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diff --git a/40503-h/40503-h.htm b/40503-h/40503-h.htm index b5094a8..a22d6ac 100644 --- a/40503-h/40503-h.htm +++ b/40503-h/40503-h.htm @@ -1,14 +1,12 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<!DOCTYPE html> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<html lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> + <meta charset="utf-8"> +<title> The Project Gutenberg eBook of History of the State of California by John Frost. </title> - <style type="text/css"> + <style> body { margin-left: 10%; @@ -229,56 +227,56 @@ have been preserved. Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. California place names were left as printed, regardless of inconsistencies or apparent misspellings.</p> <p> - Page 17: Aurquoises changed to turquoises<br /> - Page 64: "ancle" was the spelling in the quoted text.<br /> - Page 376: United Ship Cyane should possibly be United States Ship Cyane.<br /> - Page 393: 1st U. Dragoons should possibly be 1st U.S. Dragoons<br /> - Appendix C and E not labeled.<br /> - Appendix C presumed to be the "MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT"<br /> + Page 17: Aurquoises changed to turquoises<br > + Page 64: "ancle" was the spelling in the quoted text.<br > + Page 376: United Ship Cyane should possibly be United States Ship Cyane.<br > + Page 393: 1st U. Dragoons should possibly be 1st U.S. Dragoons<br > + Appendix C and E not labeled.<br > + Appendix C presumed to be the "MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT"<br > Appendix E presumed to be the "despatch of General Persifor F. Smith"</p> </div> <div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_001.jpg" width="388" height="600" alt="MOUNTAIN SCENERY IN LOWER CALIFORNIA" /> +<img src="images/i_001.jpg" alt="MOUNTAIN SCENERY IN LOWER CALIFORNIA" style="width: 388px; height: 600px"> <p class="caption">MOUNTAIN SCENERY IN LOWER CALIFORNIA.</p> </div> -<p class="center p4"><span class="b25">HISTORY</span><br /> -<br /> -— OF THE —<br /> -<br /> -<span class="b25">STATE OF CALIFORNIA,</span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="b13">FROM THE PERIOD OF THE CONQUEST BY SPAIN,</span><br /> -<span class="b13">TO HER OCCUPATION BY THE UNITED</span><br /> -<span class="b13">STATES OF AMERICA.</span><br /> -<br /> -CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF THE DISCOVERY OF THE IMMENSE<br /> -GOLD MINES AND PLACERS, A DESCRIPTION OF HER<br /> -MINERAL AND AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, WITH<br /> -THRILLING ACCOUNTS OF ADVENTURES<br /> -AMONG THE MINERS.<br /> -<br /> -— ALSO, —<br /> -<br /> -A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE FORMATION OF THE GOVERNMENT<br /> +<p class="center p4"><span class="b25">HISTORY</span><br > +<br > +— OF THE —<br > +<br > +<span class="b25">STATE OF CALIFORNIA,</span><br > +<br > +<span class="b13">FROM THE PERIOD OF THE CONQUEST BY SPAIN,</span><br > +<span class="b13">TO HER OCCUPATION BY THE UNITED</span><br > +<span class="b13">STATES OF AMERICA.</span><br > +<br > +CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF THE DISCOVERY OF THE IMMENSE<br > +GOLD MINES AND PLACERS, A DESCRIPTION OF HER<br > +MINERAL AND AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES, WITH<br > +THRILLING ACCOUNTS OF ADVENTURES<br > +AMONG THE MINERS.<br > +<br > +— ALSO, —<br > +<br > +A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE FORMATION OF THE GOVERNMENT<br > AND CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE.</p> <p class="center p2"><b>WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS.</b></p> <p class="center b13 p2"><span class="smcap">By JOHN FROST, LL.D.</span></p> -<p class="center p2">NEW YORK:<br /> -<span class="b13">HURST & CO., PUBLISHERS,</span><br /> +<p class="center p2">NEW YORK:<br > +<span class="b13">HURST & CO., PUBLISHERS,</span><br > 122 NASSAU STREET.</p> -<p class="p4 center">ARGYLE PRESS,<br /> -PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING<br /> +<p class="p4 center">ARGYLE PRESS,<br > +PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING<br > 24-26 WOOSTER ST., N.Y.</p> <h2 class="p4">PREFACE.</h2> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">3</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3">3</a></span></p> <p>The occupation of California by the people of the United States, and the discovery of its @@ -301,7 +299,7 @@ Eastern Asia, by a quick transit, to the Atlantic cities and to Europe; and a passage to China or India, which was formerly a serious undertaking, will become a pleasant excursion. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4">4</a></span></p> <p>To gratify the public curiosity with respect to the history and present state of this new @@ -319,147 +317,148 @@ whose importance demanded their preservation in a permanent form.</p> <h2 class="p4">CONTENTS</h2> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span></p> -<table summary="Table of Contents"> -<col width="400" /> -<col width="100" /> -<col width="50" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5">5</a></span></p> +<table> +<colgroup> +<col style="width: 400px;"> +<col style="width: 50px;"> +</colgroup> <tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="2"> CHAPTER I.</td> +<td class="tdc"> CHAPTER I.</td> <td class="tdr"><span class="s05">Page</span></td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Geographical Outline of California</span></p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Geographical Outline of California</span></p></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER II.</td> +<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER II.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Discovery of California</span></p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Discovery of California</span></p></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER III.</td> +<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER III.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">From the first Settlement to the Revolution in Mexico</span></p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">From the first Settlement to the Revolution in Mexico</span></p></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER IV.</td> +<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER IV.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">From the Revolution till the War between the United States and Mexico</span></p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">From the Revolution till the War between the United States and Mexico</span></p></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER V.</td> +<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER V.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">From the Commencement of the War till its Close</span></p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">From the Commencement of the War till its Close</span></p></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER VI.</td> +<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER VI.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Discovery of the Gold Placers</span></p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Discovery of the Gold Placers</span></p></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER VII.</td> +<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER VII.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Adventures of some of the Miners, and Incidents connected with Mining</span></p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Adventures of some of the Miners, and Incidents connected with Mining</span></p></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER VIII.</td> +<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER VIII.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Description of some of the Cities and towns of California, before and after +<td><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Description of some of the Cities and towns of California, before and after the discovery of the Gold Mines</span></p></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER IX.</td> +<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER IX.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">The Formation of a State Government</span></p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">The Formation of a State Government</span></p></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER X.</td> +<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER X.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Present state of California</span></p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Present state of California</span></p></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER XI.</td> +<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER XI.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">The different Routes to California, and their respective characters</span></p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">The different Routes to California, and their respective characters</span></p></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER XII.</td> +<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER XII.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Recent Events connected with, and happening in, California</span></p></td> +<td><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">Recent Events connected with, and happening in, California</span></p></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER XIII.</td> +<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER XIII.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">The Mineralogical and other characteristics of Gold, and the mode of distinguishing +<td><p class="hanging"><span class="smcap">The Mineralogical and other characteristics of Gold, and the mode of distinguishing it when found; together with the assay, reduction, and refinement of Gold</span></p></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_233">233</a> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6">6</a></span> </td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER XIV.</td> +<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER XIV.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Additional Recent Events</span></td> +<td><span class="smcap">Additional Recent Events</span></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER XV.</td> +<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER XV.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">A General View of California at the present time</span></td> +<td><span class="smcap">A General View of California at the present time</span></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="tdc" colspan="3">CHAPTER XVI.</td> +<td class="tdc" colspan="2">CHAPTER XVI.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Natural History of California</span></td> +<td><span class="smcap">Natural History of California</span></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Appendix</span></td> +<td><span class="smcap">Appendix</span></td> <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_287">287</a></td> </tr> </table> -<p class="center p4">THE<br /> +<p class="center p4">THE<br > <span class="b15">HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA</span></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span></p> -<hr class="l15" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7">7</a></span></p> +<hr class="l15" > <h2>CHAPTER I.</h2> @@ -487,7 +486,7 @@ and thirty miles in breadth, where it joins the continent. It extends south-eastwardly, generally diminishing in breadth, till it terminates in two points. The point farthest south-west is called Cape San -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8">8</a></span> Lucas. The other, sixty miles east by north of San Lucas, is called Cape Palmo. The peninsula is about seven hundred miles long.</p> @@ -524,7 +523,7 @@ harbors, but the lack of fresh water near them proves an obstacle in the way of their occupation. The principal harbors are the Bay of la Magdalena, separated from the ocean by the long island of Santa -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9">9</a></span> Margarita, the Bay of Sebastian Vizcaino, east of the Isle of Cedaro, Port San Bartolomé, sometimes called Turtle Bay, and Port San Quintin, a good harbor, @@ -562,7 +561,7 @@ from the interior to the Pacific. The valleys thus watered offer abundant pasturage for cattle.</p> <p>The principal harbors of Upper California are those -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10">10</a></span> offered by the Bays of San Francisco, Monterey, San Pedro, Santa Barbara, and San Diego. The Bay of San Francisco is one of the finest harbors in @@ -598,13 +597,13 @@ navigable to any extent worthy of mention. There are numerous small streams and lakes in the interior, the principal outlet of which is the Colorado River. The valleys through which these streams flow are -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11">11</a></span> fertile, and afford good pasture for cattle; but the remainder of the region between the maritime and the Colorado ranges of mountains is a barren waste of sand.</p> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > <h2>CHAPTER II.</h2> <p class="center p2">DISCOVERY OF CALIFORNIA.</p> @@ -632,7 +631,7 @@ shores from his starting-place to the mouth of the Santiago River, a hundred leagues farther north-west. The territory he visited was then called Xalisco, and inhabited by fierce tribes of men who had never been -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12">12</a></span> conquered by the Mexicans. Flattering accounts of the fertility of the country and of the abundance of the precious metals in it were brought back by the expedition, @@ -668,7 +667,7 @@ by Nuno de Guzman, Governor of Xalisco. About the middle of the next year, Cortes received the news of the return of the vessel which Mendoza had sent back, and he immediately despatched two ships under -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13">13</a></span> the command of Hernando Grijalva and Diego Becerra, in search of the other. These ships sailed on the 30th of September, 1533, but were soon separated. @@ -703,7 +702,7 @@ Holy Cross, according to the Roman Catholic Calendar, Cortes arrived in the bay where Ximenes and his fellow-mutineers had met their fate in the previous year. In honor of the day, the place was called -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14">14</a></span> Santa Cruz, and possession of it was taken in the name of the Spanish sovereign.</p> @@ -741,7 +740,7 @@ Cruz.</p> concerning the country north-west of Mexico, from de Cabeza-Vaca and two other Spaniards, who had wandered nine years, through forests and deserts, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15">15</a></span> from Tampa Bay, Florida, until they reached Culiacan. They had received from the natives, accounts of rich and populous countries situated to the north-west. @@ -777,7 +776,7 @@ named the Isle of Cedars. There he remained till April, when one of the ships, bearing the sick and accounts of the discoveries, was sent back to Mexico. The returning vessel was seized at Santiago by the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16">16</a></span> officers of the viceroy. The fate of the remaining vessel is uncertain. Some of the writers of that day asserting that he continued his voyage as far north as @@ -814,7 +813,7 @@ returned safely before the end of the year.</p> <p>The land forces sent, at the same time, to the north-west, were composed of infantry and cavalry, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17">17</a></span> commanded by Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, who had been appointed governor of New Gallicia, in place of Nuno de Guzman. The party left Culiacan on the @@ -850,12 +849,12 @@ two years longer, when, being disappointed in his expectations, he returned to Mexico in 1542.</p> <p>In the spring of 1542, two vessels were placed under -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18">18</a></span> the command of Juan Roderiguez Cabrillo, a Portuguese navigator of great reputation. The two vessels sailed from Navidad, a small port in Xalisco, in June, 1542. They rounded Cape San Lucas, and proceeded -north-west, along the coast, as far as the 88th degree +north-west, along the coast, as far as the 38th degree of latitude, when he was driven back, and took refuge in a harbor of one of the San Barbara islands. There Cabrillo died and the command devolved on Bartolome @@ -887,7 +886,7 @@ the discovery and explorations of the territory now called California, it will be sufficient to merely mention the various expeditions that visited it prior to the first regular settlement. In the spring of 1579, California -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19">19</a></span> was visited by Sir Francis Drake, the English navigator, who landed on the shores of a bay supposed to be that of San Francisco. He formally took possession @@ -917,9 +916,9 @@ the natives. The pearl fishery in the gulf was the principal bait that attracted the Spaniards, and they succeeded in obtaining a considerable quantity, some of which were very valuable. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20">20</a></span></p> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > <h2>CHAPTER III.</h2> <p class="center p2"> @@ -953,7 +952,7 @@ of the Jesuits visited the western coast of the peninsula except on one occasion, in 1716.</p> <p>Great exertions were made by the settlers to acquire -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21">21</a></span> a knowledge of the geography, natural history and languages of the peninsula, and they appear to have been generally successful. The result of their researches @@ -989,7 +988,7 @@ shore of the bay was begun in the middle of May, 1769. An attempt was made, soon after, to establish a colony at Port Monterey; but the party under Portola that went in search of the place, passed further -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22">22</a></span> on to the bay of San Francisco, and could not retrace their steps before the cold weather set in, and they then returned to San Diego. The people left at San @@ -1025,7 +1024,7 @@ the most northern, San Francisco, on the great bay of the same name. The establishments were almost entirely military and missionary, the object of the Spaniards being solely the occupation of the country. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23">23</a></span> The missions were under the control of the Franciscans, who, unlike the Jesuits, took little care to exert themselves in procuring information concerning the @@ -1062,12 +1061,12 @@ remonstrance of the governor was disregarded, and his commands to quit the place disobeyed. The Russian agent, Kushof, denied the right of the Spaniards to the territory, and the governor being unable to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24">24</a></span> enforce his commands, the intruders kept possession of the ground until 1840, when they left of their own accord.</p> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > <h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2> <p class="center p2"> @@ -1097,7 +1096,7 @@ free from restraint, soon sank to a low depth of barbarism and vice.</p> <p>Immediately after the overthrow of the Spanish -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25">25</a></span> authorities, the ports of California began to be the resort of foreigners, principally whalers and traders from the United States. The trade in which they @@ -1133,7 +1132,7 @@ government, and a new constitution adopted, which destroyed all state rights, and established a central power. This was strenuously resisted in California. The people rose, and drove the Mexican -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26">26</a></span> officers from the country, declaring that they would remain independent until the federal constitution was restored. The general government issued strong proclamations @@ -1169,12 +1168,12 @@ restored the possession of Monterey to the authorities, and retired with his forces to his ships, just twenty-four hours after the surrender. This affair irritated the inhabitants considerably, and, no -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27">27</a></span> doubt, tended to increase the ill-feeling before existing between Mexico and the people of the United States.</p> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > <h2>CHAPTER V.</h2> <p class="center p2"> @@ -1204,7 +1203,7 @@ arranged. On the morning of the 7th, Captain Mervine was sent to demand the surrender of Monterey. The Mexican commandant replied that he was not authorized to surrender the place, but referred Commodore -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28">28</a></span> Sloat to the commanding-general of California. A force of two hundred and fifty marines and seamen was immediately landed, under Captain Mervine, @@ -1241,7 +1240,7 @@ Yerba Buena were enrolled as a volunteer corps, choosing their own officers. Lieutenant Missroon was despatched with a small party of these volunteers to reconnoitre the Presidio and fort. He returned the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29">29</a></span> same day, and reported that the Presidio had been abandoned, and that the fort, seven miles from the town, was dilapidated and mounted only a few old @@ -1278,7 +1277,7 @@ force, consisting of 500 men, under General Castro, well fortified at a place three miles from the city. A few days afterwards, Commodore Stockton sailed in the Congress for San Pedro, thirty miles from Monterey, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30">30</a></span> and having landed, marched for the Mexican camp. When he arrived within twelve miles of the Mexicans, they fled in small parties, in different directions. @@ -1314,7 +1313,7 @@ seven persons, who were to be appointed by the governor at first, and hold their office for two years; afterwards they were to be elected by the people. All the laws of Mexico, and the municipal officers existing in the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31">31</a></span> territory before the conquest, were continued until altered by the governor and council.</p> @@ -1351,7 +1350,7 @@ and marched to meet the Californians. About half way between San Pedro and Los Angeles, about fifteen miles from their ship, the sailors found the enemy drawn up on a plain. The Californians were -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32">32</a></span> mounted on fine horses, and with artillery, had every advantage. The sailors were forced to retreat with a loss of five killed and six wounded.</p> @@ -1388,7 +1387,7 @@ battle. The American force amounted to six hundred men, and was composed of detachments from the ships Congress, Savannah, Portsmouth and Cyane, aided by General Kearny, with sixty men on foot, from the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33">33</a></span> first regiment of United States dragoons, and Captain Gillespie with sixty mounted riflemen. The troops marched one hundred and ten miles in ten days, and, @@ -1424,7 +1423,7 @@ after the Americans entered Los Angeles, made his escape and his troops dispersed. The territory became again tranquil, and the civil government was soon in operation again in the places where it had -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34">34</a></span> been interrupted by the revolt. Commodore Stockton and General Kearny having a misunderstanding about their respective powers, Colonel Fremont @@ -1460,7 +1459,7 @@ of the party. Then followed fifty dragoons, under Captain Moore, mounted mostly on the tired mules they had ridden from Santa Fé—a distance of 1050 miles. Next came about twenty volunteers, under -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35">35</a></span> Captain Gibson. Then followed two mountain howitzers, with dragoons to manage them, under charge of Lieutenant Davidson. The remainder of the dragoons @@ -1497,7 +1496,7 @@ Bernardo, Kearny's advance encountered and defeated a small party of the Californians who had taken post on a hill. At San Bernardo, the troops remained till the morning of the 11th, when they were joined by a -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36">36</a></span> party of sailors and marines, under Lieutenant Gray. They then proceeded upon their march, and on the 12th, arrived at San Diego; having thus completed a @@ -1515,7 +1514,7 @@ further events of an importance worth recording occurred till the treaty of peace between the United States and Mexico.</p> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > <h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2> <p class="center p2"> @@ -1532,7 +1531,7 @@ wealth untold, and that its rivers flowed over golden beds.</p> <p>This territory, now belonging to the American -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37">37</a></span> Union, embraces an area of 448,961 square miles. It extends along the Pacific coast, from about the thirty-second parallel of north latitude, a distance of near @@ -1555,7 +1554,7 @@ unheeded. Not a legend or tradition was heard among the white settlers, or the aborigines, that attracted their curiosity. A nation's ransom lay within their grasp, but, strange to say, it escaped their -notice—it flashed and sparkled all in vain.<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> +notice—it flashed and sparkled all in vain.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> <p>The Russian American Company had a large establishment at Ross and Bodega, ninety miles north @@ -1565,7 +1564,7 @@ Hudson Bay Company. Their agents and <i>employes</i> ransacked the whole country west of the Sierra Nevada, or Snowy Mountain, in search of game. In 1838, Captain Sutter, formerly an officer in the Swiss -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38">38</a></span> Guards of Charles X., King of France, emigrated from the state of Missouri to Upper California, and obtained from the Mexican government a conditional @@ -1584,7 +1583,7 @@ in latitude 38° 33' 45" north, and longitude in the immediate vicinity of the recently discovered <i>placéras</i>, or gold regions, Captain Sutter was neither the wiser nor the richer for the brilliant treasures -that lay scattered around him.<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> +that lay scattered around him.<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> <p>In the year 1841, careful examinations of the Bay of San Francisco, and of the Sacramento River and @@ -1599,10 +1598,10 @@ Engineers, and in 1846, by Major Emory, of the same corps. None of these officers made any discoveries of minerals, although they were led to conjecture, as private individuals who had visited the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39">39</a></span> country had done, from its volcanic formation and peculiar geological features, that they might be found -to exist in considerable quantities.<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> +to exist in considerable quantities.<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> <p>As is often the case, chance at length accomplished what science had failed to do. In the winter of @@ -1630,7 +1629,7 @@ and in a few weeks all California was agitated with the startling information.</p> <p> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40">40</a></span></p> <p>Business of every kind was neglected, and the ripened grain was left in the fields unharvested. @@ -1659,14 +1658,14 @@ is said to have ranged from ten to fifty dollars, and sometimes even to have far exceeded that. The natural consequence of this state of things was, that the price of labor, and, indeed, of every thing, rose immediately -from ten to twenty fold.<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> +from ten to twenty fold.<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> <p>As may readily be conjectured, every stream and ravine in the valley of the Sacramento was soon explored. Gold was found on every one of its tributaries; -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41">41</a></span> but the richest earth was discovered near the -<i>Rio de los Plumas</i>, or Feather River,<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> and its branches, +<i>Rio de los Plumas</i>, or Feather River,<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> and its branches, the Yuba and Bear rivers, and on Weber's creek, a tributary of the American Fork. Explorations were also made in the valley of the San Joaquin, which @@ -1697,7 +1696,7 @@ cobalt, were discovered every where; coal was found to exist in large quantities in the Cascade range of Oregon, of which the Sierra Nevada is a continuation; and in the vicinity of all this mineral wealth, there -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42">42</a></span> are immense quarries of marble and granite, for building purposes.