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diff --git a/40498-h/40498-h.htm b/40498-h/40498-h.htm index 872fd97..20830a5 100644 --- a/40498-h/40498-h.htm +++ b/40498-h/40498-h.htm @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> <title> Curiosities of Civilization, by Andrew Wynter—A Project Gutenberg eBook </title> @@ -63,45 +63,7 @@ </style> </head> <body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Curiosities of Civilization, by Andrew Wynter - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Curiosities of Civilization - -Author: Andrew Wynter - -Release Date: August 14, 2012 [EBook #40498] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CURIOSITIES OF CIVILIZATION *** - - - - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 40498 ***</div> <p class="figcenter"><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" /></p> <p> </p><p> </p> @@ -216,7 +178,7 @@ passed, as by consulting those small voices that have cried from age to age from the pages of the press, declaring the wants, the losses, the amusements, and the money-making eagerness of the people.</p> -<p>As we read in the old musty files of papers those <i>naïve</i> announcements, +<p>As we read in the old musty files of papers those <i>naïve</i> announcements, the very hum of bygone generations seems to rise to the ear. The chapman exhibits his quaint wares; the mountebank capers again upon his stage; we have the living portrait of the highwayman flying from justice; we see the @@ -1017,7 +979,7 @@ February 4, 1663.</p></div> <p>Pepys describes, with amusing minuteness, how Chapman the periwig-maker cut off his hair to make up one of these portentous head-dresses for him, much to the trouble of his servants, Jane and Bessy; and on the Lord’s -day, November 8th, 1663, he relates, with infinite <i>naïveté</i>, his entrance +day, November 8th, 1663, he relates, with infinite <i>naïveté</i>, his entrance into church with what must evidently have been the perruquier’s latest fashion. “To church, where I found that my coming in a periwig did not prove so strange as I was afraid it would; for I thought that all the @@ -1273,7 +1235,7 @@ in this manner, and the fair mob was called together to draw their tickets by the same means. This fever, which produced ten years later the celebrated South Sea Bubble, was of slow growth. It had its root in the Restoration, its flower in the reign of Anne, and its fruit and -<i>dénouement</i> in the reign of George I. Before passing on from the pages of +<i>dénouement</i> in the reign of George I. Before passing on from the pages of the “Tatler,” we must stop for a moment to notice one or two of those playful advertisements which Sir Richard Steele delighted in, and which, under the disguise of fun, perhaps really afforded him excellent matter @@ -1458,7 +1420,7 @@ blackamoors, which set in the reign of Charles II., and went on increasing until the middle of the next century, at which time there must have been a very considerable population of negro servants in the metropolis. At first the picturesque natives of the East were pressed into the service of the -nobility and gentry, and colour does not appear to have been a <i>sine quâ +nobility and gentry, and colour does not appear to have been a <i>sine quâ non</i>. Thus we have in the <i>London Gazette</i> of 1688 the following hue-and-cry advertisement:—</p> @@ -1606,7 +1568,7 @@ of the most adventurous dealers will perhaps startle our readers.</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> <tr><td>“Professor” Holloway, Pills, etc.</td> <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> - <td align="right">£30,000</td></tr> + <td align="right">£30,000</td></tr> <tr><td>Moses and Son</td> <td> </td> <td align="right">10,000</td></tr> @@ -2062,7 +2024,7 @@ selling baked potatoes:—</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table"> <tr><td>“1 cwt., containing 224 potatoes, sold in two<br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">evenings, at 1<i>d.</i> each</span></td> <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> - <td align="right">£0</td> + <td align="right">£0</td> <td><span class="spacer2"> </span></td> <td align="right">18</td> <td><span class="spacer2"> </span></td> @@ -2075,7 +2037,7 @@ selling baked potatoes:—</p> <td class="botbor"> </td> <td class="botbor">0</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td> - <td align="right">£0</td> + <td align="right">£0</td> <td> </td> <td align="right">14</td> <td> </td> @@ -2088,7 +2050,7 @@ selling baked potatoes:—</p> <td class="botbor">3</td></tr> <tr><td><span style="margin-left: 8em;">Six evenings’ sale</span></td> <td> </td> - <td align="right">£2</td> + <td align="right">£2</td> <td> </td> <td align="right">4</td> <td> </td> @@ -2102,7 +2064,7 @@ selling baked potatoes:—</p> <td class="botbor">0</td></tr> <tr><td><span style="margin-left: 8em;">Net profit per week</span></td> <td> </td> - <td align="right">£2</td> + <td align="right">£2</td> <td> </td> <td align="right">0</td> <td> </td> @@ -2301,7 +2263,7 @@ of all kinds for nine weeks:—</p> <tr><td>Sept.</td> <td align="right">6</td> <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> - <td align="right">£2839</td> + <td align="right">£2839</td> <td><span class="spacer2"> </span></td> <td align="right">14</td> <td><span class="spacer2"> </span></td> @@ -2398,7 +2360,7 @@ for class advertisements. Thus the <i>Morning Post</i> monopolizes all those which relate to fashion and high life; and the <i>Morning Advertiser</i>, the paper of the licensed victuallers, aggregates to itself every announcement relating to their craft. <i>Bell’s Life</i> is one mass of advertisements of -various sports; the <i>Era</i> is great upon all theatricals; the <i>Athenæum</i> +various sports; the <i>Era</i> is great upon all theatricals; the <i>Athenæum</i> gathers to itself a large proportion of book advertisements. The <i>Illustrated News</i> among the weeklies, like the <i>Times</i> among the dailies, towers by the head above them all. A hebdomadal circulation of 170,000 @@ -2421,7 +2383,7 @@ follows:—<i>Times</i>, 4s.; <i>Illustrated News</i>, 1<i>l.</i> 8s.; <i>Mo Chronicle</i>, 5s. 6d.; <i>Morning Post</i>, 6s.; <i>Daily News</i>, 5s. 6d.; <i>Spectator</i>, 7s. 6d.; <i>Morning Herald</i>, 6s.; <i>Punch</i>, 15s.; <i>Observer</i>, 9s. 6d.; <i>English Churchman</i>, 5s. 6d.; <i>Examiner</i>, 3s. 6d.; <i>John Bull</i>, -5s. 6d.; <i>Athenæum</i>, 10s. 6d. Now the <i>Times</i> did not “display” the +5s. 6d.; <i>Athenæum</i>, 10s. 6d. Now the <i>Times</i> did not “display” the advertisement as all the others did, it is true, and therefore squeezed it into half the space; but with this difference, its charge was absolutely the lowest in the list, with the single exception of that of the @@ -2623,12 +2585,12 @@ example; and, if we are to believe a witness examined on oath before the Smithfield Market Commissioners in 1850, not without reason. It is a very old joke that there are no live donkeys to be found within twenty miles of Epping; but if all the asinine tribe in England were to fall victims to -the chopping-machine, we question if they could supply the <i>à-la-mode</i>, +the chopping-machine, we question if they could supply the <i>à -la-mode</i>, polony, and sausage establishments. Mr. J. Harper, for instance, being under examination, upon being asked what became of the diseased meat brought into London, replied:—</p> -<div class="blockquot"><p>“It is purchased by the soup-shops, sausage-makers, the <i>à-la-mode</i> +<div class="blockquot"><p>“It is purchased by the soup-shops, sausage-makers, the <i>à -la-mode</i> beef and meat-pie shops, &c. There is one soup-shop, I believe, doing five hundred pounds per week in diseased meat. This firm has a large <i>foreign</i> trade [thank goodness!]. The trade in diseased meat is very @@ -2638,7 +2600,7 @@ hundred carcases of cows were lying dead in the neighbourhood of London, I could get them all sold within twenty-four hours: <i>it don’t matter what they died of</i>.”</p></div> -<p>It must not be imagined that the <i>à-la-mode</i> beef interest is supplied +<p>It must not be imagined that the <i>à -la-mode</i> beef interest is supplied with this carrion by needy men, whose necessities may in some degree palliate their evil dealings. In proof of this we quote further from Mr. Harper’s evidence. In answer to the question, “Is there any slaughtering @@ -3134,7 +3096,7 @@ confess that we ourselves believe the milkman to be a very wicked fellow.</p> more comfort than in the milk-jug. We refer here to the ordinary brown sugars, such as are generally used at the breakfast-table for coffee. It is scarcely possible to procure moist sugar which is not infested with -animalculæ of the acari genus, a most disgusting class of creatures. In +animalculæ of the acari genus, a most disgusting class of creatures. In many samples of sugars they swarm to that extent that the mass moves with them; and in almost every case, by dissolving a spoonful in a wine-glass of water, dozens of them can be detected by the naked eye, either floating @@ -3146,7 +3108,7 @@ that such creatures are an article in daily use, we cannot charge the grocer directly with their introduction; the evil is, however, increased by the manner in which he mixes, or “handles,” as it is termed in the trade, higher-priced sugars with muscovados, bastards, and other inferior -kinds, in which the animalculæ abound.</p> +kinds, in which the animalculæ abound.</p> <p>In addition to this foreign animal element, grocers sometimes mix flour with their sugar, and, if we are to put any credit in popular belief, @@ -3499,7 +3461,7 @@ certain fruits is singularly imitated. Thus we have essence of jargonel drops, essence of pine-apple drops, and many others of a most delicate taste. They really are so delicious that we scarcely like to create a prejudice against them; but the truth is great, and must prevail: all -these delicate essences are made from a preparation of æther and rancid +these delicate essences are made from a preparation of æther and rancid cheese and butter.