but
+     that which is generally apprehended by those who are desirous of
+     perfectly understanding this important subject."--_Mark Lane
+     Express_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The CURRENCY QUESTION in a Nut Shell. 4_d._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AN ARGUMENT against the GOLD STANDARD; with an Examination of the
+Principles of the Modern Economists--Theory of Rent--Corn Laws, &c. &c.
+Addressed to the Landlords of England. By D. G. LUBÈ, M.A. Trinity
+College, Dublin, and of Lincoln's Inn, Barrister at Law. 5_s._ boards.
+
+     "Money is an universal commodity, and as necessary to Trade as food
+     is to life."--_Locke_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PAPER MONEY, BANKING, and OVER TRADING; with the Scotch System of
+Banking explained. By the Right Hon. Sir HENRY PARNELL, Bart. M.P. New
+Edition. 5_s._ 6_d._ boards.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE POWER of the BANK of ENGLAND, and the Use it has made of it; with a
+Refutation of the Objections made to the Scotch System of Banking; and a
+Reply to the "Historical Sketch of the Bank of England." Second Edition.
+2_s._ 6_d._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+INFLUENCE of the PUBLIC DEBT on the PROSPERITY of the COUNTRY. By M. B.
+2_s._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The REVENUE and the EXPENDITURE of the UNITED KINGDOM. By SAMUEL WELLS,
+Barrister-at-Law. 8vo. 15_s._ cloth.
+
+     "A truly able and useful work."--_Morning Herald_.
+
+     "A work of much skill and merit, coupled with great labour and
+     research."--_Gentleman's Magazine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CORN and CURRENCY; in an Address to the Landowners. By the Right Hon.
+Sir JAMES GRAHAM, Bart. M.P. New Edition. 4_s._ 6_d._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EARL FITZWILLIAM'S FIRST AND SECOND ADDRESSES TO LANDOWNERS ON THE CORN
+LAWS. New Editions. 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+        *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+CORN LAWS COMPLETE TO 1833.
+
+A COMPENDIUM of the LAWS passed from time to time for regulating and
+restricting the Importation, Exportation, and Consumption of Foreign
+Corn, from 1660; and a series of Accounts, from the date of the earliest
+Official Records, showing the operation of the several Statutes, the
+Average Prices of Corn, &c. &c. Presenting a complete View of the Corn
+Trade of Great Britain, compiled from Public Documents, and brought down
+to the present time. Fifth Edition. 5_s._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FREE TRADE in CORN, the Real Interest of the Landlord, and the True
+Policy of the State. By a CUMBERLAND LAND-OWNER. Second Edition. 2_s._
+6_d._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AN INQUIRY into the EXPEDIENCY of the EXISTING RESTRICTIONS on the
+IMPORTATION of FOREIGN CORN; with Observations on the Present Social and
+Political Prospects of Great Britain. By JOHN BARTON. 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+     Key to Agricultural Prosperity. In 229 closely printed 8vo. pages.
+     Price 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+STATE and PROSPECTS of BRITISH AGRICULTURE; being a Compendium of the
+Evidence given before a Committee of the House of Commons, appointed in
+1836, to inquire into Agricultural Distress. With a few Introductory
+Observations. By a MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT.
+
+     "We can confidently recommend this publication to our readers as a
+     most useful compendium of the Evidence, much of it highly curious,
+     taken before the Agricultural Committee; and we trust it will be
+     extensively circulated throughout the country."--_Chronicle, March
+     31._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+REMARKS on the PRESENT STATE of AGRICULTURE; in a Letter to his
+Constituents. By CHARLES SHAW LEFEVRE, Esq., M.P., Chairman of the
+Select Committee appointed to inquire into the State of Agriculture,
+Session 1836. Eleventh Edition, 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+     [***] An Edition is printed for purposes of general distribution,
+     at 3_s._ per dozen, or 24_s._ per hundred.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+     Second Edition. 4_s._ cloth.
+
+PRACTICAL FARMING AND GRAZING, with Observations on the Breeding and
+Feeding of Sheep and Cattle; on Rents and Tithes; on the Maintenance and
+Employment of Agricultural Labourers; on the Poor Law Amendment Act; and
+on other subjects connected with Agriculture. By C. HILLYARD, Esq.
+President of the Northamptonshire Farming and Grazing Society.
+
+        *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NEW SERIES.
+
+With a Fine Portrait of an Italian Bull, by Thomas Landseer, 3_s._
+
+THE BRITISH FARMER'S MAGAZINE (QUARTERLY), No. I. of Vol. I. (New
+Series) for April.