</p> @@ -1736,7 +1735,7 @@ and several boarding shanties in operation. The day was intensely hot, yet about two hundred men were at work in the full glare of the sun, washing for gold—some with tin pans, some with close-woven Indian -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43">43</a></span> baskets, but the greater part had a rude machine, known as the cradle. This is on rockers, six or eight feet long, open at the foot, and at its head has a coarse @@ -1773,7 +1772,7 @@ deal of coarse gold has been found. I there saw several parties at work, all of whom were doing very well; a great many specimens were shown me, some as heavy as four or five ounces in weight, and I send -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44">44</a></span> three pieces, labeled No. 5, presented by a Mr. Spence. You will perceive that some of the specimens accompanying this, hold mechanically pieces of quartz; that @@ -1809,7 +1808,7 @@ for a day's work. A small gutter not more than a hundred yards long, by four feet wide and two or three feet deep, was pointed out to me as the one where two men—William Daly and Parry McCoon—had, a short -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45">45</a></span> time before, obtained $17,000 worth of gold. Captain Weber informed me that he knew that these two men had employed four white men and about a hundred @@ -1845,7 +1844,7 @@ price. Captain Weber told him it was not for sale. The man offered an ounce of gold, but Captain Weber told him it only cost fifty cents, and he did not wish to sell it. The man then offered an ounce and a half, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46">46</a></span> when Captain Weber <i>had</i> to take it. The prices of all things are high, and yet Indians, who before hardly knew what a breech cloth was, can now afford to buy @@ -1882,7 +1881,7 @@ Sutter's, I satisfied myself that gold existed in the bed of the Feather River, in the Yuba and Bear, and in many of the smaller streams that lie between the latter and the American Fork; also, that it had been -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47">47</a></span> found in the Cosumnes to the south of the American Fork. In each of these streams the gold is found in small scales, whereas in the intervening mountains it @@ -1920,7 +1919,7 @@ and Oregon a plentiful supply for the coming winter.</p> <p>"The most moderate estimate I could obtain from men acquainted with the subject, was, that upward of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48">48</a></span> four thousand men were working in the gold district, of whom more than one-half were Indians; and that from $30,000 to $50,000 worth of gold, if not more, @@ -1957,7 +1956,7 @@ with high salaries, bound to serve specified periods.</p> <p>"The discovery of these vast deposits of gold has entirely changed the character of Upper California. Its people, before engaged in cultivating their small -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49">49</a></span> patches of ground, and guarding their herds of cattle and horses, have all gone to the mines, or are on their way thither. Laborers of every trade have left their @@ -1994,7 +1993,7 @@ flag throughout this tempting crisis.</p> <p>"Many private letters have gone to the United States, giving accounts of the vast quantity of gold -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50">50</a></span> recently discovered, and it may be a matter of surprise why I have made no report on this subject at an earlier date. The reason is, that I could not bring myself @@ -2030,7 +2029,7 @@ which he made a sum of money greater than he receives in pay, clothes, and rations, during a whole enlistment of five years. These statements appear incredible, but they are true. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51">51</a></span></p> <p>"Gold is also believed to exist on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada; and when at the mines, I was @@ -2069,7 +2068,7 @@ description of the extensive gold, silver, and iron mines, recently discovered in the Sierra Nevada, together with some other important items, for the good of the people, but we are compelled to defer it for a future -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52">52</a></span> number. Our prices current, many valuable communications, our marine journal, and other important matters, have also been crowded out. But to enable @@ -2105,7 +2104,7 @@ in building, and others wish to commence on dwellings, warehouses, and the like, but all have had to suspend for the lack of that all important class of community, the working men." -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53">53</a></span></p> <p>The following extracts from the published journal of a physician in California, give accounts of the reception @@ -2143,7 +2142,7 @@ two at Sutter's Fort, a few miles this side of the diggings, on their way; from there they had travelled by boat to San Francisco. The gold they brought has been examined by the first Alcalde here and by -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54">54</a></span> all the merchants in the place. Bradley showed us a lump weighing a quarter of an ounce, which he had bought of one of the men, and for which he gave him @@ -2180,7 +2179,7 @@ of digging gold, and, accordingly, those who were not able to bear the fatigues of such work, or were at the head of any sort of business in the different towns, had to pay enormous prices for the labor of subordinates -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55">55</a></span> who performed the meanest services. The prices of all agricultural and manufactured products became treble the previous rates.</p> @@ -2206,9 +2205,9 @@ they pushed towards the southern mines, and frequent collisions with the foreigners were the consequence. Finally, a great number of the latter were compelled to leave the country. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56">56</a></span></p> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > <h2>CHAPTER VII.</h2> <p class="center p2"> @@ -2242,7 +2241,7 @@ officer in the Swiss guards of Charles X. of France. After the revolution of 1830, in that country, he came to the United States. Emigrating to California, he obtained a grant of land from the Mexican government, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57">57</a></span> and founded the settlement known as Sutter's Fort. Upon his land, the first discovery of the richness of the soil was made, and his house and the @@ -2256,7 +2255,7 @@ the settlement and those stopping at his house on the road to the <i>placers</i>. Several versions of the account of the discovery of the gold mines have been circulated, but the true one, in the Captain's own words, -is given in a work recently published.<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> The account +is given in a work recently published.<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> The account is here inserted, both on account of the interest connected with the discovery, and in order to correct wrong versions of the matter.</p> @@ -2276,7 +2275,7 @@ fort was quite enough to surprise me, as he had but two days before left the place to make some alterations in a mill for sawing pine planks, which he had just run up for me, some miles higher up the Americanos. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58">58</a></span> When he had recovered himself a little, he told me that, however great my surprise might be at his unexpected reappearance, it would be much greater @@ -2311,7 +2310,7 @@ curiosity was so far excited, that he stooped down and picked one of them up. 'Do you know,' said Mr. Marshall to me, 'I positively debated within myself two or three times whether I should take the trouble -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59">59</a></span> to bend my back to pick up one of the pieces, and had decided on not doing so, when, further on, another glittering morsel caught my eye—the largest of the @@ -2347,7 +2346,7 @@ various places, and before long succeeded in collecting between us, more than an ounce of gold, mixed up with a good deal of sand. I stayed at Mr. Marshall's that night, and the next day we proceeded some little -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60">60</a></span> distance up the South Fork, and found that gold existed along the whole course, not only in the bed of the main stream, where the water had subsided, but @@ -2384,7 +2383,7 @@ for the night. By the following morning I had a party of fifty Indians fairly at work. The way we first managed was to shovel the soil into small buckets, or into some of our famous Indian baskets; then wash -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61">61</a></span> all the light earth out, and pick away the stones; after this, we dried the sand on pieces of canvas, and with long reeds blew away all but the gold. I have @@ -2421,7 +2420,7 @@ been discovered. I myself have passed the very spot above a hundred times during the last ten years, but was just as blind as the rest of them, so I must not wonder at the discovery not having been made earlier." -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62">62</a></span></p> <p>The plan of operations adopted by most of the miners who were not Indians or Californians, was to @@ -2451,13 +2450,13 @@ toils and privations endured by the early gold-seekers in that region, and, also, of their mode of procuring the precious metal at most of the mines. We extract from a recently published work, distinguished for -minuteness of detail and accuracy of description.<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p> +minuteness of detail and accuracy of description.<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p> <p>"The mine was a deep ravine, embosomed amidst lofty hills, surmounted by, and covered with pine, and having, in the bottom itself, abundance of rock, mud, and sand. Halliday and I encamped at the very -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63">63</a></span> lowest part of the ravine, at a little distance from Don Emanuel's party; a steep rock which towered above our heads affording us shelter, and a huge, flat stone @@ -2493,7 +2492,7 @@ place of shelter.</p> <p>"As my strength was unequal to the task of felling timber, I endeavored to procure four poles, intending to sink them into the ground, and to stretch on the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64">64</a></span> top of them a bed-tick I had reserved for the purpose. The contrivance was a sorry one at the best, but shelter was indispensable; and great was my disappointment—though @@ -2530,7 +2529,7 @@ worked.</p> <p>"In crossing the ravine, I was obliged to leap from one mound of earth to another, to avoid plunging ancle-deep in mud and water. It was wholly deserted -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65">65</a></span> in this part, though formerly so much frequented; and, with the exception of a few traders, who, having taken up their station here when times were good, had not @@ -2567,7 +2566,7 @@ resource—by which his gains were marvellously increased—in the services of seven or eight Indians, whom he kept constantly at work, in the rear of his shed, digging gold, and whose labor he remunerated -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66">66</a></span> with provisions, and occasional presents of articles of trifling value to him, but highly esteemed by the Indians. They were watched by an American overseer, @@ -2603,7 +2602,7 @@ soul appeared, and my eyes were again ogling the collops, whilst an inward voice whispered how imprudent it was to leave them frizzling there, when, all at once, a little man, in a 'hickory shirt,' with his face -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67">67</a></span> all bedaubed with pot-black and grease, darted out of some dark corner, flourishing in one hand a long bowie knife, and in the other three by no means delicate @@ -2639,7 +2638,7 @@ operation appeared to me to be, I learned, upon inquiry, that to perform it successfully required the nicest management, the greatest perseverance, and especially robust lungs. The men I saw had lighted -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68">68</a></span> upon a productive sand; but very often, indeed, those who adopt this mode of gold washing toil long at barren soil before they discover the uselessness of laboring @@ -2676,7 +2675,7 @@ new machines manufactured and sent out to California for the purpose of digging and washing gold, the great majority have been found quite useless. There are two or three of them, however, that have been -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69">69</a></span> employed with great success. I have made a sketch of those most in use amongst the diggers, as my readers may feel desirous of acquainting themselves @@ -2712,7 +2711,7 @@ very finest particles of the ore to escape.</p> <p>"The second machine, in importance, is the gold-borer. It is particularly useful in examining the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70">70</a></span> bottom of streams, and consists of a short conical cylinder at the end of a long handle, containing inside, at its lower extremity, a valve, arranged so as to @@ -2749,7 +2748,7 @@ soon disappeared.</p> <p>"As I advanced, the ground became drier and more sandy, rock and slate of various kinds abounding; -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71">71</a></span> some quite soft and friable, yielding readily to the pickaxe or the crowbar; and, in other places, so hard as to resist the utmost strength of the miners. Several @@ -2786,7 +2785,7 @@ mountains and high lands, I feel persuaded.</p> <p>"I turned back, after prosecuting my excursion until the ravine became almost too rocky to allow me -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72">72</a></span> to proceed, and until I saw that the 'diggins' diminished materially in number. On clambering the hills at the side, I beheld abundance of pines, oak, cedar, @@ -2824,7 +2823,7 @@ realized enormous prices, varying from sixteen to twenty dollars a bottle; and some of the men would, after accumulating some hundred dollars, squander the whole in purchasing these beverages. Believing the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73">73</a></span> supply of gold to be inexhaustible, they persisted in this reckless course, and discovered only when it became too late to redeem their error, that even here @@ -2862,7 +2861,7 @@ have been supposed to bring the gold down with them.</p> <p>The Macalamo Dry Diggings is considered one of the richest placers in the gold region. It is a long ravine, the soil of which is red, and sometimes blueish -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74">74</a></span> in places, sand predominating. The blue clay is thought to be the richest by the diggers. The sides of the ravine are so steep and irregular, that the miners @@ -2899,7 +2898,7 @@ course, he was found guilty, and sentenced to be hanged; but, some opposition being raised to depriving him of life, and a milder punishment suggested; it was finally determined that he should receive a hundred -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75">75</a></span> lashes on his bare back, have his ears cut off, and his head shaved, so that he might be every where recognized in the mining districts. This sentence gave @@ -2936,7 +2935,7 @@ remedy is as follows:—A large fire is built close up to the door of the structure—a narrow aperture, just large enough for a man to squeeze through. This is allowed to burn itself out, having while burning, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76">76</a></span> heated to a very high degree the air in the interior of the box. Into this the patient screws himself, and there remains until a profuse perspiration is produced, @@ -2947,7 +2946,7 @@ remedy.</p> <p>The absorbing interest with which the gold-seekers proceed in their work is admirably depicted by one of the adventurers, in a book published after his -return.<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> +return.<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> <p>"Arriving on the <i>bar</i>, the scene presented to us was new indeed, and not more extraordinary than @@ -2972,7 +2971,7 @@ overruled all else, and totally absorbed every faculty. Complete silence reigned among the miners; they addressed not a word to each other, and seemed averse to all conversation. All the sympathies of common -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77">77</a></span> humanity, all the finer and noble attributes of our nature seemed lost, buried beneath the soil they were eagerly delving, or swept away with the rushing waters @@ -3010,7 +3009,7 @@ white men, and are paid in provisions and a sort of liquor made from California grapes, called pisco. What money or gold they get for themselves is spent in gambling—a vice to which they are most excessively -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78">78</a></span> addicted. Instances are not few of their having staked the produce of their labor during some weeks subsequent to the game. Many of the Indians desire @@ -3032,7 +3031,7 @@ a silk sash fastened round the waist. With regard to the appearance of the women, and, also, for the sake of the description of one of the evening entertainments in the gold region, we quote from a recent tourist, to -whom we have been indebted before.<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> +whom we have been indebted before.<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> <p>"The appearance of the women is graceful and coquettish. Their petticoats, short enough to display @@ -3045,7 +3044,7 @@ such as earrings, necklaces, &c., the costume is very rich. Its distinguishing feature, however, is the <i>reboso</i>, a sort of scarf, generally made of cotton, which answers to the mantilla of Old Spain. It is -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79">79</a></span> worn in many different and graceful fashions—sometimes twined round the waist and shoulders; at others, hanging in pretty festoons about the figure, but always @@ -3081,7 +3080,7 @@ help being struck by the picturesque costume and graceful movements of the performers, who appear to dance not only with their legs, but with all their hearts and souls. During the interval between the dances, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80">80</a></span> coffee is consumed by the senoras, and the coffee with something stronger by the senors; so that, as the night advances, the merriment gets, if not 'fast and @@ -3119,7 +3118,7 @@ killing him instantaneously.</p> <p>"At this moment we heard the crack of a rifle in the direction of the camp, which, with the Indian's whoop at the same moment, completely bewildered us. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81">81</a></span> Every man, however, seized his rifle, and Dowling, hastening towards us, told us of what had just occurred. All was still for the next few moments, and I mounted @@ -3155,7 +3154,7 @@ were in most cases turned aside by the branches. A second volley of rifle-shots soon followed the first; and while we were reloading, and the smoke had slightly cleared away, I could see that we had spread -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82">82</a></span> consternation in the ranks of the Indian warriors, and that they were gathering up their wounded preparatory to retiring. I had my eye on an old man, who @@ -3190,10 +3189,10 @@ animals, or encounter them accidentally. An adventure of two or three gold-seekers, on their road to the mines, accidentally meeting with a grizzly bear, is thus shortly detailed in the journal of a returned -adventurer.<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p> +adventurer.<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p> <p> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83">83</a></span></p> <p>"About half way from the <i>rancheria</i> a loud braying, followed by a fierce growl, attracted our attention, @@ -3230,7 +3229,7 @@ have entirely dissipated the golden dreams of Higgins and myself."</p> <p>The same writer gives quite a graphic description -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84">84</a></span> of an attack of the scourge of the miners, the disease called scurvy. He says:</p> @@ -3266,7 +3265,7 @@ the disease, and growing daily weaker, without any reasonable prospect of relief. There were, at that time, about eight hundred persons at work on the river, and hoping to get some medicine, I despatched one of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85">85</a></span> my companions one morning, with instructions to procure me, if possible, a dose of salts, and to pay for it any price that should be asked. He returned at @@ -3302,7 +3301,7 @@ companions walked into Culoma; and by living principally upon a vegetable diet, which I procured by paying three dollars per pound for potatoes, in a very short time I recovered." -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86">86</a></span></p> <p>Thus life in the gold region is made up of variety and contrast. Sometimes the diggers and washers @@ -3339,7 +3338,7 @@ from the sand, have been of little avail. Machines have been invented and carried out to the gold region by some of the numerous companies, which, upon trial, have soon been abandoned for the "cradle," and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87">87</a></span> common wash pan; but still, the field for invention is open, and the labor now necessary for procuring the gold is susceptible of considerable diminution. Of @@ -3348,7 +3347,7 @@ necessaries to the mines are constantly improving, as the country is becoming settled; and thus, one great source of privation and disease is rapidly diminishing.</p> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > <h2>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> <p class="center p2"> @@ -3373,7 +3372,7 @@ the rear of the "town," was a sandy plain terminated by a range of hills. But as soon as the news of the gold discovery reached the United States, and other countries, companies for mining purposes were immediately -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88">88</a></span> formed, and emigrants soon crowded every route to the "Land of Promise." Then San Francisco began to be the great receptacle of the emigrants and @@ -3411,7 +3410,7 @@ convenience.</p> <p>"The spectacle which the beach presented from a convenient opening, whence I could comprise the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89">89</a></span> whole at a glance, was singularly interesting and curious. A crowd of individuals, in motley garb, and of every variety of race, might be seen pressing eagerly @@ -3449,7 +3448,7 @@ they enter the town, strike up the popular parody—</p> </div> <p>And presently, their brother-adventurers, excited -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90">90</a></span> by hopes of the wildest kind, join vociferously in chorus, in the exuberance of their joy.</p> @@ -3487,7 +3486,7 @@ regions where privation is the rule, to that of many amongst your numerous fellow-travellers, unaccustomed as they are to laborious occupations—with frames uninured to fatigue, and constitutions unhabituated -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91">91</a></span> to scanty fare, to exposure to heat and cold, and wet and sudden changes! Whilst you are succeeding in your object, they will grow wearied, disappointed, @@ -3525,7 +3524,7 @@ his golden track.</p> <p>"I walked on until I came up to a group of men, who, like myself, were looking on the busy scene -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">92</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92">92</a></span> before us with no small degree of interest. I recognized amongst them two of the volunteers, with whom I forthwith claimed acquaintance. The whole party @@ -3562,7 +3561,7 @@ coarse.</p> <p>"The discovery of the gold mines, has done at once for San Francisco what it was reasonable to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">93</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93">93</a></span> anticipate time only could have effected; and its progress in importance has far outstripped the most sanguine expectations which could be based upon any @@ -3597,7 +3596,7 @@ city could be regarded as substantially advancing. Comprised at a glance, it presented no other appearance save that of a confused crowd of tenements, of every variety of construction; some high, some -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94">94</a></span> low, perched upon the steep hills, or buried in the deep valleys—but still tents and canvas every where and any where, their numbers defying calculation, @@ -3635,7 +3634,7 @@ purer atmosphere.</p> <p>"I turned into the principal street, and soon came up to the market itself, which is a wooden house, about thirty feet square, kept by an American. To my -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95">95</a></span> right, as I advanced, were some stores and hotels, and a confectioner's shop of remarkably neat and clean appearance: these were all one story, wooden @@ -3671,7 +3670,7 @@ spacious-looking wooden building, two stories high, called the 'Parker House;' but the handsome piazza in front caused me to hesitate on the threshold; for I apprehended—and not without reason—that, even in -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96">96</a></span> California, appearances must be paid for; as, therefore, my purse was not overstocked, I prudently sought a more modest establishment.</p> @@ -3709,7 +3708,7 @@ were of another description than the golden ones.</p> excellence</i>, of San Francisco, I went in, knowing that, like all similar establishments, there were the usual amusements going on within. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97">97</a></span></p> <p>"This is not only the largest, but the handsomest building in San Francisco; and, having been constructed @@ -3748,7 +3747,7 @@ which were crowded day and night, by the citizens and the miners; many of the latter staking very large sums upon the turn of a card. The stakes, however, varied from twenty-five cents to five thousand dollars; -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">98</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98">98</a></span> and the excitement of some of the losers was frequently fearful to contemplate. Some who gained largely prudently withdrew; and I was informed that, a few @@ -3785,7 +3784,7 @@ lowest order. There was the same excitement, the same recklessness, and the same trickery here, as at the other gambling saloons, only infinitely more noise and smoke, and swearing and inebriety. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99">99</a></span></p> <p>"Here I met with another of the volunteers, who proposing a walk, we went out together, and proceeded @@ -3822,7 +3821,7 @@ high price. A good deal of it is brought from Oregon, and some from South America. Many of the larger houses, but far inferior, notwithstanding, to such of the same kind as could easily be procured -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">100</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100">100</a></span> in New York at a rental of from 300 to 400 dollars a-year, cost here at least 10,000 dollars to build them, the lots on which they were erected being valued at @@ -3859,7 +3858,7 @@ the excellence of the table, and moderate charges. It was styled the 'Canton Restaurant;' and so thoroughly Chinese was it in its appointments, and in the manner of service, that one might have easily fancied one's -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">101</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101">101</a></span> self in the heart of the Celestial Empire. The barkeeper—though he spoke excellent English—was a Chinese, as were also the attendants. Every article @@ -3896,7 +3895,7 @@ in San Francisco, kept by a very civil Frenchman, and situated on the way to the Point. I mention it, because I one day made here the most uncomfortable repast it had ever been my lot to sit down to. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">102</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102">102</a></span> Yet this was not owing to any lack of attention on the part of the proprietor, to any inferiority in the quality of his provisions, or to any deficiency of culinary skill @@ -3933,7 +3932,7 @@ then through the lower part of the town, we reached the beach, along which, by the water-side, we walked for a distance of three miles—up to our ancles in mud and sand—until we came to a spot where there -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">103</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103">103</a></span> were innumerable tents pitched, of all sizes, forms, and descriptions, forming an irregular line stretching along the shore for about two miles.</p> @@ -3972,7 +3971,7 @@ of the riches of the Sacramento region. From an insignificant settlement, sometimes the resort of whaling-vessels, and of a few traders, it was quickly transferred into a city, with an extensive and constantly -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">104</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104">104</a></span> increasing commerce. In its streets and squares, erected where, just before, was a desert plain, people of almost every nation were seen busily @@ -4010,7 +4009,7 @@ during the war with Mexico, and a military force continued there till after the treaty of peace.</p> <p>The country in the neighborhood of Monterey is -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">105</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105">105</a></span> fertile, and yields ample reward to the agriculturist. There would, therefore, be no lack of supplies of provisions, but for the indolence of the Californians, @@ -4046,7 +4045,7 @@ thousand inhabitants.