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diff --git a/40522-8.txt b/40522-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index e42999a..0000000 --- a/40522-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5442 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Yorkshire Family Romance, by Frederick Ross - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Yorkshire Family Romance - -Author: Frederick Ross - -Release Date: August 18, 2012 [EBook #40522] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YORKSHIRE FAMILY ROMANCE *** - - - - -Produced by sp1nd, Matthew Wheaton and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - YORKSHIRE FAMILY ROMANCE. - - [Illustration: SIR JOHN HOTHAM.] - - - - - YORKSHIRE FAMILY ROMANCE. - - BY - - FREDERICK ROSS, F.R.H.S., - - - AUTHOR OF - - "CELEBRITIES OF YORKSHIRE WOLDS," - "PROGRESS OF CIVILISATION," ETC. - - HULL: - - WILLIAM ANDREWS & CO., THE HULL PRESS. - - LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, & CO., LIMITED. - - 1891. - - - - - Contents. - - - THE SYNOD OF STREONESHALH - THE DOOMED HEIR OF OSMOTHERLEY - EADWINE, THE ROYAL MARTYR - SIWARD, THE VICEROY - PHASES IN THE LIFE OF A POLITICAL MARTYR - THE MURDERER'S BRIDE - THE EARLDOM OF WILTES - BLACK-FACED CLIFFORD - THE SHEPHERD LORD - THE FELONS OF ILKLEY - THE INGLEBY BOAR'S HEAD - THE ELAND TRAGEDY - THE PLUMPTON MARRIAGE - THE TOPCLIFFE INSURRECTION - THE BURNING OF COTTINGHAM CASTLE - THE ALUM WORKERS - THE MAIDEN OF MARBLEHEAD - RISE OF THE HOUSE OF PHIPPS - THE TRAITOR GOVERNOR OF HULL - - - - -YORKSHIRE FAMILY ROMANCE. - - - - -The Synod of Streoneshalh. - - -Northumbria was at peace, after a long period of anarchy, bloodshed, -battles, and murders. Christianity had been restored by St. Oswald, -King and Martyr; York Cathedral, commenced by King Eadwine, had been -completed; the great Abbey of Lindisfarne had become a centre of -Christian light and civilisation; and several other churches and -religious houses were growing up over the length and breadth of the -land. Oswy, a wise, vigorous, and warlike King, one of the most -illustrious of his line, ruled Northumbria in its integrity; held -northern Mercia under his sway; had subjected the southern Picts and -Scots to his authority; and was Bretwalda of the Heptarchy. This -position, however, he had only gained, and this peace firmly secured, -after a great struggle and the shedding of much blood, and, it must -be added, after the perpetration of an atrocious crime. When Paulinus, -under the patronage of King Eadwine, had introduced Christianity into -Northumbria, Mercia was ruled by Penda, a ferocious Pagan, who made a -vow to Woden that he would exterminate the new heretical faith or lay -down his life in the attempt. Accordingly, he entered into a compact -with Cadwallon, a British Prince of Wales, and together they invaded -Northumbria. Eadwine met them in battle and was slain; Paulinus and -the Queen, with her children, fled to Kent, and the kingdom was -harried by the victors, who sought out the Christians and put them -indiscriminately to the sword. Cadwallon remained as ruler of the -kingdom, and under his barbarous measures Christianity became almost, -if not altogether, extinct, whilst the altars of Woden were -re-established in every direction. Osric and Eanfrid, grandsons of -Ælla, first King of Deira, after the death of Eadwine, were raised by -the voice of the people to the thrones of Deira and Bernicia. They had -been baptised at the court of their uncle by Paulinus, but now, as -they had no Christians to govern, they apostatised and relapsed into -the faith of Woden, but their reign was short; they laid siege to -Cadwallon in York, were defeated, Osric slain in the battle, and -Eanfrid put to death afterwards; and Cadwallon continued to rule the -Northumbrians with an iron hand. At this time there was a young -Prince, an exile in Scotland--Oswald, son of Æthelfred, King of -Bernicia--who had fled thither when a youth, and had been instructed -in the principles of Christianity by the monks of Iona. He heard of -the deaths of the two Kings, and of the misery to which his native -land was subjected by the tyranny and oppression of Cadwallon, and -determined upon going thither and attempting to drive out the usurper. -On his arrival the people flocked round his standard, and, with a -cross borne in front of his army, he met Cadwallon at Deniseburn, near -Hexham, and defeated him, Cadwallon falling in the fight. He -established his Court at York, as King of Northumbria, and eventually -became Sixth Bretwalda, extending his territories beyond the Tweed. He -restored Christianity, by means of missionaries from Iona, completed -the church of York, commenced by Eadwine, and founded other churches -and some monasteries, leading a life of usefulness, beloved by his -people for his piety and good government. But Penda was still living, -as bitter as ever against Christianity, and intelligence reached the -Court of York that he was preparing for a second invasion of -Northumbria, again to trample out the nascent Christianity. In order -to be beforehand with his enemy, Oswald invaded Mercia, where the -Pagan King was again victorious, and Oswald slain at Masserfield, -which came, in consequence, to be called Oswald's-town, corrupted in -modern times into Oswestry. Penda caused his body to be torn limb from -limb and cast abroad to be devoured by wild beasts, then crossed the -border into Northumbria, and ravaged the land with fire and sword. - -When the Mercians had retired, Oswy, an illegitimate half-brother of -Oswald, was called to the throne of Northumbria in the year 642; but -two years afterwards, Oswin, son of Osric the Apostate, disputed his -right on the ground of his illegitimacy, and being backed by a -numerous body of friends, Oswy agreed to a compromise, he taking -Bernicia, and Oswin Deira. Seven years after, a dispute arose between -the two Kings about the boundaries of their territories, and they took -up arms to settle the question by the sword. The two armies met at -Wulfer's Dun, near Catterick, when Oswin, perceiving the enemy's -forces to be much more numerous than his own, and reluctant to shed -blood recklessly, dismissed his men and went to the house of his -friend Count Hudwold, at Ingethlin (Gilling), to conceal himself for -the present, with a view of entering a monastery; but Hudwold betrayed -him, and Oswy sent Ethelwin to murder him, who faithfully executed his -mission. Eanfleda, Oswy's Queen, a daughter of King Eadwine, -afterwards, with the consent of her husband, founded a monastery at -Gilling, where prayers should be offered up for the soul of Oswin, and -for the pardon of Oswy. The people of Deira refused to recognise Oswy -as King; drove him back across the Tees when he came to take -possession, and elected Æthelwald, a son of Oswald, for their King. - -The hoary-headed old Pagan, Penda, although now well stricken in -years, could not witness the advance of Christianity, under Oswy, -without pious emotion, and he resolved upon still another invasion of -Northumbria in the cause of Woden. He entered into an alliance with -Athelm, King of the East Angles, and Æthelwald of Deira--the latter -incited by motives of policy--and the confederates marched against -Oswy. A great battle ensued at Winwidfield, near Leeds, when -Æthelwald, who was a Christian, repented of having entered into a -league with the enemies of that faith, and stood aloof. After an -obstinate fight, Penda and thirty of his chief officers were slain, -and the greater part of his army cut to pieces. This was the last -struggle in England between Christianity and Paganism. - -Thus there was peace in the land after the scenes of violence and -bloodshed occasioned by the fanatic fury of Penda, and Oswy found -himself in a position to carry out his views for establishing -Christianity on a sure basis. Before the battle of Winwidfield he had -made a vow that he would build a great monastery at Streoneshalh, -endow it with the twelve manors of Crown property lying round the -White Bay (Whitby), and that he would dedicate his daughter Eanfleda -to perpetual virginity and the service of God in the monastery, if he -should, by the blessing of God, be successful over his Pagan enemy. - -The Cathedral of York was now finished, and he sent the masons and -other workmen to erect the monastery and church on the lofty cliff -overhanging the outfall of the river Esk into the White Bay, and its -walls uprose with marvellous rapidity. As soon as it was completed it -was opened for monks and nuns of the Benedictine order, a colony of -whom migrated from Hartlepool; and the Princess Hilda, a woman highly -esteemed for her learning, virtue, and piety, was placed at the head -as Prioress. At this time there were two bodies of Christians in -Northumbria, antagonistic to each other on many points of doctrine and -ceremonial, the most important being the question of the proper time -for the celebration of the Easter festival, and most important was it -deemed in these primitive times, for both parties firmly believed that -the soul's salvation was imperilled by its non-observance on the right -day. The antagonistic sects were the priests and monks from Iona, -representatives of the primitive British Church--which had been -planted in the island, it was said, by Joseph of Arimathea--with their -converts, comprehending the greater portion of the Northumbrian -Christians; and on the other side, the ecclesiastics who had imbibed -their faith at the feet of Romish teachers. - -The origin of this antagonism of opinion came about in the following -way. Christianity had been extirpated in Northumbria by the sword of -Penda, and the people had relapsed into heathenism, very few remaining -who still clung to the faith as taught by Paulinus. This was the state -of the country when Oswald came to the throne. He had imbibed the -tenets of Christianity in the schools of Iona, and sent thither for -missionaries to re-convert his people, and founded the see of -Lindisfarne, which became the focus of religion and civilisation in -his kingdom. Thus, when Oswy ascended the throne, Christianity of the -ancient British type prevailed in the land. But there were others who -had been educated in Southern England, France, and Italy, who held to -the faith as promulgated by Augustine, Paulinus, and other Roman -missionaries, and a great deal of controversy, disputation, and even -quarrels on tenets of belief and religious observances, took place -between the two divisions of the Church. First and foremost, as stated -above, was that of the proper time for observing the festival of -Easter. The British Church celebrated it on the day of the full moon -next after the vernal equinox; the Romish, not on the day of the full -moon, but on the Sunday following. The former claimed St. John, the -beloved apostle, and the usage of the Eastern Church, as their -authorities; the latter, the example of Saints Peter and Paul, backed -by a decree of the council of Nice, and they branded as schismatics -all who refused to conform to their mode; whilst the British condemned -to hell-fire all who deferred the celebration until the Sunday after -the full moon. Bede said "It was not without reason that the question -disturbed the minds of a great number of Christians, who were -apprehensive lest after they had begun the race of salvation they -should be found to have run in vain." This state of things caused -great confusion, one section of the Church humbling themselves in -abstinence, prayers, and tears, whilst the other were lifting up their -voices in joyful celebration of the Resurrection. Even in the King's -Palace there was disunion, Oswy, who had been educated in Scotland, -and Eanfleda, his Queen, who had been taught in Kent, observing the -festival, one on the one day, the other on the other. - -It was obvious that something must be done to put an end to these -disputes, and Oswy at length determined upon calling together a Synod -to settle the matter once and for all. There was also another question -on which the two sections of the Church were at daggers drawn, that -of the tonsure, the Romish monks shaving the head all round, -emblematic of the crown of thorns; the British only in front as far -back as the ears; but this was not looked upon as a vital question, -and was easily arranged after the great Easter dispute was settled. - -The King decided upon holding the Synod in his new monastery of -Streoneshalh, and had summoned all the most notable ecclesiastics on -both sides to discuss the question. It was a picturesque spectacle to -see the Royal train and the monks and priests winding their way up the -steep hill from the valley of the Esk and entering the portals of the -priory on the summit, where it stood overlooking the expanse of sea, -with its rounded arches and stunted pillars, radiant in the sunshine, -and glitteringly white in the freshness of its architecture. The -disputants assembled in the great hall, the King taking his place on -the dais as president, with the prioress Hilda by his side. - -On the Scottish side were ranged Hilda, who, although she had been -baptised by Paulinus, had been instructed at the feet of Aidan, the -Ionian Bishop of Lindisfarne; Colman, Bishop of Lindisfarne; Cedd (a -Northumbrian), Bishop of the East Saxons; and a train of monks and -priests from Icolmkill and Lindisfarne. On the Romish side were Queen -Eanfleda; Prince Alfred, son of Oswy; Wilfrid, Abbot of Ripon, who had -been educated in Rome, a most able, eloquent, and learned man, the -first Churchman of his age; Agilbert, Bishop of Paris, formerly of the -West Saxons; James, the deacon who had been left by Paulinus in charge -of the infant Northumbrian Church; Ronan and Agathon, priests who had -been educated in France, and others who had received instruction from -Italian priests and monks. - -Oswy maintained a neutrality as president, although he adhered to the -British mode; and Cedd acted as interpreter. - -The King opened the Synod by briefly stating its object, the necessity -of conformity in so important a point as that it was called together -to discuss, praying the Holy Spirit to guide them in the debate; and -concluded by calling upon Bishop Colman to open the discussion. - -The Bishop said that Easter, as observed by his Church, was derived -directly from the Apostles, not from a Romish bishop or a council of -fallible men. Bishops Finan, Aidan, and Columba had so observed it; -but their authority, though eminently holy men, was not sufficient. -Their warrant was based on the custom of St. John, the beloved -disciple of Christ, therefore, recognising his high authority, and the -fact that it was so observed by the Eastern and eldest-born Church, no -one could dispute its being the true method. - -Bishop Agilbert was called upon to reply, but excused himself, as not -knowing the Northumbrian tongue sufficiently well to make himself -understood. Wilfrid, the Abbot, the great champion of his side, whose -name was afterwards known from Rome to York, and who became Archbishop -of York, thereupon rose and said, "Easter, as we observe it, is the -same as we ourselves have seen it observed at Rome, where the blessed -apostles, Saint Peter and Paul, lived, preached, suffered, and are -buried; and as, in our travels through Italy and France, whether for -study or pilgrimage, we have always seen it observed. We know also, by -relation, that the same obtains in the Churches of Asia, Africa, -Egypt, and Greece, nay, among all the churches of the world, excepting -in this remote and obscure island, where a few obstinate Britons -pretend to dispute the affair with the whole world." - -At this taunt Bishop Colman said, "I marvel, brother Wilfrid, that you -call ours a foolish contention, when we have for our pattern and guide -so worthy an apostle as St. John, who alone leaned upon our Saviour's -breast." - -Wilfrid, touched with compunction at having spoken too harshly, -replied, "God forbid that I should accuse St. John," and entered into -a learned statement of the early Christians accommodating their rites -and ceremonies in accordance with those of the Jews, and that St. -John, who kept the laws of Moses literally, thus celebrated the feast -of Easter on the first day of the Jewish Passover, whether on Sunday -or any other day. But St. Peter, knowing that Christ rose from the -grave on a Sunday, celebrated the feast on that day of the week, in -accordance with a command which he received from our Lord, which is -certainly a higher authority than that of St. John; and the decree of -the council of Nice, in 525, was but a confirmation thereof. Colman -replied, "Athanolius, so commendable for his holiness, and Father -Columba, whose sanctity is proved by miracles, kept Easter as we do, -and I do not deem it wise to depart from their method." - -"Their holiness and miracles," responded Wilfrid, "I dispute not; but -I have no doubt that when, in the day of judgment, they say, 'Lord, -have we not prophesied, cast out devils, and wrought miracles in Thy -name?' He will answer, 'Begone; I know you not.' Can you compare -Columba with the most blessed of the Apostles, to whom Christ said, -'Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church, and the -gates of hell shall not prevail against it; and to thee I give the -keys of the kingdom of heaven.'" - -"Did our Lord speak this to St. Peter?" asked the King, of Colman. - -"Most certainly," was the reply. - -"Hitherto," continued the King, "I have observed the rule of St. John, -and in ignorance, but now mine eyes are opened. You both agree that -the words of our Lord, quoted by the Father Abbot, were spoken to St. -Peter, and I deem it not wise to withstand or gainsay so potent a -person as the doorkeeper of heaven, lest when I come thither I find -them closed against me; and I should recommend this assembly to -decide upon celebrating the festival after the mode of St. Peter." -The result of this speech was that several went over from the British -to the Roman side, and, after a few other speeches, the question was -put to the vote, and decided almost unanimously in favour of the -Romanists. Cedd, Bishop of the East Saxons, was one of the converts, -but Colman declined submission, soon after resigned his bishopric, and -with his monks and priests returned to Iona. - -Ultimately, however, all the branches of the Church conformed to the -rule of St. Peter--the Picts in 699, the Scots, comprehending the -monks of Iona, in 716, and the Britons or Welsh in 800. - - - - -The Doomed Heir of Osmotherley. - - -The Vale of Mowbray is one of the many beautiful pieces of landscape -scenery with which the county of Yorkshire abounds; a favourite -sketching-ground for artists, and often seen, in detached portions, on -the walls of the Royal Academy. An equal favourite, also, is it with -the tourist and worshippers of natural beauty. If Dr. Syntax, when he -mounted Grizzle to go in search of the picturesque, had come to the -Vale of Mowbray, we may fancy that he would have considered his quest -at an end, and his purpose accomplished. - -In the Saxon era it presented a somewhat different aspect from what it -does now; more strikingly magnificent and grand in its wild, natural -beauty. Instead of cornfields, pastures, hedgerows, churches, mills, -and mansions, it was one expanse of forest, with towering oaks, elms, -and poplars; and, beneath a tangled undergrowth of brushwood and -briar, the home and haunts of the antlered stag, the wild boar, the -wolf, and innumerable other wild creatures, four-footed, on the sward -below, or pinion-borne amid the foliage above. It must not be -supposed, however, that the vale was given up entirely to these -denizens of woodland, and destitute of human inhabitants. The Lord of -the valley was Earl Oswald, a Saxon, or, to speak more accurately, an -Anglian nobleman--the greatest landed proprietor for many miles round. -His mansion was seated on a gentle slope of the Hambleton Hills; a -one-storied edifice, consisting of a large hall, where he, his -retainers, and domestic servants, partook of their meals, and where -the latter slept by night, on straw or rushes spread on the floor, -with some smaller family sleeping and guest rooms, a kitchen, -brewhouse, and other necessary appliances of a nobleman's household, -including a chapel with open, round-headed doorway, draped with a pair -of woollen portieres, generally looped back, and displaying in the -interior some roughly carpentered benches, and a lamp pendant from the -roof. - -Around the mansion was some arable land, with granaries and stacks; -pasture land for horses, oxen, and sheep, protected by stockades from -the incursions of wolves and other beasts of prey; an orchard and a -vegetable garden. Scattered about in clearings of the forest were the -homesteads of the class correspondent with the modern tenant-farmer, -with their oxen, swine, wains, and rude implements of husbandry; and, -nestling around the mansion, an aggregation of wattled and mud-built -dwellings, the abodes of the villeins or serfs, hence denominated a -village, in the centre of which stood the church, a very primitive -structure of wood, consisting of nave and chancel only, without side -aisles, transept, or tower. - -Earl Oswald was a young man of five-and-twenty years, comely in aspect -and benign in manner; and was a considerate overlord and kind master. -He had not long been in possession of his estates, his father having -died only twelve months previously, his death having been occasioned -by an accident when pursuing the wild boar in the forest. The present -Earl was the last of his race, having no brothers or other relatives -to inherit the earldom, which would become extinct in case of his -death without issue; consequently it behoved him, in order to continue -the succession, to look out for a wife. But at that time the choice -was very limited; it was essential that he should marry a lady with -some pretensions to aristocratic birth, in order to keep up the -dignity of his family; and as people, even nobles, did not then travel -far away from home, visiting only such families as resided within a -moderate distance, his choice was rather restricted. It happened, -however, that one day, when hunting in Cleveland, he met with a Thegn, -one of the lower order of nobility, who invited him to his house to -spend the night, as he was some distance from home. At supper he was -introduced to the Thegn's daughter, Gytha, a beautiful young maiden, -some three or four years younger than himself, and was so charmed with -her beauty, amiability of deportment, and sensible conversation, that -he became enamoured of her, and mentally resolved that if there were -no obstacles in the way he would make her his countess and the mother -of his heir. He made no declaration on that occasion, but finding the -hunting round the bases of the great Cleveland hill, the Ottenberg, -now called Roseberry Topping, fruitful of sport, he came again and -again, seldom letting a week pass without one or two visits, and never -failing to call at the Thegn's house, where he was always cordially -welcomed by Gytha and her father. The friendship thus commenced soon -ripened into intimacy, and when the Earl found that his attentions had -made an impression on the heart of the fair maiden, he began to -whisper in her ear the tale of love. As maidens, in those practical, -unsophisticated days, knew not the art of coquetry, and were not apt -at disguising the feelings of their hearts, Gytha listened with -pleasure to his flattering tale, confessed at once that she -reciprocated his love, and without any needless circumlocution or -affected bashfulness consented to become his wife, which met with the -full approbation of her father, and a month afterwards he bore her -away to become the mistress of the mansion in the Mowbray Vale, and, -it was hoped, the mother of the future lord of the domain. - -Months past along--delicious months--one succession of honeymoons; the -happy pair never tiring of each other's company. In the mornings the -Earl would go forth to superintend the operations of ploughing, -sowing, or harvesting, or to look after the careful tending of his -flocks and herds; and occasionally, for pastime or for the benefit of -the larder, would penetrate the recesses of the forest, hunting-spear -in hand, and surrounded by his hounds; whilst the Lady Gytha directed -the domestic affairs of the house, or occupied herself in her bower, -with her handmaidens, embroidering a set of arras for the adornment of -the hall; but they always spent the after-part of the day together in -caressing converse. - -The months thus passed along, and began to resolve themselves into -years, but still the great hope of their lives was not accomplished, -that of giving an heir to carry downwards the honours and possessions -of the family. For a long time they flattered themselves with this -hope, despite the length of time that had elapsed since their -marriage; but when three or four years had gone into the past without -any fruition of their hopes, they began to despond. The Earl became -moody and melancholy in contemplating the probable and almost certain -extinction of his race; and his lady wept and mourned in secret, at -the bitter disappointment her husband experienced, no less than at the -denial to herself of the delights and pleasant anxieties of maternity. - -Another year or two, with their wintry storms and summer sunshine, -went by, and the Earl had sunk into the depths of despair, when, after -all hope had departed, a gleam of sunshine shot athwart "the winter of -his discontent," heralding the coming of a glorious summer. The -probable birth of a living child, and, it might be, heir, was -announced to him, and he immediately became a changed man; from the -slough of despondency he sprang up, radiant with expectancy, buoyant -in spirit, and gladdened at heart; and the Lady Gytha underwent an -equal change, from tears and brooding to the delicious anticipation of -fondling on her breast and presenting to her husband, as the outcome -of their loves, an heir to his lands and dignities. - -It was a proud day for Earl Oswald when the women of his household -brought him news of the birth of a male child, healthy and -well-formed, with promise of developing into vigorous life, indeed, in -the nurse's opinion, it was one of the most wonderful infants that -ever came into the world, and he was further gratified to learn that -the mother was doing well, whom he waited upon as soon as the feminine -portion of the community, who ruled supreme at this interesting -crisis, permitted, to congratulate her on the auspicious event. Nor -did he confine himself to mere gratulations and expressions of -rejoicing; in demonstration of his gratitude to Heaven for his -long-hoped-for heir, every day, for the succeeding week, he sat at the -entrance door of his mansion and administered, with bountiful hand, -food and stycas to all mendicant wayfarers, dispensed gifts to his -servitors and slaves, and bestowed liberal donations on the Church and -the monastic fraternities, with a stipulation in the latter case that -they should pray for the welfare of the newly-born Christian child. - -The infant throve apace, and waxed more beautiful every day, with his -blue Saxon eyes and fair flaxen hair, the darling of his mother, the -cherished hope of his father, and the petted plaything of all the -household. He had attained the mature age of twelve months, when a -terrible calamity befel the family, a calamity, however, which was -common enough in those days of turbulence, bloodshed, and war. It was -the time when the Danish Vikings were most active in making landings -on the British coasts, ravaging the country, and massacring the people -who opposed them, and then sailing homeward with the spoils of the -plundered villages and monasteries. Northumbria lay especially open -to their incursions; Ravenspurn, Flamborough, and Lindisfarne, were -their principal landing places, and the Humber, the Tees, and the -Tyne, their high roads into the interior. They had, indeed, -established a permanent encampment on the headland of Flamborough, and -intrenched themselves by enlarging a natural ravine, deepening it, and -throwing up earthworks, so as to constitute it a formidable defensive -barrier stretching across the peninsula, which still exists, and is -popularly known as "Danes' Dyke." - -News reached Earl Oswald that a large fleet of vessels had arrived at -Flamborough, and that the Danes, in great numbers, were marching with -sword and firebrand across the Wolds, and in the direction of his -home. The news was sent by the leading men of the district, who were -gathering their vassals and slaves together to resist the invaders, -and he was requested to come to their assistance with all the men he -could muster. He lost no time in obeying the call, and after bidding -an affectionate farewell to his wife, and exhorting her to great -watchfulness and care over little Oswy, who, said he, is the only hope -for the continuance of my race in case of any mischance to myself--he -went forth at the head of his retainers, and joined the army, which -had assembled in the neighbourhood of Driffield, to check the progress -of the enemy. - -About a couple of miles to the north-east of Driffield, there was a -valley running east and west, along which it was anticipated the foe -would come, and here the Saxons decided to await their approach. They -took up their position on the southern slopes, and threw up some rough -earthworks to protect their front, and, after lying there a couple of -days, their scouts brought intelligence that the Danes were but a mile -distant, and that in their track could be seen the flames of villages -which they had fired in their march. Presently they made their -appearance; a vast host of fierce-looking warriors, who, on perceiving -the Saxons, set up a wild barbarian shout, and clashed their weapons -together as if eager for the conflict. The Saxons uttered a shout of -defiance in response, but remained quietly behind their intrenchments, -whilst the Danes rushed forward impetuously, and clambering up the -slope, the battle began. The field was obstinately contested on both -sides, the fight lasting the entire day, neither gaining any absolute -advantage, the bravery being equal on both sides, and what the Saxons -lacked in numbers was made up by the superiority of their position, -and the shelter afforded by their earthworks. Great numbers of brave -men fell on both sides, the Danes, from their exposed position, losing -more than their antagonists, and when the darkness of night fell, -separating the combatants, they deemed it expedient to retreat upon -Flamborough. - -The following day the Saxons went over the field to succour the -wounded and bury the dead. Among the former was found Earl Oswald, who -was taken in charge by his retainers and conveyed to his home; and the -latter were buried, Saxon and Dane together, and tumuli raised over -their bodies. Their grave-mounds may still be seen spread over two or -three acres of ground, over-canopied by trees, and are popularly known -by the name of "Danes' Graves," and the valley where the battle was -fought still bears the name of "Danes' Dale." - -A speedy messenger was sent to inform Lady Gytha of what had befallen -her husband, and it was with anguished heart that she received the -mournful cavalcade which carried him, wounded and almost insensible, -to his home. He lived two or three days, but in the end, despite the -most skilful of leechery and the most assiduous nursing, he succumbed -to the loss of blood he had sustained during the night he lay on the -field. In his dying moments he again besought his wife to protect and -bring up in godly fashion his infant heir; and she, with heartbroken -sobbing, entreated him to have no apprehensions on that head, as now -she would have nothing to live for but that one sole purpose. And the -Earl closed his eyes in death, and was buried in the little wooden -church hard by, which had been built by his grandfather--buried with -all the pomp befitting his rank; and the Lady Gytha returned to her -mansion to grieve over her loss, devote herself to the instruction of -her beloved child, and look after the interests of his estates. - -It chanced one day that the widowed lady and her orphan child were -disporting themselves on the grass-plot in front of the house, when a -withered old crone came up and implored charity. The Lady Gytha, who -was ever beneficent to the poor, sent into the house for some -victuals, which she gave to the old woman, bidding her sit under the -shade of a tree and eat thereof, condoled with her under her -infirmities, and supplemented her gift of food with a few coins. -Whilst she was conversing with the woman, the little Oswy was running -about after some ducks, and, chasing them to the edge of a pond, fell -in, but was immediately rescued. At the same moment a dog that was -chained up near by gave two prolonged howls, which attracted the -attention of the stranger, who, after musing awhile, said, "Lady! you -have been very kind in your largesses to me, whom you know not, and I -can only repay you by a warning, which I pray you to take heed of. I -am an old woman, and have lived long in this world, not without -learning somewhat that is hidden to others. I have studied omens and -forebodings, and have acquired the power of predicting the future from -signs of the present. Know then, lady, that I can foresee from the -mishap of your little son, and the language of the dog, that he will -undergo great peril from water, and that this will happen, unless -prevented by fit precaution, in his second year, as is indicated by -the two howls of the dog;" and, having said this, she hobbled off, -leaning on her walking-staff, without leaving time for reply. - -Lady Gytha, although she did not place much credence in the prediction -of the old woman, was imbued, to some extent, with the superstitions -and credulities of the age, and she summoned into her presence an -astrologer, requesting him to cast the nativity of the child. He noted -down the time and particulars of his birth, and promised a reply -within the week. After a few days' absence he returned, and appeared -before Lady Gytha with a clouded brow, she receiving him with a tremor -of anxiety. "What do the stars reveal?" enquired she. "Are the tidings -good or evil?" "Lady," replied he, "I have calculated the star of his -nativity, and sorry am I to tell that it augurs evil rather than good. -A great peril awaits the child, on the fourth day of the third moon -after his second birthday. It is recorded in the starry volume that on -that occasion he will perish by drowning." - -"Oh, say not so, wise sir. It would kill me as well. Are you assured -that this fate is inevitable?" - -"Fate, lady, is inevitable; but there is one planet which presents a -disturbing element in his horoscope, and it is possible that this fate -may have been miscalculated, and that, through the influence of the -planet, the threatening may be averted; and it will become you that, -at the date indicated, you should take all possible precaution, in -order that he should not be brought into the neighbourhood of water of -any kind." - -The astrologer, having been rewarded generously for his services, and -assured that all due precautions should be taken, he departed, -murmuring to himself, "Fate is fate, and it cannot be averted." - -The Lady Gytha's whole existence was now absorbed in that of her -child. He was scarcely ever out of her reach and sight, she watched -over him with more than maternal care, if that were possible, and he -continued to blossom out, with the promise of becoming everything she -could wish--her support, her comfort, and the pride of her after-life. -But these prospects of the future were overshadowed by a cloud--an -anxious foreboding of what might happen on the fourth day of the third -moon of his second year, which the stars marked with a doubtful and -perhaps fatal prognostic. Could he but pass that dangerous point of -life, the lowering cloud would dissolve into thin air, and for the -future might be anticipated the glad sunshine of existence. - -The fatal day came nearer and nearer. He had passed his second -birthday, and the mother had meditated often and often on the means -whereby he should be delivered from the threatening evil. It was -plainly revealed to her that the danger arose from water, and she -reasoned that if she could