</p> <p>The manufacturer, perhaps unaware of the cumulative action of many of his @@ -3587,7 +3549,7 @@ into his microscopic representations of the organic matter, vegetable and animal, by which the customers of one company can compare the water served to them with that dealt out to others, and thus at a glance assure themselves that they have not more than their share of many-legged, -countless-jointed, hideous animalculæ, which look formidable enough to +countless-jointed, hideous animalculæ, which look formidable enough to frighten one from ever touching a drop of London water, but shall content ourselves with giving the general characteristics of the whole of them. With one exception they were all of a hardness ranging from 11 to 18 @@ -3651,7 +3613,7 @@ smooth, pleasantly bitter, slightly acid, and beaded with a fine and persistent froth; the other, bitter with the bitterness of soot, salt, clammy, sweet, and frothing with a coarse and evanescent froth. The body of the liquor is undoubtedly the same, but the variations are all supplied -by the publicans and sinners. We do not make <i>émeutes</i>, as they are +by the publicans and sinners. We do not make <i>émeutes</i>, as they are continually doing in Bavaria, on account of our beer; but we have strong feelings on a matter of such national importance; and the wicked ways of brewers and publicans have been made, over and over again, the subject of @@ -3719,16 +3681,16 @@ brewers’ taps, or agents, with that existing in a similar number of samples purchased of publicans, proves this fact in a very convincing manner. Dr. Hassall informs us that, with regard to the stouts,—</p> -<div class="blockquot"><p>“The alcohol—of specific gravity 796, temperature 60° -Fahr.—contained in the former samples ranged from 7·15 per cent. the -highest, to 4·53 the lowest; whereas that of the stouts procured from -publicans varied, with one exception, from 4·87 per cent. to 3·25 per +<div class="blockquot"><p>“The alcohol—of specific gravity 796, temperature 60° +Fahr.—contained in the former samples ranged from 7·15 per cent. the +highest, to 4·53 the lowest; whereas that of the stouts procured from +publicans varied, with one exception, from 4·87 per cent. to 3·25 per cent.”</p></div> <p>The same difference of strength also existed between the various samples of porter procured from the two sources; the amount of alcohol in that -obtained from the taps varying from 4·51 per cent. to 2·42 per cent., -whereas that purchased of publicans ranged from 3·97 per cent. to 1·81 per +obtained from the taps varying from 4·51 per cent. to 2·42 per cent., +whereas that purchased of publicans ranged from 3·97 per cent. to 1·81 per cent. The mixture of water, of course, reduces the colour, to bring up which both burnt sugar and molasses are extensively used; and, in order that “the appetite may grow with what it feeds on,” tobacco and salt are @@ -3953,7 +3915,7 @@ master his nerves and produce paralysis; nevertheless it is an undoubted fact. Many persons have been deprived of the use of their limbs through a persistence in taking snuff adulterated with lead in less proportions than that found in the samples examined by Dr. Hassall. Bi-chromate of potash -is a still more deadly poison. M. Duchâtel of Paris found that dogs were +is a still more deadly poison. M. Duchâtel of Paris found that dogs were destroyed by doses of from one twenty-fifth of a grain to one five-hundredth of a grain. We have heard of inveterate snuffers keeping this comfort open in their waistcoat pockets, and helping themselves by @@ -4067,7 +4029,7 @@ some roving menagerie, as many of the houses of the beasts were nothing better than caravans dismounted from their wheels, and the managers encamped their collection in a fashion little more permanent than Wombwell would have done upon a village green. It was speedily found that the -health of the felidæ suffered materially from their close confinement, +health of the felidæ suffered materially from their close confinement, which did not even admit of the change of air experienced in the travelling caravan. In fact, the lions, tigers, leopards, and pumas, did not live on an average more than twenty-four months. To remedy this state @@ -4132,7 +4094,7 @@ the fact that it is to the sixpenny and shilling visitors who flock to the gardens by tens of thousands on holidays that he must look to support the wise and liberal expenditure he has lately adopted.</p> -<p>On the other side of the terrace, in addition to the leopards and hyænas, +<p>On the other side of the terrace, in addition to the leopards and hyænas, is to be found a splendid collection of bears, from the sharp-muzzled sun-bear (who robs a beehive in a hollow tree as artistically as a London thief cuts a purse) to the enormous Russian Bruin, the largest perhaps @@ -4151,8 +4113,8 @@ peaceably led back again. Indeed, even the wildest of the beasts, after a little confinement, seem so frightened at recovering their liberty, that they easily allow themselves to be recaptured.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>In one year the Felidæ alone consumed beef, mutton, and horseflesh to the -value of £1,367. 19<i>s.</i> 5<i>d.</i> This sum is entirely irrespective of the +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>In one year the Felidæ alone consumed beef, mutton, and horseflesh to the +value of £1,367. 19<i>s.</i> 5<i>d.</i> This sum is entirely irrespective of the fish, snakes, frogs, and other “small deer” given to the birds and inferior carnivora. They all live here like gentlemen, emancipated from the drudgery of finding their daily food. They have their slaughter-houses @@ -4216,7 +4178,7 @@ to disagree with him, as fine plumage and good condition prove. Passing on our way to the monkey-house, the merry otters are seen playing “follow-my-leader” round their rock-house, now plunging headlong in search of the flat-fish which shines at the bottom of the water—now bringing it -to shore, and crushing flesh, vertebræ, and all.</p> +to shore, and crushing flesh, vertebræ, and all.</p> <p>The admirably-arranged but vilely-ventilated monkey-house is always a great source of attraction. The mixture of fun and solemnity, the odd @@ -4294,7 +4256,7 @@ short of tears, at losing him. At Paris he increased rapidly in stature and intelligence. The climate, diet (he drinks his pint of Bordeaux daily), and lively society of the French seem to be more congenial to Chim’s physique than our melancholy London. He makes -acquaintance not only with the staff but with the <i>habitués</i> of the +acquaintance not only with the staff but with the <i>habitués</i> of the Garden. The last time I saw him (May, 1854) he came out to taste the morning air in the large circular enclosure in front of the Palais des Singes, which was built for “our poor relations” by M. Thiers. Here @@ -4341,10 +4303,10 @@ Marshall Hall and Dr. Arnott, upon being consulted, directed the substitution of an open stove, when the deaths ceased.</p> <p>As we pass towards the small building once used as the parrot-house, but -now dedicated to the smaller felidæ, we go by the seal-pond, and see that +now dedicated to the smaller felidæ, we go by the seal-pond, and see that strange beast which resembles a Danish carriage-dog with his legs amputated. He is an epicure as regards his regular meals, and turns up his -nose at any fish less <i>recherché</i> than whiting, of which expensive +nose at any fish less <i>recherché</i> than whiting, of which expensive delicacy he consumes ten pounds weight daily. Meanwhile, however, he is “a snapper-up of unconsidered trifles,” and we see him, as the visitors circulate round his enclosure, flop, flop, around the margin of his pond, @@ -4376,7 +4338,7 @@ ease the rich pavement of the ocean set with strange and living flowers. In the midst of the green walls of water which surround us, mimic caves, waving with sea-weed and other marine plants, afford shelter and lurking-holes for bright fish which stare and dart, or for shambling -crustaceæ which creep over the pebbly bottom. Against the dark verdure of +crustaceæ which creep over the pebbly bottom. Against the dark verdure of these submerged rocks, the sea-anemone rears its orange base tipped with flower-like fans, or hangs its snake-like tentacles, writhing as the head-dress of Medusa. But we must look narrowly into each nook and under @@ -4466,7 +4428,7 @@ to evince no more animosity at the seizure than the Quaker who suddenly finds his spoons taken for church-rates. The interesting specimens we have dwelt upon are confined to the sea-water tanks, which line the Aquarium on the side opposite the door, and those which run down the centre of the -apartment. <i>Vis-à-vis</i> are the fresh-water tanks, in which we may watch +apartment. <i>Vis-à -vis</i> are the fresh-water tanks, in which we may watch the habits of British fishes. There is a noble pike lying as still as a stone—a model sitter for the photographer who lately took his portrait. The barbel, bream, dace, and gudgeon are seen going about their daily @@ -4587,7 +4549,7 @@ speedily commence running in and out of it, with as much sense, and probably with as much enjoyment, as light-heeled bipeds perform a galop. The consequence,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> however, of the male bird being bereft of his companions, he seems careless of his bower, which is in a most forlorn -condition—a ball-room, in fact, a day after a <i>fête</i>. May a new companion +condition—a ball-room, in fact, a day after a <i>fête</i>. May a new companion speedily arrive and induce him to put his house once more in order! The satin bower-bird, like the magpie, is well-known by the natives to be a terrible thief; and they always search his abode for any object they may @@ -4764,10 +4726,10 @@ to be written: when small enough to be placed in the pocket, he was, with a companion now no more, taken from Ceylon to Brazil by American sailors; they were then exhibited in most of the maritime towns of South America, and were publicly sold for a high price at Callao to the captain of a -ship, who brought them to the gardens, and demanded £600 for the pair; -fully persuaded of their enormous value, he had paid £30 to insure them on +ship, who brought them to the gardens, and demanded £600 for the pair; +fully persuaded of their enormous value, he had paid £30 to insure them on the voyage, and it was not until he had long and painfully cogitated that -he agreed to sell them for £40. We have before referred to the +he agreed to sell them for £40. We have before referred to the extraordinary length of time a python has been known to fast without injury. Their fancies as well as their fastings are rather eccentric. Every one has heard of the snake which swallowed his blanket, a meal which @@ -4900,7 +4862,7 @@ seen him rush with extended jaws at the massive oaken door of his apartment, returning again and again to the charge, and making the solid beams quiver as though they were only of inch-deal, can understand the dangerous fits which now and then are exhibited by a creature, who was so -gentle, when he made his <i>début</i>, that he could not go to sleep without +gentle, when he made his <i>début</i>, that he could not go to sleep without having his Arab keeper’s feet to lay his neck upon. This affection for his nurse has undergone a great change, for, on Hamet’s countryman and coadjutor, Mohammed, making his second appearance with the young female @@ -5122,7 +5084,7 @@ with their paws on the window-sill, looking grimly in upon him. A good whip and a determined air consigned Leo to his cage again without further trouble. On another occasion this same man, hearing a noise in his back premises, found to his horror that an elephant, with his pick-lock trunk, -had let out a hyæna and a nylghau from their cages, and was busy undoing +had let out a hyæna and a nylghau from their cages, and was busy undoing the fastenings of a den full of lions! The same resolute spirit, however, soon restored order. Amateurs have not always the same courage or self-possession, and they immediately have recourse to the garden-folks to @@ -5425,7 +5387,7 @@ of the beaver, and the hatters consequently use it as a substitute. The hide is employed to make the thumbs of the best gloves, its elasticity and texture rendering it preferable to kid.