</p> <p>A short distance south of Monterey, is the town of <i>Santa Barbara</i>. Its situation is one of the most -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">106</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106">106</a></span> beautiful in California. It is built upon a plain ten miles in extent. In front is a broad bay, having a smooth beach of nearly thirty miles in extent. On @@ -4082,7 +4081,7 @@ country offers many of the most beautiful rides in California. About a mile in the rear of the town, at the top of a gentle slope, is the mission of Santa Barbara, with its old, white walls and cross-mounted -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">107</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107">107</a></span> spires. The presiding priest of California resides there, and a number of the converted Indians still remain and cultivate the surrounding soil. The mission @@ -4118,7 +4117,7 @@ Pedro, while the neighboring hills abound with quails, deer, elk, and antelope. The vineyards produce such quantities of grapes, that many thousand barrels of wine and <i>aguardiente</i>—the brandy of the country—are -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108">108</a></span> annually manufactured. The wine is of various kinds; some of it being equal to the best produced in Europe.</p> @@ -4156,7 +4155,7 @@ It is perfectly sheltered by land from the gales at all seasons of the year. Vessels can lie within a cable's length of the beach, there being no surf running upon it. The town is situated about three miles -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_109">109</a></span> from the beach, and is about the same size as Santa Barbara. It is a place of far greater facilities and promise, however, than the last mentioned town. San @@ -4192,7 +4191,7 @@ the buildings are constructed in a style which shows the inroads of the taste of the people from the Atlantic States. A number of Mormons settled here at an early period, and built a great many neat wooden -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">110</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_110">110</a></span> houses and cottages, which contrast favorably with the heavy old <i>adobés</i> residences of the native inhabitants. Flour and saw-mills have been erected, @@ -4229,7 +4228,7 @@ of real estate in San Francisco.</p> Benicia. It is situated on the Strait of Carquinez, thirty-five miles north of San Francisco. The strait forms the entrance of Suisan into Pablo Bay. The -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111">111</a></span> site of Benicia is a gentle slope, which, descending to the water, becomes almost a plain. Vessels of the first class can lie at anchor at its bank, and discharge @@ -4266,7 +4265,7 @@ point, the river is navigable for large class steamers. Ships drawing not more than twelve feet of water may go up that far at all seasons; and, besides these commercial advantages, Sacramento is the natural -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">112</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112">112</a></span> trading depot for the richest portion of the mining regions.</p> @@ -4303,7 +4302,7 @@ give the city a superiority over the majority of the other places in California.</p> <p>Adjoining Sacramento city, is the town of Sutter. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">113</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113">113</a></span> It is situated on the highest and healthiest ground on the river. It is not, like Sacramento, subject to an annual overflow. The town was originally laid out @@ -4339,7 +4338,7 @@ they will, in the course of time, become settled by a thriving, go-ahead population from the Atlantic States. Land speculation in California is as profitable a business as gold-digging—and less toilsome. Many of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">114</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114">114</a></span> the shrewd ones, who early took advantage of this "tide in the affairs of men," have already reached the goal of their hopes, an independent fortune. Those @@ -4375,7 +4374,7 @@ cause an influx of emigrants and adventurers from the United States and other countries. Some portions of the country are susceptible of irrigation, and might thus be rendered fit for cultivation. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">115</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_115">115</a></span></p> <p>The principal port of Lower California is La Paz, situated near the mouth of the gulf. The bay on the @@ -4413,7 +4412,7 @@ town imaginable.</p> wet season, in this region, render every elevation invaluable as a preservative against the dangers of sudden inundations; hence all the houses are built upon -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">116</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_116">116</a></span> steeps, rocks, and hillocks, necessarily irrespective of order; so that, even in the most densely populated districts, barren hills, as yet unoccupied by dwellings, @@ -4450,7 +4449,7 @@ blends with the clear sky, far in the distance.</p> the town, is wide and long, the houses being constructed of <i>adobés</i> and cane, thatched with palm leaves. It is blocked up at the remoter end by the fort, which -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">117</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_117">117</a></span> stands upon a wide foundation of rock of considerable elevation; various portions of the <i>adobé</i> walls connecting the crags having been pierced, so as to allow @@ -4487,7 +4486,7 @@ considerable profit; Loreto, on the gulf coast, about two hundred miles north of La Paz; San Domingo and Todos Santos, on the Pacific coast. The latter town is situated on the bay of the same name, and is -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">118</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_118">118</a></span> the most northerly part of Lower California. The church and mission buildings at this place are the largest and most imposing structures of the kind in @@ -4502,7 +4501,7 @@ importance. Then, if not before, the country will become the property of the United States, either by way of purchase, or after the manner of Texas.</p> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > <h2>CHAPTER IX.</h2> <p class="center p2"> @@ -4521,7 +4520,7 @@ and these we insert.</p> <p>"The discovery of the gold mines had attracted a very large number of citizens of the United States to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">119</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_119">119</a></span> that territory, who had never been accustomed to any other than American law, administered by American courts. There they found their rights of property @@ -4542,7 +4541,7 @@ of postoffices, had not been extended over that territory, the laws of Mexico, as they existed at the conclusion of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, regulating the relations of the inhabitants of California -with each other, necessarily remained in force;<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> yet, +with each other, necessarily remained in force;<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> yet, there was not a single volume containing those laws, as far as I know or believe, in the whole territory, except, perhaps, in the governor's office at Monterey.</p> @@ -4558,7 +4557,7 @@ were practised.</p> <p>"The greatest confusion prevailed respecting titles to property, and the decision of suits involving the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">120</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_120">120</a></span> most important rights, and very large sums of money depended upon the dictum of the judge.</p> @@ -4598,7 +4597,7 @@ oppressed and embarrassed by this state of affairs, and feeling the pressing necessity of applying such remedies as were in their power, and circumstances seemed to justify, they resolved to substitute laws of their own -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">121</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_121">121</a></span> for the existing system, and to establish tribunals for their proper and faithful administration.</p> @@ -4639,7 +4638,7 @@ within their borders. Several years were required to give them sufficient population and wealth to place them in a condition to require, or enable them to support, a State government. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">122</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_122">122</a></span></p> <p>"Not so with California. The discovery of the vast metallic and mineral wealth in her mountains had @@ -4680,7 +4679,7 @@ State of great wealth and power. One short year had given her a commercial importance but little inferior to that of the most powerful of the old States. She had passed her minority at a single bound, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">123</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_123">123</a></span> might justly be regarded as fully entitled to take her place as an equal among her sisters of the Union.</p> @@ -4720,7 +4719,7 @@ of self-government.</p> <p>"The steamer in which I was a passenger did not stop at Monterey; I therefore did not see General Riley, nor had I any communication with him until -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">124</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_124">124</a></span> about the middle of the month, when he came to San Francisco. A few days after my arrival, his proclamation calling a Convention to form a State constitution, @@ -4758,7 +4757,7 @@ The proportion of the native Californian members to the American was about equal to that of the population. Among the members was Captain John Sutter, the pioneer settler of California, General Vallejo and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">125</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_125">125</a></span> Antonio Pico, who had both been distinguished men in California, before the conquest. The body, as a whole, commanded respect, as being dignified and @@ -4796,7 +4795,7 @@ are excluded from voting until permitted by the Legislature.</p> <p>The boundary question, which came up towards the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">126</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_126">126</a></span> close of the Convention, was the most exciting theme. The point of dispute was the eastern boundary line. The Pacific formed the natural boundary on the west; @@ -4824,14 +4823,14 @@ San Francisco, and beyond that, the Sierra Nevada, over which appears the word "Eureka." The closing scenes of the Convention are described in graphic and vivid colors by one who was an eye-witness to them, -and recorded them upon the spot.<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> +and recorded them upon the spot.<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> <p>"The members met this morning at the usual hour, to perform the last duty that remained to them—that of signing the Constitution. They were all in the happiest humor, and the morning was so bright and balmy that no one seemed disposed to call an organization. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">127</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_127">127</a></span> Mr. Semple was sick, and Mr. Steuart, of San Francisco, therefore called the meeting to order by moving Captain Sutter's appointment in his place. @@ -4867,7 +4866,7 @@ upon it, though with a lame and swollen hand. The sheet for the signer's names was ready, and the Convention decided to adjourn for half an hour and then meet for the purpose of signing. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">128</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_128">128</a></span></p> <p>"I amused myself during the interval by walking about the town. Every body knew that the Convention @@ -4905,7 +4904,7 @@ recollecting himself, he sat down, the tears streaming from his eyes. The members with one accord, gave three tumultuous cheers, which were heard from one end of the town to the other. As the signing went -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">129</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_129">129</a></span> on, gun followed gun from the fort, the echoes reverberating grandly around the bay, till finally, as the loud ring of the <i>thirty-first</i> was heard, there was a @@ -4943,7 +4942,7 @@ the responsible duty of creating a State government. And, sir, the Convention, as you will perceive from the official records, duly appreciates the great and important services you have rendered to our common -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">130</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_130">130</a></span> country, and especially to the people of California, and entertains the confident belief that you will receive from the whole of the people of the United States, @@ -4980,13 +4979,13 @@ in the following words: 'I have but one thing to add, gentlemen, and that is, that my success in the affairs of California is mainly owing to the efficient aid rendered me by Captain Halleck, the Secretary -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">131</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_131">131</a></span> of State. He has stood by me in all emergencies. To him I have always appealed when at a loss myself; and he has never failed me.'</p> <div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_135.jpg" width="550" height="331" alt="RANCHE—UPPER CALIFORNIA." /> +<img src="images/i_135.jpg" alt="RANCHE—UPPER CALIFORNIA." style="width: 550px; height: 331px"> <p class="caption">RANCHE—UPPER CALIFORNIA.</p> </div> @@ -5019,9 +5018,9 @@ Every branch of the civil government went at once into operation, and admission into the Union as a State seems all that is necessary to complete the settlement of affairs in California. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">132</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_132">132</a></span></p> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > <h2>CHAPTER X.</h2> <p class="center p2"> @@ -5036,7 +5035,7 @@ giving the most reliable and complete information.</p> the population of Upper California, in 1802, to have consisted of</p> -<table summary="Population of Upper California, Humboldt"> +<table> <tr> <td>Converted Indians,</td> <td class="tdr">15,562</td> @@ -5056,7 +5055,7 @@ Lower California,' published in London, in 1839, states the number of converted Indians in the former to have been, in 1831,</p> -<table summary="Population of Upper California, Forbes"> +<table> <tr> <td> </td> <td class="tdr">18,683</td> @@ -5083,7 +5082,7 @@ to his standard some five hundred fighting men.</p> <p>"At the close of the war with Mexico, it was supposed that there were, including discharged volunteers, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">133</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_133">133</a></span> from ten to fifteen thousand Americans and Californians, exclusive of converted Indians, in the territory. The immigration of American citizens in 1849, up to @@ -5121,7 +5120,7 @@ from Trinity River. They have, in several instances, attacked parties coming from or returning to Oregon, in the section of country which the lamented Captain Warner was examining when he was killed. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">134</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_134">134</a></span></p> <p>"It is quite impossible to form any estimate of the number of these mountain Indians. Some suppose @@ -5160,7 +5159,7 @@ of comfort.</p> <p>"Formerly, at the missions, those who were brought up and instructed by the priests made very good servants. Many of these now attached to families seem -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">135</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_135">135</a></span> to be faithful and intelligent. But those who are at all in a wild and uncultivated state are most degraded objects of filth and idleness.</p> @@ -5198,7 +5197,7 @@ of California is so remarkable in its periodical changes, and for the long continuance of the wet and dry seasons, dividing, as they do, the year into about two equal parts, which have a most peculiar influence -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">136</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_136">136</a></span> on the labor applied to agriculture and the products of the soil, and, in fact, connect themselves so inseparably with all the interests of the country, that I deem @@ -5237,7 +5236,7 @@ Oregon.</p> <p>"These north-east winds, in their progress across the continent, towards the Pacific Ocean, pass over the snow-capped ridges of the Rocky Mountains and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">137</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_137">137</a></span> the Sierra Nevada, and are, of course, deprived of all the moisture which can be extracted from them by the low temperature of those regions of eternal snow, and @@ -5274,7 +5273,7 @@ of the northern part is influenced in a much less degree, by the causes which I have mentioned, than any other section of the country. Consequently, we find that, as low down as latitude 39°, rains are sufficiently -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">138</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_138">138</a></span> frequent in summer to render irrigation quite unnecessary to the perfect maturity of any crop which is suited to the soil and climate.</p> @@ -5312,7 +5311,7 @@ used as fuel. With these exceptions, the whole territory presents a surface without trees or shrubbery. It is covered, however, with various species of grass, and, for many miles from the coast, with -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">139</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_139">139</a></span> wild oats, which, in the valleys, grow most luxuriantly. These grasses and oats mature and ripen early in the dry season, and soon cease to protect the soil from @@ -5350,7 +5349,7 @@ to blow. This is usually from eleven to one o'clock: and, as the day advances, the wind increases and continues to blow till late at night. When the vacuum is filled, or the equilibrium of the atmosphere -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">140</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_140">140</a></span> restored, the wind ceases; a perfect calm prevails until about the same hour the following day, when the same process commences and progresses as before; @@ -5388,7 +5387,7 @@ spreads over the whole country, and renders the nights cool and invigorating.</p> <p>"I have been kindly furnished, by Surgeon-General -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">141</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_141">141</a></span> Lawson, U.S. Army, with thermometrical observations, taken at the following places in California, viz: At San Francisco, by Assistant-Surgeon W. C. @@ -5428,7 +5427,7 @@ July, monthly mean temperature, 73°; August, 70°; September, 65°; October, 65°.</p> <p>"These observations show a remarkably high temperature -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">142</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_142">142</a></span> at San Francisco during the six months from October to March inclusive; a variation of only eight degrees in the monthly mean, and a mean @@ -5470,7 +5469,7 @@ of the three autumn months, 67°; of the three winter months, 57°.</p> <p>"At Suttersville, about one hundred and thirty -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">143</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_143">143</a></span> miles from the ocean, and four degrees north of Los Angeles, the mean temperature of August, September, and October, was 67°. The mean temperature @@ -5509,7 +5508,7 @@ and wet—impresses those who have been accustomed to the variable climate of the Atlantic States unfavorably. The dry appearance of the country in summer, and the difficulty of moving about -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">144</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_144">144</a></span> in winter, <i>seem</i> to impose serious difficulties in the way of agricultural prosperity, while the many and decided advantages resulting from the mildness of @@ -5547,7 +5546,7 @@ nearly all who have visited that city or its neighborhood. The thermometrical observations detailed in the above account seem to prove that much of the unfavorable opinions expressed concerning the climate is -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">145</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_145">145</a></span> the result of hasty judgment, and a dislike of that which is different from that to which we have been used.</p> @@ -5587,7 +5586,7 @@ of Clear Lake, as far as it has been examined, is said to be remarkably fertile.</p> <p>"The great valley of the Sacramento and San -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">146</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_146">146</a></span> Joaquin has evidently been, at some remote period, the bed of a lake; and those rivers, which drain it, present the appearance of having cut their channels @@ -5624,7 +5623,7 @@ of the country to the westward of it.</p> the Sierra Madre and the Sierra Nevada, is but little known. It is inhabited by numerous tribes of savages, who manifest the most decided hostility towards the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">147</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_147">147</a></span> whites, and have hitherto prevented any explorations of their country, and do not permit emigrants to pass through it. Therefore, parties from Santa Fé, on @@ -5663,7 +5662,7 @@ to the Pacific through some portion of it.</p> <p>"The soil I have described, situated west of the Sierra Nevada, and embracing the plain of the Sacramento -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">148</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_148">148</a></span> and San Joaquin, covers an area, as nearly as I can estimate, of between fifty and sixty thousand square miles, and would, under a proper system of @@ -5701,7 +5700,7 @@ we quote Mr. King's remarks:</p> <p>"Beef cattle, delivered on the navigable waters of the Bay of San Francisco, are now worth from $20 to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">149</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_149">149</a></span> $30 per head; horses, formerly worth from $5 to $10, are now valued at $60 to $150. The destruction of cattle for their hides and tallow has now entirely @@ -5740,7 +5739,7 @@ perform the distance with loaded wagons in less time, and come in at the end of the journey in better condition.</p> <p>"Cows are now driven in considerable numbers -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">150</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_150">150</a></span> from Missouri, and the time cannot be far distant when cattle from the Western States will be driven annually by tens of thousands to supply this new @@ -5781,7 +5780,7 @@ ten thousand sheep from New Mexico. This shows that the flocks and herds east of the Rocky Mountains are looked to already as the source from which the markets on the Pacific are to be supplied. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">151</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_151">151</a></span></p> <p>"The climate and soil of California are well suited to the growth of wheat, barley, rye, and oats. The @@ -5820,7 +5819,7 @@ tobacco.</p> attention at the missions, among the residents of towns, and the rural population, and been attended with much success, wherever it has been attempted. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">152</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_152">152</a></span> The dry season secures the fruit from those diseases which are so fatal in the Atlantic States, and it attains very great perfection.</p> @@ -5859,7 +5858,7 @@ decided agricultural advantages, it is admitted that <i>irrigation</i> would be of very great importance, and necessarily increase the products of the soil, in quantity and variety, during the greater part of the dry -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">153</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_153">153</a></span> season. It should, therefore, be encouraged by government, in the survey and disposition of the public lands, as far as practicable.</p> @@ -5898,7 +5897,7 @@ process which has destroyed or prevented the growth of forest trees on the prairies of the Western States, and not any quality in the soil unfriendly to their growth. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">154</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_154">154</a></span></p> <p>"The absence of timber and the continuance of the dry season are apt to be regarded by farmers, on first @@ -5937,7 +5936,7 @@ time, by a scanty supply of timber.</p> 39°, and on the hills which rise from the great plain of the Sacramento and San Joaquin to the foot of the Sierra Nevada, the forests of timber are beautiful -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">155</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_155">155</a></span> and extensive, and would, if brought into use, be sufficiently productive to supply the wants of the southern and western portions of the State."</p> @@ -5975,7 +5974,7 @@ been made to ascertain how far those titles, if they ever existed, have been invalidated by the acts of the priests, or the decrees of the Mexican government. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">156</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_156">156</a></span></p> <p>"A superficial view of the matter would be very apt to lead to the supposition that the Jesuits, so celebrated @@ -6016,7 +6015,7 @@ almost disregarded.</p> <p>"Previous to the treaty with Mexico and the immigration of American citizens to that country, land was not regarded as of much value, except for grazing -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">157</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_157">157</a></span> purposes. There was room enough for all. Therefore, the claimants or proprietors did not molest one another, or inquire into the validity of titles.</p> @@ -6055,7 +6054,7 @@ question."</p> concerning the extent and value of the land, to which the title of the government is unquestionable, and the best mode of improving it. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">158</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_158">158</a></span></p> <p>"The lands in the northern part of the Territory, above the 39°, have not been explored or granted. @@ -6096,7 +6095,7 @@ and its benefits should be secured, as far as possible, by suitable surveys and legal regulations. Most of the valleys are watered by streams sufficiently large to be rendered very useful. It would, therefore, seem -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">159</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_159">159</a></span> wise to lay off the land in conformity to the course of the hills and streams which bound and drain the valleys.</p> @@ -6136,7 +6135,7 @@ metallic wealth of itself, could not long maintain an extensive commerce with the various nations of the earth. But when the <i>mineral</i> wealth begins to be developed, as it soon will, there will be no lack of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">160</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_160">160</a></span> return freights for vessels arriving with supplies. The quicksilver mines already yield an enormous profit, and will soon be extensively worked. Respecting @@ -6173,7 +6172,7 @@ supply, to a certain extent, of all the ports of the Pacific, American, Asiatic, and the Islands.</p> <div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_164.jpg" width="376" height="600" alt="LIFE AT THE "DIGGINGS,"—SUPPER TIME." /> +<img src="images/i_164.jpg" alt="LIFE AT THE "DIGGINGS,"—SUPPER TIME." style="width: 376px; height: 600px"> <p class="caption">LIFE AT THE "DIGGINGS,"—SUPPER TIME.</p> </div> @@ -6181,7 +6180,7 @@ Pacific, American, Asiatic, and the Islands.</p> a ready market in California, and the establishment of a mint will bring there also the silver bullion, amounting to more than ten millions per annum, from -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">161</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_161">161</a></span> the west coast of Mexico, and, perhaps, ultimately from Chili and Peru, to be assayed and coined.</p> @@ -6220,7 +6219,7 @@ freight</i>, will be delivered at less expense than it can be by vessels direct from Atlantic ports, American or European. This tendency of trade to concentrate at San Francisco will be aided by the course of exchange. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">162</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_162">162</a></span></p> <p>"Gold dust is worth but $17 per ounce in Chili. It is worth $18 at the United States mint. If, therefore, @@ -6259,24 +6258,24 @@ China at the rate of four shillings and <i>two</i> pence or <i>three</i> pence per dollar.