place him out of the neighbourhood of -river, pools, or springs, the evil might be turned aside and the -augury baffled. When thinking the matter over, there suddenly rose up -before her mind's eye the steep slopes of Ottenberg, the Cleveland -hill, about which she had often clambered and gambolled when a child, -and it struck her that if she could convey young Oswy to the summit, -he would be removed so far away from any running or standing stream, -or pool of water, that there could be no possibility of the fulfilment -of the prediction, and she resolved upon taking him thither. - -Accordingly she proceeded to her father's house at its base, and on -the summer's night preceding the fateful day, clomb the side of the -hill with her child in her arms. She arrived at the summit as the sun -was rising from the sea on the eastern horizon, and lighting up the -glorious panorama visible from that elevated position. She partook of -some refreshment which she had brought with her, and, although she -felt no fatigue in making the ascent, owing to her anxiety, now that -she had reached what she deemed a place of security, nature began to -give way, and a sense of exhaustion to oppress her. She sat there, -with her child clasped in her arms, as the sun rose higher in the -heavens, and darted forth its heated rays upon her unsheltered head. -Under its influence she began to feel drowsy, but battled with the -feeling, determined not to lose her hold of the child until the day -had passed. At length, however, she unconsciously and insensibly -succumbed, and fell asleep, sinking on the turf and relaxing her -grasp. The young Oswy disengaged himself, and wandered away, plucking -the wild flowers, and looking with infant delight at the gulls winging -their flight over the sea. - -An hour or two elapsed, and the Lady Gytha awoke. At first she could -scarcely understand where she was, but in a few minutes she came to -full consciousness, and was startled to find that her child was not -with her. She sprang up, called him by name, but elicited no response, -and she feared he had fallen down the side of the hill. With beating -heart she sought around, and on turning a projecting shoulder of the -hill was agonised to perceive the object of her search lying with his -face in a stream of water that was issuing from a fissure, and, on -taking him up, found life to be extinct. The pen fails in attempting -to depict her frantic grief, but it may be briefly stated, that she -carried down the lifeless body, conveyed it to her home, and laid it -beside its father in the little timber church. For her there was no -further earthly joy, and fixing her thoughts on the only source of -consolation, she founded a small religious house in the Vale of -Mowbray, where she spent the few remaining years of her life in -religious meditation and devotional exercises. She was buried beside -her beloved child in the little church, around which a village grew -up, which was called, in remembrance of the burial-place of Oswy and -his mother--Osmotherley. - -According to the legend, the spring at the summit of the hill gushed -forth miraculously, in order that the decree of Fate should not be -frustrated. - - "On the proud steep of Ottenberg still may be found - The spring which rose his sad doom to complete; - And on its verge the villagers sit round, - In wonder recording the fiat of Fate." - - - - -Eadwine, the Royal Martyr. - - -A pious and benevolent monk of Rome, passing one day through the slave -market of that city, noticed a group of beautiful fair-haired boys and -youths, who were exposed for sale. Compassionating their condition, he -enquired whence they came. "They are Angles," was the reply. "They are -beautiful enough to be _angeli_," said the monk. "What part of Anglia -come they from?" "Deira." "Then shall they be saved, _de ira_, from -the wrath of God. Who is their King?" "Ælla." "Then," continued the -monk, "shall Alleluias resound through their land," and he there and -then determined to go thither as a missionary, and preach the Gospel -to them, but before he could complete his arrangements, he was -raised to the Pontifical throne as Gregory I., afterwards called -Gregory the Great. Incapable, therefore, of going himself, he sent -Augustine, with Paulinus and other monks, as missionaries to the -Saxons of Britain. Instead, however, of going to the kingdom of Deira, -they landed in that of Kent, gained the ear of King Ethelberht, who -embraced Christianity, and established the see of Canterbury, with -Augustine as Bishop thereof. - -Ælla, the first king of Deira, died in the year 588, leaving a son, -his heir, then three years of age, and an elder daughter, Acca, -married to Ethelfrid, King of Bernicia, the great kingdom of -Northumbria being then divided into Bernicia and Deira, both extending -from sea to sea, and separated by the river Tees. Taking advantage of -his brother-in-law's tender age, Ethelfrid usurped the throne of -Deira, and became King of the whole of Northumbria, and the boy -Eadwine was taken into exile by his friends. For many years, until he -grew up to manhood, he wandered about from one refuge to another, -until at last he found a safe asylum at the court of Redwald, King of -the East Angles. Ethelfrid sent a demand that he should be delivered -up to him, and Redwald, in reply, said to the messenger, "Tell thy -master that I have promised to protect him, and will not give him up -at the dictate of any King, however powerful he may be." Eventually, -however, persuaded by bribes, and terrified by threats, he agreed to -deliver him up. Eadwine, hearing of this, wandered forth into the -forest, and, "as he sate solitary under a tree, in dumps, musing what -was best to be done," a venerable stranger suddenly appeared before -him, and said, "Noble Prince, thou knowest me not, but I come to tell -thee that thou shalt be restored to thy kingdom, and moreover shall -become Bretwalda of the Saxon Kings, if thou listenest but to those -that shall be sent to thee, to teach the worship of the only true -God." Eadwine, dazzled by the prospect, readily promised to do so, -when the stranger placed his hand upon his head, saying, "Remember -that as a sign," and vanished as mysteriously as he had appeared. On -his return to the palace, he found that, at the intercession of the -Queen, Redwald had withdrawn from his engagement, and was now -determined to protect the fugitive to the utmost of his power. -Ethelfrid, in consequence, raised an army for the invasion of East -Anglia, but was met by Redwald, and a desperate battle ensued on the -banks of the river Idle, in which the usurper was defeated and slain, -and Eadwine proclaimed King of Northumbria. He proved himself to be -an able and vigorous ruler, adding the Isles of Man and Anglesea to -his dominions, and extending his territories northward to the Forth, -where he built a fortress, around which a town gradually grew up, -which was called Edwin's burgh--the infant Edinburgh. He raised his -kingdom to a height of power it had never before attained, and in the -year 624, on the death of Redwald, he attained the dignity of -Bretwalda, or Supreme King of the Saxons, and President of the -Heptarchian Witenagemot, whenever any such should be called together. - -His first wife, Quenborga, daughter of Ceorl, King of Mercia, having -died, he sent Ambassadors to ask the hand of Ethelburga, daughter of -Ethelberht, King of Kent, in marriage, but her brother, Eadberht, then -on the throne, replied, "I cannot consent, for it is not meet that a -Christian Princess should mate with a pagan." The Ambassadors returned -to Northumbria, and extolled so highly the beauty and amiability of -the Princess, that Eadwine determined to make her his Queen at any -cost, and, after some further negotiation, agreed that she should -enjoy her own religion, have priests to celebrate the rites thereof, -and, moreover, that he would himself examine the grounds of the -Christian faith, and if he found them superior to those of Woden, -would renounce the latter and embrace the former. Accordingly the fair -young Christian came to Northumbria, accompanied by Paulinus and three -or four preaching monks, and the marriage was celebrated with great -splendour at York, the Pope sending her, on the occasion, a silver -mirror and a gilt ivory comb, which latter is supposed to have been -found near Whitby in 1872. - -Faithful to his stipulation, the King allowed his Queen the utmost -freedom in religious matters, and permitted the monks to go forth -throughout his realm, preaching and making proselytes. Still he -himself adhered to the worship of Woden, in the great temple of -Goodmandingham, over which Coifi presided as high priest, and which -was contiguous to one of his palaces--that of Londesborough, near -Market Weighton. About this time Cuichelm, King of Wessex, jealous of -his ascendancy as Bretwalda, sent a messenger to assassinate him, who -failed in his object, and Eadwine prepared to make war against -Cuichelm for his dastardly conduct. Two days after this event his -daughter Eanfleda was born, and, at the urgent request of the Queen -and Paulinus, he permitted her to be baptised and dedicated to the -service of the God of his Queen, as a thank-offering for his escape. -He promised Paulinus also, that if his God were sufficiently potent to -give him a victory over Cuichelm, he would, on his return, take into -serious consideration the question of embracing Christianity and -proclaiming it the religion of Northumbria. At the close of their -conversation, Paulinus placed his hand on the King's head, and said, -"You have been restored to your kingdom, you have extended its limits, -and become the greatest of the Saxon kings of England--the -Bretwalda--know you this sign?" Eadwine replied that he did. "And," -continued Paulinus, "there was another promise besides these of a -secular nature, that teachers should be sent to instruct you in the -true faith. Behold, here we are--I and my companions." This was more -convincing to the King than any amount of logical argument, and he -marched with confidence into Wessex, gained a decisive victory, and on -his return summoned a gemôt of nobles at his Londesborough Palace to -discuss this great religious question. - -The chief speaker at the assembly was the high priest Coifi. "Know, O -King!" said he, "that I have long been of opinion that our gods are -worthless, and can do nothing for us, and I now perceive that the God -of Paulinus is God alone, the creator of the world, and the true -object of worship." The King acquiesced in his views, and the nobles, -taking their cue from them, gave their assent to the deposition of -Woden, and the substitution of Christ as the God of the Saxons. - -It was then determined that the great temple of Woden should be -desecrated, and the King inquired who would dare to do it. "I," -replied Coifi, "I have spent my life hitherto in ministering at the -altar of a false and impotent god, and it is fitting that I should -overturn that altar." A day was fixed for the purpose, and then the -King and his nobles, followed by a crowd of people, proceeded from -Londesborough to Goodmandingham, and in the midst Coifi, mounted on a -war steed and brandishing a lance in his hand. As the priests of Woden -were only permitted to ride mares, and not to bear arms of any kind, -the people gazed upon him with superstitious horror, expecting that -either the earth would open and swallow him, or a thunderbolt descend -from the sky and strike him dead; but neither occurred, and the sun -shone as serenely as if no such monstrous act of impiety were taking -place. Without hesitation Coifi rode boldly into the temple, and, -poising his lance, hurled it at the idol, upon which the people -without, not daring to enter, fearing lest the temple should fall and -bury them in its ruins, set up a loud yell of horror, and flung -themselves down on the sward, but when they beheld the lance quivering -in the side of the image and the priest calmly riding out, without the -slightest manifestation of wrath on the part of the outraged -god--neither thunder, lightning, nor earthquake--they began to think -that Woden was no god, and that he whom Paulinus proclaimed was a God -indeed, and the issue was that the King and his Court were baptised, -and then the common people, 10,000 having undergone the rite in the -river Swale in one day, going into the river in batches, whilst -Paulinus blessed the water. A wooden church was erected in York, which -was replaced by one of stone, commenced by Eadwine and completed by -King Oswald--the precursor of the present majestic York Minster, and -Paulinus was constituted Bishop of the See, which comprehended the -whole of England northward of the Humber and the Mersey. In 634, Pope -Honorius sent him a pallium, which raised him to the dignity of an -Archbishop. - -At that time the kingdom of Mercia was ruled by a ferocious old -pagan--Penda--who made a vow to extirpate Christianity from the -island, and entered into an alliance with Cadwallon, a Welsh King, for -the invasion of Northumbria. Eadwine encountered them at Heathfield, -near Doncaster, and a sanguinary battle ensued, which proved most -disastrous to the hitherto victorious Northumbrians. Eadwine and his -son Osfrid were slain in the fight, and another son, Eanfrid, was -murdered after the battle. The victors then ravaged the country, -burning and plundering the houses, and slaughtering the people without -regard to sex or age. Cadwallon remained in Northumbria, assuming the -government, and ruling the people with great severity and cruelty, -until he was slain in battle by Oswald, whilst Penda marched into East -Anglia, which had become Christian, subdued it, and then took upon -himself the title of Bretwalda. Thus fell the great and glorious -Eadwine, the victor of many fights, the Bretwalda of England, the -first Christian King of the North, and the protomartyr of Northumbria. -His body was conveyed to Whitby for burial, and his head interred in -the porch of his church at York. He was afterwards canonised, and a -church in London and another at Breve, in Somersetshire, have been -dedicated to St. Eadwine. The Queen, with her two surviving children, -accompanied by Paulinus, fled to Kent. She founded a nunnery, and took -the veil within its walls; her children she sent to France, to be -educated under the care of her cousin, King Dagobert, and after her -death she was canonised. Paulinus became the third Bishop of -Rochester. - - - - -Siward, the Viceroy. - - -According to a Scandinavian legend, a young Danish lady went wandering -into a forest, where she suddenly, when turning out of one glade into -another, came face to face with a bear, who seized her and forcibly -violated her. The result was the birth of a child, with shaggy ears, -to whom was given the name of Barn. He married, and had a son, Siward, -who came on a piratical excursion to England, and became Viceroy Earl -of Northumbria, and this identity of Siward, son of Barn, with Siward -the Earl, has been generally accepted by modern chroniclers, which may -be attributed to the great obscurity which hangs over the history of -this period. The fact is, that this legend does not pertain to Earl -Siward at all, but to another Siward--Siward-Barn--who lived -half-a-century afterwards, and was son of the Danish Jarl--Barn. -Following the instincts of his race, he sailed from Denmark with a -fleet, and after ravaging the Orkneys and the coasts of Scotland and -Northumbria, passed up the Thames, and presented himself at the Court -of Edward the Confessor, whose favour he gained by entering his -service. He was rewarded with lands in Cumberland and Westmoreland, -and in Holderness, Yorkshire, one of his manors there being called -Barns-town, now Barmston, near Bridlington. After the conquest, he -joined in the northern insurrection against William I., and was one of -the companions of Hereward the Wake in the Isle of Ely, where he was -captured, sent a prisoner into Normandy, and there died. He never had -anything to do with the Earldom of Northumbria, which was held during -his time by Tosti, Morkere, and Waltheof, the son of Earl Siward. - -Having disposed of this myth, it becomes us to give, as far as can be -ascertained, the true ancestry of Siward. When the Saxon heptarchy, or -octarchy, became consolidated into one kingdom, the realm of -Northumbria, extending from the Humber to the Tweed, and sometimes to -the Forth, which was the last to submit, was peopled by a brave and -warlike people, sensitively tenacious of their independence, and of -so turbulent a character, that it became necessary to place over them -a Viceroy Earl of great vigour, determination, and military ability, -to give it the semblance of semi-independence, but at the same time to -be ready on the spot to nip incipient rebellion when in the bud. Such -a Governor was found in Oswulf, son of Ealdred, Lord of Bamborough, -who was nominated to the office by King Athelstane. He was succeeded -by Waltheof, the Elder, who was followed by his son Ughtred, from whom -the holders of not less than seven peerages claim descent. By Ælgifu, -daughter of King Ethelred II., he had issue--Eadulf, Gospatric, and -Ældred. Ældred succeeded as Earl of Bernicia, on the death of his -uncle, Eadulf I., Earl of Northumbria; and Siward, who was his son, -appears to have been appointed, at the same time, Deputy-Earl of -Deira. - -He was born towards the end of the tenth century, was a giant in -stature, of Herculean strength, and of great courage, which he -displayed on many a field of battle. His life, indeed, appears to have -been spent more in the battlefield than in the peaceful pursuits of -government, the administration of justice, or the superintendence of -his Yorkshire manors, of which Malton was the chief, granted to him -for his military services, and it presents a succession of romantic -episodes, in which the sword played the principal part. - -Ældred, his father, died in 1038, and was succeeded in Bernicia by his -brother, Eadulf II. Siward, however, claimed it as his hereditary -right; and so matters remained until 1041, when Eadulf incurred the -displeasure of King Hathacnut. This was the opportunity Siward had -been longing for, and he hastened up to the King's Court, where, by -his representations, he embittered the mind of the King still further -against his uncle, and in the sequel was either ordered or permitted -to put him to death. This was precisely what he wanted, and, without -the least scruple of conscience or regard to kinship when his own -aggrandisement was at issue, he proceeded to Bernicia and murdered his -uncle in cold blood, assuming at the same time the government, and -thus becoming Earl of Northumbria in its integrity. - -In the same year, 1041, the people of Worcester rose in insurrection -against an unpopular tax, and the three great Earls, Siward of -Northumbria, Leofric of Mercia, and Godwine of Kent, were directed to -march thither to suppress it. This was done chiefly at the instigation -of Ælfric, Archbishop of York, who had caused their Bishop, Lyfric, to -be deprived, and himself appointed in his room, to hold the see _in -commendam_ with York, but whom the clergy of Worcester refused to -recognise. The Earls had no difficulty in suppressing the -revolt--indeed the rebels scarcely made any stand against them; but, -with great barbarity, they slaughtered the people, plundered their -habitations, burnt the city, and compelled them to accept Ælfric as -their Bishop. - -The following year Hathacnut died, and was succeeded by Eadwarde the -Confessor, more fitted for the cowl than the crown, when the three -Earls, the mightiest subjects of the realm, divided the administration -of the kingdom amongst themselves; Siward at this time held likewise -the Earldoms of Huntingdon and Northampton, which were severed from -Northumbria at his death. - -In 1051, Count Eustace of Boulogne, on his return from a visit to King -Eadwarde, treated the people of Dover with great insolence, who fell -upon him and his followers, and gave them a deservedly severe -chastisement. Eustace demanded redress from the King, who commanded -Earl Godwine to punish the Dover people, who, finding that Eustace had -been the aggressor, asked that they might be heard in their defence, -to which the King would not listen; then Godwine assumed a higher -tone, and demanded the surrender of the Count to answer for his -insolence. This enraged the King, who summoned Siward and Leofric to -render assistance against the hostile designs of Godwine. They came to -Gloucester, where a compromise was effected; but at a subsequent -gemôt, held in London, Godwine and his family were banished. - -The most creditable military effort of the many in which his sword had -been drawn, and that which redounded the most to his glory, was the -last of his life. In 1054, he was sent by King Eadwarde in command of -an expedition into Scotland against the usurper, Macbeth, in favour of -the young Prince, Malcolm Canmore, son of the murdered King Duncan. He -was now the father of two sons by his first wife--Æthelfleda--Osbert, -now approaching manhood, and Waltheof, a boy, some years younger. The -former he took with him to Scotland, to initiate him in the then -deemed glorious art of war; and a brave young fellow he proved himself -to be, a worthy scion of the old stock. Siward attacked Scotland by -land and sea, met the usurper and defeated him in a pitched battle, -after which he caused Malcolm to be proclaimed King. It is sometimes -stated that Macbeth was slain in the battle, which was not the case, -as he escaped and held out for three years, maintaining a desultory -series of fights with Malcolm, but was eventually slain in 1057. His -son Osbert fell in the battle, fighting bravely, and when the news was -brought to him, he eagerly inquired if his wounds were in front, and -when told they were, said that he could not but rejoice, such a death -being worthy of one sprung from his loins. - -Shakspeare, not always true to history, in his tragedy of "Macbeth" -thus gives the death of "Young Siward," as he calls Osbert:--He meets -with Macbeth on the field, and, after some bandying of words, they -fight, and Macbeth falls, after which Osbert rushes into the thick of -the fight, and falls himself. When Siward is told that all his son's -wounds are in front, he exclaims-- - - "Why, then, God's soldier is he! - Had I as many sons as I have hairs, - I would not wish them to a fairer death: - And so his knell is tolled." - -Prince Malcolm observes-- - - "He's worth more sorrow, - And that I'll spend for him." - -To which Siward replies-- - - "He's worth no more. - They say he parted well, and paid his score, - And so God be with him." - -Henry of Huntingdon, speaking of Siward's death, says--"And so he -passed away, as he believed, to Valhalla, to rejoin the great warriors -of his race who had gone before," seeming to intimate, founded on the -misconception of his identity with the Viking Siward-Barn, that he -died in the old Scandinavian faith of Woden, which was not true, as he -lived and died a Christian, such as Christians were then. He is -supposed to have founded a church in York, dedicated to St. Olaf, the -martyred King of Norway, and connected with it a fraternity of monks, -the name of which, in the reign of William II., was changed into that -of St. Mary the Virgin, and eventually became the famous and wealthy -abbey of after-times, with a mitred abbot. The ruins may now be seen -in the grounds of the Museum. - -He ruled his province with great firmness and some severity, necessary -in his endeavours to curb the savage propensities of the people, and -to establish a system of order and good government, and was bountiful -to the Church, as some atonement, perhaps, for the crimes by which he -rose to his high position. - -Shortly after his return from his Scottish expedition, he was stricken -with dysentery, which rapidly grew worse, and he lay in his vice-regal -mansion at York without hope of recovery. When he felt his last -moments approaching he suddenly started up from his couch and -exclaimed, "Let me not die the death of a cow! If it be not my fate to -die gloriously on the field of battle, as my brave boy, Osbert, has -done, with all his wounds in front, at least let me die in the guise -of a warrior. Don me my harness, place the helmet on my head, and gird -my sword on my thigh. It were a shame and disgrace that I, who have -faced death in so many fields, should die ignominiously in bed. Bring -forth my battle-axe and shield, and place them by my side, that the -ghosts of my warlike ancestry, who are looking down upon me now, may -see me pass away from earth to join them in their everlasting home, -with the semblance of the great warrior that I have been." And thus, -seated on a chair, clothed in his armour, and supported in an upright -posture by his attendants, he gave up the ghost, and was buried in his -church of St. Olaf. - -His son, Waltheof, being too young for the government of so important -a province, it was given to Tosti, son of Earl Godwine, and brother of -Harold, the future King; whilst Waltheof succeeded to the Earldoms of -Huntingdon and Northampton, and eventually to that of Northumbria. - - - - -Phases in the Life of a Political Martyr. - - -In the year 1055, there was a funeral in the Church of St. Olaf, York. -The corpse was conveyed through the streets of the city with great -barbaric splendour and pomp. The procession, consisting of stalwart -and bronzed warriors, was strikingly illustrative of the dead hero. -Swords flashed in the sun; armour, pikes, and battle-axes glittered; -and captured pennons, with other trophies of war, were borne along in -triumph. Although all these warriors were mourners, the chief, and, -indeed, the only one of the blood who followed, was a stripling of -fifteen, young in years, but displaying muscular proportions, a -military bearing, and features betokening valour, determination of -purpose, and invincible resolution in the accomplishment of his will. -The warrior was laid in his tomb with all due ceremonial, the priests -closed their books, the soldiers who had followed him to many a -battlefield, gathered round the open grave to take a last look at his -coffin, and then dispersed, whilst the young mourner returned to the -vice-regal castle, which now seemed so solitary and desolate without -the sound of his father's voice. The defunct warrior was stout old -Siward, the Northumbrian Earl, who had scorned "to die the death of a -cow," and the mourner who followed his remains was his sole surviving -son, Waltheof; his elder son, Osbert, having been slain in battle. -Eadward the Confessor was then King, and he, deeming Waltheof too -young and inexperienced to rule so ungovernable a people as the -Northumbrians, appointed Tosti, a younger son of Earl Godwine, and -brother to Harold, afterwards King, to the Earldom. Tosti, however, -ruled the people with such intolerable cruelty and oppression that the -people of York broke into his mansion, plundered it, and murdered his -house-carles; they then assembled in a folkgemôte and formally deposed -him, electing Morkere of Mercia in his room. This was an illegal act, -but the King, when he heard the circumstances of the case, confirmed -it, as did also the Witan-Gemôte of Westminster. Morkere constituted -Osulf, Waltheof's uncle, his deputy in Bernicia, on whose death he -was succeeded by his brother, Gospatric. - -John of Peterborough says that Waltheof was given the Earldoms of -Huntingdon and Northampton at his father's death; but as these were -held by Tosti, the probability seems to be that he succeeded on the -deposition of that Earl. Simeon of Durham says that he governed -Bernicia as his father's deputy, but this seems improbable on account -of his age, and is not confirmed by other authorities. On the -accession of Harold, Tosti, in conjunction with Harold Hardrada, -invaded Northumbria, but were defeated by Harold at Stamford Bridge. -It was, however, the cause of the ruin of Harold, who, whilst -banquetting at York in celebration of his victory, had news brought -him that Duke William of Normandy had landed in Sussex, and he had to -lead his army by forced marches to the south, arriving in the front of -the fresh Norman troops footsore and wearied, and with the loss of -many who had fallen out of the ranks during the march; the result -being his defeat and death, which might have been otherwise but for -this fatal expedition to York. The brother Earls, Morkere of -Northumbria and Eadwine of Mercia, and Waltheof undertook to bring -bodies of soldiers to his aid, but the former two stood aloof, from -politic motives; but Waltheof sent his contingent, if he were not -present at the battle himself, which is uncertain. - -Duke William was now King of England. London, with the south and east, -had submitted at once, but it cost him some efforts to subjugate the -west, and still more the north. He did, however, eventually make -himself master of Yorkshire and the northern counties, built a castle -at York, and placed therein William Malet as military governor of the -city. The year after his accession, he found it necessary to visit his -Norman Dukedom, when, fearing to leave behind him men so powerful, and -whom he suspected of disaffection, he courteously invited Earls -Eadwine, Morkere, and Waltheof, to accompany him as guests, who -complied with his request, although they were perfectly aware that -they were going as hostages for the good behaviour of their people -during his absence. Soon after their return, the three Earls, under -Earl Gospatric, made a demonstration in the north in favour of Eadgar, -the Atheling, but were defeated, and fled to the court of Malcolm, in -Scotland. William sent a herald to demand the fugitives, but the King -declined giving them up. - -In the year 1069, a Danish fleet of 240 vessels might be seen sailing -up the Humber and Ouse. It was under the command of the Danish Princes -Harold and Cnut, and had been joined at sea by a Scottish fleet under -Gospatric and Waltheof. This formidable force landed near York, and -entered the city amid the acclamations of the citizens. Malet was shut -up in the Castle with a body of Norman troops, and had boastingly -written to the King that he wanted no help, for he could hold it till -domesday. Around the Castle walls were several houses, which Malet -ordered to be fired, that they might not afford shelter to the enemy, -but the fire spread further than he intended, consuming the greater -portion of the city, the Cathedral, and Archbishop Egbert's -magnificent library. It was whilst the flames were rising up with -terrific grandeur from the Cathedral towers, and the houses were all -ablaze or in ashes, that the confederates made their grand attack, -captured the citadel, and put the garrison to the sword. Waltheof -performed prodigies of valour. It is recorded of him in a Danish -saga--"The great Earl, with mighty arm and sinewy breast, stood by the -gate of York (Castle) as the Normans came forth, their heads falling -to the earth in succession beneath his battle-axe." Waltheof was -appointed Governor of York, the English and Scots garrisoning it, -whilst the Danes, in their ships, occupied the Trent and Ouse, to -check the advance of William and his army. - -It was not long before the King made his appearance before York and -demanded its surrender. - -Waltheof replied, "Take it if you can, for assuredly I will not -surrender it while life lasts." The King then bribed the Danes to -withdraw, by a large sum of money and permission to ravage the -northern coasts, and invested the city. A breach was made in the -walls, and William of Malmesbury says--"Waltheof, a man of great -muscular strength and courage, stood in the breach, and killed a great -number of Normans who attempted to enter." He states, also, that a -battle was fought outside the walls, and that Waltheof was the -victor. The siege lasted six months, and the city was reduced at last -by famine, after which the King committed the horrible crime of laying -waste the country from York to Durham so effectually that for nine -years neither spade nor plough was put in the ground, and the -miserable survivors who escaped his sword were compelled to eat the -most loathsome food to sustain life. - -Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria, and Waltheof fled to Scotland, but -afterwards tendered their submission to the King, the latter in -person, the other by proxy. Waltheof was a man of immense power and -influence as Lord of Hallamshire, Malton, and many another broad manor -in Yorkshire and other counties, and was, besides, a skilful warrior -and brave soldier, and the King, admiring his qualities, longed to win -him over as his liege man. He therefore pardoned him, restored him to -his Earldoms, and added thereto that of Northumbria, from which he had -deposed Gospatric. Moreover, he gave him in marriage his niece, -Judith, daughter of Eudes, Earl of Champagne, thinking thus to make -sure of his loyalty. - -Soon after he entered upon his new Earldom he committed a crime which -is a blot upon his name, but which was considered justifiable in that -age. A deadly feud existed between the descendants of Ughtred and -those of one Thorbrand of York. Thorbrand was the enemy of the father -of the second wife of Ughtred, who only obtained her hand by -undertaking to kill him, but was murdered himself by Thorbrand. Earl -Ealdred then, in retaliation, assassinated Thorbrand, and was in turn -killed by Carl, son of Thorbrand, and a series of murders followed, -which were completed by a wholesale massacre of the sons of Carl by -Waltheof, when they were feasting at the house of their elder brother -at Settrington, two only escaping. - -There was a great feast in the eastern counties to celebrate the -marriage of Ralph, Earl of Suffolk, with Emma, daughter of Roger, son -of William, Earl of Hereford, and Waltheof was one of the guests. This -marriage had been prohibited by the King, who was now in Normandy, and -advantage was taken of his absence to consummate it, which was, in the -eye of the law, a treasonable act. After the dinner, the conversation -turned upon the tyranny of King William, and, as the guests became -heated with wine, they framed a plot to depose him, and place one of -themselves as King in his room, the rest to be his proximate peers. -Waltheof is said to have taken the oath on compulsion, but the -following morning repented of having done so, and went to Archbishop -Lanfrane for absolution, who advised him to go to the King, explain -the matter, and implore his pardon. He had, however, foolishly -mentioned it to his wife Judith, who, wishing to get rid of "the Saxon -churl" and marry a Norman, sent an exaggerated account of the -conspiracy to her uncle, with the intimation that her husband was most -deeply implicated in it. Waltheof went to Normandy, revealed the plot -to the King, and asked his forgiveness for the part he had been -compelled to take in it, who assured him of pardon, and they returned -to England together. - -The King, however, who had now for some time looked upon Waltheof as -too powerful for a subject, thought this a favourable opportunity to -get rid of him, and when he arrived in England, committed him to -prison at Winchester. He then caused him to be arraigned at the -Pentecostal gemôte, on a charge of treasonable conspiracy, and he was -condemned to death. A few days after he was brought out into the -market-place at Winchester, and there beheaded; the first instance, -says Kennett, of decapitation in England. Ingulphus says that Judith -might have saved him, but she desired his death that she might marry -again, and afterwards experienced feelings of remorse for her cruelty. -She subsequently fell into disgrace with her uncle for refusing to -marry one who was lame. Her name appears in Domesday Book as Lady of -the Manors of Hallam, Sheffield, and Attercliffe. - -By his wife Judith he had issue, three daughters, -co-heiresses--Matilda, who married first Simon de St. Liz, and -secondly, David I., King of Scotland, thus conveying the Earldom of -Huntingdon to the Scottish Royal Family; Alice, who married Richard -Fitz Gilbert, whose granddaughter and heiress married Richard Fitz -Ooth, from whom was Robert Fitz Ooth, who claimed the Earldom of -Huntingdon on the failure of the Scottish male line, and who is -generally supposed to be identical with the outlaw Robin Hood; and -Judith, who married first Ralph de Toney, secondly Robert, son of -Richard de Tonbridge, from whom descended the Barons and Earls -Fitzwalter, the Earldom becoming extinct, and the Barony falling in -abeyance in 1753, the latter being called out in 1868, in the person -of Sir Brook William Brydges, fifth Baronet of, County Kent. - - - - -The Murderer's Bride. - - -It was on a beautiful evening in June, when the thirteenth century was -but a few years old, and when John wore the crown of England, that a -girl of some twenty summers was seated in a vaulted room of a ruinous -old Saxon castle, surrounded by her bower-maidens, chattering and -laughing, and busily employed on some embroidery work. The castle -stood on a slight eminence, some three or four miles from the -sea-coast of Yorkshire, and commanding a glorious view of the uplands -of Cleveland, the wide expanse of ocean, the only recently completed -towers of St. Hilda's Abbey, as they stood proudly on the beetling -cliff, and the clustering of fishermen's huts on the margin of the bay -below, then called the village of Presteby, formerly Streoneshalh, and -now Whitby. It had been built by the half-mythical Saxon noble, Wada, -as a defence against the marauding Picts, who came over the border, -and more particularly against the Danish Vikings, who were wont to -land at Flamborough, and harry the land. In the year 867, they had -destroyed the Lady Hilda's monastery, and it lay in ruins until after -the Conquest, when it was re-built and re-endowed by William de Percy, -ancestor of the potent Earls of Northumberland, and about half a -century before the period of our narrative, it had been again pillaged -and the country laid waste by a Norwegian fleet. But, amid all these -storms, the old castle built by Wada held its own, although it now -showed in its features the ravages of time and the marks of the -batterings it had undergone from the hands of a succession of foes, in -the shape of fallen towers, crumbling walls, and decayed battlements. -After the Conquest, the castle and barony were granted by the King to -Nigel Fossard, a soldier who had fought for him at Hastings, and from -whose family it passed, after two or three generations, to Robert de -Turnham, by marriage with Johanna, heiress of the Fossards. They were -now dead, and slept side by side within the sacred precincts of St. -Hilda, having left an only child--Isabel--as heiress, and now mistress -of the ruined old fortress, and the domain of pasture and moorland -lying round it; the same fair girl whom we find seated at her -embroidery frame. The apartment in which the youthful group were -assembled was the Lady Isabel's bower, very different, however, from a -modern boudoir, being of the usual Saxon type. The walls and vaulted -roof were of roughly-hewn stone, with a low, stunted column in the -centre, and rounded arches, slightly decorated with a zigzag -ornamentation, and on one side was an unglazed opening to admit the -light, more like a loophole than a window. On the walls, suspended -from tenter-hooks, were arras, picturing the miracles of St. Hilda, -which served to give some semblance of comfort and cheerfulness to the -room; and the other furniture consisted of a table, or board resting -on two trestles, and half a dozen cross-legged stools. - -Sounds of merriment and laughter echoed from the roof, as the maidens -plied their needles, the buoyancy of their youthful spirits, and the -outlook into what appears like a fairyland of the future, imparting a -sunshine which is the happy privilege of youth, but is denied to more -mature age. Yet, in the midst of all this joyous mirth, Isabel -occasionally sighed, as disquieting thoughts passed through her mind. -She was left in an unprotected solitude, and although the good Abbot -of St. Hilda's had been her father's friend, and had promised him on -his death-bed to watch over her and aid her by his counsel, he could -not supply the place of father and mother, of whom she had been -bereft, or of sister or brother, a companionship she had never -experienced. She had already begun to taste the cares and anxieties of -her position, and looked forward with some degree of apprehension, -having learnt that the King, as absolute lord of the soil of England, -had the right and power to dispose of the hands of heiresses of any -portion of that soil which was only held of him by baronial or -knightly tenure. - -"The sun goes down apace," said Isabel, rising and going to look forth -from the window, "fold up the altar-cloth, we shall have time to -complete the embroidery before the obit of St. Hilda." She gazed out -upon the sea, sparkling with the glitter of the setting sun, and -looked upon the abbey tower on the cliff, still radiant with -brightness--an out-post, as it seemed to her, of the realms of heaven, -and she felt a peaceful calm steal over her mind. Suddenly her eyes -gleamed with joy, and her heart began to throb with passionate -gladness. These emotions were awakened by the sight of a youth of -noble bearing, pacing with rapid steps the road leading to the castle. -This youth was Jasper de Percy, a scion of the afterwards illustrious -house of that name. He had long been affianced to Isabel, with the -consent and full approbation of their parents, and they loved each -other dearly and passionately. It was not long ere he was ushered into -her presence by the old seneschal of the castle, but with their soft -whisperings we have nothing to do, save that we know they consisted of -protestations of eternal love and anticipations of a happy future. -Whilst they were together the sun went down, and, as the bell of -compline rang out sweetly over the water, they knelt together and -uttered their evening prayer to the Holy Virgin, after which he -departed. - -"Pax vobiscum!" said the Abbot, as he entered the room soon after, -"how fares it with my daughter?" She replied that she was well in -health, but somewhat disquieted in soul, and told him what she had -heard about the King having the disposal of the hands of heiresses, -and asking him if it were so. He explained the law to her, and knowing -and approving of her love for young Percy, expressed a hope that His -Majesty would not interfere in her case, but, added he, "King John is -a bad man, unscrupulous in his actions, and an arch-heretic, even to -the defying of the Holy Father at Rome--the Vicegerent of God upon -earth, saying that he will allow no foreign priest to meddle in his -dominion." After some further conversation, Isabel knelt at his feet, -confessed her little faults, received absolution, and the Abbot -returned to St. Hilda's. So the days and weeks went on in their usual -routine, with nothing to disturb their serenity, until at length a -thunderbolt, as it were, fell suddenly in the midst of the little -community, utterly destroying all their fond hopes of happiness. - -The scene now changes to Normandy. King Henry II. of England had four -sons, of whom William, the eldest, d.v.p., and Richard, the second, -succeeded, who d.s.p. The third, Geoffrey, married Constance, daughter -and heiress of Conan le Petit, Duke of Bretagne and Earl of Richmond, -and had issue, Arthur, who was heir to the throne of England on the -death of his uncle Richard, but, being absent in Brittany, John, -fourth son of Henry, usurped the throne, and when Philip of France -espoused the cause of Arthur, he invaded France with an army, to -maintain the position he had assumed, and with the intention of -removing the obstacle to his legal right to the throne. He captured -his nephew, after patching up a peace with King Philip, and sent him -to Falaise, with instructions to Hubert de Burgh to put his eyes out. -Hubert, however, compassionated the boy, and saved him from that fate, -upon which King John removed Arthur from his custody, and had him -taken to Rouen, and placed in safe keeping. The midnight bell at St. -Ouen had rung out over the Norman city, and, saving that, all was -still in its tortuous streets, excepting the footsteps of three -persons going down to the river-side. They went along stealthily, one -of them, a boy, with seeming reluctance, and who appeared to be -expostulating with the two men who urged him along. "I tell thee, -boy," said he who was evidently the chief of the company, "that thou -shalt be Duke of Bretagne and Earl of Richmond, and we are but taking -thee to a place of safety wherein to abide until these untoward -matters that agitate the realm of France can be arranged." "But my -crown, the crown of England, my inheritance!" commenced the boy as -they arrived at the water's side, when the two men forced him into a -boat and pushed it off upon the Seine, and it glided down the river -beyond the confines of the city. The leader of the party was King -John, and the other his esquire, an ill-favoured bully, with an evil -cast of the eye, a Poictevin by birth, and called, in derision, Peter -de Malo-lacu, afterwards softened down to Maulac, and eventually to De -Mauley. He was one of the tools and evil counsellors of John, and was -ever ready to commit any crime provided he were well paid for it. -Their companion was the boy Prince, Arthur. The night was dreary and -murky, and the wind wailed a mournful cadence through the trees, well -befitting the contemplated deed of blood. The boat had passed some -distance down the river, and Arthur, fearing some foul design, was -imploring his uncle to be taken back to Rouen, when the Poictevin, in -reply to a signal from the King, suddenly plunged his dagger up to the -hilt in the boy's breast, and at the same moment seized him by the -legs, and pitched him over the side of the boat into the river, to -pass down to the sea with the ebbing tide. - -"'Twas well done," said John to his companion in guilt, "that obstacle -to our ambition is removed for ever; and as for thee, Peter, thou -shalt be great amongst the nobles of our realm. It will be hard if I -cannot find an heiress lacking a husband, and thou shalt be a baron of -England." - -Again are we among the merry hills and dales of Cleveland. The summer -has passed away, the leaves of autumn have fallen, the fierce blasts -of the wintry winds of North Yorkshire have toned down into the gentle -gales of spring, and a glad sunshine pervades land and sea. But there -is wailing and lamentation within the walls of Wada's old castle, and -saddened hearts beneath the shadow of St. Hilda's tower. The marriage -of Isabel and Jasper had been arranged, and nothing was wanting for -its consummation but the sanction of the King. A messenger had been -despatched to the Court of John to obtain his consent, but he replied -that it could not be, as he had other views in regard to the heiress, -and purposed, by giving her hand to a brave warrior of Poictou, to -raise her to a dignity far above anything ever attained by the -Turnhams or the Fossards; in short, that he intended giving her in -marriage to his friend and companion-in-arms, Peter de Maulac. Hence -those tears and lamentations, as there was no resisting the King's -will. - -A few months, and there stood before the altar of St. Hilda, decorated -with the embroidery from the deft fingers of Isabel and her -bower-maidens, an ill-assorted couple. On the one side a -forbidding-looking man, with a ferocious cast of countenance and an -eye of ill omen; on the other, a gentle, delicate girl, of symmetrical -figure and beautifully chiselled features, but pale as a corpse, and -with eyes swollen and bloodshot with weeping. Nevertheless, it -mattered not, the mandate of the King must be obeyed, and they became -man and wife. - -Peter de Mauley, as he now chose to style himself, thus became, by -right of his wife, feudal lord of Isabel's demesnes, situated at -Egton, Juby-Park-Houses, and Newbiggin, near Whitby; Mauley Cross, -near Pickering; Bainton, near Driffield; Ellerton, near Pocklington; -and Seaton, near Hornsea; but the King compelled him to pay for the -livery of these estates a fine of 7,000 marks. He built a new castle -near the old one, and called it, from the beauty of the situation, -Moult-grace, but which the people, in consequence of his oppression, -transformed, by the change of a single letter, into Moult-grave, since -then corrupted into Mulgrave. He was a firm adherent of John in his -troubles with the Pope and the Barons, and was rewarded for his -services with other considerable grants of lands, the Sheriffdoms of -Dorset and Somerset, and, under Henry III., with the Governorship of -Sherborne Castle. He died in 1221, and the ill-fated Isabel -pre-deceased him, whose body he buried in Meaux Abbey, near Beverley, -giving with it a grant of land. - -They had a son--Peter--who succeeded, who was followed by six other -Peters in unbroken succession, all of whom enjoyed the estates, -excepting the seventh, who died v.p. The fourth was created a baron by -writ of summons in 1295; but Peter the eighth, fourth in the barony, -dying without issue in 1415, the dignity fell in abeyance between his -sisters and co-heiresses--Constance, who married, first, William -Fairfax, secondly, Sir John Bigot, and who succeeded to Moult-grave, -and Elizabeth, who married George Salvin. The title was revived in -1838, as a barony by patent, in the person of the Hon. W. F. Spencer -Ponsonby, third son of the Earl of Bessborough, a descendant, through -females, of Elizabeth Salvin; but the old barony by writ still lies in -abeyance among the representatives of the above co-heiresses. - -The death of Prince Arthur is still shrouded in mystery, the English -chroniclers giving different versions of it, and Shakspeare -representing him as being killed by a fall from the walls of his -prison when attempting to escape; but the French historians, who are -more likely to be correct, coincide in attributing it to the hand of -Peter de Malo-lacu, in the presence of John, or even to that of the -King himself. - - - - -The Earldom of Wiltes. - - -The famous Yorkshire family of Le Scrope, or Scroop, is one of the -most illustrious in the peerage roll of England; not, however, for the -number and dignity of their titles, which only amounted to five of -lesser rank, two of which are extinct, one dormant, and two in -abeyance, but, for the many eminent and influential men sprung from -the race, who have distinguished themselves in the State, at the -King's Council table, in the Church, at the Bar, on the battlefield, -and in the walks of literature. During three centuries, from Edward -II. to Charles I., there have been of the Scropes--two Earls, twenty -Barons, one Baronet, one Archbishop, four Bishops, one Lord -Chancellor, four Lord Treasurers, five Knights of the Garter, several -Knights Banneret, many Wardens of the Scottish Marches, three -immortalised in the pages of Shakspeare, one, "Keen Lord Scrope," in -the ballad of "Kinmont Willie," and another in the ballad of "Flodden -Field." - -They were originally of Normandy, and in the reign of William I., -Osborne Fitz-Richard, their first English ancestor, held several -manors in the Western counties. The first mention of them in -connection with Yorkshire is in 1287, when they held eight carucates -of land at Bolton, where they built Bolton Castle. They rose rapidly -in importance, ramifying in various directions, mainly into two great -branches, those of Masham and Bolton, subsequently having mansions and -domains at Bolton Castle; Clifton Castle, Masham; Danby -Hall, Middleham; Upsall Castle, Thirsk; Croft-on-the-Tees, -Ellerton-upon-Swale, Spennithorne, and South Kilvington; and are now -represented by a junior branch, seated at Danby-super-Yore. - -Henry, seventh Baron Scrope, of Bolton, was one of the heroes of -Flodden, whose valour is sung in the ballad of Flodden Field. John, -eighth Baron, was implicated in the rebellion of the Pilgrimage of -Grace, but escaped the death of a traitor. Henry, ninth Baron, had -charge of Mary Queen of Scots, at Bolton. Henry, third Baron Scrope, -of Masham, was executed for treason, as was also Richard Scrope, -Archbishop of York. - -The time in which Sir William Scrope, K.G., Earl of Wiltes, and King -of the Isle of Man, lived, that of the reign of Richard II., was one -of the most eventful in the history of England. Richard, son of the -Black Prince, was born in 1367, and succeeded to the throne of his -grandfather, Edward III., at ten years of age, in 1377, the government -being vested in twelve councillors, his uncles being excluded -therefrom. He displayed signs of vigour and ability during the -insurrection under Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, when he met the rebels in -Smithfield, on which occasion the former was killed by Lord Mayor -Walworth; and in his invasion of Scotland, in 1385, when he penetrated -as far as Aberdeen, and burnt Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee; but -afterwards he threw himself into the arms of favourites, which excited -the jealousy of his uncles, when the Duke of Gloucester was chosen -head of the Council, and the parliament, called "wonderful," summoned -under his auspices, put two of his favourites to death, and -confiscated the property of the rest. When he reached the age of -twenty-two he threw off the trammels of guardianship, and for some -time ruled his kingdom with justice, but he possessed not the -necessary vigour to cope with the turbulent spirits by whom he was -surrounded, and still permitted himself to be governed by favourites, -of whom Sir William Scrope was one. - -Sir William might almost be said to be born a courtier. His father, -Richard, first Baron of Bolton; his uncle, Geoffrey, first Baron of -Masham; and his maternal uncle, Michael de la Pole, son of a Hull -merchant, and created Earl of Suffolk by Richard II., were all -foremost men about the Court in military, diplomatic, legislative, -judicial, and other capacities. His father was a statesman of rare -talent, and resigned his chancellorship in 1380, in consequence of the -anger of the young King at his protests against the lavish grants he -made to his favourites. Pole, Earl of Suffolk, and De Vere, Duke of -Ireland, with Brember, Mayor of London, and Tresilian, were the King's -favourites in his early days, but in 1388, Gloucester and the -confederated Barons attacked them, compelled the two former to take to -flight, and put to death the two latter. After their dispersion, Sir -William Scrope became one of the principal advisers and favourites of -the King, who loaded him with honours and wealth. He was constituted -Seneschal of Acquitaine in 1383; Governor of the town and castle of -Cherbourg in 1385; and Governor of Queensborough Castle in the same -year; was appointed Vice-Chamberlain of the Household in 1393, and -Lord Chamberlain in 1395. He was sent as Ambassador to France to -negotiate the marriage of the King, in 1395, and to treat for peace, -in 1397. He was nominated Justicier of Chester, North Wales, and -Flint, in 1397, and in the same year Surveyor of the Forests in -Cheshire. In 1397, he was created Earl of Wiltes; the following year -had charge of the castle of Guisnes; and in 1399, was appointed -guardian of the realm during the absence of the King in Ireland. He -was a faithful servant and attached friend to his master, and laid -down his life in his service. - -The causes of the deposition and death of Richard were his weak -character and his obnoxious mode of government, through favourites and -evil advisers, which were accelerated by the ambition and revenge of -his cousin Henry, Duke of Hereford, son of John of Gaunt, Duke of -Lancaster. The Duke of Hereford had a quarrel with Mowbray, Duke of -Norfolk, each accusing the other of treason, and the King consented -that the matter should be decided by combat at Coventry, but when the -lists were opened and the combatants mounted, lance in hand, ready to -commence the fight, the King commanded them to desist, and arbitrarily -condemned Norfolk to banishment from the realm for life, and Hereford -for ten years, the latter being granted the privilege of taking -possession, through his attorney, of any inheritances that might fall -to him during his absence. Whilst he was abroad his father, the Duke -of Lancaster, died, and the King, in violation of his promise, took -possession of his widely-spread lands in Yorkshire and elsewhere, -including Leeds, Kippax, Almondbury, and many another manor in the -county. Henry, now Duke of Lancaster, had speedy intelligence of this -from his attorney, and gathering a few followers together, took -shipping for England, and landed at Ravenspurn, in Holderness, at the -mouth of the Humber. His ostensible motive in coming to England, and -perhaps his real intention, was simply to obtain possession of his -inheritance, with, possibly, some vague ideas of vengeance for his -banishment. But, as he passed through Yorkshire, he was joined by the -Percies and other powerful families, who welcomed him back to -England, and the people flocked round his standard, so that when he -approached London he found himself at the head of a considerable army, -and then he threw off his disguise, and proclaimed that he had come to -deliver the kingdom from the evil advisers of the Crown. The King had -gone to Ireland to subdue an insurrection, and had left the Earl of -Wiltes as guardian of the realm, who, on hearing of the march of -Lancaster towards London, fled, with others, to Bristol, hoping to -join the King there on his return from Ireland. The Duke followed them -thither, laid siege to the castle, "where at length," says Walsingham, -"William le Scrope, John Busby, and Henry Grene, were taken prisoners, -and they were forthwith, on the morrow, beheaded, at the outcry of the -populace." The Duke had now fully resolved upon striking for the -Crown, although he was not the legitimate heir, even if Richard were -removed, and it was his usurpation which gave rise to the subsequent -War of the Roses. In furtherance of his project, he considered it -desirable to win over the citizens of London, and in order to -conciliate those who were opposed to the favourites, and terrify -those who were friendly to the King and his government, he sent -thither the heads of Scrope, Busby, and Grene, in a basket, with a -letter, in which he said--"I beg of you to let me know if you will be -on my side or not, and I care not which, for I have people enough to -fight all the world for one day. But take in good part the present I -have sent you," etc. This produced the effect he wished for, as the -Londoners at once espoused his cause. The King was soon after -captured, sent to Pontefract Castle, and there murdered, after a -formal deposition; and Henry, with the consent of Parliament, assumed -the crown. He called a Parliament together, who, in the first year of -his reign, passed an Act of Attainder and Confiscation against the -Earl of Wiltes and other of Richard's friends; and it was assumed that -the earldom thus became extinct, although legally it only became -dormant, and presents one of the most curiously complicated and -interesting cases that ever came before the Court of Heralds or the -House of Lords, paralleled only, perhaps, in interest by the famous -Scrope-Grosvenor heraldic dispute, between Sir Richard Scrope, the -Earl's father, and Sir Robert Grosvenor, as to the right to bear -"azure a bend or" on their shields of arms, in which 400 witnesses of -the highest rank appeared in evidence. - -The patent of the Earldom was thus made out:--"We, considering the -probity, the wise and provident circumspection, and the -illustriousness of manners and birth of our beloved and trusty William -le Scrope, Chevalier, and willing deservedly to exalt him by the -prerogative of honour, do create him in Parliament to be Earl of -Wiltes; and do invest him with the style, name, and honour of the -place aforesaid, by the girding of the sword, to have to him and his -heirs-male for ever. And in order that the Earl and his heirs -aforesaid, for the decency of so great a name and honour, may be the -better and the more honourably able to support the burdens incumbent -on the same, of our special grace we have given and granted, and by -this charter confirm, to the Earl and his heirs aforesaid, £20 to be -received every year out of the issues of the county of Wilton, by the -hands of the sheriff of the county for ever." The patent was made out -in this way, with remainder to his heirs-male, because, although -married, he had no issue by whom it might descend lineally, and it -would thus pass downward in the family through his collateral heirs, -his brothers or their children. In 1859, Simon Thomas Scrope, of -Danby, claimed the dormant Earldom, as heir-general of the grantee, on -the ground that the attainder was invalid, and the case occupied the -consideration of the House of Lords for ten years. In the first place, -the question arose whether by "heirs-general," collateral descendants -were meant, which was decided in the affirmative, and the claimant -then proved to the satisfaction of the House that he was the -heir-general. It was then contended that the attainder was invalid, as -taking up arms in defence of a reigning Sovereign could not by any -possibility be construed into treason; but, on the other hand, it was -argued that the attainder was legal, as it was an Act of the first -Parliament called by Henry. But it was shown that before Henry's -assumption of the crown, whilst the King was in captivity, he made -grants of the Earl's lands and goods in the name of the King, using -Richard's name and seal for the purpose, as he did also in issuing -writs for the summoning of a new Parliament, which were ante-dated so -as to appear to have been issued by the King, and this Parliament it -was which passed the Act of the Attainder. "This, of course," as -Elsynge says, "was entirely illegal, for as the Earl had been -illegally executed, without the pretence, or the possibility of a -pretence, of any legal charge or lawful trial, there could be nothing -to affect the legal rights which devolved upon his heirs, and a murder -could hardly create a forfeiture." Further, it was shown that all the -attainders of the Parliament of Henry were reversed by the first -Parliament of Edward IV., therefore, even if the attainder had been -perfectly legal, it became null and void by the subsequent reversal, -and consequently the title was now lying dormant, and belonged to the -heir-general of Sir William Scrope. This seems to be very simple, -clear, and logical, but the Lords of the nineteenth century thought -otherwise, and gave their decision that an Act of Parliament of the -fourteenth century should be held to be valid, simply because it was -an Act of Parliament, even although reversed by a subsequent Act, and -that, consequently, the claim could not be admitted. The legitimate -heir to the Earldom is, therefore, debarred from enjoying his title. -But if the principle which operated adversely to his claim were to be -set in motion retrospectively, many a proud coronet, even amongst -those who voted against the claim, would fall to the ground. - -It has been said by some authorities that Sir William was not the son -of Richard, first Baron Scrope of Bolton, but his nephew, and son of -Henry, first Baron Scrope of Masham. - -He purchased, _circa_ 1393, of William de Montacute, the sovereignty -of the Isle of Man, the lord of the island at that time possessing the -right of being crowned and styled king, although subject to the King -of England. - -At the time of the execution of the Earl, his brother Richard was -Archbishop of York, who is represented by Walsingham, as having been -"a pious and devout man, incomparably learned, of singular integrity, -and of a goodly and amiable personage," and was so grieved at the -murder of his brother, and so exasperated against the usurper -Bolingbroke, that he entered into conspiracy with the Earl of -Northumberland, who had been alienated from the King, and had lost his -son (Hotspur) at the battle of Shrewsbury, and with Mowbray, Earl of -Norfolk, son of the banished Earl, to dethrone King Henry. The -standard of revolt, emblazoned with the five wounds of Christ, was -raised at Shipton, near York, around which 20,000 Yorkshiremen ranged -themselves. The Archbishop imprudently made known his intentions too -openly, by fixing papers to church doors, charging the King with -usurpation, perjury, sacrilege, and murder; by sending circulars to -other counties calling upon the people to take up arms for his -dethronement; and preaching three sermons denouncing him as a _pseudo_ -King, and a traitor to his sovereign. The King, of course, soon heard -of these proceedings, and sent Prince John, afterwards Duke of -Bedford, and the Earl of Westmoreland, with 30,000 men, to put down -the insurrection. They found the conspirators so securely entrenched -in the forest of Galtres that they deemed it most prudent to resort to -a stratagem. By means of flattery and false promises they allured the -Archbishop from his shelter, and immediately arrested him for high -treason, taking him first to Pontefract and then to Bishopthorpe. The -King directed the famous Judge Gascoigne to try and sentence him, who -refused, saying that a Peer must be tried by his Peers. Judge -Fulthorpe, who was less scrupulous, was then appointed, and, with -scarcely the formality of a trial, condemned him to death. "Presently -after, he was set upon an ill-favoured jade, his face towards its -tail, and was carried with great scorn to a field hard by, where his -head was stricken off by a fellow that did his office very ill, not -being able to decapitate with less than five strokes." He was looked -upon as a martyr by the people, who flocked in crowds to pray at his -tomb and place of execution, which was forbidden by the King by -proclamation, and the Pope excommunicated all who were concerned in -his death. (See "The Loyal Martyr, 1722." Maydestone's "History of the -Martyrdom of Archbishop Scrope." "A Narrative of the Decollation of -Archbishop Scrope, by Thos. Gascoigne, D.D.," in MS. in the Bod. Lib.; -and "A Declaration of Archbishop Scrope against the Government of -Henry IV." in Ang. Sec., vol. 2.) - - - - -Black-faced Clifford. - - -Thomas, eighth Baron Clifford, is said by genealogists to have been -born in 1414, and that he was forty years of age when he fell at St. -Alban's; but he must have been nearer fifty than forty, as his son -John, ninth Baron, was born in 1430, when he would be but sixteen -years of age; but marriages were contracted early then. His daughter, -Elizabeth, was married at six years of age to Sir William Plumpton, -who, dying soon after, she was re-married to his brother, her father -stipulating that "they should not ligge together" until she had -arrived at the age of eighteen. He was a portly, soldierly-looking -figure, with a commanding presence, and a tone of voice calculated to -ensure obedience to his commands. He had spent the greater part of his -life, since the dawn of manhood, in the wars of France; was greatly -applauded for his capture of Pontoise by a clever stratagem, in 1438, -and two years afterwards won equal admiration for the skill and -bravery with which he defended it against the troops of King Charles -VII., and in 1445, he was entrusted with the high honour of escorting -to England, Margaret of Anjou, the bride of Henry VI. - -John, his son, was somewhat different, possessing neither the martial -figure, the open countenance, nor the genial manner of his father. His -frame was more slenderly proportioned, his face presented rather a -scowl than a smile, and his temperament inclined to a moroseness and -brooding, which rendered him cruel in war and disagreeable amongst his -private friends. - -It was a beautiful May morning in the year 1455; the sun was shining -brightly in the Vale of Craven. Breakfast was spread in the great hall -of the castle of the Cliffords. On the daïs at the upper end, sat, at -the cross table, Thomas, Lord Clifford, and his wife, the Lady Joan, a -daughter of Thomas, Lord Dacre, of Gillesland; his son John, with his -wife, Margaret, daughter of Henry Bromflete; Baron Vesey; and the -Prior of Bolton, who had come over on his mule to be present on this -occasion. Down the centre of the hall stretched the long table of -oaken planks resting on trestles, with benches on each side, on which -were seated the knights of the fees of Skipton, esquires, the priests -of the chapel, the secretary, the treasurer, the seneschal, the -constable, and other of the higher officials of the castle, with -others of meaner degree, all ranged higher or lower, above or below -the salt, according to their rank. The tables were loaded with -substantial fare--huge joints of beef, mutton, brawn, and venison; -saltfish, fresh herrings, and eels, with manchetts of bread in -trenchers, interspersed with foaming flagons of ale and pewter -tankards of sack. There was rudely cooked plenty, and keen appetites -to overlook the deficiency of delicacies. - -The conversation on the daïs turned upon the great topic of the -day--the manifest aspiration of Richard, Duke of York, to the Crown of -England, and the deposition of the imbecile and monkish-minded King -Henry VI. Henry of Bolingbroke, son of John of Gaunt, fourth son of -Edward, had usurped the throne of his cousin, Richard II., and had -been succeeded by his son, Henry V., and his grandson, Henry VI., -which usurpation gave rise to the desolating War of the Roses, now -breaking out, and it could not be denied that Richard had a better -claim, as the representative, through Anne, his mother, of the Duke of -Clarence, than Henry had, as representative of the Duke of Lancaster. - -"The summons from the King arrived a week ago," said Lord Clifford in -reply to the Prior, "and you will perceive, Holy Father, that I have -lost no time in obeying it." - -"And a fine body of men you have gathered together," said the Prior, -"the flower of Craven, whom it would be difficult to match for rude -bravery and devotion to the will of their lord." - -"True," replied Clifford, "but we have opposed to us the men of the -Vale of Mowbray, under the Duke of Norfolk, and the stout men-at-arms -of Middleham, the followers of Warwick and Salisbury, all -Yorkshiremen, not less obstinately brave than those of Craven, to say -nothing of the Durham retainers of the Nevilles from Raby. But then we -shall have the powerful assistance of the Percys, with their troops -from Topcliffe and Leckonfield and Wressle, so that it must be a -fierce and bloody contest. I count but little upon the men of the -south and the west of England; it will be the valour of the north -which shall decide it." - -"Indeed, my lord," answered the Prior, "I foresee a long and bloody -war, when such powerful competitors are pitted against each other, and -I mourn over the thousands of desolated homesteads in Merry England, -as it is wont to be called; merry, alas! I fear not, for many a long -day to come." - -"Have you had any further tidings, sir," inquired the younger -Clifford, "of the movements of Richard of York?" - -"Nothing," replied his father, "but that he has raised his standard on -the borders of Wales, and is marching with his troops upon London, to -demand justice upon Somerset; and further, I have received information -that Salisbury, Warwick, and Mowbray, are hastening to join him. But -we must not waste more time; we must perform a long march before -sunset." - -A short service was held, and mass said in the chapel before the -leaders, by the Prior, and the head priest of the chapel extemporised -a religious service in the courtyard to the soldiers, who stood -bareheaded, and listened devoutly. In those days the lower classes, -however rough and barbarous they might be, implicitly believed what -was told them by the priests, without any dogmatic scruples whatever, -believing that the shriving of the priest or monk cleared off all old -scores of sin, and they might, without compunction, commence a fresh -score; the sum and substance of their religion being to serve their -feudal lord faithfully, accept the dogmas of the priest, and -contribute according to their means to the money-chests of the Church -and the monastery. - -There was but scant leave-taking; the women of that time were so -accustomed to parting with their husbands and sons for the French and -Scottish wars, that they looked upon it as a matter of course. Outside -the walls was a gathering of the wives, children, and sweethearts of -the rank and file, with whom there were some tender leave-takings from -those, so many of