</p> -<p>Parent Duchâtelet collected several particulars of the rats which in his +<p>Parent Duchâtelet collected several particulars of the rats which in his day frequented the knackers’ yards at Montfaucon. Attracted by the abundance of animal food, they increased so enormously that the surrounding inhabitants, hearing that the government intended to remove @@ -6120,7 +6082,7 @@ the limbs of the suicidal or violent. Restraint is only comparative. The strait-waistcoat is the narrowest zone of confinement, and the padded room but a little wider. Next to these comes the locked gallery for a class, then the encircling high wall for the entire lunatic community; and -lastly, that aërial barrier the parole, for those who can be trusted to go +lastly, that aërial barrier the parole, for those who can be trusted to go beyond the asylum. The efforts of philanthropists will not,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> we are convinced, cease, until all the methods of confinement, down to the parole, are removed; or at least so disguised as to hinder their present @@ -6425,8 +6387,8 @@ a town, its wards and passages amounting in the aggregate to the length of six miles, it is here that we shall find the completest system of organization, and, if we may use the term, of official routine. The enormous sum of money expended upon Colney Hatch, which has reached -already to £270,000, prepares us for the almost palatial character of its -elevation. Its <i>façade</i>, of nearly a third of a mile, is broken at +already to £270,000, prepares us for the almost palatial character of its +elevation. Its <i>façade</i>, of nearly a third of a mile, is broken at intervals by Italian campaniles and cupolas; and the whole aspect of the exterior leads the visitor to expect an interior of commensurate pretensions. He no sooner crosses the threshold, however, than the scene @@ -6757,7 +6719,7 @@ amusement or instruction for their fellows. There is one signal exception to this rule in Murray’s Royal Asylum at Perth. This establishment, under the superintendence of Dr. Lauder Lindsay, appears to be the very focus of intellectual activity. The programme for the winter session of 1856-7 -reads more like the prospectus of the Athenæum of some large city than the +reads more like the prospectus of the Athenæum of some large city than the bill of fare for a lunatic asylum. Famous professors reflect in its lecture-room the philosophy and science of the outer world, and their choice of subjects would not be disavowed by the committee of a London @@ -7475,7 +7437,7 @@ giving an individual in restraint to every 33¼ male inmates, or three per hundred. Amongst the female lunatics, again, the proportion was somewhat larger, 72 persons of that sex, out of the total 1902 resident patients, being under medical coercion; thus making one -female in restraint to every 26⅓ inmates, or at the rate of 3·78 +female in restraint to every 26⅓ inmates, or at the rate of 3·78 per cent. In contrast with this report respecting the above-named French provincial asylums, I would now place an official statement of the practice pursued at Bethlehem Hospital during the same period. At @@ -7598,7 +7560,7 @@ lunatic asylums than the toil-worn artisans of Manchester or Liverpool, who live in the great eye of the world, and keep step with the march of civilization, even if they do but bring up its rear. Isolation is a greater cause of mental ruin than aggregation—our English fields can -afford <i>crétins</i> as plentifully as the upland valleys of the mountain +afford <i>crétins</i> as plentifully as the upland valleys of the mountain range, seldom visited by the foot of the traveller; whilst, on the other hand, in the workshop and the public assembly, “As iron weareth iron, so man sharpeneth the face of his friend.”</p> @@ -7904,7 +7866,7 @@ their fellows than ever; the demand for them has for a long time far exceeded the supply, and the price has consequently risen. Of the birth, parentage and nurture of this delicate fish, a curious tale could be told. Designed for fastidious palates, much care and attention is bestowed upon -its breeding. The <i>habitué</i> of the Opera, who strolls up the brilliantly +its breeding. The <i>habitué</i> of the Opera, who strolls up the brilliantly lighted Haymarket towards midnight, and turns into any one of the fish supper-rooms that line its western side, little dreams of the organization at work to enable him to enjoy his native. Most of the oysters, with the @@ -7965,7 +7927,7 @@ the whole of Europe for the next hundred years.”</p> <p>We believe, however, it is now in contemplation to go to work upon a large scale in those waters, having screw-steamers to collect the produce, and bring it to Milford Haven alive in wells, from which port it would come, -<i>viâ</i> the South Wales and Great Western Railways, to Billingsgate, within +<i>viâ</i> the South Wales and Great Western Railways, to Billingsgate, within twenty-four hours after it was caught. The value of screw steamers having capacious wells has been fully tested by Mr. Howard, of Manningtree, Essex, who fitted an engine and screw into one of his welled @@ -8013,7 +7975,7 @@ tumbles about the sprats with a shovel, in silver showers. The plaice season succeeds to that of sprats, with the interval of mackerel, which continues until the end of May, when Scotland and Ireland begin to pass down their salmon into the market. But where do all the lobsters come -from? The lovers of this most delicious of the crustaceæ tribe will +from? The lovers of this most delicious of the crustaceæ tribe will probably be astonished to learn that they are mainly brought from Norway. France and the Channel Islands, Orkney, and Shetland, do, it is true, contribute a few to the metropolitan market, but full two-thirds are @@ -8144,7 +8106,7 @@ assured us that it was no over-statement:—</p> <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .75em;">304,000,000</span></td> <td class="bbr"> </td></tr></table> -<p>And now for the <i>pièce de résistance</i>.</p> +<p>And now for the <i>pièce de résistance</i>.</p> <p>London has always been celebrated for the excellence of its meat, and her sons do justice to it; at least it has become the universal impression @@ -8591,7 +8553,7 @@ eating-houses and coffee-shops in the great thoroughfares, and in every one of them there is the invariable blue dish with half a dozen juicy, well-trimmed chops, crowned with a sprig of parsley. To justify such a number, either fourfold the supply of sheep must come to London that we -have any account of, or in lieu of the ordinary number of vertebræ they +have any account of, or in lieu of the ordinary number of vertebræ they must possess as many as the great boa. When the prodigious store of saddles which the country spares the town have once been seen the wonder ceases. “Sometimes I cut 100 saddles into mutton-chops to supply the @@ -8622,7 +8584,7 @@ and anything in the shape of flesh can be sold at about 1<i>d.</i> per pound or <p>If the reader is not already surfeited with the mountains of meat we have piled before his eyes, let us beg his attention for a few minutes to game and poultry, which we bring on in their proper course. Leadenhall and -Newgate, as all the world knows, are the great metropolitan depôts for +Newgate, as all the world knows, are the great metropolitan depôts for this class of food, especially the former, which receives perhaps two-thirds of the entire supply. The quantities of game and wild birds consigned to some of the large salesmen almost exceeds belief. After a few @@ -8653,9 +8615,9 @@ Ireland for flocks of plovers, and quails are brought from Egypt and the south of Europe. In most of our poulterers’ windows may be seen the long wooden boxes, with a narrow slit, in which these latter birds are kept until required for the spit. Not long since upwards of 17,000 came to -London <i>viâ</i> Liverpool, whither they had been brought from the Campagna, +London <i>viâ</i> Liverpool, whither they had been brought from the Campagna, near Rome. Of the 2,000,000 of fowls that every year find a resting-place -<i>vis-à-vis</i> to boiled tongues on our London tables, by far the greatest +<i>vis-à -vis</i> to boiled tongues on our London tables, by far the greatest quantity are drawn from the counties of Surrey and Sussex, where the Dorking breed is in favour. Ireland also sends much poultry. No less than 1,400 tons of chickens, geese, and ducks are brought to town annually by @@ -9565,7 +9527,7 @@ quantities, and a very beautiful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Pag museum of the Royal Artillery Institution. Thus, where the conquerors of the old world lay down to their last rest, we, the Romans of the present age, forge the arms which make us masters of an empire beyond the dreams -of the imperial Cæsars.</p> +of the imperial Cæsars.</p> <p>As the visitor enters the great gate of the Arsenal he finds no difficulty in tracing the whereabouts of the labours of Andrew, for straight before @@ -9630,7 +9592,7 @@ day. All the mills in England could not make powder at the rate at which<span cl it was shot away—a rate which consumed 100,000 barrels before Sevastopol was taken; nor could all the armouries of London and Birmingham make rifled muskets and sabres fast enough for our men; consequently we were -obliged to go to Liége for 44,000 Minié guns, 3,000 cavalry swords, and +obliged to go to Liége for 44,000 Minié guns, 3,000 cavalry swords, and 12,000 barrels of powder, and to the United States for 20,000 barrels more.