</p> <p>"I have a statement before me from one of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">163</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_163">163</a></span> most eminent merchants and bankers of New York, who was for many years engaged extensively in the India trade, which shows that the profit or gain on ten thousand ounces of gold, thus remitted, would be</p> -<table summary="Value of Gold Trade"> +<table> <tr><td> </td> <td class="tdr">$33,434 44</td> </tr> <tr> -<td>And that the loss on the same quantity,<br /> +<td>And that the loss on the same quantity,<br > sent direct to China, would be</td> <td class="tdru">15,600 00</td> </tr> <tr> -<td>Total difference in profit and loss in favor<br /> +<td>Total difference in profit and loss in favor<br > of the remittance to New York,</td> <td class="tdr">$50,034 44</td> </tr> @@ -6309,7 +6308,7 @@ have been compelled to travel to reach the territory, more than one hundred thousand have overcome all difficulties and spread themselves over its hills and plains. They have been supplied from distances as -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">164</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_164">164</a></span> great as they themselves have passed with not only the necessaries, but the comforts and many of the luxuries of life. Houses have been imported from @@ -6347,7 +6346,7 @@ itself, or in the freight, and the result would be the same.</p> <p>"It is probable that the demand, for several years -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">165</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_165">165</a></span> to come, will not be less than twenty millions of feet per annum, which, at $40 per thousand, will be $800,000.</p> @@ -6386,7 +6385,7 @@ and luxuries of life, for half a million of people, who will have transferred themselves to a country which is to produce, comparatively, nothing except minerals and the precious metals, and whose pursuits -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">166</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_166">166</a></span> will enable them to purchase, at any cost, whatever may be necessary for their purposes.</p> @@ -6424,7 +6423,7 @@ be obtained at reasonable prices. Suppose there may be, three years hence, forty thousand houses, which shall consume five tons each per annum. This, with the steamers, would be a consumption of three hundred -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">167</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_167">167</a></span> thousand tons. If delivered at $20 per ton, it would compete successfully with the coal from Vancouver's Island and New Holland, and amount to $6,000,000.</p> @@ -6464,7 +6463,7 @@ the railroad across the Isthmus, would be sufficiently expeditious and economical to turn the tide of commerce, between the Atlantic and Pacific States of the Union, into that channel. The tendency of our -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">168</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_168">168</a></span> commerce on the Pacific to promote the employment of ocean steamers is of much importance as connected with the defence of our extensive line of coast from @@ -6500,7 +6499,7 @@ the most important points, the construction of lighthouses, and the placing of buoys in proper positions, are objects of much importance, and, it is not doubted, will attract the early attention of Government." -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">169</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_169">169</a></span></p> <p>We come now to that which has built up so rapidly this empire of the Pacific—the metallic and mineral @@ -6537,7 +6536,7 @@ of being volcanic. The soil is of a red, brick color, in many places entirely barren, and covered with a flinty rock, or pebble, entirely parched in the summer, and during the rainy season becoming a perfect mire. The -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">170</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_170">170</a></span> formation of the hills, the succession of gorges, the entire absence of fertility in many portions, distinctly exhibit the result of a great up-heaving during past @@ -6572,14 +6571,14 @@ quartz rock, was fused and separated from its surrounding substances, and scattered through every plain, hill, and valley, over an immense territory. By its own gravity, and the continual washing of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">171</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_171">171</a></span> rains, it sank into the earth until it reached a rock, or hard, impenetrable clay. It still continued washing and sliding down the hill-side, until it reached the rivers or ravines, and in the former was washed along with its current until it settled in some secure place in their beds, or was deposited upon their banks; and -in the latter rested among the crevices of rocks."<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p> +in the latter rested among the crevices of rocks."<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p> <p>The following from Mr. King's report, presents the opposite theory, with its evidence in full. The two @@ -6607,7 +6606,7 @@ universally admitted opinion, among the miners and intelligent men who have examined this region, that the <i>gold, whether in detached particles and pieces, or in veins, was created in combination with the quartz</i>. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">172</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_172">172</a></span> Gold is not found on the surface of the country presenting the appearance of having been thrown up and scattered in all directions by volcanic action. It @@ -6646,7 +6645,7 @@ not unlike pebbles, but has not had sufficient force to cut it into flakes or dust.</p> <p>"The dry diggings are places where quartz containing -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">173</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_173">173</a></span> gold has cropped out, and been disintegrated, crumbled to fragments, pebbles, and dust, by the action of water and the atmosphere. The gold has @@ -6687,7 +6686,7 @@ violent eruption. It is combined with the quartz, in all imaginable forms and degrees of richness.</p> <p>"The rivers present very striking, and, it would -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">174</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_174">174</a></span> seem, conclusive evidence respecting the quantity of gold remaining undiscovered in the quartz veins. It is not probable that the gold in the dry diggings, and @@ -6725,7 +6724,7 @@ quantity accumulated till the close of 1849:</p> <p>"No immigration into the mines could, therefore, have taken place from the old States in that year. The number of miners was, consequently, limited to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">175</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_175">175</a></span> the population of the territory, some five hundred men from Oregon—Mexicans, and other foreigners, who happened to be in the country, or came into it during @@ -6764,7 +6763,7 @@ They had quite a city of tents, booths, and log-cabins; hotels, restaurants, stores, and shops of all descriptions, furnished whatever money could procure. Ice was brought from the Sierra, and ice -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">176</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_176">176</a></span> creams added to numerous other luxuries. An inclosure made of the trunks and branches of trees, and lined with cotton cloth, served as a sort of amphitheatre @@ -6801,7 +6800,7 @@ day. This is believed by many to be a low estimate; but, from the best information I was able to procure, I am of opinion it approaches very near actual results. The half of the season, up to the 1st of September, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">177</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_177">177</a></span> would give sixty-five working days, and to each laborer, at $16 per ounce, $1,040. If, therefore we assume $1,000 as the average collected by @@ -6839,7 +6838,7 @@ to believe that at least $20,000,000 of the $40,000,000 were taken from the rivers, and that their richness has not been sensibly diminished, except in a few locations, which had early attracted large bodies of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">178</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_178">178</a></span> miners. This amount has principally been taken from the northern rivers, or those which empty into the Sacramento; the southern rivers, or those which @@ -6877,7 +6876,7 @@ almost indispensable in gold mining.</p> <p>Extensive beds of silver, iron, and copper ores are believed to exist in the territory, but their existence -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">179</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_179">179</a></span> and value is not accurately ascertained, the allurements held out by the continued success of the gold-miners and the continued discovery of new and profitable @@ -6918,7 +6917,7 @@ coast of Mexico and South America.</p> <p>"It is not doubted that the construction of a railway across the Isthmus of Panama, and, perhaps, the establishment of other lines of communication between -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">180</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_180">180</a></span> the two oceans, will give to the products and manufactures of the older States of the Union command of the market of California to the exclusion, in a great @@ -6958,7 +6957,7 @@ most authentic sources could furnish, or as could be ascertained at the present time. Although the territory already contains a large population and has produced a great amount of treasure in the short duration -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">181</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_181">181</a></span> of its existence; although it is already a large State, which has <i>sprung</i> into existence, as it may be termed, there is every evidence that this is but the @@ -6981,7 +6980,7 @@ confederated republic, and form an additional stimulus to the rapid filling up of the vast territory situated between California and her sister States.</p> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > <h2>CHAPTER XI.</h2> <p class="center p2"> @@ -6993,7 +6992,7 @@ RESPECTIVE CHARACTERS. have afforded almost as much matter for discussion as the territory itself. The shortest and most travelled route is that by way of the Isthmus of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">182</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_182">182</a></span> Panama; and of this we shall first give a description, with recommendations to travellers, and the experience of some who have taken that route to the "land @@ -7030,7 +7029,7 @@ in a deep, dark hollow or cove. It consists of some forty or fifty huts, with pointed palm-thatched roofs, and reed walls. Nor were the innumerable buzzards which were flying about or resting on the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">183</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_183">183</a></span> houses, together with the energetic gesticulation of the natives when in conversation, as we drew near, at all calculated to lessen the picturesque effect of a first @@ -7066,7 +7065,7 @@ ever seen. These, when in conversation, which is almost continual, they use to some purpose, while the incessant rapid clatter of their tongues, and their violent gesticulations and grimaces, are often quite -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">184</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_184">184</a></span> ludicrous. The females, some of whom have rather pretty faces, and particularly fine eyes, were dressed out in the most tawdry finery, with divers furbelows, @@ -7103,14 +7102,14 @@ by showing them the advantages of industry and patient toil. Already they begin to perceive this, to some extent, and though such dear lovers of money, that in closing a bargain they will jabber their -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">185</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_185">185</a></span> <i>patois</i>, or bad Spanish, with uncouth gesticulations, for half a day, the majority of them are unwilling to make any extra bodily effort to procure it; but when persuaded by liberal offers to undertake a task, it is astonishing with what dogged perseverance they will often pursue it, what weights they can support, and -what toil they can endure."<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p> +what toil they can endure."<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p> <p>It is recommended that passengers from the States should remain as short a time in Chagres as possible. @@ -7140,7 +7139,7 @@ both necessary and profitable.</p> <p>The beauty of the country through which the Chagres river flows has been the theme of frequent praise. Its banks are filled with all the luxuriant -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">186</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_186">186</a></span> verdure which tropical climes produce. The tamarind, the date, the pomegranate, the plantain, the banana, the cocoanut, the lime, the citron, and the @@ -7177,7 +7176,7 @@ The river is in some places a half a mile wide, and in others, not more than thirty yards. The boatmen are exceedingly indolent, and require constant driving and coaxing to keep them moving; but sometimes, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">187</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_187">187</a></span> when they are prevailed upon to go to work, they will exhibit an endurance and perseverance almost astonishing. They have been frequently known to work @@ -7213,7 +7212,7 @@ Theirs must have been as near a pastoral or primitive life, as any that can be seen in our day. The soil is teeming with the evidences of its richness—inviting the hand of man to its cultivation, by showing what -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">188</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_188">188</a></span> it is capable of doing without it—but it is undisturbed, save in a few stinted spots of less size than our ordinary kitchen gardens. All else is left to @@ -7249,7 +7248,7 @@ trust them out of sight. There are several places upon the route where refreshments can be procured; but most of the travellers start at daylight from Gorgona, and push directly through to Panama, in one -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">189</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_189">189</a></span> day. This is the best mode of proceeding, if the fatigue is found to be endurable; for it is above all things important that in such a climate too great @@ -7287,7 +7286,7 @@ in advance.</p> <p>"For the first mile, the way was very pleasant over a nearly level plain, at the termination of which there were stronger indications of rougher riding, for we -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">190</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_190">190</a></span> soon began to descend a nearly perpendicular precipice, the only pass, down which was a narrow mule-way, where, step by step, these animals had worn a @@ -7306,7 +7305,7 @@ slowly wound around the tortuous ascent, made the journey peculiarly toilsome and solitary.</p> <div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_196.jpg" width="393" height="600" alt="SONORIANS DRY-WASHING GOLD." /> +<img src="images/i_196.jpg" alt="SONORIANS DRY-WASHING GOLD." style="width: 393px; height: 600px"> <p class="caption">SONORIANS DRY-WASHING GOLD.</p> </div> @@ -7328,7 +7327,7 @@ to his own, but to no purpose. He would turn half round, and in a slow, solemn way, put his nose to the ground, and looking keenly about the place, would cautiously put one foot forward, then another, then a -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">191</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_191">191</a></span> third and a fourth, when, poised on all drawn under him, and close together, he would have a better opportunity for further inspection, which having satisfactorily @@ -7364,7 +7363,7 @@ half a mile at one time, through a chasm or sluice, probably worn in the mountains by the torrents of water that descend during the rainy season. These gully-holes are often ten and fifteen feet deep throughout -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">192</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_192">192</a></span> their entire extent, and the passes are so narrow, as barely to admit of one horse or mule passing through at a time; the rider, to avoid a severe contusion, @@ -7399,9 +7398,9 @@ bolder relief, and cast a deeper shadow through the twilight groves. Half an hour's ride over the paved street, brought us to the city, which we entered at the 'Gorgona gate,' passing through a heavy stone arch -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">193</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_193">193</a></span> way, supporting a cupola, in which hangs the alarm -bell mounted by a cross."<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p> +bell mounted by a cross."<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p> <p>Such is the character of the Gorgona road to Panama. With regard to the Crucis road, we may observe @@ -7436,7 +7435,7 @@ through one of which he slipped his arm, whilst he passed the other over his left shoulder, and attached it under the latter to the frame which was now on his back. This contrivance not only effectually -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">194</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_194">194</a></span> secures the load in its place, but protects the shoulders of the bearer from the continual friction they would otherwise undergo.</p> @@ -7473,7 +7472,7 @@ people, who are exceedingly distrustful, I began to fear that he was about to desert me, and therefore called out lustily, until at last I saw him reluctantly emerge from the hut, and make his way towards me. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">195</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_195">195</a></span> These negroes being constantly in the habit of deserting travellers on the route, and stealing their baggage whenever the opportunity presents itself, I was @@ -7509,7 +7508,7 @@ It is a task of incessant and wearying exertion, however, even for those who are mounted on mules, to avoid floundering into some of these pitfalls and quagmires at every step they make. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">196</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_196">196</a></span></p> <p>"The mules themselves are, as I have already stated, so worn-out, and broken-down, that it requires the @@ -7546,7 +7545,7 @@ candidly own, that even the force of female example, of which I had so merry a specimen before me, did not at all shame me into a less impatient endurance of them. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">197</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_197">197</a></span></p> <p>"The negroes whom I met on their way to and from Panama excited my astonishment, from the @@ -7576,13 +7575,13 @@ and sinking alternately at stern and bow, surmounting first one huge stone, then a deep mud hole, then another stone, and then a small lake, my mule and myself at last reached Crucis in the evening, the whole -distance traversed not being above twenty miles."<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> +distance traversed not being above twenty miles."<a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> <p>The town of Crucis is a place very similar to Gorgona, but not so large. The houses are built of cane and plastered with mud. No attention is given to arrangement, and but a small portion is so constructed -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">198</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_198">198</a></span> as to bear any resemblance to a street. The climate is unhealthy, and travellers from the United States make as short a stay there as possible. Doubtless, @@ -7618,7 +7617,7 @@ general characteristic of Spanish built towns; several churches, partly in ruins; the ruins of the College of Jesuits, which cover a large extent, and of two monasteries, of which the walls and bells alone -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">199</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_199">199</a></span> remain; and the frowning walls and towers of the battery, fronting the bay, are the principal features of the town of Panama. Since the commencement @@ -7655,7 +7654,7 @@ all the vessels that come into the bay obtain their supplies, and the Pacific Mail Steamship Company have established their depot for coal, &c., on its shores. After obtaining all the necessary supplies -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">200</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_200">200</a></span> the steamship moves out of the bay, rounding Point Mala. The voyage upon the Pacific, with all its variety of incident and scenery, then commences. @@ -7690,7 +7689,7 @@ shores of the peninsula are in continual view. The change of the temperature of the air is generally keenly felt by those who do not take care to provide against it. Within a few days after leaving Panama, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">201</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_201">201</a></span> the thermometer falls from 95° to 55°, and such a change must have an injurious effect, if additional clothing is not put on to meet it.</p> @@ -7725,7 +7724,7 @@ the steamer is anchored, having reached her destination. Such is the Isthmus route to the "gold region." It is the shortest route, or the one which occupies the least time in traversing, presents great -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">202</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_202">202</a></span> variety, and upon the whole, its beauties and pleasures outnumber the difficulties and annoyances.</p> @@ -7762,7 +7761,7 @@ as the grass will permit. The outfit of companies of emigrants would be too tedious to mention, and as it varies considerably, from differences of means and taste, a description would hardly be accurate. But -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">203</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_203">203</a></span> there are certain things which are indispensable to those who take this route, and these we will mention. With respect to wagons and teams, the lightest wagon @@ -7798,7 +7797,7 @@ a surface undulating and clothed with rich verdure. In crossing this prairie, violent storms often overtake the emigrants, and to those who have not been accustomed to it, the scene during the storm is -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">204</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_204">204</a></span> terrifically grand. Fourteen miles travel upon the prairie brings the emigrants to the "Blue Creek," which is fordable, except after a heavy rain. Fording @@ -7834,7 +7833,7 @@ two hundred yards wide, even after heavy rains. The wagons are placed in boats, owned by the Indians, and transported to the opposite shore for the sum of one dollar per load. The oxen and horses are compelled -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">205</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_205">205</a></span> to swim across. Following the trail for about three miles, a place of encampment, on the banks of Soldier Creek, is reached. The soil in the neighborhood @@ -7870,7 +7869,7 @@ for the emigrants to fill their casks at this place. The ground between the two streams, a distance of ten miles, is more broken than any upon the former part of the route, and on arriving at the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">206</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_206">206</a></span> Big Blue, a steep descent is made to the low, bottom lands near the river. The usual width of the Big Blue is about a hundred yards, at which time alone @@ -7906,7 +7905,7 @@ bluffs, into the high table land of the prairie, and continues to ascend gradually until the bluffs overlooking the valley of the Platte River, are reached. The soil along this part of the trail is sandy, and the grass -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">207</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_207">207</a></span> rather scarce; but water can be obtained at several places.</p> @@ -7943,7 +7942,7 @@ the States by those who pass this way.</p> over a sandy soil, which is very soft, but which afterwards becomes firmer. The scenery then presents the aspect of barrenness and desolation. Sand and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">208</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_208">208</a></span> rocks are all that meet the view for many miles. The landscape then assumes a greener and more refreshing appearance, and groves of trees relieve the emigrants @@ -7978,7 +7977,7 @@ This fort has been the principal trading-post of the American Fur Company. It is situated in the Laramie River, near its junction with the Platte, and is six hundred and seventy-two miles from Independence. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">209</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_209">209</a></span> The building is quadrangular, and is constructed of <i>adobé</i>, or sun-dried bricks. Its walls are surmounted by watch-towers and its gate is defended by two @@ -8014,7 +8013,7 @@ and the trail ascends the high bluffs overlooking the valley, and proceeds over several miles of table-land till the valley of the Platte is again reached. At this point, the trail finally leaves the Platte, and, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">210</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_210">210</a></span> ascending the bluffs on the right, passes over an arid plain diversified with immense piles of rocks, deep ravines and chasms, and presenting a wide-spread @@ -8050,7 +8049,7 @@ traversing about sixteen miles. It again diverges from the river and crosses a broken and arid plain, which presents but few signs of vegetation. Passing through a gap between two ranges of granite mountains, the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">211</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_211">211</a></span> first view of the Wind River Mountains is obtained. The trail then proceeds through a narrow valley several miles in length, the surface of which is white @@ -8087,7 +8086,7 @@ passes along it for about eighteen miles, and then strikes off and crosses the Green River, or Colorado of the West. This river is shallow and only about seventy yards broad. The trail then continues down -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">212</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_212">212</a></span> the Green River a short distance, and then, making a right angle, ascends the bluffs bordering the valley of the stream, in nearly a west course. The country @@ -8124,7 +8123,7 @@ thirst. Besides, the route is but poorly defined, and may be wandered from very easily.</p> <p>The trail of the old route, and the one taken by -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">213</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_213">213</a></span> most of the emigrants, leaves Fort Bridger, and pursues a north-westerly course, through the Bear River valley, which it leaves at a remarkable landmark @@ -8159,7 +8158,7 @@ valleys, or plains of great extent, and mountainous defiles, occasionally following a bend of the river towards the south-west. The greater portion of these valleys is barren, but there are frequent fertile spots -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">214</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_214">214</a></span> near the boiling springs. The only Indians met on this part of the route are the diggers, and they do not possess the power to do much harm, if they even @@ -8195,7 +8194,7 @@ into it, numerous boiling springs are found, which often serve to delude the thirsty emigrants. But by damming up the streams which flow from them, the water may be cooled, and, although impregnated with -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">215</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_215">215</a></span> salt, sulphur, and magnesia, it may quench the thirst. The phenomenon of mirage is frequently presented to the view of the emigrants, and it very often assumes @@ -8231,7 +8230,7 @@ view, offering a fine place for encampment. The trail then turns to the left, and proceeds in a southerly direction, crossing the Truckee several times, until the Truckee Lake breaks upon the view. This small -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">216</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_216">216</a></span> sheet of water is surrounded by lofty mountains, except upon the side where its outlet flows from it. The trail strikes the shore of the lake at its eastern end, @@ -8268,7 +8267,7 @@ ranche, Vernon, and the other posts, offer convenient intermediate resting places.