+
+CONTENTS:
+
+Mr. S. Taylor, on the manufacture of Beet-root Sugar in France. On the
+use of Chalk as Manure--Mr. Donaldson's Observations on the causes which
+retard the Advancement of Agriculture--On Gypsum as a Manure--Mr.
+Towers, on the Improvement of Agriculture--Mr. Taylor, in Reply to Mr.
+Donbavand--Extracts from the Diary of a late eminent Agriculturist--On
+Manures, their Use and Composition--On Beet-Root Sugar--On Land
+Draining--Mr. Gray, on the Statistic History of 1836--Liverpool
+Agricultural Society's Third Annual Ploughing Match--Remarks on
+the Management of an Essex Farm--Mr. Stent, on the Failure of
+the Potato Crop--Two Months at Kilkee--Mr. Percivall, on the
+Epidemics of 1836--Norfolk Quarterly Report--General Report for
+England--Miscellaneous.
+
+     "The practical and inquiring farmer can have no better manual of
+     reference than this useful publication, which treats on subjects
+     connected with all the various branches of Agriculture."
+
+     [***] A few complete sets of the first Series in 10 vols. have been
+     perfected, and may now be had neatly half-bound, 17_s._ 6_d._ each
+     vol.
+
+No. II. will be published on July 1, 1837.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+=MISCELLANEOUS WORKS=.
+
+New Edition, in Two small Volumes, 12_s._
+
+LORD COLLINGWOOD'S MEMOIRS AND CORRESPONDENCE, PUBLIC and PRIVATE. By G.
+L. NEWNHAM COLLINGWOOD, Esq. F.R.S. Fifth Edition. In the Press.
+
+     "The portrait of one English worthy more is now secured to
+     posterity."--_Quarterly Review._
+
+     "We do not know when we have met with so delightful a book as this,
+     or one with which we are so well pleased with ourselves for being
+     delighted. Its attraction consists almost entirely in its moral
+     beauty."--_Edinburgh Review._
+
+     "Having thus referred to Lord Collingwood's Life, I may be allowed
+     to say that the publication of that volume is indeed a national
+     good; it ought to be in every officer's cabin, and in every
+     statesman's cabinet."--_Southey's Life of Lord Nelson_, New
+     Edition, p. 348.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MR. CANNING.
+
+The SPEECHES of the RIGHT HONOURABLE GEORGE CANNING, corrected and
+revised by himself, with Memoirs of his Life; illustrated by a fine
+Portrait, Fac-similes of his Hand Writing, a Plate exhibitive of his
+mode of correcting and revising his Speeches, &c. in two important
+passages in the celebrated one on Portugal. Six vols. 8vo. Third
+Edition. £.3 12_s._
+
+     The late Right Hon. W. Huskisson, in a Letter to the Editor,
+     alluding to the Work, says, "It is a Work which is destined to
+     convey to posterity the remains of his splendid talents as an
+     orator--to exhibit his principles as a statesman--and to show with
+     what energy and success he carried those principles into execution
+     as a Minister of the Crown."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LORD BROUGHAM.
+
+In One Volume, 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ boards.
+
+SELECTIONS from the SPEECHES and WRITINGS of the Right Hon. HENRY, LORD
+BROUGHAM, with a Brief Sketch of his LIFE.
+
+     "The Memoir, which precedes these Selections, seems to be more
+     complete than any we have hitherto met with, and contains many
+     interesting particulars."--_Literary Guardian._
+
+     "We have no doubt that the present will be a very acceptable Volume
+     to a large class of readers."--_Examiner._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE LIBERTY OF THE PRESS, &c.
+
+THE SPEECHES of the HONOURABLE THOMAS (afterwards LORD) ERSKINE, when at
+the Bar, on subjects connected with the Liberty of the Press, and
+against Constructive Treason. 5 vols. 8vo. 2_l._ 10_s._
+
+     "We take the opinion of the country, and of every part of the world
+     where the language is understood, to be that of the most unbounded
+     admiration of these exquisite specimens of judicial oratory, and of
+     great obligations to the Editor of the collection."--_Edin. Rev._
+     Vol. XIX.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PARLIAMENTARY MANUAL FOR THE YEAR 1837; containing the Present and Last
+Parliaments, Authentic Results of the various Polls in England, Wales,
+Scotland, and Ireland; and a Summary of the Act 2 William IV. cap 45, to
+Amend the Representation of the People in England and Wales; Forms of
+Lists and Notices, &c. Also a List of the Changes in Administration,
+from the commencement of the present century; a summary Account of the
+Duties of the great Officers of State; a Table of the duration of the
+several Parliaments, from Henry VIII. to the present time; a List of
+those places which formerly sent Members to Parliament; a List of the
+Deaths of the principal Personages since 1799; and a complete Abstract
+of the Election Laws. 3_s._ boards.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The PEERAGE of the UNITED KINGDOM, with the ARMS of the PEERS. Published
+annually, and Corrected to the latest period. 7_s._ 6_d._ bds.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The BARONETAGE of the UNITED KINGDOM, with the ARMS of the BARONETS.