</p> @@ -9646,7 +9608,7 @@ a fixed capital which cannot be suddenly increased. The result was a lamentable slowness of production and an extraordinary dearness of price—the munitions of war in some cases more than doubled in value. It is calculated that the shells for the Baltic fleet alone, which were -fabricated entirely by private manufacturers, cost upwards of £100,000 +fabricated entirely by private manufacturers, cost upwards of £100,000 more than they would have done had they been made by the new machinery lately introduced into the Arsenal. A still stronger case, to show the extraordinary prices which the Government had to pay contractors when the @@ -10051,7 +10013,7 @@ operations, the more important only of which he can stop to examine amid the whirlwind of machinery that everywhere meets his sight and vibrates on his ear. The manufacture of elongated bullets for the rifles affords perhaps the most startling novelty of all. The rifle itself is not a -greater advance upon old Brown Bess than is the Minié bullet upon the old +greater advance upon old Brown Bess than is the Minié bullet upon the old one-ounce ball. The apparatus now employed to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> produce it contrasts as forcibly with the simple bullet-mould formerly in use. Instead of heating the lead to a fluid state, it is simply warmed, in which condition it is @@ -10299,7 +10261,7 @@ single blow of a steam-hammer, and the process of turning the bore begins. Four barrels are acted upon by one lathe, and the first operation is performed in fifteen minutes. Only a slight cutting is made each time, and the barrel has to be submitted to the action of many different boring -instruments until the exact size, ·577 of an inch, is attained. The +instruments until the exact size, ·577 of an inch, is attained. The outside is now turned, the tool taking off the superfluous metal in one continuous ringlet of iron.</p> @@ -10435,7 +10397,7 @@ length. Though the wound it gives is not so large as that inflicted by the old ball, it makes up for deficiency by its power of penetration. An officer who was at the taking of the rifle-pits in the quarry before Sevastopol informs us that a brother-officer was shot through the side by -a Russian Minié bullet, which afterwards passed through an ass, and his +a Russian Minié bullet, which afterwards passed through an ass, and his two panniers of water, and did not stop in its career till it had broken a man’s arm at some distance off! Its deadly aim at vast distances, which made it the dread of the sepoys, who termed it “the gun that kills without @@ -10469,7 +10431,7 @@ Government were not warranted in fabricating goods which the private trade of the country were capable of producing—an assertion which the Crimean war totally disproved, as the authorities were so pressed for rifles that they had to go to France,<a name='fna_26' id='fna_26' href='#f_26'><small>[26]</small></a> Belgium, and the United States for supplies, -and at one time contemplated giving an order for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> 350,000 rifles at Liége. +and at one time contemplated giving an order for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> 350,000 rifles at Liége. The military rifle, like the shell, being a special article required only by the army, the demand for it in large numbers is not constant, and hence the low condition of the mechanical power brought to bear upon it by the @@ -10633,7 +10595,7 @@ together. By the mere friction of the grains against each other and the sides of the barrel, a fine polish is imparted to the surface of the grain, which enables it to withstand the action of the atmosphere<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> much better than when it is left unglazed. It is now stoved for sixteen hours -in a drying-room heated by steam pipes to a heat of 130° Fahrenheit, and +in a drying-room heated by steam pipes to a heat of 130° Fahrenheit, and is then finally dusted and proved. There are many methods of proving, but the simplest and most efficacious is to fire the powder from the weapon it is intended to serve. Thus cannon powder is proved by firing a 68-pound @@ -10762,7 +10724,7 @@ in the most unexpected places.</p> <p>In the mounting yard, as it is termed, which lies between<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> the gun and carriage factories, the field-pieces are mounted upon their carriages and -fitted up for service previous to their removal to the depôt of artillery +fitted up for service previous to their removal to the depôt of artillery near the Common. Since the war the captured cannon from Sebastopol have been stored here preparatory to their being either broken up or distributed as trophies to the various towns of the United Kingdom. Of @@ -10907,7 +10869,7 @@ economize and progress.</p> <p>If the Government have shown judgment and foresight upon this point, we cannot say as much for their inexcusable neglect to provide for the security of this enormous establishment, which contains within its walls -not only the principal depôt of warlike stores in the island, but also the +not only the principal depôt of warlike stores in the island, but also the means of producing them. We do not believe that our neighbours are going to sail up the Thames quite as easily as the Dutch did, or that any foreign army marching from Dover could destroy the Arsenal on its way to @@ -11066,7 +11028,7 @@ those waters, to act as pilots, and to put the ship in dangerous positions for the purpose of making a claim for salvage, which the swindling captain shares with them. In the years 1854, 1855, and 1856, 189 ships were either lost or put into Key West. The salvage upon the latter class amounted to -298,400·05 dollars, a large portion of which was, without doubt, obtained +298,400·05 dollars, a large portion of which was, without doubt, obtained by fraud. It is far from our purpose to insinuate that the Americans are worse than their neighbours in this particular; had the English the same opportunity, there would always be found persons to enter upon similar @@ -11097,7 +11059,7 @@ ingenuity displayed by their agents in pursuing the marine robber was afforded by the case of the American ship <i>W. T. Sayward</i>. This vessel was reported by her skipper to have been lost off Loo Choo, on her voyage from San Francisco to Shanghai, and the sum claimed of the insurers in this -country was £50,000, the value of the cargo, which was reported to have +country was £50,000, the value of the cargo, which was reported to have comprised, among other things, 50,000 Carolus dollars. It struck the gentleman engaged to settle the claim that it was very unusual to ship such a quantity of this “Pillar” dollar, and on inquiring of the @@ -11158,15 +11120,15 @@ Current Bottle Chart.</p> of the Atlantic ocean. The general tendency of the bottles to go to the eastward in the northern parts of this sea, and to the westward in lower latitudes, is at once apparent. It is equally evident that to the -southward of the parallel of 40° N. on the eastern side of the Atlantic +southward of the parallel of 40° N. on the eastern side of the Atlantic the bottles drift to the southward, while those again in the vicinity of the Canaries and Cape Verd Islands take a westerly direction. Those further south, lose themselves among the West-India Islands, and some penetrating further are found on the coast of Mexico, between Galveston and Tanessied. A few manifest the effects of the counter-current of the celebrated Gulf-stream, while others again, on the western side of the -Atlantic, from about 40° N., are set to the eastward. Indeed, there seems -to be a determination of all to the northward of the parallel of 40°, or +Atlantic, from about 40° N., are set to the eastward. Indeed, there seems +to be a determination of all to the northward of the parallel of 40°, or that of Philadelphia on the American seaboard, to make their way to the eastward—some to the coast of France, in the Bay of Biscay, others to the western shores of Great Britain and Ireland, and others again to the @@ -11190,11 +11152,11 @@ West-India Islands, and getting into the Gulf-stream, would be carried by this to the north-east, and thus would be landed on the Cornish coast, after making a detour of many thousand miles. But curious as this is, it is not the only instance, for we find that the <i>Lady Montagu</i>, setting out -in nearly 8° S. lat., about midway between Brazil and Africa, a position +in nearly 8° S. lat., about midway between Brazil and Africa, a position which would fairly place it in the equatorial current, made the same voyage, but landed at Guernsey, having accomplished the course in 295 days, or between the 15th October, 1820, and the 6th of August, 1821. -Confining ourselves now to the area included between 30° N. lat. and the +Confining ourselves now to the area included between 30° N. lat. and the equator, the general effect of the heat of the Gulf of Mexico in forcing the waters thither is plainly indicated by the direction which the bottles have followed that are included within those limits. Those thrown @@ -11218,8 +11180,8 @@ allowed it to approach the eastern border of the Gulf-stream, whence it would drift into the eddy or counter-current, and thus become thrown on Bermuda. Again, between the Gulf-stream and the American coast bottles have found their way to that shore, while those to the northward of the -parallel of 40° have invariably gone eastward; and many thrown over near -the meridian of 20° have drifted into the Bay of Biscay, and been cast on +parallel of 40° have invariably gone eastward; and many thrown over near +the meridian of 20° have drifted into the Bay of Biscay, and been cast on the French coast.