whom they would never more see, and who, despite -their rough exterior, possessed within them hearts beating with -affection and tenderness towards the cheerers of their cottage -firesides. - -The Royalists of Craven made but slow progress as they wended their -way southward. It was not until after some ten days' marching along -rough roads, entangled woods, the fording of rivers, and tramping -through morasses, that Lord Clifford and the men of Craven found -themselves on the borders of Hertfordshire. Here they met with a -messenger from the King, with information that Henry and Somerset, -with an army, small in number, but composed chiefly of nobles and -knights, men of experience and valour, had come forth from London to -meet the Yorkists, and would await Lord Clifford's arrival at Watford, -bidding him to speed with all haste to that rendezvous. Lord Clifford -and his son at this summons spurred on their chargers, leaving the -troops to follow. They found the King occupying a house in the small -town, and in conference with the Duke of Somerset, who had been -nominated by the Queen to the Generalship-in-chief of the forces; they -were admitted to the presence at once, and were cordially received by -Henry, Lord Clifford being high in his favour. The Yorkshire -contingent entered the town soon after, with their banners displayed -and trumpets sounding, and pitched their tents alongside those of the -King's army. A council of war was called in the evening, and Lord -Clifford had the gratification of meeting there his uncle Henry, -second Earl of Northumberland, now sixty years of age, King Henry V. -having reversed the attainder of his grandfather, for the Shrewsbury -and Bramham affairs, and restored him to the Percy estates and -dignities, since which he had won distinction by sharing in the glory -of Agincourt. At this council it was determined to march, on the -following morning, upon St. Alban's, as it was ascertained from scouts -that Richard of York, between whom and Somerset there was bitter -enmity, was marching in that direction with an army he had gathered -round him at Ludlow, which had been augmented on the road by the -contingents of his sympathisers, and was supposed to outnumber the -forces ranged under the Lancastrian banner. - -The following morning the tents around Watford were struck by -daylight; the troops breakfasted, and, with banners flying and -trumpets sounding, they commenced their march towards St. Alban's. Sir -Philip Wentworth carried the Royal standard; and with the King, as a -guard of honour, were Humphrey, Duke of Buckingham, and his son, Earl -Stafford; Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland; James Butler, Earl of -Wiltshire; Thomas, Lord Clifford; and other nobles of the first rank. - -As the army approached St. Alban's, they perceived the uplands in -front of them covered with armed men, moving rapidly along towards the -old Roman city, in battle array. On seeing this, the Lancastrians -halted, set up the Royal standard, with Lord Clifford and his Craven -men to guard the barriers. The Duke of Buckingham was sent to demand -of the Duke of York why he thus appeared before his Sovereign. Duke -Richard replied that he was loyal to the King, sought only for justice -upon Somerset, and would at once lay down his arms if he would -surrender him to be dealt with according to the laws of the kingdom. -The King, on receiving this message, displayed unwonted spirit, and -replied that "he would as soon give up his crown as deliver up either -Somerset or the meanest soldier in his camp to the mercy of the -Yorkists." This answer was final, and the Red and the White Rose met -for the first time in the struggle of battle. - -The Lancastrians had the advantage of position, and were so certain -of victory that Somerset issued orders that no quarter should be given -to the Yorkists, but the latter had firearms of a rude description, -which gave them a counter advantage. Clifford, however, kept them at -bay bravely, and prevented them from coming to close conflict. -Meanwhile, Warwick, with his northern warriors, entered the town from -the other side, and fell upon the King's troops with such vigour that, -as Hall says, "the King's army was profligate disposed, and all the -chieftains of the field almost slain and brought to confusion." The -barriers were at length burst, and York entered the town, and then in -the streets were heard the shouts of "A Warwick! a Warwick!" on the -other side "A York! a York!" and in the midst the war cries of "King -Henry! a Somerset! a Percy! a Clifford!" etc., all intermingled with -the clash of swords upon armour and shield; the whir of arrows flying -through the air; the groans of wounded and dying men, and the screams -of flying women; whilst the market-place was strewn with the bodies of -fallen men, and the streets flowed with blood. Shakspeare makes -Clifford fall at the hand of the Duke of York. Warwick enters -crying-- - - "Clifford of Cumberland, 'tis Warwick calls! - And if thou do'st not hide thee from the bear - Now when the angry trumpet sounds alarm - And dead men's cries do fill the empty air, - Clifford, I say, come forth and fight with me! - Proud northern lord, Clifford of Cumberland, - Warwick is hoarse with calling thee to arms." - -York, however, interposes, and claims the right of fighting with him. - - "_Clifford._--What seest thou in me, York? Why dost thou pause? - - _York._--With thy brave bearing I should be in love, - But that thou art so fast mine enemy. - - _Clifford._--Nor should thy prowess want praise and esteem, - But that 'tis shown ignobly and in treason. - - _York._--So let it help me now against thy sword, - As I in justice and true right express it! - - _Clifford._--My soul and body on the action both! - - _York._--A dreadful lay!--address thee instantly. - - (_They fight, and Clifford falls._) - - _Clifford._--La fin couronne les oeuvres. (_Dies._) - - _York._--Thus war hath given thee peace, for thou art still. - Peace with his soul, Heaven, if it be Thy will." - -The slaughter of Lord Clifford at the hands of the Duke of York is the -keynote to young Clifford's subsequent ruthless hatred of the House of -York. Coming up to the body of his father, Shakspeare puts these words -into his mouth-- - - "Wast thou ordain'd, dear father, - To lose thy youth in peace, and to achieve - The silvery livery of advised age, - And in thy reverence, and thy chair-days thus - To die in ruffian battle? Even at this sight - My heart is turn'd to stone; and while 'tis mine - It shall be stony. York not our old men spares: - No more will I their babes; tears virginal - Shall be to me even as the dew to fire; - And beauty, that the tyrant oft reclaims, - Shall, to my flaming wrath, be oil and flax. - Henceforth I will not have to do with pity - Meet I an infant of the house of York, - Into as many gobbets will I cut it - As wild Medea young Absyrtus did. - In cruelty will I seek out my fame. - Come thou new ruin of old Clifford's house. - (_Taking up the body._) - As old Æneas did Anchises bear, - So bear I thee upon my manly shoulders. - But then Æneas bore a living load, - Nothing so heavy as these woes of mine." - -Although the Lancastrians fought bravely, nothing could withstand the -superior number of the Yorkists, combined, as it was, with the -military skill and impetuous valour of the Earl of Warwick, and in a -short space of time there lay dead the Duke of Somerset and the Earls -of Northumberland and Stafford; and the Duke of Buckingham and the -Earl of Wiltshire and Ormond grievously wounded. Thus deprived of -their chief leaders, the King being a mere cipher, the Lancastrians -threw down their weapons and fled, Wentworth flinging down the Royal -standard and spurring his horse in the direction of Suffolk. The poor -King was captured; but York treated him with great courtesy and -kindness, conducted him to St. Alban's Abbey, where they prayed -together at the shrine of the martyr, and then went together, victor -and vanquished, to London. - -The Yorkists were now in the ascendant, but acted with great -moderation. There were no executions and no attainders; so Clifford -succeeded to the title and kept the estates. The King was again -attacked by his old malady, and again was Richard of York appointed -Protector; but Queen Margaret now began to exhibit her qualities, and -to intrigue in politics. She was truly an able and brave woman, but -vindictive and rash. She succeeded in ousting York from the -Protectorship, and took measures for crushing him effectually; and -again the flames of war broke out. - -Lord Clifford did not, under these circumstances, sit at home brooding -over his misfortunes and the bitterness of his hatred to the house of -York. He was always on the alert, at London or elsewhere, attending on -Councils of State or engaged in the field. He fought at Bloreheath, -in 1459, and at Northampton, in 1460, on both of which occasions his -party suffered a defeat; but Margaret, nothing daunted, raised an army -of 18,000 men, and proceeded at their head into Yorkshire, in face of -the frosts and snows of the December of 1460. The Duke of York, with a -small army of 5,000 men, went from London and threw himself into -Sandal Castle, by Wakefield, there to await the arrival of his son -Edward, Earl of March, who was mustering forces in the Welsh Marches. -The Queen came with her army upon Wakefield Green, with the Duke of -Somerset, son of the slain Duke, in chief command, and Clifford and -Wiltshire, son of the Earl who fell at St. Alban's, in command of -ambuscades, one on each side. Then, aware of her numerical -superiority, she appeared before Sandal, and summoned the Duke to come -forth and fight her. "What, are you afraid of encountering an army led -by a woman? Cowardly poltroon! can you be fit to wear the crown of -England, who shut yourself up in a castle against a woman?" York -called a council of war, and was earnestly dissuaded against running -the hazard of a battle before the arrival of his son; but, taunted by -the jeers of the Queen, he felt that his honour was concerned in -fighting at once, despite the numerical odds, and forth he went with -his small army, not one-third that of the Queen. - -The Duke sallied forth and met Somerset, with a comparatively small -force, on Wakefield Green, whom he attacked with great vigour, -anticipating, with his better-disciplined men, an easy victory; but -the ambuscades under Clifford and Wiltshire came out upon his flanks, -whilst a contingent of Northern Borderers attacked his rear, and thus, -completely surrounded, his small force succumbed, the White Rose -drooped, and the Red, for the first time, was triumphant. This battle -brought to an end the ambitious aspirations of Richard of York. He was -one of the first to fall, and with him Sir Thomas Neville, Lord -Salisbury's son, and Lord Harrington, the husband of Katherine -Neville, his daughter. Lord Salisbury himself was wounded, but not -sufficiently to prevent his galloping off from the scene. Clifford -however, followed in hot pursuit, captured, and sent him to Pontefract -Castle, where he was at once beheaded. - -Previously, however, to his pursuit of the father, Clifford was guilty -of that dastardly act upon his son, the Earl of Rutland, which has -stamped his name with infamy, and has given significance to his -sobriquet of "Black-faced Clifford." The Duke of York had with him, in -Sandal Castle, his family, including the youthful Earl of Rutland. -Boy-like, he must needs go and see the battle, and nothing could -dissuade him. "I will go," said he, "and see my father kill the cruel -Queen; and when I am a man I will go and fight, and kill his enemies -too." "A battle is not a place, Lord Edmund," replied his tutor and -chaplain, Sir Robert Aspall, "for boys. A stray arrow might kill you." -"Think not, sir priest," replied the brave boy, "that a son of Richard -of York is afraid of an arrow! Stay under shelter of these walls, like -craven priest, if you will; I shall go and see the deeds of men who -are men!" Seeing that nothing could turn the boy from his purpose, his -tutor resolved to go with him to keep him out of harm's way, nothing -loth himself to witness the conflict of arms. When the battle was -over, and the vanquished flying, Sir Robert led his charge, away -towards Sandal. They had not proceeded far, when they encountered a -steel-clad warrior on horseback, with blood dropping from his sword. -Perceiving from his apparel that he was a youth of distinction, the -warrior dismounted, and, holding his horse by the reins, inquired who -he was. "Then," as Hall says, "the young gentleman, dismayed, had not -a word to speak, but kneeled on his knees, imploring mercy and -desiring grace, both with holding up his hands and making dolorous -countenance, for his speech was gone for fear. 'Save him,' said his -chaplain, 'for he is a Prince's son, and peradventure may do you good -hereafter.' With that word Lord Clifford marked him, and said, 'By -God's blood! thy father slew mine, and so will I do to thee and all -thy kin,' and with that word, struck the Earl to the heart with his -dagger, and bade the chaplain bear the Earl's mother and brother word -what he had done, and said, adding, 'By this act, Lord Clifford was -accompted a tyrant and no gentleman.'" - -Not satisfied with this cowardly act of vindictiveness, Lord Clifford -resolved to carry his vengeful hatred on, by insulting the dead. He -returned to the field, now strewn with corpses, sought for, and found -that of the Duke of York, and cutting off his head, stuck it upon a -lance and carried it, as the most acceptable trophy, to the tent of -the Queen, who received it with ill-timed merriment and jest. -She made a paper crown and placed it on the head, with an -inscription--"This is he who would have been King of England," and -gave directions for it to be conveyed, along with that of Salisbury, -to York, and placed over one of the gates, adding, "Leave room for the -head of my Lord of Warwick, for it shall soon bear them company!" - -Queen Margaret, flushed with her victory, marched towards London, but -met with the Earl of Warwick, in February, 1461, at St. Alban's, and -there defeated him, after which the poor captive King was released and -brought to his Queen in Lord Clifford's tent. But Edward, the quondam -Earl of March, now Duke of York, had come up and joined Warwick, who, -together, entered London and were welcomed by the citizens, who -favoured the house of York. Margaret, fearing to meet their united -forces, returned northward, her strongholds and most devoted friends -being in the northern counties, especially on the Scottish borders, -whither she was followed by Duke Edward. She had come to York, and lay -there with 60,000 men, when she heard that York and Warwick had -reached Pontefract with an army of 40,000 men. Anxious to prevent the -passage of the Aire by the enemy, she moved to Towton, some eight -miles off York, and there was fought the memorable and decisive battle -which placed the crown on the head of Edward IV. The Lancastrians had -seized Ferrybridge under Lord Fitzwalter, and Clifford, as courageous -as he was cruel, undertook to dislodge him, which he accomplished. But -Lord Falconbridge crossed the Aire three miles higher, at Castleford, -and attacked Clifford in the flank with a superior force. Clifford -fled towards the Queen's camp, and when he arrived at Dittingdale, two -miles off Towton, feeling thirsty after his exertions, he removed his -gorget and stooped to drink at a streamlet, when an arrow struck him -in the throat, and the murderer of Rutland and insulter of the dead -Richard of York fell to rise no more. - - - - -The Shepherd Lord. - - -For ever memorable in the annals of England will be Palm Sunday in the -year 1461, and equally so the little hamlet of Towton, by Tadcaster. -There and then was fought, in a blinding snowstorm, what Camden calls -"the English Pharsalia," the greatest battle hitherto fought on -English soil, where Englishman met Englishman, and kinsman kinsman, in -deadly conflict, and in which quarter was neither asked nor given. The -conflict lasted ten hours, and the pursuit of the fugitives was -continued until the middle of Monday. 60,000 Lancastrians were met by -40,000 Yorkists, and 36,000 corpses and dying men lay that Sunday -night on the snow of the fields, roads, and hillsides, whilst the -river and streamlets ran with torrents of blood, and the snow became -encrimsoned as it fell. The fight inclined in favour of the Red Rose, -under the command of the Duke of Somerset, although York and Warwick -performed prodigies of valour with their smaller forces, and the day -must have gone against the White Rose, when, towards evening, the -banner of the Mowbrays was seen approaching, and the Duke of Norfolk -came up with a body of fresh troops, who made a vigorous attack on the -Lancastrians, which at once turned the scale, and changed what seemed -to be a defeat into a decisive victory, which was virtually the -deposition of Henry VI., and the elevation of Edward IV. to the -throne--a transference of the crown from the House of Lancaster to -that of York. - -The shades of evening were falling over the forest lands around -Skipton, some week or ten days after the battle. The surrounding hills -were covered with snow, and a fierce wind raged round the towers of -the castle, whilst the boughs of the trees crashed against each other, -and ever and anon a huge branch, reft from the parent stem, was flung -with fury to the earth. - -Within the castle, in a room overlooking the courtyard, sat the Lady -Clifford, with her young children, two or three female attendants, and -the chaplain of the household. It was very unlike a modern -drawing-room, and, in these Sybarite days, would be looked upon as a -very comfortless apartment; yet was it a fair specimen of the -drawing-room of the period. Instead of Axminster or Aubusson carpets, -the floors were strewn with rushes; instead of oil paintings from the -hands of eminent masters, the walls were hung with tapestries of -Arras, more to cover the rough nakedness of the stonework and exclude -draughts than for æsthetic purposes; the furniture of the room -consisted of a table, two or three chairs, and a few stools of rough -carpentry, not in mahogany or rosewood, but of the native oak, hewn -out of the woodlands of the demesne. On the hearthstone blazed a fire -of wood, sputtering as the sleet fell into it down the wide open -chimney. There was no grate, fender, or fire-irons, but beside the -hearth lay a heap of fresh wood, to be thrown on the fire as required; -and when the embers required stirring, a stick from the heap was used -for that purpose. - -Lady Clifford sat in silence, brooding in thought over her absent -husband, with an occasional heavy-drawn sigh; the children were -gambolling about the room in innocent unconsciousness of the perils -to which their father was exposed; the chaplain joined in their romps, -and amused them by telling them tales of Fairyland and the good deeds -of holy saints; and the handmaidens were sitting apart, plying their -distaffs and spinning-wheels, and indulging in the usual gossip of an -isolated castle and the surrounding village, but maintained it in an -undertone, so as not to disturb the meditations of their lady. - -"What a fearful night it is," said Lady Clifford, as a terrific gust -of wind came roaring round the towers of the castle, seeming almost to -shake them to their foundations, stoutly as they were built. "It is -terrible even here, sitting as we are under the protection of these -strong walls; what must it be to those who are exposed to its fury, -camped, perchance, on some wild moor, and surrounded by enemies?" - -At this moment a trumpet summons for admittance to the castle was -heard; and presently the seneschal entered the room, stating that a -knight was without the gate with tidings of great importance. - -"Who is he?" asked Lady Clifford. "Do you know him?" - -"Yes, my lady, he is Sir John de Barnoldswick, who accompanied my -lord, and I fear me he brings intelligence of evil import." - -"Admit him instantly, and bring him hither." - -The rattling of the chains of the drawbridge was heard, and the sound -of opening the ponderous castle gates, followed by the tramping of a -horse in the courtyard, and the heavy footsteps of a steel-clad -warrior on the stone stairs, and a tall, martial-looking figure, but -with melancholy gait and drooping head, entered the room and made a -profound obeisance to the lady of the castle, but without speaking a -word of salutation. - -"Whence comest thou, Sir Knight, and what are thy tidings?" inquired -Lady Clifford, in tremulous accents. - -"I come from the field of battle, lady, and my tidings are evil." - -"Let us hear them; I am a soldier's wife, and ought not to shrink from -calamitous intelligence," she replied, although her nervous trembling -belied her utterance. - -"Know, then, lady, that a great and disastrous battle has been fought -near Tadcaster, and the Lancastrian cause lost. I fought till the -last under the Clifford banner; saw many a brave fellow of the Vale of -Craven fall around me, and barely escaped to bring the news hither." - -"And what of the King and the brave Queen Margaret?" - -"Alas! I know not; they and the Prince of Wales were in York when the -battle was fought. All I know is that Somerset and the King's troops -were utterly defeated, and fled northward, with Warwick and the Duke -of York in hot pursuit." - -"And what of my lord? Fled he too? He would never turn his back to the -foes of his King." - -"He did not, lady; had he been present, the result might have been -different. He was not in the engagement." - -"What mean you by 'not in the engagement'? Surely he, of all men, -would not stand aloof on such an occasion?" - -"Alas! lady, I fear to tell you why." - -"Speak, man! is he dead? or why was he absent?" - -"It is too true, lady, that he can no longer fight in defence of his -King." - -"Then he is dead!" cried Lady Clifford, in an agony of despair. - -"He fell, my lady, on the eve of the battle, after a glorious act of -valour, by a random shot. Heaven rest his soul!" - -"Heaven help my poor children!" cried Lady Clifford, and fell to the -floor in a swoon, the mother's instinctive love for her offspring -prevailing over her grief for her own loss. And truly, she had reason -to fear for them. Her husband, "Black-faced Clifford," as he was -called, had an inveterate hatred for the House of York; he had -murdered, in cold blood, the young Duke of Rutland, brother of Edward -of York; had cut off the head of Richard, Duke of York; and had caused -the Earl of Salisbury, father of Warwick, to be executed at -Pontefract; and it was tolerably certain that York, the future King, -and Warwick, his General, would seek to take vengeance on the children -of him who had committed those atrocities. - -The Dukes of York and Warwick marched triumphantly to York, and were -submissively received by the authorities, and there they celebrated -the festival of Easter with great splendour. Hastings, Stafford, and -others had been made Knights-Bannerets on the field; Devon and Wilts -were decapitated by martial law, and their heads placed on the bar -gate of York, whence those of Richard of York and the Earl of -Salisbury, the fathers of York and Warwick, had been removed; and, -after settling affairs in the north, the victors marched to London, -and were welcomed by the citizens with loud demonstrations of joy, the -Londoners being staunch Yorkists. - -Lady Clifford prepared to meet her untoward fate, and took measures -for the safety of her children. Her old friend, the venerable Prior of -Bolton, who had made himself acquainted with all that had taken place -since the battle of Towton, so far as could be learnt in that remote -spot, mounted his mule and rode over to the Castle. He was received -courteously and with dutiful reverence by Lady Clifford, and, -moreover, with joy, as she wished to consult him, above all others, as -to her future line of conduct. - -"I am at a loss, holy father, to think what I can do. I suppose there -is no hope of retrieval on the part of Queen Margaret?" - -"I am afraid not. The Queen is endeavouring to raise another army in -the north, but I fear with little chance of success." - -"What, then, will be the effect upon the adherents of the House of -Lancaster? I suppose executions, attainders, and confiscations?" - -"Precisely so; and Lord Clifford, one of the most bitter foes of the -House of York, will certainly be included in the first list, his title -extinguished, and his estates confiscated." - -"And my poor children will thus lose all their inheritance; but it is -not that I dread this so much as the vengeance of the Duke--King now, -I presume--and of the Earl of Warwick. I fear me that even if their -lives are not sacrificed, they will be cast into dungeons, to languish -out their lives." - -"Your apprehensions, my daughter, are, unfortunately, but too -well-founded, and we must consult on some measures for their safety. -You need not fear molestation until Edward has seated himself securely -on the throne, and will be safer within the walls of this castle than -elsewhere. But it will be wise to make provision for removal to some -secure retreat as soon as the Acts of Attainder have passed, and the -King begins to take vengeance on his foes, for then Skipton will pass -into other hands." - -"I bethink me of such a place," said Lady Clifford. "Your council is -wise. I can go to the mansion of my father, Lord Vesci, on his -Londesborough estates, near Market Weighton, where it will be possible -to reside as far removed from the world as if out of the world. There -I could bring up my children, without notice, until the cloud had -passed over, or until a change in the wheel of fortune shall restore -the House of Lancaster to the throne." - -After some further discussion, the Prior saw that this was the best -plan that could be adopted; and it was arranged that measures should -be taken for departure at any moment, when there should be indications -of the towers of Skipton becoming untenable, and, after a parting -benediction, the reverend Prior mounted his mule, and returned home. - -King Edward lost no time in taking steps to paralyse effectually any -further efforts on the part of the adherents of the rival House. He -called together a Parliament, and one of the first measures laid -before it was an Act of Attainder against all the nobles and men of -rank who had appeared in arms against his legitimate claim to the -crown, which, now that he had been successful, was deemed treason. The -demesnes of John, Lord Clifford, extended for seventy miles, with an -interval of ten, from Skipton into the heart of Westmoreland, with -four castles--those of Brougham, Appleby, Brough, and Pendragon, -besides that of Skipton. The Westmoreland estates, with the tenure -Baronies of Vipont and Westmoreland, had been inherited by Robert de -Clifford, third baron, from his great-aunt, Isabella, daughter and -co-heiress of the last male heir of the family of De Vipont. By the -Act of Attainder all these fair lands and castles were reft away from -the family, the Barony of de Clifford was declared to be extinct for -ever, and all the estates, forests, moors, castles, tenements, mills, -and goods escheated to the Crown. In the fourth of the reign, the -castle, manor, and lordship of Skipton, and the manor of Morton were -granted in tail male to Sir Edward Stanley, but in the fifteenth year -were transferred to the King's brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, -to hold till death. - -It is proverbial that bad news flies rapidly, and it was not long ere -news arrived at Skipton and Bolton of the Act of Attainder. The Prior -had come over to the castle to advise with Lady Clifford. "You must -take your departure at once," said he. "The agents of the usurper will -be here anon and take possession in the name of the King, and it is -not at all improbable that they will have instructions to remove your -children from your care, and immure them in some place of captivity, -if nothing worse befalls them, as the offspring of one of the most -determined enemies of the House of York." - -"I have sent a confidential servant," she replied, "to Lord Vesci, my -father, who sends word back that preparation shall be made for my -reception at Londesborough." - -"Nothing remains, then," said the Prior, "but to secure your jewels -and other portable articles of value, with such of the family papers -as you may deem it wise to preserve, and to set off on your journey, -with an escort sufficient for your protection, but not so large as to -attract undue notice." - -Lady Clifford had left the castle in charge of the seneschal, to -deliver it into the King's hands, and rode forth on a palfrey, -disguised as a farmer's wife. She was accompanied by three or four -horsemen in similar disguise, with whom the children rode, and was -followed at some distance by some half-dozen servitors clad as -peasants, but bearing concealed weapons for the purpose of defence, if -needful, as it was probable that they might meet with disbanded -soldiers, who might not be over scrupulous in waylaying and robbing -chance travellers. The party, as far as possible, went along by-ways, -so as to escape observation, but these were sometimes so rough as to -compel them to take the more beaten high roads, and, passing by Otley, -Tadcaster, and York, arrived at Londesborough without any mishap or -adventure of consequence. - -Londesborough is supposed to have been the Delgovitia of the Romans, -and was seated at the foot of the road from Eboracum, one branch going -to the ferry over the Humber at Brough, and the other across -Holderness to the seaport at Ravenspurn. It is presumed, also, that -the Saxon king, Eadwine, had a palace here, and that within its walls -he held his conference with Paulinus, which resulted in the demolition -of the temple of Woden at Goodmandingham, two miles distant. The De -Vescis had built a mansion here, and laid out a park with a noble -avenue of trees, a mile in length, in which Lady Clifford had played -when a child, Londesborough having been her birthplace. The estates -passed at the death of Henry de Bromflete, in 1466, to his daughter, -Margaret, and through her to the De Cliffords, in whose possession -they remained until the death, without issue male, of Henry V., and -last Earl of Cumberland, when they passed, by the marriage of his -daughter and heiress, to the Earl of Burlington, of the Boyle family. -The old mansion was taken down in 1819, and the park divided into -farms. - -It was with a feeling of melancholy satisfaction that Lady Clifford -found herself in a species of security in her ancestral home, and she -longed to ramble at will about the park and village, as she had been -wont to do in bygone days, but it was not prudent to indulge in such -pleasures, her position necessitating the utmost seclusion of herself -and children from the outer world. About a month afterwards she sent a -messenger secretly to Skipton, to ascertain what had occurred there -since she left, and on his return learnt that the King's Commissioners -had visited the Castle and taken possession of it and the estates in -the name of the Crown; moreover, that they had made particular -inquiries after Lady Clifford and "the brats of the Butcher of -Wakefield," but were put off by being told by the domestics in charge -that they had left Skipton a month ago, and gone they knew not where, -but believed to some country across the sea. The Yorkists, however, -seem to have suspected that this was not the truth, and shortly -afterwards strangers of sinister aspect were observed to be lurking -about Londesborough. This excited great terror in the breast of Lady -Clifford, who saw clearly that her children were in great danger, and -she took prompt measures for their safety. She had three -children--Henry, the eldest, about seven years of age; Richard, the -younger son; and a daughter--Elizabeth, affianced to one of the -Plumptons of Plumpton. She soon decided on her plans. The maid who had -nursed her when a child, had married a shepherd on the estate, and -Henry was placed under her charge, to be brought up as her child, to -live as his foster-parents lived, and follow the occupation of tending -sheep on the hillsides, in which measure, he, being an intelligent -child, cheerfully acquiesced, assumed the shepherd's garb, and -attended to the duties of his new station without the slightest -murmur, his sole regret being the enforced absence from his mother. -Richard was sent in charge of a careful servant to Ravenspurn, and -thence carried across the sea to Flanders, whilst Elizabeth, who, it -was supposed, would not be molested, remained as the sole comfort and -solace of her mother. These measures were not taken a moment too soon, -for "a little after they were thus disposed of, the adverse party -examined their mother about them, who told them that she had ordered -them to be carried beyond sea to be bred up there; but whether they -were alive or not she could not tell, which answer satisfied them for -the present," and, after making strict search without effect, they -departed. - -In 1466, Lord de Vesci died, and Lady Clifford, as his heiress, -succeeded to his estates, when a rumour reached Londesborough from the -Court that the King suspected that the children were in concealment -there, upon which Lady Clifford sent the shepherd, with his wife and -young Henry, to a farm in a remote and wild part of Cumberland, where -there were few inhabitants, and no roads upon which passengers would -travel, excepting from one sheep track to another. In this lonely -solitude, tending his sheep on the bleak hills, Henry grew up from -boyhood to youth, and from youth to manhood--a mere shepherd and -little more. His fare was that of an ordinary peasant--oaten or rye -bread, occasionally swine flesh, and water from the running brook. His -bed consisted of sheepskins on a heap of straw, and his shelter from -the inclemency of the weather a straw-thatched cottage. He associated -with the few scattered people of the district as one of themselves, -and joined the young men in the rude sports of the period. He grew up -without any education whatever, and knew neither how to read nor -write; yet he had a soul attuned to higher things, and when abroad at -night with his sheep would observe the constellations in the heavens, -and weave theories in his own mind relative to the origin, motions, -and uses of the glittering specks which studded the firmament over his -head, a study which he afterwards pursued with more intelligence, in -company with the Canons of Bolton at Barden Tower. Thus he lived until -his thirty-second year, thinking only to live and die a Cumberland -shepherd, and possibly to marry, and be the progenitor of a race of -peasants, who should have no reminiscences of the glories of Skipton, -or the martial deeds of their illustrious ancestors. - -The political world of England, however, had not stood still in the -interval, mighty events had been taking place. Edward, the King, had -been gathered to his fathers, after the judicial murder of his -brother, the Duke of Clarence. His sons, Edward V. and the Duke of -York, were murdered by their uncle, Richard of Gloucester, who usurped -the throne. Henry, Earl of Richmond, with Lancastrian blood in his -veins, invaded England, and the battle of Bosworth was fought in the -year 1485, when the usurper Richard was slain, and Richmond ascended -the throne as King Henry VII. - -The Yorkist dynasty having now come to an end, there remained no more -fear for the Cliffords. The shepherd was brought from the fells of -Cumberland to Londesborough. Soon after the Attainder was reversed, -the confiscated estates restored, and the Clifford banner again -floated in the breeze from the towers of Skipton. But the Shepherd -Lord felt not at home amid the splendours of his castle, and he fitted -up one of the keeper's lodges in Barden Forest for his residence, -where he lived in great simplicity, spending his days in hunting and -his nights in watching the stars, and studying astronomy with the -Canons of Bolton, with such rude instruments as were then to be -procured. - -In 1513, when about sixty years of age, he received a summons to -attend the expedition into Scotland, with a contingent of men-at-arms, -and held a command at the battle of Flodden, where he displayed