+Published annually, and Corrected to the latest period. 7_s._ 6_d._
+boards.
+
+     [***] Possessors of old editions of Debrett's, and other Peerages
+     or Baronetages, require only those Works to render them correct.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+     In a small Volume, 5_s._ 6_d._ cloth, or 6_s._ bound, gilt leaves.
+
+THE COURT AND COUNTRY COMPANION, containing the most authentic TABLES of
+PRECEDENCE among all British Ranks and Departments, both Male and
+Female. Also, Directions for Epistolary Correspondence, with Forms of
+Addresses, Memorials, and Petitions: together with Instructions for
+Presentations at Court, and for attending Royal Levees and Drawing
+Rooms.
+
+     "Messrs. Ridgway and Sons have conferred an obligation upon the
+     public by publishing their Court and Country Companion."--_Court
+     Journal._
+
+     "This little publication will be found to be of very great utility
+     in the every day business of civilized life; as every one, of
+     whatever rank in society she or he may be, may derive correctness
+     and advantage in using it as a _vade mecum_."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PHENOMENA OF THE EARTH.
+
+In One Volume, post 8vo. 427 pages, with two Plates, 7_s._
+
+THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE GLOBE FAMILIARLY DESCRIBED: By ALEXANDER
+BERTRAND, M.D. &c. &c. &c.
+
+     The above work, it is hoped, will prove to the general reader in
+     this department of science what Dr. Lindley's "Ladies' Botany" is
+     doing for that delightful pursuit.
+
+     "'The Revolutions of the Globe,' by Dr. Bertrand, is one of the
+     most agreeable we have met with. The object of the Author is to
+     convey to the idlest and least learned reader an idea of the
+     wonders of Geology. To accomplish his intention in a manner which
+     requires the easiest, and admits with propriety of the most
+     trifling mode of treatment, he addresses his nineteen letters to a
+     lady. This matter consists of the striking facts of Geology, rather
+     than of a view of the principles, or a statement of the evidence,
+     on which they rest. His manner of discussion will be best shown by
+     some specimens. The surface of the globe is not a new subject; yet
+     see how interesting our author makes it."--_Spectator, January 31._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE MOSAIC DELUGE. MR. GEORGE FAIRHOLME'S New and conclusive Natural
+Demonstrations both of the Fact and Period of the Mosaic Deluge, and of
+its having been the only event of the kind that has ever occurred upon
+the Earth; illustrated by numerous Wood-cuts, &c., executed in the best
+manner, will be published early in May, in 1 vol. 8vo.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CARTOONS OF RAPHAEL.
+
+     Second Edition, in 8vo. 8_s._ 6_d._ cloth boards.
+
+CARTONENSIA; or an Historical and Critical Account of the Tapestries in
+the Vatican; copied from the designs of Raphael of Urbino, and of such
+of the Cartoons whence they were woven, as are now in preservation. With
+Notes and Illustrations. To which are subjoined, Remarks on the Causes
+which retard the progress of the higher departments of Paintings in this
+country. By the Rev. W. GUNN, B.D. Second Edition, with Additions.
+
+     "Mr. Gunn's commentary upon this beautiful production (the
+     Nativity) is well written, and contains canons of criticism which
+     we conceive to be in the most correct taste.... Indeed we would
+     strongly recommend 'Cartonensia' to general attention. It bears
+     about it all the marks of a liberal and accomplished mind,
+     cordially devoted to the prosperity of the fine arts; and we trust
+     that its criticisms, founded, as they generally are, in good sense,
+     and always elegantly expressed, will exercise a salutary influence
+     upon the public taste."--_Monthly Review._
+
+     "In dismissing this work, we would recommend it most cordially to
+     our friends. The artist will find much information, coupled with
+     much admirable advice, in its pages, while the general reader will
+     be amused with its details, and instructed by the remarks, both
+     historical and theological, which he will meet with in perusing it.