</p> <p>Among the numbers of bottles which have travelled westward with the @@ -11228,10 +11190,10 @@ overboard about 700 miles from each other and yet arriving at nearly the same destination. They were thrown from sister-ships when on their errand of carrying relief, by way of Behring Strait, to Franklin and his devoted crew. The first was dropped from the <i>Investigator</i>, Sir R. Maclure, in -lat. 12°, long. 26°, the 27th of February, 1850, and was found on the 27th +lat. 12°, long. 26°, the 27th of February, 1850, and was found on the 27th August following on Ambergris Cay, on the Yucatan coast; the second was sent afloat on the 3rd March, 1850, by Captain Collinson, in the -<i>Enterprise</i>, in lat. 1° N., long. 26° W., and drifted to the coast inside +<i>Enterprise</i>, in lat. 1° N., long. 26° W., and drifted to the coast inside of that cay, about 30 miles to the northward of it. That the two bottles should take their western course was to be expected; but that they should have gone to resting-places so near each other is singular, considering @@ -11269,7 +11231,7 @@ forcible expression, “wavers about in the ocean like a pennon in the breeze.” The temperature of the Gulf-stream, even in the winter, is at the summer level as it runs between two walls of nearly ice-cold water. Sir Philip Brooke found the air on either side of it at the freezing point, at -the same time that that of the stream was at 80°. This difference in the +the same time that that of the stream was at 80°. This difference in the temperature of air and water is probably the cause of those terrible hurricanes that occur in the Atlantic and among the West-Indian Islands, and which make it the most dangerous navigation, during the winter, in the @@ -11306,7 +11268,7 @@ occurrence is, that powerful under-currents are acting upon the submerged portions, which, in all cases, vastly preponderate over the glittering precipices of crystal that appear above the water-line. As the icebergs advance into the open waters of the Atlantic, they at last come to the -edge of the Gulf-stream, where, in “the great bend,” about latitude 43°, +edge of the Gulf-stream, where, in “the great bend,” about latitude 43°, they harbour in dangerous numbers, and without doubt send many a noble ship headlong to the bottom. In all probability the ill-fated <i>President</i> was thus destroyed, and some towering iceberg, that has long since bowed @@ -11378,7 +11340,7 @@ And takes care of the life of poor Jack.”</p> <p>“When the ship was about 90 miles south of Java she became enveloped in a terrific thunderstorm, and at 5 p.m. an immense ball of fire -covered the maintopgallant-mast: at 5·15 the ship was struck a second +covered the maintopgallant-mast: at 5·15 the ship was struck a second time on the mainmast by apparently an immense mass of lightning; at half-past 5 another very heavy discharge fell upon the mainmast, and from this time until 6 p.m. the ship was completely enveloped in sharp @@ -11390,7 +11352,7 @@ discovered.”</p></div> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span>If we compare this remarkable case with that of His Majesty’s frigate <i>Lowestoffe</i>, when near the island of Minorco in 1796, we perceive how great is the protection science affords to the seaman. The frigate was -struck, it appears, at 12·25 <span class="smcaplc">P.M.</span> by a heavy flash, which knocked three +struck, it appears, at 12·25 <span class="smcaplc">P.M.</span> by a heavy flash, which knocked three men out of the tops, one of whom was killed on the spot. Within five minutes the ship was again struck, and her topmast was shivered to atoms. In another minute a third shock shivered the foremast and mainmast, and @@ -11405,7 +11367,7 @@ sterling in addition to a large complement of passengers, it does seem remarkable that the lightning apparatus is not considered as essential to their equipment as the boats, especially as they have to traverse an ocean where thunder-storms are of common occurrence. The cost of the whole -apparatus is not above £100, and if the cupidity of the merchant is not +apparatus is not above £100, and if the cupidity of the merchant is not sufficient to induce him to supply it, we think that Government should compel him, in order to insure the safety of the stream of passengers who annually leave our shores.</p> @@ -11447,7 +11409,7 @@ was passed by the <i>Naiad</i> on her passage from Palermo to Milford; and on the 15th the <i>Samarang</i>, on her way to Tenby, met with her; on the 18th she was seen 160 miles off the Lizard, “in a very dangerous position,” by the <i>Champion of the Seas</i>; again, on the 3rd of May, the <i>Alhambra</i> -steamer, on her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> voyage to Southampton, met her in latitude 47°; about the +steamer, on her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> voyage to Southampton, met her in latitude 47°; about the same time and place she was seen by the <i>Peru</i> steamer, “and appeared as if run into;” and, finally, on the 20th of May, the telegraph sends word that she was stranded near Brest, and her cargo was being discharged. It @@ -11801,7 +11763,7 @@ merchants and consignees would be made acquainted with the arrival of vessels full a day earlier than at present. By this means also Greenwich time could be laid on to the station, and enable the anxious captain to verify the correctness of his chronometer up to the latest possible -moment. Such a station might further serve as a depôt for water and fresh +moment. Such a station might further serve as a depôt for water and fresh provisions, so much required by vessels detained by contrary winds in the Chops of the Channel, and to provide which ships are now annually sent out by the Admiralty. Without expressing any decided opinion upon this scheme, @@ -11988,7 +11950,7 @@ state of decay from the impossibility of raising funds to restore them. We are glad to see that Mr. Henry Paull, M.P. for St. Ives, has given notice in the House of a bill to remedy this evil, and to enable some public department, such as the Admiralty and Board of Trade, to grant the -necessary powers for raising funds to execute <i>bonâ fide</i> improvements. We +necessary powers for raising funds to execute <i>bonâ fide</i> improvements. We cordially wish him success, and trust that he will persevere until his proposal has become the law of the land.</p> @@ -12064,10 +12026,10 @@ A<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> parl steamers employed in the Home and Foreign trade has increased from 414 in 1849 to 899 in 1857; that is, the number of vessels most prone to come into collision has more than doubled within the last eight years, and -while the sailing vessels have increased during this period only 3·49 per -cent., the latter have increased 117·15 per cent., the proportion of -steamers to sailing vessels having advanced from 2·22 per cent. in 1849 to -4·87 per cent. in 1857. Bearing in mind the speed at which steamers go, +while the sailing vessels have increased during this period only 3·49 per +cent., the latter have increased 117·15 per cent., the proportion of +steamers to sailing vessels having advanced from 2·22 per cent. in 1849 to +4·87 per cent. in 1857. Bearing in mind the speed at which steamers go, and the manner in which their powerful lights, just introduced, simulate those of lighthouses and lightships, the increase of collisions is not surprising. There can be no doubt that the introduction of coloured @@ -12145,7 +12107,7 @@ sails, oars, and thole-pins were secured into the boat, and that an efficient boat-compass was provided, instead of the ridiculous toy that goes by that name, the card of which spins round like a top at every stroke of the oars. The beautiful spirit or liquid boat-compass of Dent -may be purchased for less than £5. A life-boat thus furnished would give +may be purchased for less than £5. A life-boat thus furnished would give confidence to the passengers, would serve them well in time of need, and would be no more than the legislature is entitled to require under the provisions of the Act. Anything less is a gross imposition upon the simple @@ -12208,33 +12170,33 @@ civilians of England and Wales at army ages:—</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> <tr><td>Household cavalry</td> <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> - <td>11·0</td></tr> + <td>11·0</td></tr> <tr><td>Dragoon Guards and Dragoons</td> <td> </td> - <td>13·3</td></tr> + <td>13·3</td></tr> <tr><td>Foot Guards</td> <td> </td> - <td>20·4</td></tr> + <td>20·4</td></tr> <tr><td>Infantry of the line</td> <td> </td> - <td>18·7</td></tr></table> + <td>18·7</td></tr></table> <p>Population of England and Wales, at army ages:—</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> <tr><td>Town and country population</td> <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> - <td>9·2</td></tr> + <td>9·2</td></tr> <tr><td>Country alone</td> <td> </td> - <td>7·7</td></tr></table> + <td>7·7</td></tr></table> <p>One of the unhealthiest towns at army ages:—</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> <tr><td>Manchester</td> <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> - <td>12·4</td></tr></table> + <td>12·4</td></tr></table> <p>According to Mr. Neison’s calculation, the mortality of the Household Cavalry is 1⅘, Dragoons, &c., 2⅕, Line 2<span style="font-size: 0.8em;"><sup>9</sup></span>⁄<span style="font-size: 0.6em;">10</span>, @@ -12266,11 +12228,11 @@ Guards. The causes of this difference are mainly, overcrowding and the want of due exercise and employment. The chief diseases of the soldier are fever and consumption; the latter, or “the English Death,” as it is but too aptly termed, being the chief destroyer. The deaths by pulmonary -disease amount in the cavalry to 7·3 per thousand, in the infantry of the -line to 10·2, and in the Guards to 13·8; whilst of the entire number of +disease amount in the cavalry to 7·3 per thousand, in the infantry of the +line to 10·2, and in the Guards to 13·8; whilst of the entire number of deaths from all causes in the army, diseases of the lungs constitute in -the cavalry 53·9 per cent., in the infantry of the line 57·277 per cent., -and in the Foot Guards 67·683 per cent. We are strongly inclined to +the cavalry 53·9 per cent., in the infantry of the line 57·277 per cent., +and in the Foot Guards 67·683 per cent. We are strongly inclined to believe that some portion of this extraordinary mortality from pulmonary disease may be owing to the atmosphere of pipeclay in which the Foot Guards, and indeed the Horse Guards in a minor degree, live. In 1853, the @@ -12420,9 +12382,9 @@ for roasting, boiling, baking, and frying, and each man has his safe for provisions. Hot and cold baths are provided; and the whole building is heated by hot-water pipes, and well lighted by gas. If the soldier was treated like his brother of the chisel and the hammer, the mortality of -the Guards would not be at the rate of 20·4, and that of the ordinary rank -and file at the rate of 17·8 per thousand, whilst that of the mechanic is -only 13·9 per thousand.</p> +the Guards would not be at the rate of 20·4, and that of the ordinary rank +and file at the rate of 17·8 per thousand, whilst that of the mechanic is +only 13·9 per thousand.