the -hereditary military skill and valour of the Cliffords. - - "From Penigent to Pendle Hill, - From Linton to Long Addingham, - And all that Craven coasts did till, - They with the lusty Clifford came. - All Staincliffe Hundred went with him, - With striplings strong from Wharfedale, - And all that Hauton Hills did climb, - With Longstroth eke and Litton dale, - Whose milk-fed fellows, fleshly bred, - Well brown'd, with sounding bows upbend, - All such as Horton fells had fed, - On Clifford's banners did attend." - - --_Ballad of Flodden Field._ - -He survived the battle ten years, died in 1523, at about the -seventieth year of his age, and was buried with his ancestors in the -church of Bolton. - -Margaret, Lady Clifford, married for her second husband, Launcelot -Threlkeld, and bore him three daughters. She survived her first -husband thirty years, and the restitution seven years, dying in 1491, -at Londesborough. She was buried in the church there, near the altar, -under a slab, with an inlaid brass plate bearing the following -inscription:--"Orate pro anima Margarete, D'ne Clifford et Vescy, olim -spouse nobilissimi viri joh'is D'm Clifford et Westmoreland, filie et -hereditis Henrici Bromflet, quondam D'ni Vescy, etc. ... Matris -Henrici Domini Clifford, Westmoreland et Vescy, quae obiit 15 die mens -Aprilis, Anno Domini 1491, cujus corpus sub hoc marmore est humatum." - - - - -The Felons of Ilkley. - - -The town of Ilkley, on the Wharfe, now so well known to tourists for -the beauty of its situation and the grandeur of the natural scenery -surrounding it, and to invalids for the invigorating and restorative -qualities of its waters, is a place of very ancient date. It was built -and fortified by the proprætor, Virius Lupus, in the time of the -Emperor Severus, the fortress being situated on a precipitous bank of -the Wharfe, and a cohort stationed there. Remains of the intrenchments -are still to be seen, and altars, sepulchral stones, and other -memorials of the Roman Olicaria have frequently been disinterred. -Under the Saxons, too, it was a place of some importance, with a -church and priest. In the churchyard there are some remarkable relics -of this age, consisting of three stone crosses, with curiously -convoluted knots and scroll work. Afterwards it sank into a mere -village, but with a grammar school, founded in 1601 by the -parishioners, and so remained until recent times, when the fame of its -salubrious springs went forth over the land and attracted crowds of -fashionable invalids and hypochondriacs. - -It was in the latter half of the seventeenth century, when the reign -of the Puritans had come to an end, and the "Merry Monarch" had been -restored to the throne of the Stuarts, bringing with him the -profligate, licentious, and profane manners of the Court of -Versailles, that one fine summer's afternoon a party of roysterers, -who had been at a cock-fight, burst into the kitchen of the mud-built -and thatched alehouse of Ilkley, calling upon Mistress Laycock, the -alewife, for sundry flagons of ale wherewith to moisten their throats, -parched and dry with halloaing and shouting out bets at the cocking -match. The twenty years' rule of the Puritans, with the suppression of -sports, theatres, and other amusements, and the substitution of long -sermons and long prayers, had produced the natural reaction, and now -the people of Ilkley, as in other places, returned with renewed zest -to their bull-baiting, dog fights, cudgel matches, and their more -innocent amusements of dancing round the maypole, holding yule-feasts -and village fairs, and mumming in grotesque masquerade on Plough -Monday. - -The roysterers who thus boisterously invaded Dame Laycock's kitchen -were Tom Heber, a young scapegrace, son of Reginald Heber, a -barrister-at-law of the Middle Temple, and an offshoot of the ancient -family of Heebeare, who had been settled in Craven for some centuries. -He had been brought up in the old gabled and cross-timbered house of -his father in Ilkley, had been well educated, and was a clever and -accomplished young fellow; moreover, his father had taken him once or -twice to London, and he had been a witness of the revels and -immoralities of Whitehall, which struck his fancy as being the -perfection of human bliss. His companions this afternoon were Will -Hudson, the village cobbler, who infinitely preferred swaggering at a -bull-baiting to hammering at the lapstone; Walter Pollard, a shoeing -smith, whose feats at tossing off the contents of a blackjack were the -admiration of his comrades; Jack Smithers, a journeyman flesher, whose -dog was the pride of the village for his pluck in tackling any animal -of his size or more than his size; and two or three other -rapscallions of the village, who were ever foremost in a brawl, and -more frequently seen in the purlieus of the alehouse than in pursuit -of their proper vocations. - -These worthies had now seated themselves on the long-settle which -faced a fire of wood on the hearth-stone, over which swung a large -cauldron, and called out vociferously for the ale. "Now then, Mother -Laycock," shouted Heber, "when is this ale coming?" "The old score's -not paid yet, Master Thomas," replied she, from another room, "and I -told you that I would not draw another pint until that was paid." "Oh! -you won't, won't you; then your crockery shall suffer for your -obstinacy; so here goes," and down he dashed an earthenware jug on the -floor, upon which she rushed in, and opening a cupboard door, showed a -long score chalked against him. "Oh! hang the score," said he, "you -know I shall pay you some day; my father cannot be so hard as to keep -me entirely without money." "But, Master Thomas, I cannot afford to -give such long trust." "Now, Mistress Laycock, you know I am a good -customer, and always pay in the long run; is this ale forthcoming?" -and down he threw another piece of crockery, adding, "It shall all go -if you do not bring the ale." The old dame, terrified at the breakage -of her pots, then gave in and produced the ale, adding it to the score -on the cupboard door. - -The ale jug passed merrily round, and the conversation turned first -upon the points of the cock-fight they had been witnessing, and then -upon the merits of the competitors in a wrestling match which was -coming off the following Sunday. They then began to complain of their -scant fortunes, not attributing it at all to their lack of industry in -business. "I'll tell you what it is," said Heber, "it's a parlous -shame that my father keeps me so short of money." "It is! it is!" -echoed his companions. "He has brought me up as a gentleman, and given -me a good education, but does not allow me the means to support that -position, and I say again that it is cursed shame; but never mind, -boys, the time is coming when I shall have plenty of gold to scatter -about amongst you, my jolly companions." "Brayvo! brayvo! three cheers -for Squire Heber." "Meanwhile," continued he, "it is the best -philosophy to make the best of what we have, to enjoy life as much as -we can, to dance, and drink, and sing, and fling dull care to the -winds. So drink, boys! drink! and I will sing you one of Cowley's new -songs which I picked up in London." And he trolled forth-- - - "Fill the bowl with rosy wine; - Around our temples roses twine; - And let us cheerfully awhile, - Like the vine and roses smile, - Crown'd with roses we contemn - Gyges' wealthy diadem. - - To-day is ours; what do we fear? - To-day is ours; we have it here. - Let's treat it kindly, that it may - Wish, at least, with us to stay. - Let's banish business; banish sorrow; - To the gods belongs to morrow." - -Of course, the song was rapturously applauded by the listeners, who -caught the general sentiment, but were unable to understand the -allusions or appreciate the refinement of the language. Suddenly Heber -exclaimed--"Lads! a bright thought has flashed across my mind. We want -money, and money we must have. Old Alic Squire is well to do, and -always has a considerable sum of money by him, and it would be a -charity to relieve him of the care and anxiety of keeping it in that -lonely house of his. The thing could be easily done. We have but to -disguise ourselves, break into his house, take what we require, and -leave him to attribute the appropriation, I won't call it theft, to -professional burglars." The confederates highly approved of the -scheme, and gave a ready assent, after which they arranged a plan of -operation, and agreed to carry it into execution three nights hence. - -On the appointed evening they assembled at the house of Will, the -cobbler, where they donned sundry disguises, armed themselves with -cudgels, an axe, a crowbar, and a wooden wedge, and sallied forth into -the moonlight. Squire's farmhouse lay at a little distance from the -village, shrouded in trees. It was occupied by himself, a widower, and -his married daughter, Elizabeth Beecroft; whilst in the barn, on that -night, slept one Jane Beanland. The moon was nearly at full, but -masses of clouds drifted across its face, obscuring its beams, so that -it only shone out at intervals. As they approached the house at -midnight a profound silence prevailed; not a dog barked, and it was -only broken occasionally by the distant hooting of an owl. A minute or -two were only required to force open the door by the application of -the wedge and three or four blows of the axe, and Heber, Hudson, and -Pollard entered the house, the others remaining outside. The old man -had been awakened by the noise of forcing the door open, and he came -from his bedroom half-dressed, demanding what they wanted by thus -breaking into his house. "Money," was the reply, "and if you do not -give it up we shall take it." "I have got no money for you," he -answered, and, seizing upon a poker, he stood upon his defence, but -was overpowered by a blow on the head, and the robbers then prized -open his desk, but found in it not more than fifty shillings, and -broke open a cupboard, taking from it a piece of beef, after which -they went away, much disappointed at the smallness of their booty. -Notwithstanding their disguise, they had been identified, Squire, in -his deposition, stating that he recognised Tom Heber by his stature -and the softness of his hand, which he felt when struggling with him; -Elizabeth, his daughter, whose room they had entered and "nearly -smothered her in the bed clothes," also recognised "Mr. Thos. Heber," -as one of the party; and Jane Beanland deposed that, as she lay in the -barn, she heard the voices of Mr. Thos. Heber, of Holling, and William -Hudson, of Ilkley, when they were breaking open the door. Moreover, -Elizabeth Longfellow gave evidence that going into the alehouse of -Josias Laycock, where Walter Pollard was drinking, she overheard him -say, "I am now making Bess Squire's half-crowns fly." They had left -behind them also an iron gavelock, a staff, and a wedge, which were -identified as having been in their possession a day or two before the -crime was committed. - -These facts having come to light, warrants were issued for the -apprehension of the offenders, and they were brought before Walter -Hawkesworth, of Hawkesworth, the nearest magistrate. This gentlemen -was a friend of Serjeant Heber, and, knowing Tom well, he expressed -his regret at seeing him placed in that situation, who, however, -laughingly replied that it was only done for a lark, but the -magistrate, after hearing the depositions, with a grave countenance, -said "It might be a lark, but at the same time it was a felony, and a -serious outrage of the law, and he had no alternative but to commit -them to York for trial at the assizes." - -They were consequently arraigned at the assizes on a charge of -burglary, but escaped the usual severe punishment, partly on the -ground that the crime was committed as a frolic, which was the line -of defence, partly through family influence, and partly through the -powerful agency of money. - -It is a remarkable fact that there were then resident in Ilkley two -families--the Hebers, of whom was the criminal, and the Longfellows, a -member of whom was a witness on the trial against him, and that from -them are descended two of the most charming poets of modern -times--Reginald Heber, Bishop of Calcutta, author of "Palestine," and -Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, whose writings are as much admired in -England as in his native America. - - - - -The Ingilby Boar's Head. - - -The crest of the Ingilbys of Ripley is "A boar's head couped and erect -arg., tusked or," which was obtained by an early knight of the family, -in a romantic fashion, and as the reward for a valiant achievement. - -In the reign of Edward the Confessor the manor of Ripley was held by -Merlesweyn, a powerful Danish lord, and owner of many another manor -and estate in the same district. He joined in the Gospatric -insurrection against William the Conqueror, in favour of Edgar the -Atheling, for which rebellion his lands were confiscated, and granted -to Ralph de Paganel, a Norman noble who had fought at Hastings, and -who besides became Lord of Leeds, Headingley, and extensive estates on -the Ouse, the Aire, and the Nidd; holding the Merlesweyn estates _in -capite_ from the King; Leeds, etc., by the service of a knight's fee -and a half, under the Lacies of Pontefract; whilst lands at Adel, -Arthington, etc., devolved on him in right of his wife, Matilda, -daughter of Richard de Surdeval. He was the founder of the Priory of -the Holy Trinity, York, upon which, in 1080, he bestowed the churches -of Leeds and Adel. - -From the Paganels, Ripley passed to the Trusbut family, how does not -appear, and from them, by the marriage of the heiress, to the family -of de Ros of Ingmanthorpe, a branch of the de Ros's of Hamlake and -Holderness, who became the superior lords, under whom the manor was -held for half a knight's fee, early in the twelfth century, by a -family whose previous name is not recorded, but who adopted that of de -Ripley from their possessions. From this family descended the famous -Canon of Bridlington, Sir George de Ripley, in the fifteenth century, -the alchymist and "discoverer" of the philosopher's stone, as he -professed, in 1470, and who contributed annually vast sums of money to -the Knights of Rhodes for maintaining their warfare against the -Mussulmans. - -The Ingilbys are of Scandinavian origin, seated for a long period at -Engelby, in Lincolnshire, whence they derived their surname, who, at -the time of Domesday Book held three manors in Lincolnshire, two in -the North Riding of Yorkshire, under the Bishop of Durham and William -of Poictou, and one in Derbyshire. In 1350, or thereabouts, Sir Thomas -de Ingilby, Justice of the Common Pleas, married Catherine of Luerne, -daughter and heiress of Bernard (?) de Ripley, and came into -possession of the Ripley estates, where he settled, and, seven years -afterwards, obtained a charter for an annual fair and weekly market at -Ripley. - -The Ingilbys, still extant, have held a distinguished place among the -families of Yorkshire, and many members of the family have been -entrusted with high offices in Church and State, and become eminent in -the field. - -John Ingilby (_temp._ Richard II.), was the second founder of and -benefactor to the Carthusian Monastery of Mount Grace, in Cleveland. -John, born at Ripley in 1434, "did wondrously flourish in the reign of -Henry VI." Sir William, his son, was knighted by "Lord Gloucester on -Milton Field, in Holland, in 1482," for valour. A John de Ingilby was -Prior of Sheen and Bishop of Llandaff, 1496-1500. Sir William, born -1515, was High Sheriff of Yorkshire and Treasurer of Berwick, _temp._ -Elizabeth. David, his second son, married Anne Nevile, daughter of -Charles, sixth Earl of Westmoreland, by which marriage his -representatives, with those of Nicholas Pudsey, are co-heirs of the -abeyant Barony of Nevile of Raby. Francis, third son of Sir William, -was a Roman Catholic priest, and was executed at York, in 1586, for -performing the functions of his office in the realm. John, fifth son -of Sir William, was presented in the list of recusants in 1604. -William, eldest son of Sampson of Spofforth, fourth son of Sir -William, was created baronet in 1642, and fought on the King's side at -Marston Moor. His castle at Ripley was garrisoned for the King, and -Cromwell, after the battle of Marston Moor, passing through Ripley, -demanded lodgings for the night, which was at first refused by Lady -Ingilby, but he was, after a parley, admitted, on the promise that his -followers should not be guilty of any impropriety. She received him -with a couple of pistols stuck in her apron string, and on leaving in -the morning, he inquired the meaning of the two weapons. "I'll tell -you," she replied, "why I had two; it was that the second might be -ready in case the first missed fire, for if you had behaved otherwise -than peaceably I should have pistolled you without the least remorse." -Sir William rebuilt Ripley Castle. In one of the towers is the -following inscription:--"In the yiere of owre Ld. M.D.L.V. was this -towre buyldyd by Sir Willyam Ingilby, Knight; Philip and Mary reigning -that time." In the great staircase window is a series of escutcheons -on stained glass, containing the arms of Ingilby and of the families -with whom they had inter-married. Sir William, the second baronet, -purchased the manor of Armley from the Mauliverers. Sir John, the -fourth baronet died 1772, when the baronetcy expired. The baronetcy -was revived in 1781, in the person of John Ingilby, an illegitimate -son of the fourth baronet of the previous creation. Sir William -Amcotts, his fourth son, succeeded to the baronetcy of his maternal -grandfather, Sir Wharton Amcotts, by special remainder, and to that of -his father in 1815, but died S.P., in 1854, when the baronetcy -expired. - -In 1866 the baronetcy was again restored, in the person of the Rev. -Henry John, nephew of the above Sir John, in his succession by will to -the Ripley estates, whose son, Sir Henry Day is the present holder, -with (according to the new Domesday Book, of 1876) an acreage in the -West Riding of 10,000, producing a rental of £11,149 per annum. - -In Ripley Castle there is, or was, a full-length portrait of a knight -of the Ingilby family, attired in the hunting costume of the -Plantagenet times, with the head of a wild boar at his feet. This is -the presentment of Sir William Ingilby, a doughty warrior and a hunter -of renown, who lived in the troublous reign of Edward II. Although the -representative of the family still lived in Lincolnshire, not having -yet acquired the Ripley estates, this Sir William resided on one of -the Yorkshire estates not far distant from Ripley, and would be on -terms of intimacy with the family of de Ripley, whose heiress was won -by Sir Thomas Ingilby, the Justice of the Common Pleas, and who -possibly might have been the son of Sir William. Sir William had -gained some renown in the Scottish wars of King Edward I. against -William Wallace, and had been an ardent and loyal supporter of the -weak and unfortunate second Edward on his accession to the throne, -from the fact of his being the son of the great and glorious King, the -first of that name. - -He remained loyal until the King gave himself up into the hands of his -favourite, Piers Gaveston, who humoured his naturally depraved -inclinations, and led him into acts of malgovernment, which estranged -the hearts of the people. He loaded him with benefits, bestowing on -him great estates and much treasure. Amongst other grants he gave him -the Lordship of Knaresborough Castle and forest, with divers -liberties, franchises, and privileges, which led him to assume a high -and dictatorial tone to the nobles of the realm, who expostulated with -the King, and compelled him to banish the insolent foreigner. But the -King, not able to learn wisdom in the school of experience, recalled -him and bestowed fresh benefits upon him, which so exasperated the -Barons that they rose in arms, with Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, at -their head, captured the favourite in Scarborough Castle, and beheaded -him. The King then took the Spensers into his favour, who became more -intolerably oppressive than their predecessor, upon which the Barons -again rose in arms, but were defeated in a battle at Boroughbridge, -and nearly a hundred barons, knights, and other prisoners put to -death, the Earl of Lancaster being beheaded at Pontefract. In the -sequel, however, the Spensers met the same fate as Gaveston, the elder -being executed at Bristol, and the younger at Hereford. - -Notwithstanding his personal loyalty, Sir William became so disgusted -at the imbecile conduct of the King, and the arrogance of his -favourites, that he took up arms with the Barons for the purpose of -removing them from the Royal councils. A bloody revenge was taken by -the King on the leaders and more prominent members of the conspiracy, -but those of lesser degree were permitted to escape capital -punishment, being punished by fines, confiscations, etc., and lay -under a cloud of disgrace until the barbarous murder of the King in -Berkley Castle, and the accession of Edward III., removed the stigma. - -In this latter category was included Sir William Ingilby, who would -most probably have remained alienated from the good graces of the King -had not a fortunate circumstance occurred, which restored him to -favour, and which had an influence in enhancing the dignity of the -family. - -Sir William's residence was in the valley of the Nidd, "one of the -most romantic, picturesque, and wealthy vales in England." Spreading -around for a distance of several miles lay the magnificent Forest of -Knaresborough, the home of wild cattle, wolves, wild boars, the -roebuck, and other ferocious animals of the chase. To the east stood, -on its craggy and almost inaccessible rock, overhanging the Nidd and -the then small village of Knaresborough, the formidable fortress of -Serlo de Burgh, whilst on the verge of the forest stood the splendid -monastic establishments of Fountains, Bolton, Ripon, and other lesser -houses. The forest has the reputation of having been one of the haunts -of Robin Hood, one portion bearing traditionally the name of "Robin -Hood's Park," whence he issued to pay his visits to the Abbey of -Fountains, as recorded in ballad lore. In the western portion of the -forest lay the Royal chase of Haverah Park (Hey-wra, the park of the -wra or roe), consisting of 2,000 acres, densely wooded, and inhabited -by beasts of chase, which were kept together and preserved by an oak -paling, which encircled the park. The road thither from Knaresborough -ran through the forest south of the Nidd, and across an upland, since -famous for its chalybeate springs, and where there were then a few -scattered cottages, forming a small hamlet, which came to be -designated Heynragate--the road to Heynra Park--which has since been -corrupted into Harrogate, and has become one of the most fashionable -inland watering places in the kingdom. - -The Castle and forest of Knaresborough were granted to Serlo de Burgh, -who built the castle, after whom they were alternately in the hands of -the Crown, or of some Royal favourite on whom they had been bestowed. -Edward II. made a grant of them to Piers Gaveston, on whose death they -reverted to the Crown. It was during this period that the King came to -Knaresborough Castle to relax himself from the cares and anxieties of -Royalty, by three or four days' hunting in Haverah Park. He was not -attended by a large retinue, being only accompanied by three or four -friends, and a few body servants; huntsmen, beaters, and other -attendants of the chase being permanently retained there, as well as -hounds and all the requisite hunting gear and weapons; this was -because of his unpopularity with the people, on account of his -governing the realm upon the advice of unworthy favourites. Hence he -came down with some degree of secrecy, in a species of incognito, and -it was not known generally to the residents of the valley who the -hunter was, the supposition being that he was some friend of the -King's, who had been given permission to hunt in Haverah chase. - -The day following his arrival at Knaresborough, the King rode through -the forest to Haverah, accompanied by his friends, and a following of -attendants bearing bows and arrows, boar spears, beating staves, and -other implements of hunting, who were on foot. On entering the -enclosures the attendants sent their dogs amongst the underwood and -commenced beating the bushes, with loud cries to start the game. As -these were very plentiful, a number of small animals, badgers, foxes, -polecats, etc., were roused from their lairs in quick succession, and -afforded considerable sport. Two or three stags were also started, one -of which was killed by the King, by an arrow shot; and a wolf made his -appearance, who displayed great pugnacity, and caused great excitement -amongst the hunters. Towards noon the King and his friends sat down to -a refection under the shadow of a patriarchal oak, which, from its -size and evident age, rendered it possible that it might have -witnessed the Druidical mysteries of the Brigantes. Again the beaters -and dogs commenced their operations, and were rewarded by the -appearance of a huge wild boar, armed with a formidable pair of tusks, -who rushed into the glade where the hunters were assembled. The dogs -rushed upon him, barking with eagerness, and the King and his friends, -taking boar spears from the attendants, rode at a gallop towards the -animal, who gazed upon them for a few moments, as if to measure the -strength of his opponents, and then turned and dashed amongst the -underwood, followed by the hounds and the hunters. - -Two or three of the dogs, venturing too near the boar, were instantly -ripped up, and the hunters followed as best they might through the -tangled brushwood. The King, who was better mounted than his friends, -soon left them behind, and, brandishing his spear, followed in the -track made by the boar, not without sundry scratches from the -projecting branches of the forest trees; but the boar still kept -ahead, occasionally turning to look at the hounds who were yelping at -his heels, and then dashing onward again; whilst the King, mounted on -a powerful and fleet horse, gradually gained on the beast, despite -the obstacles that beset his path. - -Although the forest of Knaresborough was a Royal appanage, the -foresters, as the inhabitants of the district were called, possessed -certain privileges of hunting therein, with certain limits; from -Haverah Park alone were they excluded, that domain being reserved -exclusively for the King and those to whom he gave permission to hunt -in the enclosure. Sir William Ingleby being a "forester," therefore -had the right of following game in the forest outside the palings of -Haverah. On the same day that the King went to hunt in Haverah Park, -Sir William went out, boar spear in hand, in search of sport. He was -not accompanied by either attendant or dog, trusting alone to his own -natural prowess, in case he should meet with game. In his wanderings -he had come near the palings of the park, and sat down to partake of a -luncheon he had brought with him in his pocket. He was just finishing -his meal when he heard the cry of hunting dogs, and immediately -afterwards a crashing sound. Looking up he saw the palings give way, -and a huge boar rushing through the gap, followed by half a dozen dogs -and a man on horseback. He had just time to observe that the hunter -was clad in a buff jerkin, with high-reaching boots, and was -brandishing a boar spear and encouraging the hounds, when the boar, -finding himself so hotly pursued, turned at bay, drove his tusks into -a couple of the dogs, and then sprang upon the hunter, overturning the -horse, and laying the hunter prostrate on the sward. He was just on -the point of dashing his tusks into the body of the fallen enemy, when -Sir William rushed up, and with well directed aim struck his spear -into the heart of the boar, which fell lifeless at his feet, and then, -taking his knife from his girdle, with a huntsman's skill severed the -head from the body, the whole occupying but a few minutes. - -"And who are you, my brave fellow?" inquired the fallen hunter, whom -Sir William had assisted in rising and disentangling from his horse. - -"I am a denizen of the forest," replied Sir William. "As to my name, -it matters not; but right glad am I to have been the means of rescuing -you from the fangs of that monster." - -"You have saved me from death, whoever you may be," said the hunter, -"and your guerdon shall be equivalent to the service you have -rendered me." - -"May I be allowed to ask who you may be," continued Sir William, "who -are hunting in the King's chase?" - -"I am connected with the court of the King, who has come hither for -the divertisement of hunting." - -"The King, whom Heaven preserve, then is present in the chase?" -inquired Sir William. - -"He is," replied the hunter, "the remainder of the party will be here -anon." - -"How shall I know the King, for I shall wish to pay due respect to -him?" - -"Oh, he may be easily recognised, for he will remain covered, while -all the rest momentarily remove their hats." - -At this moment the rest of the hunting group came up, all of whom -uncovered their heads. - -"Now, do you recognise the king?" inquired the hunter. - -"I do," he replied, dropping on his knee, "and crave pardon for the -boldness of my language." - -The King, for he it was, then told his followers how Sir William had -saved his life, and that although he had declined giving his name, he -would find that out, and would reward him suitably for so important a -service. - -"Please your Majesty," said one of the beaters, "I know who the -gentleman is; he is Sir William Ingleby of Nidderdale." - -"Sir William Ingleby?" said the King. "If I remember aright, you were -one of those who, along with our kinsman, Lancaster, appeared in arms -against our Royal authority." - -"Not my Liege," replied Ingleby, "against your Royal authority, but -against your evil advisers." - -"Well," continued the King, with a slight scowl, "let bygones be -bygones; you have done me a service which obliterates all that. You -are from this moment restored to favour; in memory of what you have -done this day, I decree that, for the future and all time, you and -your family shall bear, as the crest of your arms, a boar's head. Let -me see you shortly at my Court, and then I will see what further I can -do out of gratitude for the service you have rendered me." - -Sir William made a profound obeisance to the King, and from that time -the fortunes of the Inglebys, from that circumstance, coupled with -the fortunate marriage with the heiress of Ripley, continued to rise. - -The Rev. Thomas Parkinson, in his "Lays and Leaves of the Forest" -(1882), writes--"It is impossible to fix any date at which the various -wild animals ceased to inhabit the forest. The wild cattle are not -mentioned after the thirteenth century. Wolves were probably extinct -in the fourteenth; indeed there are traditions of their existence -three centuries later. Deer there were in 1654 A.D., for William -Fleetwood, Sergeant of the Duchy of Lancaster, was plaintiff in a suit -against Ellis Markham for destruction of some deer, game, and trees in -Haverah or Heywra Park, at that date. The last wild boar is said to -have been slain in the Boar-hole in Haverah Park, in the reign of -Charles II. By the middle of the reign of Elizabeth, however, say 1580 -A.D., probably all, except very rare specimens indeed, the larger wild -animals were gone.... Nominally, the district remained a Royal forest -up to the time of its enclosure, under Act of Parliament, in 1771 -A.D., but long before that date it had practically ceased to be a -refuge for wild beasts, or to be used for the chase. As we have seen, -its larger animals were extinct, and, besides losing its chief fauna, -it has been denuded, in a great measure, of its green woods and forest -monarchs. This is said to have been brought about chiefly by the -existence of smelting furnaces for lead and iron in the -neighbourhood." - - - - -The Eland Tragedy. - - -In the reign of King Edward III., four gentlemen, the heads of four -reputable county families, resided in their respective halls, within a -short distance of each other, in the neighbourhood of Huddersfield. -They were Sir John Eland, of Eland Hall; Sir Robert Beaumont, of -Crosland Hall; Sir Hugh Quarmby, of Quarmby; and John Lockwood, of -Lockwood. The family of Sir John Eland had been seated here for -several generations, descended from Leisingus de Eland, from whom -Lasingcroft derives its name. They were a knightly race, had -inter-married with some of the best county families, and lived in a -style of great splendour. Their lands were held as a fief under the -Earls of Warren, and Sir John, who now represented the family, held -the stewardship of the Earl's manors in Yorkshire, including that of -Wakefield. He was also the shire-reeve, and, as such, the -representative of the King, in the administration of justice and law -within the county. Little further is known of him, and he would have -scarcely been remembered, but for a deadly feud which arose between -him and his above-mentioned neighbours, and a series of atrocious -murders arising thereout. Even this might have been forgotten, as at -that time deadly fights between families or communities frequently -occurred, and excited but little notice, blood-for-blood vengeance -being looked upon as a matter of course, and in the same light that -duels were a century or two ago. The Livery Companies then frequently -met in Cheapside to settle their quarrels with bows and clubs; and the -famous fight of Chevy Chase was nothing more than the outcome of a -dispute between two border Earls about hunting without permission -across the border. So, with other frays of similar character, it might -have passed into oblivion, but for a ballad which was written at the -time, a modernised version of which appeared _temp._ Henry VIII., and -which has come down to the present time--a copy of which was printed -in Halifax in 1789, and another published in Whittaker's "Loidis et -Elmete." The more modern version was entitled "Revenge upon Revenge: a -narrative of the tragical practices of Sir John Eland, High Sheriff -of Yorkshire, on Sir Robert Beaumont, in the reign of King Edward -III." It gives the whole of the proceedings, with such circumstantial -detail that, although some authorities have endeavoured to throw -discredit upon the narrative, and expressed their belief that it is a -fiction, it bears internal evidence of its truth. Sir John was a man -of overbearing temper, impatient of opposition to his behests, and -implacable in his hatred. The ballad opens with a long diatribe on -pride and worldly ambition, and says-- - - "With such like faults was found infect - One, Sir John Eland, Knight; - His doings made it much suspect - Therein he took delight." - -Whilst Sir Robert Beaumont, the main object of his hatred, is thus -mentioned-- - - "Sometime there dwelt in Crosland Hall - A kind and courteous Knight; - It was well known that he withal - Sir Robert Beaumont hight. - Some say that Eland Sheriff was - By Beaumont disobey'd, - Which might him make for that trespass - With him the worst afraid." - -The origin of the feud appears to have been in this wise--Earl de -Warren had seduced Alice de Lacy, wife of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, -upon which a quarrel arose between the two Earls, and their retainers -met and fought, when a nephew of Sir John was slain by one Exley. -Exley made over to Sir John a plot of land as compensation for the -mischance, which he accepted, but still sought to be avenged by the -death of the homicide. Exley fled to the house of his relative, Sir -Robert Beaumont, for shelter, and Sir John demanded his surrender, -which was refused by Sir Robert, and in this he was countenanced by -his friends Quarmby and Lockwood, on the ground that Sir John, having -accepted the plot of land, had condoned the offence, which gave great -affront to Sir John, who went off muttering threats of vengeance. - -Sir John was doubtlessly perfectly right, in his capacity of Sheriff, -to demand the delivery up of an offender against the laws of the -realm, but he was equally in the wrong in having