</p> <p>We have thus sketched the general character of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">217</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_217">217</a></span> principal overland route to California, and have followed the trail of the emigrant over all the difficulties and obstacles which present themselves upon the @@ -8304,7 +8303,7 @@ to any such route. Another has been projected, and will probably be opened. It is a route across the territory of Nicaragua, in Central America. This will be the shortest and most convenient route to the gold -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">218</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_218">218</a></span> region, and will absorb the greater portion of the travel thither; but the overland route will always be taken by those who have been accustomed to a country @@ -8318,7 +8317,7 @@ for the lovers of variety, and the hardy adventurer who has confidence in his own powers of endurance.</p> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > <h2>CHAPTER XII.</h2> <p class="center p2"> @@ -8338,7 +8337,7 @@ kind occurred on the morning of the 25th of December, 1849. The fire consumed all that portion of the city on and near the plaza, involving a loss, at California prices, of over a million of dollars. Fortunately, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">219</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_219">219</a></span> it was the rainy season. If the fire had occurred during the dry season, and the prevalence of the furious gales, the whole city, composed, as it was, of @@ -8375,7 +8374,7 @@ St. Charles, houses of public resort, are opened and hourly thronged. In Washington Street, two dry goods stores, 'La Amarilla' and Juan Cima's, are opened and stocked, and on both sides of the way -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">220</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_220">220</a></span> buildings are nearly completed, and will be ready for occupation by the latter end of this week. In fact, the ruins are more than half covered over, and except @@ -8411,13 +8410,13 @@ city and seaport of the Pacific coast. <i>Viva</i> San Francisco!"</p> <div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_228.jpg" width="550" height="337" alt="MODE OF WASHING CLOTHES IN CALIFORNIA." /> +<img src="images/i_228.jpg" alt="MODE OF WASHING CLOTHES IN CALIFORNIA." style="width: 550px; height: 337px"> <p class="caption">MODE OF WASHING CLOTHES IN CALIFORNIA.</p> </div> <p>The annexed extract from the Message of the Mayor of San Francisco gives an idea of the quantity of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">221</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_221">221</a></span> disease and destitution in that city. No doubt San Francisco is the grand receptacle for all who become diseased in any way at the mines or other places in @@ -8455,7 +8454,7 @@ in less than nine hours.</p> most favorable character. Gold has been discovered upon Trinity River, about two hundred miles north of Sacramento City, and the digging has proved to be -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">222</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_222">222</a></span> equal to that of any of the other placers. The mouth of the river, which empties into Trinity Bay, has been surveyed, and, being considered a very good harbor, @@ -8492,7 +8491,7 @@ his person, and he only saved his life by a precipitous flight. They carried off his coat which he left in his wagon, with $600 worth of gold dust in the pocket. They also robbed his wagon of several valuable -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">223</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_223">223</a></span> articles. Upon receiving news of this attack at Auburn, a number of men set out on horseback, in pursuit of the Indians. They overtook them in a @@ -8529,7 +8528,7 @@ from the Alta Californian of the first of June. To our thinking, the punishment far exceeded the offence, and the officer who gave the order for extermination, is culpable in a high degree. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">224</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_224">224</a></span></p> <p>"We have received particulars of the recent slaughter of a large body of Clear Lake Indians by an expedition @@ -8564,7 +8563,7 @@ and Sonoma, and on the 1st of the month an expedition was fitted out against them, composed of a detachment of infantry, and a company of dragoons, under command of Lieutenant Davidson, (seventy-five in all,) -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">225</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_225">225</a></span> with orders to proceed against the Clear Lake Indians, and <i>exterminate</i>, if possible, the tribe.</p> @@ -8603,7 +8602,7 @@ killed five, and took six prisoners.</p> <p>"On the 18th the command scoured the country in the region of Deer Creek and Bear River. On the 19th, the trail to Colonel Holt's mill, where he was -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">226</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_226">226</a></span> murdered, was taken, the villages found to be deserted, and the white settlement abandoned.</p> @@ -8642,7 +8641,7 @@ We extract from the Alta Californian, of June 1st, 1850.</p> <p>The <i>Alta Californian</i> has letters from Stockton to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">227</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_227">227</a></span> May 22d. On the Tuolumne, but little gold digging has been effected since last fall along the banks. The gold is under water, and preparations were making @@ -8679,7 +8678,7 @@ of the license. On replying that he was, the Mexican made an attempt to stab him, when a person standing by, named Clark, with a single stroke of a bowie knife, nearly severed his head from his body. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">228</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_228">228</a></span> Thirty armed Americans soon arrived from Mormon Gulch, and the whole American population were on the alert all night.</p> @@ -8715,7 +8714,7 @@ the place where he stood, when a Mexican or Chilian, in front of him, drew a pistol. In a moment a dozen revolvers were out, and a precipitate retreat was made by the foreigners. No shot was fired, but the Mexicans -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">229</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_229">229</a></span> were alarmed, and the town was cleared in five minutes. Our peace now seemed threatened by about five thousand men outside, and no inconsiderable @@ -8751,7 +8750,7 @@ own town of Stockton will be the first to suffer thereby.</p> <p><i>Monday, May 20.</i>—A guard was kept up all last -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">230</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_230">230</a></span> night, but every thing was quiet, and as I said yesterday, I believe the danger, if any was to be apprehended, had passed away. But the excitable feelings @@ -8787,7 +8786,7 @@ in the wealthiest portion of the city, on the 17th of June, 1850, at eight o'clock, A.M., and in the short space of three hours, about two-thirds of the wealthiest district was consumed. The shipping in the harbor -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">231</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_231">231</a></span> was only saved by the greatest exertion. The entire loss is estimated at from three to four millions of dollars. This event occurring so soon after the previous @@ -8823,7 +8822,7 @@ determination to "go ahead," whether the capital is or is not established at this point. The site no doubt presents many advantages for a large commercial city, not possessed by San Francisco. The distance from -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">232</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_232">232</a></span> the "Golden Gates," (as the entrance from the Pacific to the succession of bays connected with the harbor of San Francisco is termed) is about the same as San @@ -8848,9 +8847,9 @@ valley in the vicinity are among the most fertile in California. Near Vallejo are also mineral springs, possessing similar properties, and said to equal the celebrated Congress Springs at Saratoga. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">233</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_233">233</a></span></p> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > <h2>CHAPTER XIII.</h2> <p class="center p2"> @@ -8885,7 +8884,7 @@ exposure in contact with other substances. Thus the shining particles are often seen in sand when the quantity is barely sufficient to repay the cost of working, notwithstanding the value of the metal. Even -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">234</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_234">234</a></span> however, if the surface is dull, the true color and appearance are easily restored by rubbing, and when polished it takes a very vivid lustre, which is preserved for a @@ -8916,11 +8915,11 @@ that the first are the purest, the second mixed with a little silver, and the third with platina. It is not known whether the latter admixture really takes place, but it is certain that several varieties of gold-yellow -native gold contain an admixture of silver.<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p> +native gold contain an admixture of silver.<a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p> <p>In color and lustre, inexperienced persons might mistake various substances for gold; these are chiefly -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">235</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_235">235</a></span> iron and copper pyrites, but from them it may be readily distinguished, being softer than steel and very malleable; whereas iron pyrites is harder than steel, @@ -8956,7 +8955,7 @@ requiring materials not immediately available. Thus if it is found that a specimen (perhaps a small scale or spangle) is readily scratched by silver, copper or iron, and scratches tin and lead, it may, if of the right -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">236</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_236">236</a></span> color and sinking rapidly in water, be fairly assumed to be gold.</p> @@ -8989,7 +8988,7 @@ covered on all sides by at least half an inch of water, and carefully brushing off with a feather any bubbles of air that adhere to the surface. The results may then be noted as follows:—</p> -<table summary="Calculation of Weight"> +<table> <tr> <td>Weight of substance in the air in grains</td> <td> </td> @@ -9000,16 +8999,17 @@ then be noted as follows:—</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="tdr">Difference</td> +<td> </td> </tr> </table> <p>This result gives the weight of a bulk of water -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">237</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_237">237</a></span> equal to that of the specimen, and by dividing the weight of the specimen in air by this number, the specific gravity is obtained.</p> -<table summary="Specific Gravity of Substance"> +<table> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Specific gravity = </td> <td class="tdcu">weight of substance in air</td> @@ -9038,7 +9038,7 @@ weigh it.</p> <p>We have then to make the following calculation:</p> -<table summary="Weight of Displaced Water"> +<table> <tr> <td>Weight of powder and water in grains</td> <td>=</td> @@ -9071,7 +9071,7 @@ weigh it.</p> </tr> </table> -<table summary="Specific Gravity of Powder" class="p2"> +<table class="p2"> <tr> <td rowspan="2">The specific gravity = </td> @@ -9084,12 +9084,12 @@ weigh it.</p> <p>It may be useful to know the specific gravity of various substances at all resembling gold in weight or -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">238</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_238">238</a></span> appearance, and we therefore append the following short table. The specific gravity of water is assumed to be unity:—</p> -<table summary="Specific Gravity of Various Substances"> +<table> <tr> <td>Osmium</td> <td>1<sup><span class="s05">1</span></sup>/<span class="s05">5</span></td> @@ -9156,7 +9156,7 @@ to be unity:—</p> </tr> </table> -<p>By the help of this table the value<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> of auriferous +<p>By the help of this table the value<a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> of auriferous sand may also be in some degree estimated, since, as will be seen, the specific gravity of most of the sands is under 3, while that of the most impure gold is 12; @@ -9170,7 +9170,7 @@ It may also be worth while to mention here, that the specific gravity of those pepitas or lumps of gold which present a fine yellow color varies generally from 14-7/10 to 18-8/10; but when much paler they may range as low -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">239</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_239">239</a></span> as 12-1/2, which is that of a mineral called <i>electrum</i>, which will be described presently, and which is a mixture of silver and gold.</p> @@ -9209,7 +9209,7 @@ probably made up of minute crystals. It is in the form of very minute grains that the metal is generally disseminated through rocks and auriferous ores of various metals, and these are reduced according to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">240</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_240">240</a></span> circumstances in methods that will be alluded to in a future chapter. In pepitas and small grains it is carried down by streams and deposited in their beds, the @@ -9225,9 +9225,9 @@ would appear to belong to the latter.</p> of various specimens of gold obtained from different gold districts, and will form a useful guide for comparison.</p> -<p class="center"><i>Table showing the Composition of Native Gold.</i><a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p> +<p class="center"><i>Table showing the Composition of Native Gold.</i><a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p> -<table class="bord_on" summary="Composition of Native Gold."> +<table class="bord_on"> <tr> <td class="tdcu">Locality.</td> <td class="tdcub">Gold.</td> @@ -9236,7 +9236,7 @@ gold districts, and will form a useful guide for comparison.</p> <td class="tdcub">Iron.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td>Auriferous sand of Schabrowski, near<br /> +<td>Auriferous sand of Schabrowski, near<br > Katherinenburg, Siberia (G. Rose)</td> <td class="tdb">98·76</td> <td class="tdb">0·16</td> @@ -9323,7 +9323,7 @@ pepitas,) and superior, as the assayer remarks, to the gold dust from Senegal.</p> <p>There is a remarkable mixture of native gold with -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">241</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_241">241</a></span> silver occasionally found in Siberia, and known under the name of <i>electrum</i>. Its color is pale brass-yellow, passing into silver-white. It occurs in small plates @@ -9361,7 +9361,7 @@ present.</p> <p>The method of blowpipe analysis, although exceedingly useful, is not absolutely necessary in the case -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">242</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_242">242</a></span> of gold, because of the many readier ways of determining the metal, but it seems advisable to state the appearances presented. All the varieties are readily @@ -9399,7 +9399,7 @@ hold the glass or saucer over a flame, or upon a few embers, until red flames (nitric vapors) arise; if it be pure gold, the liquid will not become discolored; but if pyrites or brass-filings should have been mixed -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">243</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_243">243</a></span> with it, the acid will become turbid, green, and black, discharging bubbles of gas. After the ebullition has ceased, the residue should be washed with water, and @@ -9408,7 +9408,7 @@ be observed, but in a less degree; and if the experiment be repeated till all effervescence ceases, it will finally leave the gold dust pure.</p> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > <h2>CHAPTER XIV.</h2> <p class="center p2"> @@ -9436,7 +9436,7 @@ creating loans temporarily, appropriations, and other fiscal acts; relating to the appointment of pilots, regulating the duties of harbor masters, declaring certain rivers, etc., navigable, creating health -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">244</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_244">244</a></span> officers for San Francisco, creating a marine hospital, regulating quarantine at San Francisco, providing for the inspection of steamboats; subdividing the State @@ -9472,7 +9472,7 @@ war with Mexico.</p> <p>Here we have all the machinery necessary for the full regulation of a large, commercial, agricultural, manufacturing, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">245</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_245">245</a></span> and mining community. The session of the Legislature must have been laborious, indeed; but the members have acquitted themselves of their arduous @@ -9509,7 +9509,7 @@ it a secret, until an Indian, wandering through the locality, discovered the secret, and communicated it to his tribe. The next day, several hundred Indians fell to work, with the same success; but as they spent -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">246</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_246">246</a></span> their earnings in gambling and drinking at night, they incautiously let out the secret, and it spread among the whites. The latter, without scruple, took @@ -9544,16 +9544,16 @@ water for drinking purposes, has been the most serious objection to San Francisco as a place of residence; and additional incentive to exertion in the matter is furnished by the constant apprehension of destructive -fires.<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p> +fires.<a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p> <p> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247"></a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_247"></a></span></p> <p>Coal has been discovered in California, in various places, and is reported to abound in considerable quantities in the neighborhood of San Francisco. Every day developes some new wealth of this land of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">248</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_248">248</a></span> treasure, and we regard the discovery of the abundance of coal as in the highest degree important to the residents of California. Even amid the news of the @@ -9578,7 +9578,7 @@ of a gold lake, among the mountains between the South Fork of Feather River and the Yuba. One man was said to have got $7000 in four days, and a party of ten Kanakas were reported to have got $75,000 in a -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">249</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_249">249</a></span> week. A vast number of people were by this means attracted to the sources of the Feather and Yuba Rivers, and though they found the lake story a hoax @@ -9615,7 +9615,7 @@ a panfull, and the first party of sixty, which started out under the guidance of one who had returned successful, were assured that they would not get less than $500 each per day. We were told that the previous -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">250</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_250">250</a></span> morning two hundred had left the town with a full supply of provisions and four hundred mules. Those who could not go were hiring others in their stead. @@ -9647,7 +9647,7 @@ the search be long and laborious, the <i>big lift</i> is ultimately pretty sure for those who are patient and persevering."</p> <div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_260.jpg" width="550" height="347" alt="MONTEREY." /> +<img src="images/i_260.jpg" alt="MONTEREY." style="width: 550px; height: 347px"> <p class="caption">MONTEREY.</p> </div> @@ -9656,7 +9656,7 @@ particulars, having a tendency to add plausibility to the reports. Among other things, a man by the name of McLelland came into Marysville on the 17th, with $7000, the result of four days' labor at Gold Lake. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">251</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_251">251</a></span> Whatever may be the truth of the reports, there is no doubt of one thing—the whole population of Marysville and its vicinity have become infected by the news, @@ -9695,7 +9695,7 @@ to spare no one. Many who would not be understood to have yielded to it, seek, under various pretences, to get away—some pleading business in other quarters of the mines; others desiring the recreation -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">252</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_252">252</a></span> of a country jaunt. It is reported that, up to Thursday last, two thousand persons had taken up their journey; that many who were working good @@ -9730,7 +9730,7 @@ has no outlet; at present, however, the water runs over the basin, and finds its way into the North Fork of Feather River. At a lower stage, it admits of easy drainage, and the undertaking is already projected. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">253</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_253">253</a></span></p> <p>"Of course the most extravagant anticipations are founded on the result of this work, induced by the @@ -9769,7 +9769,7 @@ Indians, always unfriendly, have been particularly hostile, and several battles between them and the emigrants have taken place. In one of the battles, thirty Indians were killed, while the whites had several -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">254</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_254">254</a></span> wounded, but none killed. It is supposed that the assailants belonged to the Utahs. The Salt Lake City is the great refuge of the belated emigrants upon @@ -9807,7 +9807,7 @@ Oregon territory. The discovery created great excitement through the various cities and towns of Oregon, and the northern towns of California. That which is exhibited, shows an entirely different character -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">255</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_255">255</a></span> to any of that dug in the mines of California. It contains large quantities of platina, and is said to be of a richer character. The mines just discovered are @@ -9823,7 +9823,7 @@ united attractions of the two territories will operate for the benefit of both, and only tend to increase the quantity of emigration.</p> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > <h2>CHAPTER XV.</h2> <p class="center p2"> @@ -9843,7 +9843,7 @@ resources developed in a space of time which other territories less favored, would require for an infancy. We have also considered her soil, climate, productions, and population, and exhibited each subject as fully as -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">256</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_256">256</a></span> our information warranted. But in order to give a clear conception of the general character of California and her resources and capabilities, and to enable @@ -9879,7 +9879,7 @@ have been fully or certainly informed. The old common law is that to whose rules they have conformed in the older States, and which is better suited to their habits and principles of action. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">257</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_257">257</a></span></p> <p>But with her complete State organization, California has applied for admission into the Union, and from @@ -9917,7 +9917,7 @@ no Indian agent in the country. American citizens are slaughtered weekly if not daily by savages on our border. An agent of the Postoffice Department has been sent here, but his power to put into -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">258</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_258">258</a></span> successful operation a thorough mail system, commensurate with the wants of the people, has been effectually crippled from the want of an appropriation @@ -9953,7 +9953,7 @@ our own keeping, the responsibility rests not upon us, neither should the odium, if any attaches. Should Congress ever come to its senses, and do what naked justice demanded months ago, California will ever be -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">259</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_259">259</a></span> ready and proud to form one of the States of the Union; but it is asking too much that she should offer herself a willing sacrifice on the altar of demagogues."</p> @@ -9990,7 +9990,7 @@ a lively conception of the wealth of the country, and a deep consideration of the means of grasping a goodly share of it; the half-Spanish native of California, with his love of indolence, and easy of satisfaction; the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">260</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_260">260</a></span> Chilian, with the ferocity and the cowardice of the descendants of the Spaniards, and loving fandangoes and riding horses, as intensely as the Californians, @@ -10026,7 +10026,7 @@ is the most philosophical, we leave to the speculative. But it is apparent in California, that the energy of the American character is exercising a great influence on the descendants of the Spaniards. Their spirit is -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">261</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_261">261</a></span> infectious. In some of the towns upon the coast, one half of the buildings are occupied by persons who have emigrated from the Eastern States; and the @@ -10063,7 +10063,7 @@ degree to influence the prospect and the labors of the miners, is the government tax upon the foreigners who wish to work upon the public lands in digging and washing gold. The tax is certainly a just one, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">262</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_262">262</a></span> but many are of opinion that it is too high. A lighter tax would more readily receive the assent of the mass of foreigners; but whether it is not just that they @@ -10099,7 +10099,7 @@ is sent to the Atlantic States of the Union. This is but a rough estimate; but it seems warranted by the facts of the number of foreigners in the country, and the necessary current money of the residents. Certain -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">263</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_263">263</a></span> it is, that were we to judge of the quantity of gold obtained in California, by the amount received in the United States, we would fall far too short of @@ -10136,7 +10136,7 @@ contrary, these fires seem to give a new impulse to the energy and enterprise of its inhabitants, and, by impressing upon them the utility of building their houses and stores of the more substantial brick, to have -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">264</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_264">264</a></span> been of permanent benefit. Like the water of a rapid river, which, meeting with a serious obstacle in its course, is checked for the moment and then, having @@ -10174,7 +10174,7 @@ Sacramento, but in a better situation.</p> <p>One of the most interesting features of California is the number of the missions in various parts of the State. They are and will continue to be interesting, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">265</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_265">265</a></span> because of their age, and the self-denying and energetic labors with which they are connected. They were the centres, established by a few Catholic priests, @@ -10210,7 +10210,7 @@ taken from them from time to time, and now they but seem the ruins of former greatness. The beauty of the country surrounding those of the missions which are still existing, and the picturesque appearance of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">266</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_266">266</a></span> those which are in ruins make them well worthy a visit to the lover of the antiquated.</p> @@ -10247,7 +10247,7 @@ afford plentiful illustration and evidence of this assertion. Mark the differences of habit and sentiment in those States, where the means of intercourse between the inhabitants are comparatively few and far between. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">267</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_267">267</a></span> The interests of the different sections of a large State are of course, dissimilar, and produce the widest separation of feeling and opinion, which cannot be @@ -10284,7 +10284,7 @@ them, with power to negotiate and settle all claims made by them and disputes arising between them and the whites, else, a destructive war will be the consequence. They should be induced to relinquish their -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">268</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_268">268</a></span> claims to the soil of California as far as the Sierra Nevada, and receive due compensation therefor. But for the want of properly constituted agents from the @@ -10320,7 +10320,7 @@ driving the Indians with no other weapons than the stones they found on the <i>bar</i> where they were at work, but upon reaching the edge of the <i>bar</i>, they were each time obliged again to retreat. At length three of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">269</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_269">269</a></span> them, stuck full of arrows, were exhausted with loss of blood and overcome; while the other two attempted to escape by crossing the fork, one succeeding in @@ -10358,7 +10358,7 @@ slung at the back, all were prisoners. Clustered together like sheep driven to the slaughter, they hastened through the gorge with uncertain steps, the perspiration rolling off their faces now pale with fright. Many -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">270</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_270">270</a></span> of them were quite naked, and the men and boys especially, looked more like ourang-outangs than human beings.