</p> <p>If we were to write volumes, we could not deepen the impression these figures are calculated to convey of the importance to health of sanitary @@ -12466,7 +12428,7 @@ at ten o’clock; that finishes his day-drill altogether. There is evening parade, which takes half an hour, and then his time is his own until tattoo, which is at nine in winter and ten in summer. That is the day of a soldier not on guard or not belonging to a company which -is out for Minié practice.”</p></div> +is out for Minié practice.”</p></div> <p>Unless it be denied that the mind has any influence over the body, it cannot be doubted that the inaction to which the infantry soldier is @@ -12519,16 +12481,16 @@ abundance of small wood that no one will buy, not more than eight miles distant. Soldiers have hutted themselves at Maroon Town, in the West Indies, at 25<i>l.</i> per head. The buildings would not be such permanent structures as the contractors have put together: we should miss the -architectural façades for the officers’ quarters, and the “moulded +architectural façades for the officers’ quarters, and the “moulded cornices” so maliciously described by the <i>Times’</i> correspondent; but we should have serviceable huts which would last for eight or ten years. There can be little doubt that the men would be healthier in them than in vast barracks. The process of building would supply the kind of exercise which would amuse as well as instruct, and the plan would certainly save -money to the State. Considerably more than one half, or 647·9 per +money to the State. Considerably more than one half, or 647·9 per thousand, of our soldiers have been recruited from the agricultural population, to whom the erection of earthworks and building of all kinds -would be somewhat familiar. Of the remaining number, 294·7 have been +would be somewhat familiar. Of the remaining number, 294·7 have been trained to mechanical trades. Surely, from this force handicraftsmen could be selected to perform much of the work of the army. Bakers, cooks, tailors, and bootmakers, could be found to supply the wants of the @@ -12803,8 +12765,8 @@ sun by day, quickly scent out the enfeebled skins and divide the prey!”</p investigated the qualities of different materials as clothing for troops, found that white cotton placed over a cloth dress produced a fall of 7 degrees per cent. in heat. When the tube of a thermometer was covered with -cotton sheeting and placed in the sun, it marked 35·1, with cotton lining -35·5, with unbleached linen 39·6, with dark blue cloth 42, with red cloth +cotton sheeting and placed in the sun, it marked 35·1, with cotton lining +35·5, with unbleached linen 39·6, with dark blue cloth 42, with red cloth 42. From these experiments it will be seen that the staring red of our uniforms absorbs no less than seven degrees more of heat than simple cotton. As we have to guard against the cold of night, and the damp of the @@ -13156,7 +13118,7 @@ impressions on the paper,” says Dr. Turnbull, “resemble the raised printing for the blind.” Out of these dots and lines an alphabet is formed similar to that which we have given in a subsequent page, when speaking of the chemical telegraph at Bain. The instrument of Morse requires only a -single wire to work it, and is, says the Abbé Moigno, “an excellent +single wire to work it, and is, says the Abbé Moigno, “an excellent telegraph, very simple, very efficacious, and very rapid in its transmissions. A practised clerk can indent on an average seventeen words a minute, which is consequently as many as a skilful writer could @@ -13391,7 +13353,7 @@ booking-office. Send it by mail train if found.’</p> <p>“Paddington 7.45 <span class="smcaplc">P.M.</span>—‘There are two such cloaks in the booking-office: has Mr. B.’s any mark on any part of it?’ Slough, 7.47 -<span class="smcaplc">P.M.</span>—‘Mr. B.’s has the mark × under the collar, inside.’</p> +<span class="smcaplc">P.M.</span>—‘Mr. B.’s has the mark × under the collar, inside.’</p> <p>“Paddington, 7.55 <span class="smcaplc">P.M.</span>—‘Cloak found, and will be sent on as requested.’</p> @@ -13759,7 +13721,7 @@ to spell the words letter by letter, but jump at the sentence before it is concluded; and they have learned by practice, as Sir Francis Head says in “Stokers and Pokers,” to recognize immediately who is telegraphing to them, say at York, by the peculiar <i>expression of the needles</i>, the long -drawn wires thus forming a kind of human antennæ by which individual +drawn wires thus forming a kind of human antennæ by which individual peculiarities of touch are projected to an infinite distance. To catalogue the kind of messages which pass through the room, either on their way from London or in course of distribution to it, would be to give a history of @@ -13874,7 +13836,7 @@ intervals, to the office in St. James’s Street, where <i>it is set up and printed</i>, additions being made to the sheet issued as the MS. comes in. This flying sheet is posted half-hourly to the following clubs and establishments:—Arthur’s; Carlton; Oxford and Cambridge; Brook’s; -Conservative; United Service; Athenæum; Reform; Traveller’s; United +Conservative; United Service; Athenæum; Reform; Traveller’s; United University; Union; and White’s; hourly to Boodle’s Club and Prince’s Club; and half-hourly to the Royal Italian Opera. The shortest possible abstract is of course supplied—just sufficient, in fact, to enable the @@ -14079,7 +14041,7 @@ the other day by a friend, gives the most popular view of the way the telegraph works. “I say, Jem, how do ’em <i>jaw</i> along them wires?” “Why, Bill, they pulls at one end, and rings a bell at t’other.” Others again fancy that messages are conveyed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span> by means of the vibrations of the metal, -for on windy days they sometimes give out sounds like an Æolian harp: a +for on windy days they sometimes give out sounds like an Æolian harp: a fact which, according to Sir Francis Head, called forth the remark from a North-Western driver to his stoker, “I say, Bill, aint they a giving it to ’em at Thrapstone?” The more ignorant class of people actually believe @@ -14160,7 +14122,7 @@ of the system under its management.</p> <td class="btr"> </td> <td class="btr"> </td> <td class="btr"> </td> - <td class="bt" align="center">£.</td> + <td class="bt" align="center">£.</td> <td class="bt" align="center"><i>s.</i></td> <td class="btr" align="center"><i>d.</i></td> <td class="bt"> </td></tr> @@ -14398,7 +14360,7 @@ sought for. Thus it might be said that the instantaneous interchange of thought between distant nations awaited the discovery of a vegetable production in the dense forests of the Eastern Archipelago. The first application of this singular substance to the insulation of electric -conducting wires was made in 1847, by Lieutenant Siémens, of the Prussian +conducting wires was made in 1847, by Lieutenant Siémens, of the Prussian artillery, for a line to cross the Rhine at Cologne.</p> <p>The first submarine wire laid down was that between Dover and Cape @@ -14502,7 +14464,7 @@ after a while abolished, and the instrument now made use of is a modification of the dial telegraph constructed by Breguet. The first telegraph planted in France was constructed by Mr. Wheatstone, from Paris to Versailles, in 1842. The principal line is that running from Calais -<i>viâ</i> Paris to Marseilles, which puts the English Channel and the +<i>viâ</i> Paris to Marseilles, which puts the English Channel and the Mediterranean in communication, and transmits for us the more urgent items of the India and China mail.</p> @@ -15362,7 +15324,7 @@ result:</p> <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[Pg 410]</a></span>If we examine this table, we find ample evidence that the organization of the Fire Brigade has resulted in an abatement of loss and labour. Taking -the average of the last twenty-one years, there has been a decrease of 5·7 +the average of the last twenty-one years, there has been a decrease of 5·7 in the last year under the head of “totally destroyed.” This is the best test of the activity of the Brigade, and really means much more than is obvious at first sight. Within these twenty-one years many tens of @@ -15455,7 +15417,7 @@ place for the last hundred years will bear out our statement:—</p> <tr><td rowspan="8" align="center" valign="middle" class="bt">Jan.</td> <td class="btr">Webb’s Sugar-house</td> <td class="btr">Liverpool</td> - <td class="btr" align="right">£4,600</td> + <td class="btr" align="right">£4,600</td> <td class="bt">1829</td></tr> <tr><td class="br">Lancelot’s-hey</td> <td class="br"><span style="margin-left: 1.75em;">"</span></td> @@ -15553,7 +15515,7 @@ place for the last hundred years will bear out our statement:—</p> <td class="dent">1792</td></tr> <tr><td class="br">Fawcett’s Foundry</td> <td class="br">Liverpool</td> - <td class="br" align="right">£41,000</td> + <td class="br" align="right">£41,000</td> <td class="dent">1843</td></tr> <tr><td class="br">Oil Street</td> <td class="br"><span style="margin-left: 1.75em;">"</span></td> @@ -15582,7 +15544,7 @@ place for the last hundred years will bear out our statement:—</p> <td class="dent">1852</td></tr> <tr><td class="br">Parkshead, Bacon Street</td> <td class="br">Liverpool</td> - <td class="br" align="right">£36,000</td> + <td class="br" align="right">£36,000</td> <td class="dent">1851</td></tr> <tr><td class="br">Windsor Forest</td> <td class="br">England</td> @@ -15639,7 +15601,7 @@ place for the last hundred years will bear out our statement:—</p> <td class="dent">1838</td></tr> <tr><td class="br">Liver Mills</td> <td class="br"><span style="margin-left: 1.75em;">"</span></td> - <td class="br" align="right">£8,700</td> + <td class="br" align="right">£8,700</td> <td class="dent">1841</td></tr> <tr><td class="br">Billinsgate</td> <td class="br">London</td> @@ -15680,7 +15642,7 @@ place for the last hundred years will bear out our statement:—</p> <td class="dent">1845</td></tr> <tr><td class="br">Gutta Percha Co., Wharf Road</td> <td class="br">London</td> - <td class="br" align="right">£23,000</td> + <td class="br" align="right">£23,000</td> <td class="dent">1853</td></tr> <tr><td class="br">Humphreys’ Warehouse, Southwark</td> <td class="br"><span style="margin-left: 1.75em;">"</span></td> @@ -15721,7 +15683,7 @@ place for the last hundred years will bear out our statement:—</p> <td class="dent">1845</td></tr> <tr><td class="br">Glover’s Warehouses</td> <td class="br"><span style="margin-left: 1.75em;">"</span></td> - <td class="br" align="right">£17,000</td> + <td class="br" align="right">£17,000</td> <td class="dent">1851</td></tr> <tr><td class="br">Dockyard</td> <td class="br">Portsmouth</td> @@ -15770,7 +15732,7 @@ place for the last hundred years will bear out our