+     Mr. Gunn is a man of much critical acumen, softened down and
+     polished by his gentlemanly feelings, and amiable spirit; and we
+     think that few will arise from his book without sensations of
+     gratitude for his labours in its compilation, and of satisfaction
+     for the information he so pleasingly communicates."--_Arnold's
+     Magazine of the Fine Arts_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Mr. Forbes's new Work on Horticulture._
+
+HORTICULTURAL TOUR THROUGH GERMANY, BELGIUM, and FRANCE, in 1836. By
+JAMES FORBES, F.H.S. &c., Author of "HORTUS WOBURNENSIS; or, THE GARDENS
+AND GROUNDS OF WOBURN ABBEY." In royal and demy 8vo.
+
+        *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+NEW POEM.
+
+In 8vo. 6_s._ 6_d._, cloth boards.
+
+ALFRED THE GREAT. A Poem. By G. L. NEWNHAM COLLINGWOOD, Esq., Editor of
+the '_Life and Correspondence of Admiral Lord Collingwood._'
+
+     "At any other time than the present, when the tide of literary
+     taste is running against poetry of the severely heroic character,
+     the appearance of such a work as 'Alfred the Great' would have
+     excited a general interest, and ensured the author a high place
+     among the writers of his country. * * * We may add that the
+     interest of the poem never flags, and has the additional merit of
+     keeping pace with the progress of the story from its commencement
+     to its conclusion."--_New Monthly Mag., August 1._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE HON. and REV. WILLIAM HERBERT'S NEW WORK, ON AMARYLLIDACEÆ.
+Illustrated by numerous Plates, coloured and plain, with a Treatise on
+HYBRID VEGETABLES subjoined, may be certainly expected in the course of
+the present month. 1 vol. royal 8vo. 1_l._ 5_s._; or coloured 1_l._
+18_s._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PERSONAL SAFETY FROM LIGHTNING, &c. 1_s._
+
+Directions for ensuring Personal Safety during storms of Thunder and
+Lightning; and for the right application of Conductors to Houses and
+other Buildings. By JOHN LEIGH, Esq. Third Edition. With the
+Instructions of the Humane Society.
+
+     "The whole of the little tract being of that plain, sensible, and
+     accurate character, as particularly to enlighten not only the
+     ignorant peasant, but the public in general, as to the best
+     ascertained means of escaping destruction, or damage, from thunder
+     storms."--_Monthly Review, May 1._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+     Third Edition, with a Plate and two Diagrams. 1_s._ or 1_s._ 6_d._
+     bound and gilt.
+
+WHAT IS A COMET, PAPA? or, a familiar Description of Comets; more
+particularly HALLEY'S COMET. To which is prefixed, a CONCISE
+ACCOUNT OF THE OTHER HEAVENLY BODIES. By ROSINA MARIA ZORNLIN.
+
+     "A timely question, answered after the German fashion, by telling
+     plainly, 'all, how, and about it.' The first, a conversation among
+     a family of clever children, the boy relating the leading truths of
+     Astronomy to his sisters, while they are waiting the return of
+     their parents: the second part is papa's own account of the passing
+     Comet, in answer to the question which forms the title. Both are
+     very well done, and the authoress deserves great credit for the
+     thought and its realization."--_Atlas, August 28._
+
+Also, by the same Author,
+
+THE SOLAR ECLIPSE; or, The Two Almanacs; containing more Inquiries in
+Astronomy. Plate and Diagrams, 1_s._; or 1_s._ 6_d._ bound and coloured.
+
+     "Just the sort of book we love to put into the hands of young
+     persons. It invites them to inquiry, and makes them laudably
+     curious. There is in this little work much valuable information,
+     both on the solar system and on Comets, which, just now, will be
+     peculiarly attractive."--_London Journal._
+
+     "There are editions on common paper which may be had for a trifle,
+     and one of which should be in every family within the nation, where
+     ignorance or children may be found. We cannot conceive of any means
+     by which the majesty and power of the Almighty is to be so easily
+     and forcibly impressed upon the uninformed mind, as by putting this
+     little tract into the hands of such. That must be a heartless and
+     wicked parent, who will not enjoy the earnestness and ingenuity of
+     the thousand interrogatories that will thereafter be innocently
+     proposed by the same inquirer."--_Monthly Review._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE YOUNG HORSEWOMAN'S COMPENDIUM OF THE MODERN ART OF RIDING.