</p> @@ -10396,7 +10396,7 @@ bodies to ashes on the mountains.</p> by his highly esteemed friend, Mr. Donald Grant, a native of bonnie Scotland, who was one of our party to the mines, and an eye witness to the scene; not -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">271</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_271">271</a></span> having left on his return to San Francisco till the following day.</p> @@ -10432,7 +10432,7 @@ dying rays of the sun deserting the bloody scene, yet lingered on the mountain top, and the smoke of the discharge rolled in thick volume, like a pall over the corpses of the slain, while that solitary warrior turned -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">272</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_272">272</a></span> from his distant height, to gaze after his companions, a moment in vain. But his heart quivered with vengeance, and the thin white locks of the old man in the @@ -10470,7 +10470,7 @@ Gorgona, Cruces, and Panama. Travel has been somewhat facilitated by the addition of American boats on the Chagres River, and the provision of the mountain mules for the rough road to Panama, in sufficient -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">273</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_273">273</a></span> number to lower the price of travel and decrease the delay.</p> @@ -10507,7 +10507,7 @@ of the present Congress, that there is too much sea coast for one State to possess, and that has been made an objection to her admission into the Union, with her present boundaries. But it is of little weight at -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">274</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_274">274</a></span> this time. After the State has existed a few years, the utility of such a division as is proposed will be manifest or disproved. In the mean time, let California @@ -10544,7 +10544,7 @@ been made known throughout Texas, and the Telegraph would not be surprised to find that the emigration to the gold region of Texas, in the ensuing autumn, should exceed the emigration to California." -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">275</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_275">275</a></span></p> <p>The "consummation devoutly to be wished" has been attained. California has at length been admitted @@ -10561,7 +10561,7 @@ made by members from the Southern States to defeat the bill by adjournment and by numerous amendments, but they were unavailing. California triumphed.</p> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > <h2>CHAPTER XVI.</h2> <p class="center p2"> @@ -10580,7 +10580,7 @@ so frequent occurrence in San Francisco that all security of person and property was threatened with destruction, a meeting of citizens was called, and it was resolved to organize a Vigilance Committee, for -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">276</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_276">276</a></span> the summary trial and execution of offenders. This was an open manifestation of contempt for the constituted authorities, and they protested against it. But @@ -10617,7 +10617,7 @@ efficient colleague of the industrious and practical Senator Gwin.</p> <p>The Chinese portion of the population of California -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">277</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_277">277</a></span> has gradually become quite numerous. They have proved themselves steady, energetic and useful citizens. Gov. Bigler, however, had a different estimation @@ -10654,7 +10654,7 @@ committed all sorts of depredations with impunity. Count de Raousset-Boulbon presented himself to the Mexican Government, and offered to deliver Sonora from the red-skins with which it was infested. The -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">278</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_278">278</a></span> Mexican Government was ready to fall upon the neck of M. de Raousset-Boulbon. "I am a Frenchman. I know the country. I understand war. I will answer @@ -10690,7 +10690,7 @@ Count de Raousset-Boulbon took the frigate. The government sent Gen. Blanco, at the head of an army, against the French commander. A battle was fought, and after a short but fierce struggle, superior -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">279</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_279">279</a></span> numbers triumphed, and the French were defeated. A treaty was then negotiated, by the terms of which, Count Boulbon agreed to quit Sonora, in consideration @@ -10729,7 +10729,7 @@ terrible disaster, the San Francisco Herald of the <p>At 11½ o'clock on Tuesday evening, a fire broke out in the millinery shop of Madam Lanos, on -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">280</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_280">280</a></span> J street, near the corner of Fourth. The inspectors were counting the votes, and a numerous crowd were awaiting the decision of the judges, so that no time @@ -10761,7 +10761,7 @@ turning the fire broadside on, and in five minutes it had spread to M. street.</p> <div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_292.jpg" width="550" height="316" alt="CAFE RESTAURANT, SAN FRANCISCO—MADE OUT OF A SHIP GALLEY" /> +<img src="images/i_292.jpg" alt="CAFE RESTAURANT, SAN FRANCISCO—MADE OUT OF A SHIP GALLEY" style="width: 550px; height: 316px"> <p class="caption">CAFE RESTAURANT, SAN FRANCISCO—MADE OUT OF A SHIP GALLEY.</p> </div> @@ -10770,7 +10770,7 @@ had spread to M. street.</p> store, on the south side of J street, which proved a barrier for a time. These buildings, of wood, were built in 1849, and as combustible as powder. The -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">281</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_281">281</a></span> flames caught the wooden building opposite, and spread to the rear on I street. At this time, W. R. McCall & Co.'s building caught on the roof. The @@ -10805,7 +10805,7 @@ in number, were taken in season to the levee, and from thence to a suitable house, by Drs. Briarly and Williams. The City market, filled with hay, and the hospital, were the last on that line of the fire, where -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">282</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_282">282</a></span> the citizens effectually stopped its further progress. On F street the brick building of Reynolds & Co. made but a light barrier, the roof falling in almost @@ -10842,7 +10842,7 @@ The losses cannot be less than $5,000,000.</p> <p>On the evening of the 9th of November, another great fire occurred at San Francisco. Of this the California Whig of Nov. 10, gives the following account:— -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">283</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_283">283</a></span></p> <p>Last evening, at half past eight o'clock, our citizens were alarmed by the dreadful cry of fire, which proved @@ -10882,7 +10882,7 @@ of sparks falling upon the roofs of the frame buildings on the east side of Montgomery street, must have extended it to the whole lower side of the city. These buildings were covered with men provided with -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">284</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_284">284</a></span> wet blankets, buckets of water, and every thing necessary to extinguish the flames, should they communicate to their roofs.</p> @@ -10922,7 +10922,7 @@ dwelling. He was immediately seized with the most alarming symptoms, and in a few moments breathed his last. Dr. Guatier, who attended him in his last moments, says that it is difficult to pronounce upon -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">285</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_285">285</a></span> the cause of his death, other than that it was brought about by congestion of the brain, but what was the immediate cause of this congestion he is unable to say @@ -10961,7 +10961,7 @@ that every additional week of dry weather is of the utmost value to such as are thus engaged. Luckily for them, the present dry season has been unusually protracted, consequent upon which, the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">286</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_286">286</a></span> rivers are at an exceedingly low stage, and the success of the miner proportionate to this advantage. On the other hand, those interested in ravine and hill mining @@ -10999,7 +10999,7 @@ ore were of sizes varying from a cucumber seed up to a pumpkin seed, and all in that flat, oval shape so peculiarly characteristic of Mokelumne gold. It was sent down from the store of D. L. Angier, in -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">287</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_287">287</a></span> Calaveras county, and we are informed that the same company of six men that disposed of it, have taken out of the claim $36,000 of the same kind of specimens.</p> @@ -11041,7 +11041,7 @@ region. The following is the most important:—</p> <p>The present winter is conceded to be the most severe experienced in this country since it has been populated by Americans. During the last fortnight -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">288</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_288">288</a></span> it has been raining and snowing continually in the mountains and valleys, and we are daily in the receipt of accounts of disasters and suffering in all @@ -11078,7 +11078,7 @@ and distress already, and it is feared that many will actually die from starvation. Many miners subsist entirely on beef and potatoes, whilst in other portions of the mines there are hundreds who have nothing at -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">289</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_289">289</a></span> all but barley and potatoes. In portions of Yuba and Sierra county the snow was already ten feet deep, and still falling, and the miners actually reduced to @@ -11117,7 +11117,7 @@ their title.</p> <p>The Land Commission are making considerable progress in the adjudication of claims. Of these, the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">290</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_290">290</a></span> most important, perhaps, is that of Mr. Fremont, to a large tract of land on the head waters of the Mariposa river. The Commission recognizes his claim to @@ -11156,7 +11156,7 @@ consequently abated.</p> <p>Vallejo has been made the capital of the state. It possesses many advantages of situation, and promises to be a large city. If the government should continue -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">291</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_291">291</a></span> to have its seat there, Vallejo may prove a formidable rival to San Francisco.</p> @@ -11195,7 +11195,7 @@ has not yet been reached, for there is a great body of snow that, under the influence of the present storm, must dissolve, and find its way to the Sacramento. The latter stream also rose steadily during -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">292</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_292">292</a></span> Thursday, but still lacks some two feet of being up to the top of the levee.</p> @@ -11236,7 +11236,7 @@ previous flood known."</p> are really heart rending; death by cold and starvation has visited many poor unfortunates, while as yet the tale of horrors is but half told. It was feared -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">293</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_293">293</a></span> that as intelligence should be received from the mountains, we shall have to record the sad fate of many more.</p> @@ -11274,7 +11274,7 @@ the acquisition of California and the intervening territory, placed this Government in the position of having some of its dependencies almost inaccessible. The discovery of the gold in California, made the subject -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">294</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_294">294</a></span> of a communication with that region, of the deepest importance, and has naturally drawn the eyes of the world to the necessity of securing some safe, reliable, @@ -11309,7 +11309,7 @@ Tehuantepec route was 19 days, and the shortest 15. From New Orleans, by way of Tehuantepec, the average time would be 14 days and the shortest 12 days. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">295</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_295">295</a></span></p> <p>It is believed that spirited action on the part of our government will secure from Mexico the recognition @@ -11347,7 +11347,7 @@ About the same time, a man named Morrison, having committed a theft among the miners on Humbug Creek, was caught, and received twelve lashes on his bare back. These cases, however, occurred in wild -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">296</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_296">296</a></span> districts, where the laws of the State are but imperfectly executed, and where summary measures can alone secure the miner in possession of his hard-earned @@ -11385,7 +11385,7 @@ quieted, that the country is now considered safe for emigrants.</p> <p>Among the new and most remarkable <i>placers</i>, are -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">297</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_297">297</a></span> the gold bluffs, situated near the mouth of the Klamath river, about thirty miles north of Trinidad. The approach to them by land is over a plain of sand, @@ -11422,7 +11422,7 @@ in California. In one place where there was nothing on the surface to attract attention, on digging down the heat increased so rapidly that at the depth of two feet he could not bear his hand in the earth, and the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">298</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_298">298</a></span> thermometer indicated a temperature of 130 degrees. At another place, after wandering for four days through dense thickets, he came upon a chasm a thousand @@ -11458,7 +11458,7 @@ house duties. In 1852, however, Congress passed an act, creating a branch mint of the United States in California: and to this act was appended a clause, repealing the act which authorized the office of Assayer, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">299</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_299">299</a></span> as soon as public notice was given of the creation of the branch mint. In consequence of this legislation, the Assayer's office was abolished, and @@ -11493,18 +11493,18 @@ strike the Pacific at San Diego. Its entire length would not exceed sixteen hundred miles, whilst it would have the advantages, as alleged by the report, of passing through a section in which universal summer -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">300</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_300">300</a></span> prevails, and of affording opportunities for lateral roads connecting with the cities of Mexico, through which a large trade might be obtained. The subject has been brought to the consideration of Congress, and that body has prudently appropriated a large sum for a survey of the various routes proposed. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">301</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_301">301</a></span></p> <h2 class="p4">APPENDIX.</h2> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > <p class="center p2"><span class="smcap">Appendix A.</span></p> @@ -11530,7 +11530,7 @@ and schedule.</p> for themselves, and to designate such officers as they desire, to make and execute the laws. That their choice may be wisely made, and that the government -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">302</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_302">302</a></span> so organized may secure the permanent welfare and happiness of the people of the new State, is the sincere and earnest wish of the present Executive, @@ -11549,7 +11549,7 @@ October, A.D., 1849.</p> <p class="i4">Brevet Captain and Secretary of State.</p> -<hr class="l15" /> +<hr class="l15" > <p class="hanging"> WE THE PEOPLE OF CALIFORNIA, GRATEFUL TO ALMIGHTY @@ -11571,7 +11571,7 @@ Government is instituted for the protection, security, and benefit of the people; and they have the right to alter or reform the same, whenever the public good may require it. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">303</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_303">303</a></span></p> <p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> The right of trial by jury shall be secured to all, and remain inviolate for ever; but a jury trial @@ -11612,7 +11612,7 @@ larceny under the regulation of the Legislature,) unless on presentment or indictment of a grand jury; and in any trial in any court whatever, the party accused shall be allowed to appear and defend in person -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">304</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_304">304</a></span> and with counsel, as in civil actions. No person shall be subject to be twice put in jeopardy for the same offence; nor shall he be compelled, in any criminal @@ -11651,7 +11651,7 @@ longer time than two years.</p> quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, except in the manner to be prescribed by law. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">305</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_305">305</a></span></p> <p><span class="smcap">Sec. 14.</span> Representation shall be apportioned according to population.</p> @@ -11693,7 +11693,7 @@ court.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Sec. 21.</span> This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to impair or deny others retained by the people. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">306</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_306">306</a></span></p> <h3 class="p2">ARTICLE II.</h3> @@ -11732,7 +11732,7 @@ service of the United States; nor while engaged in the navigation of the waters of this State, or of the United States, or of the high seas; nor while a student of any seminary of learning; nor while kept at any -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">307</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_307">307</a></span> almshouse, or other asylum, at public expense; nor while confined in any public prison.</p> @@ -11774,7 +11774,7 @@ unless the Governor of the State shall, in the interim, convene the Legislature by proclamation.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> The members of the Assembly shall be -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">308</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_308">308</a></span> chosen annually, by the qualified electors of their respective districts, on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November, unless otherwise ordered @@ -11815,7 +11815,7 @@ quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each house may provide. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">309</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_309">309</a></span></p> <p><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> Each house shall determine the rules of its own proceedings, and may with the concurrence @@ -11858,7 +11858,7 @@ to the Governor. If he approve it, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the house in which it originated, which shall enter the same upon the journal, and proceed to reconsider -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">310</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_310">310</a></span> it. If, after such reconsideration, it again pass both houses, by yeas and nays, by a majority of two-thirds of the members of each house present, it @@ -11891,7 +11891,7 @@ in office, in such manner as the Legislature may provide.</p> <div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_324.jpg" width="361" height="600" alt="CROSSING THE ISTHMUS" /> +<img src="images/i_324.jpg" alt="CROSSING THE ISTHMUS" style="width: 361px; height: 600px"> <p class="caption">CROSSING THE ISTHMUS.</p> </div> @@ -11900,7 +11900,7 @@ during the term for which he shall have been elected, be appointed to any civil office of profit, under this State, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased, during such -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">311</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_311">311</a></span> term, except such office as may be filled by elections by the people.</p> @@ -11938,7 +11938,7 @@ have been elected.</p> shall embrace but one object, and that shall be expressed in the title; and no law shall be revised, or amended, by reference to its title; but in such case, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">312</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_312">312</a></span> the act revised, or section amended, shall be re-enacted and published at length.</p> @@ -11977,7 +11977,7 @@ nor more than eighty.</p> assembly district, shall be composed of two or more counties, it shall not be separated by any county belonging to another district; and no county shall be -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">313</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_313">313</a></span> divided, in forming a congressional, senatorial, or assembly district.</p> @@ -12019,7 +12019,7 @@ liable for his proportion of all its debts and liabilities.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Sec. 37.</span> It shall be the duty of the Legislature to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">314</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_314">314</a></span> provide for the organization of cities and incorporated villages, and to restrict their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts, and @@ -12059,7 +12059,7 @@ who shall, during the first week of the session, open and publish them in presence of both houses of the Legislature. The person having the highest number of votes shall be Governor; but in case any two or -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">315</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_315">315</a></span> more have an equal and the highest number of votes, the Legislature shall by joint-vote of both houses, choose one of said persons, so having an equal and @@ -12101,7 +12101,7 @@ the Governor shall have power to adjourn the Legislature to such time as he may think proper; Provided it be not beyond the time fixed for the meeting of the next Legislature. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">316</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_316">316</a></span></p> <p><span class="smcap">Sec. 12.</span> No person shall, while holding any office under the United States, or this State, exercise the @@ -12141,7 +12141,7 @@ the Secretary of State.</p> at the same time and place, and in the same manner as the Governor; and his term of office, and his qualifications, shall also be the same. He shall be President -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">317</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_317">317</a></span> of the Senate, but shall only have a casting vote therein. If, during a vacancy of the office of Governor, the Lieutenant-Governor shall be impeached, @@ -12179,7 +12179,7 @@ required, lay the same, and all matters relative thereto, before either branch of the Legislature: and shall perform such other duties as shall be assigned him by law. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">318</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_318">318</a></span></p> <p><span class="smcap">Sec. 20.</span> The Comptroller, Treasurer, Attorney-General and Surveyor-General, shall be chosen by @@ -12217,7 +12217,7 @@ be elected at the general election, by the qualified electors of the State, and shall hold their office for the term of six years from the first day of January next after their election; provided that the Legislature -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">319</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_319">319</a></span> shall, at its first meeting, elect a Chief Justice and two Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, by joint vote of both houses, and so classify them that @@ -12255,7 +12255,7 @@ office for the term of six years.</p> jurisdiction, in law and equity, in all civil cases where the amount in dispute exceeds two hundred dollars, exclusive of interest. In all criminal cases not otherwise -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">320</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_320">320</a></span> provided for, and in all issues of fact joined in the probate courts, their jurisdiction shall be unlimited.</p> @@ -12296,7 +12296,7 @@ of office.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Sec. 12.</span> The Legislature shall provide for the speedy publication of all statute laws, and of such judicial decisions as it may deem expedient; and all -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">321</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_321">321</a></span> laws and judicial decisions shall be free for publication by any person.</p> @@ -12336,7 +12336,7 @@ during the term for which they shall have been elected.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Sec. 17.</span> Judges shall not charge juries with respect to matters of fact, but may state the testimony and declare the law. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">322</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_322">322</a></span></p> <p><span class="smcap">Sec. 18.</span> The style of all process shall be "The People of the State of California;" the prosecutions @@ -12376,7 +12376,7 @@ specified therein, which law shall provide ways and means, exclusive of loans, for the payment of the interest of such debt or liability, as it falls due, and also pay and discharge the principal of such debt or -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">323</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_323">323</a></span> liability within twenty years from the time of the contracting thereof, and shall be irrepealable until the principal and interest thereon shall be paid and discharged; @@ -12413,7 +12413,7 @@ acres of land granted to the new States, under an act of Congress distributing the proceeds of the public lands among the several States of the Union, approved A.D. 1841; and all estates of deceased persons who -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">324</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_324">324</a></span> may have died without leaving a will, or heir, and also such per cent. as may be granted by Congress on the sale of lands in this State, shall be and remain a @@ -12447,7 +12447,7 @@ And it shall be the duty of the Legislature, as soon as may be, to provide effectual means for the improvement and permanent security of the funds of said University. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">325</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_325">325</a></span></p> <h3 class="p2">ARTICLE X.</h3> @@ -12484,7 +12484,7 @@ and if it shall appear that a majority of the electors voting at such election have voted in favor of calling a convention, the Legislature shall, at its next session, provide by law for calling a convention, to be holden -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">326</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_326">326</a></span> within six months after the passage of such law; and such convention shall consist of a number of members not less than that of both branches of the Legislature.</p> @@ -12523,7 +12523,7 @@ duties of the office of ——, according to the best of my ability." And no other oath, declaration, or test, shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">327</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_327">327</a></span></p> <p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> The Legislature shall establish a system of county and town governments, which shall be as @@ -12567,7 +12567,7 @@ in such manner, and in such courts, as shall be directed by law.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Sec. 12.</span> No contract of marriage, if otherwise -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">328</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_328">328</a></span> duly made, shall be invalidated, for want of conformity to the requirements of any religious sect.