accepted a bribe to -compromise the offence; but his irritation arose from the fact of Sir -Robert having set his authority at defiance--an insult which his proud -spirit could not brook. He brooded over the matter at home for some -days, and at length came to the resolution of erasing the stain upon -his dignity by the death of Sir Robert, which he determined to -accomplish with his own hands. He considered, further, that as Quarmby -and Lockwood had backed Sir Robert in his defiance of him as Sheriff, -they would be likely to avenge his death, so, to make assurance doubly -sure, he felt it to be necessary to deal out the same fate to them. -Accordingly, a few days after-- - - "He raised the country round about, - His friends and tenants all, - And for his purpose picked out - Stout, sturdy men, and tall. - To Quarmby Hall they came by night, - And there the lord they slew, - At that time Hugh of Quarmby hight, - Before the country knew. - To Lockwood then, the selfsame night, - They came, and there they slew - Lockwood of Lockwood, that wiley wight. - That stirred the strife anew." - -"A gentleman of that wisdom and prudence that he was not only -reckoned, but esteemed, as the oracle, as well as the darling, of his -country, and whose memory will remain fragrant in future ages." - -Having completed these preliminary murders, Sir John proceeded with -his men to execute his _coup de grace_. Crosland Hall was surrounded -by a deep moat-- - - "The hall was watered well about, - No wight might enter in, - Till that the bridge was well made out - They durst not enter in." - -As the bridge was raised, they lay in ambush till early in the -morning, when it was lowered to allow a maid-servant to pass forth, -upon which they rushed across and entered the house in a noisy, -boisterous manner. Sir Robert came from his chamber, half-dressed, to -ascertain the cause of the disturbance, when he was attacked by the -invaders of his premises. He seized a sword and stood on his defence-- - - "And thus it was, most certainly, - That slain before he was - He fought again them manfully, - Undressed though he was. - His lady cried and shrieked withal - When as from her they led - Her dearest knight into the hall, - And there cut off his head." - -A MS. says that Exley and a brother of Sir Robert were killed at the -same time. - -Sir John then ordered wine and victuals to be laid out for their -breakfast, and invited the two sons of Sir Robert to sit down and join -him in the repast; the younger, through fear, assented, but Adam, the -elder, refused, with a scowling brow, to eat with the murderer of his -father, upon seeing which, Sir John said, "How heinously that lad doth -take his father's death; and looks with a frowning countenance as if -he would take revenge; but I will keep such a watchful, circumspect -eye over him that he shall never be able to do us any harm." Having -thus accomplished his purpose, and finished his meal beside the corpse -of his victim lying on the floor, he departed with his band of -assassins, nor does it appear that he was ever called to account for -the outrage. After the burial of her husband, Lady Beaumont, fearing -for the safety of her children, fled with them to the house of her -kinsman, Townley, in Lancashire, and took along with her the sons of -Quarmby and Lockwood, and a youth named Lacy, of Crumblebottom, where -they were instructed together in feats of chivalry, fencing, tilting, -shooting with the long bow, riding, and other knightly qualities, as -preparations for taking their revenge. - -The curtain had fallen upon the first act of the drama; fifteen years -had now elapsed, and the second act commences. The four youths had -now grown up nearly to manhood, and Lockwood, the eldest, suggested -that the time was now come when "we should bravely seek to revenge the -spilling of our fathers' blood, for if Eland should have that foul act -for well done, it will encourage him in his wickedness, and further to -proceed in destroying the whole posterity of our renowned ancestors; -therefore do I esteem it our wisdom, and an undertaking well becoming -the successors of such worthy patriots, utterly to extirpate from the -face of the earth the cursed Cain and his posterity." The others -assented, and took into their counsel two men--Dawson and -Haigh--retainers of one of the families--who had come from Yorkshire, -and who informed them that Sir John would shortly go to Brighouse, -where the Sheriffdom was to be held, and that they might easily waylay -him and accomplish their purpose. Accordingly they set off, -accompanied by an armed band of men, and secreted themselves in -Crumblebottom Wood, on the wayside from Eland to Brighouse. - -Sir John, suspecting nothing, went on his way to Brighouse, and coming -upon some armed men on the roadside whom he knew not, courteously -"vail'd his bonnet," when Adam Beaumont stepped forward and said-- - - "Thy courtesy 'vails thee not, Sir Knight, - Thou slew my father dear, - Sometime Sir Robert Beaumont hight; - And slain thou shalt be here." - -The others addressed him in like terms. "Whose fathers' blood," said -they all, "we are now come to revenge upon thee and thine." They then -attacked him, his followers drawing their weapons and rallying round -him in his defence, and a general fight commenced between the two -companies, several on both sides being wounded. At length the four -young men, who kept together, succeeded in separating Sir John from -his followers, and inflicting upon him numerous wounds, left him lying -bleeding and dying upon the turf. Knowing that such a crime as the -murder of the King's Sheriff could not pass unnoticed, as soon as they -felt assured that they had accomplished their revenge they hastened -back into Lancashire, but feeling that they would not be safe at -Townley Hall, they went onward into Furness, then a wild unfrequented -corner of the county, with few inhabitants excepting the monks of the -abbey and a few peasants who were dependent upon it, and hid -themselves in the recesses of the woods, among the caves and fells, -depending upon their bows for the supply of their daily food. And thus -ends the second act of the drama. - -In the meanwhile, Sir John's son, a second Sir John, succeeded to -Eland, who was married and had a son, then a young boy, who might also -have succeeded but for the machinations of the allies in Furness. -During the winter they had been laying their plots, and came to the -determination of utterly extirpating the male line of the Elands, and -arranged to attack Sir John on his way to or from church on Palm -Sunday. Accordingly, in the spring, they came secretly to -Crumblebottom Hall, where they lay _perdu_ to watch events, and, on -the eve of Palm Sunday, concealed themselves in Eland Mill. Their -proceedings, however, were not so secret but that rumours of impending -evil reached the ears of Sir John, and on Sunday morning he told his -wife that he should not go out that day, but she rallied him on his -fears, and urged that he must go to church on that specially holy day -as an example to others, upon which he reluctantly assented, but took -the precaution of putting on a coat of mail beneath his waistcoat. - -The confederates and their followers saw the sun rise on the morning -of Palm Sunday as they lay in the mill, and began to prepare for their -meditated deed, when the door was suddenly opened, and the miller's -wife entered for some corn which her husband had sent her for. They -immediately seized her, bound her hand and foot, and told her that if -she cried out they would knock her on the head. Not returning in due -course, her husband grew wroth at her dalliance. - - "The miller swore she should repent, - She tarried there so long; - A good cudgel in hand he went, - To chastise her with wrong." - -But the miller, instead of amusing himself by thrashing his wife, met -with the same fate that she had undergone, and was thrown, securely -bound, on a heap of flour-sacks beside her. - -Sir John, his wife, and little son, left Eland Hall for church, taking -a short cut over the stones of the mill-dam which was nearly empty in -consequence of a drought. As he was stepping over Beaumont shot an -arrow at him which glanced off his coat of mail, as did Lockwood with -a like effect. The villagers, who were going to church, seeing this, -came running up, when Lockwood shot another arrow, which pierced Sir -John's brain, whilst another from Quarmby, mortally wounded the boy. - -They had now accomplished their vengeance; the male line of the Elands -was extinct; but it behoved them to look to their own safety, as the -villagers, armed with clubs and hatchets, were assembling in great -force. They rushed out of the mill, fought their way along Whittlelane -End to Old Earthgate, and hence to Anely Wood, hotly pursued by their -foes. Willet, Smith, Remington, and Bunney, yeomanry officers, also -summoned their men, who armed themselves with "pitchforks, long -staves, knotted clubs, and rusty bills," and joined the hunt. As their -foes neared them, they faced round and presented a bold, resolute -front, as long as their arrows lasted, when they again took to flight; -Lockwood carrying off Quarmby, who had fallen wounded. They gained the -shelter of the wood, where they left Quarmby, dead, and each sought to -shift for himself. Beaumont took refuge in Crosland Hall, and stood on -his defence with the bridge drawn up; he afterwards escaped to -France, fought against the Turks in Hungary, where he won great fame -and honour, and eventually became a Knight of Rhodes. Lockwood sought -shelter in Camel Hall, but was captured when incautiously visiting a -village maiden with whom he had an amour, and was put to death there -and then, and so ended the race of the Lockwoods. What became of Lacy -is not known. Sir John Eland, the younger, left a daughter and -heiress, who married Sir John Savile, of Tankersley, and conveyed the -Eland and other estates to that family. - - - - -The Plumpton Marriage. - - -The Plumpton family, of Plumpton, near Knaresborough, were established -there from the period of the Domesday Book, when Edred de Plumpton -held two carucates of land of William de Percy, the mesne lord. They -had estates afterwards at other places--Idle, near Leeds, held of the -Lacies; Steeton, near Tadcaster; Nesfield, near Otley, where they had -a manor-house, and elsewhere. They were a family of considerable -importance in Yorkshire, and were great benefactors to the Nunnery of -Esholt, in Craven. They frequently make a conspicuous appearance in -the various historical events of the centuries of their existence. -Peter, son of Nigel, suffered confiscation of his lands for -confederating with the Barons against King John; but, on submitting -and doing fealty to Henry III., they were restored. Sir Robert, -founder of a chapel in the church in Knaresborough, was beheaded at -York, for participation in Scrope's rebellion against King Henry IV., -in 1408. Sir William, who objected to the levying of tolls, at Otley -and Ripley, by Archbishop Kemp, lay in wait for the tax-gatherers at -Thornton Bridge, with a company of foresters. The officials, -apprehending the meaning of the armed men by the bridge, turned aside -to pass over the river by Brafferton Ford, but were followed by Sir -William and his men, shouting, "Slay the Archbishop's carles, and -would to God we had the Archbishop himself here." In the fray which -ensued, several of the Archbishop's men were slain and wounded, and -others taken prisoners. Robert, the last male representative of the -family, died unmarried and intestate at Paris, in 1749, when the -estates passed to his aunt, Anne, who, in 1760, sold them to Daniel -Lascelles, for £28,000. - -A volume entitled "The Plumpton Correspondence," consisting of family -letters, chiefly of a domestic character, written in the reigns of -Edward IV., Richard III., Henry VII., and Henry VIII., was published -in 1869 by the Camden Society; edited by Thomas Stapleton, from Sir -Edward Plumpton's "Book of Letters." - -In the reign of Henry II., Gilbert de Plumpton, a youthful scion of -the family, was living at Plumpton. As the Plumptons were then -comparatively small land-owners, and as they had high aspirations, -aiming at the knightly or baronial degree, it behoved them to improve -their landed estates by prudent marriages with heiresses, and thus -qualify themselves for a higher position in the county. Young Gilbert, -then approaching manhood, therefore cast his eyes about him with that -purpose. His range of vision was rather restricted, as people in those -days, owing to the badness of the roads and other causes, rarely -travelled far away from home, and were almost compelled to select -their wives and husbands from amongst their neighbours, seldom going -beyond the bounds of their native counties to enter into matrimonial -alliances. Besides this, eligible heiresses were but few in number, -and being under the guardianship of the King, or of some one appointed -by him, whose consent was necessary for marriage, it being a serious -offence to marry an heiress without such pre-consent, it became a -difficult matter, even when an heiress was found and her affections -secured, to consummate their reciprocal love by a conjugal union; -especially as Kings were then wont to use their power over their fair -wards in a very arbitrary and tyrannical fashion, by bestowing their -hands and inheritances on their favourites, or in reward for some -service, without the least consideration for the pleasure or will of -the person most concerned--the lady herself. - -About this time Roger de Guilevast, or, as he is sometimes called, -Richard Wardwast, a wealthy land-owner, in the neighbourhood of -Plumpton, died, and left his only daughter, Eleanor, heiress to his -extensive possessions. This young lady, Gilbert had encountered when -out with his hounds one day, some twelve months previously. He had -been searching for game in the woodlands of the picturesque scenery -which surrounds Plumpton, and had come to the lake, when he was -startled by the sight of an exquisitely beautiful young girl wandering -along the shore, and seemingly enjoying the beautiful prospect of -land, water, and foliaged trees. He accosted her, and she readily -entered into conversation with him, when he was as much struck by her -wit and sensible remarks as he had previously been by her beauty. She -informed him who she was, and who her father, and he imparted to her -the same information respecting himself, and they discovered that, -although they had never chanced to meet previously, they were well -acquainted with each other's families. Gilbert therefore knew that if -her father died without other issue his estates would descend to her -as his heiress. Here he thought was the chance he had been hoping for; -but as he was of a cautious, calculating disposition, he considered -that her father, not yet aged, might still have a son, to whom the -lands would pass, and leave her with nothing more than a slender -marriage portion; and although he saw that she was beautiful and -accomplished, and was just the wife whom he would choose if personal -charms were the chief consideration, he could not, in justice to his -family and his own aspirations, marry a dowerless maiden, and he -resolved not to commit himself too far until he saw more as to the -chance of her succession to the estates. Still he determined not to -lose sight of her altogether, and that it would be well in the -meantime to inspire her heart with the sentiment of love towards him, -if it were possible to do so. - -"Do you often walk in this direction?" he asked. - -"Oh yes," she replied, "in the beautiful summer sunshine, when the -trees are clad in their bright vestments of green, and the flowers are -opening their petals and giving forth perfume from every bank; when -the birds are singing joyfully overhead, and the hum of the bees and -other insects add a pleasing undertone to their louder carolling--I -love to wander alone with Nature for my companion. And you! Do you -care to commune with Nature? or only feel a pleasure in going forth in -the forest lands and pastures, to destroy the innocent and beautiful -creatures who enjoy their existence as much as you do yourself?" And -so saying, she pointed interrogatively at his dogs, which were barking -and sniffing about among the bushes. - -"Oh!" answered he, "believe not that my sole delight is in the chase. -Nature has sent certain animals into the world to supply us with food, -and it is right to deprive them of life before placing them on the -table; nor do I think it wrong to destroy noxious animals, such as -wolves and foxes, and it is only on such that I wage war; nothing do I -kill out of wanton sport. I experience pleasure in the sight of the -rising and the setting sun, I can look with delight on the glories of -a landscape, such as that which is spread around us, and witness with -a thrill of sublime awe the warring of the elements in a tempest." - -Thus they conversed for some time, mutually interested in each other's -conversation, and before parting arranged to meet at set times near -the huge rock which rises out of the water and stretches for a length -of fifty feet, and which still attracts thousands of tourists to -wonder at and admire it. - -Many times did they meet there, and their love ripened at each -interview, Gilbert almost forgetting the demands of his family for -heiresses, and almost resolving to seek her hand, even in case of a -brother coming to claim the inheritance; but some six months -afterwards, Eleanor's father "went the way of all flesh," and she -became really an heiress, when Gilbert commenced making love to her in -real earnest, his own private inclinations coinciding now with what -was due to his consideration of the interests of his family. - -At this time Ranulph de Glanville was resident in Yorkshire, as Lord -of Coverdale, having acquired the estates there by his marriage with -Bertha, daughter of Theobald de Valvins, Lord of Parham. He was the -greatest legal luminary of his age, and eminent, besides, as a -statesman and warrior; was Judge-itinerant in Yorkshire and thirteen -other counties, and in 1186 was promoted to the dignity of -Chief-Justice of England; he was also Sheriff of Yorkshire and some -other counties, and was employed extensively in State affairs. When -King Henry II. was in France, King William of Scotland invaded -Northumberland, in 1174, and Glanville, as Sheriff of Yorkshire, -raised an army of Yorkshiremen, marched against him, defeated him in a -battle, and took him prisoner, lodging him in Richmond Castle. News of -the victory reached the King after his memorable penance at the tomb -of Thomas a Becket, and, instead of attributing it to the skill of -Glanville and the bravery of his followers, ascribed it to St. Thomas, -as a reward for his penitential humiliation at his shrine. In his -latter days he founded an abbey and a priory in his native county of -Suffolk; in 1189 he accompanied King Richard in his crusade to -Palestine, and is said to have been slain at the siege of Acre. - -As Sheriff of the county of York, he was the representative of the -King, and, of course, in the matter of the guardianship of heiresses -and the disposal of their hands and inheritances. When intelligence -reached him of the death of Roger de Guilevast without issue male, it -occurred to him that it would be a good opportunity for rewarding one, -Reiner, a favourite dependant of his, whom he wished to advance in -life. Reiner is mentioned in the Plump. Cartul., 1002, as Sheriff of -Yorkshire, but as Glanville himself was then Sheriff, he would -probably be Deputy-Sheriff. He therefore proposed to bestow the -heiress and her estates upon Reiner, and gave instructions to that -effect. - -The lovers, for plighted lovers they had become when Eleanor received -an intimation that she was to give her hand to Reiner, resolved upon a -bold step, no less than that of defying the King and his Sheriff by a -clandestine marriage. Gilbert was on terms of great intimacy with the -Spofforths of Spofforth, a township adjoining that of Plumpton, an -ancient Saxon family, one of whom, Thomas, early in the fifteenth -century, became Abbot of St. Mary's, York, and, in 1422, was elected -Bishop of Rochester, but, before installation, was constituted Bishop -of Hereford by Papal provision. One of the family was a priest and the -close friend of Gilbert, and he undertook to risk the performance of -the ceremony, which was carried out in private, and Gilbert took his -bride home, and for a week or more enjoyed the usual connubial -felicity of the honeymoon period. - -A loud knocking at the gates of the Plumpton Manor House one morning -startled the inmates and aroused the fears of the newly married -couple, who were apprehensive of the vengeance of the Sheriff. At -first they thought of flight; but where to go? Nowhere in the realm -would they be safe against the power of the King, so they were -compelled perforce to abide the issue. When the gates were opened, a -body of men in the livery of the Sheriff presented themselves, the -leader of whom said, "In the name of the King, and by the authority of -his Sheriff, Ranulph de Glanville, I demand to be delivered up to me -the bodies of Gilbert de Plumpton and of Eleanor de Guilevast, a ward -of the Crown, who has been treacherously carried off from her home by -the said Gilbert, in violation of the laws of the realm, and in -traitorous contempt of the King's authority." - -At this juncture Gilbert presented himself with his wife leaning on -his arm, and demanded what they meant by such intrusion and insolent -language, adding that he was no traitor and no contemner of the laws -of the kingdom, but one of the King's most faithful subjects. - -"We come not," was the reply, "to bandy words with you, or decide the -question at issue; our instructions are to convey you to York, where -the Sheriff will determine what further shall be done in the matter, -and who will listen to any objections you may be pleased to urge in -respect of your apprehension as a violator of the law." - -Seeing that there was no use in resisting, Gilbert said, "Then I will -accompany you to York," and gave directions for his horse to be -saddled. "But," he continued, "I trust it is not necessary to submit -this lady, my wife, to the indignity; I suppose she may remain here -until I have vindicated my innocence, and can return to her." - -"That cannot be," replied the leader, "my instructions are to bring -you and the lady, and loth as I am to appear discourteous to a lady, I -must insist on her accompanying us." - -"I am ready to go," said Eleanor; "rather would I go to face any -perils, in your company, than be left behind with all the anxieties -and uncertainties as to what is befalling you." - -Another horse was then brought from the stables for her accommodation, -and the party rode together to York. They were placed in the custody -of the Sheriff's officers, but not in prison, and a few days after -were brought before the Sheriff. He interrogated Gilbert with great -severity, who acknowledged the marriage, and the lady with more -courtesy, who replied with modesty, pleading that she was not aware -that marrying the man to whom she had given her heart could be a -matter of offence to the King, adding that, so far as she knew, even a -milkmaid or a peasant girl was at liberty to marry whom she chose. The -Sheriff explained that she was very different from a peasant girl, who -was a mere serf, and that it mattered not whom she married, but that -she was an inheritor of a portion of the land of England, the whole of -which belonged to the King, and that such being the case, it was -necessary for the welfare of the realm that he should have in his hand -the disposal of such heiresses in marriage, so that their estates -should not fall into the hands of unworthy persons. "I can -understand," he continued, "that you, a simple maiden, should be -ignorant of this essential feature of the constitution of the realm, -and being so, are entitled rather to compassion than blame for having -been inveigled into this unlawful marriage, which, in the eye of the -law, is no marriage at all, but concubinage. As for you, sir," -addressing himself to Gilbert, "you are supposed to be cognisant of -the laws of the land, and have been guilty of a gross crime and -misdemeanour, which may lead to serious consequences. It will be -necessary for me to lay the matter before the King's grace, and bring -you before his tribunal of justice, so that he may deal with you as he -deems fitting, and rest assured, it will go well with you if you -escape with your life. As for your wife, as you call her, it is -probable you will never more see her; but she will be well cared for, -if that be any consolation to you, and shall be provided with a -suitable and worthy husband." On hearing this announcement, Eleanor -uttered a piercing shriek, and fell fainting to the floor. She was -carried away into an adjoining apartment, whilst her husband, -betraying signs of deep agitation, attempted to speak, but was -prevented doing so by direction of the Judge. - -What followed may be told in the words of the Plumpton MS.:--In the -year 1184, while the King (Henry II.) was sojourning at Worcester with -his army, with intent to make war with Rhys-ap-Griffin, a certain -youth was brought there in fetters, sprung of noble lineage, and whose -name was Gilbert de Plumpton, whom Ranulph de Glanville, the King's -justiciary, had in odium, and sought to put to death, laying to his -charge that he had ravished a certain maiden in the King's gift, the -daughter of Roger de Guilevast, and kept her to him as his wife, and -that, in the night-time, he broke through six doors in the abode of -the girl's father, and took a hunting-horn and a headstall, etc., -along with the said maiden. He added, moreover, that all these things -he carried off by theft and robbery, and upon the issue he offered to -abide the law. But Ranulph de Glanville, wishing to make away with -him, because he designed to give the same maiden (whom the said -Gilbert had already known after their espousals) to Reiner, Sheriff of -Yorkshire, with her father's inheritance, further exhorted those who -were to try Gilbert to adjudge him to death; and so it was done, for -they sentenced him to be hanged, and whilst he was being led to the -gibbet, intelligence was brought of the proceedings in his case to -Baldwin, Bishop of the same city of Worcester. The which Bishop, -though in great grief for the condemnation of the youth, was, however, -exhorted by his attendants to rescue him from death. They said that he -could legally do this, because it was a Sunday the same day, and upon -it the Feast of Blessed Mary Magdalen. The Bishop (who was a meek and -good man) acquiesced in their arguments, and having mounted on -horseback, quickly rode after the executioners, who were leading the -youth to the gibbet, and had now arrived at the place. Already was the -youth, with his hands bound behind his back, and with a green band -covering his eyes, and an iron chain round his neck--the executioners -being on the point of hoisting the youth up as the Bishop arrived with -a multitude of people. - -Having alighted from his horse, and running up, he stationed himself -by the side of the prisoner, thus exclaiming and saying, "I forbid -you, on the part of God and the blessed Mary Magdalen, and under -sentence of excommunication, to hang this man on this day; because -today is the day of our Lord and the feast of the blessed Mary -Magdalen. Wherefore it is not lawful for you to contaminate the day." - -The executioners replied, "Who are you, and what madness prompts you -that you have the audacity to impede the execution of the King's -justice?" But the Bishop, with no less firmness of heart than of -speech, rejoins, "Not madness, but the clemency of heavenly pity, -urges me; nor do I desire to impede the King's justice, but to warn -against an unwary act, lest by the contamination of a solemn day, you -and the King incur the wrath of the Eternal God." - -After some altercation, divine authority at length prevailed; and at -the entreaty of the Bishop, he who was bound was unloosed; -nevertheless he was delivered over to the keeper of the King's castle -in safe custody, and in the morning to be led again to execution. But -the Lord Almighty, who never deserts those who hope in Him, granted -longer span of life to the said Gilbert. For when all these matters -were reported to King Henry, he sent his messengers in the greatest -haste to the castle with orders that the youth should not be hanged. - -This story is deemed apochryphal by some authorities as being utterly -inconsistent with the mild, beneficent, and just character of the -Justiciary. Foss, who refers to it as a dereliction from the path of -judicial integrity, says-- - -"Presuming the story to be true, the Chief Justiciary's merit must -have been great indeed to induce the King to pardon so monstrous a -perversion of justice," adding, "some doubt, however, cannot but be -attached to the relation, not merely from its extravagant ferocity and -the impunity of its perpetrators, but from the assertion of the work -which bears Glanville's name, who says--'None of the Judges have so -hardened a front, or so rash a presumption, as to dare to deviate, -however slightly, from the path of justice, or utter a sentence in any -measure contrary to the truth.' It is scarcely possible to suppose -that a King so just as Henry II. would have overlooked the guilt of -the Judge, or have visited the innocence of the accused with -imprisonment." - -On the other side, Roger de Hoveden relates the story with some -circumstantiality, under the date of 1184, who was not only a -contemporary, but was a native of Howden, not many miles distant from -Plumpton. He adds further, that "The Knight (Gilbert) being rescued -from death, was kept in prison by Ranulph de Glanville until the -King's death (1189)." In the Annals of the Exchequer also, we find -given the expenses of conveying Gilbert de Plumpton from York to -Worcester, on this occasion. - -What became of Gilbert and Eleanor afterwards is not recorded, or -mentioned in the tradition, but we may hope that after his release on -the accession of Richard I., they were reunited, and that their -oppressor, having died the following year, they were enabled to pass -the remainder of their lives in tranquility and happiness. - - - - -The Topcliffe Insurrection. - - "I wayle, I wepe, I sobbe, I sighe full sore, - The dedely fate, the dolefulle destenny - Of him that is gone, alas! without restore, - Of the blode royall descendinge nobelly; - Whos lordshepe doutles was slayne lamentably, - Thorow tresen ageyn hym compassyd and wrought, - Trew to his Prince, in worde, in dede, and thought." - - --SKELTON. - - -The prevailing blemish in the character of King Henry VII. was -avarice, which led him, through his rapacious ministers, Empson and -Dudley, to oppress the people with extortionate taxation. To save his -exchequer he avoided foreign wars, and once only did he cross the sea -with that object, in the cause of Anne of Bretagne, whose fief was -claimed by the French King; but on arriving at Boulogne, King Charles, -appealing to his master-passion, bought him off by means of a large -bribe. For the purpose of this war, Parliament, in February, 1489, -granted a tax of one-tenth of a penny, for a subsidy of £75,000. This -oppressive tax was very unpopular, and especially so in Yorkshire and -the north, the people about Thirsk, particularly, being loud in their -murmurs. They were goaded on by the rough and excited harangues of one -John à Chambre, whom Lord Bacon describes as "a base fellow called -John Chambre, a very brute feu, who bore most sway among the vulgar." -He had for his fellow leader Sir John Egremont, who, although not -quite so boisterous and unpolished as Chambre, was equally resolute -and vigorous in his opposition to fiscal extortion; and these two -leaders gathered around them a body of rustics and mechanics, who -armed themselves with such weapons as they could procure, such as -scythes, bill-hooks, and bludgeons. Vowing they would not lay down -their arms until the tax was repealed, they went from village to -village, and town to town, inveighing against the King's evil -counsellors, explaining their designs, and enlisting recruits to their -banner. - -An account of these turbulent proceedings reached the ears of the -King, who sent an order down to the Earl of Northumberland, the -Lord-Lieutenant of Yorkshire, to explain the necessity of the tax, to -uphold the honour and dignity of the nation. The Earl wrote back to -the King a letter of remonstrance, showing that the tax was -intolerably oppressive, a burden that they were scarcely able to bear, -and praying him to reconsider it, and make some abatement in the -demand. To this he received a reply that not a single penny should be -abated, and he was enjoined to see that it was exacted to the -uttermost farthing. - -Henry Percy, fourth Earl of Northumberland, was one of the most potent -nobles of the north, and had castles at Topcliffe, on the Swale, near -Thirsk; at Leckonfield, near Beverley; and at Wressil, near -Howden--all maintained with a splendour almost regal, with barons, -knights, and esquires as members of his household and retinue. The -Castle of Topcliffe, the earliest and chief seat of the Percies, stood -with its massive keep, battlemented towers, gateway, walls, and -dungeon, upon an elevated mound called Maiden Bower, on the river -Swale, near the confluence of the Cod-beck. From its nearness to -Thirsk, the focus of the insurrection, the Earl came thither from -Leckonfield to execute the command of the King, and he called a -folk-môte at Thirsk for that purpose. With his vassals and tenants he -was popular, being a kind and considerate master and landlord, and by -the people of Yorkshire he was held in high esteem, so that he was -under no apprehension, although the people were in arms; and he took -no measures for his safety in case of tumult, feeling assured that -there was no danger, and that he would be able, by his explanations -and expostulations, to appease the angry feelings of the multitude. - -On the morning of the day appointed for the meeting, there was a great -assemblage of people in Thirsk, and excited crowds coming along all -the roads leading thither from Ripon, Boroughbridge, Easingwold, and -the neighbouring villages. The people were armed chiefly with -bludgeons, and displayed two banners, one inscribed "No taxes; down -with Empson and Dudley," the other, "Oh for the days of good King -Dickon." Richard III., when residing at Middleham, as Duke of -Gloucester, was exceedingly popular with the poor, mingling with them -in their amusements, and consorting with them as familiarly as if they -were his equals, probably with a politic eye to the future. When he -was carrying out his scheme of usurpation, he sent for a contingent of -men-at-arms from his Middleham estates, who assembled for review in -Finsbury Fields, when one of his Yorkshire tenants stepped out of the -ranks, and, clapping him on the shoulder, said, "Ah's main blythe -thoo's goin' to be King, Dickon." - -Egremont and Chambre were in the midst on horseback, riding hither and -thither, exhorting the people with inflammatory speeches to be firm in -their determination not to pay the tax, telling them that all England -was with them, and not to listen to the Earl, who was one of the -King's advisers in levying the tax; further, that if need be they -would lead them to London and compel the King to remit the tax, or -drag him from his throne. - -At this time the Earl rode into the town, surrounded by a body of -retainers, all men of rank, habited in brilliant costume, the livery -of the Percies. He was assailed with mingled cheers from his tenants, -and hisses and shouts of opprobrium from the insurgent mob. He -attempted to address them, but the uproar became greater; again he -made the attempt, when there arose a deafening discord of sounds from -drums, kettles, and pans, accompanied by the yelling and howling of -the mob, when, finding he could not gain their ear, he and his -followers turned their horses' heads and trotted back to Topcliffe. As -they passed away, the leaders shouted, "Bravely done, my merry men; -this is our first victory; let us on to Topcliffe, and beard him in -his castle, and then for London, to face the