+
+In progressive Lessons; designed to give a secure and graceful seat on
+Horseback; at the same time so effectually to form the Hand, that, in a
+short time, perfect command of the Horse may be obtained. By EDWARD
+STANLEY; with illustrative plates, 10_s._ bds.
+
+     "But we have said enough of this Manual, and have only to add that
+     it is a very sensible and judicious publication."--_Literary
+     Gazette._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE ENGLISH RACE HORSE.
+
+A TREATISE ON THE CARE, TREATMENT, AND TRAINING OF THE ENGLISH RACE
+HORSE; with important Details applicable to bettering the Condition of
+Horses in general. By R. DARVILL, V.S. to the Seventh Hussars.
+Illustrated by plates. Vols. I. and II. 8vo. £1. 1_s._ each.
+
+[***] The Third and concluding Volume is in the Press, and will shortly
+be published, together with a Second Edition of _Vol. I_.
+
+     "Never before was such a book written in any language, so replete
+     with those minute but indispensable particulars of practice; and by
+     a writer who has personally performed his part throughout the whole
+     of the practice. This is the true book of reference for every stud
+     and training groom, and every jockey."--Vide _Lawrence on the
+     Horse_, p. 297; also, _The Sporting Magazine and British Farmer's
+     Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GROUSE, PARTRIDGE, and PHEASANT SHOOTING.
+
+Post Octavo, 8_s._ 6_d._
+
+THE OAKLEIGH SHOOTING CODE; containing 222 chapters relative to shooting
+Grouse, Partridges, Pheasants, &c. By THOMAS OAKLEIGH, Esq., with
+numerous Notes. Edited by the Author of _Nights at Oakleigh Old Manor
+Hall._
+
+     "We would advise all our sporting friends to buy this admirable
+     digest, the first time they see it in any bookseller's shop;
+     or--why--as well order it at once. It is the best thing of the kind
+     extant."--_Chambers's Edinburgh Journal._
+
+     "We have scarcely ever met with a volume containing so much light
+     reading, and at the same time such a fund of instruction and
+     practical advice to sportsmen, as the one now before us." * *
+     _Wigan Gazette, Oct. 14._
+
+     "Two hundred and twenty chapters of very useful hints."--_Atlas._
+
+     "Since the publication of Daniel's _Rural Sports_ we have seen
+     nothing worthy to be compared with the canons or the _Oakleigh
+     Code_."--_Essex Mercury._
+
+     "Containing such a mass of information relative to shooting, that
+     it ought to be in every sportsman's hands. Who would not wish to
+     spend a week at the ancient and hospitable hall of the worthy 'Tom
+     Oakleigh?'"--_Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, Sept. 10._
+
+     * * * "Timely, therefore, is the appearance of _Oakleigh Shooting
+     Code_; a manual for the tyro, and a book of reference to the
+     veteran sportsman, who, though he may sneer at 'book-shooting,' as
+     old farmers do at 'book-farming,' may yet condescend to pick up
+     some useful hints in its pages." * * "It bears internal evidence of
+     being the production of a real sportsman--one who has gleaned his
+     knowledge from experience, who tests the value of theory by
+     practice, and who, to a scientific acquaintance with his subject
+     adds a hearty enthusiasm for the sport."--_Spectator._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+PRISON DISCIPLINE.
+
+CHARGE of the RECORDER to the GRAND JURY of the City of Worcester,
+delivered at the last Epiphany Sessions. Published at the Request of the
+Magistracy and Council of the City. 2_s._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+In 8vo. with an Illustrated Title, Price 15_s._ cloth boards.
+
+LAOCOON; an Essay on the relative limits of Poetry and Painting;
+translated from the Original German of GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSING, by
+WILLIAM ROSS, late Professor of Painting and Sculpture in the
+Andersonian University, Glasgow.
+
+     "We believe that this work is justly considered to have been
+     Lessing's _coup d'essai_; and certainly, as translated by Mr. Ross,
+     it is one of the most graceful and elegant pieces we ever perused.