</p> @@ -12608,7 +12608,7 @@ who shall hereafter be convicted of bribery, perjury, forgery, or other high crimes. The privilege of free suffrage shall be supported by laws regulating elections, and prohibiting, under adequate penalties, all -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">329</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_329">329</a></span> undue influence thereon, from power, bribery, tumult, or other improper practice.</p> @@ -12648,7 +12648,7 @@ thence running in a north-westerly direction, and following the direction of the Pacific coast to the 42d degree of north latitude; thence on the line of said 42d degree of north latitude to the place of beginning. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">330</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_330">330</a></span> Also all the islands, harbors and bays, along and adjacent to the Pacific coast.</p> @@ -12689,7 +12689,7 @@ of the adoption thereof.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> This Constitution shall be submitted to the people, for their ratification or rejection, at the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">331</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_331">331</a></span> general election to be held on Tuesday, the thirteenth day of November next. The Executive of the existing government of California is hereby requested to @@ -12724,7 +12724,7 @@ case may be, of their respective districts; and said Prefect, Sub-Prefect, or senior Judge of First Instance shall transmit one of the same, by the most safe and rapid conveyance, to the Secretary of State. Upon -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">332</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_332">332</a></span> the receipt of said returns, or on the tenth day of December next, if the returns be not sooner received, it shall be the duty of a board of canvassers, to consist @@ -12762,7 +12762,7 @@ people of California, the Legislature shall assemble at the seat of government, on the fifteenth day of December next, and in order to complete the organization of that body, the Senate shall elect a President -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">333</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_333">333</a></span> <i>pro tempore</i>, until the Lieutenant-Governor shall be installed into office.</p> @@ -12801,7 +12801,7 @@ as directed by this Constitution, the following shall be the apportionment of the two houses of the Legislature, viz: the districts of San Diego and Los Angeles shall jointly elect two senators; the districts -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">334</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_334">334</a></span> of Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo shall jointly elect one senator; the district of Monterey, one senator; the district of San Jose, one senator; the @@ -12838,18 +12838,18 @@ at the first election.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Sec. 16.</span> The limitation of the powers of the Legislature, contained in article 8th of this Constitution, shall not extend to the first Legislature elected -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">335</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_335">335</a></span> under the same, which is hereby authorized to negotiate for such amount as may be necessary to pay the expenses of the State government.</p> <p class="left45"> -<span class="i3">R. SEMPLE,</span><br /> -President of the Convention<br /> +<span class="i3">R. SEMPLE,</span><br > +President of the Convention<br > <span class="i2">and Delegate from Benecia.</span></p> <p><span class="smcap i3">Wm. G. Marcy</span>, Secretary.</p> -<table summary="Signed" class="signers"> +<table class="signers"> <tr> <td>J. Aram,</td><td>B. S. Lippincott,</td> </tr> @@ -12924,7 +12924,7 @@ President of the Convention<br /> </tr> </table> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">336</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_336">336</a></span></p> <h3 class="p2">B.</h3> @@ -12962,7 +12962,7 @@ for the public weal.</p> <p>It cannot be denied that a difference of opinion was entertained in the convention, as to the policy and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">337</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_337">337</a></span> expediency of several measures embodied in the Constitution; but looking to the great interests of the State of California, the peace, happiness, and prosperity @@ -12999,7 +12999,7 @@ enslaved, who knew and dared maintain the co-relative rights and obligations of free and independent citizens. A knowledge of the laws—their moral force and efficacy, thus becomes an essential element of freedom -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">338</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_338">338</a></span> and makes public education of primary importance. In this view, the Constitution of California provides for, and guarantees in the most ample manner, the @@ -13034,7 +13034,7 @@ when every citizen of California, shall find himself secure in life, liberty, and property—all will unite in the cordial support of institutions, which are not only the pride and boast of every true-hearted citizen of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">339</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_339">339</a></span> Union, but have gone forth, a guiding light to every people groping through the gloom of religious superstition or political fanaticism—institutions, which even @@ -13071,13 +13071,13 @@ intended to secure the peace, happiness and prosperity of the whole people, but that their numerical and political strength may be made manifest, and the world see by what majority of freemen California, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">340</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_340">340</a></span> the bright star of the West, claims a place in the diadem of that glorious republic, formed by the Union of thirty-one sovereign States.</p> <p class="left25">(Signed)</p> -<table summary="Signers" class="signers"> +<table class="signers"> <tr> <td>Joseph Aram,</td><td>Edw. Gilbert,</td> </tr> @@ -13172,10 +13172,10 @@ of thirty-one sovereign States.</p> </tr> </table> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">341</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_341">341</a></span></p> <div class="figcenter p4"> -<img src="images/i_356.jpg" width="550" height="256" alt="GOLD ROCKER, WASHING PAN, AND GOLD BORER" /> +<img src="images/i_356.jpg" alt="GOLD ROCKER, WASHING PAN, AND GOLD BORER" style="width: 550px; height: 256px"> <p class="caption">GOLD ROCKER, WASHING PAN, AND GOLD BORER.</p> </div> @@ -13216,7 +13216,7 @@ services.</p> <p>With a view to the faithful execution of the treaty, so far as lay in the power of the Executive, and to enable Congress to act, at the present session, with as -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">342</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_342">342</a></span> full knowledge and as little difficulty as possible, on all matters of interest in these Territories, I sent the honorable Thomas Butler King as bearer of despatches @@ -13253,7 +13253,7 @@ the Executive.</p> <p>I am unable to give any information as to laws passed by any supposed government in California, or -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">343</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_343">343</a></span> of any census taken in either of the Territories mentioned in the resolution, as I have no information on those subjects.</p> @@ -13291,7 +13291,7 @@ length, which may elapse before the admission of the Territories ceded by Mexico as States, it appears probable that similar excitement will prevail to an undue extent. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">344</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_344">344</a></span></p> <p>Under these circumstances, I thought, and still think, that it was my duty to endeavor to put it in @@ -13330,7 +13330,7 @@ Constitution would have afforded the means of obtaining an adjustment of the question of boundary with Texas by a judicial decision. At present, however, no judicial tribunal has the power of deciding that -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">345</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_345">345</a></span> question, and it remains for Congress to devise some mode for its adjustment. Meanwhile, I submit to Congress the question whether it would be expedient, @@ -13366,7 +13366,7 @@ that they are a conquered people, and must, as a State, submit to the will of their conquerors in this regard, will meet with no cordial response among American freemen. Great numbers of them are native -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">346</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_346">346</a></span> citizens of the United States not inferior to the rest of our countrymen in intelligence and patriotism; and no language of menace, to restrain them in the @@ -13402,7 +13402,7 @@ blessings, and the hope of future peace and prosperity, every dictate of wisdom, every feeling of duty, and every emotion of patriotism, tend to inspire fidelity and devotion to it, and admonish us cautiously to avoid -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">347</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_347">347</a></span> any unnecessary controversy which can either endanger it or impair its strength, the chief element of which is to be found in the regard and affection of the @@ -13443,7 +13443,7 @@ of Senor Pacheco, and struck the San Joaquin River near the mouth of the Merced; and, after visiting Major Miller's camp on the Stanislaus, we proceeded to examine the principal placers on the tributaries of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">348</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_348">348</a></span> that river and of the Tuolumne. These washings or diggings have been among the richest and most productive in California.</p> @@ -13481,7 +13481,7 @@ great portion of the valley of the Joaquin is so barren as scarcely to afford subsistence for our animals, and can never be of much value for agricultural purposes. There, however, is, some excellent land on the east -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">349</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_349">349</a></span> side of that river, bordering its large tributaries. A considerable portion of the valleys of the Moquelume, Seco, Cosumnes, and American Rivers is also well @@ -13516,7 +13516,7 @@ but the enormous prices paid for fruit and vegetables in the towns will undoubtedly induce many, during the coming year, to turn their attention to the cultivation of the soil. The failure on the part of Congress, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">350</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_350">350</a></span> at its last session, to authorize the sale of public lands in California, has proved detrimental to the agricultural interest of the country.</p> @@ -13553,7 +13553,7 @@ to government, can be subject to the pre-emption claims of private individuals, in the same manner as the uncultivated lands of the public domain. It is, however, important for the interest of the country that -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">351</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_351">351</a></span> these mission lands be brought into market with the least possible delay, and also that provision be made by law for the settlement and sale of other public lands @@ -13590,7 +13590,7 @@ character, or led to serious results. Alcaldes have probably in some cases, and under peculiar circumstances, exercised judicial powers which were never conferred upon them by law; but the general result -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">352</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_352">352</a></span> has been favorable to the preservation of order and the dispensation of justice.</p> @@ -13627,7 +13627,7 @@ entire population now in the mining district is much greater than that number; but many are engaged in mercantile pursuits and in transporting goods and provisions, while others employ much of their time in -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">353</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_353">353</a></span> "prospecting," or looking for newer and richer localities.</p> <p>I also found that the reports which had reached me @@ -13662,7 +13662,7 @@ The great influx of people from the southern portion of this continent was diminishing the price of labor in the towns near the northern rivers, and the large number of pack animals brought from Lower California -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">354</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_354">354</a></span> and Sonora was producing a corresponding reduction in the expenses of transportation.</p> @@ -13702,7 +13702,7 @@ doubtful policy.</p> opinion on the question of expelling foreigners, I have uniformly told them that no persons, native Americans or foreigners, have any legal right to dig gold in the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">355</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_355">355</a></span> public lands; but that, until the government of the United States should act in the matter, they would not be molested in their pursuits; that I could not @@ -13742,7 +13742,7 @@ way.</p> <p>In the month of April last, the agent in the Sacramento valley reported that a body of Oregonians and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">356</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_356">356</a></span> mountaineers had committed most horrible barbarities on the defenceless Indians in that vicinity.</p> @@ -13783,7 +13783,7 @@ appointed delegates to meet in general convention at this place on the 1st proximo, to form a State Constitution or plan of territorial government, which will be submitted to the people for their ratification, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">357</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_357">357</a></span> transmitted to Washington for the action of Congress.</p> <p>Most of the local and judicial officers named in my @@ -13823,7 +13823,7 @@ of retaining prisoners in custody has led, in some instances, to immediate and summary executions.</p> <p>This evil calls for an immediate remedy, which will -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">358</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_358">358</a></span> be afforded, so far as the means at my disposal will admit.</p> @@ -13863,7 +13863,7 @@ collectors in the ports where military officers had temporarily performed those duties, and collected the customs on all foreign goods, in accordance with the provisions of the tariff of 1846, while the commander -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">359</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_359">359</a></span> of the Pacific squadron continued the direction of all matters relating to port regulations. A double necessity impelled the governor to this course. The @@ -13898,7 +13898,7 @@ taxes, this fund forms my only means of carrying on the government. The necessity of employing these officers, and of paying them the full salaries authorized by law under the existing state of affairs, is too obvious -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">360</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_360">360</a></span> to require comment. I have pledged myself to pay these salaries from the "civil fund," unless forbidden to do so by direct orders from Washington; @@ -13930,15 +13930,15 @@ of supplying the civil treasury. These collectors have not yet arrived, but are daily expected.</p> <p class="left25"> -Very respectfully, your obedient servant,<br /> +Very respectfully, your obedient servant,<br > <span class="left25">BENNET RILEY,</span></p> -<p class="left25"><span class="i2"><i>Brevet Brig. Gen. U.S. Army,</i></span><br /> +<p class="left25"><span class="i2"><i>Brevet Brig. Gen. U.S. Army,</i></span><br > <span class="i3"><i>and Governor of California</i>.</span></p> -<p>Major-General <span class="smcap">R. Jones</span>,<br /> +<p>Major-General <span class="smcap">R. Jones</span>,<br > <i>Adjutant-General of the Army, Washington, D.C.</i></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">361</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_361">361</a></span></p> <h3 class="p2"><span class="smcap">E</span></h3> @@ -13951,7 +13951,7 @@ on the Straits of Karquinez, as a military and naval station.</p> <p class="left45"> -<span class="smcap">Headquarters Third Division</span>,<br /> +<span class="smcap">Headquarters Third Division</span>,<br > <span class="i2"><i>San Francisco, April 5, 1849</i>.</span></p> <p><span class="smcap">General</span>:—Since my last communication no troops @@ -13980,7 +13980,7 @@ when they come occasionally from southward, it is in violent gales, with severe squalls and thunder, rendering it very dangerous to be in the gulf then. In other words, it is always difficult to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">362</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_362">362</a></span> run up the gulf, but almost always easy to run south. These circumstances render the employment of steam vessels very advantageous. If the navigation of the @@ -14018,7 +14018,7 @@ a bad landing-place, bad water, no supplies of provisions, an inclement climate, and it is cut off from the rest of the country, except by a long circuit around the southern extremity of the bay. In time -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">363</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_363">363</a></span> of war, enemies' troops could be landed for many miles south of the entrance of the bay on the sea beach, and thus cut it off by a short line across the @@ -14056,7 +14056,7 @@ responsibility.</p> of the ports of the Pacific—and they allege in support of it the advice of some of our consuls—that in virtue of the circular of the Secretary of the Treasury -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">364</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_364">364</a></span> of October 30, as the Treasury Department could not collect duties on imports in California, their goods, though dutiable, could be imported without paying @@ -14094,7 +14094,7 @@ on which there were no accommodations.</p> fleet to put up some berths, and on General Adair's (the collector's) representation, that no bedding could be procured, I directed the quartermaster to issue him -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">365</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_365">365</a></span> the necessary number of blankets for the voyage, and take his receipt for them. I respectfully ask that this may be approved, and the amount charged to @@ -14131,7 +14131,7 @@ in drops, which have often the form of the leaves and gravel on which they have fallen. I speak of this as an appearance, not as a theory or hypothesis. The extent ascertained within which gold is thus found is -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">366</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_366">366</a></span> at least four hundred miles long by forty wide; in almost every part of which, where the surface is depressed by the beds of rivers, gold has been obtained @@ -14170,7 +14170,7 @@ per day; many receive $10.</p> <p>The extent and richness of the gold region have not been exaggerated; and the exorbitant prices paid -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">367</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_367">367</a></span> for labor, rent, and subsistence, have hardly been fully set forth. But all the estimates of the amount actually produced are but mere suppositions, which @@ -14195,14 +14195,14 @@ instance would be the desertion of the men.</p> <p> I am, with respect, your obedient servant,</p> -<p class="left45"><span class="i2">PERSIFOR F. SMITH,</span><br /> +<p class="left45"><span class="i2">PERSIFOR F. SMITH,</span><br > <i>Brevet Major-General, commanding 3d Division</i>.</p> -<p>Brigadier-General R. Jones,<br /> +<p>Brigadier-General R. Jones,<br > <span class="i2"><i>Adjutant-General</i>.</span> </p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">368</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_368">368</a></span></p> <h3 class="p2"><span class="smcap">Appendix F.</span></h3> @@ -14244,7 +14244,7 @@ in command at Santa Fe.</p> <p>It cannot be determined how far this additional force will be behind that designed for the Santa Fe -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">369</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_369">369</a></span> expedition, but it will not probably be more than a few weeks. When you arrive at Santa Fe with the force already called, and shall have taken possession @@ -14280,7 +14280,7 @@ against California. You are hereby authorized to muster into service such as can be induced to volunteer; not, however, to a number exceeding one-third of your entire force. Should they enter the service -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">370</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_370">370</a></span> they will be paid as other volunteers, and you can allow them to designate, so far as it can be properly done, the persons to act as officers thereof. It is understood @@ -14312,7 +14312,7 @@ It is hoped that this information may prove to be correct.</p> <div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_388.jpg" width="550" height="343" alt="GAMBLING SCENE AT SAN FRANCISCO" /> +<img src="images/i_388.jpg" alt="GAMBLING SCENE AT SAN FRANCISCO" style="width: 550px; height: 343px"> <p class="caption">GAMBLING SCENE AT SAN FRANCISCO.</p> </div> @@ -14322,7 +14322,7 @@ transporting baggage, is a point to be well considered. Should the President be disappointed in his cherished hope that you will be able to reach the interior of Upper California before winter, you are then desired -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">371</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_371">371</a></span> to make the best arrangement you can for sustaining your forces during the winter, and for an early movement in the spring. Though it is very desirable that @@ -14359,7 +14359,7 @@ maintain the necessary officers, without yielding any revenue to the government. You may assure the people of those provinces, that it is the wish and design of the United States to provide for them a free -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">372</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_372">372</a></span> government with the least possible delay, similar to that which exists in our territories. They will then be called on to exercise the rights of freemen in @@ -14395,16 +14395,16 @@ as soon as you commence your movement towards California, and sent round to you by sea or over the country, or to the care of the commandant of our squadron in the Pacific. In that way cannon, arms, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">373</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_373">373</a></span> ammunition, and supplies for the land forces will be sent to you.</p> <p class="left45"> -Very respectfully, your obedient servant,<br /> -<span class="i10">W. L. MARCY,</span><br /> +Very respectfully, your obedient servant,<br > +<span class="i10">W. L. MARCY,</span><br > <span class="i10"><i>Secretary of War</i>.</span></p> -<p>Colonel <span class="smcap">S. W. Kearny</span>.<br /> +<p>Colonel <span class="smcap">S. W. Kearny</span>.<br > <span class="i2"><i>Fort Leavenworth, Missouri.</i></span></p> @@ -14435,7 +14435,7 @@ from which time my force consisted of twenty-seven marines and fifteen seamen, of whom five were on the sick report, besides some twenty volunteers, Californians, who at least served to swell the numbers. From -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">374</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_374">374</a></span> that date the enemy were continually in sight of us, intercepting all communication with the interior, and driving off all the cattle from the neighborhood. A @@ -14470,7 +14470,7 @@ down and brought up a number of articles belonging to the Californians, who were in the cuartel; some distant firing took place, but no injury was sustained. On the same day, hearing there were some stores of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">375</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_375">375</a></span> rice and tobacco in a house some three hundred yards down the main street, I determined upon an effort to obtain them, and sallied out with thirty men: these @@ -14506,7 +14506,7 @@ sharp shooters, sending their balls continually through our port-holes. On the 11th the fire was warm, but on our part it was rarely that we could get a sight of them. In the afternoon of this day we had to lament -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">376</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_376">376</a></span> the death of Passed Midshipman McLanahan, attached to the United States ship Cyane; a ball striking him in the right side of the neck, a little below the thyroid @@ -14541,7 +14541,7 @@ place: there was a continual fire kept up upon the cuartel during the day. At three o'clock, 30 minutes P.M., a sail was reported in sight, which proved to be the United Ship Cyane. She anchored after sundown. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">377</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_377">377</a></span> It was of course a joyful sight to us to see friends so near; but I was apprehensive that they could render us but little assistance, the enemy being @@ -14576,7 +14576,7 @@ fortunately for us in our harassed situation. They had but four wounded; this cannot be termed any thing but the most remarkably good luck, considering the severe fire that this heroic little band were exposed -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">378</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_378">378</a></span> to. The loss of the enemy we have not positively ascertained: we hear of thirteen killed, with certainty, and general report says thirty-five; @@ -14610,19 +14610,19 @@ horses) a quantity of stores and articles of which we stood most in need, among the rest, bread, and has since been unceasing in his exertions for our relief. I cannot too earnestly express the obligations which we are under -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">379</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_379">379</a></span> for the prompt and efficient assistance which Captain Dupont, his officers, and crew have rendered us.</p> <p> I am, sir, respectfully, your obedient servant,</p> -<p class="left45"><span class="i6">CHAS. HEYWOOD,</span><br /> +<p class="left45"><span class="i6">CHAS. HEYWOOD,</span><br > <i>Lieutenant U.S. Navy, com'g., San Jose</i>.</p> -<p><span class="i1">Lieut.</span> Col. <span class="smcap">Henry S. Burton</span>,<br /> +<p><span class="i1">Lieut.</span> Col. <span class="smcap">Henry S. Burton</span>,<br > <i>U.S. Army, com'g. troops in Lower California</i>.</p> -<p class="left45"><span class="i6">W. T. SHERMAN,</span><br /> +<p class="left45"><span class="i6">W. T. SHERMAN,</span><br > <i>First Lieutenant 3d Artillery, A.A.A. General</i>.</p> <h3 class="p2">H.</h3> @@ -14649,7 +14649,7 @@ and men; Lieutenant Halleck, United States engineers, acting chief of staff, and Passed Midshipman Duncan, United States navy, temporarily attached to the mounted portion of Captain Naglee's command. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">380</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_380">380</a></span></p> <p>The afternoon of the 27th, a party of fifteen men captured, in San Antonio, Pineda, the commander of @@ -14688,7 +14688,7 @@ musket range, when it was delivered with great effect, and the enemy retreated very rapidly, after a short but sharp engagement. At this time, Captain Naglee being near Todos Santos, and hearing the firing, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">381</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_381">381</a></span> attacked the enemy in rear, and after a severe action completed their dispersion. Our men and horses being too much fatigued by their long march to pursue @@ -14728,7 +14728,7 @@ with Captain Dupont, commanding United States sloop-of-war Cyane. He returned here on the 11th instant, having captured ten prisoners on his march, and taken a number of arms. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">382</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_382">382</a></span></p> <p>From him I learn that the naval force at San José have thirty odd prisoners, and among others "Mauricio @@ -14762,16 +14762,16 @@ United States, for their protection.</p> <p>I am, sir, with much respect, your obedient servant,</p> -<p class="left45"><span class="i4">HENRY S. BURTON,</span><br /> +<p class="left45"><span class="i4">HENRY S. BURTON,</span><br > <i>Lieutenant Colonel New York Volunteers</i>.</p> -<p>Lieutenant <span class="smcap">W. T. Sherman</span>,<br /> +<p>Lieutenant <span class="smcap">W. T. Sherman</span>,<br > <span class="i2"><i>Act. Ass. Adjt. Gen. Tenth Mil. Dep.