tyrant King in the -Tower." The Earl and his followers gained the castle, and were seated -in consultation on what were best to be done in the emergency, when -loud shouts assailed their ears from outside, and, looking forth, they -perceived that they had been followed by the mob, infuriated by the -harangues of their leaders. Although implored not to do so, but to -shut the gates and stand a siege, the Earl went out and faced the -insurgents. - -"What want you, good people?" he inquired. - -"A remission of the tax," replied Egremont. - -"I have no power or authority to do so," said the Earl. - -"Who but you advised the King that not a penny should be abated?" -shouted Chambre, and the mob yelled, and cried, "Down with him; he -wants to rob our children of their bread." - -The Earl was a proud man, and scorned to give a denial to the -insinuation, which served to inflame the passions of the rioters to a -still higher degree. - -"He's silent, and that proves his guilt," shouted Chambre. "Down with -him; such bloodsuckers should not be allowed to exist." - -And then there was a brandishing of clubs and a rush forward of the -mob, and in a few moments the Earl was stricken down, and beaten -savagely as he lay. The mob then entered the castle tumultuously, and -killed several of his domestics; but the barons and knights, fled to -seek safety, or, as Skelton has it-- - - "Trustinge in noblemen, that wer wyth hym there; - Bot all they fled from hym from falshode or fere, - He was envyronde aboute on every syde, - Withe his enemys that were stark mad and wode; - Yet whils he stode he gave them woundes wyde, - Alas! for southe! what thoughe his mynde were goode, - His courage manly; yet there he shed his bloode. - All left alone, alas! he fowt in vayne, - For cruelly among them ther he was slayne." - -Hence the insurgents went triumphantly, calling upon the people to -unite with them in putting down kingly tyranny and financial -oppression, but eventually they were met by the Earl of Surrey, who -was sent against them, at Ackworth, near Pontefract, and dispersed. -Chambre and others of the leaders were captured and hanged at York; -but Egremont, thanks to the fleetness of his horse, escaped to -Flanders, and was protected by the Yorkist Margaret, Duchess of -Burgundy. What was his ultimate fate is not known. - -The Earl was honoured with a most magnificent funeral in the Minster -or Collegiate Church of St. John, Beverley, in a chapel built -expressly for the reception of his remains, and beneath a tomb with -rich Gothic canopy, adorned with sculptured figures, and emblazoned -with the multitude of quarterings of the family. The body, after -having been embalmed, was conveyed to his Castle of Wressil, and hence -to Leckonfield, whence it was taken to Beverley, accompanied by a long -and splendid procession, all robed and accoutred at the expense of the -family. There were twelve lords with "gownes at 10s. the yerd;" -twenty-four lords and knights "with gownes and hods;" sixty squires -and gentlemen "with gownes and typets;" two hundred yeomen "in -gownes;" "one hundred gromes and gentlemen's servants in gownes." -There were also the bearers of the great standard, twelve bearers of -sarcenet banners "betyn with my Lord's armys," sixty bearers of -"Scutchions of Buckram betyn with my Lord's armys," and two officers -of arms from the Herald's Office, London, to superintend the armorial -arrangements, who were paid £20 for "their helpe and payne." Besides -these there were five hundred priests, one thousand clerks, and -representatives from the neighbouring monasteries, all habited in -mourning, and bearing crucifixes, other church ornaments, and vessels -and emblems of mortality. Mingling with these were four hundred -torch-bearers, and bringing up the rear, 13,340 poor persons, who -received, according to the will, a funeral dole of twopence each. -Altogether the cost amounted to £1,037 6s. 8d., equal to, at least, -£10,000 of the present value of money. - -The body was met at the great west door of the Minster by the Provost, -Vicars, Canons, choristers, and other officials of the Minster, who -conducted the procession. A mournful anthem was chanted up the nave -into the chancel, where a long and splendid service of masses and -choral singing was performed, and the body lowered into its -resting-place, amid the sobs and lamentations of those who had known -and loved the Earl for his virtues. Of his tomb, with its -"multiplicity of noble carved work and canopied arches," as described -by Leland, there remain only the altar table, with its sides covered -with armorial bearings, but without the figures which ranged round it -in niches, and on the wall above the word "Esperance," the motto of -the family, and "1494," the date of the funeral. - - - - -The Burning of Cottingham Castle. - - -Cottingham is a well-built, picturesque village, midway between Hull -and Beverley, on the ancient road, but a quarter of a mile distant -from the modern highway. It is a place of great antiquity, dating from -the ancient British period, and deriving its name from Ket, a Celtic -female deity, with the Saxon suffixes of ing and ham. In the days of -Edward the Confessor, it belonged to one Gamel, who is supposed to -have held a Thursday market there; and at the time of the Domesday -Book, the manor, four miles in length, with five fisheries of 8,000 -eels, was held by Hugh, son of Baldrick. - -It was granted by William the Conqueror to Robert de Stuteville, -surnamed Front de Boeuf, from whom it descended to Robert de -Stuteville, or d'Estoteville, who was Sheriff of Yorkshire, -twenty-first Henry II., and from him to William de Stuteville, _temp._ -John, who, for some offence, was excommunicated by the Archbishop of -York. He appealed to the King, who came to Cottingham to investigate -the matter, and in the sequel compelled the prelate to give him -absolution. Moreover, he granted to de Stuteville a charter empowering -him to castellate his manor-house, and hold a weekly market and annual -fair. - -Nicholas de Stuteville died seventeenth Henry III., leaving two -daughters, Joan and Margaret, as his co-heiresses, the former of whom -married Hugh de Wake, descended from Leofric, viceroy Earl of Mercia, -and his wife the famous Godiva, and from Hereward le Wac (the Wake), -Lord of Brunne, the last, and one of the most formidable, opponents of -the Norman Duke William, in his conquest of England. John, his -grandson, was summoned as a baron twenty-third Edward I., whose -daughter, Margaret, married Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent, third -son of King Edward I., and had issue, Joan, "the fair maid of Kent," -who inherited the Barony of Wake, which she transmitted to her issue -by her first husband, Thomas de Holand, and which fell in abeyance in -1497, as it still continues. She married, secondly, Edward, the Black -Prince, and by him was mother of King Richard II. - -King Edward I. was celebrating Christmas with the Wakes at Cottingham, -when, being out hunting, he came to Wyke-super-Hull, and, struck with -its capabilities as a port, granted the charter which laid the -foundation of its future greatness, and changed its name to -Kingstown-upon-Hull; and at the same time gave his host a charter of -free warren over his manor, and authority to erect a gallows for the -execution of criminals. Thomas, his son, in the following reign, -obtained a charter of confirmation, with the privilege of holding a -weekly market and two annual fairs, and authority to convert his -residence into a castle of defence, and to garrison it with armed men. -This Thomas founded, adjacent to the castle, a monastery of Austin -Friars, on a site with a defective title, in consequence of which it -was removed to Haltemprice, on another part of the estate. - -The feudal barony was held _in capite_ by the service of one barony, -and consisted of 4,000 acres, with £200 yearly rental from free -tenants. - -It was a beautiful August day in the year 1540. The reapers were in -the fields about Cottingham, sickle in hand, cutting down the golden -corn, and lumbering wains with solid wooden wheels, and drawn by oxen, -were carrying away the sheaves to garner in the homesteads; the fruit -of a thousand trees in the orchards surrounding the village hung, rich -and luscious, pendant from the boughs, and ripening to perfection -under the bright sunshine. The village consisted of a scattering of -cross-timbered houses with wattled and mud-walled frames, latticed -windows, and thatched roofs. From the midst thereof rose in proud and -lofty dignity the majestic walls, turrets, and bastions of the -Stutevilles, the Wakes, and now of the Holands, surrounded by a moat, -which was crossed by a drawbridge, and the entrance defended by a -barbican and a portcullis. Upon its battlements might be seen three or -four men-at-arms, lounging lazily about, and amusing themselves by -watching the passage of vessels and boats up and down the Humber. The -pleasant clack of the baronial mill, and the occasional uplifted -voices of the denizens of the farm-yards and pastures, alone broke the -silence of the slumberous summer afternoon. In a hamlet within ken of -the out-lookers on the parapets of the castle might be seen the now -deserted house of the Augustinian Friars, at Haltemprice; for here no -longer the Canons dropped their beads, muttered their prayers, or -chanted their anthems; the ruthless hand of Henry had driven them -forth upon the wide world to become supplicants for charity, alongside -those who had erstwhile found succour at their gate. The priory and -site had in the present year been granted to Thomas Culpepper, but he -had not yet taken possession, and it lay desolate and silent, as did, -at the same time, many another noble abbey and priory, scattered over -the face of England. - -Lord Wake, as he was called by courtesy, although he was only a tenure -Baron, had been out in the direction of the now thriving town of -Kingston-upon-Hull, and about the middle of the afternoon he came -riding over the drawbridge, and passed through the arched gateway into -the courtyard of his castle. Upon his fist he carried a favourite -hawk, and he was accompanied by his falconer, and three or four -liveried retainers. He leaped agilely from his horse, which was taken -charge of by a groom, and, handing his hawk to the falconer, he passed -through a portal to the domestic apartments, where he was met by his -wife, a singularly beautiful woman, not much past the bloom of -girlhood, and as modest, chaste, and pious as she was charming in -feature, person, and demeanour. "What sport have you had this morning, -husband mine?" inquired she, after an affectionate embrace. -"Excellent," he replied; "my falcon has done wonders, he brought down -a heron, who, from his size, must have been the patriarch of the shaw; -but, dearest life! sport of that kind, brave as it may be, is as -naught to the happiness I experience in thy dear society." Other -expressions of endearment of a similar kind passed as they sat down to -dinner, composed chiefly of venison and boar's flesh. Lord Wake was a -great hunter in the surrounding woods of his domain, and as he sat at -dinner he was surrounded by half a dozen petted boar and stag hounds, -who gambolled at will about the apartment, or sat on their haunches, -looking up at their master in anxious expectation of stray bones, -which were thrown to them with no niggard hand. - -The meal passed over almost in silence, which was only broken -occasionally by remarks and discussion on domestic topics; but when it -was finished, and Lady Wake had taken up her embroidery-frame, her -husband told her that his sport had brought him to the gates of -Kingstown, where he learnt that the King was in the town, who had -arrived there unexpectedly. He was on his progress to York to meet his -nephew, James V. of Scotland, and had come by a circuitous route "for -fear of the enraged people," who, exasperated at the dissolution of -the religious houses, and the King's assumption of supremacy over the -Church, had two or three years previously raised a formidable -insurrection, which they denominated the "Pilgrimage of Grace." The -Mayor (Henry Thurcross), Lord Wake said, had sent the Sheriff to meet -his Highness at the "boarded bridge" of Newland, on the confines of -the county of Hull; had himself, with the aldermen, received him with -great obeisance and due formalities at Beverley-gate, and had -conducted him to the Manor Hall, the usual residence of Royalty when -in the town, where he now was enjoying the splendid hospitality of the -Corporation. - -"The caitiff," exclaimed Lady Wake, "what does he want down here? His -presence betokens no good, and woe betide those with whom he -sojourns." - -"Bluff King Hal," as he was frequently termed, was no favourite with -the better class of ladies; and especially with such as were of a -devout turn of mind, and were regular and punctual in the performance -of their religious duties, as enjoined by their father-confessors. His -propensity for chopping off the heads of his wives, or of divorcing -them when a new beauty enthralled his amorous susceptibilities, caused -him to be held in detestation by all right-minded women; and his -sacrilegious deposition of the Holy Father's authority in England, -combined with his so-called brutal dispersion of the religious -fraternities and sisterhoods of the realm, and unwarrantable plunder -of the holy places of the land, caused him to be looked upon by the -devout as an incarnation of Satan. Such were the views of Lady Wake, -who felt keenly the loss of Haltemprice, which had been to her a -sanctuary of heaven, and to which she had been a most generous -benefactor. - -Whilst Lord and Lady Wake were conversing on this subject, the sound -of a trumpet was heard outside, followed by the opening of the great -gate at the summons, "In the King's name," and the clatter of a -horse's hoofs over the drawbridge and into the courtyard. Lord Wake -hastened out and found an herald seated on horseback, who, when he -announced himself as the lord of the castle, gave three blasts of his -trumpet, and then delivered his message:--"His Highness the King -Henry, the eighth of the name, by the grace of God, defender of the -faith, and supreme head of the Church of England, to the Lord of the -Barony of Cottingham, usually styled Lord Wake, greeting--It is His -Highness's pleasure that on the morrow he will come, God willing, to -Baynard Castle, and partake of the hospitality of the noble Baron and -Lady Wake. God save the King." In the course of conversation with -the magnates of Hull, at the Manor Hall, he had made inquiry -respecting persons of note residing in the neighbourhood, and Lord -Wake was mentioned as keeping up a magnificent establishment within -three or four miles of the gates of Hull, and as being blessed with a -wife of surpassing beauty. The King's licentious propensities were at -once aroused at hearing this. "Fore God," quoth he, "I will betake me -thither, and with mine own eyes see whether this Yorkshire beauty is -the paragon you represent her to be;" and he summoned his herald into -his presence and despatched him with the above message to Cottingham. - -Lord Wake was thrown into consternation at receiving the King's -greeting and message, and, before giving an answer, went indoors to -consult his wife. - -"Holy Mary!" said she, "what a disaster! We must avoid it in some way -or other. Never will I meet the woman-slayer and desecrator of God's -temples within these walls." - -"True," he replied, "we must find some means of averting it if -possible, but meanwhile it will be necessary to send a civil and loyal -reply," and returning to the courtyard, he bade the herald inform the -King that he felt highly flattered at His Highness's condescension in -proposing a visit to his humble house, and that on the following day -preparations should be made for greeting him in the best way his -humble means afforded. When the herald had departed, Lord Wake -pondered deeply on the dilemma in which he found himself placed by the -King's proffered visit. He felt that it was impossible, except by -taking some desperate step, to evade it, but something must be done, -as he felt assured that the honour of himself and that of his wife -were at stake, well knowing, as he did, the unbridled passion of the -King, and that if it were thwarted the most perilous consequences -might ensue. The confiscation of his estates might be looked for in -such case; but better, thought he, lose my land, than my wife her -honour. This train of thought led him to think of his castle, where he -had lived so happily with the beloved of his heart, when suddenly the -idea struck him--What if I burn down my castle! The King could not -come for entertainment amidst its ruined walls and smoking embers, and -though I should sacrifice my home, I should preserve what is far -dearer to me--my wife, pure and undefiled as when I led her to the -altar. The more he thought of the project, the more fully he became -assured of its practicability as an effectual bar of defence against -the King's intentions. He submitted the idea to Lady Wake, who, -without the slightest hesitation, concurred in the proposal. - -The seneschal of the castle was then called in--a faithful old -retainer, who had been in the family for two or three generations of -lords, and who might be intrusted with the keeping of any secret of -his master. He was informed of the nature of the peril hanging over -the family, and of the method projected by Lord Wake to avert the -evil. He had been born and bred up in the castle; knew every nook and -corner of it; loved it with a devoted affection, almost as if it had -been a thinking, sentient being; and could not without an excess of -grief see it destroyed; yet he recognised at once the necessity of the -case, and not being able to devise an alternative, so as to save the -old towers and walls, undertook, as proposed by his master, to fire -the castle that night. - -Lord and Lady Wake then proceeded to pack up all the more portable -articles of value, jewels, money, family papers, and heirlooms, which -were conveyed secretly to the unoccupied Priory of Haltemprice, and -thither they went themselves, issuing from a postern, and crossing the -moat by means of a raft stationed there for the purpose. When the -retainers, men-at-arms, and domestics, all save the sentinals on duty, -had retired to rest, the seneschal, heaped together a quantity of -combustible materials in proximity to a mass of old and dry woodwork -panelling on the walls, which he set fire to. The flames soon caught -hold of the woodwork, which, blazing up, got a complete hold of the -building. He then rang the alarm-bell and roused up the sleepers, -telling them that he had been awakened by the smell of burning. Of -course all was done that could be done, under his direction, for the -subjugation of the fire, but the appliances were so utterly -inefficient, consisting merely of a line of men passing a chain of -buckets from hand to hand after being filled from the moat, that the -fire soon overcame all their efforts to extinguish it, and the roof -soon after falling in, it blazed up into the midnight sky, -illuminating the country for miles round. The flames were distinctly -visible from Hull and Beverley, and numbers of persons from both towns -hurried to the scene of disaster, but could afford no assistance, the -fire having by that time gained such an ascendency that they could but -stand and gaze, awe-stricken, on the scene of devastation. -Intelligence was conveyed to the King the following morning of the -"accidental" fire at Baynard Castle, and to show his sympathy he -offered to contribute £2,000 towards its restoration, which was -respectfully declined by Lord Wake, and the King, after sundry -measures for the improvement of the port of Kingstown, crossed the -Humber and returned to London. - -The tradition adds, further, that this Lord Wake, dying without issue -male, the manor was divided between his three daughters, who were -respectively married to the Duke of Richmond, the Earl of -Westmoreland, and Baron Powis, and that those portions thus acquired -the names they still bear of Cottingham Richmond, Cottingham -Westmoreland, and Cottingham Powis. - -Tradition, however, is prone to error, and in this narrative there are -several discrepancies and anachronisms. There was then no Baron Wake, -the barony having fallen into abeyance more than a century previously; -but the holder of the manor, being a feudal Baron, might bear the -title by courtesy. Secondly, Leland saw the ruins of the burnt castle -in 1538, two or three years before the visit of King Henry to Hull, -and he mentions the division of the manor into four parts as having -taken place previously, the fourth part being held by the King. - - - - -The Alum Workers. - - -Nestling in a lovely valley in the most romantic part of Cleveland -lies the little town of Guisborough, with the mouldering ruins of its -once famous Priory. At the time of the Conquest it consisted of three -manors, which were given to the Earl of Moreton, and soon after, -united into one manor, passed to Robert de Brus, Lord of Skelton, to -hold _in capite_, by military service. In the year 1129 he founded the -Priory of Canons of the Augustine order, and endowed it with a manor -of twenty caracutes and two oxgangs, with the tenements, mill, and all -other appurtenances. It flourished apace, grew rich, and nurtured some -learned and eminent men within its cloisters, until it fell beneath -the ruthless axe of Henry VIII. - -The Chaloners of Guisborough are of Welsh descent, tracing their -ancestry to Trayhayrne, son of Maloc Krwm, one of the fifteen peers -of Wales. His grandson, Madoc, otherwise Chaloner, was ancestor of -Thomas Chaloner, of Beaumaris, one of whose sons was Roger Chaloner, a -citizen and silk mercer of London, whose son, Sir Thomas, Knight (born -1521), was eminent as a statesman, diplomatist, and poet; was employed -on several embassies; was knighted at the battle of Pinkie for -bravery; and was author of several esteemed works--"The Praise of -Folly," "De Republica Anglorum," and many others. He purchased the -manor of Guisborough of Sir Thomas Legh, to whom it had been granted -at the Dissolution, for the sum of £998 13s. 4d. - - "These towering rocks, green hills, and spacious plains, - Circled with wood, are Chaloner's domains. - A generous race, from Cambro-Griffin traced, - Fam'd for fair maids and matrons wise and chaste." - -His portrait was painted by Holbein and by Antonio More, the former -engraved by Holler, the latter exhibited at Leeds in 1868. - -Sir Thomas, Knight, his son (born 1559, died 1615), succeeded to the -Guisborough estates, and was the discoverer of the alum mines. He was -twice married, and had issue several children, of whom the -eldest--William--was created baronet in 1620, by the title of Sir -William Chaloner, Bart., of Guisborough, in the county of York; Rev. -Edward, D.D., an eminent polemical writer; and Thomas and James, -Parliamentarian officers and regicides. At college he gained some -reputation by his Latin and English verses, but was not equal to his -father as a poet. He was, however, a good naturalist, at the time when -the science was little understood and less studied. In 1580-84, he -made _le grand tour_, and spent some time in Italy, where he -associated with all the most eminent literary and scientific men of -the day. - -Being a keen observer of natural objects and phenomena, he had noticed -that on a certain part of his Guisborough estate the soil never froze, -that it was speckled with divers colours, chiefly yellow and blue, -which sparkled in the sunshine, and that the trees and shrubs which -grew thereon spread their roots laterally, and penetrated the earth -very superficially, and that their leaves were of a peculiar tint of -green. When in Rome he paid a visit to the Pope's alum works at -Puzzeoli, where he noticed with his quick, observant eye that the -earth and trees presented the same remarkable features as those on -his Guisborough estate, and he immediately came to the conclusion -that his land was impregnated with alum. He hastened back to England -to test his hypothesis, which he soon verified by experiment, and saw -that a mine of wealth lay beneath his feet. But how to work and -prepare it he knew not, and there was no one in England who did, and -scarcely any one in Europe, outside of Italy, which then had a -monopoly of alum, and he set his wits to work to devise some means for -separating it from the earth, and preparing it as a manufactured -commodity for the market. - -Alum is a mineral salt found in clay and other earths, and is a -valuable commodity used in various manufactures, and for other -purposes. It was first extracted from the earth in which it was -embedded, and prepared for use in the East, chiefly at Edessa, in -Syria; afterwards near Constantinople; and, on the fall of the Eastern -Empire, the alum workers transferred the industry to Italy where it -was established in various places, and was confined to the Peninsula -for more than a century, after which it spread into Germany, France, -and Flanders. The Popes had works at Rome and Civita Vecchia, and -carefully guarded their secret, not allowing the workmen to leave the -country on any pretence whatever, under pain of excommunication, as -the profits of the sale brought a handsome revenue to their coffers. - -Sir Thomas Chaloner cogitated the matter in his mind, and the more he -thought, the more he saw that the only mode of bringing his alum mines -into operation was by kidnapping some of the Pope's workmen, a -difficult and perilous task, but which he resolved to attempt, and -with that view went again to Italy. Of course the best place for -accomplishing his object was at Civita Vecchia, a seaport in the Papal -States. Thither, therefore, he went, and lived in retirement, eluding -observation as far as possible, but mingling, whenever he could, with -the alum workers, ingratiating himself with them by means of wine, -friendly and familiar converse, and the judicious distribution of -money. By these means he became acquainted with their characters, and -with their hopes and aspirations. Three of the more intelligent he -singled out to work upon, but each one separately. He would take them -into a wine-house and ply them well with the tongue-loosener, and then -turn the conversation upon their occupation and future prospects. Of -the three, one seemed to have some influence over the other two, who, -to a certain extent, took their opinions from him, and re-echoed his -sentiments; and Sir Thomas shrewdly perceived that if he could win -over this one, the others would follow, like sheep after the -bell-wether. They were seated in a wine shop one day, talking over the -alum workers' great grievance. "And so," said Sir Thomas, "you would -really like to escape from this life of slavery?" "I should, indeed," -was the reply; "work here is neither better nor worse than that of a -galley-slave." "Why not escape, then, and fling off the chains that -gall you?" "Alas, sir," he replied, "we are too closely guarded and -watched to render escape at all hopeful. Besides, money would be -required, and of this we have but sufficient to get our daily bread." -"But if anyone were to put the means of escape in your hands, would -you be sufficiently daring to make the attempt?" "Most certainly." -"And you would not fear the Pope's excommunication, which would -assuredly follow?" "Look here, signor, although I am a poor ignorant -alum worker, I know something of what has been doing in England and -Germany, and have heard of Wickcliffe, Luther, and Calvin, and I -should care no more for excommunication at the hands of the Pope than -I should for a snap of his fingers." - -Chaloner saw he had got hold of the right man, and he gradually -revealed to him his discovery of alum earth in England, and proposed -that he should accompany him thither to work it, where he would be -absolutely free, and promising him a much higher remuneration than he -was receiving in Italy; to which the man readily assented, and -undertook to gain over the other two men, who he felt assured would -accompany him. At a subsequent meeting of the four confederates the -question was discussed as to the best mode of smuggling them out of -Italy, and, after several projects had been suggested and dismissed as -impracticable, it was decided that they should be conveyed on board a -vessel in casks, as merchandise, and liberated when out at sea. - -Sir Thomas at once set to work to find means for carrying out his -project, the first being to find a vessel captained by one equally -resolute with himself, and to whom he could venture to entrust his -secret. Fortunately for his purpose, there chanced to be lying in the -harbour a ship from the port of Hull, commanded by an honest -fellow-Yorkshireman, a man who, as he said himself, "feared neither -the Pope nor the Devil." With this captain he sought an interview, -explained who he was, and by careful steps laid his scheme before him. -The rough, weather-beaten old captain grasped him by the hand, and, -giving it a vigorous shake, swore to stand by him "through thick and -thin." He was waiting for a return cargo, had got his vessel half -filled, and he agreed, whether full or not, to set sail on that day -week. Sir Thomas then went into the market and purchased a quantity of -grain, to be delivered on board in six days, packed in casks. He then -caused three casks to be constructed secretly, with false ends to be -filled with grain, leaving the central part open and pierced with -holes, in great number, but so small as to be scarcely perceptible. On -the sixth day, when the alum works were closed, the three men came to -him, and were placed in the three casks, which, having passed the -ordeal of the Customs Office without suspicion, were shipped, and at -daybreak the following morning the vessel was loosed from her -moorings, spread her canvas, and bade adieu to Civita Vecchia. It was -soon discovered at the alum works that the three were missing, and -strict search was made for them, without result. At length it occurred -to the authorities that they had escaped in the English vessel which -had sailed that morning, and three ships were sent in pursuit of her, -but she had several hours' start, and had a fair wind, and the -pursuers never caught sight of her. The men were released from their -uncomfortable berths when at a safe distance, and revelled in their -feeling of liberty as they sped over the blue waves of the -Mediterranean, across the Bay of Biscay, and up the Channel, arriving -safely at Hull, whence they proceeded with Sir Thomas to Cleveland. - -Sir Thomas established his works beyond Bellemondegate, where now -mountains of refuse shale are piled up. For some time the works -yielded but small profit, and it was not until Chaloner got more -workmen from Rochelle that they became a success, after which they -yielded a handsome revenue, and had the effect of breaking down the -Italian monopoly, and reducing the price of alum in England to -one-half its former cost. - -When Chaloner had got the mines and works into thorough working order, -King Charles I., at the instigation of some of his rapacious -courtiers, made a claim to them as Crown property, and he was -compelled to surrender them. They were then let to Sir Paul Pindar, at -a rent of £12,500 per annum, to be paid into the Royal Exchequer, -besides £1,600 per annum to the Earl of Mulgrave and £600 per annum to -Sir William Pennyman, but they were restored to the Chaloners by the -Long Parliament. Eight hundred men were employed on the works, and the -alum sold at £26 per ton, which left a large residue of profit. Other -mines were discovered in Cleveland, on the estates of the families of -Phipps, Pennyman, Fairfax, D'Arcy, and Cholmley, when competition -brought down the price, and consequently reduced the profits; and, as -some of these were situated nearer the sea-coast, with greater -facilities for shipment, the Guisborough mines became less and less -profitable, and were eventually abandoned. - -This conduct on the part of King Charles caused the Chaloners to -become zealous Parliamentarians in the Civil War. Sir Thomas's sons, -James and Thomas, drew their swords against the King, and both sat as -members of the High Court of Justice for his trial. The former was -tried as a regicide after the Restoration, was condemned to death, and -drawn on a hurdle to Tyburn for execution, but received a reprieve -when the halter was round his neck; was remitted to the Tower, and -died of poison, it was reported, by his own hand, "an invention," says -Markham, in his Life of Fairfax, "of the carrion vultures of the -Restoration." - -The latter, at the Restoration, was included in the list of those -excluded from pardon, but saved his life by flight. Winstanley says of -him, "He had travelled far in the world, and returned home poysoned -with that Jesuitical doctrine of King-killing, which he put in -practice, being the great speech-maker against the King, ... and a -great stickler for their new Utopian Commonwealth, but upon His -Majestie's return fled, his actions being so bad as would not endure -the touchstone." - - - - -The Maiden of Marblehead. - - -One fine summer's morning, in the year of grace 1742, the little inn -of the little town of Marblehead was in a state of great bustle, in -anticipation of the visit of some Government officials from Boston to -dine there. The landlady, rather vixenish in temper and tongue, was -busily occupied in attending to the culinary department, and at -intervals scolding a young girl of sixteen, who was scrubbing the -floor, and was the maid-of-all-work in the establishment, working from -early in the morning till late at night for a small pittance of wages. - -Marblehead was a small fishing town or village about sixteen miles -from Boston, in New England, consisting of a cluster of log-built and -straw-thatched houses, amongst which stood conspicuously forth the -little hostelry, in consequence of its sign of King George the -Second's head swinging and creaking from a crossbeam over the -highway. The inhabitants were almost entirely of Guernsey descent, a -brave people, but not so loyal as the sign of their inn would seem to -indicate, as after the war of the Revolution there were in the town -600 widows of patriots who had fallen; and, in the war of 1812, 500 -Marblehead men were prisoners of war in England. The washing of the -floor was not completed when the sound of horses' feet was heard -coming along the road, and in a few minutes three gentlemen alighted -at the door, gave their horses in charge of an extemporised ostler, -and entered the house. The landlady made a profound curtsy to her -guests, and at the same time rated her hand-maiden for not having the -room ready for the gentlemen. "Don't scold her," said he who appeared -to be the chief of the group; "I dare say the little lassie has done -her best, and perhaps we have arrived earlier than we were expected." -The girl, who was dressed in homely attire, and without shoes or -stockings, turned her head with a silent glance of thanks to the -speaker--a glance which he pronounced to himself to be angelic. - -The gentleman who thus came upon the scene was a Mr. Charles Henry -Frankland, thirty-six years of age, and slightly bronzed in feature -from his early residence in Bengal, where he was born. He was the -eldest son of the Governor of Bengal, Henry Frankland, who had been -brother and heir-presumptive of Sir Thomas Frankland, third baronet of -Thirkleby, in Yorkshire, but he had died in 1736, leaving this son -heir-presumptive to the baronetcy in his place. In 1741 he had been -appointed Collector of the Customs at the port of Boston, and on this -summer's morning, with two subordinates was paying a professional -visit to Marblehead, which lay within the Boston collection. The more -he saw of the girl, as she waited at table during dinner, the more was -he struck with the beauty of her features and the faultless symmetry -of her figure. As was said of her, "Her ringlets were black and glossy -as the raven; her dark eyes beamed with light and loveliness, and her -voice was musical and bird-like." He entered into conversation with -her, and found that her name was Agnes Surriage, and that her parents, -of a humble position in life, dwelt at a neighbouring village. He was -charmed with