+     Its canons of criticism too, we cannot but feel, are the result of
+     the profoundest reflection and most refined taste, being admirably
+     calculated to enlighten the Critic, and to facilitate the studies
+     of the Artist."--_Monthly Review._
+
+     "A very elegant version of a beautiful critical essay, which has
+     originated some of the finest views of Art."--_Literary Gazette._
+
+     "Lessing, if still living, might feel cause to rejoice at the
+     exhibition of his treatise in a dress so likely to preserve its
+     value. The original notes show a refined taste and correct
+     judgment."--_New Monthly Magazine, Sept. 1836._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SKETCHES in GREECE and TURKEY, with the Present Condition & Future
+Prospects of the Turkish Empire. 8vo. 9_s._ 6_d._
+
+     "This is a charming Volume, for it embraces both the useful and the
+     beautiful." * *--_Spectator._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+RECORD COMMISSION. Price 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+REPORT of the SELECT COMMITTEE of the HOUSE OF COMMONS, appointed to
+inquire into the MANAGEMENT and AFFAIRS of the RECORD COMMISSION, with
+Illustrative Notes; and Remarks on the Secretary's (C. P. Cooper)
+attempted alteration of his Evidence.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The FACTORY QUESTION and the TEN HOURS' BILL. By ROBERT HYDE
+GREG, Esq. 3_s._
+
+     This pamphlet contains a concise history of Factory Legislation
+     down to the present time, with copious extracts from the Evidence
+     and Reports of the Factory Commissioners of 1833, and from the
+     various reports, to the Secretary of State, of the Factory
+     Inspectors since that period. It enters fully into the argument of
+     the comparative healthiness of factory employment, and into the
+     policy of further curtailing the hours of labour. It contains also
+     the most recent and authentic information respecting the progress
+     of foreign manufactures--the quantity produced by the machinery in
+     the continental and American cotton mills, compared with those of
+     England; and it shows the precarious tenure on which the cotton
+     manufacture of this country is at present held.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+In the Press. In Octavo, 3_s._ 6_d._
+
+An HISTORICAL ACCOUNT of the UNIVERSITY of CAMBRIDGE, and its COLLEGES.
+By B. D. WALSH, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College.
+
+     Contents:--Introduction--The "_Must Not_" Argument against a
+     Commission--The "_Need Not_" Argument--The University prior to the
+     Colleges--The Hostels--Religious Tests not anciently exacted--The
+     Office of Chancellor--The Senate--The College of Tribunes, called
+     the "Capul," and their "Veto"--The Innovations and Usurpations of
+     the Heads of Colleges upon the University, in the various offices
+     of 1. High Steward; 2. Vice Chancellor; 3. The Proctors; 4. The
+     Taxors; 5. Scrutators; 6. The Bedells; 7. The Guardians and
+     Auditors of the Public Chest; 8. The Public Orator; 9. The
+     Registry; 10. The Barnaby Lectures; 11. The M. P.'s University
+     Lectures; System of Compulsory Lectures; Ancient Disputations;
+     Modern Examinations; Degrees; Introduction of Modern Sciences into
+     the Examinations; The Colleges; Their Tutors; Their Lecturers;
+     Fellows; Compulsory Holy Order; Ridiculous Absurdities in Statutes,
+     sworn to by all, &c. &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FREE and SAFE GOVERNMENT, traced from the Origin and Principles of the
+British Constitution. By a CUMBERLAND LAND-OWNER, Author of
+_Free Trade in Corn, &c._ 1 vol. 8_s._ bds.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SOME REMARKS ON THE PRESENT STUDIES AND MANAGEMENT OF ETON SCHOOL. By a
+PARENT. Fifth Edition. 1_s._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+=NEW WORKS ON BOTANY=.
+
+Dr. LINDLEY'S BOTANICAL REGISTER; or, ORNAMENTAL FLOWER GARDEN AND
+SHRUBBERY. Publishing the first of every month, price 4_s._
+
+Each Number contains eight finely-coloured Portraits, from life, of the
+handsomest Flowering Plants and Shrubs grown in this country,
+accompanied by their History, Treatment in Cultivation, Propagation, &c.
+
+No. V. of Vol. X., New Series, was published May 1, 1837.
+
+The previous Volumes may be had separately, £.2 9_s._ each.
+
+[***] All the Numbers which were out of print are now re-printed.
+
+     "This Series, placed under the superintendence of Professor
+     Lindley, comes forth with increased splendour of illustration, and
+     increased accuracy of description. The present number contains many
+     plants and shrubs, of extreme beauty, delineated and coloured, so
+     as almost to rival the tints of nature, and bestow perpetuity on
+     her loveliest, yet most transitory, productions. The letter-press,
+     in addition to the ordinary information, as to the habits, mode of
+     culture, and organization of the plant, occasionally introduces
+     points of vegetable physiology, or observations respecting its
+     economical uses, which possess much interest."--_Athenæum._
+
+     "The Botanical Register, from containing most or all of the new
+     plants introduced by the Horticultural Society, from the great care
+     with which its plates are executed, and the judicious remarks on
+     culture and general habit, by Dr. Lindley, is, in consequence, the
+     superior publication."--_Loudon's Magazine of Botany, &c._
+
+     "Too much praise cannot be bestowed upon this
+     work."--_Horticultural Cabinet._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LADIES BOTANY. In Two Volumes. By Dr. LINDLEY, Editor of the _Botanical
+Register, Fossil Flora of Great Britain, &c. &c._ Third Edition. 8vo.