</i></span></p> -<p class="left45"><span class="i6">W. T. SHERMAN,</span><br /> +<p class="left45"><span class="i6">W. T. SHERMAN,</span><br > <i>First Lieut. 3d Artillery A.A.A. General</i>.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">383</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_383">383</a></span></p> <h3 class="p2"><span class="smcap">Appendix I.</span></h3> @@ -14810,7 +14810,7 @@ of Major Hardie's command will be to improve their quarters at the old presidio. This they are at present engaged upon, using lumber made at the horse saw-mill, under direction of the assistant quartermaster, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">384</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_384">384</a></span> Captain Folsom. All this labor is done by the volunteers, so that the improvements will be made at very little expense to the government. The price of lumber @@ -14848,7 +14848,7 @@ at Monterey.</p> <p>When on my way up to San Francisco, I was overtaken by Captain Brown, of the Mormon battalion, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">385</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_385">385</a></span> who had arrived from Fort Hall, where he had left his detachment of the battalion, to come to California to report to me in person. He brought a muster-roll @@ -14885,7 +14885,7 @@ on the coast of California; but when the stores are received that are now on their way, there will be an ample supply for the coming winter. The crops in this country have been very fine this season, and at -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">386</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_386">386</a></span> present wheat is plenty and cheap at San Francisco. Beef is also plenty. Beans can be purchased at the southern ports, and sugar imported from the Sandwich @@ -14921,7 +14921,7 @@ and winter. Such articles as good blankets, cloth overcoats, caps, jackets, overalls, stockings, and shoes with stout shirts and drawers, are the only ones that will ever be needed here. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">387</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_387">387</a></span></p> <p>General orders No. 10, of 1847, promotes Lieutenant Loeser, third artillery, and orders him to join @@ -14960,7 +14960,7 @@ Brackett's company, seventh regiment New York volunteers, to one captain and one second lieutenant.</p> <p>Commodore Shubrick will sail for the west coast of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">388</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_388">388</a></span> Mexico from this harbor next week; and having made application to me, I have directed Lieutenant Halleck, of the engineer corps, to accompany him, and shall @@ -14991,13 +14991,13 @@ common cause of our country.</p> <p>I have the honor to be, your most obedient servant,</p> -<p class="left45"><span class="i4">R. B. MASON,</span><br /> +<p class="left45"><span class="i4">R. B. MASON,</span><br > <i>Colonel 1st Dragoons, Commanding</i>.</p> -<p>To General R. Jones,<br /> +<p>To General R. Jones,<br > <span class="i2"><i>Adjutant-General, Washington, D.C.</i></span></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">389</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_389">389</a></span></p> <h3 class="p2"><span class="smcap">Appendix J.</span></h3> @@ -15036,7 +15036,7 @@ for any imprudent or indiscreet act of their countrymen, and that, at the first appearance of any disrespect to the American authorities, I should arrest and confine them in the guard-house. This had the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">390</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_390">390</a></span> effect to check all excitement here; but as Don Pio removed up the country, the same excitement began to spread among the rancheros. In the mean time, @@ -15072,7 +15072,7 @@ similar to those given Adjutant Bonnycastle. About five o'clock on Tuesday morning I received a visit from a gentleman named Reed, living at the mission of San Gabriel, who informed me that Don Pio Pico -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">391</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_391">391</a></span> had arrived at his house quite late in the evening of Monday, on his way to San Fernando. Reed inquired if he did not intend reporting to me in person; he @@ -15107,7 +15107,7 @@ ratified. He says the Mexican government did not answer any of his communications; and the moment he saw the armistice published in a newspaper, he determined to return home, as he supposed he could -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">392</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_392">392</a></span> return with credit, under the stipulations of the armistice. He brings with him no other authority for his return, and says he desires to live peaceably, @@ -15142,18 +15142,18 @@ make you. He left town on Wednesday morning very early, as obscurely as he had entered it; and those who advised him to assume the bombastic tone he did upon his first arrival, have done him irreparable injury -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">393</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_393">393</a></span> for he is now ridiculed by many who before entertained a high respect for him.</p> <p>I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</p> -<p class="left45"><span class="i10">J. D. STEVENSON,</span><br /> +<p class="left45"><span class="i10">J. D. STEVENSON,</span><br > <i>Colonel 1st New York Regiment, commanding S. M. District</i>.</p> -<p>Colonel R. B. Mason,<br /> +<p>Colonel R. B. Mason,<br > <span class="i2"><i>1st U. Dragoons, Governor of California</i>.</span></p> <p>P. S.—Since writing the above, I have received the @@ -15168,10 +15168,10 @@ an eye on him, and if I find he is preaching sedition, I will bring him in here at short notice.</p> <p class="left65"> -J. D. STEVENSON,<br /> +J. D. STEVENSON,<br > <span class="i2"><i>Colonel, commanding</i>.</span></p> -<p><span class="i2">W. T. SHERMAN,</span><br /> +<p><span class="i2">W. T. SHERMAN,</span><br > <i>First Lieutenant 3d Artillery, A.A.A. General</i>.</p> <h3 class="p2"><span class="smcap">Appendix K.</span></h3> @@ -15183,7 +15183,7 @@ place. The despatch of that officer, dated 30th of June, following his assuming the duties of his post, is important, as containing an account of the state of feeling in California, upon the subject of the laws at -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">394</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_394">394</a></span> that time in force, and the difficulties with various assemblies elected in the northern part of the territories.</p> @@ -15220,7 +15220,7 @@ no doubt that the convention will meet on the first of September next and form a State Constitution, to be submitted to Congress in the early part of the coming session. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">395</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_395">395</a></span></p> <p>A few prefer a territorial organization, but I think a majority will be in favor of a State government, so @@ -15257,7 +15257,7 @@ of the 4th instant. Since then I have made a personal visit to San Francisco, and find that the more respectable members of the so-called district assembly are convinced of the impropriety of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">396</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_396">396</a></span> course pursued by that body, and in a very short time I think all the difficulties will be amicably arranged. These difficulties arose in part from a misapprehension @@ -15293,7 +15293,7 @@ the allegiance of those who remain in it; and the law which may be denominated political is necessarily changed, although that which regulates the intercourse and general conduct of individuals remains in force -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">397</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_397">397</a></span> until altered by the newly-created power of the State.</p> @@ -15331,7 +15331,7 @@ greater regularity and efficiency.</p> amicable feeling existing between the Americans and foreigners in the gold regions, and that the former are disposed to forcibly expel the latter from the placer -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">398</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_398">398</a></span> districts. I shall soon visit the valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, and hope to be able to report upon the true state of affairs there by the August @@ -15366,7 +15366,7 @@ prepared to express my views on this subject; but I cannot omit the present occasion to urge upon the government the importance of establishing a mint in California, with the least possible delay. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">399</a></span></p> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_399">399</a></span></p> <p>Information, not official, has been received, that the revenue laws of the United States have been extended @@ -15402,7 +15402,7 @@ to expend this money in objects of public utility in the country, would confer a lasting benefit upon all. I would therefore recommend that such portions of these moneys as may be left, after defraying the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">400</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_400">400</a></span> expenses of the existing civil government, be given to California as a "school fund," to be exclusively devoted to purposes of education. No difficulty has been @@ -15434,8 +15434,8 @@ to a higher pay than those who have had all the trouble of expending this money in small sums, and in keeping and rendering accounts of these expenditures.</p> -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/i_420.jpg" width="550" height="343" alt="Untitled" /> +<div class="figcenter"> +<img src="images/i_420.jpg" alt="Untitled" style="width: 550px; height: 343px"> </div> <p>As soon as these "civil funds" can be collected @@ -15443,7 +15443,7 @@ from the officers now holding them, it is proposed to place them in the hands of some officer, or other responsible person, who will act as treasurer for the civil government, with a fixed compensation for his -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">401</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_401">401</a></span> services. On the arrival of the regular collector and deputies, appointed according to law, a full statement will be made of all the moneys which have been collected @@ -15455,10 +15455,10 @@ held to a strict accountability.</p> <p>I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,</p> -<p class="left45"><span class="i10">B. RILEY,</span><br /> +<p class="left45"><span class="i10">B. RILEY,</span><br > <i>Brevet Brig. Gen. U.S.A., and Governor of California</i>.</p> -<p><span class="i2">Major-General</span> R. <span class="smcap">Jones</span>,<br /> +<p><span class="i2">Major-General</span> R. <span class="smcap">Jones</span>,<br > <i>Adjutant General of the Army, Washington, D.C.</i></p> <h3 class="p2"><span class="smcap">Appendix L.</span></h3> @@ -15481,7 +15481,7 @@ of the Indian troubles receives especial consideration.</p> <p><span class="smcap">Colonel</span>: I found, on my return to this place from a reconnoissance of a portion of the valleys of San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers, general orders No. 1 -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">402</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_402">402</a></span> from the headquarters of the army; and, as I cannot have copied in season for transmission by the steamer of the 1st proximo the military correspondence at @@ -15517,7 +15517,7 @@ remainder; the troops stationed at points so distant from the mines, that they could not be furloughed, to be relieved by exchange with commands that have been more favorably situated. The practice of granting -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">403</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_403">403</a></span> furloughs, adopted at some of the posts in this country, with the sanction of the former department commander, had succeeded well, and the information @@ -15553,7 +15553,7 @@ disposition of the troops is the same as indicated in orders No. 16, except that company A, 2d infantry, re-inforced by details from other companies—in all, four officers and eighty men—has been detached, under -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">404</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_404">404</a></span> instructions from the commander of the division, as an escort for Captain Warner, topographical engineers, and company E, 1st dragoons, when <i>en route</i> @@ -15589,7 +15589,7 @@ the Indians by the whites, and to support the Indian agents of their districts in the exercise of their appropriate duties. From the character of the mining population, and the nature of their occupations, unless -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">405</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_405">405</a></span> a strong military force be maintained on that frontier, it will be impossible to prevent the commission of outrages upon the Indians; and they, in turn, will be @@ -15626,13 +15626,13 @@ of June 11, is also inclosed.</p> <p>The embarrassments under which the service has labored will be so readily appreciated at home, that it is unnecessary to refer to them here except to say -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">406</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_406">406</a></span> that, great as these embarrassments have been, they have been greatly increased by the want of line and staff officers.</p> <div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_428.jpg" width="550" height="336" alt="GOING TO A FANDANGO" /> +<img src="images/i_428.jpg" alt="GOING TO A FANDANGO" style="width: 550px; height: 336px"> <p class="caption">GOING TO A FANDANGO.</p> </div> @@ -15667,7 +15667,7 @@ the same month, has strengthened my opinion of the importance of giving the country a most thorough examination before any military posts are permanently located in the interior. The whole district of country -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">407</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_407">407</a></span> lying between the coast range and the Sierra Nevada is exceedingly sickly at certain seasons of the year. The common timber of the country (oak) is not fit for @@ -15703,7 +15703,7 @@ be made as soon as it is possible to do so.</p> <p>Since my application (April 25) for officers of the quartermaster's department was made, two officers of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">408</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_408">408</a></span> that corps, Majors Allen and Fitzgerald, whom I had supposed would be available for duty in this department, have been permanently separated from it; and @@ -15747,7 +15747,7 @@ this I am unable to furnish a later return than for June. The transport Mary and Adeline, with companies A and F, 2d infantry, reached San Francisco on the 8th ultimo. The detachment of dragoons, on -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">409</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_409">409</a></span> their march to the department with the collector of this district and the Arkansas emigrants, have not yet arrived. During the months of July and August, @@ -15778,12 +15778,12 @@ services may be needed.</p> <p>I have the honor to be, very respectfully, colonel, your obedient servant,</p> -<p class="left45"><span class="i10">B. RILEY,</span><br /> +<p class="left45"><span class="i10">B. RILEY,</span><br > <i>Brevet Brigadier-General U.S. Army, commanding</i>.</p> -<p><span class="i2">Lieut.</span>Col. W. G. <span class="smcap">Freeman,</span><br /> -<span class="i4"><i>Assistant Adjutant General U.S. Army</i>,</span><br /> +<p><span class="i2">Lieut.</span>Col. W. G. <span class="smcap">Freeman,</span><br > +<span class="i4"><i>Assistant Adjutant General U.S. Army</i>,</span><br > <span class="i6"><i>Headquarters of the Army, New York</i>.</span></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">410</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_410">410</a></span></p> <h3 class="p2"><span class="smcap">Appendix M.</span></h3> @@ -15818,7 +15818,7 @@ Quintin, Magdalena, San Jose, La Paz, Escondido (near Loreto), and Mulige.—There are some other points which vessels occasionally touch for supplies and at trade, but they are comparatively of little commercial -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">411</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_411">411</a></span> or military importance. The port of San Quintin, in latitude thirty degrees twenty-three minutes, is represented as affording a secure anchorage for vessels @@ -15854,7 +15854,7 @@ spacious and safe anchorage, which may be reached by vessels drawing not more than eighteen or twenty feet of water; and the cove of Pichilingue, at the south-eastern extremity of the bay, and about -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">412</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_412">412</a></span> six miles from the town, affords an excellent anchorage for vessels of any size; but the inner bay can be reached only by small merchant vessels. The bar, @@ -15891,7 +15891,7 @@ in it, an object of the highest consideration; but our having ports of refuge at San Francisco or San Diego, and at La Paz, strong enough to resist a naval coup de main, will, it is believed, afford sufficient -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">413</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_413">413</a></span> security to these whalers in case of a war with a maritime power.</p> @@ -15929,7 +15929,7 @@ latter port should justify such a measure.</p> <p>La Paz is, therefore, the only port in Lower California which it will be necessary, for the present, to occupy with a permanent military force, or to secure -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">414</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_414">414</a></span> by means of fortifications. For temporary purposes, the site of the old cuartel is well suited for the construction of defensive barracks, inasmuch @@ -15965,7 +15965,7 @@ against a maritime attack.</p> California.</i>—Thus far in my report I have proceeded on the supposition that it is the intention of our government to retain the whole of California in any -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">415</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_415">415</a></span> treaty of peace with Mexico; but doubts have recently been expressed on the policy of retaining this peninsula, on account of its being of little or no value @@ -16001,7 +16001,7 @@ of a few mountain streams. This timber, though far from being plentiful, is exceedingly durable and much esteemed in ship-building. The greatest height of the mountains is estimated five thousand feet; many of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">416</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_416">416</a></span> them are piles of mere broken rocks, while others are covered with grass, shrubbery, and small trees. The plains are sandy and mostly unproductive—not, however, @@ -16036,13 +16036,13 @@ In the time of the missions, when very small portions of the soil were cultivated, and even these but rudely, by the Indians, the four districts of San Jose, Santiago, San Antonio, and Todos Santos contained -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">417</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_417">417</a></span> a population of thirty-five thousand souls, whereas, the present population of the same districts is only seven thousand.</p> <div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_440.jpg" width="550" height="336" alt="SACRAMENTO CITY" /> +<img src="images/i_440.jpg" alt="SACRAMENTO CITY" style="width: 550px; height: 336px"> <p class="caption">SACRAMENTO CITY.</p> </div> @@ -16056,7 +16056,7 @@ The vegetable market of Mazatlan is also in part supplied from the valley of San José.</p> <div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_442.jpg" width="550" height="360" alt="ONE OF THE OLD SPANISH HOUSES, SAN FRANCISCO" /> +<img src="images/i_442.jpg" alt="ONE OF THE OLD SPANISH HOUSES, SAN FRANCISCO" style="width: 550px; height: 360px"> <p class="caption">ONE OF THE OLD SPANISH HOUSES, SAN FRANCISCO.</p> </div> @@ -16085,7 +16085,7 @@ exportation.</p> <p>Lower California contains valuable mines of gold, silver, copper, and lead; but, for the want of capital, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">418</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_418">418</a></span> very few of these are worked, and this in the rudest manner possible. Nevertheless, the labor expended on them is well rewarded; and there can be no doubt @@ -16121,7 +16121,7 @@ landing the cargoes. Sometimes the consignees are obliged to send their vessels to the Sandwich islands or Valparaiso until a change of administration will enable them to avoid the exorbitant demands of some -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">419</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_419">419</a></span> petty governor or collector of customs. Moreover, the principal commercial ports of this coast (Mazatlan and San Blas) are inaccessible to merchant vessels for @@ -16157,7 +16157,7 @@ Mexico, would have a most beneficial influence on our commercial and whaling interest in this part of the Pacific. The great value, in time of maritime war, of such <i>key</i> points as La Paz, and the commanding -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">420</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_420">420</a></span> influence exercised by them in the protection of commerce, have become settled principles in military defence; and England shows her appreciation of their @@ -16194,7 +16194,7 @@ or illustration.</p> <p>But whatever may be thought of the value of this peninsula or of the gulf as a natural boundary between us and Mexico, instead of an imaginary line drawn -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">421</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_421">421</a></span> from the Colorado to the Pacific, thus separating a kindred people, and exposing the governments of the two territories to continual collisions, the propriety of @@ -16229,7 +16229,7 @@ faith, and have been guided in their conduct by the assurances thus held out to them by the agents of the American government; and now, for the United States to voluntarily surrender this country to the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">422</a></span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_422">422</a></span> republic of Mexico, and leave these Californians exposed to the loss of life and confiscation of property for having sided with us, under the assurances thus @@ -16239,23 +16239,23 @@ eyes of the world guilty of the most deliberate and cruel deception.</p> <p class="left45"> -H. WAGER HALLECK,<br /> +H. WAGER HALLECK,<br > <span class="i2"><i>Lieutenant of Engineers</i>.</span></p> -<p class="i2">Colonel R. B. <span class="smcap">Mason,</span><br /> +<p class="i2">Colonel R. B. <span class="smcap">Mason,</span><br > <span class="i2"><i>Commanding Tenth Military Department</i>.</span></p> <div class="footnotes p2"> <h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> A gold <i>placera</i> was discovered some years ago, near the mission +<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> A gold <i>placera</i> was discovered some years ago, near the mission of San Fernando, but it was very little worked, on account of the want of water.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Farnham's Adventures in California.—Wilkes's Narrative of the +<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Farnham's Adventures in California.—Wilkes's Narrative of the Exploring Expedition.—Fremont's Narrative.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> See Farnham's Adventures. Wilkes's and Fremont's Narratives, +<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> See Farnham's Adventures. Wilkes's and Fremont's Narratives, and Emory's Report.—In 1846, Eugenio Macnamara, a Catholic priest and Missionary, obtained a grant of a large tract of land between the San Joaquin and the Sierra Nevada, the Cosumnes and the Tulares @@ -16266,53 +16266,53 @@ and the project was not carried into effect. There is no evidence that Father Macnamara was aware of the existence of gold in the valley of the San Joaquin.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Official Despatch of Colonel Mason, Commander of the 10th Military +<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Official Despatch of Colonel Mason, Commander of the 10th Military Department, August 17, 1848.—Letters of Thomas C. Larkin, U.S. Consul at Monterey, to the Secretary of State, June 1, and June 28, 1848.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Feather River is the first considerable branch of the Sacramento +<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Feather River is the first considerable branch of the Sacramento below the <i>Prairie Buttes</i>. It has a course of about forty miles, and empties into the main river about fifteen miles above New Helvetia. Though the Sacramento is navigable for vessels only to that place, boats can pass up one hundred miles further.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Four Months Among the Gold Finders of California, by J. Tyrwhitt +<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Four Months Among the Gold Finders of California, by J. Tyrwhitt Brooks, M.D.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Personal Adventures in Upper and Lower California, by William +<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Personal Adventures in Upper and Lower California, by William Redmond Ryan.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Sights in the Gold Region, or Scenes by the Way, by Theodore +<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Sights in the Gold Region, or Scenes by the Way, by Theodore T. Johnson.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Four Months Among the Gold Finders of California, by J. Tyrwhitt +<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Four Months Among the Gold Finders of California, by J. Tyrwhitt Brooks, M.D.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Six Months in the Gold Mines, by E. Gould Buffum</p> +<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Six Months in the Gold Mines, by E. Gould Buffum</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> See American Insurance Company, et al. <i>vs.</i> Canter, 1st Peters' +<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> See American Insurance Company, et al. <i>vs.</i> Canter, 1st Peters' Supreme Court Reports, 542.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Bayard Taylor, El Dorado, or Adventures in the Path of Empire.</p> +<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Bayard Taylor, El Dorado, or Adventures in the Path of Empire.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Six Months in the Gold Mines, by E. Gould Buffum.</p> +<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Six Months in the Gold Mines, by E. Gould Buffum.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Diary of a Physician in California, by James L. Tyson, M.D.</p> +<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Diary of a Physician in California, by James L. Tyson, M.D.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Diary of a Physician in California, by James L. Tyson, M.D.</p> +<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Diary of a Physician in California, by James L. Tyson, M.D.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Personal Adventures in California, by W. Redmond Ryan.</p> +<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Personal Adventures in California, by W. Redmond Ryan.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Mohs' Mineralogy, by Haidinger, vol. ii. p. 438.</p> +<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Mohs' Mineralogy, by Haidinger, vol. ii. p. 438.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> A <i>very rough</i> estimate of the value of specimens of native gold +<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> A <i>very rough</i> estimate of the value of specimens of native gold may be obtained by multiplying the specific gravity by 4; the result gives the value in shillings nearly.</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Abridged from Dufresnoy's "Mineralogie."</p> +<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Abridged from Dufresnoy's "Mineralogie."</p> -<p class="footnote"><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> The <i>Alta Californian</i>, of the 1st of May, 1850, furnishes us with +<p class="footnote"><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> The <i>Alta Californian</i>, of the 1st of May, 1850, furnishes us with an interesting account of the origin and meaning of the names of places in the new State. We have elsewhere alluded to the name California, as being derived from <i>caliente</i> and <i>fornalla</i>, two Spanish |