statement:—</p> <td class="dent">1782</td></tr> <tr><td class="br">Smithfield</td> <td class="br">London</td> - <td class="br" align="right">£100,000</td> + <td class="br" align="right">£100,000</td> <td class="dent">1822</td></tr> <tr><td class="br">East Smithfield</td> <td class="br"><span style="margin-left: 1.75em;">"</span></td> @@ -15799,7 +15761,7 @@ place for the last hundred years will bear out our statement:—</p> <td class="dent">1848</td></tr> <tr><td class="br">Scott, Russell, & Co., Ship Builders,<br /><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mill Wall</span></td> <td class="br" valign="top">London</td> - <td class="br" align="right" valign="top">£80,000</td> + <td class="br" align="right" valign="top">£80,000</td> <td class="dent" valign="top">1853</td></tr> <tr><td class="br">St. Paul’s Church, Covent Garden</td> <td class="br"><span style="margin-left: 1.75em;">"</span></td> @@ -15856,7 +15818,7 @@ place for the last hundred years will bear out our statement:—</p> <td class="dent">1852</td></tr> <tr><td class="br">Withwith’s Mills</td> <td class="br">Halifax</td> - <td class="br" align="right">£35,000</td> + <td class="br" align="right">£35,000</td> <td class="dent">1853</td></tr> <tr><td class="br">Robert Street</td> <td class="br">North Liverp’l</td> @@ -15913,7 +15875,7 @@ place for the last hundred years will bear out our statement:—</p> <td class="dent">1796</td></tr> <tr><td class="br">Aldersgate Street</td> <td class="br"><span style="margin-left: 1.75em;">"</span></td> - <td class="br" align="right">£100,000</td> + <td class="br" align="right">£100,000</td> <td class="dent">1783</td></tr> <tr><td class="br">Cornhill</td> <td class="br"><span style="margin-left: 1.75em;">"</span></td> @@ -15950,7 +15912,7 @@ place for the last hundred years will bear out our statement:—</p> <td class="dent">1835</td></tr> <tr><td class="br">Fenwick Street</td> <td class="br">Liverpool</td> - <td class="br" align="right">£36,000</td> + <td class="br" align="right">£36,000</td> <td class="dent">1831</td></tr> <tr><td class="bbr">Brancker’s Sugar-house</td> <td class="bbr"><span style="margin-left: 1.75em;">"</span></td> @@ -15977,9 +15939,9 @@ appear in June, than such mishaps are found reported at the sultry season.</p> <p>If we watch still more narrowly the habits of fires, we find that they are active or dormant according to the time of day. Thus, during a period of -nine years, the per-centage regularly increased from 1·96 at 9 o’clock +nine years, the per-centage regularly increased from 1·96 at 9 o’clock <span class="smcaplc">A.M.</span>, the hour at which all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[Pg 416]</a></span> households might be considered to be about, -to 3·34 at 1 <span class="smcaplc">P.M.</span>, 3·55 at 5 <span class="smcaplc">P.M.</span>, and 8·15 per cent. at 10 <span class="smcaplc">P.M.</span>, which is +to 3·34 at 1 <span class="smcaplc">P.M.</span>, 3·55 at 5 <span class="smcaplc">P.M.</span>, and 8·15 per cent. at 10 <span class="smcaplc">P.M.</span>, which is just the time at which a fire left to itself by the departure of the workmen would have had swing enough to become visible.</p> @@ -16215,17 +16177,17 @@ public-houses and inns.</p> <p>It is commonly imagined that the introduction of hot water, hot air, and steam-pipes, as a means of heating buildings, cuts off one avenue of -danger from fire. This is an error. Iron pipes, often heated up to 400°, +danger from fire. This is an error. Iron pipes, often heated up to 400°, are placed in close contact with floors and skirting-boards, supported by slight diagonal props of wood, which a much lower degree of heat will suffice to ignite. The circular rim supporting a still at the Apothecaries’ Hall, which was used in the preparation of some medicament -that required a temperature of only 300°, was found, not long ago, to have +that required a temperature of only 300°, was found, not long ago, to have charred a circle, at least a quarter of an inch deep, in the wood beneath it, in less than six months. Mr. Braidwood, in his evidence before a Committee of the House of Lords, in 1846, stated that it was his belief that by long exposure to heat, not much exceeding that of boiling water, -or 212°, timber is brought into such a condition that it will fire without +or 212°, timber is brought into such a condition that it will fire without the application of a light. The time during which this process of desiccation goes on, until it ends in spontaneous combustion, is, he thinks, from eight to ten years; <i>so that a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[Pg 419]</a></span> fire might be hatching in a @@ -16252,7 +16214,7 @@ pipes were so removed; but in <i>every case</i> where the prop or saddle which held the pipe up from the floor had been displaced, and the pipe had been allowed to sag and touch the floor, <i>the boards were charred</i>. It was understood that the temperature of the water in the -pipes never much exceeded 300°. The practical teaching of this case +pipes never much exceeded 300°. The practical teaching of this case clearly is, that pipes should on no consideration be placed nearer to wood than the distance of their own diameters. Wood dried in the thorough manner we have mentioned is so liable to catch fire at the @@ -16620,60 +16582,60 @@ fifteen years:—</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> <tr><td>Lucifer-match makers</td> <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> - <td align="right">30·00</td></tr> + <td align="right">30·00</td></tr> <tr><td>Lodging-houses</td> <td> </td> - <td align="right">16·51</td></tr> + <td align="right">16·51</td></tr> <tr><td>Hatmakers</td> <td> </td> - <td align="right">7·74</td></tr> + <td align="right">7·74</td></tr> <tr><td>Chandlers</td> <td> </td> - <td align="right">3·88</td></tr> + <td align="right">3·88</td></tr> <tr><td>Drapers</td> <td> </td> - <td align="right">2·67</td></tr> + <td align="right">2·67</td></tr> <tr><td>Tinmen, Braziers, and Smiths</td> <td> </td> - <td align="right">2·42</td></tr> + <td align="right">2·42</td></tr> <tr><td>Carpenters</td> <td> </td> - <td align="right">2·27</td></tr> + <td align="right">2·27</td></tr> <tr><td>Cabinet-makers</td> <td> </td> - <td align="right">2·12</td></tr> + <td align="right">2·12</td></tr> <tr><td>Oil and Colour-men</td> <td> </td> - <td align="right">1·56</td></tr> + <td align="right">1·56</td></tr> <tr><td>Beershops</td> <td> </td> - <td align="right">1·31</td></tr> + <td align="right">1·31</td></tr> <tr><td>Booksellers</td> <td> </td> - <td align="right">1·18</td></tr> + <td align="right">1·18</td></tr> <tr><td>Coffee-shops and Coffee-houses</td> <td> </td> - <td align="right">1·2</td></tr> + <td align="right">1·2</td></tr> <tr><td>Cabinet-makers</td> <td> </td> - <td align="right">1·12</td></tr> + <td align="right">1·12</td></tr> <tr><td>Licensed Victuallers</td> <td> </td> - <td align="right">·86</td></tr> + <td align="right">·86</td></tr> <tr><td>Bakers</td> <td> </td> - <td align="right">·75</td></tr> + <td align="right">·75</td></tr> <tr><td>Wine Merchants</td> <td> </td> - <td align="right">·61</td></tr> + <td align="right">·61</td></tr> <tr><td>Grocers</td> <td> </td> - <td align="right">·34</td></tr></table> + <td align="right">·34</td></tr></table> <p>It will be seen that this estimate in a great measure inverts the order of “dangerous,” as we have ranged them in the previous table, making those which from their aggregate number<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[Pg 427]</a></span> seemed to be the most hazardous trades, -appear the least so, and <i>vice versâ</i>. Thus lucifer-match makers have a +appear the least so, and <i>vice versâ</i>. Thus lucifer-match makers have a bad pre-eminence; indeed they are supposed to be subject to a conflagration every third year; while the terrible victuallers, carpenters, mercers, and bakers, at the top of the column, shrink to the @@ -16924,7 +16886,7 @@ up. A stronger instance still was exhibited at Davis’s wharf in 1837, when a cast-iron pipe outside the building was melted like an icicle. But such a fierce furnace is not at all necessary to destroy cast-iron supports, as it appears from the experiments of Mr. Fairbairn, that, at a temperature -of 600° the cohesive power of the metal rapidly decreases with every +of 600° the cohesive power of the metal rapidly decreases with every increment of heat. Mr. Braidwood, in his paper on fire-proof buildings, read before the Institute of Civil Engineers on February 29th, 1849, was the first, we believe, to draw attention to this serious defect in a @@ -17158,7 +17120,7 @@ of the County Fire Office:—</p> <td class="btr" colspan="3" align="center">Amount.</td></tr> <tr><td class="btlr"> </td> <td class="btr"> </td> - <td class="bt" align="center">£.</td> + <td class="bt" align="center">£.</td> <td class="bt" align="center"><i>s.</i></td> <td class="btr" align="center"><i>d.</i></td></tr> <tr><td class="blr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">49</span></td> @@ -19501,7 +19463,7 @@ poison that, sooner or later, will destroy its power, and, may-be, produce in him mania and death; nay, the very paper on the walls, tinted with all the vernal brightness of spring, has, for all we know, ulcerated with its poisonous dust the fingers of the hanger. The history of the manufacture -of almost every article of elegance or <i>virtù</i> would disclose to us +of almost every article of elegance or <i>virtù</i> would disclose to us pictures of workmen transiently or permanently disabled in the production of them. All this suffering—much of it totally preventible—goes on without complaint, the workman falls out of the ranks, and another @@ -19650,7 +19612,7 @@ and inasmuch as the object of the worker is to remove the coal with as little as possible of the surrounding soil, he often drives his working<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_505" id="Page_505">[Pg 505]</a></span> to a considerable distance through an aperture not more than, and often not so much as, two feet high. If our adult male reader will condescend to -squat himself on the floor, <i>à la Turque</i>, say under the dining-table, for +squat himself on the floor, <i>à la Turque</i>, say under the dining-table, for instance, and then picture to himself the inconvenience of picking with an axe the under side of the prandial mahogany for twelve hours, he will obtain some slight idea of the muscular knot into which the poor collier @@ -19695,23 +19657,23 @@ that the mortality from accidents was, in the coal mines of</p> <td>Persons.