+Vol. I, with numerous illustrative plates, 16_s._, and finely coloured,
+25_s._
+
+     "We consider it quite needless to recommend this work: it must find
+     its way into the library of every lady, and it ought to be in the
+     coat pocket of every young gardener."--_Gardener's Magazine._
+
+     "Let it be known--let it be introduced into every library,
+     reading-room, and seminary throughout Britain; let it become the
+     class-book of botanical study."--_Horticultural Register._
+
+The Second Volume, which will complete the work, will be published in
+May.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Second Edition. One Volume, royal 8vo. with Eighteen coloured Plates.
+21_s._ cloth boards.
+
+ROSARUM MONOGRAPHIA; or, a BOTANICAL HISTORY of ROSES. To which is
+added, an Appendix for the Use of Cultivators, in which the most
+remarkable Garden Varieties are systematically arranged; with Nineteen
+Plates, Eighteen beautifully coloured. By JOHN LINDLEY, Ph.D. F.L.S.
+R.S. &c. &c.
+
+        *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Dedicated to the Patrons and Patronesses of Village Schools.
+
+A CATECHISM of GARDENING, intended for the use of Village Schools and
+Cottagers, containing plain and brief Directions for cultivating every
+kind of Vegetable in common use. By an old Practitioner. Second Edition,
+enlarged, 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+     "This is a cheap little work, and far better adapted for its avowed
+     purpose than any of the tracts which have preceded it. The small
+     type and closely-printed page of the Catechism show that the author
+     is perfectly serious in his wish to extend a knowledge of
+     Horticulture to the humblest classes of society."--_Loudon's
+     Gardener's Magazine._
+
+     "This is not only a useful, but a cheap publication, and
+     excellently adapted for its purpose."--_Analyst._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+GARDENS and GROUNDS of WOBURN ABBEY. Illustrated by numerous Views,
+Plans, &c. One Vol. Medium 8vo. 21_s._
+
+HORTUS WOBURNENSIS; a DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE, comprising Generic and
+Specific Character, Colour of the Flower, Native Country, Year of
+Introduction, Soil, and Mode of Propagation, of upwards of SIX THOUSAND
+of the finest Ornamental PLANTS and SHRUBS, both Exotic and Indigenous,
+for the Decoration of the British Flower Garden, Greenhouse, Plant
+Stove, &c.; with an Account of the Routine of Culture pursued in the
+Forcing Department throughout the Year, a List of the Fruits cultivated;
+including short Treatises on the Management of the superior Fruits,
+Vegetables, &c. together with Designs for the Erection of Forcing
+Houses, Melon, and Culinary Pits, and a mode of heating by Hot Water
+Pipes, by which a genial steady Heat is produced, with a great Saving of
+Fuel, and the Houses left with perfect safety, for full fifteen hours,
+at even 28 degrees of Frost, Fahrenheit. By JAMES FORBES,
+A.L.S. C.M. H.S. &c., Principal Gardener at Woburn Abbey.
+
+     _A few Copies are printed on Royal Paper, for such of the Nobility
+     as may desire them. Proofs_, 2_l._ 2_s_. _Ditto, coloured_, 2_l._
+     12_s._ 6_d._
+
+     "The plan of this Work is good. The objects of cultivation, the
+     routine of cropping, the periods of forcing fruits and flowers, and
+     the hothouses employed for such purposes, are nearly the same in
+     all large gardens; and a well-digested and accurate account of what
+     is found most useful or beautiful in one, will serve as a rule of
+     practice in nearly all the others. The Duke of Bedford's Garden is
+     one of the best in England, and Mr. Forbes is one of the most
+     experienced Gardeners; so that a better model, or a better man,
+     could hardly be found, to illustrate the most efficient plans which
+     are followed in the management of horticultural affairs in England
+     * * * We can recommend Mr. Forbes's Work to our gardening
+     Friends."--_Athenæum._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+FRUIT AND FRUIT TREES.