the modest and intelligent replies she made to his -questions, but found that she was altogether uneducated, and had -learnt nothing excepting how to perform household work, to sew and -knit, and "to go to meeting on Sundays." On leaving, he gave her money -to buy herself shoes and stockings; but on his next visit he found her -again bare-legged, and asking her why she had not supplied herself -with shoes and stockings, she replied that she had done so, but kept -them to go to "meeting" in. - -Becoming more and more fascinated with her beauty, he at length asked -her parents to allow him to take her to Boston and have her educated, -to which they consented, after some hesitation. He caused her to be -instructed in reading, writing, drawing, music, dancing, and all the -accomplishments of a fine lady; but although she excelled eventually -in sketching, playing, and dancing, and wrote a beautiful hand, she -could never master the difficulties of orthography, her spelling to -the last being always of an original and curiously eccentric -character. - -When her education was completed, and she had grown to womanhood, he -took her to his home as his mistress, and she bore him a son, who was -christened Richard Cromwell. She was, however, looked upon askance by -the Quaker circles of Boston, not on account of her lowly birth, but -because of her disreputable connection with her "protector." Sir -Thomas Frankland, third baronet, died without male issue, in 1747, and -Charles Henry, his nephew, succeeded as fourth baronet. Seven years -after, he returned to England, with Agnes and his son, to dispute the -will of the late baronet as to the disposition of the family estates -at Thirkleby, near Easingwold. Sir Thomas made three wills; the first -in 1741, wherein he left a slender provision for his widow, leaving -the estates to his heir-male. In the second, made in 1744, he left -Thirkleby to his widow for life, to pass at her death to the then -holder of the baronetcy; and by the third will, dated 1746, he left -her the estates, producing £2,500 per annum, and the whole of his -personalty absolutely, and to dispose of as she chose. It was -contended that the last will was made when he was in an unsound state -of mind and under undue influence, and a lawsuit ensued, resulting in -the setting aside of the third and the confirmation of the second -will. The lawsuit gained, Sir Charles and Agnes went for a tour on the -Continent, and in the month of November, 1755, were sojourning in the -city of Lisbon. On the 1st of that month, the sun rose, shining with -almost unusual brightness, and the streets were filled with people -going hither and thither on matters of religion, business, and -pleasure, little dreaming of, and with nothing to indicate, the -catastrophe which was to befall their city. The Franklands had -breakfasted at their hotel, and Sir Charles, donning a Court suit, -started off in a carriage with a lady to witness the celebration of -High Mass in the Cathedral, leaving Agnes at the hotel. They had not -proceeded far, and were passing in front of a lofty building, when, -without warning, the terrible earthquake occurred, which in eight -minutes laid the city in ruins, and swallowed up 50,000 of its -inhabitants. The lofty building came crashing down, and buried the -carriage and its occupants. What became of the lady is not known, but -the horses were killed, and Sir Charles lay bruised and wounded -beneath the ruins for an hour. In full expectation of death, he -reflected on his past life, and, concluding that he was undergoing a -judgment of God for his misdeeds, and especially for having lived in a -state of concubinage, made a vow that if he should be rescued, he -would show his repentance by marrying the partner of his guilt. Agnes -had escaped unhurt, and when the first shock had passed, fearful that -some mischance had befallen him, rushed out in the direction of the -cathedral, regardless of the still falling houses, in search of him. -As she was clambering over a heap of ruins, she heard moans issuing -from beneath, and a voice which she recognised as that of her beloved -one. She immediately got together a party of diggers, and, by promises -of high rewards, succeeded in extricating him, and after his wounds -had been dressed, conveyed him to Belem, where, in process of time, he -recovered, and where their marriage was celebrated. - -Sir Charles returned to Boston; but in 1757 he was appointed -Consul-General to Portugal, and again came to Lisbon. In 1763 he -resumed his duties at Boston, retaining his consulship, although -absent, until 1767, when he returned to England, and died the -following year, being succeeded in the baronetcy by his brother -Thomas. - -Lady Frankland returned to New England with her son, and they resided -upon an estate at Hopkinson which she had inherited through her -parents, but at the outbreak of the Revolutionary war in 1775, she, -being a Royalist, came to England, and, in 1782, married Mr. John -Drew, a banker at Chichester, and died in 1783. - -Richard Cromwell, her son, entered the naval service of England, but -retired on his ship being ordered to America, as he felt unwilling to -fight against his native land. In 1796 he was living in Chichester -with a family growing up around him. - -In 1865 there was published at Albany, "Sir Charles Henry Frankland, -Bart.; or, Boston in the Colonial Times; by Elias Nason, M.A.," who, -in the preface, says--"Who was Sir C. H. Frankland? is a question -which a brief story entitled 'A legend of New England,' and published -by William Lincoln, in 1843, and still more recently the ballad of -'Agnes,' by Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes here, led the public to -entertain: Was he a real person or a myth? Was there ever such a -collector of the port of Boston? Was he indeed buried under the ruins -of Lisbon at the time of the great earthquake? Was he rescued -therefrom by the efforts of a poor girl, named Agnes Surriage, and did -he afterwards make her his wife?" These questions the author answers -in the subsequent pages of the pamphlet, of which the above is an -epitome. - - - - -Rise of the House of Phipps. - - -About the middle of the seventeenth century, during the Civil War and -the Restoration, there dwelt in Bristol one James Phipps, a gunsmith -by trade. He was blessed with a numerous progeny; of him it might -truly be said that "his quiver was full of them," for he had -eventually twenty-six children, of whom twenty-one were boys. Having -only his gunmaking trade to depend upon for a living, he found it -difficult to provide means for feeding, clothing, and educating them, -and often lay awake long at nights, pondering in his mind what he -should do to meet the necessities of the case. At that time, and for -two or three reigns previously, we had been at work laying the -foundations of the present great American Republic, by establishing -plantations of colonists, aristocratic and Episcopalian, in the south, -and Puritanical in the north, most of whom had been driven thither by -the persecutions they had undergone in the mother country. Bristol -was then the great port of imports and exports of the Western -Continent, and James Phipps naturally heard of the unbounded -capabilities of the new continent, as also he heard, by tradition, of -the vast wealth which the buccaneers of Elizabeth's reign--the old -Vikings of Devonshire--brought from the West Indies, Peru, Mexico, -etc., into the ports of Bristol, Barnstaple, Bideford, etc., and it -occurred to him that here was scope enough for him and all his sons, -and he emigrated with them to New England, where William, his youngest -son, was born, and he seems to have died soon after, as this son is -stated to have been brought up by his mother until he was eighteen -years of age. - -This William Phipps was the founder of that family who are now lords -of Mulgrave Castle, and whose dignity has culminated in a Marquisate. -He had received no education, but taught himself to read and write -when apprentice to a ship carpenter. At the expiration of his -apprenticeship he married the daughter of Captain Robert Spencer, and -relict of a rich merchant of the name of Hull, who brought him a small -fortune, with which he commenced business, but his speculations were -not successful. But he did not despair, although fortune did seem to -frown. He was a man of unbounded enterprise and energy, and he said to -his wife, who was lamenting the loss of her money, "Be not cast down, -my dear; I will live to be the commander of better men than I myself -am now. Providence has great things in store for me, and the time -shall come when I will build a fair brick house in the green lane of -North Boston, of which you shall be the mistress." When casting about -for employment, he chanced to hear of a Spanish galleon, laden with -specie and plate, which had been wrecked half a century previously -somewhere in the Bahamas, and he resolved to go in search of it, and -to endeavour the recovery of the cargo by means of the diving-bell. - -Aristotle, 300 years B.C., makes some obscure references to a machine -of this kind, but what it was or how employed is not known. The first -reliable account we have of such a machine is given by Taisnier, who -describes a "cacobus aquaticus" (marine kettle) which was exhibited by -two Greeks before the Emperor Charles V., at Toledo, in 1538; but it -seems to have been of no practical use, as it had no apparatus for -supplying the divers with fresh air. A similar sort of bell, but -constructed on better principles, had been made use of on the coast of -Mull, between the years 1650 and 1660 to operate upon some sunken -vessels of the Spanish Armada, but without much success. It was this -which directed the attention of Phipps to the diving-bell, who -perceived that by various modifications and improvements of the -apparatus it might be made a most valuable instrument for submarine -operations, and after a long and patient study, and numberless -experiments, he succeeded in constructing a bell very much the same as -that now used, and capable of being worked much more efficiently and -with greater safety than any previously employed. In consequence of -his having thus, by his skill and scientific modifications, produced a -really working machine, he is generally styled "the inventor of the -diving-bell." He sailed for the Bahamas, but was not able to find the -spot where the vessel lay. He received information of another, -however, the position of which was more accurately defined, and which -held a much greater treasure. - -He then sailed for London, his resources having failed, where he -arrived in 1683, and laid the project before King Charles, who -furnished him with a 19-gun frigate, in which he returned to the -Bahamas. Before he found the locality of the object of his search, he -again became crippled for funds, and went again to London for further -assistance, but King James, who had succeeded to the crown in the -interval, deeming his views visionary, declined having anything to do -in the matter. The Duke of Albemarle, however, was more sanguine and -got up a subscription for a fresh outfit, on condition that he and the -subscribers should share in the proceeds, and Captain Phipps sailed -with two vessels. This time he was more successful; after some search -he found the precise spot where the galleon lay, and, by means of his -diving-bell, brought up from the wreck thirty-two tons of silver, -besides gold plate and jewels, of the estimated value of £200,000. -With this splendid prize he came again to England, but on a division -of the spoil, he got no more than £20,000, the Duke absorbing £90,000, -whilst the remainder was distributed amongst the other subscribers and -the crews of the vessels. The King, in appreciation of his ingenuity -and enterprise, knighted him, and constituted him Sheriff of New -England. He made a second visit to the wreck, and made a gleaning of -what had been left, and on his return to New England he built the -"fair brick house in the green lane of North Boston," where he dwelt -some time with his wife, now Lady Phipps, who no longer twitted him -about the loss of her fortune. He afterwards served in the army, and -was appointed, by William III., Governor of Massachusetts; but two -years after, refusing to sanction certain corrupt practices, he was -charged by his enemies with maladministration of his government. He -went to London to clear himself of the false charges, but died there -soon after his arrival, in 1694, and was buried in the Church of St. -Mary Woolnoth, London, where his widow erected a sumptuous monument to -his memory, with a sculptured representation of his achievements in -the Bahamas. - -Not having any issue by his wife, he adopted Constantine, her nephew, -and at his death bequeathed to him the bulk of his fortune. He is said -generally, in the genealogies of the family, to have been Phipps's own -son; but in "The Life of his Excellency Sir William Phipps, Kt., late -Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of the Province of -Massachusetts Bay, New England, 1697," which was published during the -lifetime of his widow, it is said distinctly, "not having any child of -his own, he adopted a nephew of his wife to be his heir." Sir -Constantine Phipps, his nephew, who assumed the name of Phipps on -inheriting his uncle's property, became Lord High Chancellor of -Ireland, was knighted, and died in 1728. William, his son, married the -Lady Katherine, daughter of James, fourth Earl of Anglesey, by the -Lady Katherine Darnley, a natural daughter of King James II., who -re-married John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham, Duke and Marquis of -Normandy, and Earl of Mulgrave. Constantine, his son, who died 1780, -was created Baron Mulgrave of New Ross, in the Peerage of Ireland, in -1768. Constantine, his son, second Baron, was the famous navigator, -who made a voyage of discovery into the Arctic regions, and was, in -the Pitt Administration, Joint Paymaster of the Forces, a Lord of -Trade, and a Commissioner of the India Board. He was created, in 1790, -Baron Mulgrave, of Mulgrave Castle, in the Peerage of England, but, -dying issueless in 1792, that title expired. His portrait may be seen -in Greenwich Hospital. - -Henry, his brother, succeeded as third Baron Mulgrave of New Ross, and -in his person the Barony of Mulgrave, of Mulgrave Castle, was -re-created in 1794. He was further created Viscount Normanby and Earl -of Mulgrave, in 1812, and G.C.B. He was Governor of Scarborough Castle -and Foreign Secretary, 1805-6, and died in 1831. Constantine Henry, -his son, succeeded to all his father's titles, and was advanced in the -Peerage to the Marquisate of Normanby, in 1838. His Lordship, who died -in 1863, was an eminent statesman and diplomatist, was constituted -P.C., 1832; G.C.H., 1832; G.C.B., 1847; and K.G., 1851, and held the -following offices:--Governor-General of Jamaica, 1832-34; Lord Privy -Seal, July to November, 1834; Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, 1835-39; -Secretary of State for the Colonies, September to December, 1839; Home -Secretary, 1839-41; was Minister at Paris, 1846-52; Envoy -Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Florence, 1854-58; and -represented Scarborough in Parliament, 1818-20, Higham Ferrers, -1822-26, and Malton, 1826-30. He was a man of accomplished literary -taste, having published "A Year of Revolution," from a journal kept in -Paris, in the year 1848, 2 vols., 1857. Also several novels--"Yes and -No," "Matilda," "The Contrast," "Clorinde," and "The Prophet of St. -Paul's," and several political pamphlets of great ability, with some -other minor works. George Augustus Constantine, his son, the second -Marquis was a K.C.MG. and P.C.; was M.P. for Scarborough, 1847-21; -Treasurer of the Household, 1853-58; a Lord-in-Waiting in 1866 and -1868-69; Captain of the Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms, 1869-71; Governor -of Nova Scotia, 1858-66; of Queensland, 1871-74; of New Zealand, -1874-78; and of Victoria, 1878-84. He died in 1890, and was succeeded -by his son, the Rev. Constantine Charles Henry, the present Marquis, -who was born in 1846. - - - - -The Traitor Governor of Hull. - - -October the thirtieth, 1640, was a day of great bustle and excitement -in the town of Beverley. All ordinary business seemed to be suspended, -and the streets were filled with groups of people, in earnest -discussion, and with persons hastening hither and thither as if on -important business, whilst great crowds of burghers occupied the space -in front of the old Hanse House or Guildhall, waiting for the opening -of the doors. It was the day appointed for the election of -representatives to Parliament, and as such an event had not taken -place since 1628, excepting that of the spring of the present year, -for the Parliament which lasted only twenty-eight days, combined with -the irritating circumstances which had caused the issue of the writs, -the excitement and the depth of party feeling between the Puritans and -the upholders of the policy of Wentworth and Laud, was all the more -intense. The King had striven to rule and levy taxes absolutely and -irresponsibly, contrary to the Constitution; and the murmurs and -opposition became so great as to compel him to summon together the -representatives of the Commons to sanction his acts, and grant the -necessary subsidies. Hence were the burgesses of Beverley summoned -together to elect their representatives to what came to be called in -after time "The Long Parliament." In due course they were admitted -into the hall, and presently after the Mayor, William Cheppelow, a -mercer, entered, and took his seat as Returning-Officer. He was -accompanied by the Recorder, Francis Thorpe, the Aldermen, the Capital -Burgesses, and the usual officials. After the reading of the writ and -other preliminaries, he asked if any one had a candidate to propose, -when a burgess proposed Sir John Hotham, "our old representative, who -has served us faithfully in four previous Parliaments." Another -proposed Michael Warton, Esq., "our worthy townsman, whose principles -are well known to us all;" and a third proposed Sir Thomas Metham, -Knight, all which proposals were seconded, and the polling proceeded -with, the result being the return of the two former, who, the -following day, posted up to London to take their seats at the opening -of the House on the third of November. - -Sir John Hotham was a descendant of Sir John de Trehouse, Knight, of -Kilkenny, who, for his services at the Battle of Hastings, had a grant -of the Manor of Hotham, near Beverley. Peter, his great-grandson, -assumed the name of "de Hotham," and his descendant, Sir John, was -summoned as Baron in 1315, which dignity became extinct at his death, -as it was a personal summons only. The family subsequently became -possessors of South Dalton and Scorborough, both in the neighbourhood -of Beverley, which were now held by Sir John, who made the mansion at -the latter village his place of residence. He was born towards the end -of the sixteenth century, was made a baronet in 1621, and had been -five times married. He was now destined, by reason of his return to -the Long Parliament, to make his name famous in English history, or, -as some might say, infamous. He was not disaffected towards the King -and his policy; what he did in opposition thereto he deemed to be his -duty to the Parliament of which he was a member, of which, however, he -afterwards repented, impelled partly also by jealousy at the -appointment of Lord Fairfax to the command of the forces in the north, -which, he considered, ought to have been given to him, an old -experienced soldier, who had served for a long time in the Low -Countries, and had fought under the banner of the Elector Palatine at -the Battle of Prague. - -At the neighbouring town of Hull there was at this time a great store -of arms and ammunition, which had been deposited there for the use of -the troops in the Scottish expedition, when the King went thither to -attempt to cram the Liturgy down the throats of the Presbyterian -Scots. It had been under the charge of Colonel Legge, who, on the -disbandment of the army, left it under the care of the Mayor of Hull. -When the rupture between the King and the Parliament was coming to a -crisis, the former went with his Court to York, his secret object -being to get possession of the magazine; and the Parliament, -suspecting his motive for going north, sent Sir John Hotham and his -son, Captain John Hotham, to take charge of it, and not to deliver it -up on any consideration, excepting by their order. This occurred in -March, 1642. Captain Hotham, his son, represented Scarborough in the -Long Parliament. - -In March, the King had sent the Earl of Newcastle to take charge of -Hull and the magazine of arms, but the Mayor declined delivering up -his trust, and the following month the King proceeded thither in -person, to demand admittance, attended by a suite of noblemen and -gentlemen. When he appeared before the town, he found the gates shut, -the drawbridges raised, and the walls swarming with men-at-arms. He -caused a trumpet to be sounded for a parley, when Sir John Hotham, the -new governor, accompanied by the Mayor, appeared over Beverley Gate. -He had previously sent Sir Louis Dives from Beverley with a message -that he was coming with some noblemen to dine with Sir John, who held -a hurried consultation with Alderman Pelham, a Member of the -Parliament, when they determined upon not admitting him, and upon -placing a guard over the Mayor and burgesses, and sent a reply that he -could not admit him without a betrayal of the trust reposed in him by -the Parliament. When Sir John appeared over the gate, the King -demanded admittance, and asked angrily why the gate was shut against -him. Sir John replied, "I am sorry to disobey your Majesty, but I am -intrusted by the Parliament with the charge of this garrison, with -instructions to admit no one who comes with apparently hostile -intentions, and I trust that I may not be misunderstood, for nothing -is meant in it but the good of the kingdom and the welfare of your -Majesty." "Pray, Sir John, by what authority do you act thus -disloyally?" "By order of both Houses of Parliament." "Read or show me -that authority." "I decline doing so." "Has the Mayor seen it?" "No! I -scorn that he should. I am the Governor of the town, and it concerns -no one else." - -The King then asked the Mayor if he sanctioned this treasonable -conduct, who, terrified and abashed in the presence of Royalty, fell -on his knees and replied, "My liege! glad should I be to open the -gates if it were in my power; but, alas! both I and the inhabitants -are under guard, and soldiers, with drawn swords, threaten our lives -if we make the attempt." - -"Well, Sir John," said the King, "this act of yours is unparalleled, -and will, I fear, lead to dismal consequences, and I cannot do less -than proclaim and proceed against you as a traitor; but I will give -you an hour to decide." He then retired, and, on his return, found the -Governor inflexible in his refusal to admit him, excepting with a -following of not more than twenty persons, upon which he caused a -herald to proclaim him a traitor, and all who abetted him guilty of -treason, shouting, "Fling the traitor over the walls! Throw the rebel -into the ditch," after which he retired to Beverley, and spent the -night there. The following morning he sent a messenger with a promise -of pardon for the past, and his favour for the future, if Sir John -would open the gates to him, and when he received a negative answer he -returned to York. The King then sent a complaint to Parliament of Sir -John's conduct, who replied that he had done quite right, and that his -proclamation of him as a traitor was a flagrant breach of the -privilege of Parliament. - -As the King could not obtain admission to the town by persuasive -means, he resorted to force, and laid siege to it, and the Parliament -sent an additional force of 2,000 men to maintain the defence. About -this time, Lord Digby, a Royalist, was captured and brought into Hull, -who, in repeated conversations with Sir John on the evils he was -bringing upon the kingdom, half persuaded him to admit the King; but -eventually he resolved not to betray his trust. Nevertheless he -facilitated the escape of his lordship, and this was what first caused -him to be viewed with suspicion by the Parliament. Soon after, the -King went into the Midlands, and set up his standard at Nottingham, -leaving the siege of Hull in the hands of Lord Newport, and the civil -war commenced in earnest. Captain Hotham, a dashing and dare-devil -officer, left Hull with a small force, had a brush with and was -defeated by Glemham, on the Wolds; frightened Archbishop Williams from -Cawood, who fled to Wales, and never saw his diocese again; disputed -the passage of the Tees with Newcastle, and again at Tadcaster against -an overwhelming force; and assisted Sir T. Fairfax in the capture of -Leeds. - -By various instrumentalities, the Hothams, father and son, had now -veered round from the Parliamentarian to the Royalist side. The -younger had met the Queen when she landed at Burlington, kissed her -hand, and promised obedience to the King's will; and the elder had -been in correspondence with Newcastle, and had undertaken to deliver -up Hull on the 28th of August. But all this had come to the ears of -Parliament, and measures were at once taken to frustrate his -intentions. Orders were sent to Thomas Raikes, the Mayor, Sir Matthew -Boynton, Hotham's brother-in-law, and Captain Meyer, commander of a -vessel of war in the Humber, to arrest him and his son, and send them -up to London, and they lost no time in the matter. Captain Meyer -landed one hundred men, who seized the citadel and the block-house, -and they placed a watch round Sir John's house. Captain Hotham they -captured without difficulty, and placed in security during the night, -and at daylight went to Sir John's house to take him, but found he had -effected his escape. - -Too old a soldier to be caught in a trap like that, and too old in -strategy not to be able to devise means of extrication from a peril, -he, having learned from his spies what was passing, and seeing that -matters were coming to a crisis, determined upon flying to his house -at Scorborough, which was fortified and able to stand a short siege. -He eluded the watch by passing out by a private door at the back, and -made his way, by obscure lanes and streets, to Beverley Gate. When he -arrived there he was saluted by the guard, who knew nothing of the -order for his arrest, and, assuming a lofty unembarrassed bearing, he -ordered the gate to be opened and six of the guards to follow him to -Beverley. He was immediately obeyed, and, securing a horse, he rode -off in the direction of Beverley; but as soon as he had purposely -outridden his attendants, he turned to the right, through Sculcoates, -towards Stone Ferry. His pursuers meanwhile learnt what had passed at -the gate, and rode after him along the Beverley road. They overtook -the six guards, who informed them that Sir John could not be more than -a few furlongs ahead on the road, and they spurred on towards Beverley -without overtaking the fugitive. - -Sir John's house lay three or four miles beyond Beverley, on the west -of the river Hull, and as he knew it would be dangerous to pass -through the town, he resolved to cross the river and proceed along the -eastern side, and re-cross it when he had passed Beverley. -Unfortunately, when he came to Stone Ferry, there was no boat, and the -river was running too rapidly to allow of swimming his horse across; -he therefore hastened on to Wawn Ferry, hoping to cross there, but the -fates seemed to be against him; there was no boat there either, and -the hazard was too great to attempt reaching the opposite bank by any -other means. He paused for a few minutes, thinking over what course he -should pursue. There appeared to be nothing for it but to make a bold -dash through Beverley. It was true that the town was held by the -Parliamentarians, but they might not have heard of the events which -had transpired in Hull. Besides, there was no alternative, and putting -spurs to his horse's flanks, he soon came in sight of the towers of -Beverley Minster. He entered the town by Queensgate, and passing along -the streets with an air of indifference, came to the Market-place, -which he found occupied by a troop of 700 or 800 men, with his nephew, -Colonel Boynton, at their head. With an assumed nonchalant air, he -saluted his nephew, and ordered a company of the men to follow, which -they were preparing to do, when the Colonel, who had been made -acquainted with his treachery, came up, and seizing his horse's -bridle, said, "Sir John, you are my prisoner. I respect you as my -kinsman, but I must, although with the greatest reluctance, pass by -all tender respect, and arrest you as a traitor to the Commonwealth." -Sir John, seeing that resistance was useless, replied, "Well, kinsman, -since such is your will I must be content and submit," but, espying a -lane close by, he clapped spurs to his horse and galloped down it, -followed by his nephew, shouting "Down with the traitor; knock him -down;" and a soldier, striking him with the butt end of his musket, -brought him to the earth, bleeding and almost senseless. By a strange -coincidence, he was confined for the night in the same house where the -King had slept after his discomfiture at the gates of Hull. The -following morning he was taken to Hull, placed on board Captain -Meyer's vessel, and, with his son, immediately conveyed to London. On -the 3rd of December they were arraigned at the Guildhall for treason, -the Earl of Manchester presiding, and were sentenced to be executed on -the last day of the year. The House of Lords, desirous of pardoning -him, reprieved Sir John for three days; but the Commons would not -listen to it. Captain Hotham was beheaded in due course before his -father, which some said was a piece of concerted malice, that he -might not die a baronet, which he would have done had his father -suffered first. - -On the 2nd of January, Sir John was brought out upon Tower Hill and -mounted the scaffold, accompanied by the Rev. Hugh Peters and other -ministers and friends. He met his fate bravely and like a soldier, and -before laying his head on the block, addressed the people, -saying--"Gentlemen,--I know no more of myself but that I deserve this -death from God Almighty, and that I deserve damnation and the severest -punishment from Him. As for the business of Hull--the betraying it -from the Parliament--the ministers that have all been with me and gave -me good counsels, I thank them. Neither was I any ways guilty of it. -That's all I can say to that act," etc., etc. - -It will be seen that he was no orator, and did not give utterance to -his ideas in a very clear and coherent manner. The speech of his son, -three days previously, was very superior, both in matter and manner. - -After Peters had addressed the crowd, putting Sir John's sentiments in -better language, the unfortunate baronet placed his head on the -block. His head was stricken off by the headsman, and his mutilated -remains were buried in the church of All-Hallows, Barking, the liturgy -being read at his funeral, although it had been abolished by Act of -Parliament. - - * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber's Note: - - -Archaic and inconsistent spelling and punctuation retained. - - - * * * * * - - -_Elegantly bound in cloth gilt, demy 8vo., price, 6s._ - -Yorkshire Battles. - -By EDWARD LAMPLOUGH. - - -CONTENTS: - -This work contains carefully-written accounts of the following -Yorkshire Battles, which cannot fail to interest and instruct the -reader. It is a book of more than local interest:-- - - _Winwidfield, etc.--Battle of Stamford Bridge--After Stamford - Bridge--Battle of the Standard--After the Battle of the - Standard--Battle of Myton Meadows--Battle of - Boroughbridge--Battle of Byland Abbey--In the Days of Edward - III. and Richard II.--Battle of Bramham Moor--Battle of - Sandal--Battle of Towton--Yorkshire under the Tudors--Battle of - Tadcaster--Battle of Leeds--Battle of Wakefield--Battle of - Adwalton Moor--Battle of Hull--Battle of Selby--Battle of - Marston Moor--Battle of Brunnanburgh--Fight off Flamborough - Head--Index._ - - -Opinions of the Press. - - "A remarkably handsome volume, typographically equal to the - best productions of any European capital."--_North British - Daily Mail._ - - "A handsome book. It is extremely interesting, and is a work - which cannot fail to find a permanent place amongst the best - books devoted to the history of the county. The military - history of Yorkshire is very closely investigated in this work. - Although the book is written in a clear and picturesque style, - great care and attention have been given to the researches of - antiquaries and historians, and many authorities have been - consulted, in consequence of which, several long-established - errors have been corrected, and some oft-repeated but - superficial conclusions confuted. Special attention has been - given to the military history of the county during the great - rebellion--a subject which has yet to be fairly and - intelligently treated by the general historian. So far as the - limits of the work permit, the general history of the county, - from epoch to epoch, has been sketched, maintaining the - continuity of the work, and increasing its interest and value - both to the general reader and the specialist. The printers of - the book are Messrs. Wm. Andrews and Co., Hull, and it must be - regarded as a good specimen of local typography."--_Wakefield - Free Press._ - - "An important work."--_Beverley Independent._ - - "Does great credit to the new firm of book - publishers."--_Yorkshire County Magazine._ - - "A beautifully printed volume."--_Halifax Courier._ - - "Mr. Lamplough's book is thoroughly readable, and is written in - a manly as well as a discriminating spirit."--_Yorkshire Post._ - - _LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, & CO. - HULL: WILLIAM ANDREWS & CO., THE HULL PRESS._ - - -_Elegantly bound in cloth gilt, demy 8vo., price 6s._ - -Old-Time Punishments. - -By WILLIAM ANDREWS, F.R.H.S., - -AUTHOR OF "CURIOSITIES OF THE CHURCH," "HISTORIC ROMANCE," "FAMOUS -FROSTS AND FROST FAIRS," "HISTORIC YORKSHIRE," ETC. - - -CONTENTS. - -Carefully prepared papers, profusely illustrated, appear on the -following subjects:-- - - _The Ducking Stool--The Brank, or Scold's Bridle--The - Pillory--Punishing Authors and burning - books--Finger-Pillory--The Jougs--The Stocks--The Drunkard's - Cloak--Whipping--Public Penance in White Sheets--The - Repentance-Stool--Riding the Stang--Gibbet - Lore--Drowning--Burning to Death--Boiling to - Death--Beheading--Hanging, Drawing, and Quartering--Pressing to - Death--Hanging--Hanging in Chains--The Halifax Gibbet--The - Scottish Maiden, etc.--An Index of five closely-printed pages._ - -MANY CURIOUS ILLUSTRATIONS. - - -PRESS OPINIONS. - - "This is an entertaining book ... well-chosen illustrations and - a serviceable index."--_Athenæum._ - - "A hearty reception may be bespoken for it."--_Globe_ - - "A work which will be eagerly read by all who take it - up."--_Scotsman._ - - "It is entertaining."--_Manchester Guardian._ - - "A vast amount of curious and entertaining matter."--_Sheffield - Independent._ - - "We can honestly recommend a perusal of this book."--_Yorkshire - Post._ - - "Interesting, and handsomely printed."--_Newcastle Chronicle._ - - "A very readable history."--_Birmingham Daily Gazette._ - - "Mr. Andrews' book is well worthy of careful study, and is a - perfect mine of wealth on the subject of which it - treats."--_Herts Advertiser._ - - "It is sure of a warm welcome on both sides of the - Atlantic."--_Christian Leader._ - - - LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, & CO. - HULL: WILLIAM ANDREWS & CO., THE HULL PRESS. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Yorkshire Family Romance, by Frederick Ross - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YORKSHIRE FAMILY ROMANCE *** - -***** This file should be named 40522-8.txt or 40522-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/0/5/2/40522/ - -Produced by sp1nd, Matthew Wheaton and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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