</td></tr> <tr><td>Prussia</td> <td> </td> - <td align="center">1·89</td> + <td align="center">1·89</td> <td>per</td> <td align="center">1000</td> <td>per annum.</td></tr> <tr><td>Belgium</td> <td> </td> - <td align="center">2·8</td> + <td align="center">2·8</td> <td> </td> <td align="center">"</td></tr> <tr><td>England</td> <td> </td> - <td align="center">4·5</td> + <td align="center">4·5</td> <td> </td> <td align="center">"</td></tr> <tr><td>Staffordshire</td> <td> </td> - <td align="center">7·3</td> + <td align="center">7·3</td> <td> </td> <td align="center">"</td></tr></table> @@ -19835,7 +19797,7 @@ which are purely lead-mining districts. In the former, the lead-miners die at the rate of 2,037 per 100,000 of all ages, whilst their wives, sisters, and daughters, who are variously employed, die at the reduced rate of 1,711 per 100,000; in other words, lead-mining in this one typical -district caused an excess of no less than 3·26 deaths in every 100,000 +district caused an excess of no less than 3·26 deaths in every 100,000 inhabitants; and if we make a comparison relative to the prevalence of pulmonary disease between the two sexes, above the age of twenty, we find the death-rate of the men is double that of the women. The evil<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_510" id="Page_510">[Pg 510]</a></span> influence @@ -20359,7 +20321,7 @@ interfere in their behalf, but Lord Shaftesbury has taken up their cause, and we believe that ere long the force of public opinion will lead to the abolition of the nightwork, which is at the bottom of the evil. At all events, those who wish to assist in the emancipation of these slaves of -civilization, will see with pleasure the introduction of the aërated +civilization, will see with pleasure the introduction of the aërated bread, which by the aid of machinery manufactures the loaf in a much more cleanly method than by hand-labour, and performs the whole process in less than an hour. The introduction of machinery into this trade will at once @@ -20500,35 +20462,35 @@ on Vital Statistics, gives the following highly interesting table:—</p> <td class="btr" align="center">Little Exercise.</td> <td class="btr" align="center">Great Exercise.</td></tr> <tr><td class="btlr" align="center">20</td> - <td class="btr" align="center">41·8822</td> - <td class="btr" align="center">42·0133</td> - <td class="btr" align="center">37·8017</td> - <td class="btr" align="center">43·4166</td></tr> + <td class="btr" align="center">41·8822</td> + <td class="btr" align="center">42·0133</td> + <td class="btr" align="center">37·8017</td> + <td class="btr" align="center">43·4166</td></tr> <tr><td class="blr" align="center">30</td> - <td class="br" align="center">35·1170</td> - <td class="br" align="center">34·5022</td> - <td class="br" align="center">30·1435</td> - <td class="br" align="center">36·5832</td></tr> + <td class="br" align="center">35·1170</td> + <td class="br" align="center">34·5022</td> + <td class="br" align="center">30·1435</td> + <td class="br" align="center">36·5832</td></tr> <tr><td class="blr" align="center">40</td> - <td class="br" align="center">27·9113</td> - <td class="br" align="center">27·8004</td> - <td class="br" align="center">23·0357</td> - <td class="br" align="center">29·1284</td></tr> + <td class="br" align="center">27·9113</td> + <td class="br" align="center">27·8004</td> + <td class="br" align="center">23·0357</td> + <td class="br" align="center">29·1284</td></tr> <tr><td class="blr" align="center">50</td> - <td class="br" align="center">20·5022</td> - <td class="br" align="center">21·1805</td> - <td class="br" align="center">17·2754</td> - <td class="br" align="center">21·9732</td></tr> + <td class="br" align="center">20·5022</td> + <td class="br" align="center">21·1805</td> + <td class="br" align="center">17·2754</td> + <td class="br" align="center">21·9732</td></tr> <tr><td class="blr" align="center">60</td> - <td class="br" align="center">14·0430</td> - <td class="br" align="center">15·1413</td> - <td class="br" align="center">11·0169</td> - <td class="br" align="center">15·5635</td></tr> + <td class="br" align="center">14·0430</td> + <td class="br" align="center">15·1413</td> + <td class="br" align="center">11·0169</td> + <td class="br" align="center">15·5635</td></tr> <tr><td class="bblr" align="center">70</td> - <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">8·6490</span></td> - <td class="bbr" align="center">10·4407</td> - <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4·5607</span></td> - <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">9·3313</span></td></tr></table> + <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">8·6490</span></td> + <td class="bbr" align="center">10·4407</td> + <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4·5607</span></td> + <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">9·3313</span></td></tr></table> <p>Thus, between twenty and thirty, the gardener, the labourer, the thatcher, the drover, and the whole class of men who earn their bread toilfully in @@ -20663,9 +20625,9 @@ it is true, but they lose by a neck. The clergyman, as we should naturally suppose, enjoys a higher standard of health, and attains a greater age, than any member of the community, excepting poor Hodge, the humblest member of his flock. His average age, taking those persons only into -account who have passed their 50th year, is 74·04 years, or rather better +account who have passed their 50th year, is 74·04 years, or rather better than one year longer than the physician, who lives to an average age of -72·95 years. This trifling difference, we should expect, as the latter is +72·95 years. This trifling difference, we should expect, as the latter is subject to many chances of infection, and lives more a town life than the former. If the comparison is made, however, between the highest grades of the two professions, between archbishops and bishops, and baronets who @@ -20882,7 +20844,7 @@ confidence in his skill and kindly intentions, and reconciling them to the degree of moral restraint to which they may be unavoidably subjected.”</p> <p><a name='f_19' id='f_19' href='#fna_19'>[19]</a> In Belgium, where many of the pauper lunatics are located in -religious houses and are attended upon by the frères and sœurs of these +religious houses and are attended upon by the frères and sœurs of these establishments, it is not uncommon to find the patients at certain times of the day totally deserted and left to their own devices—the attendants being engaged in their religious duties!</p> @@ -20977,8 +20939,8 @@ officer in civil life.</p> England. Two needles are generally employed, in order to facilitate the transmission of signals:—</p> -<p>Let <i>a</i> denote a deflection of the <i>left-hand needle to the left</i>, <i>a´ to -the right</i>; <i>b</i> a deflection of the <i>right-hand needle to the left</i>, <i>b´ +<p>Let <i>a</i> denote a deflection of the <i>left-hand needle to the left</i>, <i>a´ to +the right</i>; <i>b</i> a deflection of the <i>right-hand needle to the left</i>, <i>b´ to the right</i>. Then here is the code:</p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> @@ -20993,19 +20955,19 @@ to the right</i>. Then here is the code:</p> <td><i>a a a</i></td></tr> <tr><td>C</td> <td> </td> - <td><i>a´ a</i></td></tr> + <td><i>a´ a</i></td></tr> <tr><td>D</td> <td> </td> - <td><i>a a´</i></td></tr> + <td><i>a a´</i></td></tr> <tr><td>E</td> <td> </td> - <td><i>a´</i></td></tr> + <td><i>a´</i></td></tr> <tr><td>F</td> <td> </td> - <td><i>a´ a´</i></td></tr> + <td><i>a´ a´</i></td></tr> <tr><td>G</td> <td> </td> - <td><i>a´ a´ a´</i></td></tr> + <td><i>a´ a´ a´</i></td></tr> <tr><td>H</td> <td> </td> <td><i>b</i></td></tr> @@ -21017,19 +20979,19 @@ to the right</i>. Then here is the code:</p> <td><i>b b b</i></td></tr> <tr><td>L</td> <td> </td> - <td><i>b´ b</i></td></tr> + <td><i>b´ b</i></td></tr> <tr><td>M</td> <td> </td> - <td><i>b b´</i></td></tr> + <td><i>b b´</i></td></tr> <tr><td>N</td> <td> </td> - <td><i>b´</i></td></tr> + <td><i>b´</i></td></tr> <tr><td>O</td> <td> </td> - <td><i>b´ b´</i></td></tr> + <td><i>b´ b´</i></td></tr> <tr><td>P</td> <td> </td> - <td><i>b´ b´ b´</i></td></tr> + <td><i>b´ b´ b´</i></td></tr> <tr><td>R</td> <td> </td> <td><i>a b</i></td></tr> @@ -21041,16 +21003,16 @@ to the right</i>. Then here is the code:</p> <td><i>a a a b b b</i></td></tr> <tr><td>U</td> <td> </td> - <td><i>a´ a b´ b</i></td></tr> + <td><i>a´ a b´ b</i></td></tr> <tr><td>W</td> <td> </td> - <td><i>a´ b´</i></td></tr> + <td><i>a´ b´</i></td></tr> <tr><td>X</td> <td> </td> - <td><i>a´ a´ b´ b´</i></td></tr> + <td><i>a´ a´ b´ b´</i></td></tr> <tr><td>Y</td> <td> </td> - <td><i>a´ a´ a´ b´ b´ b´</i></td></tr></table> + <td><i>a´ a´ a´ b´ b´ b´</i></td></tr></table> <p>Thus F is indicated by two successive deflections of the left-hand needle to the right; R by a simultaneous deflection of both needles to the left. @@ -21180,14 +21142,14 @@ places where the metal conductor is in connection with the soil, the former should present very large surfaces of contact. Assuming that water conducts two million times worse than copper, a surface of water proportional to this must be brought into contact with the water. If the -section of a copper wire is 0·5 of a square line, it will require a copper +section of a copper wire is 0·5 of a square line, it will require a copper plate of 61 square feet surface in order to conduct the galvanic current through the ground, as the wire in question would conduct it.”</p> <p><a name='f_39' id='f_39' href='#fna_39'>[39]</a> It may be as well to state that nearly all the continental telegraphs have formed themselves into a confederacy, called the Austro-Germanic Union, which includes the lines of Austria, Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria, -Hanover, Würtemberg, the Netherlands, Denmark, and the Grand Duchy of +Hanover, Würtemberg, the Netherlands, Denmark, and the Grand Duchy of Baden. The Union regulates the tariff and all questions relative to the working of the allied lines.</p> @@ -21357,382 +21319,6 @@ that the workmanship of the machine is more even than the hand-work: the files cut in the morning by the artisan being superior to those cut in the afternoon, in consequence of his muscles becoming tired.</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Curiosities of Civilization, by Andrew Wynter - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CURIOSITIES OF CIVILIZATION *** - -***** This file should be named 40498-h.htm or 40498-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/0/4/9/40498/ - -Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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