+
+Second Edition, in One Volume, price 6_s._
+
+THE FRUIT CULTIVATOR. By JOHN ROGERS, Nurseryman, formerly of the Royal
+Gardens.
+
+     "Directions are given for planting, pruning, training, the
+     formation of Fruit-Tree Borders, and Orchards, the gathering and
+     storing of Fruit; in a word, every thing which can be desired is
+     handled in a plain instructive manner, in such a way as a practical
+     man alone is capable of doing it."--_Irish Farmer's and Gardener's
+     Magazine._
+
+     "It remains only to say, that we think Mr. Rogers has here produced
+     a most valuable practical work, which deserves to be in universal
+     use; and which adds to its other recommendation that of
+     cheapness."--_Gardener's Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+_Printed by T. Brettell, Printer, Rupert Street, Haymarket._
+
+
+   Transcriber's Notes
+
+   Several punctuation errors have been repaired and are not listed here.
+   Apostrophes within capitalised Latin names should be regarded as
+   highlighting accented syllables: e.g. "CE'REUS"
+
+Corrected typos:
+
+   Page 6: "whieh" changed to "which" (which has been grown here for
+   several years)
+   Page 7: "Flotbeck" changed to "Flottbeck" (On my return from this
+   place to Flottbeck)
+   Page 15: "cultivaed" changed to "cultivated" (I never before saw so
+   many plants cultivated)
+   Page 28: "cieling" changed to "ceiling" (dome and cove ceiling)
+   Page 30: "forms" changed to "formed" (eight round columns, formed)
+   Page 30: "receses" changed to "recesses" (Arched recesses)
+   Page 47: "Plauean" changed to "Plauen" (Plauen, where we arrived)
+   Page 59 and 63: "cielings" changed to "ceilings" (with gilt ceilings)
+   Page 74: "inintelligent" changed to "intelligent" (a very intelligent
+   man)
+   Page 77: "uuquestionably" changed to "unquestionably" (unquestionably
+   well worth the stranger's visit)
+   Page 85: "pelarganiums" changed to "pelargoniums" (pelargoniums and
+   dahlias)
+   Page 88: "castelated" changed to "castellated" (old castellated ruins)
+   Page 95: "popula-" changed to "population" (has a population of)
+   Page 96: "cieling" changed to "ceiling" (highly ornamented on the
+   ceiling)
+   Page 103: "parellel" changed to "parallel" (smaller avenues parallel
+   to them)
+   Page 110: "acccompany" changed to "accompany" (to send their gardener
+   to accompany me)
+   Page 114: "workmanhsip" changed to "workmanship" (a most beautiful
+   specimen of workmanship)
+   Page 115: "Vennus" changed to "Vennius" (Lazarus rising from the
+   dead, by Otto Vennius)
+   Page 122: "airrved" changed to "arrived" (we arrived at Malines)
+   Page 127: "Grande Bretage" changed to "Grande Bretagne"
+   Page 131: "Succulent[oe]" changed to "Succulentæ"
+   Page 131: "curvilenear" changed to "curvilinear" (The curvilinear
+   iron bar)
+   Page 136: Repeated word "at" removed (The gardener was not at home)
+   Page 162: "Hamburg" changed to "Hamburgh"
+   Page 163: "Darmsdadt" changed to "Darmstadt"
+   Page 162: "Luxemberg" changed to "Luxemburg" (Luxemburg Gardens)
+   Page 163: "Nursersies" changed to "Nurseries" (Vitry Nurseries)
+   Page 164: "Vandermaelin" changed to "Vandermaelen"
+
+The following spelling instances have not been corrected, but are
+retained as per the original:
+
+   Stuttgard, chesnuts, pseudacacia, potatoe, Belvidere, Leipsic,
+   wallnuts, cemetry, Frankfort.
+
+This book contains many other instances of differing spelling of unusual
+or non-English words, differing accents, incorrect accents, differing
+hyphenation etc., e.g.:
+
+   Page 30: "chateau", Page 119: "château"
+   Page 137: "Boursalt", Index: "Boursoult"
+   Page 130: "Andrieux", Page 139: "Andreux"
+   Page 109: "Beurre dore" (should be "doré")
+   Page 116: "good-sized", Page 37: "good sized"
+
+These have been retained and have not been comprehensively listed within
+these Notes.
+
+The letters "D.S.S." in the last column of the tables refer to Dry Stove
+Shrubs. These plants require very little water.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Journal of a Horticultural Tour
+through Germany, Belgium, and part of France, in the Autumn of 1835, by James Forbes
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40554 ***